Dagbani Wikipedia dagwiki https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C9%94%C9%A3u MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Miidiya Diŋ'gahim Yɛltɔɣa Ŋun su Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa Wikipedia Wikipedia yɛltɔɣa Lahabali kɔligu Lahabali kɔligu yɛltɔɣa MiidiyaWiki MiidiyaWiki yɛltɔɣa Tɛmplet Tɛmplet yɛltɔɣa Sɔŋsim Sɔŋsim yɛltɔɣa Pubu Pubu yɛltɔɣa Salima Salima yɛltɔɣa MOS MOS yɛltɔɣa TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Gara 0 1527 146106 42564 2026-08-10T20:37:15Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Gara''' (silminsili:Ascariasis) nyԑla dɔri shɛli zunzuya ni tahiri na.<ref name=Dold2011/> Kɔbiga pubu puuni niriba pishi ni anii ni ka doro ŋɔ be, kɔbiga puuni niriba anu ko ka doro ŋɔ yԑn gbaagi ka di nahingbana bi yi polo, balantee zunzuya ŋɔ yi bi baribara.<ref name=Dold2011>{{cite journal|last=Dold|first=C|author2=Holland, CV|title=Ascaris and ascariasis.|journal=Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur|date=Jul 2011|volume=13|issue=7|pages=632–7|pmid=20934531|doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.012}}</ref> Di nahaingbana mi zaŋmi jɛndi zunzuya ŋɔ nabigibu, ka nahangbana maa nyԑ vuhim fɔhibu ni ningbun' duɣili.<ref name=Dold2011/> Saha shԑŋa di nahingbana ni tooi nyԑ puuni doro ni binsaa.<ref name=Dold2011/> Bihi ka doro ŋɔ tooi gbaara, ka che ka bɛ koɣisira ka nuɣunda kalahi che ka bɛ bi kpaŋdi bɛ maŋa karim sheei.<ref name=Dold2011/><ref name=Hagel2010/><ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections Fact sheet N°366|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en/|work=World Health Organization|date=June 2013}}</ref> ==Din tahiri li na== [[Lahabali kɔligu:Ascaris_lumbricoides.jpeg|thumb|Ascariasis zunzu kuruli]] [[Lahabali kɔligu:Ascaris lumbricoides adult worms.png|thumb|Ascariasis zunzu kara ayi]] Ascariasis (Gara) ni tooi gbaai nira di yi niŋ ka niri nyu kɔm din mali di zunzuya gala din mi gba yi baanjira ni na.<ref name=Hagel2010/> Gala ŋɔ yԑn waɣi la punyɔrini n-dɔli Ʒim ni n-duna ti paai niri kukɔlini.<ref name=Hagel2010/> Diyi paai gi kukɔli ni niri ni tooi kɔhim ka vali li.<ref name=Hagel2010/> Zunzubihi ŋɔ yi labi kpe niri puli ni, ni ka bɛ yԑn zooi n-lԑbi zunzukara.<ref name=Hagel2010/> ==Gubu== Ascariasis taɣibu zaa kuli nyԑmi, ka kasi malibu n- kpaŋsi, zaŋ kpa baanjira damdibu ni bindi ni yɛn lu shԑli.<ref name=Dold2011/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ziegelbauer|first=K|author2=Speich, B|author3= Mäusezahl, D|author4= Bos, R|author5= Keiser, J|author6= Utzinger, J|title=Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=PLoS medicine|date=Jan 2012|volume=9|issue=1|pages=e1001162|pmid=22291577|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162|pmc=3265535}}</ref> Nua paɣibu tooi sɔŋdi taɣiri doro ŋɔ.<ref name=Fung2009>{{cite journal|last=Fung|first=IC|author2=Cairncross, S|title=Ascariasis and handwashing.|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=Mar 2009|volume=103|issue=3|pages=215–22|pmid=18789465|doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.08.003}}</ref> Doro ŋɔ ni nyɔɣi niriba 20% luɣi shԑŋa, di tuya ka saha kam alaafee baŋdiba be ni n-yuuni bɛ zuɣu.<ref name=Dold2011/> Dama doro ŋɔ loobu loobu tooi wuligiya pam lala luɣa maani.<ref name=Hagel2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jia|first=TW|author2=Melville, S|author3= Utzinger, J|author4= King, CH|author5= Zhou, XN|title=Soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after drug treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=PLoS neglected tropical diseases|year=2012|volume=6|issue=5|pages=e1621|pmid=22590656|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001621|pmc=3348161}}</ref> [[World Health Organization]] nima wuhi ti' shԑŋa ti ni ni tooi ti Ascariasis barinima kamani [[albendazole]], [[mebendazole]], [[levamisole]] bee [[pyrantel pamoate]].<ref name=Hagel2010>{{cite journal|last=Hagel|first=I|author2=Giusti, T|title=Ascaris lumbricoides: an overview of therapeutic targets.|journal=Infectious disorders drug targets|date=Oct 2010|volume=10|issue=5|pages=349–67|pmid=20701574|doi=10.2174/187152610793180876}}</ref> Ti' shԑŋa din gba tooi sɔŋdi tibiri li nyԑla [[tribendimidine]] ni [[nitazoxanide]].<ref name=Hagel2010/> ==Loobu mini taɣibu== Niriba zaŋ gbaai kamani 0.8 hali ni 1.2 billion anduniya pulini ka doro ŋɔ mala, ka lala niriba ŋɔ pam yi [[en.Wp:sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], [[en.Wp:Latin America|Latin America]], bee Asia tiŋgbani ni na.<ref name=Dold2011/><ref name=Kei2010/><ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal|last=Fenwick|first=A|title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.|journal=Public health|date=Mar 2012|volume=126|issue=3|pages=233–6|pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Di che ka Ascariasis lɛbi dɔri shԑli din yi palo ni n-gari zunzuya dɔriti kam.<ref name=Kei2010>{{cite journal|last=Keiser|first=J|author2=Utzinger, J|title=The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections.|journal=Advances in parasitology|year=2010|volume=73|pages=197–230|pmid=20627144|doi=10.1016/s0065-308x(10)73008-6}}</ref> Vihigu wuhiya ni 2010 yuuni pulini di daa kula niribu 2700, ka ku niribu 3,400 yuuni 1990 pulini.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Ascariasis ŋɔ nyԑla din gbaari kuruchunima gba.<ref name=Dold2011/> ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} [[Pubu:Tima malibu baŋsim]] [[Pubu:Binniɛma baŋsim]] [[Pubu:Daadam biɛhagu]] [[Pubu:Tabibi baŋsim]] [[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]] [[Pubu:E-Class]] c47pcn4rida5s7mj6jd30g5mgiecanw Bimboɣkuŋ 0 1938 146115 94614 2026-08-10T20:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146115 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="background-color:fuchsia;">'''E-Class'''</span>[[Lahabali kɔligu:Symbol_e_class.svg|20px]] [[Lahabali kɔligu:MLS Kouřim, kadibudka.jpg|thumb|Interior of an [[outhouse]] the structure usually built over the pit to provide privacy]] Yiŋ baanjir’ bihi nyɛla baanjir' shɛŋa ŋan tu ni nir' damdiri dinni ka bi zaŋdi kom. Di mali gungɔŋ bee bɔɣi shɛli bina ŋɔ ni kpɛra bee din laɣindi bina ŋɔ. Di nyɛla baanjir' shɛli din mali soochi bee alaha, di yi niŋ ka di yɛn yihi bindi maa kpaŋa ka chɛ daadama.<ref name="Till2014">{{cite book|author=Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C.|title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|date=2014|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|location=Dübendorf, Switzerland|isbn=9783906484570|edition=2|url=http://www.sandec.ch/compendium}}</ref> ==Fasara mini anfaani== Din dee yi niŋ ka baanjir’ duu ŋɔ yi me viɛnyɛliŋga, di labisiri [[Dɔriti|doriti]] yɛliginsim nyaaŋa.<ref name=WHO3.4/><ref name=UN2015>{{cite web|title=Call to action on sanitation|url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf|website=United Nations|accessdate=15 August 2014|format=pdf|access-date=30 August 2014|archive-date=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513064157/http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dama zohi ban ʒiri binnɛma ban tiri doriti n-yiri bindi ni kpɛri bindira nyɛla di ni yɛn taɣi shɛba.<ref name=WHO3.4/> Vihigu wuhiya ni bihi ban kalinli yaɣi tusayɔpɔin ni pihinu (more than 7050children) kɔŋdila bɛ nyɛvuya pirimla yiŋ baanjir’ bihi ŋɔ kalinsi ti yinsi maa ni zuɣu.<ref name=UN2015/> Ka bihi ban kalinli yiɣisi tusaayi ni pihinu (2050 children) mi kɔŋdi shikuru chandi ka di mi bi yi shɛli pahila tiri ka nyɛra.<ref name=UN2015/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=CL|last2=Rudan|first2=I|last3=Liu|first3=L|last4=Nair|first4=H|last5=Theodoratou|first5=E|last6=Bhutta|first6=ZA|last7=O'Brien|first7=KL|last8=Campbell|first8=H|last9=Black|first9=RE|title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-20-26-2013_381_9875/page/1405|journal=Lancet|date=Apr 20, 2013|volume=381|issue=9875|pages=1405–16|pmid=23582727|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6}}</ref> bimbɔɣ' kuma n-na nye so' shɛli bɛ ni doli n-yihiri bina kpaŋa ka chɛri daadama.<ref name=WHO3.4/> ==Miɛbu mini kpaabu== [[Lahabali kɔligu:Defecating into a pit (schematic).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Drawing of a simple pit latrine with a squatting pan and shelter.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=WEDC|title=Latrine slabs: an engineer’s guide, WEDC Guide 005|publisher=Water, Engineering and Development Centre The John Pickford Building School of Civil and Building Engineering Loughborough University|isbn=978 1 84380 143 6|pages=22|url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/booklets/G005-Latrine-slabs-on-line.pdf}}</ref>]] Yiŋ baanjir’ bihi ŋɔ pula yaɣa anu zuɣu.<ref name="Till2014" /> Dini n-nyɛ: Bɔɣili, Tiŋgbanni, Voli, Bimbim n-ti pahi duu maa maŋmaŋa.<ref name="Till2014" /> Andunia alaafee bomma tuma duunima yina n-ti wuhi ni di tuya ka ti yɛn me ti baanjir' duri ŋɔ, ka yihi li kpaŋa ka chɛ ti yinsi kamani napɔŋ yaabu buyɔbu(6metres away)zuɣu, bee napɔŋ yaabu pihita(30metres away)ka chɛ kom ni be shɛli, ka di dubu ni tooi lahi du m-paai daadam shee tariga(2metres), din kuli yɛn niŋ ka kom ku tooi kpe di ni.<ref name=WHO3.4/> Di yi ti niŋ ka bɔɣili maa pali n-ti paai di zuɣusaa, bee m-paai di pirigili, di tuya ni di bo soli n-yaai li bee n-taɣi gbi bɔɣili ka lee kpuɣi du’kurili maa.<ref name=WHO3.4/> Yaha, din dee yi niŋ ka di nyɛla nuhi ka bi yɛn zaŋ yaai bina ŋɔ, di tu ni bɛ chɛ di ni damdibu kamani yuma ayi pɔi ka naan yi tooi zaŋ nuhi yaai li.<ref name=WHO3.4/> Di bi tu ka tiŋgban' ni voli maa yaɣi santimita pishi ni anu zuɣu(25&nbsp;cm), din yɛn taɣi bihi ka bɛ ku luri din ni.<ref name=WHO3.4>{{cite web|title=Simple pit latrine (fact sheet 3.4)|url=http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js13461e/3.4.html|website=who.int|date=1996|accessdate=15 August 2014|access-date=2 October 2015|archive-date=19 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219220918/http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js13461e/3.4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Di bi lahi tu ni furila bee neesim be baanjira maa ni, din kuli yɛn niŋ ka di taɣi bee n-ku ti zohi soli ka bɛ nya soli n-kpe baanjir’ duu maa ni. Din dee yi bi tumda, di tuya ni bin’pindigu bee bin’liŋa pili di zuɣu.<ref name="VIP2003">{{cite book|author1=François Brikké|title=Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9241562153|page=108|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241562153.pdf|access-date=2014-08-30|archive-date=2005-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105100412/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241562153.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Taɣi mɛ== So’ shɛŋa bɛ ni doli n-kpaŋsiri yiŋ baanjir’bihi ŋɔ mɛbu zooya.<ref name=VIP2003/> Di yini n-nyɛ paapu zaŋ sa baanjir’bɔɣili maa zuɣu ka di saai yaɣi baanjir’duu maa zuɣu.<ref name=VIP2003/> Di chɛmi ka baanjira maa mali vuhim ka lahi baligiri nyɔm.<ref name=VIP2003/> Di lahi baligiri zohi gubbu,din dee yi niŋ ka bɛ zaŋ mantankaliya n-lo paapu maa noli.<ref name=VIP2003/> Yaha, di bi tu ni bin’liŋa pili binvoli maa.<ref name="Till2014" /><ref name=VIP2003/> Din lahi pahi nyɛmi ni bɛ sɔŋ tiŋgbani maa ni ka kom bi dooni di ni, di yi niŋ ka di nyu kom maa, din kuli yɛn chɛ ka di mali yaa. Di lahi tu ni ti kpaari tampilim bee taabo zim m-pari bindi maa zuɣu ka di nyɔm maa baligi. 2013 yuuni la, vihigu daa yina n-wuhi ni daadamanima ban kalinli yiɣisi biliyɔŋ yini ni pisopɔin ni apɔin (1.77billion) n-daa nyɛ ban zaŋ yiŋ baanjiriti ŋɔ ku bukaata, ka di nyɛla lala niriba ŋɔ maa pam nyɛla ban be tiŋkpansi.<ref name=Graham2013>{{cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=JP|last2=Polizzotto|first2=ML|title=Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review.|journal=Environmental health perspectives|date=May 2013|volume=121|issue=5|pages=521–30|pmid=23518813|doi=10.1289/ehp.1206028}}</ref> Yaha, daadambiɛliŋ ban kalinli yiɣisi kamani biliyɔŋ dibaayi ni pirigili (2.5billion) gbaŋ daa nyɛla ban bi tooi nya sɔŋsim ni bɛ zaŋ yiŋ baanjir’bihi ŋɔ n-tum tuma, ka kalinli din yiɣisi biliyɔŋ yini(1billion) gba daa nyɛla ban damdiri baanjira mɔri ni.<ref name=UN2014Report>{{cite book|title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2014 update.|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=9789241507240|pages=16–20|url=http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf|format=pdf|access-date=2014-08-30|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171208/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Southern [[Asia]] mini sub saharan [[Africa]] n-nyɛ ban kuli bi nyari yiŋ baanjir’bihi ŋɔ m-mali kuri bukaata.<ref name="Wiley-Blackwell">{{cite book|last1=Selendy|first1=Janine M. H.|title=Water and sanitation-related diseases and the environment challenges, interventions, and preventive measures|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9781118148600|page=25|edition=|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=nZlS4ZfUOZUC&pg=PA25}}</ref> ==ʒiliɛli ni== Ti yi yuli andunia tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na lɛbigiri puuni, liɣiri din kpɛri baanjiriti ŋɔ yini kam mɛbu ni yiɣisi la Amerika dollar pishi ni anu mini pihiyɔbu sunsuuni.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa Where Do We Stand?|date=2013|publisher=Intl Water Assn|isbn=9781780405414|page=161|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_CkDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161}}</ref> Ti yi yuli [[India]] yaɣili ŋɔ, bɛ mali bɛ taachi bee shaara n-niŋda, din yɛn chɛ ka paɣiba zaɣisi dabba ban ka baanjiriti ŋɔ bɛ yinsi. Lala maa kpaŋsirila niriba ka bɛ mɛri baanjiriti ŋɔ bɛ yinsi.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|title=Global Problems, Smart Solutions: Costs and Benefits|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107435247|page=623|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=g9tRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA623}}</ref><ref name="twenty">{{cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/haryanas-scarce-women-tell-potential-suitors-no-loo-no-i-do-guest-post-by-yaniv-stopnitzky|title = Haryana's scarce women tell potential suitors: "No loo, no I do"|date = 12 December 2011|accessdate = 17 November 2014|website = Development Impact|publisher = Blog of World Bank|last = Stopnitzky|first = Yaniv}}</ref> == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} [[Pubu:Tima malibu baŋsim]] [[Pubu:Binniɛma baŋsim]] [[Pubu:Daadam biɛhagu]] [[Pubu:Tabibi baŋsim]] [[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]] [[Pubu:E-Class]] s08tisxjr96a4cft6a9jz34ilewbakq Chagas dɔro 0 2269 146113 30844 2026-08-10T20:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146113 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="background-color:fuchsia;">'''E-Class'''</span>[[Lahabali kɔligu:Symbol_e_class.svg|20px]] {{Infobox disease | Name = Chagas doro | Image = Trypanosoma cruzi crithidia.jpeg | Caption = Photomicrograph of [[Giemsa]]-stained ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' | DiseasesDB = 13415 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|57||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|086}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001372 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 327 | MeshID = D014355 }} '''Chagas dɔro ''' nyɛla dɔr’ shɛli din zooi [[dunia]] yaɣi shɛŋa tulim ni be. Binniɛn bih’ cherisa n tahiri ŋa na.<ref name=WHO2013/> Lɛlisi ban tabliri ningbiŋ zuɣu nyuri [[ʒim]] la n kpabri binniɛ’ bih’ chɛrisa ŋɔ.<ref name=WHO2013/> Doro ŋɔ lahimgbana bi ʒi yim, di taɣirila biɛɣu kam. Doro ŋo ni yɛn pili nira, di nahingbana bi yiri polo bei di ka yaa. [[Kpaɣuʒiɛɣu]], ʒi’ soya tibigibu, zuɣ’ yaali n ti pahi ŋubira ni mɔribu n nyɛ shira shɛŋa di piligu maa ni ʒirina.<ref name=WHO2013/> Zanchaŋ bakɔi 8-12 sunsuuni ka di yɛn nya yaa zani viɛnyɛlinga. Niribu 60-70% puuni dɔro ŋɔ ku lahi nabigi yaɣi saha ŋɔ.<ref name="Rassi2010">{{cite journal |author=Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA |title=Chagas disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-17-23-2010_375_9723/page/1388 |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9723 |pages=1388–402 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20399979 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X}}</ref><ref name="Rassi2012">{{cite journal|last=Rassi A|first=Jr|author2=Rassi, A|author3=Marcondes de Rezende, J|title=American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease).|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/275|journal=Infectious disease clinics of North America|date=June 2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–91|pmid=22632639|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.002}}</ref> 30-40% ban kpalimla mii, doro ŋɔ nahimgbana ni yi palo yuuni 10-30 nyaaŋa.<ref name=Rassi2012/> Lala saha ŋɔ yi paai, niribu 20-30% suhishei ʒisoya yɛn zaligi ka waɣ’ligi. Diyi niŋ lala suhu ŋɔ yɛn tarigimi ka zaɣsi tumbu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Din lahi pahi niribu 10% puuni, bɛ lɔŋni ʒisɔya ŋɔ gba nyɛla din ɣɛn yɛligi.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==Tahili mini Vihigu== ''T. cruzi'' nyɛla binniɛn shɛb’ liɛlisi ban tabliri ningbiŋ zuɣu nyuri ʒim la ni kpabiri yuɣisiri sariti salnim’ mini vuhurisi. Liɛlisi ŋɔ laɣimmi bɛ [[Triatominae]] zuliya ni.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web|publisher=Centers for DiseaseControl(CDC) |url= http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/ |title=DPDx&nbsp;– Trypanosomiasis, American. Fact Sheet |accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> Zuliya balibu kam malila bɛni boondi lɛlisi ŋɔ shɛm: bɛ mio la ''vinchuca'' [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]] ni [[Paraguay]], ''barbeiro'' [[Brazil]], ''pito'' [[Colombia]], ''chinche'' [[Central America]], nti pahi ''chipo'' [[Venezuela]]. Chagas dɔro ŋɔ ni lahi tooi lɔhiri nirib’ shahi n nyɛ ʒim vɔbu/kpɛhibu shei, binsaba kpɛhibu shei, dibu shei (di yi niŋ ka Chagas binniema yi siɣi bindirigu nɔ ni), nti pahi dɔyim shei (ma ni tooi zaŋ li looi biya).<ref name=WHO2013/> Di yi na bi ti tooni, baŋdib’ ni tooi zaŋ maicroscope nyuli sal ʒim ni n nyɛli.<ref name=Rassi2012/> Di yi shiri biɛni ka bɛ yuli, bɛn nyɛ ''T. cruzi'' ʒim maa ni. ==Taɣibu mini Tibbu == [[Lahabali kɔligu:Rhodnius prolixus70-300.jpg|thumb|''[[Rhodnius prolixus]]'' is the principal vector in [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], and some parts of [[Nicaragua]] and [[El Salvador]]]] Doro ŋo yi yɛn gu, di tuya ka niri taɣi o biɛhagu shei mini o ningbina ka Chagas liɛlisi ŋɔ bi dim o.<ref name=WHO2013/> Din lahi pahi gubu ŋɔ shei, di tuya ka nir’ mira ka chɛ baŋdib’ vihi pɔi ka naan yi zaŋ so ʒim n kpehi o.<ref name=WHO2013/> Chagas doro ŋo nyɛbli tilaa nabi yi polo.<ref name=WHO2013/> Di kaali saha doritila mi, tima kamani [[benznidazole]] mini [[nifurtimox]] nyaŋdi ŋa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Tima ŋa yaa baligirimi dɔli Chagas dɔro ŋɔ yuunsim sal ningbiŋ ni.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dimi yi niŋ mi ka Chagas pun nyɔɣi la nir’ ka di yuui, tima ŋa tooi baligiri di lahimgban’ shɛŋa din yi dɔli di nyaang’ la.<ref name=WHO2013/> Di tu ka di baŋsi kadama niribu 40% ban vali [[benznidazole]] mini [[nifurtimox]] puuni,<ref name=WHO2013/> tima ŋa di gbuɣi di ninsabla bahina; di leei bi yuurimi. Di nin sabla maa shɛŋa n-nyɛ: ningbiŋ zuɣu doro, zuɣupuri poobu n–ti pahi puuni bɛn-nyɔri zaɣisibu. .<ref name="Rassi2010"/><ref name="Bern">{{cite journal |author=Bern C, Montgomery SP, Herwaldt BL, et al.|title=Evaluation and treatment of chagas disease in the United States: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=18 |pages=2171–81 |date=November 2007|pmid=18000201 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.18.2171}}</ref><ref name="Rassi2">{{cite journal|author=Rassi A, Dias JC, Marin-Neto JA, Rassi A |title=Challenges and opportunities for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of Chagas' disease |journal=Heart |volume=95|issue=7 |pages=524–34 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19131444 |doi=10.1136/hrt.2008.159624|url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19131444}}</ref> ==Loobu mini Gɔrim== Di buɣisiya ni daadam biɛligu kaman million 7-8 malila Chagas doro ŋɔ. Lala niribu ŋɔ pam biɛla [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] ni [[South America]].<ref name="WHO2013">{{cite web|title=Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Fact sheet N°340|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=March 2013}}</ref> Yuuni 2006 vihugu wuhiya ni di kuri daadam biɛlim 12,500 yuunu kam puuni.<ref name=Rassi2010/> Ban mali doro ŋɔ pam nyɛla faranima.<ref name=Rassi2010/> Bɛ pam bi mi ni bɛ mali doro ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Capinera|editor-first=John L.|title=Encyclopedia of entomology |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9781402062421|page=824|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA824|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Din yi pa niŋ ka kahi-kuli gɔrim niŋ bayanala luɣ’likam la chɛmi ka doro ŋɔ lu n-gɔhi duniya tinsi pam. Di bi chihi America mini Europe tinsi gba.<ref name=WHO2013/> Vihigu wuhiya ni doro ŋɔ ni mali ninsal kalinli shɛb’ America mini Europe tingbana ni kuli nabgimi hali ti kpa yuuni 2014. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Bonney|first=KM|title=Chagas disease in the 21st Century: a public health success or an emerging threat?|journal=Parasite |date=2014|volume=21|pages=11|pmid=24626257|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014012|pmc=3952655}} {{open access}}</ref> [[Carlos Chagas]], yuuni 1909 puuni n daa tuui vihi baŋ doro ŋo ninni ni nyɛ shɛli. O yuli ka di zaŋ bolili.<ref name=WHO2013/> Chagas doro ŋɔ gbaairi vuhirisi balibu paai 150.<ref name=Rassi2010/> == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} [[Pubu:Binniɛma dɔriti]] [[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]] [[Pubu:E-Class]] b8pncdrhisjijaz1ggq22a878dkxfbe Echinococcosis 0 3076 146095 35520 2026-08-10T20:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146095 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="background-color:fuchsia;">'''E-Class'''</span>[[Lahabali kɔligu:Symbol_e_class.svg|20px]] {{Infobox disease | Name = Echinococcosis | Image = Echinococcus Life Cycle.svg | Caption = ''Echinococcus'' life cycle (click to enlarge) | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|67||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|122.4}}, {{ICD9|122}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 4048 | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 629 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|1046}} | MeshID = D004443 | }} '''Echinococcosis''', bee '''hydatid''', '''hydatidosis''', nyɛla [[ningbiŋzohi]] dɔr’ shɛli [[mɛbima]] ni tahiri na.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Doro ŋɔ pula buyi; din tooi looi niri [[wp:en:alveolar echinococcosis|sapuɣu]] (alveolar echinococcosis) bee ka di lee bingoo (cystic echinococcosis) sal ningbuŋ zuɣu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Puri ayi ŋɔ nyaaŋa, “polycystic echinococcosis” mini “unicystic echinococcosis” gba biɛni ka lee bi yammmi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Di zooya ka doro ŋɔ gbaai niri kadi paai yuun’ muni ka bi wuhi shihira shɛli.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Doro ŋɔ lahimgbana palo yibu dɔlila Echinococcosis ningbiŋzohi ŋɔ galsim, n-ti pahi ningbina luɣu shɛli ŋa ni be.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Alveolar echinococcosis pilindila binsaba ni, ka ni tooi zooi n-nɣɔɣi ningbiŋ ni luɣa pam Kaman zuɣupuri mini kukolini.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Di yi gbaai binsabili, echinococcosis bara ni tooi kɔbi sampuɣili, kɔɣisibu, bei [[jaundice|yellow]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kukolini doro tahiri nyoɣuni doro na, vuhim faabu n-ti pahi kɔhingu.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Echinococcosis Fact sheet N°377|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs377/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=19 March 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> == Din tahiri li na == Doro maa nyɛvuli dolila bindirigu bei ko’ nyurim shɛli mɛbima gala ŋɔ ni be dini, bei niri yi miri vuhurigu so ŋun pun mali doro ŋɔ.<ref name=WHO2014/> Binkobi shɛb’ ban ŋubiri nimbi ka doro ŋɔ malibi, mɛbima gala ŋɔ yirila be bindinina.<ref name=CDC2013>{{cite web|title=Echinococcosis [Echinococcus granulosus] [Echinococcus multilocularis] [Echinococcus oligarthrus] [Echinococcus vogeli]|url=http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinococcosis/index.html|work=CDC|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=November 29, 2013}}</ref> Binkɔb shɛb’ din tooi gbaaira nyɛla: baa, ŋɔɣu ni kunduŋ.<ref name=CDC2013/> Poi ka Echinococcosis ti yɛn gbaai binkɔbiri ŋɔ, shei ka be mi ton ŋɔbi bin saba bei puuni binyɔri bin be vuhurisi shɛb’ ban pun mali doro ŋɔ, kaman piɛri bie nantarisi.<ref name=CDC2013/> Din niŋ ka ''Echinococcus'' be tabini la, dor’ shɛli ŋan zirina gba bela tabini.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ dolila tabibi baŋsim shaŋa nashaara nim ni boli [[ultrasound]] [[computer tomography]] (CT) bei [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI).<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> ʒim ni vihigu n-ti pahi [[biopsy]] gba nyɛla din ni tooi soŋ.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Taɣibu mini Tibibu == Doro ŋɔ taɣibu pahiya ka di tibi bahi shab’ mɛbima ŋɔ ni nyɔɣi, ka nyuhi binkɔbri ban kpalim tima din -ni guba ka che dɔro ŋɔ.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Di tibi ku nyɛla din to pam.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Di yi niŋmi ka di nabi bingɔhi, baŋdib’ ni tooi dooi li ka naan yi niŋ tim’ ta li.<ref name=WHO2014/> Puhigibu ŋɔ nyaaŋa, di tuya ka benkɔbiri nɔ laamba che ka be nina pa yuma ŋɔ zuyu.<ref name=CDCTx2013>{{cite web|title=Echinococcosis Treatment Information|url=http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinococcosis/tx.html|work=CDC|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=November 29, 2013}}</ref> [[wp:en:alveolar echinococcosis|Sapuɣu]] echinococcosis la mii tuya ka be karigi ka naan yi tibili.<ref name=WHO2014/> Tim din yuli booni [[albendazole]] la tuhiri li vienyelinga, di naɣi diri la yum’ bɔbgu.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=CDCTx2013/> [[wp:en:alveolar echinococcosis|Sapuɣu]] echinococcosis kuri bara.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Loobu == Doro ŋɔ be dunia luɣa kam. Doro ŋɔ mali salnim paai million zaɣiyini.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> South America, Africa, n-ti pahi Asia luɣu shaŋa beni ka doro ŋɔ mali nirib’ 10%.<ref name=WHO2014/> 1990 yuuni pulini, di daa kula nirib’ 2000. 2010 yuuni pulinimii ka di ku nirib’ 1200.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Yuuni kam pulini, doro ŋɔ cheka gɔmnanti nim diri 3 billion USD.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Di nyɛla dinni tooi gbaai kuruchunima, yuri n-ti pahi niɣi.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} [[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]] [[Pubu:E-Class]] ewtujjwmery6mqhu6qqfatz1zp7kr1m Hepatitis A 0 4035 146186 145777 2026-08-10T22:41:00Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146186 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="background-color:fuchsia;">'''E-Class'''</span>[[Lahabali kɔligu:Symbol_e_class.svg|20px]] {{Infobox disease | Name = Hepatitis A | Image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = Hepatitis A chɛ ka jaundice gbaai so | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Hepatitis A''' (bɛ daa mi li saha shɛli '''infectious hepatitis''') nyɛla sabili doro din loori niriba ka di tuŋ teeri nin’ pɔbbu ni neeibu. Hepatitis A binneembihi n-tahiri li na.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | url = https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3 | edition = 4th | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/541 541]–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Doro ŋɔ nahiŋgbana bi yiri polo barinima pam ni balinte bari ŋɔ yi nyɛ bia.<ref name=AFP2012/> Bar' shɛba nahiŋgbana ŋɔ ni yɛn yi, di piinila dakula-ayi zanchaŋ dakula-ayɔbu sunsuuni doro ŋɔ yi gbahi ba naai.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Dakulo dibaa ayɔpoi (7) ka nahiŋgbana ŋɔ yɛn beni. Di shɛŋa n-nyɛ: tiri-kpuɣubu, tiri, binsaa, [[jaundice|ningbuŋ zaɣi dozim kotomsi]], dirigu, and sompuɣili.<ref name=AFP2012/> Chira-ayɔbu nyaanga, nahiŋgbana ŋɔ ni lahi labina barinima kamani 10–15% puuni.<ref name=AFP2012/> Doro ŋɔ bi kuri barnima binsaba faashee ninkura ni.<ref name=AFP2012/> ==Tahili== Salinima ni tooi kɔbi doro ŋɔ di yi niŋ ka be nyu kom bee n-di bindiri' shɛli din gari Hepatitis A barina bini.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> Di zooiya ka binneembihi tooi kpe n-fri zama nyɔri ni, ka bɛ yi be duɣi ŋa viɛnyɛla ni tahi Hepatitis A na.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Din pahi, Hipatistis A barinima tabisibu ni tooi che ka di looi nira.<ref name=AFP2012/> Doro ŋɔ bi wuhiri shɛhira bihi ni la zaa yoli, bɛ ni tooi zaŋ li looi nira.<ref name=AFP2012/> Doro ŋɔ yi gbaai niri yim, di ku lahi gbaai o hali ni o nyɛvuli tariga.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Di yi yɛn dihi tabili ni doro ŋɔ mali nira, shee ka alaafee baŋdiba vihi o ʒim domini di shɛhira piligu ni ŋmani doriti pam la zuɣu.<ref name=AFP2012/> Hepatitis A mali mabihi, ŋanima n-nyɛ: [[hepatitis B|B]], [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], ni [[hepatitis E|E]]. ==Tilaa beni ni tooi gu nira ka che Hepatitis A doro ŋɔ.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Bidɔɣiri shɛba beni n kpaŋsi bɛ bihi tim ŋɔ nyuhibu, bɛ tiriba limi yuma a shɛm kam hali ka bɛ ti zooi zaa. Tiŋ shɛŋa gba beni n kpaŋsiri tim ŋɔ nyubu ni doro ŋɔ ni wuligi luɣi shɛŋa ka lala niribu ŋɔ na ʒin nyuli.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Vihigu wuhiya ni niri yi nyu li yim din tooi saɣi o ni o nyɛvuli tariga.<ref name=AFP2012/> Din beni lahi taɣiri doro ŋɔ nyɛla [[hand washing|nuu paɣibu]] ni viɛnyala duɣili ni.<ref name=AFP2012/> Di yi pun gbaai niri naai, tim na kani din nyandi li viɛnyala. Amaa vuhim pam n-ti pahi tiri mini binsaa tima sɔŋdi m-mahiri li.<ref name=AFP2012/> Hepatitis A barinima pam kpaŋda ka lahima n-ti pahi sabili doro bi doli di nyaaŋa.<ref name=AFP2012/> Sabili doro mi yi doli di nyaaŋa, di tibili zaa nyami ka baŋdiba taɣi sabili maa.<ref name=AFP2012/> ==Loobu mini Gubu== Yuuni puuni Hepatitis A gbaairi niriba gari million pia<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref>, ka ban mali li ka di nahiŋgbana yi polo miriti million 1.5<ref name=AFP2012/> Andunia luɣi shɛŋa din ka sabita bee ko-nyuri suŋ ka Hepatitis A tooi be.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Andunia tinsi din na lɛbigiri ni, doro ŋɔ gbahiri bihi 90% ka bɛ naan yi nyɛ yuun’ pia. Bɛ yi kɔbi li kpaŋ naai, bɛ ningbina yi pan tooi tuhi nyaŋ li.<ref name=WHO2013/> Doro ŋɔ lahi be tin' shɛŋa din so n-lɛbigi biɛla domini bihi ni be kɔbiri li la n-ti pahi bɛ ni be zooi nyuri ti shɛŋa ŋan taɣiri li la.<ref name=WHO2013/> Yuuni 2010, Hepatitis A daa kula niriba 102,000.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Silimiin' goli July 28 dabisili ka kpamba gahim yuuni kam n boli 28 [[World Hepatitis Day|Andunia Hepatitis Dabisili]]. Lala dabsili ŋɔ alaafee baŋdiba yirimina n baŋsiri zamatu zaŋkpa Hepatitis doro ni nyɛ shɛli.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} [[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]] [[Pubu:E-Class]] qkxj7d66x2qv6x5wdvpm14v9fgf3xqc Wikipidia 0 7321 146104 145984 2026-08-10T20:35:13Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wikipedia'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|p|iː|d|i|ə}} {{respell|WIK|ih|PEE|dee|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Wikipedia.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|i|-}} {{respell|WIK|ee|PEE|dee|ə}}}} nyɛla yoli pɔhim zuɣu baŋsim bayana kundu shɛli niriba ni laɣimdi n-tɔhiri sabira ka bɛ booni ninvuɣ shɛba ban sabiri di lahabali Naawuni zuɣu ŋɔ Wikipedianima ka bɛ nyɛ ban sabiri lala lahabali ŋɔ niŋdi wiki "software" [[MediaWiki]]. Wikipidia nyɛla luɣishɛli din bara ka lahi nyɛ kundivihira tuma karimbu shee pam taarihi puuni,<ref name="Wiki20">{{cite news |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107163155/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite magazine |last=Anderson |first=Chris |date=May 8, 2006 |title=Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001311/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=November 11, 2017}}</ref> ka nyɛ luɣishɛli din pahi wɛbisiti pia shɛŋa niriba ni tooi kpɛra pam ni; {{as of|2024|08|lc=y}}, Semrush nima nyɛla ban daa pilli suŋ bunahi zuɣu,<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2024 |title=Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024 |url=https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all |access-date=14 September 2024 |publisher=Semrush}}</ref> ka Similarweb nima mi nyɛ ban daa pilli suŋ buyopɔin zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most viewed website |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |publisher=Similarweb |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> Ban daa piligi li nyɛ [[Jimmy Wales]] mini [[Larry Sanger]] silimiin goli January biɛɣ'pinaanu dali yuuni 2001, Wikipidia nyɛla din be [[Wikimedia Foundation]] nima sulinsi ni tum yuuni 2003, Americanima ʒingama laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni daa piligi ka di nyɛ din nyari sɔŋsim ninvuɣ shɛba ban kariŋdili sani.<ref name=WF10.23.23>{{cite web |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |author=Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |language=en-US |date=October 23, 2023|access-date=December 27, 2023|archive-date=December 27, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231227155753/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/}}</ref> Tuuli di nyɛla din daa na be silimiinsili balli ni kɔŋko amaa saha ŋɔ di nyɛla [[list of Wikipedias|binshɛli niri ni tooi niŋ maliniŋ]] Wikipidia balla din gari kɔbisita ni. Silimiinsili Wikipidia nyɛla din mali lahabaya kamani miliyɔŋ 6.9 ka nyɛ din nyari maliniŋ kamani miliyɔŋ pinaata goli yini puuni ni (kamani maliniŋ dibaa anu tɔbu yim ni) <!-- To calculate edits per second, I did the number of edits divided by the number of seconds in a month. If anyone finds this math incorrect, please fix it, I'm not a mathematician! --> {{as of|2024|04|lc=y}}.<!-- {{As of|2024|04|lc=y}} PLEASE UPDATE AS NEEDED --><ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|url-status=live}}</ref> Silimiin goli July yuuni 2024, kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pishi ni anu maliniŋ nyɛla din daa yina [[United States]], ka [[Japan]] doli ni kɔbigi puuni vaabu 6.2%, United Kingdom mi kɔbigi puuni vaabu 5.8%, ka [[Russia]] mali kɔbigi puuni vaabu 5.2%, [[Germany]] mi kɔbigi puuni vaabu dibaa ani ka vaabu pihinu ni yini din kpalim maa mi pirrigi n-ti tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi maa, lala lahabali ŋɔ nyɛla din yina Similarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography |title=wikipedia.org |website=similarweb.com|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography|url-status=live}}</ref> Wikipidia nyɛla niriba ni puhi ka paɣa binshɛli pam ka di daliri nyɛla di ni pahiri baŋsim, di ni wuligi gili n-ti pahi di biɛhigu din gahim mini kaya ni taada. Di nyɛla binshɛli ninvuɣ shɛba ni galim shɛli di gbaai bahindi paɣaba lahabaya polo mini tiŋgbana biɛhigu lahabaya zaŋ jandi [[Global South]] ([[Eurocentrism]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noor |first1=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=31 May 2024 |date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |website=The Guardian |access-date=31 May 2024 |date=15 September 2015}}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka niriba nyɛ ban daa galindi Wikipidia bin din gbaai yuuni 2000s, di nyɛla binshɛli din taɣi ka kpalim nyari paɣabu bin din gbaai yuuni 2010s bahigu zaŋ du<ref name="Wiki20" /><ref name="Econ21">{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Happy Birthday, Wikipedia |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031816/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|archive-date=January 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> ka nyɛ din leei anfaani lahabaya bɔbu shee.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/|archive-date=January 11, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]]}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> Wikipidia nyɛla luɣishɛli tiŋgbani shɛŋa gomnantinima ni tooi yihiri lahabaya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Lahabaya zaŋ jandi lahabali shɛli din na chani bee niŋda nyɛla lahabali shɛli niriba ni kuli mali wuhiri salo zaŋ chaŋ lala yɛliniŋda maa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McNamee |first=Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article|archive-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> == Taarihi == === Nupedia === {{Multiple image | footer = Wikipedia founders [[Jimmy Wales]] (left) and [[Larry Sanger]] (right) | width = | image1 = Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg | width1 = 100 | image2 = L Sanger.jpg | width2 = 116 }} Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali zaɣa ni pohim zuɣu lahabaya sabbu mini karimbu nyɛla ban daa mo pɔi ni Wikipidia piligibu amaa ka daa bɛ di nasara.<ref>{{cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|archive-date=February 10, 2023|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipidia nyɛla din daa piligi ka nyɛ tuma zaŋ n-ti Nupedia, yoli pohim zuɣu siliminsili balli tuma din jandi gbanbiɛlima sabbu ka baŋdiba nyɛ ban daa sabiri ka vihiri bee labirilihiri lala gbanbiɛlima ŋɔ.<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kock |first1=Ned |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant|author1-link=Ned Kock |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |date=2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |publisher=IGI Global |issn=1548-3681|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> Di nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli silimiin gɔli March dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 2000, di sulinsi nyɛla din daa na be [[Bomis]]. Ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa piligi nyɛ Bomis CEO [[Jimmy Wales]] mini [[Larry Sanger]], [[editor-in-chief]] zaŋ n-ti Nupedia ka bɛ daa ti taɣi di yuli ŋɔ boli Wikipedia.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="Meyers" /> Nupedia nyɛla din daa tuui deegi di shɛhira gbaŋ Nupedia [[free content|Open Content]] License amaa pɔi ka Wikipidia daa piligi, Nupedia nyɛla din daa yi labi [[GNU Free Documentation License]] din daa niŋ ka Richard Stallman daa kpaŋsi di labbu.<ref name="stallman1999" group="W" /> Wales nyɛla niriba ni puhiri so ka paɣara din niŋ ka o tooi niŋ ka sokam ni tooi sabbi di zuɣu maa,<ref name="SangerMemoir" /><ref name="Sanger" group="W" /> ka Sanger nyɛ niriba ni puhiri ka paɣari so ka di nyɛla o ni niŋ kpaŋmaŋ ka wiki yɛligi gili zuɣu.<ref name="WM foundation of WP 1" group="W">{{cite web |last=T. |first=Laura |date=October 30, 2001 |title=Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks? |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040038/https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikipedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/OTDFENO6REC46PN354TKFOJBA5BSXBUX/|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=February 20, 2007}}</ref> Silimiin gɔli January biɛɣ'pia dali yuuni 2001, Sanger nyɛla ŋun yɛlli Nupedia satari tiriba ni bɛ nammi wiki ka di nyɛ "feeder" tuma zaŋ n-ti Nupedia.<ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=Larry |date=January 10, 2001 |title=Let's Make a Wiki |publisher=[[Internet Archive]] |url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-date=April 14, 2003}}</ref> === Launch and growth === Wikipidia nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli silimiin goli January biɛɣ'pinaanu dali yuuni 2001<ref name="KockJungSyn2016" /> ka daa na nyɛ siliminsili balli ni kɔŋko www.wikipedia.com,<ref name="WikipediaHome" group="W" /> ka Sanger nyɛ ŋun daa yɛlli Nupedia satarili tiriba.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> Di yuli ŋɔ nyɛla din yina bachinima ayi puuni wiki mini encyclopedi.<ref name="MiliardWho" /><ref name="J Sidener" /> Di laɣimbu zalikpani nyɛla "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV" group="W" /> Bomis nyɛla ŋun daa na tuui mali niya ni o zaŋ li leei nyori nyabu daabilim.<ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{cite news |author=Finkelstein |first=Seth |date=September 25, 2008 |title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|url-status=live|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207170151/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|archive-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> [[File:English Wikipedia HomePage 2001-12-20.png|thumb|The Wikipedia home page on December 20, 2001{{efn|Now available as an archive at the [[nost:|Nostalgia Wikipedia]]}}]] Wikipidia nyɛla din daa tuui nya tohiriba Nupedia, Slashdot zaŋ wuhi salo n-ti pahi vihigu injine. Balli nammbu nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli silimiin goli March yuuni 2001 ni kalinli din yiɣisi kɔbigi ni pihiyobu ni yini bin din gbaai yuuni 2004 bahigu.<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html |title=Alternative language wikipedias |date=March 16, 2001|mailing-list=Wikipedia-L |last=Wales |first=Jimmy|access-date=January 16, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120728/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP early language stats 1" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics/2004]]</ref> Nupedia mini Wikipidia nyɛla din daa na laɣim tumda hali ni ka bɛ daa ti waligi li yuuni 2003. Siliminsili Wikipidia nyɛla din daa nya gbanbiɛlima din kalinli gari miliyɔŋ dibaa ayi silimiin goli September dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 2007 ka di daa leei encyclopedia din galisi din daa niŋ ka di gari Yongle Encyclopedia shɛli bɛ ni daa piligi China yuuni 1408 ka di nyɛ din daa gbubi lala taarihi ŋɔ kamani kɔbisiyobu.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia" /> Di zuɣu daabiligu niŋbu mini di gu ka taɣi, tohiriba ban yina Spanish Wikipidia nyɛla ban daa namm {{lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]|italic=no}} silimiin goli February yuuni 2002.<ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |website=Osdir|access-date = December 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|archive-date = October 6, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Wales nyɛla ŋun daa yina n-ti yɛlli ni Wikipidia pala daabiligu niŋbu shee ka daa taɣi li yi ''wikipedia.com'' labisi ''wikipedia.org''.<ref name="Shirky" /><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|archive-date=June 20, 2014|access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Siliminsili Wikipidia nyɛla din gbanbiɛlima daa paai miliyɔŋ dibaa ata silimiin goli August yuuni 2009, di zoobu zaŋ chaŋ di gbanbiɛlima palla kalinli pahibu mini tohi tohiriba kalinli pahibu nyɛla din pahi pam yuuni 2007.<ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Bobbie |date=August 12, 2009 |title=Wikipedia approaches its limits |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132759/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist+|url-status=live}}</ref> Gbanbiɛlima kamani 1,800 nyɛla bɛ ni daa pahiri binshɛli biɛɣ'kam yuuni 2006; bin din gbaai yuuni 2013 di daa nyɛla kamani 800.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=August 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth|url-status=live}}</ref> Laɣingu zaŋ n-ti [[Palo Alto Research Center]] nyɛ ban daa su di nyaaŋa labbu ŋɔ.<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1">{{cite conference |url=https://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf |title=The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Wikipedia |year=2009 |location=Orlando, FL |conference=The International Symposium on Wikis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110022/https://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf|archive-date = May 11, 2011}}</ref> === Milestones === Silimin goli January yuuni 2007, Comscore Networks daa yeliya ni Wikipedia daa nyala din pahi websaatinima pia din mali milinsi United States.<ref name=":0">"New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic" (PDF). ''Comscore''. February 15, 2007. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2023</ref> Ka nirriba ban kalinli paagi 42.9 milllion ku kperi wikipidia websaati maa zuɣu, di daa nyala din do bu woi , ka daa yaɣi T''he New York Times'' (din daa do pia ) ni ''Apple'' (din daa do piniyini) la zuɣu.<ref name=":0" /> Lala ŋo daa nyala kpaŋmaŋ pam zaŋti wikipedia dama ayi lihi silimin goli January yuuni 2006, wikipidia daa nyala din do pihitanaata , ka niribi ban kperi dini kalini daa nye 18.3 million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-19|title=Wikipedia Breaks Into U.S. Top 10 Sites {{!}} PCWorld|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2012-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319204141/http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuuni 2014, niriba daa lihi wikepedia paaginima ka lala paajinima ŋo kalinli yiɣisi 18 billion goli kam. Silimin goli February dabaa awoi dali yuuni 2014, The New York Times daa ti lahabali wuhi ni ayi lihi comScore pubu pubu la ni, ni niriba daa nyala ban lihi wikipedia paajinima ka di kalinli yiɣisis 18 billion ka niriba ban kalinli yiɣisi 500 miliion gba nye ban kuli kperi wikipedia goli kam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-09|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen - The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2022-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>Similarweb daa bahi lahabali ni Silimin goli March, yuuni 2023 saha la, wikipedia daa pa dola bu yobu zuɣu di yi kana milinsi polo. <ref>Similarweb. "Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World". ''Similarweb''. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2023.</ref> Silimin goli January 18, yuuni 2012, English Wikipedia daa nyala din to ayirimo zaŋ jandi zalikpan pala ayi sheli United States Congress ni daa bori ni bi zali - lala zalikpana ŋo n daa nye Stop Online Piracy(SOPA) ni PROTECT IP ACT (PIPA)- ka lala zalikpana ŋo daliri daa che ka niribi bi lahi tooi nyari binsheli wikipedia paajinima la zuɣu awa pishinaanahi ( dabisili). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-14|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led 8 million to look up reps in Congress - Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/technology-blog/story/2012-01-19/wikipedia-sopa-protest-led-8-million-to-look-up-reps-in-congress|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2022-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114230228/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/technology-blog/story/2012-01-19/wikipedia-sopa-protest-led-8-million-to-look-up-reps-in-congress|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>Daliri din wuhiri binsheli din daa niŋ maa daa nyala din daa pa wikipedia paajinima maa zuɣu n taɣiri wikipedia maŋmaŋ lahibaya, ka niriba ban kalinli daa yaɣi 162 million daa nye ban lihi lala blackout paaji maa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-01-17|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=2024-09-21}}</ref> Silimin goli Janaury yuuni 2013, bi daa zaŋ Wikipedia yuli n pa "asteroid" yini "274301 Wikipedia";<ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=Robert Workman|date=2013-02-05|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=2024-09-21|website=Space.com|language=en}}</ref> Silimin goli OCtober yuuni 2014, bi daa me bin gahindili ( bini booni sheli monument la" n ti Wikipedia din wuhihiri di kpaŋmaŋa .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-24|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure) - CNET|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2023-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023828/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><!-- ''Hidden while in discussion on the talk page'': New or occasional editors have significantly higher rates of their edits reverted (removed) than an elite group of regular editors, colloquially known as "the [[cabal]]". --> == Language editions == {{Main|List of Wikipedias}} Saha ŋɔ balla kalinli kamani kɔbisita ni pihita ni ayi nyɛla din tohiri sabiri Wikipidia (ka bɛ lahi booni li balli yaɣili bee alaha Wikipidianima). Bin din gbaai {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} yuuni {{CURRENTYEAR}}, balla dibaa ayobu shɛŋa din daa mali Wikipidia gbanbiɛlima pam n-daa nyɛ Siliminsili, Cebuano, German, French, Swedish n-ti pahi Dutch Wikipidianima.<ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |publisher=English Wikipedia|access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Pie chart | caption = '''Distribution of the {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total|N}} articles in different language editions (as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}})'''<ref name="meta.wikimedia" group="W">[[:m:List of Wikipedias#1+ articles|List of Wikipedias – Meta]]</ref> | other = yes | label1 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}} | value1 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|1}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color1 = #666666 | label2 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}} | value2 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|2}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color2 = #E69F00 | label3 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}} | value3 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|3}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color3 = #56B4E9 | label4 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}} | value4 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|4}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color4 = #009E73 | label5 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}} | value5 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|5}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color5 = #F0E442 | label6 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} | value6 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|6}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color6 = #0072B2 | label7 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}} | value7 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|7}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color7 = #D55E00 | label8 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}} | value8 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|8}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color8 = #CC79A7 | label9 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}} | value9 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|9}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color9 = #33CC99 | label10 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}} | value10 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|10}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color10 = #333333 | label11 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}} | value11 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|11}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color11 = #9A459A | label12 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}} | value12 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|12}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color12 = #A60D14 | label13 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}} | value13 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|13}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color13 = #FF82AA | label14 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}} | value14 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|14}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color14 = #167432 | label15 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}} | value15 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|15}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color15 = #FFA500 | label16 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}} | value16 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|16}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color16 = #483D8B | label17 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}} | value17 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|17}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color17 = #00FFFF | label18 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} | value18 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|17}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color18 = LightGreen | label19 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|19}} | value19 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|19}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color19 = Red | label20 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} | value20 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|20}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | color20 = LightBlue }}<gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:Wikipedia page views by language over time.png|Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2020 File:Wikipedia editors by language over time.png|Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2020 </gallery>{{Largest Wikipedias/graph}} == Reception == {{See also|Academic studies about Wikipedia|Criticism of Wikipedia|Racial bias on Wikipedia}} Wikipidianima nyɛla ban galim Wikipidia galism mini yɛligu taɣibu, di ni nyɛ zalikpana pihinu mini bachininima kamani 150,000 {{as of|2014|lc=y|post=.}}<ref name="bureaucracy">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html |title=The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=June 22, 2014|access-date = August 18, 2014|archive-date = August 13, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813020720/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Jemielniak">{{cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvqsdrf9 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9|author-link=Dariusz Jemielniak |via=[[JSTOR]]|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174817/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvqsdrf9|url-status=live}}</ref> Shɛba nyɛla ban yɛlli ni Wikipidia nyɛla din gaŋdi binshɛŋa. Yuuni 2010, columnist jourmini lahabalitira Edwin Black nyɛla ban daa buɣisi Wikipidia "yɛlimaŋli, yɛlimaŋli pirigili n-ti pahi ʒiri bela".<ref name=EdwinBlack>{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black |date=April 19, 2010 |work=[[History News Network]] |publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]] |title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909210831/https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|archive-date=September 9, 2016|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Gbanbiɛlima din be ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' mini ''[[The Journal of Academic Librarianship]] nyɛla din galim Wikipidia ka yɛlli ni Wikipidia nyɛla din bi tiri lahabali shɛli din tuhi dama di zaɣa nyɛla din be yɛltɔɣili yɛlikpana ni ka yihiri lala yɛltɔɣili maa puuni yɛlikpana bihi bahira ka di zuɣu ni tooi che ka lala lahabali ŋɔ bi tuhi dama di bi tooi naai''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Messer-Krusse |first1=Timothy |title=The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-undue-weight-of-truth-on-wikipedia/ |work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=February 12, 2012|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218162359/https://chronicle.com/article/The-Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/|archive-date=December 18, 2016|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colón Aguirre |first1=Mónica |last2=Fleming-May |first2=Rachel A. |date=November 2012 |title="You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf|url-status=live |journal=[[The Journal of Academic Librarianship]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=391–399 |doi=10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419031904/https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=April 19, 2016|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wikipedia experience sparks national debate |url=https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html|access-date=March 27, 2014 |work=BGSU News |publisher=[[Bowling Green State University]] |date=February 27, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827120800/https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html|archive-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> Lahabalitiriba Oliver Kamm mini Edwin Black nyɛla ban daa galim Wikipidia(yuuni 2010 mini yuuni 2011 gabaadaya) ni gbanbiɛlima nyɛla niriba pam ni laɣindi sabiri shɛli ka di zuɣu ni tooi che ka di lahabali bi tuhi.<ref name=EdwinBlack /><ref name=okw>{{cite news |last1=Kamm |first1=Oliver|author1-link=Oliver Kamm |title=Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds |url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece |work=[[The Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104256/https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece|archive-date=August 14, 2011 |date=August 16, 2007}}</ref> Yuuni 2008 gbanbiɛlili Education Next lahabali nyɛla din daa yɛlli ni Wikipidia nyɛla din taɣiri lahabali.<ref name=Petrilli>{{cite journal |last1=Petrilli |first1=Michael J. |title=Wikipedia or Wickedpedia? |journal=Education Next |date=Spring 2008 |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://www.educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/|access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=[[Hoover Institution]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121024654/https://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/|archive-date=November 21, 2016 |department=What Next}}</ref> Yuuni 2020, Omer Benjakob mini Stephen Harrison nyɛla ban daa yɛlli ni pohim zuɣu lahabatiriba zaŋ n-ti Wikipidia nyɛla din booi pam yuma ayi din gari maa.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Benjakob |first1=Omer |last2=Harrison |first2=Stephen |date=October 13, 2020 |chapter=From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades|chapter-url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop |title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |doi=10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-262-36059-3|doi-access=free|access-date=September 11, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911145640/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop|url-status=live}}</ref> "Multiple news networks" nyɛla ban galim Wikipidia ka yɛlli ni di nyɛla [[ideological bias|ideologically biased]]. Silimiin goli February yuuni 2021, Fox News nyɛla ban daa galim Wikipidia ka daa yɛlli ni di gbanbiɛlima nyɛla din jandiri tiŋgbani bee tiŋsi mini "socialism" ka nyɛ din gaŋda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lott |first=Maxim |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Inside Wikipedia's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/wikipedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=[[Fox News]]|archive-date=February 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218233800/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/wikipedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŋun daa pahi ka Wikipidia piligi Sanger nyɛla ŋun daa yɛlli ni Wikipidia nyɛla din leei pɔripɔriganda ka niri ku tooi lahi dihili tabili.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Lee |title=Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' |url=https://nypost.com/2021/07/16/wikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment/|access-date=May 31, 2023 |work=[[New York Post]] |date=July 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716210154/https://nypost.com/2021/07/16/wikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment/|archive-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> Yuuni 2022, John Stossel nyɛla ŋun daa yɛlli ni Wikipidia nyɛla binshɛli o ni na min zaŋ o liɣiri sɔŋ amaa ni di nyɛla din gaŋdi siyaasa tali yaɣili.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/|archive-date=December 9, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Vihigu shɛŋa nyɛla din wuhi ni Wikipidia di gbaai bahindi Silimiinsili Wikipidia nyɛla din gaŋ "wulinluhili polo nima kaya ni taada <ref>{{cite conference |last=Hube |first=Christoph |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |publisher=ACM Press|publication-place=New York, New York, US |year=2017 |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7}}</ref> bee "Eurocentric bias",<ref>Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) [https://kola.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2206/file/dissertation%20Anna%20Samoilenko.pdf Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Wikipedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114114652/https://kola.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2206/file/dissertation%20Anna%20Samoilenko.pdf |date=November 14, 2023 }}.</ref> Carwil Bjork-James nyɛla ŋun daa yɛlli ni Wikipidia nyɛla di ni tooi m-bo maligu ti lala yɛlimuɣisira ŋɔ di yi niŋ ka bɛ zaa laɣindi taba <ref>{{cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |date=2021 |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> ka Dangzhi Zhao mi daa yɛlli ni bɛ boomi gbaŋpiɛlla dabba tohi sabiriba.<ref>Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784-810.</ref> === Accuracy of content === {{Main|Reliability of Wikipedia}} {{External media|width = 230px|float = right|audio1 = [https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1-1.2497560 The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1], ''Ideas with [[Paul Kennedy (host)|Paul Kennedy]]'', [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], January 15, 2014}} Gbanbiɛlima zaŋ n-ti encyclopedianima kamani ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' nyɛla baŋdiba ni sabiri shɛŋa ka di zuɣu che ka lala encyclopedianima ŋɔ be viɛnyɛla.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 15, 2005 |title=Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up |magazine=Wired |agency=Associated Press |url=https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844|url-status=dead|access-date=August 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214155447/https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844|archive-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> {{External media|width = 210px|float = right|video1 = [https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881 Inside Wikipedia&nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry], [[Deutsche Welle]], 7:13 mins<ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Inside Wikipedia&nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=June 30, 2014 |url=https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881|access-date = July 2, 2014|archive-date = July 1, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701152647/http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881|url-status = dead}}</ref>}} Wikipidia nyɛla din yoogi n-ti sokam ka niriba pam nya li ka di nyɛ dihitabili yili pohim zuɣu "encyclopedia".<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /><ref name="citizendium WP trolling issues 1" group="W">{{cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry|author-link=Larry Sanger |title=Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) |url=https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103062735/https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|archive-date=November 3, 2006|access-date=October 10, 2006 |website=[[Citizendium]]}}</ref> Di yɛltɔɣa zaŋ jandi gbanbiɛlima sabbu bee maliniŋ yobu, Wikipidia gbanbiɛlinli yuli booni ''The Wall Street Journal puuni bɛ daa yɛlli di zalikpana zaa zaŋ n-ti di sabbu''.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |author=Elder |first=Jeff |date=June 16, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124234455/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|archive-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> Lala gbanbiɛlinli ŋɔ daa wuhiya ni: "Bin din gbaai Atani [lala gbanbiɛlinli ŋɔ dabisili silimiin goli June biɛɣ'pinaayobu dali yuuni 2014], taɣibu nyɛla din niŋ Wikipidia ka bɛ pa ban lahi yɛn yo so o sabbu zuɣu. Katherine Maher, Wikimedia Foundation yɛltɔɣa yɛra ɔfisa nyɛla ŋun daa yɛlli ni Wikipidia pala daabiligu niŋbu shee amaa di nyɛla "encyclopedia".{{'"}}<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="DeathByWikipedia" /><ref name="cnet politicians and WP 1">{{cite web |author=Kane |first=Margaret |date=January 30, 2006 |title=Politicians notice Wikipedia |url=https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730044856/https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|archive-date=July 30, 2009|access-date=January 28, 2007 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref name="msnbc MS cash for WP edits 1">{{cite web |author=Bergstein |first=Brian|author-link=Brian Bergstein |date=January 23, 2007 |title=Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819143025/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981|archive-date=August 19, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints" /> Lala yɛligola ŋɔ mini taba zaa nyɛla bɛ ni daa pun m-bo maligu n-ti shɛŋa tum Wikipidia piligu, bɛ so nyɛ Stephen Colbert zaŋ n-ti ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.<ref name="wikiality" /> === Coverage of topics and systemic bias === {{See also|Notability in the English Wikipedia|Criticism of Wikipedia#Systemic bias in coverage}} Wikipidia nyɛla din ŋmaari ninsali baŋsim yɛltɔɣa jia ka yɛltɔɣili kam nyɛ din mali pohim zuɣu gbanbiɛlinli. Pirinla di nyɛla din mali [[byte#Multiple-byte units|terabyte]]s polo zuɣu, di nyɛla di ni tooi deei yɛltɔɣa pam gari pohim sabbu dundɔŋ shɛŋa din pahi.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia]]</ref> Wikipidia gbanbiɛlima kuli nyɛla ninvuɣ shɛba ban laɣindi n-tohiri sabiri Wikipidia ni labiri lihiri ka maani binshɛŋa niŋdi saha kam, lahabali yihibu mini pahibu pala saani Wikipidia.<ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{cite news |date=March 6, 2008 |title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214004436/https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2008/03/08/the-battle-for-wikipedias-soul|archive-date=December 14, 2022 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{cite news |title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart |first=Ian |last=Douglas |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=November 10, 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date = November 23, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Wikipidia lahabali shɛŋa niri ni nya ka di bi chaŋ viɛnyɛla kamani di yi kpɛ so ninsalisili ni bee ka di nyɛ zaɣam nyɛla niri ni tooi yihi shɛli.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not censored]]</ref> Yuuni 2008, Wikipidia nyɛla din daa zaɣisi lahabali shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ pahi [[Muhammad]] gbanbiɛlinli ni ka yɛlli ni di nyɛla Muhammad anfooni.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=February 5, 2008 |title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126025338/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|archive-date=November 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Lahabali shɛŋa din be Wikipidia ka nyɛ din jandi siyaasa tali, adiini bee zina nyɛla din tahi "censorship" na Wikipedia ka ban tahili ŋɔ na nyɛ zalikpana zaaniba ban be China,<ref name="Taylor" /> Pakistan,<ref name="washington post state censorship 1">{{cite news |last=Bruilliard |first=Karin |date=May 21, 2010 |title=Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427091507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|archive-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]|archive-date=March 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mokhtar |first=Hassna'a |date=July 19, 2006 |title=What Is Wrong With Wikipedia? |work=[[Arab News]] |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=85616&d=19&m=7&y=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060237/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=85616&d=19&m=7&y=2006|archive-date=August 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf|access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sexism === {{Main|Gender bias on Wikipedia}} Wikipidia nyɛla bɛ ni daa buɣisi binshɛli yuuni 2015 ni di nyɛla din gbanbiɛlima bee lahabali jandi dabba kɔŋko.<ref name="Paling">{{cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/|archive-date=December 31, 2022|access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Auerbach |first1=David |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |journal=Slate|access-date = October 24, 2015 |date=December 11, 2014|archive-date = October 23, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Lala zuɣu yuuni 2013 bɛ daa niŋ Wikipidia "editorship".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Dan |date=August 1, 2013 |title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014632/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Edit-a-thon]]s nyɛla bɛ ni niŋ shɛli ka di kpaŋsiri paɣaba gbanbiɛlima nammbu.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kueppers |first1=Courtney |date=March 23, 2020 |title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women |newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101959/https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|url-status=live}}</ref> Silimiin goli May yuuni 2018, Wikipedia sabi sabira nyɛla ŋun daa zaɣisi gbanbiɛlinli zaŋ n-ti Donna Strickland pirinla di daa ka kundivihira pam zuɣu.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Schlanger |first1=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|archive-date=October 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/|url-status=live}}</ref> Di chira anu nyaaŋa, Strickland nyɛla ŋun daa di [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] ka daa leei paɣa ŋun pahiri ata ka di pini ŋɔ.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> Strickland nyɛla ŋun daa di pini ŋɔ ni Gerard Mourou.<ref name=":11" /> Din daa niŋ ka bɛ zaɣisi o gbanbiɛlinli ŋɔ zuɣu daa che ka niriba galim Wikipidia ka yɛlli ni gbanbiɛlima bee di lahabaya nyɛla din jandi dabba kɔŋko amaa Corinne Purtill nyɛla ŋun daa sabi n-ti ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]'' n-daa ŋmɛli nangbankpeeni ka yɛlli ni pohim zuɣu lahabaliriba to ni bɛ sabiri paɣaba yɛltɔɣa niŋda.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media|url-status=live}}</ref> Purtill nyɛla ŋun daa zaŋ lala galimi ŋɔ n-ti pohim zuɣu lahabalitiriba.<ref name=":12" /> === Chinese access === Mainland China nima soli nya kpɛ Wikipidia nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpari shɛli tum silimiin goli May yuuni 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Skipper |first=Ben |date=December 7, 2015 |title=China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again |work=International Business Times UK |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox-Brewster |first=Thomas |date=May 22, 2015 |title=Wikipedia Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/05/22/wikipedia-disturbed-over-fresh-china-censorship/#377839ae112a|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503043534/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/05/22/wikipedia-disturbed-over-fresh-china-censorship/#377839ae112a|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/|archive-date=May 4, 2017|access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> Bɛ niŋ limi din daa niŋ ka Wikipidia daa piligi [[HTTPS]] zaŋ tum tuma nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/|archive-date=August 24, 2020|access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> == Cultural influence<span class="anchor" id="Influence"></span> == === Trusted source to combat fake news === Bin din gbaai yuuni 2017 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2018, din daa niŋ ka ʒiri lahabaya gɔri ginda, Facebook mini YouTube zaa nyɛla ban daa yɛlli ni bɛ nyɛla ban yɛn doli Wikipidia nyari lahabali shɛŋa din mali yɛlimaŋli.<ref name=":20" /><ref name="auto" /> Noam Cohen nyɛla ŋun daa sabi ''[[The Washington Post]]'' yɛlli ni, "YouTube's nyɛla din doli Wikipidia nyari lahabali shɛŋa din mali yɛlimaŋli ka di lahi che ka di yihiri lahabali kam din mali ʒiri."<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=April 7, 2018 |title=Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|archive-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/|access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> ==== COVID-19 pandemic ==== {{Main|Wikipedia coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic}} COVID-19 duro saha, Wikipidia lahabali zaŋ jandi duro ŋɔ mini di yɛlmaŋli zaŋ jandi li nyɛla tiŋduya lahabalitiriba ni daa zaŋ bɛ zaɣa pam niŋ shɛli ka di zuɣu che ka niriba pam daa kpalim kpɛri di ni ti karimdi lahabaya.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sachdev |first=Shaan |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122324/https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|archive-date=February 28, 2021 |issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 15, 2020 |title=How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501004048/https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/|archive-date=May 1, 2020 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Benjakob |first=Omer |date=September 2, 2020 |title=On Wikipedia, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB |magazine=Wired UK |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416214738/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus|archive-date=April 16, 2020 |issn=1357-0978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dodds |first=Laurence |date=April 3, 2020 |title=Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411200231/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|archive-date=April 11, 2020 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen nyɛla ŋun daa sabi ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' yɛlli ni "Wikipidia din mali lahabali shɛŋa din ka ʒiri ka wɛbisiti shɛŋa din pahi maa kamani [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]] ni din kam pahi nyɛ din mali lahabali shɛŋa din mali ʒiri amaa Wikipidia kuli nyɛla din yɛn gaŋdu pohim zuɣu saha."<ref name=":21" /> Silimiin goli October yuuni 2020, [[World Health Organization]] nyɛla ban daa yina n-ti yɛlli ni bɛ binyɛra nyɛla din be Wikimedia tumanima ni.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeil |first=Donald G. Jr. |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227064916/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|archive-date=December 27, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Gbanbiɛlima kamani 7,000 nyɛla bɛ ni daa nam shɛli niŋ Wikipidia ka di nyɛ din jandi COVID-19 bin din gbaai silimiin goli {{As of|2021|11|lc=y|post=.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kenton |first1=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/|archive-date=May 30, 2022|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again|archive-date=August 27, 2021|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> === Cultural significance === {{Main|Wikipedia in culture}} <!-- Every single cultural, media, or Internet reference to Wikipedia does not need to be mentioned here and differentiation between what constitutes a matter of significance and what is run-of-the-mill is important when adding content here. --> [[File:Wikipedia Monument 2.JPG|thumb|''[[Wikipedia Monument]]'' in [[Słubice]], Poland, by [[Mihran Hakobyan]] (2014)]] Wikipidia lahabaya gba nyɛla bɛ ni yunsiri baŋsim bɔbu ni, bukunima ni, laɣinsi ni n-ti pahi kootu yɛltɔɣa nima ni.<ref name="Wikipedia in media" group="W" /><ref name="Bourgeois" /><ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |ssrn=1346311 |website=[[Social Science Research Network]] |s2cid=233749371}}</ref> Jinaduu zaŋ n-ti Canada wɛbisiti nyɛla din daa di alizama jandi Wikipidia gbanbiɛlinli din nyɛ paɣa mini paɣa niŋmi taba amiliya bee doo mini doo niŋmi taba amiliya.<ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]}}</ref> Wikipidia nyɛla kundivihira zaŋ n-ti laɣingu duu shɛŋa kamani US "federal" kootu mini [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]<ref name="WP_court_source" /><ref name="Courts turn to Wikipedia" /> Lahabaya din be Wikipidia gba nyɛla kundivihira zaŋ n-ti [[United States Intelligence Community|US intelligence agency]] .<ref name="US Intelligence" /> Silimin goli December yuuni 2008, tabibi lahabali tibu yaɣili ''[[RNA Biology]]'' nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli ka daa sabi RNA daŋ gbanbiɛlinli ni bɛ zaŋ niŋ Wikipidia.<ref name="Declan" /> Wikipidia gba lahi nyɛla kundivihira zaŋ n-ti lahabali tibu bɔhimbu ni,<ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Donna |date=February–March 2008 |title=Wikipedia in the Newsroom |work=[[American Journalism Review]] |url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|url-status=dead|access-date=February 11, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155909/https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|archive-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name="twsY23" /> ka di zuɣu che ka be tooi yihiri lahabalitiri shɛba ban yɛri yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa din nyɛ ʒirI.<ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{cite news |title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article |work=Japan News Review |date=July 5, 2007 |url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013353/https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id%3D364|archive-date = March 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Richter |first=Bob |date=January 9, 2007 |title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered |work=[[San Antonio Express-News]] |url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123064704/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html|archive-date=January 23, 2007}}</ref><ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|archive-date=January 28, 2023|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html|archive-date=August 18, 2022|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> === The Wikipedia Library === {{for|information for Wikipedia editors|Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library|selfref=yes}} [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|thumb|upright|Wikipedia Library]]Wikipidia karimbu shee nyɛla kundu bayana shee zaŋ n-ti ninvuɣ shɛba ban laɣindi n-tohiri sabiri Wikipidia ka di che ka niriba tooi nyari lahabaya din pohim zuɣu mali li niŋdi kundivihira bɛ sabbbu ni encyclopedia.<ref name="orlowitz">{{cite journal |last1=Orlowitz |first1=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library : the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505|access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bna">{{cite news |last1=The British Newspaper Archive |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light |work=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url=https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161528/https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahabali sabiriba ban gari pihiyobu nyɛla ban gbaai saawara ni Wikipidia karimbu shee ŋɔ ni bɛ tiri Wikipidia lahabali shɛŋa di ni tooi zaŋ niŋ kundivihira.<ref name="hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|url-status=live}}</ref> === Research use === Wikipidia nyɛla binshɛli niriba ni tooi mali shɛli niŋdi balla vihigu di yi ti niŋ ka lala niriba ŋɔ bori lahabali shɛŋa zaŋ jandi balli shɛli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html|archive-date=May 28, 2023|url-status=dead|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> Di nyɛla binshɛli niriba ni tooi mali m-bori maligu n-tiri yɛlimuɣ'sira nima pam, lala zuɣu shɛba booni li la "wikification".<ref name="wikify">{{cite conference |url=https://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf |title=Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge |first1=Mihalcea |last1=Rada |first2=Andras |last2=Csomai|author1-link=Rada Mihalcea |date=November 2007 |conference=ACM [[Conference on Information and Knowledge Management]]|book-title=CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218062051/https://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf|archive-date=February 18, 2016 |location=Lisbon; New York City |pages=233–242 |isbn=978-1-59593-803-9 |doi=10.1145/1321440.1321475|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="milne witten WP usage 1">{{cite conference |chapter-url=https://www.cms.waikato.ac.nz/~ihw/papers/08-DNM-IHW-LearningToLinkWithWikipedia.pdf |chapter=Learning to Link with Wikipedia |first1=David |last1=Milne |first2=Ian H. |last2=Witten |title=Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08 |author2-link=Ian H. Witten |date=October 2008 |conference=ACM [[Conference on Information and Knowledge Management]] |book-title=CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |location=Napa Valley, CA; New York |pages=509–518 |isbn=978-1-59593-991-3 |doi=10.1145/1458082.1458150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.148.3617 |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-date=2021-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919234816/https://www.cms.waikato.ac.nz/~ihw/papers/08-DNM-IHW-LearningToLinkWithWikipedia.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> So shɛŋa din ŋmani wikification nyɛla binshɛli niriba ni tooi zaŋ baŋ linki shɛŋa din kani Wikipidia.<ref name="discovering missing WP links 1">{{cite conference |last1=Adafre |first1=Sisay Fissaha |last2=de Rijke |first2=Maarten|author2-link=Maarten de Rijke |date=August 2005 |title=Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05 |url=https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |conference=ACM LinkKDD |location=Chicago; New York City |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |pages=90–97 |doi=10.1145/1134271.1134284 |isbn=978-1-59593-135-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717054413/https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf|archive-date=July 17, 2012|chapter-url=https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |chapter=Discovering missing links in Wikipedia|book-title=LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery|url-status=live}}</ref> Silimin goli 2015, Frenchvihigu niŋdiba José Lages zaŋ n-ti University of Franche-Comte' din be Besancon mini Dima Shepelyansky zaŋ n-ti [[Paul Sabatier University]] din be [[Toulouse]] nyɛla ban daa zaŋ duniya zaa university dooshɛhi wuhi salo ka di nyɛla bɛ daa doli la "Wikipedia scholarly citations".<ref name=mitmining>{{cite news |title=Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |date=December 7, 2015|archive-date = February 1, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201174817/https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=harvardisonlymarmow>{{cite news |last1=Marmow Shaw |first1=Jessica |title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=[[MarketWatch]] |date=December 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche>{{cite news |last1=Bothwell |first1=Ellie |title=Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Bɛ daa yunsi la [[PageRank]], [[CheiRank]] ni din kam ŋmani li n-doli di kalinli din be Wikipidia balli koŋko pishi ni anahi ni.<ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche /><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lages, J. |author2=Patt, A. |author3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Wikipedia ranking of world universities |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |number=69 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> Bɛ daa zaŋ la vihigu ŋɔ wuhi salo yuuni 2019.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Coquidé, C. |author2=Lages, J. |author3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks. |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |number=3 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref> Yuuni 2017 [[MIT]] vihigu nyɛla din daa wuhi ni bachi shɛŋa din be Wikipidia gbanbiɛlima ni nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli niŋdi tabibi vihisi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brookshire |first1=Bethany |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Wikipedia has become a science reference source even though scientists don't cite it |work=ScienceNews |department=SciCurious |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120955/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations|archive-date=February 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |ssrn=3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |via=[[SSRN]]}}</ref> Vihigu nyɛla din wuhi ni Wikipidia nyɛla din mali maʒina mini AI tumdi tumanima.<ref name="NYT-20230718">{{cite news |last=Gertner |first=Jon |title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |date=July 18, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230719220706/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |archivedate=July 19, 2023 |accessdate=July 19, 2023}}</ref> Di anfaani zaɣ'yini nyɛ di ni tooi baŋdi "vandalism"<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Sarabadani |first1=Amir |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |last3=Taraborelli |first3=Dario |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion|author2-link=Aaron Halfaker |chapter=Building automated vandalism detection tools for Wikidata |date=April 2017 |conference=International Conference on World Wide Web Companion|book-title=WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |location=Perth; New York |pages=1647–1654 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053366 |arxiv=1703.03861}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Potthast |first1=Martin |last2=Stein |first2=Benno |last3=Gerling |first3=Robert |title=Advances in Information Retrieval |chapter=Automatic Vandalism Detection in Wikipedia|book-title=Advances in Information Retrieval |date=2008 |volume=4956 |pages=663–668 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn=978-3-540-78645-0|editor1-first=Craig|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor2-first=Iadh|editor2-last=Ounis|editor3-first=Vassilis|editor3-last=Plachouras|editor4-first=Ian|editor4-last=Ruthven|editor5-first=Ryen W.|editor5-last=White |conference=30th [[ECIR]] |location=Glasgow |publisher=Springer |citeseerx=10.1.1.188.1093}}</ref> mini lahabali zaɣ'viɛlli tali zahimbu Wikipidia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asthana |first1=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron|author2-link=Aaron Halfaker|editor1-last=Lampe|editor1-first=Cliff|editor1-link=Cliff Lampe |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |date=November 2018 |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |doi=10.1145/3274290 |at=21 |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |location=New York City |issn=2573-0142|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petroni |first1=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo|last10=Bevilacqua|first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |title=Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI |journal=[[Nature Machine Intelligence]] |date=2023 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1|doi-access=free |arxiv=2207.06220}}</ref> == Lihimi m-pahi == * [[Democratization of knowledge]] * [[Interpedia]] * [[List of films about Wikipedia]] * [[List of online encyclopedias]] * [[List of Wikipedia controversies]] * [[List of wikis]] * [[Network effect]] * [[Outline of Wikipedia]] * [[QRpedia]]{{snd}} * [[Wikipedia Review]] == Kundivihira == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="nature.com crowds wisdom">{{cite web |title=Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature04992.html |website=Nature|access-date = October 10, 2006}}</ref> <!-- unused <ref name="Alexa siteinfo">{{cite web |title=Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org |publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> --> <ref name=comscore>{{cite web |url=https://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849 |title=694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks |date=May 4, 2006 |publisher=comScore|access-date = December 16, 2007 |quote=Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730011713/https://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849|archive-date = July 30, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="Wikipedia users">{{cite web |first1=Lee |last1=Rainie |first2=Bill |last2=Tancer |title=Wikipedia users |publisher=Pew Research Center |website=Pew Internet & American Life Project |date=December 15, 2007 |quote=36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. |url=https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|access-date = December 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031354/https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|archive-date = March 6, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="Bourgeois">{{cite web |url=https://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf |title=Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al.|access-date = February 6, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203021430/https://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archive-date = February 3, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="Courts turn to Wikipedia">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="US Intelligence">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html |title=The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence |first=Steven |last=Aftergood |publisher=Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy |date=March 21, 2007|access-date = April 14, 2007|archive-date = January 18, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130118113948/http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> <ref name="Declan">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=December 16, 2008 |title=Publish in Wikipedia or perish |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/news.2008.1312}}</ref> <ref name=MiliardWho>{{cite news |url=https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html |first=Mike |last=Miliard |title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia? |work=[[Salt Lake City Weekly]] |date=March 1, 2008 |access-date=December 18, 2008 |archive-date=April 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402034719/http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Time2006>{{cite news |date=December 13, 2006 |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html |title=Time's Person of the Year: You |magazine=Time |access-date=December 26, 2008 |first=Lev |last=Grossman |archive-date=March 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304050538/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">{{cite web |first=Danah |last=Boyd |url=https://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316184224/https://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|url-status=dead|archive-date = March 16, 2006 |title=Academia and Wikipedia |website=Many 2 Many: A Group [[Blog|Weblog]] on Social Software |publisher=Corante |date=January 4, 2005|access-date = December 18, 2008 |quote=[The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University [[Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] [at [[Harvard Law School]].]}}</ref> <ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{cite book |first1=Fernanda B. |last1=Viégas |first2=Martin |last2=Wattenberg |first3=Kushal |last3=Dave |title=CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=The palm zire 71 camera interface |url=https://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125025047/https://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|archive-date = January 25, 2006 |pages=575–582 |year=2004 |doi=10.1145/985921.985953 |isbn=978-1-58113-702-6 |s2cid=10351688|access-date = January 24, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue">{{cite journal |first1=Reid |last1=Priedhorsky |first2=Jilin |last2=Chen |author3=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first4=Katherine |last4=Panciera |first5=Loren |last5=Terveen |first6=John |last6=Riedl |title=Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia |journal=Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota |date=November 4, 2007 |url=https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|access-date = October 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025080718/https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|archive-date = October 25, 2007 |df=mdy-all |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456}}</ref> <ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news |url=https://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |first=Jonathan |last=Sidener |title=Everyone's Encyclopedia |date=December 6, 2004 |work=[[U-T San Diego]]|access-date = October 15, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011150228/https://signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|archive-date = October 11, 2007}}</ref> <ref name=Meyers>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Meyers |title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FC%2FComputer+Software |work=The New York Times |date=September 20, 2001 |quote='I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.|access-date = November 22, 2007}}</ref> <ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |date=April 18, 2005 |work=Slashdot |url=https://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=15th |year=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286 |author1=<!-- Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. -->}}</ref> <ref name=Shirky>{{cite book |first=Clay |last=Shirky|author-link = Clay Shirky |title=Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations |year=2008 |publisher=The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir |isbn=978-1-59420-153-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir/page/273 273]|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> <ref name=FAZ>{{cite web |last=Thiel |first=Thomas |title=Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten |website=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de |date=September 27, 2010 |url=https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|access-date = December 6, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126184904/https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|archive-date = November 26, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="Seigenthaler">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Wikipedia 'biography' |date=November 29, 2005 |work=USA Today|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="Torsten_Kleinz">{{cite news |first=Torsten |last=Kleinz |title=World of Knowledge |work=Linux Magazine |quote=The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. |date=February 2005 |url=https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf|access-date = July 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf|archive-date = September 25, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite news |title=Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html |first=Frank |last=Ahrens |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 9, 2006|access-date = November 1, 2006}}</ref> <ref name="wikiality">{{cite news |title=Wikiality |url=https://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911230950/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |first=Stephen |last=Colbert |date=July 30, 2006|access-date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/technology/19wikipedia.html |title=Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia |first=Katie |last=Hafner |work=The New York Times |date=August 19, 2007|access-date = December 26, 2008 |page=1}}</ref> <ref name=Taylor>{{cite news |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405 |title=China allows access to English Wikipedia |work=Reuters |first=Sophie |last=Taylor |date=April 5, 2008|access-date = July 29, 2008|archive-date = December 29, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201229092049/https://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405|url-status = dead}}</ref> <!-- Not in use <ref name=Kittur2009>{{cite conference |url=https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf |title=What's in Wikipedia?: mapping topics and conflict using socially annotated category structure |first1=Aniket |last1=Kittur |first2=Ed H. |last2=Chi |first3=Bongwon |last3=Shu|author2-link=Ed Chi |date=April 2009 |conference=CHI|book-title=CHI '09: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413130503/https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2016 |location=Boston; New York |pages=1509–1512 |isbn=978-1-60558-246-7 |doi=10.1145/1518701.1518930}}</ref> <ref name=Rosenzweig>{{cite journal |first=Roy |last=Rosenzweig |title=Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=93 |issue=1 |date=June 2006 |pages=117–146 |url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/https://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42|url-status=dead|archive-date = April 25, 2010|access-date = August 11, 2006 |doi=10.2307/4486062 |jstor=4486062}} (Center for History and New Media.)</ref> Not in use--> <ref name="WikipediaWatch">Public Information Research, Wikipedia Watch</ref> <ref name="McHenry_2004">{{cite news |last1=McHenry |first1=Robert |title=The Faith-Based Encyclopedia |url=https://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html |work=[[TCS Daily|Tech Central Station]] |date=November 15, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107210301/https://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html|archive-date=January 7, 2006}}</ref> <ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{cite news |title=Wide World of Wikipedia |newspaper=The Emory Wheel |url=https://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902 |date=April 21, 2006|access-date = October 17, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107052908/https://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902|archive-date = November 7, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="AWorkInProgress">{{cite news |first=Burt |last=Helm |title=Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress' |url=https://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=December 14, 2005|access-date = January 29, 2007|archive-date = April 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000522/https://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm}}</ref> <ref name="GilesJ2005Internet">{{cite journal |first=Jim |last=Giles |title=Internet encyclopedias go head to head |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-12-15_438_7070/page/900 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=438 |issue=7070 |pages=900–901 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16355180 |doi=10.1038/438900a|author-link = Jim Giles (reporter) |bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G|doi-access = free}} {{subscription required}} Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: * {{cite news |title=Wikipedia survives research test |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm |date=December 15, 2005}}</ref> <ref name="corporate.britannica.com">{{cite report |author=Encyclopædia Britannica|author-link=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=March 2006 |title=Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature'' |url=https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="stothart">Chloe Stothart. [https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=209408 "Web threatens learning ethos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140310/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=209408|date=December 21, 2012}} ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'', 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2.</ref> <ref name="The Register-April">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/ |work=The Register |date=April 9, 2010 |first=Cade |last=Metz |title=Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'|access-date = April 19, 2010}}</ref> <ref name=AFP>{{cite news |last1=Agence France-Presse |title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="David_Mehegan">{{cite news |first=David |last=Mehegan |title=Many contributors, common cause |url=https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/13/many_contributors_common_cause |work=Boston Globe |date=February 13, 2006|access-date = March 25, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="user identification">{{cite web |title=The Authority of Wikipedia |url=https://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122202231/https://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|archive-date = November 22, 2009 |first=Jean |last=Goodwin |year=2009 |quote=Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers|access-date = January 31, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=January 29, 2007 |url=https://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 |title=Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source |journal=Internet Business Law Services|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520054827/https://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668|archive-date = May 20, 2012|url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}} (The name "''World Intellectual Property Office''" should however read "''World Intellectual Property Organization''" in this source.)</ref> <ref name=twsY23>{{cite news |author=Lexington |title=Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth |newspaper=The Economist |quote=Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund". |date=September 24, 2011 |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21530100|access-date = September 27, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Domesday Project">{{cite web |url=https://www.domesday1986.com/ |title=Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface |author=Heart Internet|access-date = September 9, 2014|archive-date = May 17, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140517075130/http://domesday1986.com/|url-status = dead}}</ref> <ref name="Orlowski18">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Orlowski|author-link = Andrew Orlowski |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia |title=Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling? |work=The Register |date=September 18, 2006 |quote=Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.|access-date = June 27, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="bing WP research and referencing">{{cite web |url=https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023202054/https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx|archive-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Researching With Bing Reference|access-date = September 9, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="J Sidener">{{cite news |url=https://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html |title=Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego |last=Sidener |first=Jonathan |date=October 9, 2006 |work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111074945/https://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html|archive-date = November 11, 2016|access-date = May 5, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="emory disputes handled 1">{{cite journal |title=Wikitruth through Wikiorder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_emory-law-journal_2009_59_1/page/181 |ssrn=1354424 |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |year=2009 |page=181 |first1=David A. |last1=Hoffman |first2=Salil K. |last2=Mehra}}</ref> }} === Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources === <!--For Wikipedia internal pages, other WMF project pages, and WMF-published sources--> {{reflist|group=W|refs= <ref name=modelling group="W">[[Wikipedia: Modelling Wikipedia's growth]]</ref> <ref name=Sanger group="W">{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=Wikipedia Is Up! |date=January 17, 2001 |url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|archive-date = May 6, 2001}}</ref> <ref name=WikipediaHome group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/https://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-date = March 31, 2001 |title=Wikipedia: HomePage|access-date = March 31, 2001}}</ref> <ref name=NOR group="W">{{self-reference link|Wikipedia:No original research|No original research}}. February 13, 2008. "Wikipedia does not publish original thought."</ref> <ref name=autogenerated2 group="W">{{self-reference link|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view}}. February 13, 2008. "All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias."</ref> <ref name="WP vandalism manipulation 1" group="W">{{self-reference link|Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalism}}. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved November 6, 2012.</ref> <ref name="WP DB usage policy 1" group="W">{{self-reference link|Wikipedia:Database download|Wikipedia policies}} on data download</ref> <ref name="voteresult" group="W">[[meta:Licensing update/Result|Wikimedia]]</ref> <ref name="NPOV" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007).</ref> <ref name="Wikipedia in media" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media]]</ref> <ref name="ListOfWikipedias" group="W">[[Special:Statistics]]</ref> <ref name="stallman1999" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |first=Richard M. |last=Stallman |author-link=Richard Stallman |date=June 20, 2007 |publisher=Free Software Foundation |access-date=January 4, 2008 |archive-date=September 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} == Further reading == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite news |last=Balke |first=Jeff |url=https://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html |title=For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace |work=[[Houston Chronicle]] |agency=Broken Record (blog) |date=March 2008 |access-date=December 17, 2008 |archive-date=December 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229164945/http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |last=Borland |first=John |date=August 14, 2007 |title=See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116134820/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/ |archive-date=November 16, 2015 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=October 23, 2018 }} * {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html |title=All the News That's Fit to Print Out |first=Jonathan |last=Dee |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=July 1, 2007 |access-date=February 22, 2008 }} * {{cite news |first=Jim |last=Giles |title=Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200 |date=September 20, 2007 |work=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=January 14, 2008 }} * {{cite news |first=Mike |last=Miliard |title=Wikipedia Rules |url=https://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Wikipedia-rules |work=[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|The Phoenix]] |date=December 2, 2007 |access-date=February 22, 2008 }} * {{cite news |first=Marshall |last=Poe |author-link=Marshall Poe |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia |title=The Hive |work=[[The Atlantic]] Monthly |date=September 1, 2006 |access-date=March 22, 2008 }} * {{cite news |first=Michael S. |last=Rosenwald |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews |title=Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom |date=October 23, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=October 22, 2009 }} * {{cite news |first=David |last=Runciman |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html |title=Like Boiling a Frog |date=May 28, 2009 |work=London Review of Books |access-date=June 3, 2009 |archive-date=May 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527013530/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |first=Chris |last=Taylor |url=https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050602012551/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 2, 2005 |title=It's a Wiki, Wiki World |date=May 29, 2005 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=February 22, 2008 }} * {{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062 |title=Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=June 5, 2008 |access-date=June 5, 2008 |quote=Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next? }} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24613608 "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries"], BBC News, October 21, 2013. * [https://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ "The Decline of Wikipedia"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131023135648/https://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the%2Ddecline%2Dof%2Dwikipedia/ |date=October 23, 2013 }}, ''MIT Technology Review'', October 22, 2013 * [https://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1{{nbsp}}Police Plaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313150951/https://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza |date=March 13, 2015 }} (March 2015), ''[[Media in New York's Capital District|Capital]]'' * [https://motherboard.vice.com/read/wikipedia-zero-facebook-free-basics-angola-pirates-zero-rating Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113130733/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/wikipedia-zero-facebook-free-basics-angola-pirates-zero-rating |date=2017-01-13 }} (March 2016), ''[[Vice (magazine)|Motherboard]]'' * {{cite web|url=https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia|title=Dark Side of Wikipedia|access-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110601/https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia|archive-date=August 4, 2016|url-status=dead}} ''[[Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson]]'', April 17, 2016. <small>(Includes video.)</small> * {{cite web |last1=Wales |first1=Jimmy |title=How Wikipedia Works |url=https://www.cato.org/multimedia/cato-daily-podcast/how-wikipedia-works |publisher=[[Cato Institute]] |date=December 9, 2016 |quote=Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users. }} * [https://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1/ The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus], ''[[Ideas (radio show)|Ideas, with Paul Kennedy]]'', [[CBC Radio One]], originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also [https://www.cbc.ca/ideas/popupaudio.html?clipIds=2430203709 found here]). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including [[Kat Walsh]] and [[Sue Gardner]] (audio, 53:58, Flash required). * [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/is-wikipedia-cracking-up-1543527.html "So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?"] ''The Independent'', February 3, 2009. * [https://gizmodo.com/wikipedias-yearend-list-shows-what-the-internet-needed-1840690794 Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019]. Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo. {{refend}} === Academic studies === {{Main|Academic studies about Wikipedia}} {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |isbn=978-1-4214-1535-2 |last=Leitch |first=Thomas |title=Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age |url=https://archive.org/details/wikipediauknowle0000leit |year=2014 |publisher=JHU Press}} * {{cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Richard |title=Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=76 |issue=4 |date=October 2012 |pages=523–556 |url=https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021042738/https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF |archive-date=October 21, 2012 }} * {{cite journal |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |first1=Taha |last1=Yasseri |year=2012 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |first2=Robert |last2=Sumi |first3=János |last3=Kertész |issue=1 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091|editor1-last = Szolnoki|editor1-first = Attila |page=e30091 |pmid=22272279 |pmc=3260192 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y|doi-access = free}} * {{cite journal |ssrn=1458162 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |first=Eric |last=Goldman |year=2010 |journal=Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8}} ([https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/02/catching_up_wit.htm A blog post by the author.]) * {{cite journal |first=Finn |last=Nielsen |title=Scientific Citations in Wikipedia |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=12 |issue=8 |date=August 2007 |doi=10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 |arxiv=0805.1154 |citeseerx=10.1.1.246.4536 |s2cid=58893|doi-access = free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Pfeil |first1=Ulrike |first2=Panayiotis |last2=Zaphiris |author3=Chee Siang Ang |title=Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |year=2006 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=88 |url=https://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html |doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x |access-date=December 26, 2008 |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book |author1=Priedhorsky |author2=Reid |first3=Jilin |last3=Chen |author4=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first5=Katherine |last5=Panciera|author6-link=Loren Terveen |first6=Loren |last6=Terveen|author7-link=John Riedl |first7=John |last7=Riedl |title=Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 |doi=10.1145/1316624.1316663 |chapter=Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59593-845-9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456 |pages=259–268 |s2cid=15350808}} * {{cite conference |first=Joseph |last=Reagle |title=Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia |work=WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis |publisher=ACM |location=Montreal |year=2007 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf |hdl=2047/d20002876 |access-date=December 26, 2008 }} * {{cite book |first=Emiel |last=Rijshouwer |date=2019 |title=Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen |oclc=1081174169 |hdl=1765/113937 |isbn=978-94-028-1371-5}} (Open access) * [[Roy Rosenzweig|Rosenzweig, Roy]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090430201444/https://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/d/42 Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past]. (Originally published in ''[[The Journal of American History]]'' 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.) * {{cite journal |title=Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia |first1=Dennis M. |last1=Wilkinson |first2=Bernardo A. |last2=Huberman |journal=First Monday |volume=12 |issue=4 |date=April 2007 |doi=10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 |arxiv=cs/0702140 |citeseerx=10.1.1.342.6933 |bibcode=2007cs........2140W |hdl=2027.42/136037 |s2cid=10484077|doi-access = free}} * {{cite journal |title=The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |first=Aaron |last=Halfaker |author2=R. Stuart Geiger |first3=Jonathan T. |last3=Morgan |first4=John |last4=Riedl |doi=10.1177/0002764212469365 |year=2012 |volume=57 |issue=5 |page=664 |s2cid=144208941}} * {{cite journal |last1=Maggio |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Willinsky |first2=John M. |last3=Steinberg |first3=Ryan M. |last4=Mietchen |first4=Daniel |last5=Wass |first5=Joseph L. |last6=Dong |first6=Ting|author2-link=John Willinsky |title=Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia |journal=[[PLOS One]] |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=e0190046 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 |publisher=[[PLOS]] |pmid=29267345 |pmc=5739466 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1290046M|doi-access=free}} {{refend}} === Books === {{Main|List of books about Wikipedia}} {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Keen |first=Andrew |title=The Cult of the Amateur |publisher=Doubleday/Currency |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-52080-5|author-link=Andrew Keen|title-link=The Cult of the Amateur}} (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) ** Listen to: {{cite news |last=Keen |first=Andrew |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872 |title=Does the Internet Undermine Culture? |newspaper=National Public Radio, US |date=June 16, 2007}} The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. * {{cite book |first1=Phoebe |last1=Ayers |first2=Charles |last2=Matthews |first3=Ben |last3=Yates |title=How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It |publisher=No Starch Press |location=San Francisco |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59327-176-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/howwikipediawork00ayer_0}} * {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=John |title=Wikipedia – The Missing Manual |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-596-51516-4|title-link=Wikipedia – The Missing Manual}} (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) * {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=John |title=Wikipedia Reader's Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596521745|url-access=registration |publisher=Pogue Press |location=Sebastopol |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-596-52174-5}} * {{cite book |first1=Sheizaf |last1=Rafaeli |first2=Yaron |last2=Ariel |year=2008 |chapter=Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia |editor=Barak, A. |title=Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications |url=https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara|url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara/page/n261 243]–267 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-69464-3|author1-link=Sheizaf Rafaeli}} * {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Dalby |title=The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality |publisher=Siduri |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9562052-0-9|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwikipediaho0000dalb}} * {{cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Lih |title=The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6|title-link=The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia}} * {{cite book |last=O'Sullivan |first=Dan |title=Wikipedia: a new community of practice? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-7433-7}} * {{cite book |last1=Rahmstorf |first1=Olaf |title=Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? |date=2023 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-5862-4 |language=de}} * {{cite book |last=Reagle |first=Joseph Michael Jr. |title=Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia |publisher=the [[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-262-01447-2 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc|access-date=October 25, 2015}} * {{cite book |first1=Dariusz |last1=Jemielniak |title=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, CA |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-8944-8|title-link=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Reagle|editor1-first=Joseph|editor2-last=Koerner|editor2-first=Jackie |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20 |title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2020|access-date=October 13, 2020 |isbn=978-0-262-53817-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Bruckman |first=Amy S. |title=Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78070-4 |doi=10.1017/9781108780704}} {{refend}} === Book review–related articles === {{refbegin}} * [[Nicholson Baker|Baker, Nicholson]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080303001807/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/21131 "The Charms of Wikipedia"]. ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of ''The Missing Manual'', by John Broughton, as listed previously.) * [[L. Gordon Crovitz|Crovitz, L. Gordon]]. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123897399273491031 "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best."] (Originally published in ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'' online{{snd}}April 6, 2009.) * [[Virginia Postrel|Postrel, Virginia]], [https://psmag.com/social-justice/killed-wikipedia-93777 "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it"], ''[[Pacific Standard]]'', November/December 2014 issue. {{refend}} == External links == * {{official website}} – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) * {{Twitter|Wikipedia}} * {{Curlie|Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia}} * {{Guardian topic}} * [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/company/wikipedia Wikipedia] topic page at ''[[The New York Times]]'' * [https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_the_birth_of_wikipedia Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia] {{Wikipedia}} {{Wikipedias}} {{Wikimedia Foundation}} {{Wiki topics}} {{Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}} {{subject bar|wikt=y|voy=Wikivoyage:Cooperating with Wikipedia|d=Q52|s=Category:Wikipedia|n=Category:Wikipedia|m=Wikipedia|mw=Wikipedia|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Pubu:Wikipedia| ]] [[Pubu:Online encyclopedias]] [[Pubu:Social information processing]] [[Pubu:Wikimedia projects]] [[Category:Multilingual websites]] [[Category:Creative Commons-licensed websites]] [[Category:Free-content websites]] [[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 2001]] [[Pubu:Jimmy Wales]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Larry Sanger]] [[Pubu:Wikipidia|Wikipidia]] {{stub}} <references group="lower-alpha" /> g3ny7iym1drnjfp5jz0xhkqmcs0k5jj Kahimpiɛɣu 0 8616 146092 145933 2026-08-10T20:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{D-Class}} [[File:Tropical Ghana Butterfly 02.jpg|thumb]] '''Kahimpiɛɣu'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2020. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/pictures-and-words/ Pictures and words] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719221906/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/pictures-and-words/ |date=2021-07-19 }}, ''Dagbani Dictionary''.</ref>nyɛla binneeŋa ŋun mali kpuŋkpama ka nyɛ ŋun yina lepidopteran suborder '''Rhopalocera''', O nahingbaŋ nyɛla kpiŋkpaŋ shɛli din nyɛ din bara, ka mali kɔma ka o tooi kpabiri li di yi ti niŋ ka o vuhira bee o yi ti bori neesim. Di lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ [[superfamily (zoology)|superfamilies]] [[Hedylidae|Hedyloidea]] (moth-butterflies ban be Americas) mini [[Papilionoidea]] ban be luɣili kam. Kahimpiɛɣu kura nyɛla ban pilli nyɛ [[Paleocene]], kamani 56 million yuma din gari maa amaa bɛ shɛba nyɛ ban daa pilli Late [[Cretaceous]], kamani 101 million yuma din gari.<ref name=":0" /> Kahimpiɛri nyɛla ban mali "four-stage [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]]" kamani [[Holometabola|holometabolous]] binneema ban pahi gba ni nyɛ [[Holometabolism|complete metamorphosis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butterfly Life Cycle |url=https://ansp.org/exhibits/online-exhibits/butterflies/lifecycle/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=ansp.org |language=en}}</ref> Kahimpiɛri kura nyɛla ban nyari gala niŋdi bindirigu din nyɛ bimbilli ni ka bɛ [[larva]]e, ti ni mi shɛba [[caterpillar]]s nyɛ ban yɛn di. Nyeeli ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun yɛn zaŋ saha bela zooi lɛbigi [[pupa]]te din be [[chrysalis]]. Di yi ti niŋ ka [[metamorphosis]] ŋɔ naai, o zaɣ,bila ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun yɛn wɔrigi o maŋmaŋ yina, bineenbila karili ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun yɛn yiɣi yina n-ti yɛrigi o kpunkpama ka di kuui pɔi ka o yiɣi. Kahimpiɛri shɛŋa, di bahi bahindi ba bɛ tropics ni malila generetion bɔbigu yuuni puli ni, ka shɛŋa mii kuli malila generetion gaŋ' yuuni puli ni, ka lahi mali biɛla luɣ'shɛŋa din maha, ka ni tooi di yuun' bobgu n yi Bɛ life cycle ni. [[File:Common brimstone butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamni) male in flight.jpg|thumb|Possibly the original butter-fly.<ref name="BugsBritannica">{{cite book|last1=Marren|first1=Peter|title=Bugs Britannica|url=https://archive.org/details/bugsbritannica0000marr|last2=Mabey|first2=Richard|date=2010|publisher=Chatto and Windus|isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bugsbritannica0000marr/page/196 196]–205|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey}}</ref> A male brimstone (''[[Gonepteryx rhamni]]'') in flight.]] ==Paleontology== {{further|Prehistoric Lepidoptera}} Piligu [[Lepidoptera]] fossils n-daa nyɛ[[Triassic]]-[[Jurassic]] tiŋgbanitariga kamani yuma miliyɔŋ kɔbishii din gari maa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eldijk|first1=Timo J. B. van|last2=Wappler|first2=Torsten|last3=Strother|first3=Paul K.|last4=Weijst|first4=Carolien M. H. van der|last5=Rajaei|first5=Hossein|last6=Visscher|first6=Henk|last7=Schootbrugge|first7=Bas van de|date=2018-01-01|title=A Triassic-Jurassic window into the evolution of Lepidoptera|journal=Science Advances|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e1701568|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1701568|pmid=29349295|issn=2375-2548|pmc=5770165|bibcode=2018SciA....4.1568V}}</ref> Kahimpiɛri nyɛla ban yina naɣininpɔbirigu ni dizuɣu ka kahimpiɛri ŋɔ nyɛ [[monophyletic]] (di da na tuumi nyɛ [[clade]]). Kahimpiɛɣu kurili nyɛ ''[[Protocoeliades|Protocoeliades kristenseni]]'' ka di nyɛ din yina [[Palaeocene]] aged [[Fur Formation]] zaŋ n-ti Denmark, kamani yuma miliyɔŋ pihinu ni anu din gari maa ka bɛ nyɛ ban be daŋ yuli booni [[Hesperiidae]] (skippers).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Jong|first=Rienk|date=2016-08-09|title=Reconstructing a 55-million-year-old butterfly (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)|journal=European Journal of Entomology|volume=113|pages=423–428|doi=10.14411/eje.2016.055|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Molecular clock]] nyɛla ban yɛlli ni kahimpiɛri nyɛla ban daa piligi Late [[Cretaceous]] amaa ka daa leei niŋ bayana Cenozoic saha,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chazot|first1=Nicolas|last2=Wahlberg|first2=Niklas|last3=Freitas|first3=André Victor Lucci|last4=Mitter|first4=Charles|last5=Labandeira|first5=Conrad|last6=Sohn|first6=Jae-Cheon|last7=Sahoo|first7=Ranjit Kumar|last8=Seraphim|first8=Noemy|last9=de Jong|first9=Rienk|last10=Heikkilä|first10=Maria|date=2019-02-25|title=Priors and Posteriors in Bayesian Timing of Divergence Analyses: The Age of Butterflies Revisited|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz002|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=68|issue=5|pages=797–813|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syz002|issn=1063-5157|pmc=6893297|pmid=30690622|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719044623/https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/68/5/797/5300234|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Kawahara |first1=Akito Y. |last2=Storer |first2=Caroline |last3=Carvalho |first3=Ana Paula S. |last4=Plotkin |first4=David M. |last5=Condamine |first5=Fabien L. |last6=Braga |first6=Mariana P. |last7=Ellis |first7=Emily A. |last8=St Laurent |first8=Ryan A. |last9=Li |first9=Xuankun |last10=Barve |first10=Vijay |last11=Cai |first11=Liming |last12=Earl |first12=Chandra |last13=Frandsen |first13=Paul B. |last14=Owens |first14=Hannah L. |last15=Valencia-Montoya |first15=Wendy A. |date=2023-05-15 |title=A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=903–913 |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9 |issn=2397-334X |pmc=10250192 |pmid=37188966|bibcode=2023NatEE...7..903K }}</ref> vihigu zaɣ'yini gba nyɛla din wuhi ni North American nyɛ lala kahimpiɛri ŋɔ yaɣili ŋɔ ni daa piligi shɛli .<ref name=":0" /> American kahimpiɛɣu kurili nyɛ [[Late Eocene]] ''[[Prodryas|Prodryas persephone]]'' ka bɛ yina [[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument|Florissant Fossil Beds]],<ref name="MeyerSmith2008">{{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Herbert William |last2=Smith |first2=Dena M . |title=Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OcQecTR5_QC&pg=PA6 |year=2008 |publisher=Geological Society of America |isbn=978-0-8137-2435-5 |page=6 |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424121728/https://books.google.com/books?id=-OcQecTR5_QC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/identify/lepidopt.htm |title=Lepidoptera – Latest Classification |work=Discoveries in Natural History & Exploration |publisher=University of California |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407055233/http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/identify/lepidopt.htm |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kamani yuma miliyɔŋ pihita ni anahi din gari maa.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McIntosh | first1 = W. C. |display-authors=et al | year = 1992 | title = Calibration of the Latest Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale Using 40Ar/39Ar Dated Ignimbrites | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_1992-05_20_5/page/459 | journal = Geology | volume = 20 | issue = 5| pages = 459–463 | doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0459:cotleo>2.3.co;2| bibcode = 1992Geo....20..459M }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Butterfly fossils" widths="180px" heights="180px"> File:Prodryas.png|''[[Prodryas|Prodryas persephone]]'', a [[Late Eocene]] butterfly from the [[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument|Florissant Fossil Beds]], 1887 engraving File:PZSL1889Plate31 Fossil Papilionid Butterfly Lithopsyche antiqua from Early Oligocene Bembridge Marls.png|''[[Lithopsyche antiqua]]'', an [[Early Oligocene]] butterfly from the Bembridge Marls, [[Isle of Wight]], 1889 engraving </gallery> ==Etymology== [[File:Common brimstone butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamni) male in flight.jpg|thumb|Possibly the original butter-fly.<ref name=BugsBritannica/> A male brimstone (''[[Gonepteryx rhamni]]'') in flight.]] ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' nyɛla din nya bachi ŋɔ [[Old English]] ''butorflēoge'', butter-fly; di ŋmali yuya nima nyɛla din be [[Old Dutch]] mini [[Old High German]] ka di wuhiri ni lala yuli ŋɔ nyɛla "ancient" amaa saha ŋɔ Dutch mini German yunsiri la bachi koŋkoba ({{lang|nl|vlinder}} mini {{lang|de|Schmetterling}}) ka di yuli ŋɔ gba nyɛ yu koŋkoba balla ni amaa ka leei ŋmani taba. Yuli ŋɔ yibu shee na nyɛla "bright yellow male of the brimstone" (''[[Gonepteryx rhamni]]''); di ni lahi be shɛli ni nyɛla ni kahimpiɛri nyɛla ban daa be kpiŋkpama ni be meadows saha shɛli mɔri ni daa zoora.<ref name=BugsBritannica>{{cite book |last1=Marren |first1=Peter |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Bugs Britannica |url=https://archive.org/details/bugsbritannica0000marr |date=2010 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bugsbritannica0000marr/page/196 196]–205}}</ref><ref>Donald A. Ringe, ''A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic'' (Oxford: Oxford, 2003), 232.</ref> ==Taxonomy and phylogeny== {{further|Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera}} Tabibi nima nyɛla ban laɣim kahimpiɛri niŋ [[macrolepidoptera]]n suborder [[clade]] Rhopalocera ka bɛ yina [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lepidoptera]], ka bɛ ni nyɛ [[moth]]s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Kali soli zuɣu, kahimpiɛri nyɛla bɛ ni pirigi shɛba niŋ [[Superfamily (zoology)|superfamily]] [[Papilionoidea]] gbaai yihi kahimpiɛri bihi zaŋ n-ti [[Hesperiidae]] (skippers) ni ban ŋmani naɣininpɔbirigu [[Hedylidae]] zaŋ n-ti America. [[phylogeny|Phylogenetic]] vihigu nyɛla din wuhi ni kali soli zuɣu Papilionoidea nyɛla [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] ka di lu zahim pubu dibaa ayi la, lala zuɣu bɛ zaŋmi di zaa pahi Papilionoidea ka leei kahimpiɛɣu pubu zaɣ'yini, di nyɛla din yɛn niŋ yim ni clade '''Rhopalocera'''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Heikkilä | first1 = M. | last2 = Kaila | first2 = L. | last3 = Mutanen | first3 = M. | last4 = Peña | first4 = C. | last5 = Wahlberg | first5 = N. | year = 2012 | title = Cretaceous Origin and Repeated Tertiary Diversification of the Redefined Butterflies | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 279 | issue = 1731| pages = 1093–1099 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.1430 | pmid=21920981 | pmc=3267136}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kawahara | first1 = A. Y. | last2 = Breinholt | first2 = J. W. | year = 2014 | title = Phylogenomics Provides Strong Evidence for Relationships of Butterflies And Moths | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 281 | issue = 1788| page = 20140970 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.0970 | pmid=24966318 | pmc=4083801}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Butterfly families ! Family !! Common name || Characteristics || Image |- | [[Hedylidae]] || American moth-butterflies || Small, brown, like [[Geometridae|geometrid moths]]; [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] not clubbed; long slim abdomen || [[File:Macrosoma sp (Hedylidae) (15273846876).jpg|100px]] |- | [[Hesperiidae]] || Skippers || Small, darting flight; clubs on antennae hooked backwards || [[File:Hesperia comma-01 (xndr).jpg|100px]] |- | [[Lycaenidae]] || Blues, coppers, hairstreaks || Small, brightly coloured; often have false heads with eyespots and small tails resembling antennae || [[File:Maculinea arion Large Blue Upperside SFrance 2009-07-18.jpg|100px]] |- | [[Nymphalidae]] || Brush-footed or four-footed butterflies || Usually have reduced forelegs, so appear four-legged; often brightly coloured || [[File:AD2009Aug01 Vanessa atalanta 01.jpg|100px]] |- | [[Papilionidae]] || Swallowtails || Often have 'tails' on wings; caterpillar generates foul taste with [[osmeterium]] organ; pupa supported by silk girdle || [[File:Papilio troilus01.jpg|100px]] |- | [[Pieridae]] || Whites and allies || Mostly white, yellow or orange; some serious pests of ''[[Brassica]]''; pupa supported by silk girdle || [[File:Large white spread wings.jpg|100px]] |- | [[Riodinidae]] || Metalmarks|| Often have metallic spots on wings; often conspicuously coloured with black, orange and blue || [[File:RhetusButterfly.jpg|100px]] |} ==Biology== ===General description=== {{further|Glossary of entomology terms|Comparison of butterflies and moths}} [[File:Inachis io top detail MichaD crop.jpg|thumb|A zoomed in view of the wing scales on a ''[[Aglais io]]'', or peacock butterfly.]] <!--[[File:Arctia caja Buchstein02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Most butterflies fly by day, most moths by night: but ''[[Arctia caja]]'' is day-flying.]]--> Kahimpiɛɣu kurili nyɛla ŋun nahingbaŋ nyɛ kpunkpama pɔɣiri dibaa anahi laɣim taba ka tiri Lepidoptera bɛ yuli ([[Ancient Greek]] λεπίς lepís, scale + πτερόν pterón, kpiŋkpaŋ). Lala pɔɣiri ŋɔ nyɛla din tiri kahimpiɛɣu kpunkpama kama: bɛ shɛba nyɛla [[melanin]]s ka dizuɣu che ka bɛ mali sabinli mini zaɣ'taŋkpaɣu kama, shɛba nyɛla [[uric acid]] mini [[flavones]] ka dizuɣu che ka bɛ mali dɔzim kama amaa ka bɛ ni shɛba nyɛ ban mali nuɣiso, vakahili n-ti pahi ʒee kama ka bɛ shɛba mi nyɛ [[Iridescence|iridescent colours]] ban nama yina [[structural coloration]] ka yaati pɔɣiri maa mini kɔbiri.<ref name=Formfunction/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mason |first=C. W. |title=Structural Colors in Insects. II |year=1927 |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=31 |pages=321–354 |issue=3 |doi=10.1021/j150273a001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Vukusic, P. |author2=J. R. Sambles |author3=H. Ghiradella |name-list-style=amp |date=2000 |title=Optical Classification of Microstructure in Butterfly Wing-scales |journal=Photonics Science News |volume=6 |pages=61–66}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1242/jeb.02051 |date=February 2006 |author1=Prum, R. |author2=Quinn, T. |author3=Torres, R. |title=Anatomically Diverse Butterfly Scales all Produce Structural Colours by Coherent Scattering |volume=209 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=748–65 |issn=0022-0949 |pmid=16449568 |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |doi-access=free |hdl=1808/1600 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[File:antennae ctb.png|thumb|left|Butterfly antennal shapes, mainly clubbed, unlike those of moths. Drawn by C. T. Bingham, 1905]] Kamani binneenbila kam, o niŋgbana maa nyɛla din pirigi ʒibuta: zuɣu, [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]] n-ti pahi [[abdomen]]. "Thorax" ŋɔ nyɛla din pirigi ʒibuta ka di zaɣ'yini kam nyɛ din mali naba. Daŋsi ni pam zaŋ n-ti kahimpiɛɣu o din wumda laɣim kamani [[moth]]s di ni wali taba be kamani mia la bee kɔbiri.<ref name=Gullan>{{cite book |author1=Gullan, P. J. |author2=Cranston, P. S. |title=The Insects: An Outline of Entomology |edition=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF5hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT790 |year=2014 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-84616-2 |pages=523–524 |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610140427/https://books.google.com/books?id=lF5hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT790 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Laothoe populi 5.jpg|thumb|Unlike butterflies, most moths (like ''[[Laothoe populi]]'') fly by night and hide by day.]] Kahimpiɛri pam nyɛla ban mali yaa pam [[Diurnal cycle|yuŋ]] , bɛ mali la kama din viɛla ka wuɣiri bɛ kpunkpama yaɣiri bɛ niŋgbana zuɣu di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ vuhira, kɔtomsi naɣininpɔbirigu yi yiɣi o kpunkpama nyɛla din tabi o niŋgbana. Naɣininpɔbirigu shɛba ban mali yaa wuntaŋ ni nyɛ [[hummingbird hawk-moth]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Herrera | first1=Carlos M. | title=Activity Pattern and Thermal Biology of a Day-Flying Hawkmoth (''Macroglossum stellatarum'') under Mediterranean summer conditions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-entomology_1992-02_17_1/page/52 | journal=Ecological Entomology | volume=17 | pages=52–56 | year=1992 | issue=1 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1992.tb01038.x | bibcode=1992EcoEn..17...52H | hdl=10261/44693 | s2cid=85320151 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> nyɛla ban ka lala biɛhigu ŋɔ.<ref name=Gullan/><ref>{{cite web |title=Butterflies and Moths (Order Lepidoptera) |url=http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/orders/lepidoptera.html |publisher=Amateur Entomologists' Society |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928023032/http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/orders/lepidoptera.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{further|Glossary of entomology terms|Comparison of butterflies and moths}} [[File:Inachis io top detail MichaD crop.jpg|thumb|A zoomed in view of the wing scales on a ''[[Aglais io]]'', or peacock butterfly.]] <!--[[File:Arctia caja Buchstein02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Most butterflies fly by day, most moths by night: but ''[[Arctia caja]]'' is day-flying.]]--> [[File:antennae ctb.png|thumb|left|Butterfly antennal shapes, mainly clubbed, unlike those of moths. Drawn by C. T. Bingham, 1905]] <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Heliconius mimicry.png|''[[Heliconius]]'' warns off predators with [[Müllerian mimicry]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341 |date=October 2006 |last=Meyer |first=A. |title=Repeating Patterns of Mimicry |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=e341 |issn=1544-9173 |pmid=17048984 |pmc=1617347 |journal=PLOS Biology |doi-access=free }}</ref> File:Papilio cresphontes larva defensive.JPG|[[Giant swallowtail]] caterpillar everting its [[osmeterium]] in defence; it is also [[mimesis (biology)|mimetic]], resembling a bird dropping. File:Bird-damaged Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria.JPG|Eyespots of [[Speckled wood (butterfly)|speckled wood]] (''Pararge aegeria'') distract predators from attacking the head. This insect can still fly with a damaged left hindwing. </gallery> ==In culture== ===In art and literature=== [[File:Xxvi dinastia, frammento di rilievo parietale, tebe, 664-525 ac ca. 04.JPG|thumb|left|[[Ancient Egypt]]ian relief sculpture, [[26th dynasty]], [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]. c. 664–525 BC]] Kahimpiɛri nyɛla ban daa pun be ni yuun’ tusaata ni kɔbisinu din gari la [[ancient Egypt]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Larsen, Torben |year=1994 |title=Butterflies of Egypt |journal=Saudi Aramco World |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=24–27 |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199405/butterflies.of.egypt.htm |access-date=15 November 2006 |archive-date=13 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113084254/http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199405/butterflies.of.egypt.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Mɔɣu gɔbu puuni, kahimpiɛri daa nyɛla binshɛŋa ban wuhiri nyɛvuli benibu, yolisim n-ti pahi yaa ka che bingbaarisi, bɛ niŋsim shɛŋa gba daa nyɛla din wuhiri kpibu mini [[Maat|ma'at]] gbubu. Bɛ niŋsim shɛŋa gba nyɛla din daa wuhiri labi dɔɣi bee gubu. Kahimpiɛri shɛba kamani [[Danaini|tiger butterfly]] nyɛla ban ni tooi tabi "solar deities" di gbaai bahindi [[Ra]]. Jaŋgbuni kahimpiɛɣu gba nyɛla ŋun ŋmani [[ankh]], pirinla di niŋgbun’sabinli tali. Kahimpiɛri gba nyɛla ban wuhiri ni yi kpi o ni be hali shɛli ni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haynes |first=Dawn |url=https://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/10019.1/79920/1/haynes_symbolism_2013.pdf |title=The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt}}</ref> [[File:Alice 05a-1116x1492.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]] meets the [[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|caterpillar]]. Illustration by Sir [[John Tenniel]] in [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland]]'', c. 1865]] [[File:Xxvi dinastia, frammento di rilievo parietale, tebe, 664-525 ac ca. 04.JPG|thumb|left|[[Ancient Egypt]]ian relief sculpture, [[26th dynasty]], [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]. c. 664–525 BC]] B{{see also|Insect collecting}} [[File:A butterfly collection.jpg|thumb|upright|A collection of butterflies and moths in the [[Manitoba Museum]], {{circa}} 2010]] {{Clear}} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist|28em|refs= <ref name="WSJ-collecting">{{cite web | last=Leach | first=William | title=Why Collecting Butterflies Isn't Cruel | website=[[Wall Street Journal]] | date=2014-03-27 | url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-80517 | access-date=2021-01-17 | archive-date=13 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213222034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-80517 | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="TAMU-BugHunter">{{cite web|url=http://bughunter.tamu.edu/collecting-and-preserving-butterflies/|title=Collecting and Preserving Butterflies|website=[[Texas A&M University]] Bug Hunter|access-date=2021-01-17|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125084234/https://bughunter.tamu.edu/collecting-and-preserving-butterflies/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="AES-raising">{{cite web | title=Rearing caterpillars | website=[[Amateur Entomologists' Society]] (AES) | url=http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/caresheets/caterpillars.html | access-date=2021-01-17 | archive-date=6 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306082426/https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/caresheets/caterpillars.html | url-status=live }}</ref> }} == Further reading == * {{Cite journal |last1=Kawahara |first1=A.Y. |last2=Storer |first2=C. |last3=Carvalho |first3=A.P.S. |display-authors=etal <!--David M. Plotkin, Fabien L. Condamine, Mariana P. Braga, Emily A. Ellis, Ryan A. St Laurent, Xuankun Li, Vijay Barve, Liming Cai, Chandra Earl, Paul B. Frandsen, Hannah L. Owens, Wendy A. Valencia-Montoya, Kwaku Aduse-Poku, Emmanuel F. A. Toussaint, Kelly M. Dexter, Tenzing Doleck, Amanda Markee, Rebeccah Messcher, Y-Lan Nguyen, Jade Aster T. Badon, Hugo A. Benítez, Michael F. Braby, Perry A. C. Buenavente, Wei-Ping Chan, Steve C. Collins, Richard A. Rabideau Childers, Even Dankowicz, Rod Eastwood, Zdenek F. Fric, Riley J. Gott, Jason P. W. Hall, Winnie Hallwachs, Nate B. Hardy, Rachel L. Hawkins Sipe, Alan Heath, Jomar D. Hinolan, Nicholas T. Homziak, Yu-Feng Hsu, Yutaka Inayoshi, Micael G. A. Itliong, Daniel H. Janzen, Ian J. Kitching, Krushnamegh Kunte, Gerardo Lamas, Michael J. Landis, Elise A. Larsen, Torben B. Larsen, Jing V. Leong, Vladimir Lukhtanov, Crystal A. Maier, Jose I. Martinez, Dino J. Martins, Kiyoshi Maruyama, Sarah C. Maunsell, Nicolás Oliveira Mega, Alexander Monastyrskii, Ana B. B. Morais, Chris J. Müller, Mark Arcebal K. Naive, Gregory Nielsen, Pablo Sebastián Padrón, Djunijanti Peggie, Helena Piccoli Romanowski, Szabolcs Sáfián, Motoki Saito, Stefan Schröder, Vaughn Shirey, Doug Soltis, Pamela Soltis, Andrei Sourakov, Gerard Talavera, Roger Vila, Petr Vlasanek, Houshuai Wang, Andrew D. Warren, Keith R. Willmott, Masaya Yago, Walter Jetz, Marta A. Jarzyna, Jesse W. Breinholt, Marianne Espeland, Leslie Ries, Robert P. Guralnick, Naomi E. Pierce & David J. Lohman --> |date=15 May 2023 |title=A Global Phylogeny of Butterflies Reveals Their Evolutionary History, Ancestral Hosts and Biogeographic Origins |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9 |journal=[[Nature Ecology and Evolution|Nat Ecol Evol]] |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=903–913 |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9 |pmid=37188966 |pmc=10250192|bibcode=2023NatEE...7..903K }} ==External links== {{Commons and category|Butterfly|Butterflies}} {{Wikiquote|Butterflies}} {{Americana Poster}} * [http://tolweb.org/Papilionoidea/12027 Papilionoidea on the Tree of Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211041619/http://tolweb.org/Papilionoidea/12027 |date=11 December 2008 }} <!--poss. useful, not a RS--> * [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&subview=map&taxon_id=47157&view=species Butterfly species and observations on iNaturalist] * {{cite journal |last1=Lamas |first1=Gerardo |year=1990 |title=An Annotated List of Lepidopterological Journals |url=http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/29/PDF29/29-092.pdf |journal=Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=92–104 |doi=10.5962/p.266621 |s2cid=108756448 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827214204/http://lepidopteraresearchfoundation.org/journals/29/PDF29/29-092.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=dead}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080551/http://insectoid.info/insecta/lepidoptera/rhopalocera-sub/ Rhopalocera] at insectoid.info ===Regional lists=== * [http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ North America] * [http://abdb-africa.org/ Africa]: [http://ghanabutterflies.uw.hu/ Ghana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116153702/http://ghanabutterflies.uw.hu/ |date=16 January 2021 }} * Asia: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028083659/http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/2382/sgchecklist.htm Singapore] [http://www.nature-of-oz.com/israelsspecieslist1.htm Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022024829/https://www.nature-of-oz.com/israelsspecieslist1.htm |date=22 October 2022 }} [http://yutaka.it-n.jp/ Indo-China] [http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46743 Sulawesi] ([http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/butterflies/neotropica/sulawesi/checklist.html Southeastern Sulawesi]) [http://www.adamerkelebek.org/ Turkey] * {{cite book |last=Wilkes |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Wilkes |year=1749 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73622 |title=The English Moths and Butterflies}} {{Lepidoptera}} {{Portal bar|Insects|Arthropods|Animals|Biology}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Butterflies| ]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Extant Lutetian first appearances]] [[Category:Insects in culture]] ==Kundivihira== <references/> [[Pubu:Binneeŋa]] {{stub}} c30s6yxg9b5ga3ris2c3ib8gbkbni1u Jɛŋkuno 0 8618 146228 145761 2026-08-11T00:19:54Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 18 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{C-Class}} [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|thumb]] '''Jaŋkuno'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2020. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/pictures-and-words/ Pictures and words] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719221906/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/pictures-and-words/ |date=19 July 2021 }}, ''Dagbani Dictionary''.</ref> nyɛla binkɔbigu bal' shɛli ka o biɛhigu ŋmani Jaŋgbuni. O mali la naba anahi ni ninkpula ka [[viɣu]] nina la. Jaŋkuno lahi mali nangban' kob' waɣila ni zu' waɣinli. Jaŋkuno be yiŋa ka bɛ shɛb' lahi be mɔɣini. Yiŋa jaŋkuno nyɛla ninsalinima ni wumsiri shɛba bɛ yinsi. == Jaŋkuno daafaaninima. == Jaŋkuno nyɛla ŋun gbahiri jaŋgbarisi yili ni. Jaŋkuno nyɛla daadama yikperilana. ==Etymology and naming== Silimiinsili bachi jaŋkuno pilli, [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|catt}}, nyɛla bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni di nyɛla din yina [[Late Latin]] bachi din nyɛ {{lang|la|cattus}} ka di nyɛ bɛ ni daa na yuuni shɛli bɛ ni boli 6th century piligu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKnight |first=G. H. |title=English Words and Their Background |publisher=[[D. Appleton and Company]]|location=New York, London |date=1923 |chapter=Words and Archaeology |pages=293–311 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/englishwordsthei00mckn/page/300}}</ref> Lala bahigu bachi ŋɔ nyɛla din yina [[Languages of Africa|African language]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pictet |first=A. |date=1859 |title=Les origines indo-européennes ou les Aryas primitifs : essai de paléontologie linguistique |language=fr |volume=1 |location=Paris |publisher=Joël Cherbuliez |page=381}}</ref> e [[Nubian languages|Nubian]] ŋɔ bachi {{lang|nub|kaddîska}} 'wildcat' mini [[Nobiin language|Nobiin]] {{lang|nub|kadīs}} puuni ka di yina.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keller |first=O. |date=1909 |title=Die antike Tierwelt |language=de |volume=Säugetiere |location=Leipzig |page=75 |publisher=[[Walther von Wartburg]]}}</ref> Di biɛhigu ŋɔ gba nyɛla din ni tooi yina ancient Germanic bachi din leei Latin ka daa lahi leei Greek, Syriac, nti pahi Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. |last=Huehnergard |chapter=Qitta: Arabic Cats |pages=407–418 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1_qqgNTsX8C&pg=PA407 |title=Classical Arabic Humanities in Their Own Terms: Festschrift for Wolfhart Heinrichs on his 65th Birthday |date=2008 |publisher=[[Brill (publisher)|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Boston |editor1-last=Gruendler |editor1-first=B. |editor2-last=Cooperson |editor2-first=M. |isbn=9789004165731 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062414/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1_qqgNTsX8C&pg=PA407 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bachi ŋɔ ni tooi yina Germanic mini Northern European balla ni ka nyɛ bɛ ni paŋ shɛli [[Uralic languages|Uralic]], {{Cf.}}[[Northern Sámi]] {{lang|se|gáđfi}}, 'paɣa [[stoat]]', mini [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{lang|hu|hölgy}}, 'paɣasaribila, paɣa din nyɛ stoat'; ŋɔ nyɛla din yina [[Proto-Uralic language|Proto-Uralic]] {{Lang|mis|*käďwä}}, 'paɣa '.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kroonen |first1=G. |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic |date=2013 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=9789004183407 |page=281f}}</ref> Silimiinsili bachi din nyɛ ''[[wikt:puss#English|puss]]'', nyɛla din tirisi nyɛ ''pussy'' mini ''pussycat ka nyɛ bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni di nyɛla din piligi'' 16th century ka din daa piligi ni [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|poes}} bee ka yina [[Low German]] {{lang|nds|puuskatte}} amaa ka leei tabi [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{lang|sv|kattepus}}, bee [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] {{lang|no|pus}}, {{lang|no|pusekatt}}. Di ŋmali nyɛla din be [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{lang|lt|puižė}} mini [[Irish language|Irish]] {{lang|ga|puisín}} bee {{lang|ga|puiscín}}. Bachi ŋɔ gbunni nyɛla so ni bi mi shɛli amaa ka nyɛ di ni tooi yina [[Onomatopoeia|arisen from a sound]] bɛ ni mali gbaari jaŋkuno .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155147#eid27609702 |title=Puss |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155147#eid27609702 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gramercy Unabridged">{{Cite book |title=Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language |chapter=puss |location=New York |publisher=[[Random House|Gramercy (Random House)]] |date=1996 |page=1571}}</ref> Bɛ booni la jaŋkuno luɣu ''tom'' bee ''tomcat''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/203100#eid18281825 |title=tom cat, tom-cat |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=1 October 2012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> (or a ''gib'',<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78103?rskey=Z7UU0G&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid |title=gib, n.2 |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180918111545/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78103?rskey=Z7UU0G&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> di yi nyɛ [[Neutering|neutered]]). Ka booni jaŋkuno nyaaŋ ''queen''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156212?rskey=c2khr1&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid27437294 |title=queen cat |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156212?rskey=c2khr1&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid27437294 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Some sources wrote that ''queen'' refers to unspayed cats that are in an [[Estrous cycle|oestrus cycle]]. {{Cite web|last=Grosskopf|first=Shane|date=23 June 2022|title=What is a Female Cat Called? A Guide to the Fascinating Terms|url=https://spotpet.com/blog/cat-tips/what-is-a-female-cat-called|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411035905/https://spotpet.com/blog/cat-tips/what-is-a-female-cat-called|archive-date=11 April 2024|access-date=1 May 2024|website=Spot Pet Insurance}} {{Cite web|last=Scamporrino|first=Christina|date=12 December 2018|title=Cat Parenting 101: Special Considerations for Your Female Cat|url=https://www.prettylitter.com/blog/cat-parenting-101-special-considerations-for-your-female-cat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001160548/https://www.prettylitter.com/blog/cat-parenting-101-special-considerations-for-your-female-cat|archive-date=1 October 2023|access-date=1 May 2024|website=PrettyLitter}}</ref> (bee saha shɛŋa bɛ tooni booni o ''molly'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2020 |title=7 fascinating facts about female cats |url=https://www.cats.org.uk/cats-blog/7-facts-about-female-cats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216143959/https://www.cats.org.uk/cats-blog/7-facts-about-female-cats |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Cats Protection |language=en}}</ref> di yi nyɛ[[Spaying|spayed]]). "juvenile" jaŋkuno ka bɛ booni ''[[kitten]]''. [[Early Modern English]], bachi din nyɛ ''kitten'' daa nyɛla bachi shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ taɣi saha ŋɔ bachi ''catling''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28995?redirectedFrom=catling#eid |title=catling |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28995?redirectedFrom=catling#eid |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bɛ booni la Jaŋkun' bɔbugu la ''clowder'', ''glaring'',<ref>{{cite web |url= http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-do-you-call-a-group-of |title=What do you call a group of&nbsp;...? |work=[[Oxford Dictionaries Online]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=1 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112007/http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-do-you-call-a-group-of |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> bee ''colony''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terms we use for cats |url=https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/terms-we-use-cats |website=The Humane Society of the United States |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref> ==Taxonomy== [[scientific name|Tabibi yuli]] ''Felis catus'' daa nyɛla [[Carl Linnaeus]] daa yɛli shɛli yuuni 1758 zaŋ n-ti yiŋ jaŋkuno.<ref name="Linnaeus1758">{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |date=1758 |page=42 |chapter=Felis Catus |language=la |volume=1 |edition=10th reformed |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/42}}</ref><ref name="MSW3fc">{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000031 |pages=534–535 |heading=Species ''Felis catus''}}</ref> ''Felis catus domesticus nyɛla'' [[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben]] ni daa yɛli shɛli yuuni 1777.<ref name="Erxleben" /> ''Felis daemon'' nyɛla [[Konstantin Satunin]] ni daa yɛli shɛli yuuni 1904 daa nyɛla jaŋkun' sabinli ŋun yina [[Transcaucasus]], di nyaaŋa ka bɛ daa yɛli ni o nyɛla yiŋ jaŋkuno.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Satunin |first1=C. |title=The Black Wild Cat of Transcaucasia |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |date=1904 |volume=II |pages=[https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19042zool/page/162 162]–163 |url= https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19042zool}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bukhnikashvili |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Yevlampiev |editor2-first=I. |title=Catalogue of the Specimens of Caucasian Large Mammalian Fauna in the Collection |publisher=[[National Museum of Georgia]] |location=Tbilisi |url= http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_english.pdf |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073023/http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_english.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Yuuni 2003, [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] nima daa yɛliya ni yiŋa jaŋkuno ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun yi o konko ka bɛ daa boli o ''Felis catus''.<ref name="ICZN">{{Cite journal |publisher=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] |title=Opinion 2027 |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=60 |date=2003 |page=81−82 |url= https://archive.org/details/bulletinofzoolog602003int/page/81}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gentry |first1=A. |last2=Clutton-Brock |first2=J. |last3=Groves |first3=C. P. |name-list-style=amp |date=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052316/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Yuuni 2007, saha ŋɔ yiŋ' jaŋkuno ''F. silvestris catus'' nyɛla ŋun be dunia luɣili kam ka niriba mali dihitabili ni bɛ nyɛla ban yina [[African wildcat]] (''F. lybica''), ti doli vihigu zaŋ n-ti [[phylogenetic]] lahibali.<ref name="Driscoll">{{Cite journal |title=In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets – An Evolutionary View of Domestication |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=Macdonald |first2=D. W. |last3=O'Brien |first3=S. J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=2009 |volume=106 |issue=S1 |pages=9971–9978 |pmid=19528637 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901586106 |pmc=2702791 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9971D|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="MSW3fs">{{MSW3 Wozencraft |pages=536–537 |id=14000057 |heading=Species ''Felis silvestris''}}</ref>{{efn|{{harvnb|Driscoll|Macdonald|O'Brien|2009}} did not conclude a date for genetic divergence, noting from archaeological evidence that "the broadest range of dates for domestication to be from 11,000 to 4,000 B.P.".}} Yuuni 2017, IUCN Cat Classification Taskforce nyɛla ban daa doli ICZN ni yɛli shɛm ni yiŋ jaŋkuno ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun yi o konko , ''Felis catus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O'Donoghue |first15=P. |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S. |date=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |page=21 |url= https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref> == Jaŋkuno balibu == Jaŋkun' nyaŋ Jaŋkun' lɔɣu Jaŋkun' birigu == O zuliya nambu == Jaŋkuno nyɛla ŋun gba zaani puli, amaa o ni nyɛ binniɛŋ la zuɣu o yi ti mali puli ti yɛrimi ni o malila baɣili dama ninsali ko ka ti ni tooi yɛli ni o malila puli di zuɣu o gba dɔɣirimi. Jaŋkuno yi yɛn dɔɣi,o yɛn nyɛla zimsim shee n-dɔɣi niŋ. Jaŋkuno mi yi dɔɣi bihi, bɛ nina na bɛ ne. Bihi ŋɔ kuli yɛn bela zimsim ŋɔ ni hali ti neei zaa ka naan yi yi polo ni. Hali di yi niŋ daliri ka [[Ninsala|ninsali]] baŋ jaŋkun' bihi ŋɔ shee ka bɛ ma ŋɔ nya a, o yɛn zaŋla o noli gbabi ba kahi ba taɣi sɔɣibu shee. Jaŋkuno ŋɔ yɛn dihirila bihi ŋɔ o biha ni ([[bihim]] ) hali ti pili ba [[nima]] dihibu ka bɛ gba naan ti saɣi bɛ zuɣu bo n-di. ==O nyɛvuli tariga ni o daa alaafee== {{Main|Cat health|Aging in cats}} Jaŋkuno dunia biɛhigu bee nyɛvuli nyɛla din pahi dabisa ŋɔ ni. Yuuni 1980s, di daa nyɛla yuma ayopɔin ,<ref name="Kraft1998">{{Cite journal |last=Kraft |first=W. |title=Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=31–41 |date=1998 |pmid=9512965}}</ref>{{rp|33}}<ref name="Nassar 1984">{{Cite journal |last1=Nassar |first1=R. |last2=Mosier |first2=J. E. |last3=Williams |first3=L. W. |title=Study of the feline and canine populations in the greater Las Vegas area |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-veterinary-research_1984-02_45_2/page/282 |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=282–287 |date=1984 |pmid=6711951}}</ref> amaa ka nyɛ din daa pahi paai 9.4 yuma yuuni 1995<ref name=Kraft1998/>{{rp|33}} ka nyɛ din daa lahi pahi paai yuun pia ni ata bin din gbaai yuuni 2014 mini yuuni 2023 sunsuuni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Dan G |last2=Church |first2=David B |last3=McGreevy |first3=Paul D |last4=Thomson |first4=Peter C |last5=Brodbelt |first5=David C |date=2014 |title=Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England |journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1177/1098612X14536176 |pmid=24925771|doi-access=free |pmc=10816413 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Montoya |first1=M. |last2=Morrison |first2=J. A. |last3=Arrignon |first3=F. |last4=Spofford |first4=N. |last5=C. |first5=H. |last6=Hours |first6=M.-A. |last7=Biourge |first7=V. |date=2023 |title=Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |volume=10 |pages=1082102 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102 |doi-access=free |pmc=9989186 |pmid=36896289}}</ref> Di nyɛvuli kuli nyɛla din pahira; vihigu zaɣ' yini wuhiya ni jaŋkun' lɔri shɛba bɛ ni ŋmahim nyɛla ban mali jaŋkun' lɔri shɛba bɛ ni bi ŋmahim nyɛvuya ʒibuyi ka jaŋkun' nyama ban bi dɔɣira nyɛla ban nyɛvuya yuuri kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 62% gariti jaŋkun' nyama shɛba ban dɔɣira .<ref name="Kraft1998" />{{rp|35}} Di yi niŋ ka a zaŋ jaŋkuno [[Neutering|neutered]] nyɛla din mali alaafee anfaani nima kamani nyɛvuli waɣinli ka lahi bɔri o yiriŋyiriŋ dɔɣibu.<ref name="Obesity1">{{cite journal | last1=Vendramini | first1=Thiago H. A. | last2=Amaral | first2=Andressa R. | last3=Pedrinelli | first3=Vivian | last4=Zafalon | first4=Rafael V. A. | last5=Rodrigues | first5=Roberta B. A. | last6=Brunetto | first6=Marcio A. | title=Neutering in dogs and cats: current scientific evidence and importance of adequate nutritional management | journal=Nutrition Research Reviews | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=33 | issue=1 | date=14 January 2020 | issn=0954-4224 | doi=10.1017/s0954422419000271 | pages=134–144| pmid=31931899 }}</ref> Amaa a yi lahi zaŋ o niŋ luɣ' yini ŋɔ di chɛrimi ka o bi tooi nyari pɔhim<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hoenig | first1=Margarethe | last2=Ferguson | first2=Duncan C. | title=Effects of neutering on hormonal concentrations and energy requirements in male and female cats | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-veterinary-research_2002-05_63_5/page/634 | journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research | publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) | volume=63 | issue=5 | date=1 May 2002 | issn=0002-9645 | doi=10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.634 | pages=634–639| pmid=12013460 }}</ref><ref name="Obesity2">{{cite journal | last1=Harper | first1=E. J. | last2=Stack | first2=D. M. | last3=Watson | first3=T. D. G. | last4=Moxham | first4=G. | title=Effects of feeding regimens on bodyweight, composition and condition score in cats following ovariohysterectomy | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | publisher=Wiley | volume=42 | issue=9 | year=2001 | issn=0022-4510 | doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02496.x | pages=433–438| pmid=11570385 }}</ref><ref name="Obesity3">{{cite journal | last1=Fettman | first1=M.J | last2=Stanton | first2=C.A | last3=Banks | first3=L.L | last4=Hamar | first4=D.W | last5=Johnson | first5=D.E | last6=Hegstad | first6=R.L | last7=Johnston | first7=S | title=Effects of neutering on bodyweight, metabolic rate and glucose tolerance of domestic cats | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-veterinary-science_march-april-1997_62_2/page/131 | journal=Research in Veterinary Science | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=62 | issue=2 | year=1997 | issn=0034-5288 | doi=10.1016/s0034-5288(97)90134-x | pages=131–136| pmid=9243711 }}</ref> ka leei pahiri o bindirigu dibu,<ref name="Obesity3"/><ref name="Obesity4">{{cite journal | last1=Kanchuk | first1=Marc L. | last2=Backus | first2=Robert C. | last3=Morris | first3=James G. | last4=Rogers | first4=Quinton R. | last5=Calvert | first5=Christopher C. | title=Weight Gain in Gonadectomized Normal and Lipoprotein Lipase–Deficient Male Domestic Cats Results from Increased Food Intake and Not Decreased Energy Expenditure | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_2003-06_133_6/page/1866 | journal=The Journal of Nutrition | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=133 | issue=6 | year=2003 | issn=0022-3166 | doi=10.1093/jn/133.6.1866 | pages=1866–1874| doi-access=free | pmid=12771331 }}</ref> ka di zaa nyɛ din ni tooi che ka o bi ŋmɛlim.<ref name="Obesity5">{{cite journal | last1=Öhlund | first1=Malin | last2=Palmgren | first2=Malin | last3=Holst | first3=Bodil Ström | title=Overweight in adult cats: a cross-sectional study | journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica | volume=60 | issue=1 | date=19 January 2018 | issn=1751-0147 | doi=10.1186/s13028-018-0359-7 | doi-access=free | page=5| pmid=29351768 | pmc=5775588 }}</ref> ===Disease=== {{Main|List of feline diseases}} Kalinli kamani kɔbigi ni pihinu nyɛla jaŋkun' shɛba ban mali [[genetic disorder]]s ; di pa nyɛla din ŋmani ninsali nima [[inborn errors of metabolism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=State of Cat Genomics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-genetics_2008-06_24_6/page/268 |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Johnson |first2=W. |last3=Driscoll |first3=C. |last4=Pontius |first4=J. |last5=Pecon-Slattery |first5=J. |last6=Menotti-Raymond |first6=M. |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=268–279 |date=2008 |pmid=18471926 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2008.03.004|pmc=7126825}}</ref> Di ni ŋmani taba ŋɔ tooi che ka bɛ tibiri lala dɔriti ŋɔ binnamda ni ka wunsiri [[Genetic testing|genetic tests]] shɛli bɛ ni daa tooi niŋ n-ti ninsali nima ka jaŋkunti mi di ni nyɛ [[animal model]]s ti yi kana ninsalinima dɔriti bɔhimbu puuni .<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Inherited Metabolic Disease in Companion Animals: Searching for Nature's Mistakes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_veterinary-journal_2007-09_174_2/page/252 |last1=Sewell |first1=A. C. |last2=Haskins |first2=M. E. |last3=Giger |first3=U. |journal=Veterinary Journal |volume=174 |issue=2 |pages=252–259 |date=2007 |pmid=17085062 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.08.017 |pmc=3132193}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Murphy |first3=W. J. |last4=Yuhki |first4=N. |title=The Feline Genome Project |journal=Annual Review of Genetics |volume=36 |pages=657–686 |date=2002 |pmid=12359739 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.36.060602.145553 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234973 |access-date=11 July 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005230324/https://zenodo.org/record/1234973 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dɔri shɛŋa din tooi gbaari yiŋ' jaŋkunti n-nyɛ, [[parasitic disease|parasitic infestation]]s, dansi nti pahi dɔri yoya kamani [[Chronic kidney disease in cats|kidney disease]], [[thyroid disease]] nti pahi [[arthritis]]. [[Feline vaccination|Vaccinations]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/lhuston/2012/dec/veterinary-care-for-your-new-cat-29565 |title=Veterinary Care for Your New Cat |first=L. |last=Huston |work=PetMD |date=2012 |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508122739/http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/lhuston/2012/dec/veterinary-care-for-your-new-cat-29565 |archive-date=8 May 2017}}</ref> ==Interaction with humans== {{Main|Human interaction with cats}} [[File:Mainecoon-lap.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|alt=A long-haired calico cat sat in the lap of a man who is sat cross-legged on the floor.|A cat lying on a man's lap]] Jaŋkunti nyɛla binkɔb' shɛŋa ban yoli dunia zaa ka bɛ kalinli dunia zaa nyɛ bin din gbaari 500&nbsp;million bin din gbaai yuuni 2007.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=N. |date=2007 |title=Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2 April 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090418082840/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html |archive-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> yiŋ' jaŋkuno n-daa nyɛ binnamdili din kalinli galisi pam m-pahiri ayi [[United States]], ni kalinli din yiɣisi 95.6&nbsp;million jaŋkunti <ref>{{cite web |title=Pet Industry Market Size & Ownership Statistics |url= https://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp |publisher=[[American Pet Products Association]] |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190225161902/https://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The 5 Most Expensive Cat Breeds in America |url= https://www.moneytalksnews.com/the-5-most-expensive-cat-breeds-in-america/ |work=moneytalksnews.com |access-date=25 February 2019 |date=2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103150/https://www.moneytalksnews.com/the-5-most-expensive-cat-breeds-in-america/ |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ka yiya kamani 42&nbsp;million nyɛ din mali kamani jaŋkun' yino yili kam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2020|title=61 Fun Cat Statistics That Are the Cat's Meow! (2022 UPDATE)|url= https://petpedia.co/cat-statistics/|access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220218184821/https://petpedia.co/cat-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[United Kingdom]]. Kɔbiga puuni vaabu pishi ni ayobu zaŋ n-ti ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ zaɣ' kura nyɛla ban mali jaŋkuno ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ kamani 10.9&nbsp;million bin din gbaai yuuni {{As of|2020|lc=y|post=.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many pets are there in the UK? |url= https://www.pdsa.org.uk/get-involved/our-campaigns/pdsa-animal-wellbeing-report/uk-pet-populations-of-dogs-cats-and-rabbits |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=PDSA.org.uk |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210303184319/https://www.pdsa.org.uk/get-involved/our-campaigns/pdsa-animal-wellbeing-report/uk-pet-populations-of-dogs-cats-and-rabbits |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuuni 2021, jaŋkun' shɛba ban mali laamba kalinli daa nyɛla din yiɣisi 220&nbsp;million ka kalinli kamani 480&nbsp;million daa nyɛ jaŋkun' shɛba ban ka laamba dunia zaa.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://carocat.eu/statistics-on-cats-and-dogs/ |title=Statistics on cats |date=2021 |website=carocat.eu |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210225150136/https://carocat.eu/statistics-on-cats-and-dogs/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Jaŋkunti nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛba kariti yiŋ binema, [[Farm cat|around grain stores]] mini [[Ship's cat|aboard ships]] ni din kam pahi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beadle|first=Muriel|title=Cat|url=https://archive.org/details/cat0000unse|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=1979|isbn=9780671251901|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cat0000unse/page/93 93]–96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayers |first=Barbara |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=q3LvHwAACAAJ |title=Toolbox: Ship's Cat on the Kalmar Nyckel|date=2007|publisher=Bay Oak Publishers |isbn=9780974171395 |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062435/https://books.google.com/books?id=q3LvHwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Jaŋkunti lahi nyɛla bɛ ni wumsiri shɛba [[fur trade]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/What-is-that-they-re-wearing_FurBooklet.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061201153853/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/What-is-that-they-re-wearing_FurBooklet.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2006 |title=What Is That They're Wearing? |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]] |access-date=22 October 2009}}</ref> n-ti pahi gbɔŋ tuma yaɣa maani nema, zipilisi, bindɔhi ,<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Primer on Animal Rights: Leading Experts Write about Animal Cruelty and Exploitation |editor-first=K. W. |editor-last=Stallwood |publisher=[[Lantern Books]] |date=2002}}</ref> namda, nusuriti nti pahi binkumda nema.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/japan-finale-for-the-worlds-most-elegant-use-of-a-dead-cat-1294096.html |title=Japan: Finale for the world's most elegant use of a dead cat |date=15 November 1997 |work=[[The Independent]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170621114633/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/japan-finale-for-the-worlds-most-elegant-use-of-a-dead-cat-1294096.html|archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> Jaŋkunti kalinli kamani pishi ni anahi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zaŋ mali "cat-fur coat".<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6165786.stm |title=EU proposes cat and dog fur ban |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=22 October 2009 |date=2006 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090102231651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6165786.stm |archive-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> Lala tuma ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaɣisi shɛli United States tum yuuni 2000 and mini European Union (nti pahi United Kingdom) tum yuuni 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/about_us/humane_society_international_hsi/hsi_europe/dog_cat_fur/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090217153420/http://www.hsus.org/about_us/humane_society_international_hsi/hsi_europe/dog_cat_fur/ |archive-date=17 February 2009 |title=EU Announces Strict Ban on Dog and Cat Fur Imports and Exports |date=2007 |first=C. |last=Ikuma |work=[[Humane Society International]] |access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Witchcraft and Magic in Europe |volume=3: ''The Middle Ages'' |last1=Jolly |first1=K. L. |last2=Raudvere |first2=C. |last3=Peters |first3=E. |publisher=Athlone |date=2002 |isbn=9780567574466 |location=London |oclc=747103210}}</ref> ka bɛ na kuli nyɛ bɛ ni niŋdi shɛba niŋdi bindɔna nima ni [[Switzerland]] ka di nyɛ [[traditional medicine]]s tibiri [[rheumatism]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-finds-a-way-to-skin-a-cat-for-the-fur-trade-and-high-fashion-815426.html |title=Switzerland Finds a Way to Skin a Cat for the Fur Trade and High Fashion |last=Paterson |first=T. |date=2008 |work=The Independent |access-date=23 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090707080420/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-finds-a-way-to-skin-a-cat-for-the-fur-trade-and-high-fashion-815426.html |archive-date=7 July 2009 |location=London}}</ref> [[File:Man holding Calico cat.jpg|thumb|A man holding a calico cat]] Niriba nyɛla ban mo bushɛm ni niŋ jaŋkunti kalinli yuma din gari maa, di zaa nyɛla laɣinsi bee tiŋgbana mini tiŋduya laɣinsi kamani [[Canadian Federation of Humane Societies]]<ref name="Canadian">{{Cite news |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2012/07/17/nb-cat-census-1000.html |title=Humane society launches national cat census |access-date=18 September 2012 |work=[[CBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024184326/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2012/07/17/nb-cat-census-1000.html |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> mini pohim zuɣu.<ref name="catsbe">{{cite web |url= http://www.catsbe.com |title=Cats Be |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120922235823/http://www.catsbe.com/ |archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="SupremeCatCensus">{{cite web |url= http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120316024409/http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2012 |title=The Supreme Cat Census |access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref> Bɛ buɣisi ni duniya zaa yiŋ jaŋkunti nyɛla ban kalinli yiɣisi kamani 200&nbsp;million zaŋ chaŋ 600&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Pets |work=IFAHEurope.org |publisher=Animal Health Europe |url= http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html |access-date=3 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074439/http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Legay |first=J. M. |title=Sur une tentative d'estimation du nombre total de chats domestiques dans le monde |trans-title=Tentative estimation of the total number of domestic cats in the world |language=fr |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III |volume=303 |issue=17 |pages=709–712 |date=1986 |id={{INIST|7950138}} |pmid=3101986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&q=million%20cats%20worldwide&pg=PA157 |first1=S. D. |last1=Gehrt |first2=S. P. D. |last2=Riley |first3=B. L. |last3=Cypher |title=Urban Carnivores: Ecology, Conflict, and Conservation |date=2010 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |access-date=3 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151231224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&lpg=PA157&pg=PA157&q=million%20cats%20worldwide |archive-date=31 December 2015 |isbn=9780801893896}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmB3ix5IQ8C&q=million%20cats%20worldwide&pg=PA47 |first=I. |last=Rochlitz |title=The Welfare of Cats |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |access-date=3 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151231224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmB3ix5IQ8C&lpg=PA47&pg=PA47&q=million%20cats%20worldwide |archive-date=31 December 2015 |isbn=9781402032271}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cats: Most interesting facts about common domestic pets |url= http://english.pravda.ru/society/family/09-01-2006/9478-cats-0/ |work=[[Pravda]] |access-date=3 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105806/http://english.pravda.ru/society/family/09-01-2006/9478-cats-0/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |date=9 January 2006}}</ref> {{clear}} {{Short description|Small domesticated carnivorous mammal}} {{About|the species commonly kept as a pet|the cat family|Felidae|other uses|Cat (disambiguation)|and|Cats (disambiguation)}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Good article}} {{Use American English|date=January 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<!-- Per MOS:ENGVAR and MOS:DATEVAR, articles should conform to one overall spelling of English and date format, typically the ones with which it was created when the topic has no strong national ties. This article was created with American English, using international date format (DD Month YYYY), and should continue to be written that way. If there is a compelling reason to change it propose a change on the talk page. --> {{Speciesbox |name=Cat <!-- There has been extensive discussion about the choice of image in this infobox. Before replacing this image with something else, consider if it actually improves on the ENCYCLOPEDIC CRITERIA that led to this choice. See [[Talk:Cat]] and [[Talk:Cat/Lead photo]] and if in doubt, DISCUSS IT FIRST! --> |fossil_range=9,500 years ago – present |image={{Multiple image |perrow=2/2/2 |total_width=275 |image1=Cat August 2010-4.jpg |image2=Gustav chocolate.jpg |image3=Orange tabby cat sitting on fallen leaves-Hisashi-01A.jpg |image4=Siam lilacpoint.jpg |image5=Felis catus-cat on snow.jpg |image6=Sheba1.JPG |border=infobox |footer=Various types of cats }} |status=DOM |genus=Felis |species=catus<ref name="Linnaeus1758" /> |authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name="MSW3fc" /> |synonyms=*''Catus domesticus'' {{small|[[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|Erxleben]], 1777}}<ref name="Erxleben">{{Cite book |last=Erxleben |first=J. C. P. |date=1777 |title=Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia |location=Lipsiae |publisher=Weygandt |pages=520–521 |chapter=Felis Catus domesticus |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/iochristpolycerx00erxl/page/520}}</ref> * ''F. angorensis'' {{small|[[Karl Christian Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788}} * ''F. vulgaris'' {{small|Fischer, 1829}} }} {{Main|Felidae#Evolution|l1=Cat evolution}} [[File:Wild-domestic-hybrid cat skulls.png|thumb|Skulls of a wildcat (top left), a housecat (top right), and a hybrid between the two (bottom center)]] ===Bɛ dɔriti gbahibu=== {{Main|Feline zoonosis}} Jaŋkunti ni ni tooi [[Cat predation on wildlife|gbaai]] dɔri shɛŋa n-nyɛ [[virus]]es, [[pathogenic bacteria|bacteria]], [[fungus]], [[protozoans]], [[arthropod]]s bee ka bɛ nyɛ ban ni tooi tahi dɔro na n-ti ti ninsalinima bɛ biɛhigu ni bee bɛ ʒilɛli puuni.<ref name="Chomel2014" /> Saha shɛŋa jaŋkuno ŋɔ ni mali lala dɔro ŋɔ nahingbaŋ.<ref name="Ohio2016">{{cite web |title=Cats |publisher=Ohio Department of Health|url= http://www.odh.ohio.gov/en/odhprograms/bid/zdp/animals/cats |access-date=26 November 2016 |date=21 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023823/https://www.odh.ohio.gov/en/odhprograms/bid/zdp/animals/cats|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lala dɔro ŋɔ nyɛla din ni tooi gbaai ninsalinima di yi niŋ ka bɛ mini lala jaŋkuno niŋ niŋgbuna ni taba bee o zaŋ o noli niŋ bɛ bindira ni ka bɛ bi mi ka gba di li .<ref name="Goldstein2015">{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Ellie J. C. |last2=Abrahamian |first2=Fredrick M. |date=2015 |title=Diseases Transmitted by Cats |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/microbiolspec.iol5-0013-2015 |journal=Microbiology Spectrum |volume=3 |issue=5 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.iol5-0013-2015 |pmid=26542039 |issn=2165-0497 |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225116/https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/microbiolspec.iol5-0013-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lala dɔro ŋɔ yi yɛn gbaai ninsala din doli la o yuma mini [[Immunocompetence|immune status]] zaŋ n-ti lala ninsali maa. Ninsali shɛba ban mali jaŋkunti bɛ yinsi bee ka jaŋkunti miri ba nyɛla ban zaa ni tooi gbaai lala dɔro ŋɔ. Lala dɔro ŋɔ gba nyɛla din ni tooi doli jaŋkuno [[feces]] gbaagi ninsala.<ref name="Chomel2014">{{Cite journal |last=Chomel |first=B. |title=Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats |journal=Animals |volume=4 |issue=3 |date=2014 |pages=434–445 |issn=2076-2615 |doi=10.3390/ani4030434 |pmid=26480316 |pmc=4494318|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="StullBrophy2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=J. W. |last2=Brophy |first2=J. |last3=Weese |first3=J. S. |title=Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=187 |issue=10 |date=2015 |pages=736–743 |issn=0820-3946 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.141020 |pmid=25897046|pmc=4500695}}</ref> Di dɔri shɛŋa din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ; [[salmonella]], [[cat-scratch disease]] nti pahi [[toxoplasmosis]].<ref name="Ohio2016" /> ==Evolution== {{Main|Felidae#Evolution|l1=Cat evolution}} [[File:Wild-domestic-hybrid cat skulls.png|thumb|Skulls of a wildcat (top left), a housecat (top right), and a hybrid between the two (bottom center)]] Yiŋ' jaŋkuno ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun be Felidae, [[Family (biology)|daŋ]] shɛli din mali [[common ancestor]] zaŋ jandi {{mya|10|15}}.<ref name="Johnson 1997">{{Cite journal |title=Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Felidae Using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 Mitochondrial Genes |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S. J. |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |date=1997 |volume=44 |issue=S1 |pages=S98–S116 |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |pmid=9071018 |bibcode=1997JMolE..44S..98J |s2cid=40185850 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075723/https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Evolutionary radiation]] zaŋ n-ti Felidae nyɛla din daa piligi Asia [[Miocene]] saha kamani {{mya|8.38|14.45}}.<ref name=Johnson2006>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |title=The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=Science |date=2006 |pmid=16400146 |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vihigu zaŋ n-ti [[mitochondrial DNA]] n-ti Felidae balli zaa nyɛla din wuhiri {{mya|6.46|16.76}}.<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |author=Li, G. |author2=Davis, B. W. |author3=Eizirik, E. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Murphy, W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref> [[Genus (biology)|Genus]] ''Felis'' [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] din yina Felidae yaɣili kamani {{mya|6|7}}.<ref name=Johnson2006/> Lahibali din yina [[phylogenetic]] vihigu wuhiya ni mɔɣuni binkɔbiri ban be lala daŋ ŋɔ ni nyɛla [[sympatric speciation|sympatric]] bee [[parapatric speciation]] ka yiŋ' jaŋkuno ŋɔ mi nyɛ [[artificial selection]].<ref name="Mattern">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=232–253 |last1=Mattern |first1=M.Y. |last2=McLennan |first2=D.A. |title=Phylogeny and speciation of Felids |journal=Cladistics |date=2000 |pmid=34902955 |s2cid=85043293|doi-access=free }}</ref> Yiŋ' jaŋkuno ŋɔ mini o mɔɣuni binkɔbi so ban ŋmani taba nyɛla [[diploid]] ka bɛ zaa mali [[chromosome|chromosomes pihinahi ayi ka]] <ref name="Nie 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Nie |first1=W. |last2=Wang |first2=J. |last3=O'Brien |first3=P. C. |title=The genome phylogeny of domestic cat, red panda and five Mustelid species revealed by comparative chromosome painting and G-banding |journal=Chromosome Research |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=209–222 |date=2002 |pmid=12067210 |doi=10.1023/A:1015292005631|s2cid=9660694}}</ref> ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din ni tooi paai 20,000 laasabu.<ref name=Pontius2007>{{cite journal |last1=Pontius |first1=J. U. |last2=Mullikin |first2=J. C. |last3=Smith |first3=D. R. |author4=Agencourt Sequencing Team |collaboration=NISC Comparative Sequencing Program |title=Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome |journal=Genome Research |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=1675–1689 |date=2007 |pmid=17975172 |pmc=2045150 |doi=10.1101/gr.6380007}}</ref> {{clade gallery |main-caption=Phylogenetic relationships of the domestic cat as derived through analysis of |header1=nuclear DNA:<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name=Li_al2016/> |header2=mitochondrial DNA:<ref name="DriscollMenotti-Raymond2007"/> |height=325px |cladogram1={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Felidae]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=[[Pantherinae]] |label2=&nbsp;[[Felinae]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=other Felinae [[Lineage (genetic)|lineages]] |label2=&nbsp;''[[Felis]]''&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=[[Jungle cat]] (''F. chaus'') [[File:Felis chaus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg|79px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Black-footed cat]] (''F. nigripes'') |2={{clade |1=[[Sand cat]] (''F. margarita'') |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Chinese mountain cat]] (''F. bieti'') |2=[[African wildcat]] (''F. lybica'') }} |2={{clade |1=[[European wildcat]] (''F. silvestris'') [[File:Anatomie descriptive et comparative du chat (1845) Pl-I (white background & colourised).jpg|52px]] |2='''Domestic cat''' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:202104 Cat.svg|60px]]</span> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |cladogram2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;''[[Felis]]''&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=[[Sand cat]] (''F. margarita'') |2={{clade |1=[[Chinese mountain cat]] (''F. bieti'') |2={{clade |1=[[European wildcat]] (''F. silvestris'') [[File:Anatomie descriptive et comparative du chat (1845) Pl-I (white background & colourised).jpg|52px]] |2={{clade <!--extra dummy clade--> |label1=[[African wildcat]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=[[Southern African wildcat]] ''(F. l. cafra)'' |2=[[Asiatic wildcat]] ''(F. l. ornata)'' |3={{clade |1=Near Eastern wildcat |2='''Domestic cat''' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:202104 Cat.svg|60px]]</span> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} {{clear}} ===Domestication=== {{See also|Domestication of the cat|Cats in ancient Egypt}} [[File:Tomb of Nakht (7).jpg|thumb|A cat eating a fish under a chair, a [[mural]] in an Egyptian tomb dating to the 15th century BC]] Saha waɣala ha di daa wuhiya ni [[domestication of the cat]] daa piligi la [[ancient Egypt]], ni ka jaŋkunti daa nyɛ bɛ ni tiri shɛli jilima bin din gbaai 3100 BC.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cat in ancient Egypt, illustrated from the collection of cat and other Egyptian figures formed |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last1=Langton |first1=N. |last2=Langton |first2=M. B. |date=1940}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Cat in Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/catinancientegyp0000male |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |last=Malek |first=J. |date=1997 |edition=Revised |location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Amaa piligu ha taarihi zaŋ jandi yiŋ' jaŋkuno ŋɔ zaŋ n-ti Afirikanima mɔɣuni jaŋkuno daa nyɛla [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] ka miri ninsalinima [[Neolithic]] gballi din be [[Shillourokambos]], [[Cyprus]] nudirigu zuɣu, bin din gbaai 7500–7200 BC.<ref name="Vigne_al2004">{{cite journal |last1=Vigne |first1=J. D. |last2=Guilaine |first2=J. |last3=Debue |first3=K. |last4=Haye |first4=L. |last5=Gérard |first5=P. |s2cid=28294367 |title=Early taming of the cat in Cyprus |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=304 |issue=5668 |page=259 |date=2004 |pmid=15073370 |doi=10.1126/science.1095335}}</ref> Tabibi baŋdiba nyɛla ban yɛli ni Afirikanima mɔɣuni jaŋkuno daa nyɛla ŋun yina ninsalinima biɛhigu shee din be [[Fertile Crescent]] ka di nyɛla yiŋ' binnema zuɣu balli lee [[house mouse]] (''Mus musculus'') ka Neolithic pukpariba daa baligiba. Lala biɛhishɛli din daa be pukpariba mini jaŋkunti ŋɔ sunsuuni nyɛla din daa ti naai yuun tuhituha nyaaŋa. Kamani pukparilim tuma nima ka bɛ daa zaŋ baligi yiŋ' jaŋkunti ŋɔ.<ref name="DriscollMenotti-Raymond2007">{{Cite journal |title=The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-07-27_317_5837/page/519 |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Roca '|first3=A. L. |last4=Hupe |first4=K. |last5=Johnson |first5=W. E. |last6=Geffen |first6=E. |last7=Harley |first7=E. H. |last8=Delibes |first8=M. |last9=Pontier |first9=D. |last10=Kitchener |first10=A. C. |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=N. |last12=O'Brien |first12=S. J. |last13=Macdonald |first13=D. W. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=2007 |volume=317 |issue=5837 |pages=519–523 |pmid=17600185 |pmc=5612713 |doi=10.1126/science.1139518 |oclc=808298830 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D}}</ref><ref name="Driscoll_al2009">{{cite journal |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=Clutton-Brock |first2=J. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |date=2009 |title=The taming of the cat |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2009-06_300_6/page/68 |journal=Scientific American |volume=300 |issue=6 |pages=68–75 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68 |doi-broken-date=19 June 2024 |pmid=19485091 |pmc=5790555 |bibcode=2009SciAm.300f..68D |jstor=26001382}}</ref> Mɔɣuni jaŋkunti zaŋ n-ti Egypt nyɛla din mali tɔhibu ni [[gene pool]] zaŋ n-ti yiŋ' jaŋkuno.<ref name="OttoniVan Neer2017">{{cite journal |last1=Ottoni |first1=C. |last2=van&nbsp;Neer |first2=W. |last3=de&nbsp;Cupere |first3=B. |last4=Daligault |first4=J. |last5=Guimaraes |first5=S. |last6=Peters |first6=J. |last7=Spassov |first7=N. |last8=Prendergast |first8=M. E. |last9=Boivin |first9=N. |last10=Morales-Muñiz |first10=A. |last11=Bălăşescu |first11=A. |last12=Becker |first12=C. |last13=Benecke |first13=N. |last14=Boroneant |first14=A. |last15=Buitenhuis |first15=H. |last16=Chahoud |first16=J. |last17=Crowther |first17=A. |last18=Llorente |first18=L. |last19=Manaseryan |first19=N. |last20=Monchot |first20=H. |last21=Onar |first21=V. |last22=Osypińska |first22=M. |last23=Putelat |first23=O. |last24=Quintana Morales |first24=E.M. |last25=Studer |first25=J. |last26=Wierer |first26=U. |last27=Decorte |first27=R. |last28=Grange |first28=T. |last29=Geigl |first29=E. |s2cid=44041769 |title=The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=1 |issue=7 |date=2017 |page=0139 |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0139 |bibcode=2017NatEE...1..139O |url= https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-paleogenetics-of-cat-dispersal-in-the-ancient-world(04942e78-fa48-4700-ad97-29fcdf9077a1).html |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214831/https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-paleogenetics-of-cat-dispersal-in-the-ancient-world |url-status=live}}</ref> Piligu ha shɛhira shɛŋa din be ni zaŋ n-ti yiŋ' jaŋkunti nyɛla [[Greece]] kamani1200 BC. Greek, [[Phoenicia]]n, [[Carthaginia]]n nti pahi [[Etrusca]]n daabihi n-daa zaŋ yiŋ' jaŋkunti kpɛna Europe nudirigu zuɣu.<ref name=Faure2009>{{cite journal |last1=Faure |first1=E. |last2=Kitchener |first2=A. C. |date=2009 |title=An archaeological and historical review of the relationships between Felids and people |journal=Anthrozoös |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=221−238 |doi=10.2752/175303709X457577|s2cid=84308532}}</ref> Bin din gbaai 5th century BC, binkɔbi shɛba daa beni ŋmani ba ka daa be [[Magna Graecia]] mini [[Etruria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ragni |first1=B. |last2=Possenti |first2=M. |last3=Sforzi |first3=A. |last4=Zavalloni |first4=D. |last5=Ciani |first5=F. |date=1994 |title=The wildcat in central-northern Italian peninsula: a biogeographical dilemma |journal=Biogeographia |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.21426/B617110417 |url= https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt1dz6x5xf/qt1dz6x5xf.pdf |doi-access=free |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180726121432/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt1dz6x5xf/qt1dz6x5xf.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Roman Empire]] saha, bɛ daa zaŋ ba kpɛna [[Corsica]] mini [[Sardinia]] pɔi ni 1st century AD piligu.<ref name=Vigne1992>{{cite journal |last1=Vigne |first1=J.-D. |title=Zooarchaeology and the biogeographical history of the mammals of Corsica and Sardinia since the last ice age |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mammal-review_1992-06_22_2/page/n34 |date=1992 |journal=Mammal Review |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.1992.tb00124.x}}</ref> Western Roman Empire naabu ni 5th century, Egyptian yiŋ' jaŋkuno birili nyɛla din daa kpe[[Baltic Sea]] port din be [[Germany]] nuzaa zuɣu la.<ref name="OttoniVan Neer2017" /> ==Characteristics== {{Main|Cat anatomy}} ===Size=== [[File:Scheme cat anatomy.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of the general [[anatomy]] of a male domestic cat]] Yiŋ' jaŋkuno nyɛla ŋun mali [[skull|zuɣu ŋmaŋ]] bela mini kɔbi jihi gari [[European wildcat]].<ref name="OConnor">{{cite journal |title=Wild or domestic? Biometric variation in the cat ''Felis silvestris'' |last=O'Connor |first=T. P. |journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |date=2007 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=581–595 |doi=10.1002/oa.913 |url= http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3700/1/OConnor_Cats-IJOA-submitted.pdf |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010849/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3700/1/OConnor_Cats-IJOA-submitted.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Di waɣilim nyɛla din be kamani {{convert|46|cm|in|abbr=on}} bin din gbaai o zuɣu shee zaŋ ni o niŋgbana yɛliŋ ka {{convert|23|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} nyɛ o waɣilim, ka o zuli waɣilim be kamani {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Jaŋkun' lɔri nyɛla ban bari gari jaŋkun' nyama.<ref name="WCoW">{{cite book |last1=Sunquist |first1=M. |last2=Sunquist |first2=F. |date=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=9780226779997 |chapter=Domestic cat |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/99 99–112] |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA99 |url= https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/99}}</ref> Yiŋ' jaŋkun' kura timsim tooi nyɛla {{convert|4|-|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Mattern" /> {{See also|Domestication of the cat|Cats in ancient Egypt}} [[File:Tomb of Nakht (7).jpg|thumb|A cat eating a fish under a chair, a [[mural]] in an Egyptian tomb dating to the 15th century BC]] I ===Skeleton=== Jaŋkunti nyɛla ban mali [[cervical vertebrae]] dibaa ayopɔin (kamani [[mammal]]s ni tooi mali li shɛm); [[thoracic vertebrae]] pia ni ata (ninsalinima mali la pia ni ayi); [[lumbar vertebrae]] dibaa ayopɔin (ninsalinima mali la dibaa anu); [[sacrum|sacral vertebrae]] dibaaata (kamani binvuhirigu kam ni mali li shɛm amaa ninsalinima mali li mi dibaa anu); nti pahi kalinli shɛli [[caudal vertebrae]] ka di be zuli maa ni (ninsalinima nyɛla ban mali li dibaa ata zaŋ chaŋ dibaa anu ka di laɣim ni [[coccyx]]).<ref name="Walker">{{cite book |title=Study of the Cat with Reference to Human Beings |last=Walker |first=W.F. |edition=4th revised |date=1982 |publisher=[[Cengage|Thomson Learning/Cengage]] |isbn=9780030579141}}</ref>{{rp|11}} "lumbar and thoracic vertebrae" shɛli din pahi maa nyɛla din che ka jaŋkuno niŋgbana tooi lɛbigiri ginda. Din tabi yaaŋkobili ŋɔ n-nyɛ sapirikoba pia ni ata, bɔɣisapiŋ nti pahi [[pelvis]].<ref name="Walker" />{{rp|16}} kamani ninsali bɔɣu, jaŋkuno nuu nyɛla din tabi bɛ bɔɣisapiŋ ka kɔbi shɛli din gbaai li tabi li ŋɔ yuli booni.<ref name="Gillis 2002">{{cite web |title=Cat Skeleton |editor-last=Gillis |editor-first=R. |work=Zoolab |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]] Press |location=La Crosse |date=2002 |url= http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061206105542/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm |archive-date=6 December 2006 |access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> ===Balance=== [[File:BIOASTRONAUTICS_RESEARCH_Gov.archives.arc.68700.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=4:00|right|start=3:38|end=4:11|Comparison of cat righting reflexes in [[gravity]] and zero gravity]] Jaŋkunti nyɛla ban tooi yu binyɛri shɛŋa din dɔ zuɣusaa ʒinibu. Zuɣusaa ʒinibu ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi che ka o gbahiri binyɛra ka di bi niŋdi o muɣisigu. Labisiri shɛli din ni tooi lahi zaŋ n-ti jaŋkuno zuɣusaa ʒinibu ŋɔ n-nyɛ di chɛmi ka o tooi lihiri gindi luɣilikam viɛnyɛla ka bini kam din be katiŋa o nyɛla ŋun yɛn tooi lihi gbaai lala bini maa. Jaŋkuno ŋun yi zuɣusaa kamani {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} lurina nyɛla ŋun ni tooi lɛbigi o maŋ zani tiŋgbani ni.<ref name="Kent et al. 2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Marc |last2=Platt |first2=Simon R. |date=September 2010 |title=The neurology of balance: Function and dysfunction of the vestibular system in dogs and cats |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_veterinary-journal_2010-09_185_3/page/247 |journal=The Veterinary Journal |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=247–249 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.029 |pmid=19944632}}</ref> Di yi ti niŋ ka jaŋkuno yi zuɣuzaa lurina tiŋ' pirimla o niŋgbana ni nyɛ din bali la zuɣu o nyɛla o ŋun yɛn lɛbi lɛbi o maŋ hali ti zani o naba zuɣu, lala zanibu ŋɔ ka bɛ booni [[cat righting reflex]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerathewohl |first1=S. J. |last2=Stallings |first2=H. D. |date=1957 |title=The labyrinthine posture reflex (righting reflex) in the cat during weightlessness |url= https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_files_1957/28040345-1.pdf |journal=The Journal of Aviation Medicine |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=345–355 |pmid=13462942 |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201003155151/https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_files_1957/28040345-1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Jaŋkuno nyɛla ŋun ni tooi lɛbigi o maŋ ka nyɛ ŋun ni tooi niŋ li hali o yi lurina zuɣusaa din paai kamani {{convert|90|cm|ft|abbr=on}} bee ka di gari.<ref name="Nguyen 1998">{{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=H. D. |date=1998 |title=How does a cat always land on its feet? |url= http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010410235503/http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/ |archive-date=10 April 2001 |access-date=15 May 2007 |series=Dynamics&nbsp;II (ME&nbsp;3760) course materials |publisher=[[Georgia Institute of Technology]] |department=School of Medical Engineering}} {{tertiary source|date=December 2011}}</ref> Jaŋkuno ni tooi lɛbigiri o maŋ shɛm di yi ti niŋ ka o lurina nyɛla bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛli vihigu ka boli "[[falling cat problem]]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Falling cats, parallel parking, and polarized light |last=Batterman |first=R. |date=2003 |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=527–557 |url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/794/1/falling-cats.pdf |bibcode=2003SHPMP..34..527B |doi=10.1016/s1355-2198(03)00062-5 |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720140329/http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/794/1/falling-cats.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> {{clade gallery |main-caption=Phylogenetic relationships of the domestic cat as derived through analysis of |header1=nuclear DNA:<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name=Li_al2016/> |header2=mitochondrial DNA:<ref name="DriscollMenotti-Raymond2007"/> |height=325px |cladogram1={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Felidae]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=[[Pantherinae]] |label2=&nbsp;[[Felinae]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=other Felinae [[Lineage (genetic)|lineages]] |label2=&nbsp;''[[Felis]]''&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=[[Jungle cat]] (''F. chaus'') [[File:Felis chaus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg|79px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Black-footed cat]] (''F. nigripes'') |2={{clade |1=[[Sand cat]] (''F. margarita'') |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Chinese mountain cat]] (''F. bieti'') |2=[[African wildcat]] (''F. lybica'') }} |2={{clade |1=[[European wildcat]] (''F. silvestris'') [[File:Anatomie descriptive et comparative du chat (1845) Pl-I (white background & colourised).jpg|52px]] |2='''Domestic cat''' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:202104 Cat.svg|60px]]</span> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |cladogram2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;''[[Felis]]''&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=[[Sand cat]] (''F. margarita'') |2={{clade |1=[[Chinese mountain cat]] (''F. bieti'') |2={{clade |1=[[European wildcat]] (''F. silvestris'') [[File:Anatomie descriptive et comparative du chat (1845) Pl-I (white background & colourised).jpg|52px]] |2={{clade <!--extra dummy clade--> |label1=[[African wildcat]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=[[Southern African wildcat]] ''(F. l. cafra)'' |2=[[Asiatic wildcat]] ''(F. l. ornata)'' |3={{clade |1=Near Eastern wildcat |2='''Domestic cat''' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:202104 Cat.svg|60px]]</span> }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} {{clear}} ==Ecology== ===Habitats=== [[File:Siamese cat of Altai shepherds.jpg|thumb|A [[Siamese cat]] living among the [[yurts]] of shepherds in the [[Altai Mountains]], Russia]] Yiŋ' jaŋkuno ŋɔ nyɛla [[cosmopolitan species]] ka nyɛ ban be dunia luɣilikam.<ref name="Lipinski" /> Di bi piiri binshɛli ka nyɛ din pa be luɣilikam gbaai yihi [[Antarctica]], nti pahi 118 zaŋ chaŋ 131zaŋ n-ti islands, hali [[Kerguelen Islands]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Spatio-temporal variation in cat population density in a sub-Antarctic environment |last=Say |first=L. |journal=Polar Biology |date=2002 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=90–95 |doi=10.1007/s003000100316|bibcode=2002PoBio..25...90S |s2cid=22448763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Biological Invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, Impacts and Implications |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2005-02_80_1/page/n46 |last1=Frenot |first1=Y. |last2=Chown |first2=S. L. |last3=Whinam |first3=J. |last4=Selkirk |first4=P. M. |last5=Convey |first5=P. |last6=Skotnicki |first6=M. |last7=Bergstrom |first7=D. M. |s2cid=5574897 |journal=Biological Reviews |date=2005 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=45–72 |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006542 |pmid=15727038 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Pirimla di nyɛla luɣ' shɛli din tooi mali binnema pam di zuɣu di nyɛla din pahi dunia [[invasive species]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Medina |first1=F. M. |last2=Bonnaud |first2=E. |last3=Vidal |first3=E. |last4=Tershy |first4=B. R. |author-link5=Erika Zavaleta |last5=Zavaleta |first5=E. |last6=Josh Donlan |first6=C. |last7=Keitt |first7=B. S. |last8=Le Corre |first8=M. |last9=Horwath |first9=S. V. |last10=Nogales |first10=M. |date=2011 |title=A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=3503–3510 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.701.4082 |bibcode=2011GCBio..17.3503M|s2cid=323316}}</ref> Di nyɛla din be islands bihi ni luɣ' shɛli ninsalinima ni kani.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Review of Feral Cat Eradication on Islands |last1=Nogales |first1=M. |last2=Martin |first2=A. |last3=Tershy |first3=B. R. |last4=Donlan |first4=C. J. |last5=Veitch |first5=D. |last6=Uerta |first6=N. |last7=Wood |first7=B. |last8=Alonso |first8=J. |journal=Conservation Biology |date=2004 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=310–319 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x |bibcode=2004ConBi..18..310N |hdl=10261/22249 |s2cid=11594286 |url= https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/22249/1/CBL-2004-18-310.pdf |hdl-access=free |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191206034647/https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/22249/1/CBL-2004-18-310.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Feral jaŋkunti nyɛla ban be tibɔna ni, mɔri ni, "tundra", pukparilim tiŋgbani ni, fɔŋ ni nti pahi kom ni zooi tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni.<ref name="ISSG 2006">{{cite web |url= http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&fr=1&sts=sss |work=Global Invasive Species Database |title=Ecology of ''Felis catus'' |author=Invasive Species Specialist Group |publisher=[[IUCN Species Survival Commission|Species Survival Commission]], [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |date=2006 |access-date=31 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123405/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&fr=1&sts=sss |archive-date=27 October 2009}}</ref> Pirimla bɛ daa je o zuɣu n-daa su yiŋ' jaŋkuno ni [[Cat predation on wildlife#Impact by location|treated as an invasive species]]. Dinbɔŋɔ nyɛla [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] din mali barina zaŋ jaŋkun' biriti balantee ban be [[Scotland]] nti pahi [[Hungary]], di pa shɛli ni [[Iberian Peninsula]], ni luɣ' shɛŋa bɛ gu ka taɣi ka di nyɛ din miri [[Kruger National Park]] din be [[South Africa]].<ref name="Kruger">{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270912183 |title=Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between African wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) and domestic cats (F. s. catus) in South Africa |last1=Le Roux |first1=Johannes J. |last2=Foxcraft |first2=Llewellyn C. |last3=Herbst |first3=Marna |last4=Macfadyen |first4=Sandra |date=19 August 2014 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=288–299 |doi=10.1002/ece3.1275 |pmid=25691958 |pmc=4314262 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214831/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270912183_Genetic_analysis_shows_low_levels_of_hybridization_between_African_wildcats_Felis_silvestris_lybica_and_domestic_cats_F_s_catus_in_South_Africa |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Oliveira">{{Cite journal |last1=Oliveira |first1=R. |last2=Godinho |first2=R. |last3=Randi |first3=E. |last4=Alves |first4=P. C. |title=Hybridization Versus Conservation: Are Domestic Cats Threatening the Genetic Integrity of Wildcats (''Felis silvestris silvestris'') in Iberian Peninsula? |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1505 |pages=2953–2961 |date=2008 |pmid=18522917 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0052 |pmc=2606743}}</ref> ===Ferality=== {{Main|Feral cat}} [[File:Feral cat Virginia crop.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Feral [[farm cat]]]] Feral jaŋkunti nyɛla yiŋ' jaŋkun' shɛba balanlee jaŋkun' biriti . Bɛ nyɛla ban bi miriti ninsalinima ka nyɛ ban be fɔna ni mini tiŋkpansi.<ref name="Rochlitz">{{Cite book |title=The Welfare of Cats |url=https://archive.org/details/welfareofcatsani0000iren |last=Rochlitz |first=I. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=9781402061431 |series="Animal Welfare" series |location=Berlin |pages=[https://archive.org/details/welfareofcatsani0000iren/page/141 141]–175 |oclc=262679891}}</ref> Jaŋkun' biriti ŋɔ kalinli nyɛla niriba ni bi mi shɛli amaa bɛ buɣisi ni United States jaŋkun' biriti kalinli nyɛla bin din gbaai miliyɔŋ pishi ni anu zaŋ chaŋ miliyɔŋ pihiyobu.<ref name="Rochlitz" /> Jaŋkun' biriti ŋɔ nyɛla ban ni tooi be bɛ koŋko amaa bɛ pam nyɛla ban tooi be [[feral cat colonies|colonies]] kara ni.<ref name="hsus-feral">{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/feral_cats/feral_cats_frequently_asked_questions.html#1_What_is_a_feral_cat |title=What is the difference between a stray cat and a feral cat? |date=2 January 2008 |work=HSUS.org |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080501093143/http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/feral_cats/feral_cats_frequently_asked_questions.html#1_What_is_a_feral_cat |archive-date=1 May 2008}}</ref> Jaŋkun' biriti pam tooi zooya ka bɛ be Rome kamani [[Colosseum]] mini [[Forum Romanum]], ka jaŋkunti ban be ni ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni dihiri shɛba ka bɔri alaafee n-tiri ba biɛɣukulo.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.romancats.com/index_eng.php |title=Torre Argentina cat shelter. |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122203413/http://www.romancats.com/index_eng.php |archive-date=22 January 2009}}</ref> Salo biɛhigu ni jaŋkun' biriti nyɛla din wali, pirimla so bi wumsiri lala jaŋkun' biriti ŋɔ zuɣu niriba pam nya o mi [[vermin]].<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Humane Society of the United States |isbn=9780965894272 |editor-last1=Rowan |editor-first1=Andrew N. |editor-last2=Salem |editor-first2=Deborah J. |first1=Margaret R. |last1=Slater |first2=Stephanie |last2=Shain |title=The State of the Animals II: 2003 |date=November 2003 |chapter=Feral Cats: An Overview (4) |chapter-url= http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap4.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061110230426/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap4.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> ===Impact on wildlife=== {{main|Cat predation on wildlife}} [[File:Causes of bird deaths.png|thumb|Outdoor cats are the largest human cause of bird mortality.]] Island nima ni, noonsi tɔhibu zaŋ ti jaŋkun' biriti bindirigu nyɛla kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihiyɔbu 60%.<ref name="Fitzgerald">{{Cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=M. B. |last2=Turner |first2=Dennis C. |title=The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behaviour |editor-last1=Turner |editor-first1=Dennis C. |editor2-last=Bateson |editor2-first=Patrick P. G. |pages=151–175 |chapter=Hunting Behaviour of Domestic Cats and Their Impact on Prey Populations}}</ref> Luɣilikam vihigu wuhiya ni noonsi kalinli boobu daliri pala jaŋkun' biriti amaa jaŋkun' biriti pam kpibu daliri nyɛla "[[mesopredator release]]";<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Courchamp |first1=F. |last2=Langlais |first2=M. |last3=Sugihara |first3=G. |date=1999 |title=Cats protecting birds: Modelling the mesopredator release effect |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-ecology_1999-03_68_2/page/282 |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=282–292 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00285.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1999JAnEc..68..282C |s2cid=31313856}}</ref> Yiŋ jaŋkunti nyɛla ban tɔhiri pahiri bineembihi kalinli boobu ni. [[Turnagra capensis|The South Island piopio]], [[Rallus modestus|Chatham rail]],<ref name="Mead 1982 183–186" /> nti pahi [[New Zealand merganser]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stattersfield |first1=A. J. |last2=Crosby |first2=M. J. |last3=Long |first3=A. J. |last4=Wege |first4=D. C. |title=Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation |url=https://archive.org/details/endemicbirdareas0000unse |date=1998 |publisher=Burlington Press |isbn=9780946888337 |series="BirdLife Conservation" series No. 7 |location=Cambridge, England}}</ref> nyɛla din pahi luɣ' shɛŋa din nyɛ "flightless" [[Lyall's wren]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falla |first=R. A. |title=New Zealand Bird Life Past and Present |date=1955 |publisher=[[Cawthron Institute]]}}{{page needed|date=November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Galbreath |first1=R. |last2=Brown |first2=D. |date=2004 |title=The Tale of the Lighthouse-keeper's Cat: Discovery and Extinction of the Stephens Island Wren (''Traversia lyalli'') |url= http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_51-2004/Notornis_51_4_193.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Notornis |volume=51 |pages=193–200 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081017221501/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_51-2004/Notornis_51_4_193.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> Jaŋkun' biri yino New Zealand nyɛla ŋun daa ku [[New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat]]s kɔbigi ni dibaa ayi dabaa ayopɔin sunsuuni.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scrimgeour |first1=J. |last2=Beath |first2=A. |last3=Swanney |first3=M. |date=2012 |title=Cat predation of short-tailed bats (''Mystacina tuberculata rhyocobia'') in Rangataua Forest, Mount Ruapehu, Central North Island, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=257–260 |doi=10.1080/03014223.2011.649770 |doi-access=free}}</ref> United States, jaŋkun' biriti mini yiŋ' jaŋkunti nyɛla ban kuri bineembihi kalinli kamani 6.3–22.3&nbsp;billion yuuni kam.<ref name="NC012913" /> Australia, vihigu zaɣ' yini wuhiya ni jaŋkun' biriti nyɛla ban kuri bineembihi shɛba ban be kom ni ka lahi be duli zuɣu kalinli kamani 466&nbsp;million yuuni kam. Kalinli kamani kɔbishii ni pihiyɔbu ayi ka "reptiles" nyɛla bɛ ni daa nya shɛba ni kpi ka di nyɛla jaŋkun' biriti n-ku ba.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Woinarski | first1=J. C. Z. | last2=Murphy | first2=B. P. | last3=Palmer | first3=R. | last4=Legge | first4=S. M. | last5=Dickman | first5=C. R. | last6=Doherty | first6=T. S. | last7=Edwards | first7=G. | last8=Nankivell | first8=A. | last9=Read | first9=J. L. | last10=Stokeld | first10=D. | title=How many reptiles are killed by cats in Australia? | journal=Wildlife Research | publisher=CSIRO Publishing | volume=45 | issue=3 | year=2018 | issn=1035-3712 | doi=10.1071/wr17160 | page=247}}</ref> Jaŋkunti nyɛla ban tɔhi pahi [[Navassa curly-tailed lizard]] mini ''[[Chioninia coctei]] kalinli boobu ni.''<ref name="contr-ext">{{Cite journal |last1=Doherty |first1=T. S. |last2=Glen |first2=A. S. |last3=Nimmo |first3=D. G. |last4=Ritchie |first4=E. G. |last5=Dickman |first5=C. R. |date=2016 |title=Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=40 |pages=11261–11265 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1602480113 |pmc=5056110 |pmid=27638204 |bibcode=2016PNAS..11311261D |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Cat skull.jpg|thumb|Cat skull|left]] [[File:Cat yawn with exposed teeth and claws.jpg|thumb|A cat with exposed teeth and claws]] [[File:BIOASTRONAUTICS_RESEARCH_Gov.archives.arc.68700.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=4:00|right|start=3:38|end=4:11|Comparison of cat righting reflexes in [[gravity]] and zero gravity]] {{Main|Cat coat genetics}} [[File:Nursing Cat 01.jpg|thumb|Mother cat with her different-colored offspring]] [[File:Kittyply edit1.jpg|thumb|right|The whiskers of a cat are highly sensitive to touch.]] {{Main|Feral cat}} [[File:Feral cat Virginia crop.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Feral [[farm cat]]]] {{Image frame|align=center|border=no|content=<gallery mode="packed"> File:Louvre egyptologie 21.jpg|The ancient Egyptians [[Mummy|mummified]] dead cats out of respect in the same way that they mummified people.<ref name="Clutton-Brock1999">{{Cite book |title=A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals |last=Clutton-Brock |first=J. |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England<!--This is not redundant; there's a Cambridge, Massachusetts, also, with academic publishers.--> |date=1999 |isbn=9780521634953 |edition=2nd |pages=133–140 |chapter=Cats |oclc=39786571 |orig-year=1987 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PA133 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210122145647/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PA133 |url-status=live}}</ref> File:Cat birds MAN Napoli Inv9993.jpg|Ancient [[Roman mosaic]] of a cat killing a [[partridge]] from the [[House of the Faun]] in [[Pompeii]] File:PSM V37 D105 English tabby cat.jpg|A 19th-century drawing of a tabby cat File:Black Cat (7983739954).jpg|Some cultures are superstitious about black cats, ascribing either good or bad luck to them. </gallery>}} ==Biɛhigu== {{See also|Cat behavior}} [[File:Black and gray mackerel tabby cat at night in Tuntorp 7.jpg|thumb|An alert cat at night, with pupils dilated and ears directed at a sound]] Jaŋkun' shɛba ban be luɣ' yini nyɛla ban mali yaa wuntaŋ ni mini yuŋ zaa amaa ka leei mali yaa pam yuŋ.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Spatio-temporal Sharing between the European Wildcat, the Domestic Cat and their Hybrids |last1=Germain |first1=E. |last2=Benhamou |first2=S. |last3=Poulle |first3=M.-L. |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=2008 |volume=276 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00479.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Yiŋ' jaŋkunti nyɛla ban tooi kuri bɛ saha pam be yiŋ' amaa ka ni tooi chaŋ n-gili kamani mita kɔbiga. Bɛ galisim nyɛla din wali bee pa yim, shɛba galisim nyɛla {{cvt|7|-|28|ha|acre}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barratt |first=D. G. |title=Home Range Size, Habitat Utilisation and Movement Patterns of Suburban and Farm Cats ''Felis catus'' |journal=Ecography |date=1997 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00371.x |jstor=3682838 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=271–280|bibcode=1997Ecogr..20..271B }}</ref> Jaŋkunti zaa tuma pa yim ka nyɛ din woli woli taba amaa ka bɛ tuumbiɛri bala. Yaha, yiŋ' jaŋkunti biɛhigu doli la ninsalinima ni be ba shɛm ka nyɛ ban ni tooi gbihiri ni bɛ laamba hali ni saha shɛli bɛ suhu ni bɔra.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Circadian rhythms in food intake and activity in domestic cats |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-neuroscience_1985-12_99_6/page/1162 |last1=Randall |first1=W. |last2=Johnson |first2=R. F. |last3=Randall |first3=S. |last4=Cunningham |first4=J. T. |journal=Behavioral Neuroscience |date=1985 |volume=99 |issue=6 |pmid=3843546 |doi=10.1037/0735-7044.99.6.1162 |pages=1162–1175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ling |first=Thomas |date=2 June 2021 |title=Why do cats sleep so much? |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/why-do-cats-sleep-so-much/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=BBC Science Focus Magazine |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403180235/https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/why-do-cats-sleep-so-much/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Play=== {{Main|Cat play and toys}} [[File:Play fight between cats.webmhd.webm|thumbnail|thumbtime=4|alt=Play fight between kittens, age 14 weeks|Play fight between kittens aged 14 weeks]] Yiŋ jɛŋkunti, bahindi la jɛŋkuno bihi nyɛla ban bori diɛma pam. Lala biɛhigu ŋɔ nyɛla din tɔɣisiri gbaabu ka di nyɛ din viɛlli pam zaŋ n-ti jɛŋkuno bihi dama di nyɛla din wuhiri ba puɣisibu, gbaabu n-ti pahi bineema kubu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poirier |first1=F. E. |last2=Hussey |first2=L. K. |title=Nonhuman Primate Learning: The Importance of Learning from an Evolutionary Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropology-and-education-quarterly_summer-1982_13_2/page/n54 |journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=133–148 |date=1982 |doi=10.1525/aeq.1982.13.2.05x1830j |jstor=3216627|doi-access=free}}</ref> Jɛŋkunti nyɛla ban lahi niŋdi diɛma zabili ka bɛ zaa gbubi mali bɛ nuhi mini bɛ niŋgbana zaa zabiri taba. Lala biɛhigu ŋɔ nyɛla biɛhi shɛli di ni tooi che ka jɛŋkunti baŋ zabili zabu ni bori binshɛŋa zaa ka lahi bori dabiɛm bɛ ni ni binkɔbi shɛŋa ti ni gbaai ba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=S. L. |chapter=Object play by adult animals |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jkiTQ8dIIHsC&pg=PA45 |title=Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives |editor1=Byers, J. A. |editor2=Bekoff, M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1998 |pages=45–60 |isbn=9780521586566 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210126043154/https://books.google.com/books?id=jkiTQ8dIIHsC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jɛŋkunti nyɛla ban diɛmdi binyɛra pam saha shɛli o suhi yi ti yiɣisi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=S. L. |title=The Influence of Hunger on Object Play by Adult Domestic Cats |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |date=1998 |volume=58 |issue=1–2 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00136-6}}</ref> O diɛma nyɛla din ŋmani o binyɛra gbaabu, jɛŋkunti tooi zooi ka o diɛmdi binshɛŋa din ŋmani bingbaarigu kamani "small furry toys" din chani ginda. Bɛ nyɛla ban yooi binyɛri shɛŋa bɛ ni na mi pun diɛm diɛmbu.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Object Play in Adult Domestic Cats: The Roles of Habituation and Disinhibition |last=Hall |first=S. L. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |date=2002 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=263–271 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00153-3}}</ref> Mia nyɛla bɛ ni tooi diɛmdi binshɛli amaa di yi ti niŋ ka o dim ŋmaai mia ŋɔ niriba ni tooi yihi li na o zinli zuɣu amaa di yi niŋ ka faai lu o [[intestine|binnyɔri ni]] shee be m-bo tilaa n-ti o ka di ni tooi che ka o kpi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacPhail |first=C. |title=Gastrointestinal obstruction |journal=Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice |date=2002 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=178–183 |doi=10.1053/svms.2002.36606 |pmid=12587284|s2cid=24977450}}</ref> Pirinla jɛŋkuno ni tooi vali lala mia ŋɔ zuɣu, saha shɛŋa bɛ tooi mali [[laser pointer]]{{'s}} zaani di zani.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061210/NEWS01/612100320/-1/NEWS |title=Fat Indoor Cats Need Exercise |date=2006 |work=Pocono Record |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090714065943/http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20061210%2FNEWS01%2F612100320%2F-1%2FNEWS |archive-date=14 July 2009}}{{tertiary source|date=September 2012}}</ref> ===Reproduction=== {{See also|Kitten}} [[File:Cats having sex in Israel.jpg|thumb|When cats mate, the tomcat (male) bites the scruff of the female's neck as she assumes a position conducive to [[mating]] known as [[lordosis behavior]].]] Jɛŋkuno nyɛla [[pheromone]]s.<ref name="Bland1979">{{cite journal |last1=Bland |first1=K. P. |date=1979 |title=Tom-cat odour and other pheromones in feline reproduction |journal=Veterinary Science Communications |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=125–136 |url= https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1979-bland.pdf |doi=10.1007/BF02268958 |s2cid=22484090 |access-date=15 May 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190130202521/https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1979-bland.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Jɛŋkuno nyama ka bɛ booni ba ''queens nyɛla'' [[polyestrous]] mini [[estrus]] nima pam tooi booyi booyi bɛ zuɣu ka di tooi naari kamani biɛɣ'pishi ni yini dabisa. Bɛ nyɛla ban tooi niŋdi shili ni laɣimbu silimiin goli February piligu mini silimiin goli August<ref name="Jemmett1977">{{cite journal |last1=Jemmett |first1=J. E. |last2=Evans |first2=J. M. |date=1977 |title=A survey of sexual behaviour and reproduction of female cats |journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05821.x |pmid=853730}}</ref> <ref name="estrous_cycle">{{Cite book |title=Feline Reproduction |chapter=Feline Estrous Cycle |date=2022 |pages=11–22 |doi=10.1079/9781789247107.0002 |isbn=9781789247084 |editor-last1=Johnson |editor-first1=A.K |editor-last2=Kutzler |editor-first2=M.A |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9781789247107.0002 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820105417/https://cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9781789247107.0002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jɛŋkuno lɔri pam nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛba tomcats, nyɛla ban laɣindi jɛŋkuno nyamma tulim ni. Bɛ nyɛla ban zabiri taba jɛŋkuno nyaŋ ŋɔ zuɣu ka ŋun di nasara nyɛ ŋun yɛn laɣim jɛŋkuno nyaŋ ŋɔ. Tuuli, jɛŋkuno nyaŋ ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun yɛn zaɣisi jɛŋkuno lɔɣu ŋɔ amaa ka leei ti che ka jeŋkuno lɔɣu ŋɔ laɣim ŋɔ. Jɛŋkuno nyaŋ ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun yɛn kuhi pam di yi niŋ ka jɛŋkuno lɔɣu maa yihi o [[penis|yoli]] dama o yoli maa nyɛla din mali "band" ka di be kamani 120–150 "backward-pointing [[penile spines]]" ka di waɣilim be kamani {{convert|1|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Aronson 1967">{{Cite journal |title=Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations |last1=Aronson |first1=L. R. |last2=Cooper |first2=M. L. |journal=The Anatomical Record |date=1967 |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=71–78 |pmid=6030760 |doi=10.1002/ar.1091570111 |s2cid=13070242 |url= http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150319031546/http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> [[File:Radiography of a pregnant cat.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Radiography of a pregnant cat; the skeletons of two fetuses are visible on the left and right of the uterus]] ==Senses== {{Main|Cat senses}} ===Vision=== Jɛŋkunti nyɛla ban mali [[night vision]] pam nyɛ ban ni tooi nya kalinli dibaa ayobu puuni kalinli zaɣ'yini ninsali nyabu puuni.<ref name="Case" />{{rp|43}} Din bɔŋɔ daliri nyɛla jɛŋkuno nina mali la ''[[tapetum lucidum]] ka di nyɛlisiri neesim kam di yi nya'' [[retina]] ka labi nini maa ni, lala zuɣu ka di pahiri nini maa neeisim nyɛlisibu.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Comparative morphology of the ''Tapetum Lucidum'' (among selected species) |last1=Ollivier |first1=F. J. |last2=Samuelson |first2=D. A. |last3=Brooks |first3=D. E. |last4=Lewis |first4=P. A. |last5=Kallberg |first5=M. E. |last6=Komaromy |first6=A. M. |s2cid=15419778 |journal=Veterinary Ophthalmology |date=2004 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–22 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.00318.x |pmid=14738502}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki>Large pupils" nyɛla ban nina fulimbu bɛ to. Yiŋ jɛŋkuno nyɛla ŋun mali [[Pupil#In other animals|slit pupils]] ka di che ka bɛ tooi nyari neeisim hali [[chromatic aberration]] yi kani.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=T. |last2=Kröger |first2=R. H. |title=Pupil shapes and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=209 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16354774 |doi=10.1242/jeb.01959|doi-access=free}}</ref> Neeisim dinpori ni, jɛŋkuno "pupils" nyɛla din yɛligiri gbaari ninbila maa zaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=P. |last2=Mouat |first2=G. S. V. |title=The relationship between feline pupil size and luminance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_experimental-brain-research_1985-08_59_3/page/485 |journal=Experimental Brain Research |date=1985 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=485–490 |doi=10.1007/BF00261338|pmid=4029324|s2cid=11858455}}</ref> Yiŋ jɛŋkuno ŋɔ leei mali [[color vision]] din bi viɛlla ka lahi mali [[cone cell]]s balibu dibaa ayi koŋko ka di tooi che ka o nyari kama din nyɛ nuɣiso, dɔzim; bɛ bi tooi waligiri kama din nyɛ ʒee mini vakahili.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Cat color vision: The effect of stimulus size |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1978-03-17_199_4334/page/1221 |last1=Loop |first1=M. S. |last2=Bruce |first2=L. L. |journal=Science |volume=199 |issue=4334 |pages=1221–1222 |date=1978 |pmid=628838 |doi=10.1126/science.628838 |bibcode=1978Sci...199.1221L}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guenther |first1=E. |last2=Zrenner |first2=E. |title=The spectral sensitivity of dark- and light-adapted cat retinal ganglion cells |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=13 |pages=1543–1550 |date=1993 |issue=4 |pmid=8463834 |pmc=6576706 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01543.1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_1993-04_13_4/page/1543}}</ref> Jɛŋkunti gba lahi nyɛla [[nictitating membrane]]. ===Hearing=== Yiŋ jɛŋkunti nyɛla ban wumdi pam ka bɛ wumbu ŋɔ be kamani 500&nbsp;Hz zaŋ hali ni 32&nbsp;kHz.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hearing range of the domestic cat |last=Heffner |first=R. S. |journal=Hearing Research |date=1985 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=85–88 |doi=10.1016/0378-5955(85)90100-5 |pmid=4066516 |s2cid=4763009 |url= https://www.utoledo.edu/al/psychology/pdfs/comphearaudio/HearingRangeOfTheDomesticCat_1985.pdf |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210707001511/https://www.utoledo.edu/al/psychology/pdfs/comphearaudio/HearingRangeOfTheDomesticCat_1985.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Bɛ nyɛla ban ni tooi nya bini din yɛliŋ paai kamani 55&nbsp;Hz zaŋ hali ni 79&nbsp;kHz amaa ninsali nima nyɛla ban ni tooi nya bini yɛliŋ bin din gbaai 20&nbsp;Hz mini 20&nbsp;kHzn sunsuun. Bɛ ni tooi wum kamani 10.5 [[octave]]s ka ninsali nima mini bahi nyɛ ban ni tooi wum kamani 9 octaves.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Auditory awareness |last=Heffner |first=H. E. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |date=1998 |volume=57 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–268 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00101-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Primate hearing from a mammalian perspective |last=Heffner |first=R. S. |s2cid=4991969 |journal=The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology |date=2004 |volume=281 |issue=1 |pages=1111–1122 |pmid=15472899 |doi=10.1002/ar.a.20117|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bɛ nyabu nyɛla din pahira ka din pahiri ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ tibi kara din chani ginda, [[Pinna (anatomy)|pinnae]] ka di sɔŋdiba ka bɛ wumdi kumsim ka tooi baŋdi lala kumsim maa ni yiri luɣ'shɛli na.<ref name="Sunquist">{{cite book |last1=Sunquist |first1=M. |last2=Sunquist |first2=F. |date=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226779997 |chapter=What is a Cat? |pages=5–18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA3 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719111036/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blumberg |first=M. S. |title=Rodent ultrasonic short calls: Locomotion, biomechanics, and communication |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-psychology_1992-12_106_4/page/360 |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |date=1992 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=360–365 |pmid=1451418 |doi=10.1037/0735-7036.106.4.360}}</ref> Saha ŋɔ vihigu nyɛla din wuhi ni jɛŋkunti nyɛla ban mali "socio-spatial cognitive abilities" ka di sɔŋdiba ka bɛ baŋdi niriba yɛltɔɣa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takagi |first1=S. |last2=Chijiiwa |first2=H. |last3=Arahori |first3=M. |last4=Saito|first4=A. |last5=Fujita |first5=K. |last6=Kuroshima |first6=H. |date=2021|title=Socio-spatial cognition in cats: Mentally mapping owner's location from voice |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=11 |page=e0257611 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0257611 |pmc=8580247 |pmid=34758043 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1657611T |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Lihimi m-pahi== {{Portal|Cats|Mammals|Animals}} {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Aging in cats]] * [[Ailurophobia]] * [[Animal testing on cats]]` * [[Cancer in cats]] * [[Cat bite]] * [[Cat café]] * [[Cat collar]] * [[Cat fancy]] * [[Cat lady]] * [[Cat food]] * [[Cat meat]] * [[Cat repeller]] * [[Cats and the Internet]] * [[Cats in Australia]] * [[Cats in New Zealand]] * [[Cats in the United States]] * [[Cat–dog relationship]] * [[Dog]] * [[Dried cat]] * [[Feral cats in Istanbul]] * [[List of cat breeds]] * [[List of cat documentaries, television series and cartoons]] * [[List of individual cats]] * [[List of fictional felines]] * [[List of feline diseases]] * [[Neko-dera]] * [[Perlorian]] * [[Pet door]] * [[Pet first aid]] * [[Popular cat names]] {{div col end}} == Notes == {{notelist}} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=13 May 2007|En-Cat_(part_1).ogg|En-Cat_(part_2).ogg|En-Cat_(part_3).ogg}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|cat}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Felis catus|''Felis catus''}} * {{Commons-inline}} * {{Wikibooks inline|Animal Care}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Cat, Domestic, The |short=x}} * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Felis_catus Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography] for ''Felis catus'' * View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Felis_catus/Info/Index/ cat genome] in [[Ensembl]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190520030950/http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=felis-catus High-resolution images of the cat's brain] * ''[[Scientific American]]''. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIE9AQAAIAAJ&q=carbonic+oxide The Origin of the Cat]". 1881. p.&nbsp;120. {{Cat nav|state=uncollapsed}} {{Carnivora|Fe.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q20980826}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cats| ]] [[Category:English words]] [[Category:Mammals described in 1758]] [[Category:Animal models]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Felis]] [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] [[Category:Cosmopolitan mammals]] ==Kundivihira== <references/> [[Pubu:Biŋkɔbigu]] {{stub}} 3pyqhc3w3pu7kvaq50e1mbu3qddiwio Wahu 0 8632 146098 145940 2026-08-10T20:23:56Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wahu'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2020. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/pictures-and-words/ Pictures and words] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719221906/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/pictures-and-words/ |date=2021-07-19 }}, ''Dagbani Dictionary''.</ref> nyɛla binkɔbiri ni yino. Wahu nyɛla binkɔb' so din zooi ka niribi mali be yiŋsi puuni, ka lahi nye ŋun mali noombil' gaŋa. Wahu nyɛla binkɔb' so ŋun pili yuun' kurumbuna ha, yuma din kuli ni paai millioŋ pihinahi ni anu zaŋ chaŋ pihinu ni anu. Zaɣ'yini boonila wahu, ka dibaayi be pam booni yuri. == O Kilakila Yuya == [[File:Points of a horse.jpg|thumb|External anatomy of a horse<ref>{{cite book|last=Goody|first=John|title=Horse Anatomy|edition=2nd|publisher=J A Allen|isbn=0-85131-769-3|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pavord|first1=Tony|last2=Pavord|first2=Marcy|title=Complete Equine Veterinary Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/completeequineve0000pavo|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=978-0-7153-1883-6|year=2007}}</ref>|upright=1.5|alt=Diagram of a horse with some parts labeled.]] ===Nyɛvuli waɣilim mini nyɛvuli biɛhisi=== Wahu nyɛbu waɣilim doli la o ni nyɛ shɛm ni luɣishɛli o be, ʒiɛmana ŋɔ wahu nyɛvuli waɣilim nyɛla yuun’ pishi ni anu zaŋ chaŋ yuun’ pihita 25 to 30&nbsp;years.<ref name=Ensminger46/> Binkoriba ban yuuri paari yuun’ pihi nahi bee n-yaɣi bi yaɣi lala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_age.htm|title=The Age of a Horse|publisher=Government of Ontario|website=Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs|author=Wright, B.|date=March 29, 1999|access-date=2009-10-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120031232/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_age.htm|archive-date=January 20, 2010}}</ref> Binkob' so ŋun yuui gari sokam ka di do taarihi ni n-nye "[[Old Billy]]", sɛnchiri pishi yin'ka wahu ŋun daa niŋ yuun’ pihiayobu ni ayi.<ref name=Ensminger46/> Saha ŋɔ, Sugar Puff, ŋun nye binkob’ so ŋun yuui gari sokam ka o yuli be ''[[Guinness World Records]]'’ ni, daa kpi la yuuni 2007 ka mali yuun’ pihinu ni ayobu (56).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9708|title= World's Oldest Living Pony Dies at 56|access-date= 2007-05-31|author= Ryder, Erin|website= The Horse|archive-date= 2014-01-24|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140124211019/http://www.thehorse.com/articles/18956/worlds-oldest-living-pony-dies-at-56|url-status= live}}</ref> Hali wahu doɣim dabisili yi bi mi viɛnyɛla, kompatiisa zuɣu, silimin goli January kam ni bɛ pahiri la yuuni o yuma zuɣu Northern Hemisphere<ref name=Ensminger46/><ref>{{cite book |title= The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society and the Pony Club |url= https://archive.org/details/manualofhorseman00pony |url-access= registration |author=British Horse Society |year=1966|edition=6th edition, reprinted 1970 |publisher= British Horse Society |location= Kenilworth, UK |isbn= 0-9548863-1-3|page= [https://archive.org/details/manualofhorseman00pony/page/255 255]}}</ref> and each August&nbsp;1 in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES |format= PDF |title= Rules of the Australian Stud Book |access-date= 2008-07-09 |year= 2007 |publisher= Australian Jockey Club |page= 7 |archive-date= 2013-04-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130424221902/http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES |url-status= live }}</ref> Di ni bi niŋdi shɛli n-nye babu kompatiisa ni, luɣishɛli din zaya ni di wahu ŋun ni tooi ba yuma kuli doli bɛ ni daa dɔɣi dahin shɛli.<ref name=Endurance>{{cite web|url= http://www.aerc.org/HorseAge.aspx|title= Equine Age Requirements for AERC Rides|access-date= 2011-07-25|publisher= American Endurance Riding Conference|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110811110201/http://aerc.org/HorseAge.aspx|archive-date= 2011-08-11}}</ref> Bachi shɛŋa ŋan do gbunni nyɛla din mali buɣisi wahu kam yuma ni nye shɛm: ; Foal : Wahu ŋun na bi paai yuuni. Wa' lɛɣu ŋun na mɔɣiri nyɛla bɛ ni tooi booni so “ŋun mɔɣira”, ka ŋun bi mi mɔɣiri mi nye “ŋun bi mɔɣira”.<ref name=Ensminger418>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 418</ref> Yu' bihi shɛba bɛ ni tooi dɔɣiri yiŋa nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi che ka bɛ bi lahi mɔɣiri bihili chira anu zaŋ chaŋ ayopɔin, amaa bɛ ni tooi lahi niŋ ba lala bɛ chira anahi ni ka di kaba barina shɛli.<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 431</ref> ; Yearling : Wahu ŋun nye yuun’ yini zaŋ chaŋ yuma ayi.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 430</ref> ; Colt : Wahu ŋun nye yuma anahi ka nye doo.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 415</ref> Chiriŋ zaŋ yi bachi ŋɔ bolibu ni n-nye a boli yu’ bil’ kam "colt", ka di nyɛla di zami ti yu’ bihi ban nye doba.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Becker, Marty|author2=Pavia, Audrey|author3=Spadafori, Gina|author4=Becker, Teresa|title=Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Equine Enigmas, Medical Mysteries, and Befuddling Behaviors|publisher=HCI|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7573-0608-2|url=https://archive.org/details/whydohorsessleep0000unse/page/23|page=[https://archive.org/details/whydohorsessleep0000unse/page/23 23]}}</ref> ; Filly : Wahu ŋun nye yuma anahi ka nye paɣa.<ref name=Ensminger418/> ; Mare : Wahu ŋun nye yuma anahi zaŋ chana.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 422</ref> ; Stallion : Wa' so ŋun nye yuma anahi zaŋ chana ka bi guni ka nye doo.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 427</ref> Bachi ŋɔ “wahu" nyɛla saha shɛŋa bɛ ni tooi kuli mali booni wahu ŋun nye yuma zaŋ chana ka bi guni.<ref name=Ensminger420>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 420</ref> ; Gelding : Wahu ŋun guni (di bi doli o yuma).<ref name=Ensminger418/> Di yi kana yuri babu kompatiisa ni, lala buɣisibu nim ŋɔ nyɛla din wali: Nahingbaŋ, British Isles ni, “Thoroughbred” yuri babu yaɣili nyɛla ban buɣisi “colts” mini “fillies” ni yuri ban yuma bi paai yuma anu.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.equibase.com/newfan/glossary-full.cfm|title= Glossary of Horse Racing Terms|access-date= 2008-04-03|website= Equibase.com|publisher= Equibase Company, LLC|archive-date= 2008-05-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512170317/http://www.equibase.com/newfan/glossary-full.cfm|url-status= live}}</ref> Amaa, Australian Thoroughbred yuri babu yaɣili nyɛla ban buɣisi “colts” mini “fillies” yuri ban yuma bi paai yuma anahi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES|title=Rules of the Australian Stud Book|access-date=2010-02-05|page=9|date=July 2008|publisher=Australian Jockey Club Ltd and Victoria Racing Club Ltd|archive-date=2013-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424221902/http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Buntaansi==== Buntaaŋa, di yi kana binniɛma vihigu polo nyɛla ban mini yuri nye yim. Bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli waligiri wahu mini pony nyɛla waɣilim, din bahi bahindi di yi ti kana babu kompatiisa ni. Amaa, ka waɣilim ŋɔ ko n-kuli n-nyɛli; waligimsim din ni tooi lahi be yuri mini ponies sunsuuni n-nye kob'tuɣa balibu, nti pahi bɛ biɛhigu mini bɛ nahingbana. Wahu bee bariba waɣilim ni tu ni di nye shɛm n-nye nuu ŋmɛbu saŋli1 4.2. Binkobigu ŋun waɣilim paai saŋli14.2 bee n-gari n-nye wahu ka ŋun waɣilim mi bi paai saŋli 14.2 nye bariba,{{r|EnsmingerHT|page=12}} amaa zaɣisibu nim beni ti lala zaa ŋɔ. Di yi kana Australia, bariba n-nye ban waɣilim bi paai saŋli 14.1<ref>{{cite book|author1=Howlett, Lorna |author2=Philip Mathews |title=Ponies in Australia |publisher=Philip Mathews Publishers |location=Milson's Point, NSW |isbn=0-908001-13-4 |year=1979 |page=14}}</ref> Di yi kana kompatiisa ni Western Division din be [[United States Equestrian Federation]], tarigi n-nye saŋli14.1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/rulebooks.aspx |title=2012 United States Equestrian Federation, Inc. Rule Book |publisher=United States Equestrian Federation |page=Rule WS 101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415003731/http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/rulebooks.aspx |archive-date=2012-04-15 }}</ref> [[International Federation for Equestria], anduniya diɛma ni yiɣijam yaɣila din zanti yuri babu kompatiisa, nyɛla ban zahimbu doli “metric” ka bɛ buɣisi ni pony nyɛla wahu ŋun waɣilim bi paai 148cm di yi niŋ ka o bi piri namda muna, din gari 14.2, ni {{convert|149|cm|in hands|2|lk=off}}, di niŋ o piri namda muna.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf | title=Annex XVII: Extracts from Rules for Pony Riders and Children, 9th edition | publisher=Fédération Equestre Internationale | year=2009 | access-date=2010-03-07 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911122158/http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf | archive-date=2012-09-11 }}</ref> Ka waɣilim ko n-nye so’ doligu din mali waligiri yuri ka chari buntaansi. Ban sabiri binkobiri bira zaŋ ti yuri din namdi yuri ban waɣilim bi paai ni ban waɣilim gari saŋli 14.2 nyɛla ban gbubi ni binkobigu kam ŋun nye lala birili ŋɔ nyɛla wahu, di bi doli o waɣilim.<ref>For example, the [[Missouri Fox Trotter]], or the [[Arabian horse]]. See [[Wahu#McBane|McBane]], pp. 192, 218</ref> Yaha, pony ŋɔ bali shɛŋa mini yuri ni tooi mali nahingbaŋ yinsi, ka bɛ zaŋ yino kam ni tooi zooi yaɣi saŋli 14.2, amaa ka na kuli nye ponies.<ref>For example, the [[Welsh Pony]]. See [[Wahu#McBane|McBane]], pp. 52–63</ref> Buntaansi tooi nyɛla ban kobiri, zuya, ningbuna timsa. Bɛ lahi mali gbaya din bi waɣa, pu’ yɛlima, kob’ timsa, nyingɔ’ ŋmahi din timsa, ni zuɣu jihi mini gbɛ’ yɛlima. Bɛ ni tooi mali suhu maha gari yuri ka ni tooi lahi mali hankali pam din tooi bee bi zaŋ be viɛnyɛla ni bɛ guliba. Zaɣi jia tali ko din pala din waligiri li. Nahingbaŋ, Shetland buntaaŋa ŋun waɣilim paai saʋli 10|lk, nyɛla buntaaŋa.{{r|EnsmingerHT|page=12}}Yaha, bira ka mani Falabella mini miniature yuri, ban ku tooi waɣi yaɣi {{convert|30|in|cm hand|lk=off|order=flip}}, nyɛla ban sabira bɛ bira ŋɔ ni gbubi ni shɛba nyɛla yu’ bihi amaa ka buntaaŋa.<ref>[[#McBane|McBane]], p. 200</ref> ===Kob' tuɣa=== Yuri nyɛla ban mali kob'tuɣa pihiyobu ni ayi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/species.html |title=Chromosome Numbers in Different Species |publisher=Vivo.colostate.edu |date=1998-01-30 |access-date=2013-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210119/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/species.html |archive-date=2013-05-11 }}</ref> Wahu kob'tuɣa daa nyɛla din piɛ yuuni 2007. Di paai kob'tuɣa biliyɔŋ diba ayi ni chɛnji (2.7),<ref name=Cornell>{{cite web |url=http://www.vet.cornell.edu/news/articles/09antczakscience.cfm |title=Sequenced horse genome expands understanding of equine, human diseases |publisher=Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine |date=2012-08-21 |access-date=2013-04-01 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.vet.cornell.edu/news/articles/09antczakscience.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> din gari baa koba, amaa ka pɔri ni daadam koba.<ref name=ScienceDaily>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091105143708.htm |title=Domestic Horse Genome Sequenced |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5954 |pages=865–867 |doi=10.1126/science.1178158 |pmid=19892987 |pmc=3785132 |date=2009-11-05 |access-date=2013-04-01 |last1=Wade |first1=C. M |last2=Giulotto |first2=E |last3=Sigurdsson |first3=S |last4=Zoli |first4=M |last5=Gnerre |first5=S |last6=Imsland |first6=F |last7=Lear |first7=T. L |last8=Adelson |first8=D. L |last9=Bailey |first9=E |last10=Bellone |first10=R. R |last11=Blocker |first11=H |last12=Distl |first12=O |last13=Edgar |first13=R. C |last14=Garber |first14=M |last15=Leeb |first15=T |last16=Mauceli |first16=E |last17=MacLeod |first17=J. N |last18=Penedo |first18=M. C. T |last19=Raison |first19=J. M |last20=Sharpe |first20=T |last21=Vogel |first21=J |last22=Andersson |first22=L |last23=Antczak |first23=D. F |last24=Biagi |first24=T |last25=Binns |first25=M. M |last26=Chowdhary |first26=B. P |last27=Coleman |first27=S. J |last28=Della Valle |first28=G |last29=Fryc |first29=S |last30=Guerin |first30=G |display-authors=29 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..865W |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118204110/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091105143708.htm |url-status=live |issn = 0036-8075}}</ref> Di maapu beni ti vihi niŋdiba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uswest.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index |title=Ensembl genome browser 71: Equus caballus – Description |publisher=Uswest.ensembl.org |access-date=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://uswest.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Yɔɣu yuri ban tiligi na beni saha ŋɔ=== [[File:France Lozère Causse Méjean Chevaux de Przewalski 20.jpg|thumb|A small herd of Przewalski's Horses|alt=Three tan-colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in an open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance.]] Wahu ŋun nye yɔɣuni wa’ maŋli nyɛla bali shɛlu ŋun ka yannima ban na min pun be yiŋa. Dinzuɣu, yɔɣuni yuri zuŋɔ nyɛla [[feral horse]]s, binkob’ shɛba ban zon barigi bee ban kpariba daa niŋ zinchili ka bɛ zon barigi ni yaansi ban yina lala binkobiri maa ni.<ref name=Olsen46>{{cite book|author= Olsen, Sandra L.|chapter= Horse Hunters of the Ice Age |title= Horses Through Time |edition= First |publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers |location= Boulder, CO |year= 1996 |isbn= 1-57098-060-8 |oclc=36179575 |page= [https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse/page/46 46] |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse/page/46}}</ref> Yuri balibu buyi, tarpan mini Przewalski's yuri ko n-ye binkob’ shɛba ban daa tiligi ka yuya be taarihi ni, ka ŋun doli nyaanŋa ko nye din kpalim saha ŋɔ. Lala [[Przewalski's horse]] (''Equus ferus przewalskii''), ka bɛ zaŋ Russia vihi vuhira [[Nikolai Przhevalsky]] yuli ti o, nyɛla Asia binkobiga. Ŋuni n-lahi nye Mongolian yɔɣu wahu; Mongolia niriba ban mili la ''taki'', ka Kyrgyz niriba mi booni li ''kirtag''. Di bali shɛŋa nyɛla lahabali ni daa wuhi ni di naaya yuma 1969 mini 1992 sunsuuni, ka bɛ birili biɛla daa diligi binkobiri biɛhigu shee anduniya. Yuuni 1992, kpaŋmaŋa daa lahi niŋya zaŋ binkobiri ŋɔ gubu polo.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.zsl.org/about-us/media/press-releases/null,1790,PR.html |title= An extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for world's last wild horse |date= 2005-12-19 |access-date= 2012-06-06 |website= ZSL Press Releases |publisher= Zoological Society of London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516230420/http://www.zsl.org/about-us/media/press-releases/null,1790,PR.html |archive-date= 2013-05-16}}</ref> Zuŋɔ, bɛ birili biɛla nyɛla din be Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.treemail.nl/takh/ |title= Home |access-date= 2008-04-03 |publisher= The Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.treemail.nl/takh/ |archive-date=2017-10-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Dohner298>[[#Dohner|Dohner]], pp. 298–299</ref> Binkob' bali shɛba nyɛli bɛ ni kuli gu shɛba niŋ binkobiri biɛhigu shee anduniya zaa. Be zaa zaŋ chaŋ yɔɣu yu' maŋa daa din mali bɔhisi di ni daa niŋ ka yuri ban daa njŋ yuun’ tusaa nu (5,000), [[Botai culture]] din be Central Asia daa nyɛla ban biɛhigu chaŋ ti ŋmani Przewalski's yuri n-gari ''E. f. caballus''. Vihigu daa nyɛla din wuhi noli ni saha ŋɔ Przewalski's yuri nyɛla ban ni tooi yina feral yuri yaansi ni, Botai. Amaa, noli na ku lahi beni wuhiri ni Botai yuri mini saha ŋɔ Przewalski's yuri nyɛla ban zaa yina konkoba kurumbuni sa Przewalski's yuri ni.<ref name="Pennisi">{{cite web |author=Pennisi, Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Pennisi |title=Ancient DNA upends the horse family tree |website=sciencemag.org |date=22 February 2018 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-dna-upends-horse-family-tree |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921222121/https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-dna-upends-horse-family-tree |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Orlando>{{Cite journal |last1=Orlando |first1=Ludovic |last2=Outram |first2=Alan K. |last3=Librado| first3=Pablo |last4=Willerslev |first4=Eske |last5=Zaibert |first5=Viktor |last6=Merz |first6=Ilja |last7=Merz |first7=Victor |last8=Wallner |first8=Barbara |last9=Ludwig |first9=Arne |date=2018-04-06 |df=dmy-all |title=Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-04-06_360_6384/page/111 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=360 |issue=6384 |pages=111–114 |doi=10.1126/science.aao3297 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29472442|bibcode=2018Sci...360..111G |doi-access=free|hdl=10871/31710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/02/ancient-dna-rules-out-archeologists-best-bet-for-horse-domestication/|date=February 25, 2018|title=Ancient DNA rules out archeologists' best bet for horse domestication|publisher=[[ArsTechnica]]|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625064751/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/02/ancient-dna-rules-out-archeologists-best-bet-for-horse-domestication/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tarpan bee Europe yɔɣu wahu (''Equus ferus ferus'') daa nyɛla bɛ ni nya so Europe mini Asia luɣishɛŋa. Di daa diligiya kurimbuni sa, amaa ka daa naai yuuni 1909, di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ kpalinkpaa daa kpi Russia binkobiri biɛhigu shee.<ref name=Dohner300>[[#Dohner|Dohner]], p. 300</ref> Di saha, bɛ birili ŋɔ daa nyɛla din zombarigi maa. Moli daa moya ni di labi nam tarpan,<ref name=Dohner300/><ref name=OSU>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/tarpan/ |title=Tarpan |publisher=Oklahoma State University |website=Breeds of Livestock |access-date=2009-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116022102/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/TARPAN/ |archive-date=2009-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=894&dat=20020621&id=YiALAAAAIBAJ&pg=6481,3069519 |journal=The Daily Courier |date=June 21, 2002 |access-date=2009-10-21 |title=Ponies from the past?: Oregon couple revives prehistoric Tarpan horses |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417182639/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=894&dat=20020621&id=YiALAAAAIBAJ&pg=6481,3069519 |url-status=live }}</ref> ka di ti nam yuri ban mali bɛ nahingbana kpee, amaa dizaa yoli bɛ bi bahi pa yɔɣu yu’ maŋa. Saha saha, yuri ban waligi be yaɣa yaɣa nyɛla bɛ ni wuhiri ni be nyɛla yɔɣu yuri zuliya, amaa di yɛlimaŋli wuhiya ni bɛ nyɛla feral bee yiŋ’ dini. Nahingbaŋ, Riwoche wahu ŋun nye Tibet nyɛla di ni wuhi ni dinai m-bala,<ref name=Dohner298/> amaa zahimbu daa bi wuhi koba waligimsim ni yiŋ yuri.<ref name=Tibet>{{cite book |title=Tibet: The Secret Continent |author=Peissel, Michel |year=2002 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-312-30953-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sFWvuBug8IC&pg=PA36 |page=36 |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320223812/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sFWvuBug8IC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref> Yaha, Portugal Sorraia daa nyɛla din wuhi ni o kuli nyɛla Tarpan yaaŋa, ka di tamla o nahingbana zuɣu,<ref name="Royo">{{cite journal|author1=Royo, L.J. |author2=Álvarez, I. |author3=Beja-Pereira, A. |author4=Molina, A. |author5=Fernández, I. |author6=Jordana, J. |author7=Gómez, E. |author8=Gutiérrez, J. P. |author9=Goyache, F. |year=2005 |title=The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_november-december-2005_96_6/page/663 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=663–669 |doi=10.1093/jhered/esi116|pmid=16251517|doi-access=free}}<!--|access-date=2008-12-15--></ref><ref name=Edwards>[[#Edwards|Edwards]], pp. 104–105</ref> amaa koba vihigu wuhiya Sorraia nyɛla ŋun tabi yu’ shɛba dabam, ka kpaŋ nahingbana pa di ni ni tooi zaŋ shɛli zahim bɛ ŋmanibu.<ref name=Royo/><ref name=Lira/> ===Niŋgbauŋ kom mini dalima=== [[File:Horsescd1l-095.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Bay (horse)|Bay]] (left) and [[chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]] (sometimes called "sorrel") are two of the most common coat colors, seen in almost all breeds.|alt=Two horses in a field. The one on the left is a dark brown with a black mane and tail. The one on the right is a light red all over.]] Yuri nyɛla bam mali niŋgbuŋ ko’ bɔbigu ni dalima pam, ka bachi kahindili m-buɣisiri li. Ti tooi zooya, ka wahu niŋgbuŋ kom ka be mali waligiri o, pɔi ni o birili bee paɣa n-nye o bee doo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vogel, Colin B.V.M. |title=The Complete Horse Care Manual |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-7894-0170-3 |oclc=32168476 |page=[https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge/page/14 14] |url=https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge/page/14}}</ref> Yuri ban mali niŋgbuŋ ko’ yinsi waligimsim ni tooi nye daliŋ piɛla,<ref>{{cite book |title=A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management|url=https://archive.org/details/basicguidetohors0000mill|author1=Mills, Bruce |author2=Barbara Carne |year=1988 |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York |isbn=0-87605-871-3 |oclc=17507227|pages= [https://archive.org/details/basicguidetohors0000mill/page/72 72]–73}}</ref> ka ŋɔ ni binshɛŋa dabam, nyɛla siɣili din yina niŋgbuŋ kom ni.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4354 |title=A Horse of a Different Color |journal=The Horse |url-access=registration |access-date=2010-02-11 |author=Corum, Stephanie J. |date=May 1, 2003 |archive-date=2015-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918013937/http://www.thehorse.com/articles/13855/a-horse-of-a-different-color |url-status=live }}</ref> Kob' tuɣa shɛŋa din namdi wahu niŋgbuŋ kom mini dalima nyɛla din yi polo. Zahimbu din na kuli yoli niŋ zaŋ chaŋ koba polo ni tooi nye binyɛra pia ni ata din mali nuu tumbu niŋgbuŋ kom zuɣu,<ref name=UCVGL/> ka vihi na bi zani ka kuli na wuhiri kob’ tuɣi pala din tabi nahingbaŋ shɛŋa. Din tahiri [[chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]] mini [[black horse|black]] niŋgbuna kom nyɛla kob' tuɣi shɛli [[Melanocortin 1 receptor]] ni mali yiko shɛli zuɣu,<ref name=Marklund1996>{{cite journal |last=Marklund |first=L. |author2=M. Johansson Moller |author3=K. Sandberg |author4=L. Andersson |title=A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses |journal=Mammalian Genome |volume=7 |pages=895–899 |year=1996 |doi=10.1007/s003359900264 |pmid=8995760 |issue=12 |s2cid=29095360}}</ref> di lahi mi shɛli "extension gene" bee "red factor".<ref name=UCVGL/> Di fobu biɛhigu nyɛla “zaɣi ʒee" (chestnut) ka di taɣi dee biɛhigu mi nye zaɣi sabinli.<ref name=UCDIntro/> Kob’ tuɣi shɛŋa gba lahi pahiya tooi mahiri niŋgbuŋ shɛŋa din kom di yɛn nye zaɣi sabinli ka di lee zaɣi ʒiɛ-tankpaɣu, daliŋ yaɣa ka mani wa' chichariga bee jaŋgbuni niŋgbuŋ kom, kob’ tuɣi wiligira ka mani palomino bee dun, ni kob’ piɛla, ni n-ti kuli shɛli kam din niŋ kamaata zaŋ chaŋ niŋgbuŋ ko’ shɛŋa din be yuri ni.<ref name=UCVGL>{{cite web|url= http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php|title= Horse Coat Color Tests|access-date= 2008-05-01|website= Veterinary Genetics Laboratory|publisher= University of California|archive-date= 2008-02-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080219095454/http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php|url-status= live}}</ref> Yuri ban mali niŋgbuŋ ko’ piɛla tooi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kabiri shɛba sabbu; wahu ŋun niŋgbuŋ kom ŋmani zaɣi piɛli tooi nyɛla zaɣi saringa bee zaɣi kurili (kob’ piɛla). Yuri ban gurigimsim kob’ piɛla nyɛla ban sabigi bɛ dɔɣim saha, ka pili neebu bɛ yi zoora, amaa ka kob’ sabila na kuli be bɛ niŋgbuna puuni ka zaɣi pɛila ŋɔ pa di zuɣu, (gbai yihi niŋgbuna din nye pinki m-be daliŋ piɛla gbunni). Yu' shɛba bɛ ni kuli booni zaɣi piɛla bee m-mi zaɣi piɛla nyɛla bɛ ni kuli dɔɣiri shɛba ka bɛ pun mali kob’ piɛla ni niŋgbuŋ pinki, din dii bi yoli.<ref name=UCDIntro>{{cite web|url= http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php|title= Introduction to Coat Color Genetics|access-date= 2008-05-01|website= Veterinary Genetics Laboratory|publisher= University of California|archive-date= 2017-10-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php|url-status= live}}</ref> Kob’ tuɣi konkoba mini din bi ŋmani taba ni tooi laɣim nam kob’ piɛla yuri niŋgbuna ni, nti pahi kob’ shɛŋa dabam din nye zaɣi piɛla ni din nye zabisi.<ref name=haase2009-similar>{{cite journal |author=Haase B |title=Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e195 |year=2007 |pmid=17997609 |pmc=2065884 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195 |author2=Brooks SA |author3=Schlumbaum A |display-authors=3 |last4=Azor |first4=Pedro J. |last5=Bailey |first5=Ernest |last6=Alaeddine |first6=Ferial |last7=Mevissen |first7=Meike |last8=Burger |first8=Dominik |last9=Poncet |first9=Pierre-André |doi-access=free }}</ref> Amaa, ti ka yuri ban nye zabisi, ka bɛ buɣisibu nye yuri ban laɣim mali niŋgbuŋ pinki mini ninbihi ʒiɛhi zaa.<ref name=Duplicatetest>{{cite journal |title= Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal condition in the horse (''Equus caballus'') |author1= Mau, C. |author2= Poncet, P. A. |author3= Bucher, B. |author4= Stranzinger, G. |author5= Rieder, S. |journal= Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics|volume= 121|doi= 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00481.x |year= 2004 |pages= 374–383 |issue= 6}}</ref> ===Dɔɣim mini zoobu=== [[File:Mare foal poland.jpg|thumb|Mare with a foal]] Wahu puli nyɛla din niŋdi ka mani biɛɣu kobisita ni pihinahi (340), ka ni tooi lahi niŋ biɛɣu kobisita ni pishi hali pisopɔin (320–370),<ref name=Ensminger156>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 156</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Long is a Horse Pregnant? |url=https://talkoftheturf.com/article/how-long-is-a-horse-pregnant |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Talk of the Turf |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603095006/https://talkoftheturf.com/article/how-long-is-a-horse-pregnant |url-status=dead }}</ref> ka tooi zooi ka di dɔɣiri la bia kaŋa; jahi din bi zooi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www2.okstate.edu/pio/twinfoals.html|access-date= 2008-09-23|title= Rare Twin Foals Born at Vet Hospital: Twin Birth Occurrences Number One in Ten Thousand|author= Johnson, Tom|website= Communications Services, Oklahoma State University|publisher= Oklahoma State University|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121012052136/http://www2.okstate.edu/pio/twinfoals.html|archive-date= 2012-10-12|url-status= dead}}</ref> Yuri nyɛla binkob’ shɛba ban bihi gbaŋdi pɔi ka naai yiri na, ka di zuɣi che ka bi yi dɔɣi yu’ bila ka o ni tooi zani karicha hali ka ni tooi guui.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Miller, Robert M. |author2=Rick Lamb|title=Revolution in Horsemanship and What it Means to Mankind |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhors0000mill |publisher= Lyons Press|location=Guilford, CT|year=2005|isbn=1-59228-387-X |oclc=57005594|pages=[https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhors0000mill/page/102 102]–103}}</ref> Yu' bihi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi dɔɣiri shɛba siɣili piligu. Wahu baɣili nyɛla din piini biɛɣu pishi yin'ka hali pishi ayi, ka beni siɣili piligu hali ni di bahigu bahigu. Yu’ nyɛma pam nyɛla ban bi kpuɣiri puli wuuni.<ref name=Ensminger150>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 150</ref> Yu' bihi nyɛla bɛ ni waligiri ka chari bɛ manima bɛ chiri anahi zaŋ chaŋ chiri ayobu saha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extension.org/pages/29352/reducing-weaning-stress-in-foals|author=Kline, Kevin H.|title=Reducing weaning stress in foals |publisher=Montana State University eXtension|date=2010-10-07|access-date=2012-04-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322182958/http://www.extension.org/pages/29352/reducing-weaning-stress-in-foals|archive-date=2012-03-22}}</ref> Yuri, di bahi bahindi yu’ bihi dobba ban nye yuma anahi nahi, nyɛla saha shɛŋa ban ni tooi nam zuliya ka mani chira anii saha, amaa yiŋ’ yuri ban nyɛla bɛ ni tooi che ka shɛba dɔɣiri yuma ata saha, ka mani yu’ nyɛma.{{r|EnsmingerHT|page=129}} Yuri ban paai yuma anahi nyɛla bɛ ni zaya ni bɛ biya, amaa bɛ koba na kuli nyɛla din be zoobu hali ni bɛ yuma ayobu ni; bibu gba doli la wahu ŋɔ zaa, birili, paɣa bee doo, ni gbubbu viɛnyɛla. Yu' kara nyɛla ban mali kob’ kara; dinzuɣu, ka koba ŋɔ ko n-yuuri jila nambu, amaa kob’ ŋmani gba nyɛla din yɛlima, ka di che ka di yuuri kobili nambu. Lala ŋmana ŋɔ nyɛla din taɣira koba yaɣi shɛŋa, ka di mali bukaata pam kobili zoobu ni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equineortho.colostate.edu/questions/dod.htm|title=Developmental Orthopaedic Disease: Problems of Limbs in young Horses|access-date=2008-04-20|author=McIlwraith, C.W.|publisher=Colorado State University|website=Orthopaedic Research Center|archive-date=2013-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114221212/http://csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/academics/clinsci/equine-orthopaedic-research-center/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Bɛ tooi yuri ban nye yuma zaŋ chaŋ yuma anahi niŋdi ka wuhiri ba babu, ka ŋɔ doli la o bibu, birili, ni tuma din ʒi o zuɣu.<ref name=Train163>{{cite book|author=Thomas, Heather Smith |title=Storey's Guide to Training Horses: Ground Work, Driving, Riding |publisher=Storey Publishing |location=North Adams, MA |year=2003 |isbn=1-58017-467-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetotr0000thom/page/163 163] |url=https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetotr0000thom/page/163}}</ref> Amaa Thoroughbred yu' bara, nyɛla bɛ ni tooi yuuni shɛba zuɣu bɛ yuma ayi saha tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jockeyclub.com/factbook.asp?section=11|title= 2-Year-Old Racing (US and Canada)|access-date= 2008-04-28|website= Online Fact Book|publisher= Jockey Club|archive-date= 2013-02-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130216002618/http://www.jockeyclub.com/factbook.asp?section=11|url-status= live}}</ref> yuri nyɛla bɛ ni kuli dɔɣiri shɛba diɛma ni yiɣijam zuɣu ka bɛ bi mali beni niŋdi naɣila bɛ ti nye yuma ata bee anahi, dama bɛ koba mini niŋgbuna pala din nye viɛnyɛla.<ref>{{cite book |title=The USDF Guide to Dressage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NNobNYAiroC&pg=PA272 |author1=Bryant, Jennifer Olson |author2=George Williams |publisher=Storey Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-58017-529-6 |pages=271–272 |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320223812/https://books.google.com/books?id=9NNobNYAiroC&pg=PA272 |url-status=live }}</ref> Di yi kana babu kompatiisa ni, yuri nyɛla ban na bi zaɣi babu, naɣila bɛ ti paai chir’ muna ayob (yuma anu) .<ref name=Endurance/> ===Kob' tuɣa baŋsim=== ====Kob’ tuɣa==== [[File:Horse anatomy.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The skeletal system of a modern horse|alt=Diagram of a horse skeleton with major parts labeled.]] Wahu kob’ tuɣa paai kobili kobishii ni anu.<ref name=Evans90>{{cite book|author=Evans, J. |title=The Horse |edition=Second |publisher=Freeman |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=0-7167-1811-1 |oclc=20132967 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116/page/90 90] |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116/page/90}}</ref> Waligimsim din be wahu koba ni mini daadam dini nyɛla kob’ tuɣi shɛli din bɔɣisa piŋ mini nyingɔli kalinsi—wahu nu'chɛhi nyɛla din tabi nyaan kob’ daa ŋɔ ni yaa kpɛŋ din nye jila,, ni jila din tabiliri koba din zaŋ chaŋ di gbaai biya tabili nyoɣu maŋmaŋa. Wahu gbaya anahi ŋɔ mini hooves gba lahi nyɛla din yi di ko. Bɛ gbaya ni koba nyɛla din piɛ n-doya di ko ka che daadam dini. Nahingbaŋ, wahu luɣishɛli di ni mi ni wahu duni nyɛla kob’ yusa ni be shɛli ka ni nyɛla daadam ŋun nu’ cheeni koba ni nye shɛli m-bala. Yaha, wahu dun'kpila nyɛla din mali kob’ shɛŋa din be daadam napɔŋ kpuɣiligu ni mini napɔŋ kpaa ni. Wahu nyaanŋa gbaya ŋɔ koba nyɛla din mini daadam nuu bee napɔŋ koba nye yim, ka takarifeeni (din gabi shɛli booni "napɔŋ kpuɣiligu") n-lee nye dun’ kpuɣɣiligu din be bein koba ni (din mini daadam beeni bee nu'chɛhil koba nye yim) ni nu'chee, be luɣishɛli a ni yɛn nya daadam "knuckles". Wahu nyɛla ŋun ka koba o napɔŋ kpuɣiligu gbunni, niŋgbuna ko, kobiri, kobili, jili miya, kob'sala, jili salugu, ni jila din nye wahu takari fɛba<ref name=Ensminger21>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 21–25</ref> ====Takari fɛba==== Naba ni napɔŋ bihi bukaata paaya ka be ŋmaali jia ni, “napɔŋ yi kani, wahu gba kani”.<ref name=Ensminger367>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 367</ref> Wahu takari feeni piini mi ni nu'chɛhi, din mini daadam nubihi nyoya bee napɔŋ bili nyoli nye yim, ka kob’ sala ni shɛŋa gili li. Takari feeni kapŋ mini yiligu nyɛla din bi kpɛm pam, di mini daadam mini nyinyari nye yim.<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 304</ref> Di nyaaŋa nyɛla, wahu ŋun timsim paai {{convert|500|kg}},<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 457</ref> ni tooi chaŋ koba ni yim ka mani din yɛn nye shɛm daadam ni.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle_pf.cfm?id=118|title= Yes, The Shin Bone Is Connected to the Ankle Bone |access-date=2008-04-05 |author= Fuess, Theresa A.|website= Pet Column |publisher= University of Illinois |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060909161307/http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle_pf.cfm?id=118 |archive-date = September 9, 2006}}</ref> N-yɛn tooi gu takari fɛba ŋɔ, yu’ shɛba nyɛla bɛ ni maani yuri namdima pirita bɛ naba. Takari fɛba nyɛla din zoori saha kam, ka be yu’ shɛba ban be yiŋa ŋuna be tooi ŋmahiri li dakulo anu zaŋ chaŋ anii ni,<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], pp. 310–312</ref> amaa yu’ shɛba ban yɔɣu ni ŋuna bɛ dini yi zooi ti yaɣi, di kaɣisiri mi ka labi kpa n-saɣisi yaha. ====Nyina==== Yuri nyɛla ban ŋubiri mɔri. Yu' kura nyɛla ban mali nyina pia ni ayi zuɣusaa, din ŋubiri mɔri bee din kuli pahi ŋmani mɔri. Nyina pishi ni anahi mi n-nye bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli ŋubira, nyin'dahi din be noli gbunni. Yuri ban nye yuma anahi zaŋ chana ka bi guni ni yuri ban guni nyɛla ban lahi mali nyina anahi anahi bɛ nyin’ gaŋsi nyaaŋa, ka di yuli nye "tushes". Yu' shɛba, yu’ lɔri mini yu’ nyɛma nyɛla ban gba lahi bindi nyina bɛ nyindahi tooni, ka di yuli nye “kunduŋ" nyina, din ni tooi gbaa vuɣi di yi niŋ ka di gaɣiri o mɔri ŋubbu shee. Polo nyɛla din be nyin’ kaŋsi ŋɔ mini nyindahi ŋɔ sunsuuni, luɣishɛli dimbu ni chani ti luri nyin'baɣiti zuɣu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kreling |first=Kai |title=Horses' Teeth and Their Problems: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3q1LINmOkOIC&pg=PA117-IA1 |year=2005 |publisher=Globe Pequot |location=Guilford, CT |isbn=1-59228-696-8 |chapter=The Horse's Teeth |oclc=59163221 |pages=12–13 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ni tooi zaŋ wahu nyina buɣisi o yuma ni nye shɛm. Nyina ŋɔ kuli nyɛla din kpara saha kam ka lahi vuɣira mɔri ŋubbu shee. Dinzuɣu, nyin’ gaŋsi ŋɔ nyɛla din taɣiri kom di yi niŋ ka wahu ŋɔ kurigira; di vuɣibu soli yiri la polo, ka taɣibu kani na nyina ŋɔ biɛhigu ni, ni nyina ŋubbu ni kpa yaɣa shɛli. Ŋɔ cha mi ka a ni tooi buɣisi wahu yuma, amaa dibu viɛnyɛla ni yuligu viɛnyɛla ni tooi che ka nyina ŋɔ shibu taɣi.<ref name=Ensminger46>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 46–50</ref> ==Yiŋ’ wumsibu ni taarihi== [[File:Bhimbetka rock paintng1.jpg|thumb|[[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka]] rock painting showing a man riding on a horse, India]] Wahu wumsibu nyɛla din pili Asia, yuma 3500 BCE. Dihitabili yɛltɔɣa ayi n-nye din wuhiri saha shɛli ni luɣishɛli bɛ ni daa tuui wumsi wahu ni wahu wumsibu ni yɛligi gili anduniya shɛm. Tuuli dini maa dumi tam daadam taarihi zuzu (palaeological) mini baŋsim din nye daadam ʒinɛli taarihi; din pahi ayi maa mi n-nye zaŋ ʒɛmana ŋɔ yuri koba (DNA) ti maɣisi kurumbuni ha yuri koba kura mini nyina. Indo-Europeans ban be Eurasia n-daa tuui wumsi wahu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Librado |first1=Pablo |last2=Khan |first2=Naveed |last3=Fages |first3=Antoine |last4=Kusliy |first4=Mariya A. |last5=Suchan |first5=Tomasz |last6=Tonasso-Calvière |first6=Laure |last7=Schiavinato |first7=Stéphanie |last8=Alioglu |first8=Duha |last9=Fromentier |first9=Aurore |last10=Perdereau |first10=Aude |last11=Aury |first11=Jean-Marc |last12=Gaunitz |first12=Charleen |last13=Chauvey |first13=Lorelei |last14=Seguin-Orlando |first14=Andaine |last15=Der Sarkissian |first15=Clio |date=2021 |title=The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=598 |issue=7882 |pages=634–640 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9 |pmid=34671162 |issn=1476-4687|pmc=8550961 |bibcode=2021Natur.598..634L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramsden |first=Shaun |date=2021 |title=Indo-Europeans in the Ancient Yellow River Valley |url=https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp311_indo_europeans_china_zhou_dynasty.pdf |journal=Sino-Platonic Papers |issue=311 |pages=3, 6 |issn=2157-9679 |eissn=2157-9687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakravarthy |first=R. S. |date=1975 |title=Ṛgvedic India, a Centre of Domestication of the Horse |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41691555 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=56 |issue=1/4 |pages=129–139 |jstor=41691555 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> Shɛhira shɛŋa din nye daadam ʒinɛli taarihi ka tuui yina tam yuri wumsibu zuɣu nyɛl din yina [[Ukraine]] mini [[Kazakhstan]] yaɣa, yuma 4000–3500 BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 19265018| year = 2009| last1 = Outram| first1 = A. K.| title = The earliest horse harnessing and milking| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-03-06_323_5919/page/1332| journal = Science| volume = 323| issue = 5919| pages = 1332–1335| last2 = Stear| first2 = N. A.| last3 = Bendrey| first3 = R| last4 = Olsen| first4 = S| last5 = Kasparov| first5 = A| last6 = Zaibert| first6 = V| last7 = Thorpe| first7 = N| last8 = Evershed| first8 = R. P.| doi = 10.1126/science.1168594| bibcode = 2009Sci...323.1332O| s2cid = 5126719}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Matossian, Mary Kilbourne |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LkRATLisN0sC&pg=PA43 |title= Shaping World History: Breakthroughs in Ecology, Technology, Science, and Politics |publisher= M.E. Sharpe |location= Armonk, NY |year= 1997 |isbn= 0-585-02397-2 |oclc= 156944228 |page= 43 |access-date= 2020-09-28 |archive-date= 2023-03-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230320223830/https://books.google.com/books?id=LkRATLisN0sC&pg=PA43 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction|url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald|publisher=[[CBC Radio]]|date=2009-03-07|access-date=2010-09-18|archive-date=2014-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|url-status=live}}</ref> Zaŋ chaŋ yuma 3000 BCE, wahu daa nyɛla ŋun pa kuna yiŋ zaasa ka zaŋ chaŋ yuma 2000 BCE, yuri koba daa pa nyɛla di yam daadam ʒinɛli ni Europe tiŋgbani ni, ka di wuhiri yuri wumsibu ni niŋ bayana shɛm lala yaɣali maa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Evans, James Warren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QofYEVPeIBUC&pg=PA56 |title=Horse Breeding and Management |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |location=Amsterdam |year=1992 |isbn=0-444-88282-0 |oclc=243738023 |page=56 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Din na kuli yuui, amaa ka pa shɛhirili din tabi ʒiri wuhiri yuri wumsibu nyɛla din yina luɣishɛŋa bɛ ni daa nya ka yu’ koba mini kohi goriba koba laɣim be gbala yinsi ni Indo-European [[Sintashta]] mini [[Petrovka settlement|Petrovka]]{{circa}} 2100 BCE.<ref name="Kuznetsov2006">{{cite journal | last = Kuznetsov | first = P. F. | year = 2006 | title = The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_2006-09_80_309/page/638 | journal = [[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] | volume = 80 | issue = 309 | pages = 638–645 | doi=10.1017/S0003598X00094096| s2cid = 162580424 }}</ref> Yuuni 2021, koba vihigu daa wuhiya ni saha ŋɔ yuri shɛba bɛ ni wumsira nyɛla ban yina [[Volga region|Volga-Don region]]. [[Ancient DNA|Ancient horse genomes]], ka di wuhiri ni lala yuri maa nyɛla ban mali nuu timbu ni saha ŋɔ yu’ baligu ban be [[Eurasia]] bobili ŋɔ, din gbaai yuun’ tuhi pihinahi ni kobishii (4,200) din gari. Di lahi wuhiri mi ni shɛba daa beni ka bɛ pii ba mi babu zuɣu, ni [[Horse culture|equestrian material culture]], n-ti pahi [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta]] kohi goriba ni daa pii yu' shɛba bɛ maŋmaŋa.<ref>{{cite news |author-first1=Jonathan |author-last1=Lambert |title=Scientists found modern domestic horses' homeland in southwestern Russia |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-genes-modern-domestic-horses-origin-russia |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=Science News |date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114232955/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-genes-modern-domestic-horses-origin-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Pablo Librado |display-authors=et al. |title=The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes |journal=Nature |date=October 2021 |volume=598 |issue=7882 |pages=634–640 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9 |pmid=34671162 |pmc=8550961 |bibcode=2021Natur.598..634L |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> A ni tooi lahi baŋ yuri yiŋ wumsibu ŋɔ, di yi niŋ ka zaŋ koba yusa din be saha yuri koba ni maɣisi kurumbuni ha yuri koba dini din yina daadam taarihi vihigu mini daadam ʒinɛli taarihi vihigu ni. Waligimsim din be kob’ yusa ŋɔ ni wuhiri ni yɔɣu ni yuri nuu timbu yiŋ yuri ni bi yaɣi lala,<ref name=Lau>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn239|author1=Lau, A. N. |author2= Peng, L.|author3= Goto, H.|author4= Chemnick, L.|author5= Ryder, O. A. |author6= Makova, K. D. |year= 2009 |title= Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2009-01_26_1/page/199| journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages= 199–208 |pmid=18931383 |doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Lindgren2004">{{cite journal | last = Lindgren | first = Gabriella |author2=Niclas Backström |author3=June Swinburne |author4=Linda Hellborg |author5=Annika Einarsson |author6=Kaj Sandberg |author7=Gus Cothran |author8=Carles Vilà |author9=Matthew Binns |author10=Hans Ellegren | year =2004 | title = Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication | journal = [[Nature Genetics]] | pmid = 15034578 | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 335–336 | doi = 10.1038/ng1326| doi-access =free}}</ref> ka yu’ bihi pam daa be bɛ ni daa tuui wumsi binkob shɛb’ yiŋa.<ref name=Lira>{{cite journal | title=Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses | author=Lira, Jaime | journal=Molecular Ecology | volume=19 | issue=1 | pages=64–78 | year=2010 | pmid=19943892 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04430.x | bibcode=2010MolEc..19...64L | s2cid=1376591 | display-authors=etal | url=http://eprints.ucm.es/10548/2/Mol_Ecol_2009_Lira_et_al_Ancient_Iberian_horses.pdf | access-date=2018-04-20 | archive-date=2017-08-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810142737/http://eprints.ucm.es/10548/2/Mol_Ecol_2009_Lira_et_al_Ancient_Iberian_horses.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vila2001">{{cite journal | last1 = Vilà | first1 = C. | year = 2001 | title = Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2001-01-19_291_5503/page/n97 | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 291 | issue = 5503 | pages = 474–477 | doi = 10.1126/science.291.5503.474 | pmid = 11161199 | display-authors = 1 | last2 = Leonard | first2 = JA | last3 = Gotherstrom | first3 = A | last4 = Marklund | first4 = S | last5 = Sandberg | first5 = K | last6 = Liden | first6 = K | last7 = Wayne | first7 = RK | last8 = Ellegren | first8 = H| bibcode = 2001Sci...291..474V}}</ref><ref name=Cai>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006 | last1 = Cai | first1 = D. W. | last2 = Tang | first2 = Z. W. | last3 = Han | first3 = L. | last4 = Speller | first4 = C. F. | last5 = Yang | first5 = D. Y. Y. | last6 = Ma | first6 = X. L. | last7 = Cao | first7 = J. E. | last8 = Zhu | first8 = H. | last9 = Zhou | first9 = H. | year = 2009 | title = Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse | url = https://www.sfu.ca/~donyang/adnaweb/Cai%20DW%20JAS2009.pdf | access-date = 17 January 2011 | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 835–842 | bibcode = 2009JArSc..36..835C | display-authors = etal | archive-date = 29 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014405/http://www.sfu.ca/~donyang/adnaweb/Cai%20DW%20JAS2009.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Ŋɔ yiri na mi waligimsim din be koba tuɣa ni nye DNA din doli do’ tali pol, bee ([[Y-chromosome]]) ni din doli paɣa tali poli, bee dam soli ([[mitochondrial DNA]]). Y-chromosome ŋɔ waligimsim bi yaɣi lala,<ref name=Lau/><ref name="Lindgren2004" /> amaa ka lee zooi koba waligimsim din be mitochondrial DNA.<ref name=Lira/><ref name="Vila2001"/><ref name=Cai/> Waligimsim lahi nyɛla din be mitochondrial DNA ni ka di nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋdi yɔɣu ni yu’ bihi pahiri wumsiri yiŋ maa.<ref name=Lira/><ref name="Vila2001"/><ref name=Cai/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Olsen, Sandra L.|title=Early Horse Domestication: Weighing the Evidence| encyclopedia=Horses & Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships |editor1=Olsen, Sandra L |editor2=Grant, Susan |editor3=Choyke, Alice M. |editor4=Bartosiewicz, Laszlo |publisher=Archaeopress |location=Oxford, UK |year=2006 |pages=81–113 |isbn=978-1-84171-990-0}}</ref> Nahingbana din lahi wuhiri yiŋ wumsibu ŋɔ n-nyɛ niŋgbuŋ kom pahibu waligimsim.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Epstein, H. |year=1955 |title=Domestication Features in Animals as Functions of Human Society |journal=Agricultural History Society |volume= 29|issue=4|pages= 137–146 |jstor=3740046}}</ref> Yuri ni, lala pahibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla yuma 5000 ni 3000 BCE sunsuuni.<ref name=coatColor>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1172750 | last1 = Ludwig | first1 = A. | last2 = Pruvost | first2 = M. | last3 = Reissmann | first3 = M. | last4 = Benecke | first4 = N. | last5 = Brockmann | first5 = G.A. | last6 = Castanos | first6 = P. | last7 = Cieslak | first7 = M. | last8 = Lippold | first8 = S. | last9 = Llorente | first9 = L.| year = 2009 | title = Coat Color Variation at the Beginning of Horse Domestication | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-04-24_324_5926/page/485 |journal = Science | volume = 324 | issue = 5926| pages = 485 | pmid=19390039|display-authors=etal | pmc=5102060| bibcode = 2009Sci...324..485L}}</ref> Pɔi ka tabibi zaŋ jɛndi DNA yɛltɔɣa polo kana ti maligu ti bɔhisi din daa kpa wahu yiŋ wumsibu polo, buɣisibu pam daa nyɛla din buɣisi. Buɣisibu tuuli daa doli la yuri niŋgbuna biɛhigu, n-wuhi taɣibu balibu diba anahi din kpe bɛ biɛhigu shee tum bɛ yiŋ kundi na.<ref name="Bennett7">{{cite book |author= Bennett, Deb |title= Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship |url= https://archive.org/details/conquerorsrootso0000benn |edition= First |publisher= Amigo Publications, Inc. |location= Solvang, CA |year= 1998 |isbn=0-9658533-0-6 |oclc= 39709067|page=[https://archive.org/details/conquerorsrootso0000benn/page/8 7]}}</ref> Buɣisibu din lahi pahi daa wuhiya ni lala taɣibu bunahi shɛli di ni yɛli zuɣusaa ŋɔ maa, daa nyɛla din yina yɔɣu yu’ bali yini sani na, ka niŋgbuŋ bali shɛli kam din pahi yina la birili piibu ni bɛ yiŋ kundi na nyaaŋa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edwards, Gladys Brown |title=The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse |publisher=Rich Publishing |year=1973 |edition=Revised Collectors |pages= 1, 3}}</ref> Amaa, pirim la shɛli ku kani ka yɛn nya li wahu ni zuɣu che mi ka be bi zaɣiti lala buɣisibu diba ayi ŋɔ zaa <!--huh? what's that? Can we explain in everyday language?--> .<!--I will add the ref for it once I find the book back--><!--OK→ ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} [[File:A beautifullly Dagomba Woman dressed in Kente in Northern Ghana 03.jpg|thumb|A woman with a horse]] [[File:A beautifullly Dagomba Woman dressed in Kente in Northern Ghana 06.jpg|thumb|A woman riding a horse]] ==Sources== {{Refbegin|60em}} * {{cite book |ref=Belknap |author=Belknap, Maria |title=Horsewords: The Equine Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/horsewordsequine0000mari_z9o4_2nded |edition=Second |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |location=North Pomfret, VT |year=2004 |isbn=1-57076-274-0}} * {{cite book |ref=Bongianni |author=Bongianni, Maurizio |title=Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year=1987 |isbn=0-671-66068-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/lish00maur }} * {{cite encyclopedia|ref=Dohner |author=Dohner, Janet Vorwald |editor= Dohner, Janet Vorwald |title=Equines: Natural History |encyclopedia=Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Topeka, KS |pages=400–401 | isbn = 0-300-08880-9}} * {{cite book|ref=Edwards |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=The Encyclopedia of the Horse |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= London |year=1994 |isbn=1-56458-614-6 |oclc=29670649}} * {{cite book |ref=Ensminger |author= Ensminger, M. E.|title= Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agricultural Series |url=https://archive.org/details/horseshorsemansh0000ensm_a9z5 |edition= Sixth |publisher= Interstate Publishers |location= Danville, IN |year= 1990|isbn=0-8134-2883-1 |oclc= 21977751}} * {{cite book |ref=Giffin |author1=Giffin, James M. |author2=Tom Gore |title=Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook |edition=Second |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=0-87605-606-0 |oclc=37245445 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/horseownersveter0002giff }} * {{cite book|ref=Harris |author= Harris, Susan E. |title= Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h0z5 |publisher= Howell Book House| location= New York |year=1993 |isbn=0-87605-955-8 |oclc= 25873158}} * {{cite book |ref=McBane |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds |last=McBane |first=Susan |year=1997 |publisher=Wellfleet Press |location=Edison, NJ |isbn=0-7858-0604-0 |oclc=244110821 |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00susa }} * {{cite book|ref=Miller|author=Miller, Robert M.|title=Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind|publisher=Russell Meerdink Company Ltd|location=Neenah, WI|year=1999|isbn=0-929346-65-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28|oclc=42389612|access-date=2020-09-28|archive-date=2023-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320224329/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|ref=Price |editor1= Price, Steven D.|editor2= Spector, David L. |editor3= Rentsch, Gail|editor4= Burn, Barbara B. |title= The Whole Horse Catalog: Revised and Updated |url=https://archive.org/details/wholehorsecatalo0000unse |edition=Revised |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=0-684-83995-4}} * {{cite book|ref= Sponenberg|author= Sponenberg, D. Phillip|chapter= The Proliferation of Horse Breeds|title= Horses Through Time|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse}} * {{cite book|ref=Whitaker | author=Whitaker, Julie |author2=Whitelaw, Ian |title=The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge |url=https://archive.org/details/horsemiscellanyo0000whit |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-312-37108-1}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |author= Chamberlin, J. Edward |title= Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations |url= https://archive.org/details/horsehowhorsehas0000cham_s3x6 |publisher= Bluebridge |location= New York |year= 2006|isbn=978-0-9742405-9-6 |oclc= 61704732}} {{Refend}} [[Pubu:Biŋkɔbigu]] {{stub}} 8q01iyacnqxnij8qorj44ah064a1g39 Viɣu 0 8636 146100 145919 2026-08-10T20:27:34Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Viɣu'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2020. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/pictures-and-words/ Pictures and words] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719221906/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/pictures-and-words/ |date=2021-07-19 }}, ''Dagbani Dictionary''.</ref> nyɛla noonsi puuni yino. Viɣu yila noonsi bal'shɛli siliminsi ni boli '''''Strigiformes la ni na<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cholewiak|first1=Danielle|date=2003|title=Strigiformes|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strigiformes/|access-date=31 December 2022|website=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology}}</ref>'''''. Ka bɛ balibu balibu maa tooi paagi kɔbishii, bɛ zaɣ' yino n-nyɛ Viɣu ka bɛ zaɣ' bɔbigu mi nyɛ Viri. Viri tooi zooya ka bɛ woli m-be bɛ konko ka lahi zoogi ka bɛ yirina yuŋ. Viɣu malila biɛhi dibaayi ni kpunkpama dibaayi din biɛhigu tooi che ka o ni tooi yiɣi ka vuhirigu ku tooi wum o damli. Noombili ŋɔ gba tooi zooya ka o zaani titaa bee tip. Viɣu malila zuɣu titali ka mali wumbu o luɣa ayi maa zaa polo. Viɣu nyinnyari nyɛla din gba diri pam. Viɣu nyɛla nooŋa ŋun mali ninkara, hali ka o yi tooi lihi chirigi ninsali nini polo faashee ka suhu na saɣim bee ka dabiɛm gbaagi a. Ka viɣu lee lahi nyɛ nooŋa ŋun gbihiri pam. Binniɛŋ ŋɔ mali saha gba ka o tam tia zuɣu ka a ni tɔ taaya bee n-labi o kuɣa bu shɛm ka o ku yiɣi ka di nyɛla gɔm n-wuli o shɛm maa. Tɔ amaa, Viɣu mali bali shɛŋa ŋan biɛhigu yi di konko kamani viɣu so siliminsi ni boli [[:en:Northern_hawk-owl|''northern hawk-owl'']] la, ŋun nyɛla viɣu so ŋun zoogi ka o yirina wuntaŋni. Yaha, siliminsi lahi booni viɣu so [[:en:Burrowing_owl|''burrowing owl'']]. Lala viɣu ŋɔ mi nyɛla Viri bali shɛli ban tooi zooi ka bɛ zaɣi bɔbigu yiɣiri doli taba bɛ yi yɛn chaŋ luɣilikam. Viɣu bala bala maa zaa gba pula pubu dibaayi: Ban nyɛ Viɣu maŋa ni silimiinsi ni boli pub' shɛli ''[[:en:Barn-owl|barn-owl]], Tytonidae<ref name="ioc">{{cite web|date=2022|editor1-last=Gill|editor1-first=Frank|editor2-last=Donsker|editor2-first=David|editor3-last=Rasmussen|editor3-first=Pamela|title=Owls|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/owls/|access-date=31 December 2022|work=World Bird List Version 12.2|publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}</ref>''. Viri tooi zooya ka bɛ gba tooi diri binkɔb' bihi, binneembihi ni noonsi, amaa bɛ bali shɛba gba tooi gbaɣiri zahim. Viri bela dunia luɣilikam gbaa yihila luɣi shɛŋa maasim ni yaɣi pam ni ko' sunsuuni tiŋgban' shɛŋa din be vim vima ni. Viɣu ni laɣim zaɣi bɔbigu silimiinsi booni ba la "''parliament''"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipton|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVNazQEACAAJ|title=An Exaltation of Larks|date=1991|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-30044-0|language=en}}</ref> ka Dagbamba mi booni ba Viri. == Viɣu Nahingbana == Viɣu nyɛla noombili so ŋun mali nin' kara ayi ka di be o tooni di mini tib' vɔri ayi, ka lahi mali noli din ŋmani tɔrili dini. O nini maa teemi ka o kɔbiri maa nyɛ din kpulisi ka yi polo viɛnyɛlinga. O nini maa gba mali nahingban' shɛli din gili o nina. ka kɔb' shɛŋa din be nahingbaŋ ŋɔ puuni tooi che ka viri wumdi kumsi yaɣi bɔbigu katiŋa ha o tib' vɔya maa puuni. Noonsi pam malila bɛ nimbihi ka di be bɛ zuɣu luɣa ni, amaa viɣu ŋun malila nin' kara ayi ka di be o tooni din che ka o ni tooi nya katiŋa ha hali o yi be zimsim ni gba. Viri malila nelinsi ayi, bɛ ni mali nina ayi la zuɣu, amaa pɔi ka bɛ lihi binshaɣu din ka bɛ tooni, shee ka bɛ ŋmaligi bɛ zuɣu n-kpa lala bin maa, dama bɛ nina maa nyɛla din ka folinga zaŋ kpa dambu polo, kamani noombihi shɛba ban gba ku beni. Viri nelinsi bela katiŋa ha ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ ku tooi nya binshaŋa din miriba pam. Viri tooi mali silimiinsi ni boli binshɛli [[:en:Filoplume|filoplumes]]- din be ka kɔbiri la m-be bɛ noli ni mini bɛ bɛma zuɣu n-tooi baŋdi binneembihi shɛba bɛ ni gbahiri diri ni be luɣi shɛli. Bɛ katiŋa nelinsi kpaŋsirila zimsim ni. Viri ni tooi ŋmaligi bɛ zuɣu ni nyingoli kamani luɣili hali ti kpa luɣili. Viri malila nyingoli kɔba ka di kalinli yiɣisi pia ni anahi - ninsalinima din kalinli nyɛla ayɔpoin kɔnko - ka bɛ ʒi' soya din ʒiri ʒim n-tahiri bɛ nyingoli yaɣili ŋɔ ni bɛ ŋmaari ʒi' shɛli din chani bɛ zuɣupurini di yi ti niŋ ka viri ŋɔ ŋmaligiri bɛ nyingoli. Ti yi kpe puuni n-ti lihi li viɛnyɛla, vo' shɛŋa din be lala viri ŋɔ nyingoli kɔba ŋɔ puuni ka ʒi' soya maa doli li n-chana nyɛla din gari ʒi' soya maa kamani bupia zuɣu, ka dimbɔŋɔ miligi ka che voya maa barilim ni yi saɣisi ʒi' soya maa- kamani din nyɛ shɛm ninsalinima puuni; luɣi shɛŋa ʒi' soya ŋɔ ni doli kpɛri nyingoli kɔba ŋɔ ni nyɛla din du zuɣusaa viri nyingoli puuni ka dimbɔŋɔ miligi ka che din be noombihi shɛba ban pahi puuni. Nahingbaŋ ŋɔ chɛmi ka folinga beni, ka ʒi' soya ŋan yuli booni [[:en:Carotid_artery|''carotid arteries'']] laɣindi tabi pam, ka lala ʒi' soya laɣingu ŋɔ nyɛ din galisi gari din kam be noombihi ban pahi puuni, dini n-che ka ʒi' shɛli di chani bɛ zuɣupurini bɛ ŋmaara di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ ŋmaligiri bɛ nyingoya.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 February 2013|title=International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge: Posters & Graphics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-02-01_339_6119/page/514|journal=Science|volume=339|issue=6119|pages=514–515|doi=10.1126/science.339.6119.514|doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 January 2013|title=Owl mystery unraveled: Scientists explain how bird can rotate its head without cutting off blood supply to brain|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/owl_mystery_unraveled_scientists_explain_how_bird_can_rotate_its_head_without_cutting_off_blood_supply_to_brain|access-date=2013-03-03|publisher=Johns Hopkins Medicine}}</ref> Viɣu so ŋun pɔri n-nyaŋ viɣu kam ka o timsim fulim n-nyɛ ''31g'' ka o woɣilim ti tariga nyɛ ''13.5cm-'' n-nyɛ Viɣu so silimiinsi ni boli [[:en:Elf_owl|elf owl]] .<ref name="Owls">Konig, Claus; Welck, Friedhelm and Jan-Hendrik Becking (1999) ''Owls: A Guide to the Owls of the World'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-07920-3}}.</ref> Viri shɛba ban gba di yɛn be ka ŋa n-nyɛ Viɣu so ŋun bi yoli nyabu ka ŋan yuya silimiinsili nyɛ [[:en:Long-whiskered_owlet|''long-whiskered owlet'']] ni [[:en:Tamaulipas_pygmy_owl|''Tamaulipas pygmy owl'']].<ref name="Owls2">Konig, Claus; Welck, Friedhelm and Jan-Hendrik Becking (1999) ''Owls: A Guide to the Owls of the World'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-07920-3}}.</ref> Viri shɛba ŋan galisim nyaŋ viɣu kam nyɛla viri bala ayi; ka ŋa yuya nyɛ ''[[:en:Horned_owl|eagle owls]]; bee [[:en:Eurasian_eagle-owl|Eurasian eagle-owl]]'' (''Bubo bubo'') ni ''[[:en:Blakiston's_fish_owl|Blakiston's fish owl]] (Bubo blakistoni)''. Viri nyama puuni, din galisim nyaŋ viɣu nyaŋ kam woɣilim ti tariga nyɛla ''{{convert|71|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}},'' bee ''190 cm (28 in)'' o yi teegi o kpunkpama ka o timsim nyɛ {{convert|4.2|kg|lb|abbr=on|frac=4}} <ref name="Owls3">Konig, Claus; Welck, Friedhelm and Jan-Hendrik Becking (1999) ''Owls: A Guide to the Owls of the World'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-07920-3}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-eurasian-eagle-owl.html Eurasian Eagle Owl]. Oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 2013-03-02.</ref><ref>[http://www.owlpages.com/owls.php?genus=Bubo&species=bubo Eurasian Eagle Owl – Bubo bubo – Information, Pictures, Sounds]. Owlpages.com (13 August 2012). Retrieved 2013-03-02.</ref><ref>[http://quillcards.com/blog/index.php/2009/09/23/take-a-peek-at-boo-the-eagle-owl/ Take A Peek At Boo, The Eagle Owl – The Quillcards Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426061347/http://quillcards.com/blog/index.php/2009/09/23/take-a-peek-at-boo-the-eagle-owl/|date=26 April 2015}}. Quillcards.com (23 September 2009). Retrieved 2013-03-02.</ref><ref>[http://www.fishowls.com/ Blakiston's Fish Owl Project]. Fishowls.com (26 February 2013). Retrieved 2013-03-02.</ref> Viri malila kumsi balibu balibu din niŋ ka bɛ nyɛ konkoba la zuɣu; ka kumsi ŋɔ tooi sɔŋdi ba ka bɛ tooi baŋdi taba shee zaŋ kpa be nama polo, lala kumsi ŋɔ lahi sɔŋdi ba ka bɛ varisiri binneembihi shɛba ban yɛn kpaɣinti ba bindira nyabu polo. Bɛ kumsi ŋɔ gba tooi sɔŋdi baŋdiba ban vihiri ka karindi noombihi silimiinsi ni boli shɛba [[:en:Ornithologist|''ornithologists'']] bee [[:en:Birder|birders]]- ban lihiri noombihi wubisibu ni biɛhisuŋ polo, ka bɛ baŋdi viri ŋɔ ni be luɣa shɛŋa ka ni tooi waligi ba m-pu m-pu ba, kamani din pun yɛli piligu la ha. Viri ninni malila nahingban' shɛli din gili o nina din che ka viri wumdi kumsi yaɣi bɔbigu katiŋa ha o tib' vɔya maa puuni. Viri balibu pam puuni, nahingban' ŋɔ bi saɣisi taba din yɛn che ka o baŋ luɣi shɛli kumsi maa ni yirina viɛnyɛla. Viri kɔbri nyɛla din sɔŋdi ba ka bɛ tooi sɔɣira, n-guri bɛ maŋa ka chɛri barina, amaa viri balibu balibu malila chiha bɛ nina polo mini bɛ zuɣiri ni, ni bɛ tib' vɔri polo. Viri lahi mali nin' shɛŋa ŋan mali kama. chiha ŋɔ tooi zooi viri bali shɛŋa ŋan be luɣi shɛŋa din be polo ni, ka lahi tooi sɔŋdi ban viri ŋɔ ka bɛ nyari taba zimsim ni.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Galeotti|first=Paolo|author2=Diego Rubolini|date=November 2007|title=Head ornaments in owls: what are their functions?|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=38|issue=6|pages=731–736|doi=10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.04143.x}}</ref> === Bɛ Nama Waliginsim === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Owl._Birds_-_defenders_of_the_forest._USSR_stamp._1979.jpg|thumb|A stamp from the Soviet Union, 1979]] Viri nama waliginsim nyɛla bɛ ningbuna ni bɛhigu waliginsim din be vilɔri mini vinima ban nyɛ zuliya yini. Vinyɛma nyɛla ban baribari n gari vilɔri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lundberg|first=Arne|date=May 1986|title=Adaptive advantages of reversed sexual size dimorphism in European owls|journal=Ornis Scandinavica|volume=17|issue=2|pages=133–140|doi=10.2307/3676862|jstor=3676862}}</ref> Bɛ ningbuna bɛhisi waliginsim nyɛla din be zuliya nim puuni pam, ka bɛ tooi zahindili ni bɛ bin yɛra kamani bɛ kpuŋkpama galisim ni bɛ timsim.<ref name=":0"/> Vihigu shɛli yina wuhi ni mali shaawara kamani ni gongili m-bɔri bindira nyɛla din che ka vi' nyɛma maa bahi gari vilɔri maa, din yɛn che ka vilɔri maa bindirigu bo' n-di ku niŋ tɔm. Bindirigu bɔbu ni di nyabu tooi niŋdila soochi ti viri nama nama saha. Viri bali' shɛba puuni, vi' nyɛma maa kpalindila bɛ tɛri ni n-ŋuni bɛ gala zuɣu, ka vilɔri maa mi bo soli m-baŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm n-yi n-ti bo bindirigu n-labi na tɛɣu maa ni ka bɛ zaa ti di li.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Krüger|first=Oliver|date=September 2005|title=The evolution of reversed sexual size dimorphism in hawks, falcons and owls: a comparative study|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/p0387-p0406.pdf|journal=Evolutionary Ecology|volume=19|issue=5|pages=467–486|doi=10.1007/s10682-005-0293-9|s2cid=22181702}}</ref> Di yi ti niŋ ka bindirigu bi niŋ bayana, vilɔri ŋɔ dihirila bɛ maŋa poi ka naan yi dihi vi' nyɛma maa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Mueller|first=H.C.|date=1986|title=The evolution of reversed sexual dimorphism in owls: an empirical analysis of possible selective factors|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/p0387-p0406.pdf|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|volume=19|issue=5|page=467|doi=10.1007/s10682-005-0293-9|s2cid=22181702}}</ref>. Noombihi shɛba ban pɔra ka leei zɔri yom yom tooi leeri bindirigu n-tiri viri pam. Vi' lɔri shɛba ŋan be vɔya ni tooi zooi ka bɛ mali kpuŋkpaŋ' waɣila n-gari vi' nyɛma. Hali lala vi' lɔri ŋɔ yi ku pɔri gari vi' nyɛma maa zaa yoli.<ref name=":1" /> Yaha, Viri baŋdiba kpahimya ti baŋ ni, binneembihi shɛba viri ni tooi gbahira tooi zooya ka bɛ mini ŋa barilim ni waɣilim di kuli yɛn saɣisila taba.<ref name=":1" /> Lala kpahima ŋɔ gba yoliya pam noombihi shɛba ban gba kuri binneembihi n-dira.<ref name=":2" /> Ka dimbɔŋɔ wuhira ni viri ban pɔra ka mali kpuŋkpaŋ' waɣila tooi yuura dama bɛ mali yaa bɛ niŋgbuŋ ni ka lahi zɔri yom yom bee mali tii zaŋ kpa bɛ yiɣibu polo, din che ka bɛ tooi gbahiri binneembihi n-dira bɛ yubu. Vihigu shɛli gba wuhiya ni vi' nyɛma bɛ yɔli ka bɛ pɔra kamani vi' lɔri ni pɔri shɛm, domi vi' nyɛma ni tumdi tuun shɛŋa zaŋ kpa nama nama polo zuɣu. Viɣu balibu pam puuni, vi' nyɛma bɛ yiri bɛ tiɛri ni. Lala maa zuɣu n- su ni vi' nyɛma timsi biɛla din yɛn che ka bɛ ni tooi bieni saha waɣila ka kum ku gbaaba. kamani ayi kana ti liɣi, vihigu wuhiya ni vi' nyɛ' kara mali yiko ka bɛ ni ku binneeinbihi ka che n- piri piri o n-ti o bihi ka bɛ di, ka lala maa zuɣu su din taɣili ka vi' nyɛma garisi n-gari vi' lɔri <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Lundberg|first=Arne|date=May 1986|title=Adaptive advantages of reversed sexual size dimorphism in European owls|journal=Ornis Scandinavica|volume=17|issue=2|pages=133–140|doi=10.2307/3676862|jstor=3676862}}</ref> Yaha, Vihigu shɛli gba wuhiya ni waligimsim din bieni zaŋ kpa vi' nyɛma mini vi' lɔri sunsuuni yila viri tabi dubu polo: domi vi' nyɛ' kara mali yiko ni bɛ pii vi' lɔɣu so ŋun yɛn duri o ka ni lahi tooi zaŋ o galisim maa n gu ka zaɣisi vi' lɔɣu so ŋun bɔri ni o du o, tor amaa, vi' lɔɣu so ŋun pɔra ka mali yiko n ni tooi faai tiligi ka che vi' nyɛma ban bɛ bɔri ni bɛ duba gba tooi galinda.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Mueller|first=H.C.|date=1986|title=The evolution of reversed sexual dimorphism in owls: an empirical analysis of possible selective factors|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/p0387-p0406.pdf|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|volume=19|issue=5|page=467|doi=10.1007/s10682-005-0293-9|s2cid=22181702}}</ref> Di yi niŋ ka biɛhigu bɛ taɣira ka kuli yɛn nye yim, din tooi niŋ ka piibu ni galibu sɔya ni maɣisibu tarisi waligi n-ti vi' lɔri ni vi' nyɛma zaa sa. Piibu ni galibu tumdi la vi' lɔri ni vi' nyɛma zaa zuɣu saha yinsi; di zuɣu di kuli bɛ niŋla talahi ni baŋdiba wuhi daliri shɛli din tahili ka vi' nyɛma galisi gari vi' lɔri, tor amaa di zala talahi gba ni bɛ daliri shɛli zuɣu din gba che ka vi' lɔri pɔri gari vi' nyɛma<ref>Székely T, Freckleton R. P., Reynolds J. D. (2004) Sexual selection explains Rensch's rule of size dimorphism in shorebirds. ''PNAS'', '''101''', N. 33, p. 12224-12227.</ref>. Di yi nyɛla viri niɣiŋdimi n-kpari pɔrilim mini kpuŋkpaŋ' waɣila polo, kamani '''''V. Geodakyan's Evolutionary Theory of Sex''''' ni wuhi shɛm, din ŋuna, vi' lɔri tu ni bɛ bi' pam zaŋ kpa naɣingbana ŋɔ polo. Bin lɔri nyɛla ba n guri ka liɣiri bɛ mulichi bee zuliya galibu, di mini waligimsim din be bɛ mini zaɣi nyɛma maa sunsuuni, ka din boŋɔ leeri saɣili n be zaɣi lɔri maa ni zaɣi nyɛma maa sunsuuni. Baŋsim chuɣu shɛli ŋan yuli nye, ''''''Phylogenetic rule of sexual dimorphism',''''' wuhiya, ni di yi niŋ ka waligimsim be zaɣi lɔɣu mini zaɣi nyɛŋ sunsuuni zaŋ kpa naɣingbaŋ kam, niɣimbu zaŋ kpa lala naɣingbaŋ yirila zaɣi nyɛma maa polo n kuni zaɣi lɔri maa sani.<ref>Geodakyan V. A. (1985) Sexual dimorphism. In: Evolution and morphogenesis. (Mlikovsky J., Novak V. J. A., eds.), Academia, Praha, p. 467–477.</ref> ====== Bɛ Tabi Gbahidi Bɛhigu ====== Viri zaa nyɛla noonsi ban bindirigu nyɛ nimdi ka nyɛ ba be binnien bihi bindira ni be shɛli polo, lala n lahi nyɛli viri shabi nyɛla ban dibu kuli nyɛla zajhim. Bɛ nyɛla ban bi diɛm bɛ binniɛma .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-28|title=Are Owls Omnivores Herbivores or Carnivores? [Answered!]|url=https://birdsatfirstsight.com/are-owls-omnivores-herbivores-or-carnivores/|access-date=2023-07-24|website=Birds at First Sight|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724010537/https://birdsatfirstsight.com/are-owls-omnivores-herbivores-or-carnivores/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===== Yiɣibu mini Kɔbiri ===== Viri pam nyɛla ban mali yiko n yiɣiri ka vuri bi yɔra , ka lan yiɣiri baalim baalim zaŋ ŋmahim o noon tabi ni yiɣiri sham . Viri pam nyɛla ban mali yaa yuŋ n gɔri gbahiri dira, ka lee zaŋ wuntaŋni n gbihira, bɛ ni tooi lan mali yiko n yiɣiri ka vuri bi yɔriŋɔ nyɛla din tooi che ka bɛ tooi paai bɛ ni diri bɛ noon tabi shɛbi n gbahiriba ka bɛ bi mi bɛ yɛla yuŋ yi ti sabigi. Bɛ lala bɛ yigiri ka vuri bi yɔriŋɔ bee bɛ baalim baalim yiɣibu ŋɔ nyɛla din bi niŋ talahi n ti bɛ ni puuni shɛbi ban tooi mali yaa wuntaŋni mini asiba ni zaawuni n gɔri gbahiri diri ka mali yaa lala sahaŋɔ amaa ka lee zaŋ yuŋ dina n vurhiri ka gbihiri la zuɣu .Viri kɔbiri nyɛla din bahi galisi nooin sagisin shaba kɔbiri, bɛ nyɛla ban tooi yigiri n ti pahiri paasi bee n ti kuli kpalim paya ka bi lahi gahiri o kpunkpama , ka bɛ kpunkpama maa tarisi lahi bala n ti pahi taɣa malisi pam din sɔŋdi o pam o yiɣibu ni .<ref name="Bachmann2007" /> Kɔbi diri shɛŋa din bɛ viɣu kpunkpaŋ nyɔyani mini bɛ zuyani ni nyɛla din che ka o tooi yiɣiri ka o kpunkpama bi yɔri vuri. O lala kɔbikara ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi boori o yiɣibu shee pɔhim barina nima, amaa ka ni vuri maa kɔnkɔ taɣibu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stevenson|first=John|date=November 18, 2020|title=Small finlets on owl feathers point the way to less aircraft noise|work=[[Phys.org]]|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-11-small-finlets-owl-feathers-aircraft.html|access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> O kpuukpaŋ noya maani nyɛla din mali binshaɣu din bala ka, ka lala bini ŋɔ nyɛ din gbaari pɔhim vuri o yi ti yiɣira. Lala o bɛhigu din yi di ko ŋɔ nyɛla din kuli gbaari vuri n yaɣiri 2&nbsp;kHz zuɣu, <ref name="Neuhaus1973" /> ka che ka vuri maa nyɛ so ni ni tooi wum shɛli di bahi bahindi bɛ ni gbahiri bɛ noon tabi shaba y<ref name="Neuhaus1973" /><ref name="Willott" />n ti pahi viɣu maa ŋun wumbu tariga.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dyson|first1=M. L.|last2=Klump|first2=G. M.|last3=Gauger|first3=B.|date=April 1998|title=Absolute hearing thresholds and critical masking ratios in the European barn owl: a comparison with other owls|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-physiology_1998-05_182_5/page/695|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology|volume=182|issue=5|pages=695–702|doi=10.1007/s003590050214|s2cid=24641904}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Webster|first1=Douglas B.|title=The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing|last2=Fay|first2=Richard R.|date=December 6, 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4612-2784-7|page=547|chapter=Hearing in Birds}}</ref> Lala bɛhigu ŋɔ chemi ka viɣu ni tooi kuli yiɣi hali n ti gbaai nooin bihi shabi bɛ ni diri maa ka lala nooinsi ŋɔ bi wum o kpunpkama yiɣibu vuri , ka lahi che ka o wumdi lala noonsi ŋɔ ni yɔri vushɛŋa ka o ni tooi dɔlli n baŋ bɛ ni be yaɣishɛli ni luɣishɛŋa polo. Di lan che ka o baŋdi o di yiɣiri n paari sham. [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Great_Horned_Owl_in_a_Rain_Storm_in_the_Mojave.jpg|right|thumb|A [[great horned owl]] with wet [[feathers]], waiting out a [[rainstorm]]]] O lala kɔbiri ŋɔ nyɛla din mali barina n ti vishabi bɛ ni boli 'barn' viri la, ka di daliri nyɛmi lala kɔbiri ŋɔ nyɛla din zɔri kom ka bi taɣiriba ka chɛri saa bubu.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Owen|first=Charlotte|date=23 August 2022|title=Barn Owl feathers|url=https://sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk/news/barn-owl-feathers|access-date=11 February 2024|publisher=[[Sussex Wildlife Trust]]}}</ref> Lala bɛ bɛhigu ŋɔ wuhiya ni viri diibi mali bɛ nyirisuli n tumdi di tuma kamani noon shɛbi ni mali tumdi sham n yihiri kpamna dinni n sariti bɛ ningbuna ka di tagiriba ka chɛri kom barinanim la.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gaume|first=Julia|date=26 July 2023|title=Unveiling the intricate mechanisms of avian waterproofing|url=https://www.aiwc.ca/blog/unveiling-the-intricate-mechanisms-of-avian-waterproofing/|access-date=13 February 2024|publisher=Alberta Institute for Wildlife Conservation}}</ref> Ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi che ka bɛ zɔri sakurigu bubu pam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barn Owl adaptations|url=https://www.barnowltrust.org.uk/barn-owl-facts/barn-owl-adaptations/#:~:text=Compared%20with%20other%20birds%2C%20Barn,increase%20noise%20and%20reduce%20efficiency.|access-date=11 February 2024|publisher=[[Barn Owl Trust]]}}</ref> Taarihi puuni, bɛ nyɛla ban pa gɔri gindi luɣu shɛŋa ni bɛ ni ni tooi be n gbahiri dira ka saa ku paaiba di yi ti niŋ sigili saha. s.<ref name="auto" />Di ni niŋ ka bɛ ni mi vishabi ni <nowiki>'barn''</nowiki> viri ŋɔ ka kɔbi shɛŋa din ni tooi guba ka che kom barina ŋɔ wuhiya ni bɛ nyɛla kom ni ni tooi di shabi gba. s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barn Owl Hazards: Water troughs|url=https://www.barnowltrust.org.uk/hazards-solutions/water-troughs-barn-owls/|access-date=11 February 2024|publisher=[[Barn Owl Trust]]}}</ref> ===== Lihigu ===== Nina nyɛla taɣimalisi shɛli viɣu ni mali ka di nyɛ din sɔŋ di o yuŋ ka o tooi gbahiri o ni diri noon shaba. Viri nyɛla noonsi pubu bali shɛli ban mali yaa ka tooi gɔri yuŋ n dira. Viri nyɛla noon shɛbi bɛ ni mi ka bɛ mali ninŋ kara din mini bɛ zuɣu ŋmana di kuli yan nyɛ yim. Daliri shɛli din che ka viri mali niŋn kara ka di mini o zuɣu ŋmani di kuli yan nyɛ yim n nyɛ, viɣu ninŋ gbaɣu nyɛla din nyɛ zaɣa kpulli ka ziligi bee n lɔɣisi kpe puuni ha n ŋmani paapu ni be sham maa. Lala bɛ nina ŋɔ bɛhigu ŋɔ nyɛla binbiɛma shabi silimiingi ni boli nocturnal la nim nina, bɛ shabi kamani [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[Primate|primates]] nti pahi [[Bathypelagic fish|bathypelagic fishes]] nim nina.<ref name="Walls1942" /> Di ni niŋ ka bɛ nina ŋɔ nyɛ din kuli be lala vo kpulli din bɛhigu ŋmani paapu ŋɔ, bɛ nyɛla ban ku tooi kpuligi bɛ nina n lihi shɛli polo o ni bɔra, naɣila o zaŋla o mamaŋ zaa n kpa lala yaɣili maa.<ref name="König1999" /> Din di tu ni bɛ nina gɔrigindi n lɛhiri bɛ ni bɔri shɛli polo, bɛ nyɛla ban zaŋdi bɛ zuɣu zaa n kpari bɛ ni bɔri shɛli polo lihibu. Viri zuguri nyɛla din ni tooi ŋmaligi kamani 270° digirii, ka lala ŋɔ nyɛ din tooi che ka bɛ tooi lihiri bɛ nyaanga ka di pala bɛ yan lɛbigi la o mamaŋ zaa.<ref name="König1999" /> Bɛ lala nama ŋɔ nyɛla din che ka bɛ diibi ŋmaligiri bɛ ninŋ gbuna zaa, ka ŋa tooi che ka bɛ gbahiri bɛ ni diri bɛ biniin bihi tabi shɛbi maa ka vuri bi yɔra.Viri nyɛla bɛ ni lihi shɛbi ka bɛ mali bɛ nina ka di kuli pali bɛ nini bɛ bin yiɣiri tabi ni zaa, ka lala ŋɔ nyɛ din che ka bɛ niɛ ka nyari pam. Viri nyɛla ban nyɛri katiŋ pam amaa ka lee dii bi nyɛri binshɛɣu din miri o na viɛn yɛla. <ref name="Walls1942" /><ref name="Hughes" /> Lala binniɛma ban nyɛ ka bɛ nyɛri ka tiŋ ka Lee dii bi nyɛri yɔma ŋɔ nyɛla bantumda ni daliri shɛli din nyɛ bɛ nina maa ni voori binshɛŋa din be katiŋ n miriti di maŋna la.<ref name="Martin1982" /><ref name="Martin1982" /> Lala viri biɛhisiŋɔ nyɛla din che ka o nina tooi niɛ n nyɛri katiŋ pam yuŋ n gari bɛ ni diri bɛ bin nien bihi tabi shabi maa.<ref name="Martin1982" /> '''Wumbu''' viri malila wumbu din gahim ni bɛ tina biɛhi si ka di gba tooi gɔra n ginda.bɛ nyɛla ban tiba nyɛ din za Dede bɛ zuɣ'ŋmana puuni,viɣu ni tooi mali tiba ka di be o zuɣu puuni bee ka di yi polo.di mi zaa nyɛla din tuhi n bɛ o zuɣ'ŋmani puuni din ni tooi chɛ ka o baŋ noonsi ni be shɛli.ŋo nyɛla din kuli za yɛl'maŋli zaani ka di nyɛla silimiinsi ni boli virile shɛba ni barn la bee tengmenlalm la, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl#cite_note-K%C3%B6nig1999-29 bɛ nini bɛ tiba Bela paypay zuɣu ŋmani maa ni,viɣu ni tooi ʒini ka baŋ kumsim ni Yiri shɛli na minti yini saha balibu ka di ni tooi zaŋ kumsim na n ti niŋ o nudirigu bee o nu zaa tibili ŋo ni.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl#cite_note-32 viɣu ŋo kuli yɛn viinila o zuɣu hali ka kumsim ŋo ti lu o tibaayi ŋo puuni saha yini,lala saha maa mi, onini ŋo yɛn kpala kumsim ŋo ni yirina shɛli maa.saha ŋo kalinli din pɔra bin pihita n yɛn be tibaa yi ŋo sunsuuni, tibili ŋo nyaaŋa nyɛla din lɛbigi,din mali kpumkpama, din kpabi n ŋmani nin'vuya, n niŋ ka nini din kpulim,n ŋmali goon parigu din vooiri kumsim maa n niŋdi tiba maa maŋmaŋ puuni.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl#cite_note-Norberg-33. lala ningbura ŋo nyɛla bɛ ni Wuhu luɣ'shɛli ni di nyɛla zaɣ'gahinda, ka di di yɛn che ka o nini n niŋ zaɣ'kpulli.ka luɣ'shɛŋa mi, nini maa nyɛla din tooi wuhiri kumsim ŋo n tiri tiba ŋo..di gbunni ni tuhi shɛm,yomyom ka di siɣisi kumsim n Bahi sa ka chu nini maa. Di tuma nyɛla di che ka di kumdi di ni tu shɛm.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl#cite_note-K%C3%B6nig1999-29. ===NYINYARI=== di ni kuli niŋ ka viɣu Wumbu ni o nyabu che ka o tooi baŋdi noonsi ni be shɛli ŋo,lala ka o nyinyari gba tumdi o kpalinkpaa tuma.viɣu kurila binniɛma ni lala nyinyari maa,o yen zaŋla o nyinyaɣu ŋo n ŋme binniɛŋ kpali polo ka naai zaŋ o duna mi n gbi o ningbuna mi.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl#cite_note-K%C3%B6nig1999-29. Viɣu yi yɛn ŋme binniɛŋ, o dolila o zaa, o pɔrilim bee o galisimm.viri puuni, o yi pɔra bee o yi ŋmanila binneenbila,o malila yaa kamani yaabu bu nu,(5N).viɣu ŋun bara borila yaa kamani yaabu pihita (30N).ka ŋun mi galisi bɛzaa ni bɔri kamani yaa yaabu Kɔbiga ni pihita (130N) ni o tooi Bahi o noonsi. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl#cite_note-Marti1974-34. Viɣu nyinyaɣu barilim ni tooi buɣisi kamani alapile nyaaŋa.viɣ'kara malila nyinyɛ'waɣila n gari binniɛŋ kam.a nI nya ka di galisi pam n gari ningbuŋ a yi yen zaŋ ŋa n ŋmahindi taba. ===NANGBAN ZULI=== Viɣu nangban zuli nyɛla din ji,ka gɔŋ, ka di gbunni tuhi. Ka kuli n nyɛ zaɣ'pimpim di noli polo.di yɛn ŋmaai binniɛŋ,ŋun dee yi kuli gbaai noonbila, shɛli polo din ŋmaari ŋo ni ŋmaagi o ka ku o.ka gbunni din mi kuli diri la mi naai tum di mi tuma ni nyɛ shɛli.gbunni din tuhi ŋo nyɛla din tooi che ka viɣu nyari tingbanni viɛnyɛla, ka tooi lahi che ka kumsim tooi kpɛri o tiba ŋo puuni ka di pɔhim bɛ gariti ka chɛri o.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl#cite_note-36. ===O SƆƔIBU === A yi zaŋ viɣu kpumkpama ni a zaŋ ŋmahim, di mali bukaata pam, di tooi laɣindi taba n ʒini nyam tingbani mi, n che ka di tooi sɔɣi ka che noonsi,viri ni tooi lebigi be ŋmahima saha shɛli kam,bɛ nahingbana maa dolila luɣ'shɛŋa.kamani vir'kata ban yɛla be Di ko maa.vir'piɛla ban yirimi na kamani zaɣ'piɛla ni zaɣ'pupɔra ni zaɣ'sabila. Ka ban kpumkpama mi nyɛ zaɣ'tankpaɣu maa mi che ka di doni n guli tingban'din mali dari la puuni, di bɔrila lala biɛhigu maa.yaha viri sjɛba wuhirila din be ka tankpaɣu la, zaɣ'sabila la, din sɔɣori viri maa,tihi gbunni, ballee di nysansi.a mi ni tooi kuli n zaŋ shɛli n nya o nyɛla o nina ŋo. == O balibu == Viɣu balibu zooya, # Vi'ʒee zaɣi chichariga # Vi'pupuɣu # Vi'piɛlli zaɣi chichariga.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lowe|first=Joe|date=2020-01-21|title=Owls of the United States: A List of all Species|url=https://abcbirds.org/blog20/owl-species-united-states/|access-date=2022-08-22|website=American Bird Conservancy|language=en|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921204920/https://abcbirds.org/blog20/owl-species-united-states/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == O zuliya nambu == Viɣu wɔɣiri mi. Pɔi ka o ti yɛn wɔɣi shee ka o nyɛ gala. Viɣu nyɛrila o gala niŋdi tia yɔɣu ni. O tooi nyɛri gali yini zaŋ hali ni gali pia ni ata (1-13 eggs). Amaa viri pam lee zoomi ka bɛ nyɛri gala ayi zaŋ chaŋ di baa anu. Viɣu mi yi kuli pili la hali gali li nyɛbu tɔ o mi lan pili li la ŋunibu maa. Di niŋ tɔm pam ka viɣu nyɛ gali li ka lan yiri yiriŋ yiriŋ ka cheri li. Lala ka o yɛn pɔli gala ŋɔ hali kadi ti waɣi. == O Biɛhigu == [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Feathers_owl_vs_hawk.png|thumb|Comparison of an owl (left) and hawk (right) [[remex]].]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:EulenfederTeil3.jpg|thumb|The [[Serration|serrations]] on the leading edge of an owl's flight [[Feather|feathers]] reduce noise]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:SpottedEagleOwl2539MGEyeLid.jpg|thumb|Owl eyes each have [[Nictitating membrane|nictitating membranes]] that can move independently of each other, as seen on this [[spotted eagle-owl]] in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]].]]Viri pam nyɛla ban mali yaa yuŋn n gɔri dira, ka lee zaŋ wuntanŋni n gbihira, bɛ nyɛla ban tooi mali yaa n gbahiri bɛ bin neein bihi tabi shɛbi bɛ ni di maa yuŋn yaɣa din zinsi shɛhi. Viri pam nyɛla ban mali yaa yuŋn kamani bɛkaali mini wuntaŋ yi ti lura, lala viri ŋɔ shɛbi shɛhira nim n nyɛ; [[pygmy owl]]. Lala n nyɛli ka bɛ puuni bɛla gba nyɛ ban mali yaa wuntaŋni, lala viri ŋɔ gba puuni shabi n nyɛ ;[[burrowing owl]] (''Speotyto cunicularia'') n ti pahi [[short-eared owl]] (''Asio flammeus''). Viri pam yɛla nyɛla din mali lahi ʒibisi pam di yi kana bɛ binneein bihi tabi gbahi di polo, bɛ pam nyɛla ŋun ni tooi kuli gbahi bin neein bihi n paai bushamaham ka bɛ bi mi o yɛla. Viri nyɛla ban mali bɛhisi di baayi, ka lala bɛ bɛhisi ŋɔ che ka bɛ tooi nyɛri bɛ ni gbahiri bin neein shɛbi n diri ŋɔ n gbahiri ba alaha. Tuuli, bɛ kɔbiri maa bɛhisi nyɛla din tooi che ka bɛ nyɛbu niŋdi tom luɣishɛŋa ni.Tɔ, bin shɛŋa din be bɛ kɔbiri zaɣiwaɣila maa bahisi ka diri ka leeza maa nyɛla din che ka bɛ tooi gbahiri bin neein bihi n ŋmahiri ba, ka lala kɔbiri ŋɔ lan che ka bɛ yi yiɣira so bi wumdi bɛ kpunŋ kpama vuri kamani nooinsi shɛbi dina ni yɔri vuri sham la. Viri nangbani din diri pam ŋɔ mini bɛ nyinyari din gba mali yaa pam ŋɔ nyɛla din che ka bɛ tooi kuri bɛ bin neein bihi tabi poi ka naain diriba bee n vandiba. Tabiibi tuma yili nim ban lihiri viri ni diri bindiri shɛli zuɣu nyɛla ban tooi baŋdili , ka di nyɛla viri ŋɔ ni vali bin neein shɛbi ka bɛ bi tooi wurim bɛ pulini ka bɛ labisirili na bɛ nolini ni na n nyɛ bɛ dɔli so shɛli n baŋ di viri bin diri.<ref>[http://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/owl-pellets-in-the-classroom-safety-guidelines/tr11086.tr Owl Pellets in the Classroom: Safety Guidelines]. Carolina.com</ref> ===== Bɛ gala nyɛbu ni bɛ zuliya nambu ===== Viɣu gala nyɛla din piɛla ka be ka duniya anfooni la, ka nyɛ bɛ ni piini shɛli nyɛbu bɛla bɛla ka di ti leegi pam, di yi niŋ ka bɛ ban nyɛri maa galisi, din yɔli nyɛla bibaata bee bibaanahi ni tooi laɣim n nyɛri lugiyini.Di ni ku pɔri zaa, viri ban nyɛ bali yini dii bi yu ka bɛ mini bɛ balli li maani vilɔɣu bee viniɛŋ laɣinda . Vi nyeein shabi bɛ ni mi burrowing owls nyɛla ban tooi yiɣiri n chani katiŋa n ti bɔri viri zuliya shabi ni bɛ mini ba laɣim ka che bɛ vilɔri pahi bɛ bɛhisi shɛhi ka bɛ gba guhiri ni vi nein shabi gba yi shɛli polo na ka bɛ mini ba gba ti laɣim.s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=Dennis J.|date=1973|title=Selected Aspects of Burrowing Owl Ecology and Behavior|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_condor_winter-1973_75_4/page/446|journal=The Condor|volume=75|issue=4|pages=446–456|doi=10.2307/1366565|jstor=1366565|s2cid=55069283}}</ref> == Evolution and systematics == [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Owl_sleeping_in_tree.jpg|thumb|A [[great horned owl]] (''Bubo virginianus'') sleeping during daytime in a hollow tree]] Saha ŋɔ, nin vuɣu shabi ban lihi bin niɛma bɛhisi ni bɛ ni kpini tabi sham nyɛla ban zaŋ viri n niŋ [[clade]] [[Telluraves]], ban mini [[Accipitrimorphae]] n ti pahi [[Coraciimorphae|Coraciimorphae bihisi ŋmani taba]] ,<ref name="Jarvis2014">{{cite journal|last1=Jarvis|first1=Erich D.|last2=Mirarab|first2=Siavash|last3=Aberer|first3=Andre J.|last4=Li|first4=Bo|last5=Houde|first5=Peter|last6=Li|first6=Cai|last7=Ho|first7=Simon Y. W.|last8=Faircloth|first8=Brant C.|last9=Nabholz|first9=Benoit|last10=Howard|first10=Jason T.|last11=Suh|first11=Alexander|display-authors=29|date=12 December 2014|title=Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2014-12-12_346_6215/page/1320|journal=Science|volume=346|issue=6215|pages=1320–1331|bibcode=2014Sci...346.1320J|doi=10.1126/science.1253451|pmc=4405904|pmid=25504713|last12=Weber|first12=Claudia C.|last13=da Fonseca|first13=Rute R.|last14=Li|first14=Jianwen|last15=Zhang|first15=Fang|last16=Li|first16=Hui|last17=Zhou|first17=Long|last18=Narula|first18=Nitish|last19=Liu|first19=Liang|last20=Ganapathy|first20=Ganesh|last21=Boussau|first21=Bastien|last22=Bayzid|first22=Md. Shamsuzzoha|last23=Zavidovych|first23=Volodymyr|last24=Subramanian|first24=Sankar|last25=Gabaldón|first25=Toni|last26=Capella-Gutiérrez|first26=Salvador|last27=Huerta-Cepas|first27=Jaime|last28=Rekepalli|first28=Bhanu|last29=Munch|first29=Kasper|last30=Schierup|first30=Mikkel|last31=Lindow|first31=Bent|last32=Warren|first32=Wesley C.|last33=Ray|first33=David|last34=Green|first34=Richard E.|last35=Bruford|first35=Michael W.|last36=Zhan|first36=Xiangjiang|last37=Dixon|first37=Andrew|last38=Li|first38=Shengbin|last39=Li|first39=Ning|last40=Huang|first40=Yinhua|last41=Derryberry|first41=Elizabeth P.|last42=Bertelsen|first42=Mads Frost|last43=Sheldon|first43=Frederick H.|last44=Brumfield|first44=Robb T.|last45=Mello|first45=Claudio V.|last46=Lovell|first46=Peter V.|last47=Wirthlin|first47=Morgan|last48=Schneider|first48=Maria Paula Cruz|last49=Prosdocimi|first49=Francisco|last50=Samaniego|first50=José Alfredo|last51=Velazquez|first51=Amhed Missael Vargas|last52=Alfaro-Núñez|first52=Alonzo|last53=Campos|first53=Paula F.|last54=Petersen|first54=Bent|last55=Sicheritz-Ponten|first55=Thomas|last56=Pas|first56=An|last57=Bailey|first57=Tom|last58=Scofield|first58=Paul|last59=Bunce|first59=Michael|last60=Lambert|first60=David M.|last61=Zhou|first61=Qi|last62=Perelman|first62=Polina|last63=Driskell|first63=Amy C.|last64=Shapiro|first64=Beth|last65=Xiong|first65=Zijun|last66=Zeng|first66=Yongli|last67=Liu|first67=Shiping|last68=Li|first68=Zhenyu|last69=Liu|first69=Binghang|last70=Wu|first70=Kui|last71=Xiao|first71=Jin|last72=Yinqi|first72=Xiong|last73=Zheng|first73=Qiuemei|last74=Zhang|first74=Yong|last75=Yang|first75=Huanming|last76=Wang|first76=Jian|last77=Smeds|first77=Linnea|last78=Rheindt|first78=Frank E.|last79=Braun|first79=Michael|last80=Fjeldsa|first80=Jon|last81=Orlando|first81=Ludovic|last82=Barker|first82=F. Keith|last83=Jønsson|first83=Knud Andreas|last84=Johnson|first84=Warren|last85=Koepfli|first85=Klaus-Peter|last86=O'Brien|first86=Stephen|last87=Haussler|first87=David|last88=Ryder|first88=Oliver A.|last89=Rahbek|first89=Carsten|last90=Willerslev|first90=Eske|last91=Graves|first91=Gary R.|last92=Glenn|first92=Travis C.|last93=McCormack|first93=John|last94=Burt|first94=Dave|last95=Ellegren|first95=Hans|last96=Alström|first96=Per|last97=Edwards|first97=Scott V.|last98=Stamatakis|first98=Alexandros|last99=Mindell|first99=David P.|last100=Cracraft|first100=Joel|last101=Braun|first101=Edward L.|last102=Warnow|first102=Tandy|last103=Jun|first103=Wang|last104=Gilbert|first104=M. Thomas P.|last105=Zhang|first105=Guojie}}</ref><ref name="kuhl2020">{{Cite journal|last=Kuhl|first=Heiner|last2=Frankl-Vilches|first2=Carolina|last3=Bakker|first3=Antje|last4=Mayr|first4=Gerald|last5=Nikolaus|first5=Gerhard|last6=Boerno|first6=Stefan T|last7=Klages|first7=Sven|last8=Timmermann|first8=Bernd|last9=Gahr|first9=Manfred|date=2021-01-04|editor-last=Battistuzzi|editor-first=Fabia Ursula|title=An Unbiased Molecular Approach Using 3′-UTRs Resolves the Avian Family-Level Tree of Life|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/1/108/5891114|url-status=live|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=108–127|doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa191|issn=1537-1719|pmc=7783168|pmid=32781465|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130195425/https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/1/108/5891114|archive-date=Jan 30, 2024|doi-access=free}}</ref> d.<ref name="Prum2015">{{Cite journal|last=Prum|first=Richard O.|last2=Berv|first2=Jacob S.|last3=Dornburg|first3=Alex|last4=Field|first4=Daniel J.|last5=Townsend|first5=Jeffrey P.|last6=Lemmon|first6=Emily Moriarty|last7=Lemmon|first7=Alan R.|date=7 October 2015|title=A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15697|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=526|issue=7574|pages=569–573|doi=10.1038/nature15697}}</ref><ref name="HoudeBraun2019">{{cite journal|last1=Houde|first1=Peter|last2=Braun|first2=Edward L.|last3=Narula|first3=Nitish|last4=Minjares|first4=Uriel|last5=Mirarab|first5=Siavash|year=2019|title=Phylogenetic Signal of Indels and the Neoavian Radiation|journal=Diversity|volume=11|issue=7|page=108|doi=10.3390/d11070108|issn=1424-2818|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nyani gbunni [[cladogram]] ŋɔ; {{clade|{{clade |label1=[[Accipitrimorphae]] |1={{clade |1=[[Cathartiformes]] (New World vultures)[[File:Vintage Vulture Drawing white background.jpg|30 px]] |2=[[Accipitriformes]] ([[hawk]]s and relatives)[[File:Golden Eagle Illustration white background.jpg|40 px]] }} |2='''Strigiformes''' (owls)[[File:Cuvier-12-Hibou à huppe courte.jpg|40 px]] |label3=[[Coraciimorphae]] |3={{clade |1=[[Coliiformes]] (mouse birds) |label2=[[Cavitaves]] |2={{clade |1=[[Leptosomiformes]] (cuckoo roller) |label2= |2={{clade |1=[[Trogoniformes]] (trogons and quetzals)[[File:Harpactes fasciatus 1838 white background.jpg|40 px]] |label2=[[Picocoraciae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Bucerotiformes]] ([[hornbill]]s and relatives) |label2=[[Picodynastornithes]] |2={{clade |1=[[Coraciiformes]] ([[kingfisher]]s and relatives)[[File:Cuvier-46-Martin-pêcheur d'Europe.jpg|50 px]] |2=[[Piciformes]] ([[woodpecker]]s and relatives) }} }} }} }} }} |label4=[[Australaves]] |4={{clade |1=[[Cariamiformes]] (seriemas)[[File:Cariama cristata 1838 white background.jpg|50 px]] |label2=[[Eufalconimorphae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Falconiformes]] (falcons)[[File:NewZealandFalconBuller white background.jpg|35 px]] |label2=[[Psittacopasserae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Psittaciformes]] (parrots)[[File:Pyrrhura lucianii - Castelnau 2.jpg|60 px]] |2=[[Passeriformes]] (passerines)[[File:Cuvier-33-Moineau domestique.jpg|50 px]] }} }} }} }}|style=font-size:80%;line-height:90%|label1=[[Telluraves]]}} [[Cladogram]] of Telluraves bɛhisi n kpini tabi sham Braun mini Kimball yuuni 2021)<ref name="Braun&Kimball2021">Braun, E.L. & Kimball, R.T. (2021) Data types and the phylogeny of Neoaves. ''Birds'', 2(1), 1-22; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2010001</ref> Bɛ biɛhisi shee kamani bin din gbaai 220 hali ni 225 la shɛŋa na nyɛla bɛ ni na n mi shɛli.kamani,*viri ban mali nin'kpula, ni viri ban nina ni ŋmahinli nyɛ Suhi laasabu maa.ban kuli lahi kani maa shɛba nyɛla bɛ na kuli n gu bɛ shɛba n zali.amaa ka bɛ lee n yi bɛ ko ka chɛ saha ŋo viri maa, bɛ ŋmanila zaɣ'gahinda bee ban gahim n be luɣishɛli polo.( kamani noosi ban be ti tingbana puuni ni non'shɛba ban mali hankaya ).daadaa maa gba viri maa gba yi laɣim ni viri shɛba ban dii lahi Maa wuhirimi ni viri daa pun beni saha shɛli ha kamani yuun tuhi tusaayɔbu zaŋ na ni tuhi tusaanu ni ayopɔi.(60-57Mya) lala zuɣu,kamani yuun tuhi tusaanu piligu ban daaka balibu maa ni binneen waɣila ban daa ka zuya maa.ŋo chɛmi ka bɛ nyɛ ban yuui binneen shɛba ban ŋmani nohi ka be tingbanni puuni.saha waɣila viri,daadaa maa saha, viri balibu kam daa nyɛla ban Wuhi bɛ nanbitali halini viri shɛba ban ŋmani anashaara maa. Saha ŋo bɛ shɛba laɣinla bɛ taba maa ni zuŋo, hali gba bɛ Zaŋla bɛ nahingbanan n pahi binshɛɣu kam bɔhimbu ni laɣinsi puuni.Lala saha maa,yaha.bɛ ni daa yoli n dɔɣi shɛba maa, ban daa pun gari maa daa nyɛla noon shɛba ni Kari labi ka che viri shɛba ban mali nin'kpula maa ni ban ninni sheepi maa. Ban daa yoli kana maa ban na kuli nyɛla ban na bɛni saha ŋo.(viri ban ka tiba) n ŋmani North America viri shɛba ban ne yuŋ maa bee European viri shɛba ban gori yuŋ pam maa.ban galism nyɛ konkɔba ni bɛ biɛhisi ni taba nyɛla viri shɛba ban nini sheepi maa,ka lahi zoori saha kam. Daadaa maa ha,bɛ ni daa yoli zuɣi shɛba maa saha, ( kamani 25 mya) viri ban daa mali nin'kpula daa nyɛla ban kuli galisi southern Europe ni ban kuli baɣi Asia la.Bɛ ni daa pirigi viri kara ni punpoŋo viri maa, ban daa nyɛ nin'kpula nima maa, di bahibahindi di daa tooi niŋ la Eurasia. America nima gba zaa yaa,bin daa zooigi ka bɛ zɔri n kuni tiŋ shɛli, daa nyɛla viri shɛba ban nina ni sheepi maa.ni ban ne yuŋ ka be guri ba maa.Bɛ pam daa nyɛla vi'shabi bɛ ban daa yoli kana maa biɛhigu daa kuli mirila saha ŋo dina maa. Ayi lihi ŋo, saha waɣila maa ban daa kpalim ka daa yina France daa buɣisiya kamani"Ardea" bɛ gba tu ni bɛ vihiba. Noon shɛba ban daa saɣi doli taba n nyɛ zaɣ'yinsi la, nyɛla ban Pa kuli nyɛ ban gɔri biɛɣ'kulo kam n kuli wuhiri bɛ maŋa taɣibu zaŋ kpa viri polo.a yi lihi bɛ biɛhigu, bɛ kuli nyɛla ban mali nangbanyini saha kam. '''Unresolved and basal forms (all fossil''') -- Berruornis ( Paleocene of France ban lahi kani) ban nyɛ zaɣ'yinsi? Sophornithidae? --Strigiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Paleocene of Zhylga ban lahi kani, Kazakhstan)[50] --Primoptynx ( Eocene of Wyoming ban daa daŋ na, tinŋyuli yuli booni U.S. ni na)[51] --Palaeoglaux (Middle-Late Eocene ban be West-Central Europe tingbani ) di mamaŋ daŋ din yuli booni Palaeoglaucidae bee Strigidae? --Palaeobyas (Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercyban lahi kani, France) Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae?[citation needed] --Palaeotyto (Eocene ban lahi kani/Early Oligocene of Quercy ban daa daŋ na , France) Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae?[citation needed] --Strigiformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Wyoming, U.S.)[45] --Ypresiglaux (Early Eocene of Essex, United Kingdom and Virginia, U.S.)[52] '''Ogygoptyngidae''' --Ogygoptynx (Middle/Late Paleocene of Colorado, U.S.) '''Protostrigidae''' --Eostrix (Early Eocene bana be tinduya yuya booni ;United States, Europe, ni Mongolia). E. gulottai bani nyɛ vi'shabi ban pɔra vi'shabi ban na be bɛhigu puuni.53 --Minerva (Middle – Late Eocene din be western U.S. la ni ) formerly Protostrix, banin n agbai, "Aquila" ferox, "Aquila" lydekkeri, ni ' "Bubo" leptosteus --Oligostrix (mid-Oligocene of Saxony, Germany) '''Sophiornithidae''' --Sophiornis '''Tytonidae''' Genus Tyto – viri shɛb'ban mali nin'kpula maa, vi'shɛb ban be Mori ni, and masked owls, zaa nyɛla 500 mm (20 in) waɣilim zuɣu; some 15 extant species and possibly one recently extint genus Phodilus – the bay owls, two to three extant species and possibly one recently extinct. '''Fossil genera''' --Nocturnavis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) bin din gbai, "Bubo" incertus Selenornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) – bɛ mi gba n gbai, "Asio" henrici --Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Late Miocene) bani n gbai "Bubo" arvernensis mini Paratyto viri zaa. --Prosybris (Early Oligocene? – Early Miocene) '''Placement unresolved''' --Tytonidae gen. et sp. indet. "TMT 164" (Middle Miocene) – Prosybris? --'''Strigidae.''' --Genus Aegolius – bani nyɛ saw-whet owls, ka bɛ gba nyɛla balibu buta. --Genus Asio – Bɛ nyɛla vi'shabi ban mali tiba ka lala viri ŋɔ nyɛ balibu bunii --Genus Athene – Bɛ nyɛla balibu buyi zaŋchaŋ anahi ni (depending on whether the genera Speotyto ka Heteroglaux beni bee ka bɛ kani) --Genus Bubo – bani n nyɛ vi'kara ban Mali tiba ka di ŋmani yila, Tɔrili n ti pahi kpuŋ ŋun diri zahim la; paraphyletic with the genera Nyctea, Ketupa, n ti pahi Scotopelia, ka bɛ laɣim n nyɛ balibu pishi ni anu zuɣu. --Genus Glaucidium – bani n nyɛ pygmy owls, bɛ nyɛla ban paai balibu bihita zaŋchaŋ pihita ni anu zuɣu. --Genus Gymnasio – bani n nyɛ Puerto Rican owl --Genus Gymnoglaux – bani n nyɛ bare-legged owl or Cuban screech-owl --Genus Lophostrix – bani n nyɛ crested owl --Genus Jubula – bani n nyɛ maned owl --Genus Megascops – bani n nyɛ screech owls, ka bɛ gba nyɛ balibu pishi zuɣu. --Genus Micrathene – bani n nyɛ elf owl --Genus Ninox – bani n nyɛ Australasian hawk-owls bee boobooks, ka bɛ balibu pishi zuɣu. --Genus Otus – bani n nyɛ scops owls; probably paraphyletic, ka bɛ nyɛ balibu pihinahi ni anu. --Genus == O dibu == Viɣu nyɛla binɣirigu ŋun bidirigu nyɛ nimdi. Viɣu mi dibu zaa doli la yuŋ, da yuŋ ka o tooi gɔra. Viɣu diri la binniɛma kamani, saba, jangbarisi,sakɔri, ni binniɛn baligu ban pahi. Viɣu ni mali balibu la zuɣu, bɛ shɛba tooi nyɛla ban diri zahama. Ka bɛ shɛba gba lan tooi gbahiri bɛ binyiɣiri taba dira.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=AZ Animals|date=2021-10-25|title=What Do Owls Eat?|url=https://a-z-animals.com/blog/what-do-owls-eat/|access-date=2022-08-22|website=AZ Animals|language=en-US}}</ref> Din bo ŋɔ wuhiya ni pɔi ka viɣu ti yɛn tiligi kum sheei o kula o binniɛn kpee. * * {{anchor|symbolism and mythology}} == Symbolism and mythology == === Gbansabila ni bɛ kaya === Bɛ ni mi shɛbi Kikuyu ban be Kenya tingbani la, nyɛla ban daa mali dihitabi ni viri nyɛla ban tahiri kum na. So yi daa nya viɣu bee n wum viɣu kumsi, di daa wuhirimi ni so no kɔŋ o nyɛ vuli lala gamawa maa. Di zaaha baabaachi, ni viri n nyɛ ban tahiri saha bɛri na, dɔriti n ti pahi kum na biɛhigu puuni. Lala dihitabili n zaŋ kpa viri niya bɛri ŋɔ nyɛla din daa gongili bɔba ni yaɣa pam, hali n na tumdi tuma zɔŋɔ bɛhisi ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Owls in Lore and Culture – The Owl Pages|url=http://www.owlpages.com/articles.php?section=Owl+Mythology&title=Owls+Lore+Culture&page=8|publisher=Owlpages.com}}</ref> === Asia === [[China]], tingbanni, viri nyɛla bɛ lihi shɛbi ka bɛ nyɛ ban che ka yɛlibɛri paari niriba, ka lan nyɛ ban gbundi daabihi dahi.Lala n lahi nyɛli, a yi lihi [[Japan]], viri nyɛla binshɛŋa ban ni mali dihitabili ni bɛ nyɛla ban ʒiri sahana bɛhisi ni, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ph.D|first=Hiren B. Soni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNp0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|title=Owl 'The Mysterious Bird'|date=2022-06-13|publisher=Pencil|isbn=978-93-5610-605-5|language=en}}</ref> Hali zaayɔli, kurimbuni ha, bɛ daa lan nyɛla niribi ni mali dihi tabili ni viri n nyɛ ban tooi tahiri kum na bee n su kpibu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Soni|first=Dr Hiren B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0V0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=Owl: The Mysterious Bird|language=en}}</ref> India tingbani, bɛ nyɛla bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni viri nyɛla ban kariti saha n kpɛri yɔɣu bee saha bɛri.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ghauri|first1=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilw3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|title=EBOOK: International Marketing, 5e|last2=Cateora|first2=Philip|date=2021-08-16|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-1-5268-4860-4|language=en}}</ref> Mongolia tingbanni viri nyɛla bɛ ni mali dinhitabili ni bɛ nyɛla ban baŋdi yɛla din na yan niŋ tooni ha. Lahibali shɛli ni,I[[Genghis Khan]] daa nyɛla ŋun sɔɣiri o dimnima tutu bihi ni, di ni daa niŋ ka viɣu yiɣina ti tam tia daa ʒiin m miri o zuɣu, o dim nim maa yɛlimi ni daadam ku be nimaani ni din niŋ ka viɣu ŋɔ tam di zuɣu la.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Sparks|title=Owls: their natural and unnatural history|url=https://archive.org/details/owlstheirnatural0000spar_a8b2|author2=Tony Soper|date=1979|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=0-7153-4995-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/owlstheirnatural0000spar_a8b2/page/163 163]}}</ref> ''[[Hootum Pyanchar Naksha]]'' buku ŋɔ, ka di sasabiri mi yuli booni [[Kaliprasanna Singha]] bɛ ni daa dɔɣi o la yuuni salo 184 ka o labi 1870, di tuuli yibuna daa nyɛla yuuni 1861, di nyɛla sali nim bɛhigu n ti pahi chɔɣini zaŋ ti [[Bengali literature]] buku, ka o pii yuli bolili ni "Sketches by a Watching Owl". === Sumerian and ancient Semitic cultu === Sumerian, Akkadian, n tipahi Babylonian kaya ni, viɣu nyɛla bɛ ni mali dihi tabili shɛli ni o nyɛla din ŋariti soviɛla..<ref>''Sex and gender in the ancient Near East: proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale'', Helsinki, July 2–6, 2001, Part 2 p. 481.</ref> Lala bɛ dihi tabili ŋɔ nyɛla din yina baabuli ni buku yuli booni Isaiah kalinli pihita ni anahi zaŋhali ni kalinli pinaa'nahi:.<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|34:14|HE}}</ref> === Ancient European and modern Western culture === ƷɛmaniWulinluhili polo nima zaŋla viɣu zali haŋkali zilinli zaani. Di chaŋmi ti ŋmahindi nadaa ha [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], luɣ'shɛli [[Athens]], luɣ'shɛli sokam ni mi ka di nyɛ nuuni tumbaŋsim mini sɔŋsiim sheei, n-ti pahi [[Athena]], Athens buɣ'bihi gba nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ viɣu zali shɛli zaani.<ref name="Deacy, Susan 2001">Deacy, Susan, and Villing, Alexandra (2001). Athena in the Classical World. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, {{ISBN|90-04-12142-0}}.</ref><ref>Gimbutas, Marija (2001) ''The living goddesses'', University of California Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7DfI39EDbMcC&pg=PA158 p. 158]. {{ISBN|0-520-92709-5}}.</ref> [[T. F. Thiselton-Dyer]], o bukuhu din yuli booni 1883 ''Folk-lore of Shakespeare puuni'', yɛliya ni o nyɛla nooŋa ŋun zani ti dɔri binbirili.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiselton-Dyer |first1=T. F. |date=1883 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/sks/flos/flos08.htm |work=Folk-lore of Shakespeare |publisher=Internet Sacred Text Archive |title=Chapter VI. Birds. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907193320/https://sacred-texts.com/sks/flos/flos08.htm |archive-date= Sep 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>Keats, John. (1884) [http://www.bartleby.com/126/49.html 49. Hyperion], in ''The Poetical Works of John Keats''. Bartleby.com.</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] yihi lahibali na ka di wuhiri ni viɣu gala nyɛla din tibiri zuɣuyaali.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.forbes.com/2003/01/01/cx_cd_0101featsidebar_3.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030117211952/http://www.forbes.com/2003/01/01/cx_cd_0101featsidebar_3.html | archive-date=17 January 2003 |magazine=Forbes|title=Hangover Cures|date=1 January 2004|author=Dubow, Charles }}</ref> <gallery widths="180" heights="200"> File:Aryballos owl Louvre CA1737.jpg|An owl-shaped protocorinthian [[aryballos]], c. 640 BCE, from Greece File:Itálica Owl.jpg|A Roman owl mosaic from [[Italica]], Spain File:Hispano-Moresque - Plate - Walters 481099.jpg|A [[Manises]] plate, c. 1535. A fantastical owl wearing a crown, a characteristic Manises design during the first half of the 16th century File:Albrecht Dürer - The Little Owl - WGA7367.jpg|''The Little Owl'', 1506, by [[Albrecht Dürer]] File:Natungram Dolls, West Bengal.jpg|Viri shɛba bɛ ni mie Natumgram, India tiŋgbaŋ ni. Bɛ ni mie Viri shɛba ŋɔ nyɛla ŋan pahi India tiŋgbani yaɣ' shɛli bɛ ni mi Bengal la, ka kaya ni taada ni, ka zuliya ban bie yaɣili ŋɔ malli n-tiri ka zaani bɛ buɣi shɛli bɛ ni ti yɛda ni di tiriba buni, ka bɛ booni li Laxmi la. File:Wooden Owl dolls.jpg|Viri shɛba bɛ ni mie Katawa, India tiŋgbaŋ ni. tiŋ' yuli booni Bengal Wuluŋ luɣili yaɣili. </gallery> '''Hinduism''' [[File:Lakshmi 02349.JPG|thumb|upright|zuliya shɛli ban nye Hindu nima la buɣili mini o viɣu.]] Ti ni mi shɛba [[Hinduism]] nima la gba nya ka viɣu nyɛla ''[[vahana]]'' (mount) n ti bɛ buɣili [[Lakshmi]], India tingbani puuni ŋuna ti bi lahi n yɛra balee bɛ ni boli shɛli bɛ eastern region yaɣili la.<ref name="Chopra2017">{{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Capt. Praveen |title=Vishnu's Mount: Birds In Indian Mythology And Folklore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoBDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT109|year=2017|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-948352-69-7|page=109}}</ref> Bɛ nya viri ka bɛ nyɛla ban daa alaama wuhiri buni, toontibo, baŋsim, zuɣusɔŋ, n ti pahi saha dinzuɣu ka bɛ boli ba Lakshmi mi maa, dama di nyɛla buɣili din gba za saha, buni, mini toontibo zaani. Yaha, viri lahi nyɛla Hinduism nima ni nya shɛba ka bɛ wuhiri yɛl'biɛri.saha shɛŋa beni ka bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Chamunda]] nima la (ban nyɛ [[Chandi]] zaŋgbarima la) nyɛla bɛ ni nya shɛba ka bɛ ʒi viɣu zuɣu ti ni mi shɛli [[vahana]] la (wahu bee binbarigu). Ti ni mi shɛba Hindus nima la nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni viri nyɛla tuumba ban zaya n ti kum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Owl in Hinduism|url=https://tamilandvedas.com/tag/owl-in-hinduism/|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Tamil and Vedas|language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2023|reason=Not only is this a blog, but the link is to a tag not to a specific post.}} === America nima Kaya ni Taada === Ninvuɣ'shɛba nyɛ viri ka bɛ nyɛla ban mi din sɔɣi di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ yɛli bi'shɛba ban yɛn be yiriŋ "viri ŋɔ ni nya a",<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lenders, E. W. |title=The Myth of the 'Wah-ru-hap-ah-rah,' or the Sacred Warclub Bundle|journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|volume= 46 |year=1914|pages= 404–420 (409)}}</ref> America nima ŋaha puuni, viri nyɛla ban zaya n wuhiri kum. Bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Apache]] nima ŋɔ n ti pahi bali shɛlli bɛ ni boli [[Seminole]] la nima wuhiya, ni bɛ yi ti wum viri kumsi, di wuhiri la salima gbaliŋ lahabaya zuɣuri din nyɛ "[[bogeyman]]" ka bɛ yi yɛri li n tiri bihi din yɛn che ka yuŋ paai ka bɛ be duri bee din yɛn che ka bɛ bi kuhiri n yaɣira di yi pa lala ni viri ŋɔ ni ʒiba n chaŋ .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/morelegends/stikini.htm |title=Stikini, an owl monster of Seminole folklore|website= Native-languages.org|access-date=2015-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/big-owl.htm |title=Big Owl (Owl-Man), a malevolent Apache monster|website= Native-languages.org|access-date=2015-10-25}}</ref> Bali shɛŋa lahabaya bee salima puuni, viri nyɛla ban nyɛ ban tahiri kpibu na bɛhisi ni, yaha kɔb'shɛŋa din nyɛ zaɣ'kpilli n gili viri nimbihi ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yɛli ni din nyɛla kpiimba nyinyiri. Bɛ lahi yɛri ka di wuhiri ni viri nyɛla ban ʒiri lahabaya n yiri gbala puuni na bee ban kpahiri ninvuɣ'shɛba ban birigi bɛ bala puuni zalisi zuɣuri ni din dɔ n guli lala bɛ niŋsim maa pala din ni dɔɣi ba bi'viɛla.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/legends-owl.htm |title=Native American Indian Owl Legends, Meaning and Symbolism from the Myths of Many Tribes|website= Native-languages.org |date= 25 July 2008|access-date=2015-10-25}}</ref> Zuliya shɛba bɛ ni boli [[Aztec]]s mini [[Maya civilization|Maya]] n ti pahi ban gba nyɛ [[Mesoamerica]] nima la nya ka viɣu zami n ti kum mini saɣimbu. Dinbɔŋɔ zuɣu lala Aztec nima ŋɔ buɣ'shɛli din gbubi kum la, [[Mictlantecuhtli]] nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ viri n ŋmahim shɛli.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mictlantecuhtli/|title=Mictlantecuhtli}}</ref> [[Mexico]] nima n mali bɛ ŋahili shɛli ka di na nyɛ bɛ ni na gbubi shɛli:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cronica.com.mx/especial.php?id_tema=1010&id_nota=375192 |title=Cuando el tecolote canta, el indio muere |work=La Cronica |date=27 July 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903110238/http://cronica.com.mx/especial.php?id_tema=1010&id_nota=375192 |archive-date= 3 September 2010 }}</ref> ''Cuando el tecolote canta, el indio muere'' ("Di yi ti niŋ ka viɣu kuhi bee o yilila yilli din ŋuna India nira n yɛn kpi maa"). Bɛ ni boli shɛli ''[[Popol Vuh]] nyɛla'' Maya nima daa adiini sabbu din wuhiri ni viri nyɛla tuumba n ti bɛ ni boli shɛli [[Xibalba]] la ( Mayan nyɛla "Luɣ'shɛli polo din gbaari dabiɛm").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meta-religion.com/World_Religions/Ancient_religions/Central_america/popol_vuh.htm|title=The Popol Vuh|access-date=2008-07-23|publisher=meta-religion.com}}</ref> Zuliya shɛba bɛ ni boli [[Ho-Chunk|Hočągara]] (Winnebago) ka bɛ be Wisconsin la nima nyɛla ban dihi tabili ni viri nyɛla tuumba ka lahi nyɛ ban wuhiri yɛl'biɛri.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.Owls.html |title=Owls|encyclopedia=Hočąk Encyclopedia}}</ref> Di yi daa ti niŋ ka Hočągara nima ŋɔ tum n ku bɛ dimba ka di tom nyɛla bɛ na bela bɛ buɣ'shɛli bɛ ni boli the chief's lodge la tingbani puuni, viɣu kanimina ni ninsali shifa n ti yɛli ba ni "Zuŋɔ din mali chana, Hočągara nima pala bɛ yɛn mali zuɣu." Dinbɔŋɔ nyɛla din jahiri bɛ zuliya maa puuni yela.<ref>Radin, Paul (1 ŋɔ990 [1923]) ''The Winnebago Tribe'', Lincoln: [[University of Nebraska Press]], pp. 7–9 {{ISBN|0-8032-5710-4}}.</ref> Viɣu daa ti chaŋ bɛ Naa [[Glory of the Morning]] sani ŋun konko daa nyɛ paɣa n be Hočąk nima tingbani la, ka daa boli o ni o yuli din nyaaŋa ka paɣa ŋɔ daa lɛbi ŋun pahi kpiimba zuɣu.<ref>Smith, David Lee (1997) ''Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe'', Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 160</ref><ref>[http://hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.GloryOfMorning.html "Glory of the Morning"], ''Hočąk Encyclopedia''.</ref> Bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Hopi]] la nima kaya ni taada puuni, zuliya shɛba bɛ ni boli [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztec]] la nima tingbana zalisi nyɛla din gili viri ka dinbɔŋɔ nyɛ din chana ka ʒiri sotali mini bukpahigu n ti pahi ninvuɣ'biɛɣutali balibu kam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Zuliya shɛba bɛ ni boli [[Ojibwe]] la ban mini ti ni mi shɛba [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal Canadian]] nima nyɛ zaɣyini la nima nyɛ ka viɣu zami n ti ninvuɣ'biɛɣutali mini kum zaa. Din lahi pahi, bɛ nyɛla ban mali viri ŋɔ n zaani n wuhiri Nanima shɛba ban tiima du pam bɛ tiima puuni.<ref name="Owls in Lore and Culture">{{cite web|url=http://www.owlpages.com/articles.php?section=owl+mythology&title=owls+lore+culture&page=3 |title=Owls in Lore and Culture |page =3|website= The Owl Pages |date= 31 October 2012|access-date=2015-10-25}}</ref> Zuliya shɛba ban boli bɛ maŋa [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] la nya ka viɣu nyɛla ŋun guriba ka che n che fitiina balibu kam din be bɛ tiŋa puuni.<ref name="Owls in Lore and Culture" /> Nin'vuɣshɛba ban nyɛ [[Puebloan peoples]] la nima gba nya viɣu ka o nyɛla kpii'kɔba duuma so n su dɔɣim mini kum.<ref name="Owls in Lore and Culture" /> Zuliya shɛba ban boli bɛ maŋa [[Yakama]] nima la ban nya viɣu ka o nyɛla bɛ zuliya Naa ŋun wuhiri tihi puuni yaɣ'shɛŋa mini Naawuni namtɛri ni tu gulibu shɛm.<ref name="Owls in Lore and Culture" /> ==== <u>Rodent nima Tuhibu</u> ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Owlery_at_Morton_on_the_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_532355.jpg|thumb|Du' shɛli ŋan ni ŋme n ti viɣu, ka di bie puuni ka miri, [[Morton on the Hill|''Morton on the Hill'']], England tiŋgbaŋ ni yuuni 2006.]] Ti yi kpaŋsi binnema shɛba ban diri binkpima ŋɔ ti ʒilɛili ni ka lahi n niŋ bindira katiŋa ka che binnema ŋɔ din ŋuna ti ni tooi n tuhi n nyaŋ binnema ti biɛhigu ni. Ti yi zaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli [[nest box]] din nyɛ duu n ti viri la ni tooi sɔŋti ka ti tuhi binnema pam (dama viri ŋɔ zuliya yini gba ni tooi n di binnema ŋɔ tuha ata lala saha ŋɔnima puuni) ka lahi che ka bindir'maŋa niŋ bayana biɛhigu ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hungry Owl Project|url=https://www.hungryowls.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030813081933/http://www.hungryowl.org/|archive-date=13 August 2003|access-date=9 April 2010|publisher=Hungryowl.org}}</ref> ==Viri barina daadama zuɣu == Di mini ti ni kuli mi ka ninsalinima mini viri beni ka ka gaaba ni taba maa zaa yoli saha shɛŋa beni ka viri mɔri ni bɛ zaŋ daadam n lɛbi bɛ bindirigu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Are Owls Dangerous? [11 Scary Attacks & How To Survive One!] |url=https://birdsatfirstsight.com/are-owls-dangerous/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Birds At First Sight |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shɛhira kamani, silimin gɔli January la yuuni 2013 puuni, viɣu daa gbaala doo ŋun be tiŋa yuli booni [[Inverness, Scotland]] la n nyahigi ka di che ka ʒim yi doo ŋɔ hali ka o ti bahi n liɣi. Lala viɣu ŋɔ waɣilim daa nyɛla siliminsi kalinli shɛli bɛ ni boli {{convert|50|cm|in|adj=mid|-tall}} [[Horned owl|eagle-owl]].<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9827609/Man-needed-hospital-treatment-after-owl-attack.html "Man needed hospital treatment after owl attack"]. ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' (London). 25 January 2013.</ref> Foto yaara so ŋun yuli daa booni [[Eric Hosking]] la gba daa nyɛla ŋun koŋ o nuzaa nimbila saha shɛli o ni daa bori ni yaai viɣu so bɛ ni boli [[tawny owl]] la foto. Lala niŋsim ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla din sɔŋ o ka o ti o yuuni 1970 la maŋmaŋa yɛltɔɣa zuɣu shɛli bɛ ni boli ''An Eye for a Bird''. == Muɣusigu shɛŋa ŋan be bɛ gubu ni bɛ taɣabu puuni == {{See also|List of Strigiformes by population}} [[File:Bubo scandiacus (Linnaeus, 1758) Male.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Viɣu ŋan yuli booni [[snowy owl]] nyɛla ŋan balibu ku sahi naabu tiŋsi yuya booni [[Scandinavia]] puuni<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author=Juvonen, Arto |author2=Muukkonen, Tomi |author3=Peltomäki, Jari |author4=Varesvuo, Markku | title = Linnut vauhdissa | year = 2009 | pages = 178, 187 | publisher = Tammi | language = fi | isbn = 978-951-31-4604-7 }}</ref> mini [[Finland]], ka di nyɛla luɣi shɛli viri ŋɔ ni pa kuli kpalim bie shɛli nyɛla ''northern'' [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book |author=Harrison, Colin |author2=Greensmith, Alan | title = Koko maailman linnut |translator=Laine, Lasse J. |translator2=Nikander, Pekka | year = 1995 | page = 198 | publisher = Helsinki Media | language = fi | isbn = 951-875-637-6 }}</ref>]] [[File:Bubo scandiacus (Linnaeus, 1758) Male.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Viɣu ŋan yuli booni [[snowy owl]] nyɛla ŋan balibu ku sahi naabu tiŋsi yuya booni [[Scandinavia]] puuni<ref name=":3" /> mini [[Finland]], ka di nyɛla luɣi shɛli viri ŋɔ ni pa kuli kpalim bie shɛli nyɛla ''northern'' [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]].<ref name=":4" />]] Di tooi zooi ka viri pam be bɛ ni boli shɛli Appendix II din be ti ni mi shɛli international [[CITES]] treaty (laɣingu shɛli din taɣiri bɛ ni boli shɛli Illegal Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) ka bɛ ba anahi nyɛ ban be bɛ ni boli shɛli Appendix I la puuni. Ti mi ka viri dee pala ban zɔri dabiɛm lala tɔi amaa, gbaŋ shɛli din daa yi tiŋa yuli booni Malaysia yuuni 2008 la puuni wuhiya ni viri ''magnitude'' din be bɛ boli shɛli [[poaching]] la nyɛla din ni tooi du. Silimin gɔli November yuuni 2008 puli ni bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Traffic (conservation programme)|TRAFFIC]] nima la nyɛla ban daa yihi gbaŋ na din wuhiri ni bɛ daa tooi gbahi viri ban ka kɔbiri silimingi ni boli shɛba "oven-ready" la ka bɛ kalinli paai kɔbisinii tiŋa yuli booni Peninsular [[Malaysia]] puuni. Chris Shepherd, ŋun nyɛ gbambi kpema n zaŋti tuma duu yuli booni TRAFFIC's ban tuma duu be Southeast Asia tingbani la yɛliya ni "Ti tuuli n bɔŋɔ ka ti baŋ luɣishɛli polo bɛ ni gbahi viri ban nyɛ 'ready-prepared' la n be Malaysia di mi ni tooi lahi nyɛ ti piligu ti ni lam binkɔb'kpeŋ nimdi ti tingbani ŋɔ ni. Ti nyɛla ban yɛn kpahindi lɛbigimsim viɛyelinga." TRAFFIC nima ŋɔ nyɛla ban suhi soli ni bɛ kpɛhi bɛ ni boli shɛli Department of Wildlife and National Parks la Malaysia puuni din yɛn che ka bɛ tiligi viri barinanima. Bɛ ni daa gbahi viri shɛŋa maa puuni bɛ daa biɛri, ban ka kɔbiri ni ban kpi, ni bɛ ni boli shɛba spotted wood owls, crested serpent eagles, barred eagles, brown wood owls, n ti pahi baandɔri kɔbisiyopɔi ban ne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.traffic.org/home/2008/11/12/huge-haul-of-dead-owls-and-live-lizards-in-peninsular-malays.html |title=Wildlife Trade News – Huge haul of dead owls and live lizards in Peninsular Malaysia |publisher=[[Traffic (conservation programme)|TRAFFIC]] |date=12 November 2008 }}</ref> Din lahi pahi ŋɔnima zuɣu ka ti ni tooi zaŋ n tuhi n kari viri n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛŋa [[habitat loss]], [[pesticides]], [[viruses]], n ti pahi ''vehicle collisions''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Owls of the United States: A List of all Species |date=21 Jan 2020 |access-date=12 Feb 2023 |website=American Bird Conservancy |author=Joe Lowe |url=https://abcbirds.org/blog20/owl-species-united-states/ |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212162238/https://abcbirds.org/blog20/owl-species-united-states/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Owls Endangered |website=Owl Worlds |format=Webpage or PDF |url=https://www.owlworlds.com/owls-endangered/#:~:text=Owl%20Endangered%20Species,population%20that%20is%20very%20low.}}</ref> Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Owl (disambiguation). Owl Temporal range: Late Paleocene to recent 60–0 Ma PreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN "Strix" collongensis [81] ==Kundivihira== <references/> == External links == {{Commons category|Strigiformes}}{{Wikispecies|Strigiformes}}{{Wiktionary|owl}} * [http://www.owlpages.com/index.php The Owl Pages] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101116053812/http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=tyto-alba Owl Brain Atlas] * [http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/owl.html Smithsonian Snowy Owl Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991127124042/http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/owl.html|date=27 November 1999}} * [http://www.owls.org World Owl Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118162329/http://www.owls.org/ |date=2006-01-18 }} * [http://rg.ancients.info/owls Athenian Owl coins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206002037/http://rg.ancients.info/owls/ |date=2006-12-06 }} '''Eurasia:''' * [http://www.worldofowls.com World of Owls] – Northern Ireland's only owl, bird of prey and exotic animal centre * [http://www.fishowls.com/ Current Blakiston's Fish Owl Research in Russia] '''North America:''' * [http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/owl-pictures.html List of Owl Species Breeding In North American and Owl Photos] '''Oceania:''' * [http://home.iprimus.com.au/readman/owls.htm iprimus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208222739/http://home.iprimus.com.au/readman/owls.htm|date=8 February 2007}} info. re Australian owls and [[Frogmouth|frogmouths]] {{Birds}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q25222}}{{Authority control}} [[Pubu:Nooŋa]] {{stub}} 0ir69380snz35p2klmt3g6iecf6e8zx Timbuŋ 0 8687 146122 145750 2026-08-10T20:57:53Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Aardvark Skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of an aardvark]] '''Timbuŋ''' ("{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|d|v|ɑːr|k|}} {{respell|ARD|vark}}; '''''Orycteropus afer"''''') nyɛla binkɔb'so ŋun dii bi galisi pam, ka gbiri tiŋgbani, ka gori yuŋ ka gbihiri wuntaŋ ni, ka be [[Afrika|Africa]].<ref name="EB">{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|pp=3–4}}</ref><ref name=":4">[https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/aardvark/e00015 "Aardvark, n."] ''Dictionary of South African English''. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. 26 February 2019.</ref> Timbuna malila nye waɣila, ka di ŋmani kurichu dini, ka di luɣisiri bindirigu yihirina tiŋgbani ni. Timbuna ko m-be Siliminsi ni boli kunduna zuliya shɛli "Tubulidentata."<ref name="MSW3">{{harvnb|Schlitter|2005|p=86}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Don E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA86&hl=dag|title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference|last2=Reeder|first2=DeeAnn M.|date=2005|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0|language=en}}</ref> Timbuna nyɛla binkɔbiri ban diri yuŋ, timbuna dirila salinsahi yoba, ka mali bɛ nyinnyahi gbiri yihiriba na bɛ biɛhisi shee. Timbuna lahi gbiri vo'shɛŋa ni bƐ mini bɛ zaɣ'bihi ni be. == Yuli mini Pubu == === Yuli === Saha shɛŋa Siliminsi tooi booni timbuŋ "African ant bear",<ref name="Colliers">{{harvnb|Goodwin|1997|pp=2–3}}</ref> "anteater" (ka di ti gabi di mini "South American anteaters"), bee "Cape anteater"<ref name="Colliers" /> bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli boli "Cape of Good Hope". Siliminsili ni yuli din nyɛ "aardvark" nyɛla "Afrikaans" ({{IPA|af|ˈɑːrtfark|pron}}) ka yina tuuli "Afrikaans {{Lang|af|erdvark}}" ni.<ref name="Colliers" /> Di gbunni nyɛla "dunia kurichu" bee "tiŋgbani ni kurichu."<ref>{{harvnb|Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|term=aardvark|date=March 2018|id=22|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite dictionary |url=https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/aardvark/e00015 |title=aardvark |encyclopedia=Dictionary of South African English |publisher=Dictionary Unit for South African English |year=2018 |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> Siliminsili ni yuli din nyɛ "''Orycteropus"'' gbunni nyɛla "naba ni gbibu", ka yuli din nyɛ "''afer"'' zani ti Africa.<ref name="sho" /><ref name="sho1">{{harvnb|Shoshani|2002|p=619}}</ref> === Pubu === [[File:Aardvark skull.JPG|thumb|Skull of an aardvark]] Timbuŋ biɛhigu dii bi ŋmani kurichu zaa.<ref name=sho>{{harvnb|Shoshani|2002|p=618}}</ref> bɛ bela Siliminsi ni booni binnɛma zuliya shɛli "''Orycteropus"'', bɛ balibu puuni yini din be Siliminsi ni boli zuliya shɛli "Orycteropodidae" ni. Timbunŋ dii bi ŋmani Siliminsi ni boli <nowiki>''</nowiki>South American anteater", din mini bɛ mali nahingbana shɛlika di ŋmani taba maa zaa yoli.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of life sciences|date=2002|publisher=Nature Publ. Group|isbn=978-1-56159-274-6|editor-last=Fullerlove|editor-first=Gina|location=London}}</ref><ref name=UR2/><ref>{{harvnb|Asher|Bennett|Lehmann|2009|p=854}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rodriguez|2013|p=6}}</ref><ref name=UR>{{harvnb|Rahm|1990|pp=450–451}}</ref><ref name=UR2/> === Biɛhigu taɣibu Taarihi === Taarihi wuhiya ni [[Africa]] ka timbuna pili zaŋ gbaai saha kamani "Paleocene".<ref name=UR2/><ref name=sho2>{{harvnb|Shoshani|2002|p=620}}</ref><ref name="Cote et al 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cote S, Werdelin L, Seiffert ER, Barry JC |title=Additional material of the enigmatic Early Miocene mammal ''Kelba'' and its relationship to the order Ptolemaiida |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-03-27_104_13/page/5510 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=104 |issue=13 |pages=5510–5 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17372202 |pmc=1838468 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0700441104 |bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.5510C |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Seifert2007>{{cite journal|last=Seiffert|first=Erik R|title=A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|year=2007|volume=7|issue=1|pages=224|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-224 |doi-access=free|url= |pmid=17999766|pmc=2248600}}</ref> Tuuli din daa mali gabbu daa nyɛla Siliminsi ni boli shɛli "''Myorycteropus africanus"'' ka di yina [[Kenya]]n Miocene yaɣa.<ref name=UR2/> Tuuli shɛhirili din yina Siliminsi ni boli zuliya shɛli "''Orycteropus"'' n-daa nyɛ "''Orycteropus mauritanicus"'', ka di be [[Algeria]] yaɣa zaŋ chaŋ Miocene, ka bɛ bali kuri shɛli gba daa be Kenya.<ref name=UR2/> Timbuna piligun nyɛla din chaŋ ti gbaai yuun gbaliŋ, ka be [[Europe]].<ref name=UR2/><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059614 |title=A Molecular Phylogeny of Plesiorycteropus Reassigns the Extinct Mammalian Order 'Bibymalagasia'|year=2013|last1=Buckley|first1=Michael|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=3|pages=e59614|pmid=23555726|pmc=3608660|bibcode=2013PLoSO...859614B|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Balibu din pahi=== Timbuna malila balibu pinaayopɔin<ref name="MSW3"/> * ''[[Orycteropus afer afer]]'' (Southern aardvark) * ''O. a. adametzi'' <small> Grote, 1921</small> (Western aardvark) * ''O. a. aethiopicus'' <small> [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1843</small> * ''O. a. angolensis'' <small> Zukowsky & [[Theodor Haltenorth|Haltenorth]], 1957</small> * ''O. a. erikssoni'' <small> [[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg]], 1906</small> * ''O. a. faradjius'' <small> Hatt, 1932</small> * ''O. a. haussanus'' <small> [[Paul Matschie|Matschie]], 1900</small> * ''O. a. kordofanicus'' <small> [[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1927</small> * ''O. a. lademanni'' <small> Grote, 1911</small> * ''O. a. leptodon'' <small> Hirst, 1906</small> * ''O. a. matschiei'' <small> Grote, 1921</small> * ''O. a. observandus'' <small>Grote, 1921</small> * ''O. a. ruvanensis'' <small>Grote, 1921</small> * ''O. a. senegalensis'' <small>[[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1840</small> * ''O. a. somalicus'' <small>[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1908</small> * ''O. a. wardi'' <small>Lydekker, 1908</small> * ''O. a. wertheri'' <small> Matschie, 1898</small> (Eastern aardvark) "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica" gba nyɛla din kali "''O.&nbsp;a. capensis"'' bee "Cape ant-bear" din be South Africa.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Aard-vark|volume=1|page=2}}</ref> == Buɣisibu == {{Multiimage | image1 = Orycteropus afer 175359476.jpg | image2 = Southern Aardvark foot print.jpg | direction = vertical | align = left | caption2 = Southern aardvark (''O.{{nbsp}}a. afer'') front and rear foot print }} Timbuŋ biɛhigu ŋmanila kurichu. O nyaaŋa naɣimi<ref name="UR1">{{harvnb|Rahm|1990|p=452}}</ref> ka mali kɔbiri. O naba dii bi waɣi pam, ka nyaaŋ naba maa waɣi gari tooni dini maa.<ref name="UR" /> Tooni napɔŋ maa malila napɔŋbihi anahi, ka nyaaŋa dini maa mi mali napɔnbihi anu. Napɔŋ kam malila napɔŋ nyinnyehi zaɣ'kara. O yi damdi, o zala o napɔŋbihi zuɣu.<ref name="UR1" /> o malila kɔb'kpeŋ din che ka o gbiri voya. O ni gbiri luɣ'shɛŋa nyɛla din mali alaafee n-ti tihi ni binnɛma.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal |last1=Legendre |first1=Lucas J. |last2=Botha-Brink |first2=Jennifer |title=Digging the compromise: investigating the link between limb bone histology and fossoriality in the aardvark (Orycteropus afer) |journal=PeerJ |date=11 July 2018 |volume=6 |pages=e5216 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5216 |doi-access=free |pmid=30018860 |pmc=6045922 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haussmann |first1=Natalie S. |last2=Louw |first2=Michelle A. |last3=Lewis |first3=Simone |last4=Nicol |first4=Keegan J. H. |last5=van der Merwe |first5=Stephni |last6=le Roux |first6=Peter C. |title=Ecosystem engineering through aardvark (Orycteropus afer) burrowing: Mechanisms and effects |journal=Ecological Engineering |date=1 August 2018 |volume=118 |pages=66–72 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.04.022 |hdl=2263/65084 |s2cid=104179393 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>[[File:Aardvark skeleton mount.JPG|thumb|right|An aardvark skeleton and mounted individual]]Timbuŋ timsim paagi kama "{{convert|60|and(-)|80|kg}}".<ref name="UR" /> Timbuŋ waɣilim paai kamani "{{convert|105|and(-)|130|cm|ft}}",<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Haussmann|first=Natalie S.|last2=Louw|first2=Michelle A.|last3=Lewis|first3=Simone|last4=Nicol|first4=Keegan J. H.|last5=van der Merwe|first5=Stephni|last6=le Roux|first6=Peter C.|date=2018-08-01|title=Ecosystem engineering through aardvark (Orycteropus afer) burrowing: Mechanisms and effects|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092585741830140X?via=ihub|journal=Ecological Engineering|volume=118|pages=66–72|doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.04.022|issn=0925-8574}}</ref> ka ni tooi lahi zooi paai kamani "{{convert|2.2|m}}" o zuli waɣilim din nyɛ kamani "{{convert|70|cm}})" yi yɛn pahi. O malila "{{convert|60|cm|in}}" waɣim o bɔɣusapima ni, ka o sunsuuni nyɛ kamani "{{convert|100|cm|ft}}".<ref name="UR1" /> o naba malila kɔbiri din waɣa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Macmillan dictionary of life sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflife0000unse_b2q5|date=1985|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-34867-3|editor-last=Martin|editor-first=Elizabeth A.|edition=2nd ed., repr|location=London}}</ref>Kɔbiri din be o ningbuŋ ni paai balibu dibaa ata zaŋ chaŋ anahi.<ref name="UR1" /> ===Zuɣu=== Timbuŋ zuɣu din waɣa nyɛla din tam nyingoli din nyɛ zaɣ'ŋmaa ka be diti zuɣu, ka o nyee nyolini niŋ zaɣi pariti, ka mali nyevoya.<ref name=UR1/> Timbuŋ zuɣu nyɛla din mali nahingbaŋ bɔbigu pam. Di puuni yini din gahim n-nyɛ di mali nyina.<ref name=UR/><ref name=UR2/> O nyina nyɛla din niŋdi waɣilim pam.<ref name=sho1/> Timbuŋ yi dɔɣi bihi, timbuŋ'bihi maa malila nyina, ka lala nyina ŋɔ yi ti vuɣi, di bi lahi binda. Timbuŋ kurili malila nyinbaɣiti ko, ka bɛ nyina laasabu mali nyɛ: {{DentalFormula|upper=0.0.2-3.3|lower=0.0.2.3}} Lala nyina ŋɔ ka jila.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|1983|p=377}}</ref> Nyina maa malila nyinbaɣiti pia ni anahi din be zuɣusaa ka nyinbaɣiti pinaayi mi be gbunni.<ref name=Colliers/> Timbuŋ nyevoya shee gba lahi nyɛla yaɣ'shɛli din gahim pam.<ref name=UR/> Nyevoya maa kpansi nyɛla din mali kɔbiri.<ref name=UR1/> Nyee maa nyoli ni nyɛla di ni tooi dam gili.<ref name=UR/><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=W. A.|last2=Skinner|first2=J. D.|date=2004-01|title=Adaptations of the aardvark for survival in the Karoo: a review|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00359190409519169|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa|language=en|volume=59|issue=2|pages=105–108|doi=10.1080/00359190409519169|issn=0035-919X}}</ref>Nyee maa malila kɔb'bala n-gari binkɔbiri ban pahi, lala kɔba ŋɔ paa kamani kɔba dibaa awɔi zaŋ chaŋ kɔba pinaayi, ka baa mi mali dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dibaanu.<ref name=sho1/><ref name=sho1/> nyee maa malila vo'bihi bɔbigu n-gari binkɔbiri ban pahi<ref name=UR1/><ref name=UR2>{{harvnb|Rahm|1990|pp=453–454}}</ref> Nyee maa ŋmanila kurichu nyee. Nangbani maa pɔrimi ka niŋ zaɣi choo, ka ŋmani binkɔbiri ban diri yoba ni salisahi dini. Timbuŋ malila zilin waɣinli din balisi ka ŋmani wahu (ka di waɣilim ni paagi kamani {{convert|30|cm|in}}<ref name=Colliers/>ka mali binshɛŋa din che ka di taɣiri zeɣu.<ref name="TaylorSkinner">{{harvnb|Taylor|Skinner|2004|p=106}}</ref> Timbuŋ tiba din wumdi pam,<ref name=Colliers/> nyɛla din waɣa, kamani {{convert|20|-|25|cm|in}}.<ref name="UR1" /> Timbuŋ malila nina din pɔra.<ref name=UR1/> ===Bindirigu nɛmbu soli=== Timbuŋ puli ni malila jila din zani ti bimpilinli zaani n-nɛmdi bindirigu, ka di zuŋu che ka bindirigu ŋumbu bi kpa talahi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=UR/> Timbuna balibu zaa nyɛla ban taɣiri zɛɣu pam.<ref name="EB" /> Jila din bilisiri nintɔri nyɛla din yi polo gili o nyingoili;<ref name=UR/> lala nitɔri ŋɔ bilisibu n-che ka zilinli ŋ~i tooi gɔri ginga.<ref name=UR1/><ref name=UR/><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2003}}</ref> == Biɛhigu shee mini galisim == Timbuna bela "sub-Saharan Africa", luɣ'shɛŋa (mɔri, ti'zimsa ni yɔɣu) mini [[bindirigu]] ni be (i.e., salinsahi mini yoba).<ref name="awf2">{{harvnb|African Wildlife Foundation|2013}}</ref> Wuntaŋ ni bɛ bela voya ni, din yɛn che ka wuntaŋ tulim ku paai ba.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/grzimeksencyclop0005unse/mode/2up|title=Grzimek's encyclopedia of mammals|date=1990|publisher=New York : McGraw-Hill Publishing Company|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-07-909508-4}}</ref> Bayaɣiti ni gali luɣ'shɛŋa pam ka bɛ dii kani ka di daliri nyɛla bɛ voya ni gbibu malila tarisi.<ref name="MSW3" /> Bɛ lahi je luɣ'shɛŋa tampima ni galisi, ka di daliri nyɛla bɛ je ni voya gbibu nahimba.<ref name="UR3">{{harvnb|Rahm|1990|p=455}}</ref> Bɛ galisi paai kamani {{convert|3200|m|ft}}, Ethiopia tiŋgbani ni. Bɛ bela "sub-Saharan Africa" zaŋ hali ni South Africa n-ti tabili luɣ'shɛŋa kamani [[Namibia]], [[Ivory Coast]], mini [[Ghana]]. Timbuna ka [[Madagascar|Madagascar.]]<ref name=":1" /> == Timbuna biɛhigu ni taba mini luɣ'shɛŋa bɛ ni be == [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Orycteropus_afer.jpg|right|thumb|Aardvark resting]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Erdvarkgat,_Dingaanstat.jpg|right|thumb|Entrance to a burrow]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:SanWild17.jpg|right|thumb|Emerging from a burrow]] Timbuna ni tooi sɔɣi kpe luɣ'shɛli ti be ni hali ni yuun'pishi ni ata.<ref name="EB" /> Timbuna gbulisiri tibili ni binyɛra ban ni tooi gbahiba polo: gbuɣima, jangbuna, cheetahs, yobahi, kunduna, ni waɣimaha.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />NInsalinima shɛba gba gbahiri timbuna niŋdi nimdi.<ref name=":0" /> Timbuŋ ni tooi gbi voli nini pɔb'bu ni neebu bee n-guui ŋmaɣi binshɛri din gbahirba, amaa di zaa shɛli yi bi tooi ku bukaata, bɛ malilala nyinnyehi zabira, zuli mini bɛ biya, ka dooni yepiɛliga saha shɛŋa ka tabiri ni naba dibaa anahi maa.<ref name=":0" /> Di yi ti miiba luɣ'shɛŋa bɛ tooi saɣindi nimaa ni.<ref name=":2" /> Bɛ ni tooi lahi gbi voya ka tiligi saha shɛŋa, di yi ti miina, timbuŋ gbiri voli ni valiŋ.<ref name=":3" /> === Dibu === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Southern_Aardvark_1.jpg|left|thumb|The unusual cross-walk gait of the aardvark]] Timbuŋ nyɛla binkɔbigu ŋun gori yuŋ ka di salinsahi mini yoba;<ref name="EoM2">{{harvnb|van Aarde|1984|pp=466–467}}</ref> binwoli shɛli ko timbuna ni diri nyɛla Siliminsi ni boli binwoli shɛli "aardvark cucumber".<ref name=":0" /> Lala binwolli ŋɔ mini timbuna malila biɛhigu ni taba, bɛ yi dili bɛ nyerila di bina miri bɛ biɛhisi din mali vuhim maa shee, ka di ʒi maa bili nimaani. TImbuna maa nimaani ni biɛhigu maa nyɛla din sɔŋdi lala tihi ŋɔ ka di zoori yom' ka timbuna maa vuhiri di mahim.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />Timbuna bi diri salina ʒehi.<ref name=":4" />Bɛ bɔrila binnɛma ban zooi dibu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-26|title=Aardvark at Animal Corner|url=http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/aardvark.html|access-date=2024-09-07|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2013-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726194347/http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/aardvark.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>Timbuna yirimina bɛ voya ni wuntaŋ yi ti maara bee wuntaŋ yi ti puhira, ka no tooi go n-wɔligi bɛ biɣisi shee kamani "{{convert|10|to|30|km|mi}}". Saha shɛli bɛ ni bɔri bindirigu shee maa, bɛ malila bɛ nyehi firi tiŋgbani ni ka zaŋ bɛ tiba bahi tooni, ka di wuhiri ni ʒeɣu taɣibu mini tibili gbulisibu zaa bela bɛ bindirigu bɔbu ni. Bɛ yi bɔri bindirigu shee bɛ golindila bɛ soya ka ku doli so yini paai kamani dabaanu zaŋ chaŋ dabaa anii ka di daliri nyɛla di chemika yoba maa yɛligiri pahiri ka bɛ dira.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Melton|first=Derek A.|date=1976-06|title=The biology of aardvark (Tubulidentata‐Orycteropodidae)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1976.tb00204.x|journal=Mammal Review|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=75–88|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.1976.tb00204.x|issn=0305-1838}}</ref> Bɛ yi gora bɛ malila bɛ tooni napona gbiri vo'mulima bahirra ni di che ka bɛ tooi doli lala soli ŋɔ baŋdi bɛ biɛhigu sheei.<ref name="EoM2" /> BƐ yi ni nya yoma mini salinsahi, bɛ malila bɛ tooni naba gbiri ni nimmohi, ka duhi bɛ tyiba zuɣusaa n-gbulisiri tibili ni bɛ dimba, ka mali bɛ zilima maa gbahi binneen'bɔbigu—kamani tuhi pihinu yuŋ dahinyini puli ni. Bɛ nyinnyehi ŋɔ chemi ka bɛ tooi gbiri yihiri yoba na yom. Bɛ bi saɣiri vuhiri saɣiri niŋdi bɛ nyehi ni, ka di nyɛla bɛ ŋariti li mi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rey|first=Benjamin|last2=Fuller|first2=Andrea|last3=Mitchell|first3=Duncan|last4=Meyer|first4=Leith C. R.|last5=Hetem|first5=Robyn S.|date=2017-07|title=Drought-induced starvation of aardvarks in the Kalahari: an indirect effect of climate change|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543026/|journal=Biology Letters|volume=13|issue=7|pages=20170301|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2017.0301|issn=1744-9561|pmc=5543026|pmid=28724691}}</ref> Bɛ yi di nasara, timbuŋ zinli din waɣilim nyɛ kamani ("{{convert|30|cm|in}}"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cute as a Button but a Pain in my Butt: The Aardvark|url=https://www.themagicalbuffet.com/Issues/Vol02_Iss07/Article_049.html|access-date=2024-09-07|website=www.themagicalbuffet.com}}</ref> leeenil;a binniɛma. Timbuna yi chaŋ yob'duu gbuni ka ŋmaligi, binkɔbiri ban kpalim gba chanimi ti gahim bɛ ni diu ka che shɛli.<ref name="UR5">{{harvnb|Rahm|1990|p=457}}</ref> Yob'duri ni ko bindira bɛ saɣiri timbuna, di zuɣu bɛ gindimi bɔri yoba ban gɔriginda. Lala binnɛma ŋɔ yi chana, bɛ ni tooi pe laai nima kamani "{{convert|10|-|40|m|ft}}" ka di zuɣu che ka timbuna ŋɔ tooi gbahiriba alaha.Lala binnɛma ŋɔ zooi la binkɔb'kara ni be shɛli <ref name="UR5" /> Ni mɔri mini binkɔbiri maa bina nyɛla yoba ŋɔ ni doli shɛli.<ref name="UR5" /> Bɛ mali yaa pam di yi niŋ ka yuŋ na bi zibi pam (kamani yuŋ kuriga anii zaŋ chaŋ kurigi pinaayi); amaa, bɛ bɛ bi doli yuŋ din zimsi pam bee din bi zimsa. Tulim bee maasim yi galisi nyaŋba, bi labirila bɛ voya ni. Bɛ gɔri paari kamani "{{convert|2|and|5|km|mi}}" yuŋ kam puli ni; amaa, amaa vihigu shɛŋa wuhiya ni bɛ ni tooi go m-paai kamani "{{convert|30|km|mi}}" yuŋ dahinyini puuni.<ref name="EoM2" /> Timbuna gɔri yuŋ gari wuntaŋ ni.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Weyer|first1=Nora Marie|last2=Fuller|first2=Andrea|last3=Haw|first3=Anna Jean|last4=Meyer|first4=Leith Carl Rodney|last5=Mitchell|first5=Duncan|last6=Picker|first6=Mike|last7=Rey|first7=Benjamin|last8=Hetem|first8=Robyn Sheila|date=2020|title=Increased Diurnal Activity Is Indicative of Energy Deficit in a Nocturnal Mammal, the Aardvark|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=11|page=637|doi=10.3389/fphys.2020.00637|issn=1664-042X|pmc=7358442|pmid=32733261|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kumsi === Timbuna nyɛla binkɔbiri ban bi yori vuri. Amaa, amaa bɛ nyɛla ba ŋumdi bɛ yi ti bɔri bindirigu sheei.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/parents/arthur/program/prog_summary.html|access-date=2024-09-07|website=web.archive.org|title=Archive copy|archive-date=2019-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410083904/http://www.pbs.org/parents/arthur/program/prog_summary.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ka chehiri di yi ti niŋ ka dabiɛm gbahiba.<ref name=":0" /> Varisigu yi varisiba bɛ kperila bɛ voya ni. di yi ni ka binshɛɣu bɛ miri ba ka bɛ gbi shɛli yom. Lala vo'palli ŋƆ bɛ yɛn zilima, ka bɛ yina di yi niŋ ka lala pɔhim biɛɣu maa gari.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=ThriftBooks|title=Arthur's Nose book by Marc Brown|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/arthurs-nose-an-arthur-adventure_marc-brown/317005/item/2746044/|access-date=2024-09-07|website=ThriftBooks|language=en}}</ref> === Chandi === TImbuna nyɛla ban duɣiri kom pam.<ref name=":6" /> TImbuŋ ni tooi zaŋ minti anu gbi voli din zilima<ref>{{Cite web|last=ThriftBooks|title=Arthur's Eyes: An Arthur Adventure book by Marc Brown|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/arthurs-eyes-an-arthur-adventure_marc-brown/464241/item/15015689/|access-date=2024-09-07|website=ThriftBooks|language=en}}</ref> but otherwise moves fairly slowly. Bɛ yi gɔri yuŋ, bɛ fahirimi zani voli maa nolini kamani minti pia zuɣu, n-tihindi ka gbulisiri tibili. Lala siɣa ŋɔ niŋbu nyaaŋa, bɛ yirimina zaŋ "seconds" chaŋ kamani "{{convert|10|m|ft}}". ka naan yi zani, n-gbulisi tibili, ka gbuligiri di zuɣu gbulsiri tibili, ka yiɣi zani ha ka pili chandi.<ref name="Cote et al 2007" /> Yoba mini salinsahi gbibu nyaaŋa, timbuŋ lahi gbiri vo'shɛŋa ni bɛ ni be, ka di mali siɣim buta: vo'shɛŋa bɛ ni gbiri bɛ bindira bɔbu ni, yaakoro mini vuhi shee, ni bɛ ni be luɣ'shɛŋa saha kam.<ref name="EoM2" /> vo'shɛŋa ni bɛ ni be sahakam nio tooi mali dunoya pam ka ni tooi zilim paai kamani {{convert|13|m|ft}}.<ref name="EoM2" /> Ninsali no tooi kpe bɛ voya ŋɔ yini kam ni.<ref name=":3" /> Timbuna taɣirila bɛ vo'shɛŋa ni bɛ ni be nahingbana sahakam, ka tooi lahi taɣiri vo'pala. Bɛ vo'kura nyɛla biɛhisi shee zaŋ ti mɔɣuni binkɔbiri. Bɛ yi zo ka che li mɔguni binkɔbiri kamani yobahi, dɛhi mini binkɔbiri ban pahi nyɛla ban zaŋdi li niŋdi bɛ biɛhisi shee.<ref name=":8" /> Binkɔbi shɛba ban lahi kperi din ni nyɛla waɣimaha, kunduna baŋa ni soonsi. Lala voya ŋɔ yi di kani buɣim yi di taai yɔɣu ni di naan ku binkɔbiri pam.<ref name=":8" /> Timbuŋ nyaŋ mini zaɣi bihi ko n-laɣimdi voli ni; amaa, timbuna bela tooi laɣimdi voli ni, di leei zoomi ka yini yini be voli ni.<ref name=":3" />Binshɛɣu yi liri o voli ni di gbiri la vo'palli m-puhi yi ka tɔ tankpa palli maa ŋari, di suhu yi bɔra ka di gili ti kpe vo'kurili maa ni ti zabi ni nyinyehi.<ref name=":3" />TImbuna tooi sɔgiri gbihiri yob'du kura ni ka di tiligiri ba ka cheri bɛ dimba.<ref name=":7" /> === Dɔɣibu === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Aardvarks.jpg|right|thumb|Aardvark mother and young]] Timbuŋ baɣili niŋdila chira ayopɔin,<ref name="EoM2" /> timbuŋ bili timsi paai kamani " {{convert|1.7|-|1.9|kg|lb}}'<ref name=":5" /> Bɛ dɔɣirla Anashaara goli May zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli July.<ref name=":9" /> Timbuŋ yi dɔɣi, timbuŋbihi maa malila tibi tabila. DI yi mɔɣira, di mɔgirimi yihi bihi zuɣu kam di beni na.<ref name="EB" /> Bakoi dibaa ayi nyaaŋa, di nigbungbaŋ taɣirimi ka bakoi dibaa ata nyaaŋa, tiba maa ni tooi gbaai.<ref name="EB" /> Bakoi dibaa anu zaŋ chaŋ dibaa ayɔbu nyaaŋa, ka ningbuna ni kɔbiri pili zoobu.<ref name="EB" />Bakoi dibaa ayi nyaaŋa, timbuŋ bili ni tooi doli o ma go ka di yoba bakoi dibaa awɔi nyaaŋa,<ref name="EB" />ka ni tooi mɔɣi paai bakoi dibaa ata<ref name=":3" /> zaŋ chaŋ bakoi pinaayɔbu.<ref name="EoM2" /> Timbuŋbili yi paai chira ayɔbu, di tooi gbi di maŋmaŋa voli, amaa di yɛn bela di ma sani hali ka di waɣibu saha ti lahi paai,<ref name="EoM2" /> ka di gba ni tooi dɔɣi kamani yuma ayi nyaaŋa.<ref name=":3" /> == Gubu mini taɣibu == Di daa ŋmanila timbuna filimdi mi,<ref name=":3" /> amaa, di ni tooi niŋ lala, ka di daliri nyɛla bɛ nyabu bi niŋ alaha.<ref name=":7" /> Bɛ galisim bɛ yi polo ka di nyɛla bɛ ni gori yuŋ mini bɛ ni be voya ni la zuɣu; amaa, bɛ kalinli ŋmanila di za luɣ'yini. Africa bɛ dii bi niŋ bayana shɛli polo, amaa bɛ ni be luɣa pam la zuɣu, bɛ kali nyɛla di kuli beni. bɛ ni tooi filim bela eastern, northern, mini western Africa. Southern African kalinli bɛ filimda.<ref name=":2" /> Bɛ ni mali bɛ ni diri bindiri shɛŋa la zuɣu; di ni tooi che ka bɛ filimda.<ref name=":3" /> Vihigu wuhiya ni tiŋgbani nama tɛri taɣibu ni tooi dam timbuna ka di daliri nyɛla tulim ni tooi kuri salinsahi mini yoba, bɛ ni diri bindiri shɛŋa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Melton|first=Derek A.|date=June 1976|title=The biology of aardvark (Tubulidentata-Orycteropodidae)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1976.tb00204.x|journal=Mammal Review|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=75–88|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.1976.tb00204.x|issn=0305-1838}}</ref> Bindirigu kalinsi ni tooi che ka bɛ ni tooi gɔri yuŋ mini wuntaŋ ni zaa, amaa di dolila dabisili maa tulim ni nyɛ shɛm. Timbuna vihigu niŋbu Kalahari bɔpiɛligu ni wuhiya ni tulim kula timbuna anu zaŋ chaŋ ayɔbu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rey|first1=Benjamin|last2=Fuller|first2=Andrea|last3=Mitchell|first3=Duncan|last4=Meyer|first4=Leith C. R.|last5=Hetem|first5=Robyn S.|date=2017-07-31|title=Drought-induced starvation of aardvarks in the Kalahari: an indirect effect of climate change|journal=Biology Letters|volume=13|issue=7|pages=20170301|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2017.0301|pmc=5543026|pmid=28724691}}</ref> Tulim yi kpe timbuŋ, di ni yuui pam ka o ti lahi labina o daalaafee ni. Timbuna wumsibu shee tulli daa nyɛla "London Zoo" din daa pili yuuni 1869, din daa mali binkɔbiri ban yina [[South Africa]].<ref name=":2" /> == Mythology and popular culture == Africa salima ni, niriba bɔrila timbuŋa zaŋ chaŋ o nimmohi ni bindirigu polo ni di ni bɛ lahi zori daiɛm ni yob'dahi la zuɣu. Hausa tabiibi niŋdi zaŋla timbuŋ suhui ni dabara, gbaŋ, gbɛɣu, n-ti tabili timbuŋ nyinnyehi, ka bɛ laɣimdi di mini tia shɛli tɔri gabiri taba. Ka zaŋli pɔbi gbaŋ shɛli ni yɛtili bɛ nyɔri ni, ni lala tabiibi maa cherimi ka ŋun malili ni tooi pili yi dikpuni ni bee chamsi ni yuŋ.<ref>{{harvnb|Rebecca|2007}}</ref> Yaha, bali shɛŋa, kamani Margbetu, Ayanda, ni Logo,<ref name="Seifert2007" /> malila timbuna nyina maani nyingokɔriti, ka bɛ booni li saha tibu tabiibi.<ref name=":0" /> O nimdi, din mali kurichu nahingbana, nyɛla bɛ ni diri shɛli kaya ni taɣa shɛŋa ni.<ref name=":0" /> Dagbamba ban be Ghana malila dihitabili ni timbuŋ malila tima.<ref name=":5" /> Dagbamba dihimitabili ni timbuŋ ni tooi lee ninsali n-kpe n-gari ninsalinima ni.<ref>{{harvnb|te Velde|1997|p=13}}</ref> Buku di nyɛ bihi dini ka nyɛ ninliha kpanjɔɣu, WGBH ni yihi shɛli na, ka bɛ niŋli tiŋgban gari kɔbigu ni pihinii ni, nyɛla timbuŋ.<ref>{{harvnb|WGBH|2013}}</ref> Buku maa tuuli yaɣili ni, "''Arthur's Nose"'' (1976), o malila nye waɣinli din ŋmani timbuŋ dini,<ref>[https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/arthurs-nose-an-arthur-adventure_marc-brown/317005/item/2746044/ Arthur's Nose], Thriftbooks; accessed 2020.09.29.</ref> amaa bukunima din pahi ni, ka o nini maa kpulim pam.<ref>[https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/arthurs-eyes-an-arthur-adventure_marc-brown/464241/item/15015689/ Arthur's Eyes], Thriftbooks; accesses 2020.09.29.</ref> "Otis the Aardvark" daa nyɛla beebii m-be "Children's BBC" ni. Bɛ daa pala "F-111/FB-111" yupaa boli litimbuŋ ka di nyɛla di nyee ŋmanila lala binkɔbigu maa. US linjimanima ni, bɛ daa tila "VF-114" yupaa boli li timbuŋ, "F-4s" din yiɣiri mini "F-14s". ''"Cerebus the Aardvark"'' nyɛla kpɛrigu buku shɛli Dave Sim ni yihina. == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] 0i30ql5pfwisqoafivwxz3nqxlgb3al Shinshimi 0 8706 146102 143345 2026-08-10T20:32:15Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{C-Class}} '''Shinshimi''' (''athlete's foot'')<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref>, Niriba pam ni lahi mi shɛli silimiinsili ni '''''tinea pedis''''', nyɛla din nyɛ ningbuna zuɣu doro din yoli ka din tahiri li na nyɛla [[fungus]].<ref name=Bell2012/> Lala doro ŋɔ ŋmahingbana n-tooi nyɛ koribu, scaling, tahibu ni moosim.<ref name=CDC2009Hyg/> Di tooi zoomi ka di yi yɛn niŋ nira, a yɛn nyami ka ningbuna ŋɔ mooi.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Shinshimi nyɛla din ni tooi gbaai gbali luɣilikam, amaa di tooi zooi la napɔnbihi ŋɔ yaɣasa ni.<ref name=CDC2009Hyg/> Di ni tooi lahi gbaari shɛli n-nyɛ gbali lɔŋni.<ref name=CDC2015Sym>{{cite web|title=Symptoms of Ringworm|url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=24 January 2016|date=6 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120042431/http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/symptoms.html|archive-date=20 January 2016}}</ref> Lala doro ŋɔ ni tooi lahi gbaai nuhi bee nyinyari .<ref name=K2015/> Di bela doro pubu din nye ''[[tinea]]''.<ref name="BMJ2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moriarty B, Hay R, Morris-Jones R | title = The diagnosis and management of tinea | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | issue = 7 | pages = e4380 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22782730 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e4380 | s2cid = 38106083 }}</ref> Din tahiri shinshimi ŋɔ na nyɛla [[fungus]] bɔbigu,<ref name=CDC2009Hyg>{{cite web|title=Hygiene-related Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/disease/athletes_foot.html|website=CDC|access-date=24 January 2016|date=24 December 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130022213/http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/disease/athletes_foot.html|archive-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> including species of ''[[Trichophyton]]'', ''[[Epidermophyton]]'', and ''[[Microsporum]]''.<ref name=K2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaushik N, Pujalte GG, Reese ST | title = Superficial Fungal Infections | journal = Primary Care | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 501–516 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26612371 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.004 }}</ref> Di gbaabu nyɛla a yi niŋ ningbuna ni di ni pun mali so bee fungus din be yi ʒinɛli ni.<ref name=CDC2009Hyg/> Fungusi ni tooi be shɛli nyɛla kom duɣibu shɛhi ni duri puuni.<ref name=Hawkins2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawkins DM, Smidt AC | title = Superficial fungal infections in children | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2014-04_61_2/page/443 | journal = Pediatric Clinics of North America | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 443–455 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24636655 | doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2013.12.003 }}</ref> Bɛ ni tooi lahi yina binkɔbi' shɛba puuni.<ref name=CDC2015Peo/> Di tooi zooya, zahimbu tooi doli la di ŋmahingbana; amaa, di benibu dihitabili ni tooi yina tibiri sabilim ni bee [[hyphae]] nyabu di yi niŋ ka a zaŋ [[microscope]] yuli.<ref name=K2015/> Shinshimi ŋɔ kuli bi zami ti ban guuri ko: di ni tooi lahi gbaagi a di yi niŋ ka a zooi naponzaŋa chandi, che ka a napon nyinyari zoori yaɣara, piriti namdanima din muɣiri, bee m-bi taɣari a sokishin biɛɣu kulo kam.<ref name=K2015/><ref name=CDC2015Peo>{{cite web|title=People at Risk for Ringworm|url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/risk-prevention.html|website=CDC|date=6 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907031747/http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/risk-prevention.html|archive-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> Di ni tibi ni [[antifungal medication]] ka mani [[clotrimazole]] bee, ni sahakam gbaabu, ka zaŋdi antifungal tima ka mani [[terbinafine]].<ref name=Bell2012/><ref name=K2015/> Topical kpama n-nyɛ bɛ ni kpaŋsi ni a zaŋ ʒiɛrili dakulo diba-anahi.<ref name=K2015/> N-che ka napona ŋɔ kuui ka a piriti namda nyɛla din gba ni tooi sɔŋsi ti tibbu polo dama lala doro maa bɔri kom bee mahili yi paari li.<ref name=CDC2009Hyg/> Shinshimi nyɛla tuuli bɛ ni daa buɣisi shɛli 1908.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Homei A, Worboys M |title=Fungal disease in Britain and the United States 1850–2000 : mycoses and modernity|date=2013|isbn=9781137377036|page=44|publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVDyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44}}</ref> Andunia zaa, shinshimi nyɛla din gbaari salo kalinli ka mani vaabu pia ni ani kobigi puuni.<ref name=Bell2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell-Syer SE, Khan SM, Torgerson DJ | title = Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = CD003584 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23076898 | pmc = 7144818 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003584.pub2 | veditors = Bell-Syer SE }}</ref> Dabba n-nyɛ di ni tooi gbahiri shɛba n-gari paɣaba.<ref name=K2015/> Di lahi niŋ bayana pam zaŋ chaŋ bihi ban saai na biɛla n-gari zaɣ' kura ni.<ref name=K2015/> Taarihi puuni di wuhiya ni dina n-daa nyɛ dɔri shɛli ŋan yoli sɛnchiri pishi ni ka di nyɛla namda muna piribu ni daa kuli niŋ bayana, alaafee bɔbu, tɔbu, ni gɔrim gɔbu ni zaa.<ref>{{cite book| veditors = Ghannoum M, Perfect JR |title=Antifungal Therapy.|date=2009|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=New York|isbn=9780849387869|page=258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kk_vBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258}}</ref> == Ŋmahingbana == [[File:Athlete's foot.JPG|thumb|Athlete's foot]] Athlete gbali nyɛla bɛ ni puri shɛli bunahi zuɣu:chronic interdigital, plantar (chronic scaly; aka "moccasin foot"), acute ulcerative, ni vesiculobullous. "Interdigital" gbunni nyɛla napɔmbihi yaɣasa ni . "Plantar" gbunni nyɛla gbali puuni. Ka ulcerative ŋɔ gbaai nangbankpansi hali ni di puuni.<ref name=MerckPro/> <nowiki>''Maceration''</nowiki> mi nyɛla gbali ŋɔ baligibu ni tahibu zaŋ yi di yin doni polo ti yaɣi. [[vesiculobullous disease]] nyɛla [[mucocutaneous disease]] bali shɛli din ŋmahingbana nyɛ [[Vesicle (dermatology)#Pimary lesions|vesicles]] ni [[Bulla (dermatology)|bullae]] (blisters). Vesicles mini bullae zaa nyɛla kom [[lesion]], ka ka di yi di ku zaŋ chaŋ di barilim polo (vesicles ŋɔ pɔri gari 5&nbsp;mm ka bulla ŋɔ mi bari gari 5&nbsp;mm, di yi doli bɛ ni buɣisi li shɛm).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kandemir |first1=Nilüfer Onak |last2=Barut |first2=Figen |last3=Gün |first3=Banu Doğan |last4=Tekin |first4=Nilgün Solak |last5=Keser |first5=Sevinç Hallaç |last6=Özdamar |first6=Şükrü Oğuz |date=December 2012 |title=Histopathological analysis of vesicular and bullous lesions in Kaposi sarcoma |journal=Diagnostic Pathology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=101 |doi=10.1186/1746-1596-7-101 |doi-access=free |issn=1746-1596 |pmc=3488507 |pmid=22894735}}</ref> Shinshimi ŋɔ tooi niŋdila napɔmbihi yaɣasa ni, ka be napɔmbili din pahiri anahi mini anu sunsuuni.<ref name=" Hasan2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Al Hasan M, Fitzgerald SM, Saoudian M, Krishnaswamy G | title = Dermatology for the practicing allergist: Tinea pedis and its complications | journal = Clinical and Molecular Allergy | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 5 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15050029 | pmc = 419368 | doi = 10.1186/1476-7961-2-5 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid12537173">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hainer BL | title = Dermatophyte infections | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2003-01-01_67_1/page/101 | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 67 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–108 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12537173 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10607333">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ | title = Pustular tinea pedis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2000-01_42_1/page/n189 | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 42 | issue = 1 Pt 1 | pages = 132–133 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10607333 | doi = 10.1016/S0190-9622(00)90022-7 }}</ref> Interdigital shinshimi din tahibu na nyɛ ''Trichophyton rubrum'' ni tooi ka nahingabana, din tooi nyɛ saɣasibu, bee kpaŋ din be napɔŋ yaɣasa ŋɔ ni ni tooi yina [[Erythema|red]] bee ulcerative ([[Scale (dermatology)|scaly]], flaky, ka di kpaŋ ŋɔ biɛhigu bala ka nyɛ zaɣ' piɛli di yi niŋ ka ningbuna ŋɔ maha),<ref name="BMJ2012"/><ref name="Athlete">{{cite journal | vauthors = Likness LP | title = Common dermatologic infections in athletes and return-to-play guidelines | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jaoa-the-journal-of-the-american-osteopathic-association_2011-06_111_6/page/373 | journal = The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association | volume = 111 | issue = 6 | pages = 373–379 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21771922 | doi = 10.7556/jaoa.2011.111.6.373 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ni zaɣasibu bee ka zaɣasibu ka ni. Acute ulcerative variant of interdigital shinshimi din tahibu na nya ''T. mentagrophytes'' nyɛla din ŋmahingbana nye biɛrim, ningbuŋgbaŋ zaɣasibu, ningbungbaŋ nyɛhibu, crusting, ni nyom zaŋ yi binneembihi ban tahi dɔro ŋɔ na.<ref name="Sports"/> Plantar shinshimi gba nyɛla binshɛli din tahiri ''T. rubrum'' din tahiri asymptomatic, erythematous plaques (ningbungbaŋ moosim) ka di laɣinda plantar ŋɔ zuɣu, gbali ŋɔ puuni din tooi pɔbiri viɛnyɛla, poora [[hyperkeratosis|hyperkeratotic scales]].<ref name=Bell2012/><ref name="Sports"/> Vesiculobullous shinshimi nyɛla din dii bi yoli ka din tooi tahirili na n-nyɛ ''T. mentagrophytes'' ka di ŋmahingbaŋ nyɛ zaɣasibu yim ni [[Vesicle (dermatology)|vesicles]] din be erythematous base,<ref name="BMJ2012"/> ka tooi yirina gbali ŋɔ puuni. Lala shinshimi balli ŋɔ nyɛla tahibu na tooi doli binneembihi yirina ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' bee ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name="Sports"/> === Di biɛhisi === Di yi niŋ ka dɔro ŋɔ chana, ningbuna ŋɔ ni tooi tahi, ka di tahi binneembihi kpɛbu<ref name="Sports"/> ni yuma yoobu.<ref name=MerckPro>[http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic_disorders/fungal_skin_infections/tinea_pedis.html The Merck Manual Professional Edition tinea pedis page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113155/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic_disorders/fungal_skin_infections/tinea_pedis.html |date=28 January 2015 }}. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</ref> Di yi che li ni di zooi, shinshimi ŋɔ funguusi ni tooi yɛligi kpe napɔmbihi nyinyari ni,<ref name="NHS1">[[National Health Service]] webpage on [http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Athletes-foot/Pages/Introduction.aspx Athlete's Foot] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114062758/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Athletes-foot/Pages/Introduction.aspx|date=14 January 2015}}. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref> ka bɛ diri [[keratin]] din be di puuni, bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli [[onychomycosis]].<ref name="Flint2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flint WW, Cain JD | title = Nail and skin disorders of the foot | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2014-03_98_2/page/213 | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 98 | issue = 2 | pages = 213–225 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24559870 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2013.11.002 }}</ref> Di ni niŋ ka shinshimi ŋɔ ni tooi zaɣasiri maa zuɣu, di ni tooi lahi tahi kɔribu na, ka di che ka di ni mali so ti kɔrita di ni be shɛli maa pɔi ka naan yi ti baŋ ni shinshimi m-bala. Kɔribu ŋɔ ni tooi tahi barina na ka maan kpaŋsi yɛla zaŋ yi di ti funguusi soli ka di yɛligi soochi ka kpaŋsi. Kɔribu din be shinshimi ni ni tooi mali yaa ti yaɣi ka di ni mali so ti bi yuri ka kɔriti li hali ti lahi nya yuma, ŋan ni tooi ti binnema soli ka be kpe yuma ŋɔ ni. Kɔribu ti yaɣi ni tooi yihi gbana, ka di tirisi alaafee nyabu. N-kɔriti di ni be shɛŋa polo ni tooi yɛligi funguusi ti niŋ nubihi ni mini nyinyari ni. Di yi niŋ ka di ni paɣi bahi yom, di ni gbaai nubihi mini nyinyari ŋɔ, ka di kpe ningbuna ŋɔ ni. Kɔribu nyaaŋa, di ni tooi lahi yɛligi ti gbaai luɣili kam o ni shihi, nti pahi ningbuna luɣili kam ni o ʒiniɛli ni. Kɔribu ni tooi che ka gbana lu tiŋgbani ni, ka di tooi tahi di yɛligibu yaɣa. Di yi niŋ ka shinshimi funguusi bee di ni be ningbuŋ shɛli ni ŋɔ yɛligi sali ʒiniɛli ni (ka mani, niɛma ni, namda muna ni, shinshaɣu ni, ni kuli pahi pahi.) di nyɛla kɔribu, lubu, bee boblibu, di ni tooi lahi gbaai lala nira ni ban pahi. Kotomsi, di ni be napɔŋbili shɛli mi nyɛla din be o sokshin mini namda muna ni, ka di ni tooi lahi gbaagi o saha kam o yi ti pirili yaɣa. N-yɛn tooi baligi funguusi ŋɔ yɛligi kpe ningbuna yaɣa shɛŋa (nubihi ni) lahi nyɛla yɛltɔɣa. Di yi niŋ ka funguusi ŋɔ yɛligi kpe ningbuna yaɣa shɛŋa, di ni tooi lahi labi na napɔŋbili ŋɔ ni soochi di tibbu nyaaŋa. Ka di ni niŋ ka mali yuya doli di ni be luɣili kam la zuɣu, (kotomsi, [[tinea corporis]] (nabiikɔɣu) bee [[tinea cruris]] (jock itch)), di ni gbaai so ni tooi bi mi ni lala doro maa n-lahi bala.{{cn|date=February 2023}} Shɛba beni ni tooi nyɛli ka di yina bɛ nuhi ŋɔ no bee nyɔɣu ni.<ref name="Id">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilkit M, Durdu M, Karakaş M | title = Cutaneous id reactions: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, epidemiology, etiology, and management | journal = Critical Reviews in Microbiology | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 191–202 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22300403 | doi = 10.3109/1040841X.2011.645520 | s2cid = 43906095 }}</ref> Doro ŋɔ tibbu nyɛla din nyahiri kɔribu ŋɔ mini di taba.<ref name="Id"/> == Din tahiri li na== Shinshimi nyɛla dermatophytosis bali shɛli din gbaari ningbuna, ka dermatophytes n-nye din tahiri li na, funguusinima ban be ningbuna daɣiri shee ka ni tooi wurim keratin.<ref name=Bell2012/> Dermatophytes nyɛla anthropophilic, ka di wuhiri ni lala funguusinim yu sali ningbuna ni biɛhigu. Din zooi tahiri shinshimi na nyɛla bɛ ni mi shɛli ''Trichophyton rubrum'' ni ''T. mentagrophytes'',<ref name="Mycoses">{{cite journal | vauthors = Havlickova B, Czaika VA, Friedrich M | title = Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide | journal = Mycoses | volume = 51 | issue = Supplement 4 | pages = 2–15 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18783559 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01606.x | s2cid = 3398710 }}</ref> amaa ka ''Epidermophyton floccosum'' gba no tooi lahi tahili na.<ref name="Dermatophyte">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivera ZS, Losada L, Nierman WC | title = Back to the future for dermatophyte genomics | journal = mBio | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = e00381–12 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23111872 | pmc = 3487774 | doi = 10.1128/mBio.00381-12 }}</ref><ref name="Common">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrews MD, Burns M | title = Common tinea infections in children | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 77 | issue = 10 | pages = 1415–1420 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18533375 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0515/p1415.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010919/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0515/p1415.html | archive-date = 9 November 2013 }}</ref> Di zooya ka din tooi tahiri shinshimi biɛhigu puuni anduniya zaa nyɛla ''T. rubrum''; amaa, di zooya din tahiri li na ban guuri sani nyɛla ''T. mentagrophytes''.<ref name="Sports"/> === Di loobu === UK alaafee bonti yaɣali ni yɛli shɛm, "Shinshimi nyɛla din loobu bi tɔ, ka di ni tooi yin looi laɣambu ni tab’ ni."<ref name="NHS2">[http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Athletes-foot/Pages/Causes.aspx National Health Service's webpage on Athlete's Foot causes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114110439/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Athletes-foot/Pages/Causes.aspx |date=14 January 2015 }}</ref> Doro ŋɔ ni tooi yin looi so yim di yi niŋ ka o shihi di ni mali so. Niriba ni tooi lahi nye doro di yi niŋ la bɛ miri di ni shihi binyɛhi shɛŋa (niɛma, bodua, ni din pahi pahi) bee polo ni (ka mani shinshaɣu ni, kom subu shee, yoɣu ni damgibu shee). Funguusinim ban tabiri shinshimi ŋɔ na ni tooi kuli gbaai yiɣi sali biɛhigu shee. Fungusinim ni tooi nubihi mini napɔŋbihi ni, amaa di ni tooi lahi gon kpe daɣiri din yiri sali ningbuna ni saha kam. Shinshimi funguusinim mini din be ningbuŋ shɛli ni nyɛla ŋan ni tooi kpe sokshin ni, namda muna ni, niɛma, shɛba, binniɛnbihi, gori pɔbirisi, kom subu shee, bkdua nima, kaapɛtinima ni duu tiŋa. Di yi niŋ ka funguusi ŋɔ kpe yiŋ binkobiri (baa bee jaŋkuno) ni, di ni looi niriba soochi zaŋ bɛ diɛma ni. Di yi niŋ ka binkobigu tooi zooi o maŋ niɣintibu, din tooi pala zohi ka o karita, di ni tooi nyɛla shinshima m-bala. So' shɛli a ni ni tooi doli nye shinshimi ŋɔ nyɛla di yi shihi a ningbuna yaɣa shɛli luɣishɛli dabam. Funguusinim ban tahiri shinshimi ŋɔ na nyɛla ban ni tooi yi ningbuna luɣishɛli n-go siɣi napɔŋ bihi ŋɔ ni, ka di tooi zooi shihibi bee n-kɔri luɣishɛli di ni be maa, ka di che ka funguusi ŋɔ kpɛri nubihi ni, ka zaŋ shihi napɔŋbihi bee n-kɔri. Di ni niŋ ka funguusi ŋɔ din bi taɣari ŋɔ, doro ŋɔ din yuli nyɛla din taɣari doli din be ningbuna yaɣa shɛli. Kotomsi, din yuli booni la [[tinea corporis]] ("ringworm") di yi niŋ ka di be napɔŋbihi ŋɔ bee nubihi ni bee [[tinea cruris]] (jock itch bee dhobi itch) di yi niŋ ka di be napɔŋ kpuŋligu ŋɔ shee . Niɛma (bee namda muna), ningbuna tulim, ni waligu nyɛla ŋan ni tooi gbubi ningbuna viɛnyɛla ka di mah, ka mani tiŋgbani, funguusi ŋɔ nyɛla din tu ni di kpaŋsi. === So’ shɛŋa din ni tooi doli gbaai === Gbaai yihi so’ shɛŋa di ni buɣisi zuɣusaa ŋɔ ka doro ŋɔ ni tooi doli gbaagi a, so’ shɛŋa lahi nyɛla beni ka di gba ni tooi che ka shinshimi ŋɔ gbaagi a alaha. Ninvuɣu shɛba shinshimi ŋɔ ni na min pun gbaai nyɛla di ni ni tooi lahi gbahi shɛba alaha gari di ni na ʒin pun gbagi shɛba. Zaɣikura nyɛla shinshimi ni tooi gbaai alaha gari bihi. Dobba nyɛla shinshimi ŋɔ ni ni tooi gbaai shɛba alaha gari paɣaba.<ref name=MayoRisk>[http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/basics/risk-factors/con-20014892 Mayo Clinic website, Athlete's Foot Risk Factors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207152010/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/basics/risk-factors/con-20014892 |date=7 February 2015 }}</ref> Ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali sichiri doriti bee ningbuna ni soojanim lahi ka yaa<ref name=MayoRisk/> nyɛla din ni tooi gbahi shɛba alaha. HIV/AIDS gabrigiri la ningbuna ni soojanima ka di zuɣu che ka di ni tooi gbaai ŋun mali li alaha. [[Hyperhidrosis]] (waligu yiri biɛɣu) gba nyɛla ŋan ni tooi che ka shinshimi ŋɔ gbaagi alaha ka di tibbu tɔ gba.<ref name=MerckRisk>[http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic_disorders/fungal_skin_infections/tinea_pedis.html The Merck Manual Professional Edition. Tinea Pedis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113155/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic_disorders/fungal_skin_infections/tinea_pedis.html |date=28 January 2015 }}</ref> == Zahimbu == [[File:Athlete's Foot Fungus microscope.jpg|thumb|alt=A |[[Microscope|Microscopic]] view of [[Microbiological culture|cultured]] athlete's foot fungus]] A yi chaŋ dɔɣitɛ sani, sahimbu zalikpana shɛŋa din pun beni la nyɛla o ni yɛn doli shɛli. Di ni n-nyɛ m-bohiri a zaŋ yi a daalaafee taarihi polo din yɛn che ka o tooi baŋ so shɛli di ni tooi doli kpe a,<ref name=MerckPro/> alaafee bonti bohisi ka dɔɣitɛ ŋɔ ni tooi bohi bohisi (ka mani zaŋ yi zaɣasibu mini kɔribu polo), ni ningbuna zuɣu lihibu.<ref name=MerckPro/> Shinshimi zahimbu nyɛla din tooi zahindi ni nini yulibu ningbuna ŋɔ zuɣu ni di ŋmahingbana din nyɛ zaɣisibu di ni be shɛli polo ŋɔ. Di yi niŋ ka zahimbu ŋɔ bi neei doni, tabibi maʒina nyɛla bɛ ni ni too zaŋ shɛli lihi ka baŋ ni shinshimi m-bala ni din tahili na, ka mani candidiasis, pitted keratolysis, erythrasma, contact dermatitis, eczema, bee psoriasis.<ref name="Sports"/><ref name="Common"/><ref name=Palacio2000>{{cite journal | vauthors = del Palacio A, Garau M, Gonzalez-Escalada A, Calvo MT |title=Trends in the treatment of dermatophytosis |journal=Biology of Dermatophytes and Other Keratinophilic Fungi |pages=148–158 |url= http://www.dermatophytes.reviberoammicol.com/p148158.pdf |access-date=10 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070710120903/http://www.dermatophytes.reviberoammicol.com/p148158.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007 }}</ref> Dermatophyte di ni ka shɛli ka tahiri shinshimi na nyɛla din yɛn wuhi noli doni tabibi maʒini ŋɔ zuɣu.<ref name="Sports"/> Laati sabinli, din tooi mali bukaata di yi kana funguusi zahimbu polo, pala din tooi sɔŋda di yi kana shinshimi zahimbu polo, ka di nyɛla dermatophytes din tahiri doro ŋɔ na pala neeri dooni polo ni.<ref name="Hasan2004"/> == Gubu == So' chibisi beni zaŋ jɛndi gbaya kasi niŋbu din che ka di ku ka taɣi shinshimi ŋɔ ka lahi baligi di labi gbaai. Lala so’ chibisi ŋɔ shɛŋa n-nye: N-che napɔna ŋɔ kuuri saha kam; n-che ka napɔŋ nyinyari bi zoori yaɣira; n-waligiri piliŋ din mali ŋmahiri shinshimi ŋɔ ni pun gbaai napɔŋbihi shɛŋa; n-piriti sokshin shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ gumdi mali shɛŋa ka di mali voya ka pɔhim tooi kpɛra; n-niŋ katiŋ ka che namda muɣira piribu; n-taɣiri sokshinima saha kam; ka piriti namda din pa zaɣ’ muna saha kam di yi ti niŋ ka kom subu shee.<ref name=Hawkins2014/><ref name="Sports"/><ref name=DeLuca2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Luca JF, Adams BB, Yosipovitch G | title = Skin manifestations of athletes competing in the summer Olympics: what a sports medicine physician should know | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 399–413 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22512412 | doi = 10.2165/11599050-000000000-00000 | s2cid = 13422078 }}</ref><ref name="Nails 2019">{{Cite magazine|title=Help Clients Prevent Athlete's Foot |url=https://www.nailsmag.com/377984/help-clients-prevent-athletes-foot |date= February 5, 2019 |access-date=2023-08-08 |magazine=Nails |language=en-us}}</ref> “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” ni buɣisi shɛm, " Nyinyari simsi mi ni a ŋmahili ka che ka di be kasi. Nyinyari nyɛla doro ŋɔ ni ni tooi be shɛli ka looi niriba."<ref name="CDC">[https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/disease/athletes_foot.html Centers for Disease Control webpage on Athlete's Foot] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130022213/http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/disease/athletes_foot.html |date=30 January 2016 }}. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</ref> Bɛ ni booni shɛli antifungal poora la niŋbu nyɛla din ni tooi gu ka taɣi shinshimi labu na napɔŋ ni.<ref name="Sports"/> Funguusinim ban tiri shinshimi ŋɔ nyɛla ban be viɛnyɛla ka zoora luɣishɛli din maha ka be zaliŋ. Dinzuɣu, di bi tɔ a gbaabu a yi miriti luɣishɛli din be zaliŋ, din maha, (kotomsi, namda din maha—namda muna din limsiri napɔŋ bihi) ni luɣishɛŋa din maha ka mani shinshari ni, kom duɣibu shɛhi, ni tibbu shɛhi.<ref name="Athlete"/> “Chlorine bleach” nyɛla din kuri binniɛnbihi ka nye bɛ ni mali shɛli minda bee paɣiri yiya ka di kuri doriti binniɛma. M-mindi bee n-paɣiri biɛhisi shee ni “chlorine bleach” ŋɔ nyɛla soli din guri doro yɛligi gili. N-paɣiri kom subu gbambihi, shinshari, ni banjiri duro ni “chlorine bleach” guri mi ka taɣiri doro yɛligibu, ni di labi gbaai. N-paɣiri soɣashinnima mini namda muna ka che ka di be kasi nyɛla so’ chibi yina din ni tooi gu funguusi benibu ni bɛ yɛligibu. N-niŋ katiŋ ka che namda muna laɣim piriti ni so gba nyɛla so’ chibiga din ni tooi gu ka taɣi doro ŋɔ loobu. Shinshimi ŋɔ ni tooi loogi a di yiŋ ka a piri ni mali so namda. Niŋ katiŋ ka che laɣimbu tabili budua, dama funguusinim ŋɔ ni tooi be di gba ni, di bahi bahindi di zaɣ' kurili. == Tibbu == Shinshimi tooi tibira ka di pa ni tim vaabu pihita zaŋ ni pihinahi kobigi puuni.<ref>[http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010901/791.html Over-the-Counter Foot Remedies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095657/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010901/791.html |date=29 September 2007 }} (American Family Physician)</ref> Antifungal ti'shɛŋa din ʒɛri ningbuna zuɣu nyɛla din tooi tibiri li fini.<ref name="Crawford_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Crawford F, Hollis S | title = Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2007 | issue = 3 | pages = CD001434 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17636672 | pmc = 7073424 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001434.pub2 | veditors = Crawford F | format = Review }}</ref> Tibbu din nye din taɣa dee luɣili kam nyɛ mi ka a paɣi neei gbali ŋɔ yim biɛɣu kulo kam bee buyi, din nyaaŋa ka niŋ di tim pali. Dama gbana din be kpaŋ ŋɔ nyɛla din saɣim ka di ni tooi labi gbaa li, paɣi neei ka pa tim ŋɔ nyɛla din kun yɛn tuɣi hali ka gbana ŋɔ zaa ti lahi labina, ka mani dakulo ayi hali ayobu zuɣu baayan' di ŋmahingbana zoya zaa. N-che ka gbaya ŋɔ kuuri saha kam ka be kasi ka mani din buɣisi shɛm sɔŋ di gubu zuɣu zaa ŋɔ shɛm nyɛla so’ chibi kpeeni din kuri funguusi ka taɣiri di labbu na. Gbali ŋɔ tibbu pala din zaɣi. Di yi niŋ ka di kpe soɣashinnima bee namda muna ni, di piribu nyɛla din ni tooi labi gbaai gbali maa. Soɣashinnima nyɛla din ni tooi be kasi di niŋ ka paɣiri li ni kom {{cvt|60|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.walsallhealthcare.nhs.uk/Data/Sites/1/media/documents/podiatry-webpage/athletes-foot-and-fungal-nail-infections.pdf |title=Fungal Infections | work = Podiatry Service, Wlsall Health Care | publisher = National Health Service | location = UK | date = July 2011 |access-date=2017-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042428/https://www.walsallhealthcare.nhs.uk/Data/Sites/1/media/documents/podiatry-webpage/athletes-foot-and-fungal-nail-infections.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2017 }}</ref> N-yɛn che ka di mali yaa, tibu ŋɔ gbaari la din be luɣili kam (ka mani napɔŋ nyinyari, nuhi, ni din kuli pahi pahi). Di yi pa lala, di na kuli nyɛla din ni tooi kuli yɛligira, hali ni tooi labi yaɣa shɛli din pun tibi ni. Kotomsi, a yi che di din be nyinyaɣu ni tibbu, di ni tooi lahi yɛligi gbaai napɔŋ muni maa zaa, ka di lahi leei shinshimi napɔŋ yaɣa. [[Allylamine]] ka mani terbinafine nyɛla din mali yaa gari [[azole]] di yi kana shinshimi tibbu polo.<ref name="Sports"/><ref name="Antifungals">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rotta I, Sanchez A, Gonçalves PR, Otuki MF, Correr CJ | title = Efficacy and safety of topical antifungals in the treatment of dermatomycosis: a systematic review | journal = The British Journal of Dermatology | volume = 166 | issue = 5 | pages = 927–933 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22233283 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10815.x | s2cid = 2657963 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Din mali yaa ti yaɣi bee din yuui ningbuna ŋɔ ni tibbu ni tooi doli noli ni tim. === Tibbu din nye tim niŋ ʒiɛ === Tima din nye niŋ ʒiɛ beni zaŋ chaŋ shinshimi tibbu polo, di shɛŋa n-nye: "miconazole nitrate", "clotrimazole", "tolnaftate" (a synthetic thiocarbamate), terbinafine hydrochloride,<ref name="Athlete"/> butenafine hydrochloride and "undecylenic acid". Shinshimi ŋɔ ni tooi tibi ni tima din nye kom, poora, kpam bee chib’ kom. Tibbu din nye tim niŋ ʒiɛ ka mani "butenafine" niŋ ʒiɛ yim dakulo puuni, bee "terbinafine" njŋ ʒiɛ yim biɛɣu kam hali ni dakulo diba ayi nyɛla din viɛli pam ti shinshimi tibbu gari "miconazole" bee "clotrimazole".<ref name="Common"/> Plantar-shinshimi nyɛla niŋ ʒiɛ ŋɔ ni di bi tibiri shɛli ka di nyɛla “hyperkeratotic” ni be di ni la zuɣu.<ref name="Sports"/> "Keratolytic" ni "humectant" tibbu ka mani "Urea-containing cream|urea", "salicylic acid", ni "lactic acid" nyɛla din mali bukaata pam di yi kana shinshimi ŋɔ tibbu polo.<ref name="Sports"/>.<ref name="Sports"/> “Potassium permanganate” niŋ niŋ ko' tulim ni gba nyɛla din tibiri shinshimi ŋɔ.<ref name=permanganate>{{cite web|title=Potassium Permanganate|url=http://www.dermnetnz.org/treatments/permanganate.html|access-date=31 March 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514090214/http://dermnetnz.org/treatments/permanganate.html| archive-date= 14 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> “Potassium permanganate” nyɛla yalim ka nye din mali bukaata pam di yi kana tima ni. === Tibbu din doli noli ni === Shinshimi din mali yaa ti yaɣi, tim din nyuri ka nye [[terbinafine]] mali yaa gari [[griseofulvin]].<ref name=Bell2012/> [[Fluconazole]] bee [[itraconazole]] gba nyɛla din ni nyu noli ni di yi niŋ ka di mali yaa ti yaɣi.<ref name=Bell2012/> Barina shɛli din tooi be ti nyura ŋɔ ni nyɛla “gastrointestinal upset”.<ref name=Bell2012/> ==Epidemiology== Anduniya zaa, shinshimi doro nyɛla din gbaai salo vaabu pia ni anu kobigi puuni ni vaabu pishi kobigi puuni bikura ni.<ref name="Mycoses"/><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell-Syer SE, Khan SM, Torgerson DJ | title = Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = CD003584 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23076898 | pmc = 7144818 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003584.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Skin Group }}</ref> Yaɣa, niriba vaabu kobisiyopɔin kobigi puuni nyɛla shinshimi ŋɔ ni tooi gbaai bɛ biɛhigu ni.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ward H, Parkes N, Smith C, Kluzek S, Pearson R | title = Consensus for the Treatment of Tinea Pedis: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials | journal = Journal of Fungi | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 351 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35448582 | pmc = 9027577 | doi = 10.3390/jof8040351 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Shinshimi gbaabu nyɛla din zooi ni ninvuɣu shɛba ban piriti namda muna ka pɔhim bi yiri di ni, ka mani loba namda muna bee namda muna.<ref name="Mycoses"/><ref name="Common2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrews MD, Burns M | title = Common tinea infections in children | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 77 | issue = 10 | pages = 1415–1420 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18533375 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0515/p1415.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010919/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0515/p1415.html | archive-date = 9 November 2013 }}</ref>.<ref name=":2"/> Yaɣa, ni vihigu wuhiya ni shinshimi ŋɔ daa zooi linjimanima ni, salinbiriba, ni bam guura.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crawford F, Hollis S | title = Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2007 | issue = 3 | pages = CD001434 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17636672 | pmc = 7073424 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001434.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Skin Group }}</ref> Yaha, tuma din nye guubu nyɛla din kpaŋsi shinshimi gbaabu.<ref name=":2"/> Tiŋgban' shɛŋa mini yaɣa shɛŋa din niriba zooi ka bɛ chani napɔŋ zaŋa bi zooi ka shinshimi mi ŋɔ gbaariba ti paai tiŋ' shɛŋa ban yu piriti namda muna; din zuɣu, bɛ boli na doro ŋɔ ni “tib’ darigibu zaŋ n'ti ninneesim”.<ref name="Gill2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gill D, Marks R | title = A review of the epidemiology of tinea unguium in the community | journal = The Australasian Journal of Dermatology | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–13 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 10098282 | doi = 10.1046/j.1440-0960.1999.00308.x | s2cid = 9471264 }}</ref> Vihigu wuhiya ni di tooi zooi dobba gbaabu gari paɣaba.<ref name=":1"/> Shinshimi ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa tuui sabi yɛltɔɣa niŋ kundunim ni yuuni 1916, anduniya zaa tobu tuuli saha, saha shɛli din daa yoli linjimanim sani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book | vauthors = Homei A, Worboys M |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK169220/ |title=Athlete's Foot |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |language=en}}</ref> Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1928, laasabu daa wuhiya ni America salo ban kalli miri miliyɔŋ pia n-daa mali li; do daa leela tiŋgbani muni zaa yɛlli. <ref name=":0"/> Yuuni din daa paya, alaafee vihigu daa niŋ tam shikuru bihi pala ban na yoli kpɛrina University of California; di daa wuhiya ni shikuru bihi pala kalli vaabu pihinu ni ata kobigi puuni n-daa nye ban mali shinshimi mi ŋɔ ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni maa daa ti yɛn naai ka kalli maa guui hali vaabu pisopɔin ni anii kobigi puuni.<ref name=":0"/> Doro ŋɔ daa kpaŋsi la yuuni 1930, ni ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali arizichi; lala niriba nyɛla ban mali yiko salo ni laɣaindi luɣishɛŋa kaani kom tuɣubu shee, kokɛjinima.<ref name=":0"/> Di kpaŋsibu, United States daa nyɛla din zooi hali ka diɛma ni yiɣijam diɛngɔɣu din daa niŋ 1932, Los Angeles, bɛ daa pombi la soya ka ban guuri daa guui. Lala saha ŋɔ alaafee tuma yilinima daa ti yɛlli ni shinshimi gbaabu yila ʒiɛmana palli ni, ka bɛ daa buɣisi li ni ̈ "ninneesim tib’ darigibu" din daa niŋ ka tibbu tima pam bi ku bukaata.<ref name="Gill2"/><ref name=":0"/>.<ref name=":0"/> [[Griseofulvin]] daa nyɛla yina yuuni 1960 ka wuhi noli viɛnyɛla di yi kana shinshimi tibbu polo. Yaɣa, shinshimi ŋɔ America linjima nim gbaabu daa nyɛla din baligi Vietnam din daa niŋ ka bɛ zaŋdi Griseofulvins ka di nye alaafee bon'ti tim.<ref name=":0"/> Yuuni 1990, vihigu daa saɣati ka kpaŋsi “traconazole” ni [[Allylamine antifungals|Allylamine]], din lahi nye tim din kariti shinshimi koɛhiri yɔɣu.<ref name=":0"/> Yuuni, vihigu wuhiya ni terbinafine nyɛla din dihitabli ni di viɛli ti shinshimi karibu garj Griseofulvin; vihigu wuhiya itraconazole mini terbinafine wuhi noli ni waligimsim be di tumanim ni.<ref name=":1"/> ==Kundivihira== <references/> [[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]] {{stub}} ji8m8yjfmho3nfklgvf00qpzo18fpg6 Ʒim 0 8734 146094 145902 2026-08-10T20:13:40Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ʒim'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref> nyɛla kom din be ninsalinima mini binkɔbiri ni ka tiriba binshɛŋa din kpa talahi kamani alaafee pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri kpalimdi ningbuna ni, ka yihiri daɣiri din kpɛri ningbuna ni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of BLOOD |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323030751/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood |archive-date=23 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Ʒim malila binnɛma ka bɛ mali bɛ ni do luɣ'shɛŋa ka di yuli booni ''Plasma''. "Plasma", din mali vaabu 55% ʒim puuni, tooi zoola kom (92% galisim),<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html |title=Blood – The Human Heart |access-date=19 March 2009 |author=The Franklin Institute Inc. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html |archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref> ka ʒiri niɛn' shɛŋa kamani [[:en:Protein|''proteins'']], [[:en:Glucose|''glucose'']], ''mineral [[:en:Ion|ions]]'', ni [[:en:Hormone|''hormones'']] ka ŋa nyɛ din tiri alaafee ka lahi zaŋ di zoosim sali ningbuna ni na.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-02 |title=Definition of red blood cell |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/red-blood-cell |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=National Cancer Institute |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425130740/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/red-blood-cell |url-status=live }}</ref> Binnɛma ban bie ʒim ni pam n-nyɛ binneenbihi ʒehi ([[:en:Red_blood_cell|''red blood cells'']], ''[[:en:White_blood_cell|white blood cells]],'' ni ''[[:en:Platelet|platelets]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aryal |first=Sagar |date=2017-01-03 |title=Blood cells and its types with functions |url=https://microbiologyinfo.com/blood-cells-types-functions/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Microbiology Info.com |language=en-US |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412041337/https://microbiologyinfo.com/blood-cells-types-functions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Binnɛma ŋɔ puuni, ban galisi ʒim ni pam n-nyɛ binneenbihi ʒehi bee [[:en:Red_blood_cell|''red blood cells'']], Lala binnɛma ŋɔ malila binshɛɣu bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Hemoglobin|''hemoglobin'']] din che ka bɛ ʒiri pɔhim n-kpɛri ninsali bee binkɔbiri ningbuna ni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Low Hemoglobin: Causes & Symptoms |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17705-low-hemoglobin |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Cleveland Clinic |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428204042/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17705-low-hemoglobin |url-status=live }}</ref> Binkɔb' shɛŋa ba n mali jira nyɛla ba n mali naɣingbaŋ' shɛli ŋan tuɣiri dɔriti, ka di nyɛla binnɛma ban nye zahi piɛla la n be ʒim puuni la n tumdi di ŋa, n sɔŋdi n tuɣiri binnɛma ŋan tiri dɔriti. binnɛma ban nye ''platelets'' la gba nyɛla ban mali anfaani pam domi ŋa sɔŋdi ningbuna maa zaŋ kpa ʒim gbihibu polo. Ʒim dolila ʒisoya n-kpɛri ningbuna ni ka di nyɛ suhu n-vuhirili kpɛri din ni. Binkɔbiri ban mali sapuri ni, Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Artery|''arteries'']] la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni, ka Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli " [[:en:Vein|''veins'']]" mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na. Ʒim nyɛla din nye zahi ʒee di yi ti niŋ di ''hemoglobin'' Ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni la, amaa ka nye zahi sabilli di yi ti niŋ ka di ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-10 |title=Is blood blue? 7 facts about blood |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321442 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062539/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321442 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Krause2005">{{Cite book |last=Krause |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUC&pg=PA67 |title=Krause's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58112-468-2 |edition=3rd |pages=67 |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075102/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUC&pg=PA67 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bachikɔb' shɛŋa alaafee tuma yili nima ni mali tiri ʒim n-nye ''hemo-'', ''hemato-'', ''haemo-'' bee ''haemato-'' ka ŋa yina ''Greek'' nima balli puuni, bɛ ni booni Ʒim shɛm. Amaa, di yi kana baŋsim yaɣa din nye [[:en:Anatomy|''anatomy'']] mini [[:en:Histology|''histology'']] puuni, ŋan jɛndi binnɛma naɣingbana mini ŋa tuma bɔhimbu, ʒim nyɛla naɣingban' shɛli din tuɣiri naɣingbana yaɣa yaɣa ŋan bie binnɛma mini nisalinima ningbuna ni.<ref name="Krause20052">{{Cite book|last=Krause|first=William J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUC&pg=PA67|title=Krause's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students|publisher=Universal-Publishers|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58112-468-2|edition=3rd|pages=67|language=en|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075102/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUC&pg=PA67|archive-date=26 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>, dini niŋ ka ʒima ŋɔ tooi yirina kɔba puuni ka lahi mali bɛ ni bɔli bin sheŋa [[:en:Fibrinogen|''fibrinogen'']] la zuɣu. ==Ʒim tuma<ref>{{Cite web |last=Séguin |first=Chantal |date=2022-01-08 |title=Did You Know That Not All Blood is Red? • The Blood Project |url=https://www.thebloodproject.com/did-you-know-13/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Blood Project |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702161612/https://www.thebloodproject.com/did-you-know-13/ |url-status=live }}</ref>== [[File:1GZX Haemoglobin.png|right|thumb|''Hemoglobin'', din nye ''globular protein''<br />zaɣi va' kaɣili = ''haem'' (bee ''heme'') zaɣi bobigu<br />zaɣi ʒee mini zaɣi nuɣuso = ''protein subunits'']] Ʒim mali tuma pam ningbuna ni, di pam n-nyɛ: * Pɔhim vooi kpe ningbuna ni ( ka ŋa nye [[:en:Hemoglobin|''hemoglobin'']] din be binneenbihi ʒehi ban bie Ʒim puuni la tuma) * Alaafee bin bora kamani [[:en:Glucose|''glucose'']], ''[[:en:Amino_acid|amino acids]],'' mini ''[[:en:Fatty_acid|fatty acids]]'' din wuligi b-bie ʒim puuni bee n-tabi [[:en:Blood_proteins|''plasma protein' nima'']] (kamani kpa' shɛŋa din bie Ʒim ni), ka ŋan zaa mali alaafee zaŋ ti ningbuna * Daɣiri kamani pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na, [[:en:Urea|''urea'']], mini [[:en:Lactic_acid|''lactic acid'']] yihibu. * Ningbuŋ' kpaŋsibu zaŋ kpa dɔriti tuɣibu polo, ka ŋa tuma nye binnɛma ban nye zaɣi piɛla la wuligi gili ningbuŋ yaɣa kam, di mi barina binnɛma baŋbu ni yiɣibu ningbuna ni. * ʒim gbihibu, din nye ningbuŋ naɣingban' shɛli zaŋ jɛndi ʒi' soya ŋmabu polo, din ye n che ka ʒim maa gbihi ka tahi Ʒim yibu na. * Tuumba tuma tumbu, ka ŋan mii jɛndi binnɛma kamani [[:en:Hormone|''hormones'']] mini wuhibu zaŋ kpa ningbuŋ barina polo. * Ningbuŋ tulim ni maasim tahibu saha shɛli din tu. * Binshɛŋa din ku tooi doni ningbuna ni yihibu ==Binyɛra din be ʒim ni== ===Binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri ni=== Ʒim sula vaabu 7% ningbuna timsim ni,<ref name="alberts_table">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26919/table/A4143/ |title=Table 22-1 Blood Cells |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=NCBI Bookshelf |year=2012 | last = Alberts | first = Bruce | name-list-style = vanc |website=Molecular Biology of the Cell |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327160412/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26919/table/A4143/ |archive-date=27 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="PhysFactVol">{{Cite web |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/LanNaLee.shtml |title=Volume of Blood in a Human |access-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103090043/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/LanNaLee.shtml |archive-date=3 November 2012 |year=2012 | last = Elert | first = Glenn | name-list-style = vanc |website=The Physics Factbook |url-status=dead}}</ref> ka di gburisim ni paai kamani 1060&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>, di miri ko'viɛlli gburisim kamani 1000&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml |title=Density of Blood |access-date=4 October 2006 |year=2004 |website=The Physics Factbook |last=Shmukler |first=Michael |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919051122/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml |archive-date=19 September 2006 }}</ref> Zaɣ'kuri ʒim paai kamani koliba dibaanu "{{convert|5|L|USpt|lk=in}}" bee galiŋ 1.3.<ref name="PhysFactVol"/> Ʒim malila binnɛma balibu buyi– binneen ʒehi mini binneen piɛla, ni binnɛma ban nye ''platelets'' la gba nyɛla ban mali anfaani pam domi ŋa sɔŋdi ningbuna maa zaŋ kpa ʒim gbihibu polo.<ref name="SEER">{{cite web |title=Composition of the Blood {{!}} SEER Training |url=https://training.seer.cancer.gov/leukemia/anatomy/composition.html |website=training.seer.cancer.gov |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016211542/https://www.training.seer.cancer.gov/leukemia/anatomy/composition.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Binneen ʒehi sula vaabu 45% binneen piɛla puuni, ka "plasma" su vaabu 54.3%, ka binneen piɛla su vaabu 0.7%. Ʒim (di mini di ''platelets'' mini binnɛma maa zaa) kotomsi ni naɣingbana wuhirila bɛ ni boli ko' shɛŋa [[:en:Non-Newtonian_fluid|''non-Newtonian Fluid'']] la. <gallery> File:Krew Frakcjonowana.jpg|Anfooni di wuhiri Ninsali Ʒim puuni nɛma balibu balibu: kom shɛli bɛ ni boli ''Plasma'' (di n pa' zuɣu saa, ka nye zaɣi dozim), ''buffy coat'' (di n be sunsuuni, ka nye zaɣi piɛlli) mini ''erythrocyte ('' ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi'')'' (din mii be gbunni, ka nye zaɣi ʒee). File:Blutkreislauf.png|Ʒim gɔ n gili ningbuŋ luɣa: '''zaɣi ʒee''' = Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Artery|''arteries'']] la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni. zaɣi nuɣuso: Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli " [[:en:Vein|''veins'']]" mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na. File:Blausen 0425 Formed Elements.png|Anfooni din wuhiri ʒim ni mali nein' shɛŋa. File:Blut-EDTA.jpg|Kɔliba ayi, [[EDTA]] ni bie shɛŋa puuni- ka gbibi ʒi' shɛŋa din bɛ gbihi <br />Kɔliba dib bie nu' zaa zuɣu: di zani n tooi biela, ʒim binnɛma ban nye zaɣi ʒee maa ye n lumi n doni kɔliba maa gbunni.<br /> Kɔliba dib bie nu' dirigu zuɣu mii gbubila Ʒi' shɛli bɛ ni na yɔli vooi yiɣina ningbuŋ ni na. </gallery> ==Anfooni shɛŋa== <gallery> File:Cytology of acute promyelocytic leukemia, annotated.png|[[Bone marrow]] smear from a patient with [[acute promyelocytic leukemia]], showing characteristic abnormal promyelocytes.<ref>Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Reference for findings: {{cite web|url=https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/leukemiaapl.html|title=APL with PML-RARA|author=Syed Zaidi, M.D.|website=APL with PML-RARA}} Last author update: 1 February 2013<br>Source image: [[:File:Faggot cell in AML-M3.jpg]] from [http://peir2.path.uab.edu/pdl/dbra.cgi?uid=default&view_search=1 PEIR Digital Library (Pathology image database)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301033106/http://peir2.path.uab.edu/pdl/dbra.cgi?uid=default&view_search=1 |date=2009-03-01 }} (Public Domain)</ref> File:Hematopoiesis (human) diagram en.svg|Hematopoiesis File:Basophilic promyelocyte.png|Basophilic promyelocyte File:Eosonophilic promyelocyte.png|Eosinophilic promyelocyte File:Neutrophilic promyelocyte.png|Neutrophilic promyelocyte </gallery> ====Cell==== Ʒim zaɣ'bilifu kam malila: '''4.7 zaŋ chaŋ 6.1&nbsp;miliyɔŋ (doo), 4.2 zaŋ chaŋ 5.4&nbsp;miliyɔŋ (paɣa) "[[erythrocyte]]s":'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm#Normal%20Values |title=Medical Encyclopedia: RBC count |website=Medline Plus |access-date=18 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021042354/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm#Normal%20Values |archive-date=21 October 2007 }}</ref> Ʒim ni binneen ʒehi nyɛla ban ban mali binshɛɣu din ʒiri pɔhim kperi ninsali ningbuna ni. Binneen ʒehi bn niŋ zaɣ'kura ka "[[Cell nucleus|nucleus]]" mini "[[organelle]]s" din be binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri ni. Lala binneen ʒehi ŋɔ yi laɣim taba Siliminsi booni ba la "[[hematocrit]]", ka di tooi zooi ka di mali vaabu 45%. ʒim din be binkɔbigu puuni yi laɣim taba di galisi gari kamani tusaayi n-gari ningbuna din be zuɣusaa.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Robert B. | last1 = Tallitsch | first2 = Martini | last2 = Frederic | first3 = Timmons | last3 = Michael J. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Human anatomy | url = https://archive.org/details/humananatomy00mart |publisher=Pearson/Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2006 |page=529 |isbn=978-0-8053-7211-3 |edition= 5th}}</ref> '''4,000–11,000 "[[leukocyte]]s":'''<ref name="Ganong WF">{{cite book | last = Ganong | first = William F. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Review of medical physiology | url = https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano | url-access = limited |publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano/page/n517 518] |isbn=978-0-07-121765-1 |edition= 21}}</ref> Binneen piɛla pahila "[[immune system]]" ni; bɛ yihirila binneen shɛŋa ban kpi ka namdi zaɣ'pala, ka lahi tuhiri doriti binnɛma ni bin shɛŋa din bɛ tu ni di nie ningbuŋ puuni. dori shɛli bɛ ni boli ''cancer'' la yi ti tuɣi n-nyaŋ ningbuŋ linjima nima ŋɔ, doro maa yuli booni la [[:en:Leukemia|leukemia]]. * '''200,000–500,000 "[[thrombocytes]]":'''<ref name="Ganong WF" /> SIliminsi ni lahi booni shɛli "[[platelet]]s", bɛ pahirila ʒim kpulimbu ni gbihibu polo). ''Fibrin'' nyɛla din gba sɔŋ di ʒim di gbihibu polo. {| class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" |+ <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ʒim naɣingbana mini nein' shɛŋa din bie di puuni</div> |- !Parameter !Kalinli !Vihibu shaɣira kundunima. |- | [[Hematocrit]] || 45 ± 7 (38–52%) dabba ningbuŋ puuni<br /> 42 ± 5 (37–47%) paɣaba ningbuŋ puuni | |- | [[pH]] || 7.35–7.45 |<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1018308697 |title=Medical-surgical nursing : concepts for interprofessional collaborative care |date=2018 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |editor-first1=Donna D. |editor-last1=Ignatavicius |editor-first2=M. Linda |editor-last2=Workman |editor-first3=Cherie R. |editor-last3=Rebar |editor-first4=Nicole M. |editor-last4=Heimgartner |isbn=978-0-323-46158-0 |edition=9th |location=St. Louis, Missouri |page=190 |language=en-US |oclc=1018308697}}</ref> |- | [[base excess]] || −3 to +3 | |- | P[[oxygen|O<sub>2</sub>]] || 10–13 kPa (80–100&nbsp;mm Hg) | |- | P[[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] || 4.8–5.8 kPa (35–45&nbsp;mm Hg) | |- | [[Carbonic acid|HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>]] || 21–27 mM | |- | [[Oxygen saturation]] || Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Artery|''arteries'']] la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni: 98–99%<br /> Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli " [[:en:Vein|''veins'']]" mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na.: 75% | |} ====Plasma==== Kamani ʒim vaabu 55% n-nyɛ "[[blood plasma]]", di nyɛla ʒim ko'shɛli din nyɛ zaɣ'dozim. Ʒim din nyɛ "plasma" galisim paai kamani "2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts)" ninsali ni. Di malila kom vaabu 92% , kamali ʒim "plasma [[protein]]s" vaabu 8%, ni binyɛr'shɛŋa din pahi. "Plasma" ningbuna ni wuligibu ʒirila alaafee yɛlibɔra kamani, "[[glucose]], [[amino acid]]s", ni "[[fatty acid]]s" (din wuligiri kperi ʒim ni), ka yihiri daɣiri, kamani "[[carbon dioxide]]", "[[urea]]", ni "[[lactic acid]]". Binyɛra din lahi kpa talahi n-nyɛ: * [[Serum albumin]] * Binyɛra din kpulindi ʒim ka gbihiri li * Siliminsi ni boli shɛli Immunoglobulins ([[Antibody|antibodies]]); Ŋan tuɣiri doriti la * Binshɛɣu Siliminsi ni boli [[lipoprotein]] * Alaafee binyɛra din pahi ''Serum'' nyɛla ʒim ko' shɛli bɛ ni boli ''Plasma'' la, di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ yiɣi ʒim binnɛma din sɔŋ di Ʒim zaŋ kpa di gbihibu polo la ʒim puuni. la la ŋɔ ni ti niŋ, binnɛma ban kpalin bie ʒim puuni n-nye ''albumin'' mini [[:en:Antibody|''immunoglobulins'']] ====Acidity==== [[pH#Living systems|Blood pH]] tumi ni di be 7.35 mini 7.45 sunsuuni, ka lala ŋɔ zuɣu che ka ʒim miɣ' biɛla.<ref name="Waugh">{{cite book |last1=Waugh |first1=Anne |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosswilsonanatom0000waug_x2u4/page/22/mode/2up |title=Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness |last2=Grant |first2=Allison |publisher=Churchill Livingstone Elsevier |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-443-10102-1 |edition=Tenth |page=22 |chapter=2 |chapter-url-access=registration |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{MerckManual|12|157|a||Acid–Base Regulation and Disorders}}</ref> Binnɛma ban pahi be ʒim ni ka bɛ pH bi paai 7.35 mali bochaa pam, ka pH din gari 7.45 mi niŋ "basic".<ref name=":1" /> pH din bi paai 6.9 bee din gari 7.8 tooi nyɛla ''lethal''- din ni tooi ku ninsala.<ref name=":1" /> Ʒim pH, "[[Oxygen#partial pressure|partial pressure of oxygen (pO<sub>2</sub>)]], [[PCO2|partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO<sub>2</sub>)]]", mini "[[bicarbonate]]" (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) nyɛla "[[homeostasis|homeostatic mechanisms]]" ni mali shɛli tumda, ka di zaa tumdi doli vuhim soli ni dulim soli ni di baligi ka yuundi "[[acid–base homeostasis|acid–base balance]]" mini vuhim, ka bɛ bɔli di tuma ŋɔ ''compensation''.<ref name=":1" />. Bɛ ni bɔli bin shɛɣu [[:en:Arterial_blood_gas_test|arterial blood gas test]] la ka bɛ mali yuuni tuma ŋɔ zuɣu. ʒim kom gba wuligiri la [[:en:Hormone|hormones]] ningbuŋ puuni, m mali bɛ tuma n taɣiri ningbuŋ luɣa kam. ===Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔɣiri ni=== [[File:Newbloodm.jpg|thumbnail|Anfooni din wuhiri binkɔri ban mali yaankɔb' daɣu ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi balibu balibu, ka ŋa buɣisim bie ''micrometer'' ni.]] [[Image:Frogrbc1000x.jpg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri Pɔloli ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)|left]] [[Image:Turtlerbc1000x.jpg|thumb|right|Anfooni din wuhiri kpakpuli (Turtle) ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)]] [[Image:Chickenrbc1000x.jpg|thumb|right|Anfooni din wuhiri Noo ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)]] [[Image:Humanrbc1000x.jpg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri Ninsalinima ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)]] Ninsali ʒim bela binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri bɛ tooni ʒim ni, amaa binkɔbiri ʒim ni mali binshɛŋa dolila binkɔbigu maa ni be binkɔbiri pubu balishɛli ni. Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔgiri bɛ tooni ka mali nyaankɔb'dori ni, amaa, waliginsim din yi polo beni:<ref name="VB">{{cite book |last1=Romer |first1=Alfred Sherwood |url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/404/mode/2up |title=The Vertebrate Body |last2=Parsons |first2=Thomas S. |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-03-910284-5 |location=Philadelphia |pages=404–406 |url-access=registration |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> * Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔɣiri ʒim malila bineen ʒehi ban nye zaɣ'pariti ka dii ka nahingbaŋ din ni tooi buɣisi, ka mali binnɛma "nuclei". * Binneenpiɛla ban be ʒim ni mali pubu balibu; kamani shɛhira, "acidophils" n-tooi nye ban zooi ninsalinima ni pam. * "Platelets" nyɛla din be binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri puuni; binkɔbiri ban mali nyaakɔb'dori shɛba ni, binkpuli bili shɛli Siliminsi ni boli "[[thrombocytes]]" n-nyɛ din su ʒim kpulimbu. ==Ningbuŋ Yaɣa tuma bohimbu Chuɣu== ===Ʒim go n-gili ningbuŋ yaɣili=== ʒim nyɛ din gori n gi n di ningbuŋ ni ʒi' soya puuni, ka di nyɛla Suhi n tɔri wuligirili n chani luɣa maa ni. Ninsalima puuni, ʒim yirina la [[:en:Left_ventricle|''left'' ''ventricle'']] din mali yaa pam la suhi puuni n doli ʒi soli shɛli bɛ ni boli [[:en:Artery|arteries]] la n chani ningbuŋ luɣa ni ka labirina ʒi' soli shɛli bɛ ni boli [[:en:Vein|veins]] n ti doli nu' dirigu zuɣu ''atrium'' la n kpɛri suhi maa ni na yaɣa. di yi nimaa ni, di yen kpɛla nu' dirigu zuɣu [[:en:Ventricle_(heart)|ventricle]], ka ʒi soli di nye [[:en:Pulmonary_artery|pulmonary artery]] la mii ʒili chaŋ sapuri ni. ka ʒi soli din mii nye [[:en:Pulmonary_vein|pulmonary veins]] labisiri ʒim maa na nu' zaa zuɣu ''atrium'' la ni suhi puuni. Ʒim maa nyɛla din lahi yɛn yi ni maa n-kpe nu' zaa zuɣu ''ventricule'' la puuni ni di laɣi tɔli n-wuligili gili ningbuŋ luɣa kam. Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Artery|''arteries'']] la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni, ka Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli " [[:en:Vein|''veins'']]" mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-chani sapuri ni ni di ti yiɣili na ningbuna puuni. Amaa gbaayiɣi ''pulmonary arteries ,'' din waligimi n ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na, ka ''pulmonary veins'' mii gba waligi n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni. Yaha, ʒim labbi na suhi ni gba ni tooi yina [[:en:Skeletal_muscle|''skeletal muscles'']] dambu puuni, ka ŋa ni tooi marigi ʒi' soya din nye ''veins'' la n to' ʒim maa chana suhi nu' dirigu zuɣu yaɣi shɛli bɛ ni boli [[:en:Right_atrium|''right atrium'']] la.Ʒim wuligi n gili ningbuŋ puuni buɣisibu daa yila [[:en:William_Harvey|William Harvey]] sani na yuuni 1628.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harvey|first=William|author-link=William Harvey|name-list-style=vanc|year=1628|title=Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus|url=http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127002138/http://rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html|archive-date=27 November 2010|language=la}}</ref> === Ʒim puuni binnɛma malibu ni bɛ saɣimbu === Binkɔb' shɛba ban mali yaan'kɔb' dari puuni, Ʒim puuni binnɛma malibu niŋdila kɔba bim puuni, ka nambu ŋɔ yuli nye [[:en:Hematopoiesis|''hematopoiesis'']] ka ŋan puuni ka ti mali [[:en:Erythropoiesis|''erythropoiesis'']], ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi malibu, ni [[:en:Myelopoiesis|''myelopoiesis'']], ʒim binneenbihi piɛla mini ''plalets'' malibu. Ninsalinima bilim puuni, kamani ninsali ningbuŋ kɔbili kam tooi maa ni ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ; amaa ninsali yi niŋ zahi kurili, ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ŋɔ malibu kpalim biela kɔb' kara la puuni ko: yaan kɔb' daɣu kɔbili kam ni, nyo' kɔbili ni, sapiri kɔba ni, yaɣasa kɔba ni, n ti pahi kɔb' shɛŋa ŋan bie bɔɣiri ni mini gbaya ni. Yaha, ninsalinima bilim ni, bɛ ni boli bin' shɛli ''[[:en:Thymus|thymus]] gland'' la, ka di bie ninsalinima nyohini la, nyɛla din maani ʒim binnɛma bɛ ni boli ''[[:en:T_lymphocytes|T lymphocytes]].'' la<ref>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Peter W.|url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomy0000gray_m7a1|title=Gray's anatomy|last2=Gray|first2=Henry David|publisher=C. Livingstone|year=1989|isbn=978-0-443-02588-4|edition=37th|location=New York|url-access=registration|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Ʒim binnɛma ŋan mali ''protein'' di puuni, kamani binnɛma ŋan sɔŋdi n-kpa ʒim gbihibu polo, malibu yirina la binsaba ni na, ka di wuhiri ni binsaba n maani ŋa, ka [[:en:Endocrine_gland|''endocrine glands'']] mii maani ''hormones,'' ka kom mii pahibu bee filimbu mii nye [[:en:Hypothalamus|''hypothalamus'']] tuma, ka di bieɣu mii gba malibu ni pahibu n-nye yaan'nina tuma. Ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ban mali alaafee ni tooi bie ʒim kom ni n paai dabsi kɔbgu ni pishi poi ka naai yi saɣim; ka ŋa saɣimbu yirina [[:en:Spleen|''spleen'']] mini [[:en:Kupffer_cell|''Kupffer cells'']] , binnɛma ban bie binsabili puuni la, sani na. Binsabili gba lahi yiɣiri ''proteins'', lipids, mini ''amino'' ''acids'' ʒim ni. Yaan'nina mii gba niŋdi nimmɔhi n-yiɣiri barina nɛma ʒim ni na m-pahiri dulim ni.[[File:Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg|thumb|Ʒim go n-gili ningbuŋ suhi puuni.]] === ''Oxygen'' Pɔhim go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni === [[File:Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.png|thumb|''hemoglobin'' ʒim puuni zahimbu anfooni. Di yaa labirila nu' dirigu yaɣili polo di yi ti niŋ ka ʒim maa niŋ ''acidic'' (saha shɛli pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la yi ti galisi ʒim puuni);Di yaa mii gba yi ti labi nu zaa yaɣili polo, di wuhiri mi ni ʒim maa ''acidity'' baligimi ( ka ŋa mii niŋda saha shɛli pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la yi ti galisi ʒim puuni).|left]] Kamani vaabu 98.5%<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology|last=Frederic|first=Martini|date=2009|publisher=Pearson/Benjamin Cummings|others=Nath, Judi Lindsley|isbn=978-0321539106|edition= 8th |location=San Francisco|pages=657|oclc=173683666}}</ref> din nyɛ "[[oxygen]]" laɣimdi mi ni "[[hemoglobin]]". Kamani vaabu 1.5% wuligimi gili ʒim maa ni ka bi laɣim ni "hemoglobin". "Hemoglobin molecule" n-nyɛ din kuli ʒiri "oxygen" binkɔbiri ni mini binnɛm balibu pam ni. "Hemoglobin" malila "oxygen" laɣimbu yiko kamani 1.36 mini 1.40 ml O<sub>2</sub> "hemoglobin" yini kam ni,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dominguez de Villota ED, Ruiz Carmona MT, Rubio JJ, de Andrés S | s2cid = 10029560 | title = Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of haemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_1981-12_53_12/page/1325 | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 53 | issue = 12 | pages = 1325–8 | date = December 1981 | pmid = 7317251 | doi = 10.1093/bja/53.12.1325 | doi-access = free }}</ref> din pahiri '[[blood oxygen capacity]]' pisopɔin zuɣu,<ref name=brsphys>{{cite book |last=Costanzo |first=Linda S. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Physiology |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, Maryland |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7817-7311-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/physiology00cost_0 }}</ref> kamani zaŋ maɣisi "oxygen" ko n-ʒiri 0.03&nbsp;ml O<sub>2</sub> "liter" kam zuɣu ni mm&nbsp;Hg "oxygen" pirigili (kamani vaabu 100&nbsp;mm&nbsp;Hg, "arteries" ni).<ref name=brsphys/> Gbaa yihi "pulmonary" mini "[[Umbilical artery|umbilical arteries]]" mini din soya din pahi, "arteries" ʒirila "'''oxygenated blood"''' n-yiri suhuni n-chani ningbuna ni zaŋ doli "[[arteriole]]s" mini "[[capillary|capillaries]]", luɣ'shɛli "oxygen" ni niŋdi anfaani; din nyaaŋa, "[[venule]]s" mini "veins" ʒirila "'''deoxygenated blood"''' n-labiri kperi suhu ni. Binkɔbiri yi ti vuhira, "hemoglobin" din be ʒim ni n-yiri suhu ni paai kamani vaabu 98–99% , ka "oxygen" chandi tooi paai kamani 950 mini 1150 ml/min<ref name=edwards>[http://www.edwards.com/SiteCollectionImages/edwards/products/presep/ar04313hemodynpocketcard.pdf Edwards Lifesciences LLC – Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110081655/http://www.edwards.com/SiteCollectionImages/edwards/products/presep/ar04313hemodynpocketcard.pdf |date=10 November 2010 }} 2009</ref> zaŋ chaŋ ʒim ni. Zaɣ'kura ban mali alaafee vuhim saha, "oxygen" vuhibu nyɛla kamani 200–250 ml/min,<ref name=edwards/> ka ʒim din niŋ "deoxygenated" din labiri suhuni kamani 75%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323054138/http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2010 |title=Ventilatory Physiology and Endurance |date=23 March 2010 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040224085741/http://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart] MSN groups</ref> (70 zaŋ chaŋ 78%).<ref name=edwards/> <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, Dalsgaard MK, Damsgaard R, Secher NH, González-Alonso J | title = Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physiology_2005-07-01_566_1/page/273 | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 566 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 273–85 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15860533 | pmc = 1464731 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025 | display-authors = etal }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925053056/http://manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2010 |title=Blood gas and Saturation measurements |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990502195422/http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 1999 |title=Lecture Notes-20 |date=2 May 1999 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> . Di yi ti niŋ ka ninsali ni mali pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la n-bɔri yaa n tiri o maŋa ti kpaŋsi saha shɛli o ni tumdi alaafee tuma, pɔhim maa galisim wahisirimi ʒi' shɛli din zɔri 'veins' ʒi' soya la ni, ka filiŋ ŋɔ ni tooi paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pia ni anu (15%) ninsali so ŋɔ zaŋ diema ni yihijɛm n leei o tuma ni; hali zaa yɔli di yi niŋ ka o vuhim mini o ʒim go n gili o ningbuŋ ni yi pahi ni di yo pɔhim sam' shɛli din di maa, pɔhim ŋɔ galisim ʒi' shɛli din zɔri 'arteries' ʒi' soya la ni ni tooi lu n ti paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu kɔbgu anu ka (95%) bee n filim gari lala saha nim ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|vauthors=Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, Dalsgaard MK, Damsgaard R, Secher NH, González-Alonso J|date=July 2005|title=Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physiology_2005-07-01_566_1/page/273|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=566|issue=Pt 1|pages=273–85|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025|pmc=1464731|pmid=15860533}}</ref> Pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ ŋɔ yi ti filim n ti paai n ŋɔ, di mari barina titali n tiri ninvuhiso ŋun luɣi yini ( kamani ninvuhiso bɛ ni chibi shɛriti din baligiri biɛrim ningbuŋ ni ka niŋ di 'surgery' o zuɣu). Di yi ti niŋ ka niri mali 'hypoxia' ( saha shɛli niri ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ zoosim yi ti filim paai paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pihiwei (90%)), di nyɛla din mali barina titali zaŋ kpa o alaafei polo, amaa 'hypoxia' ŋɔ yi ti yo' koro (saha shɛli niri ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ zoosim yi ti filim paai paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pihita (30%)), din nyɛla din ni tooi di lala niri maa nyɛvuli yom yom. Bi' lɛɣu ŋun na nie puli ni ka deeri 'oxygen' (pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ), nyɛla ŋun ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ ŋɔ zoosim ni tooi filim gari lala n ni tooi paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pishi ni yini (21%) a yi zaŋ li maɣisi din tu ni di bie zaɣi kurili sapuɣu puuni, ka ŋa zuɣu che ka lala bi' lɛri ŋɔ maani 'hemoglobin' bali shɛli din ni tooi gbaai pɔhim suma ŋo n tabili di maŋa viɛnyela lala saha ŋɔ, ka bɛ bɔli ŋa, [[:en:Fetal_hemoglobin|hemoglobin F]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2 May 1999|title=Lecture Notes-20|url=http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990502195422/http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html|archive-date=2 May 1999|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> === ''Carbon dioxide'' Pɔhim go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni === CO<sub>2</sub> kperila ʒim ni soya buta. (Di ni suu vaabu shɛm malila balibu di yi niŋ ka di nyɛla "arterial" bee "venous" ʒim). Di pam (kamani vaabu 70%) leerila "bicarbonate ions" {{chem2|HCO3−}} ka di nyɛla "[[carbonic anhydrase]]" din be ʒim binneen ʒehi ni n-tumdi ni {{chem2|CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3−}}; kamani vaabu 7% wuligirimi n-kperi "plasma" ni; ka vaabu kamani 23% laɣim ni "hemoglobin" n-niŋ "[[carbamino]]."<ref>{{cite book | last = Martini | first = Frederic | name-list-style = vanc |year=2007 |title=Anatomy and Physiology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joJb82gVsLoC&pg=PA643 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |page=643 |isbn=9789712348075 |display-authors=etal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501022224/https://books.google.com/books?id=joJb82gVsLoC&pg=PA643 |archive-date=1 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>''Vander's Human Physiology'' reported similar numbers: 60% carried as bicarbonate, 30% bound to hemoglobin as [[carbaminohemoglobin]], and 10% physically dissolved. {{cite book|last1=Widmaier|first1=Eric P.|url=https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologym0000widm/page/493/mode/2up|title=Vander's Human Physiology|last2=Raff|first2=Hershel|last3=Strang|first3=Kevin T.|date=2003|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=978-0-07-288074-8|edition=9th|at=p. 493 (ch. Respiratory physiology § Transport of carbon dioxide in blood)|url-access=registration|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Hemoglobin, din ʒiri pɔhim din vuhira, ʒirila "oxygen" mini "carbon dioxide" zaa. Amaa, CO<sub>2</sub> din laɣim "hemoglobin" mini "oxygen" bi laɣim luɣ'yini. Amaa, di laɣim mi ni "N-terminal" din be "globin" waɣinli ni. Amaa, "[[allosteric regulation|allosteric]]" tuma "hemoglobin molecule" ni, CO<sub>2</sub> laɣimbu filimdila "oxygen" din su "oxygen" saha sɛŋa. .filimbu din gbubi carbon dioxide ʒim puuni ka di nyɛla oxygen n galisi ka bɛ boli Haldane effect. ka di mali anfaani zaŋ jandi carbon dioxide chandi bin din gdaai tissue puuni hali ni lungs puuni.ya shɛli din pkuɣirina zaŋ kpa carbon dioxide bee lower pH maa nyɛla din ni tooi bo yibu n ti oxygen hemoglobin puuni, din ka bɛ boli Bohr effect maa. === ''Hydrogen ions'' go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni === "Oxyhemoglobin" shɛŋa kɔŋdila "oxygen" ka leeri "deoxyhemoglobin". Deoxyhemoglobin laɣimdila "hydrogen ions" nima pam pirimla di ni mali ningbuna ni" hydrogen" n-gari "oxyhemoglobin". === '''LYMPHATIC SYSTEM''' === Binkɔbiri puuni, ʒim nyɛla din mini lymph nye him.ka di kuli nyela din lebigiri tissues bin din gbaai ʒim puuni ni ʒi'soya din tiɛrili. Lymph nyɛla din deei lymphatic vessel bihi bihi n zaŋdi tahiri n ti tiri thoracic duct ni, ka di yihirili n tahiri n tahiri Subclaviau vein din be nuzaa zuɣu la, ni maani ka ʒim maa yen labi kpe tabani n lahi chani viɛnyela. === '''THERMOREGULATION''' === Ʒim chandi nyɛla din zaŋdi tulim n zɔri gindi ningbuŋ puuni, ka di chandi maa yɛligibu mali anfaani pam bee ka di niŋdi thermoregulation ŋo anfaani. Ʒim pahibu biɛla kamani shɛhira; (Tulim saha bee maŋ dambu biɛla) tooi tahiri tulim na ningbuŋ gbaŋ zuɣu, ka di ni tooi tahi suh'damli bee sh'kabili na yom yom. Ayi lihi ŋo, nira temprature yi pɔra, ʒim dii bɛ tooi chani o bɔɣiri mini o gbaya ni n ti pahi o ningbungbaŋ ni, di chandi maa vuuirimi, ka ni too gu tulim kalinsi ka di che ka di chaŋgili ningbuŋ puuni yaɣishɛŋa ŋan mali nira bukaata maa be yaɣi maa. === '''RATE OF FLOW''' === Ʒim chandi nyɛla din chana kɔnkɔba ni ŋa chandi shehi, Binsabili n tooi mali ʒim tibu pam kamani 1350 ml/ min, n zaŋ sapuɣu pa ka di mi tariti ʒim kamani 1100 ml/ min. Ka naan yi zaŋ zuɣ'puri n pa din mi tooi tariti ʒim kamani 700 ml/ min.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/guytonhalltextbo0000hall/page/204/mode/2up |title=Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology |publisher=Saunders |year=2015 |isbn=978-1455770052 |page=204 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Bin din gbaai ʒim chandi ayi lihi 100 g tissues puuni nyɛla kɔnkɔba, di mini yaan'nina, adrenal gland ni thyroid din nyɛ piligu, ayi ni ata.shɛŋa ŋan nyɛ binshɛŋa ŋan tahiri ŋa.<ref name=":0" /> === '''HYDRAULIC FUNCTION''' === Gubu zaŋ jandi ʒim chandi ni tooi niŋ luɣishɛŋa din gahim ni ka di tooi che ka di kpari n zaya, n ni tooi che ka di kulizaya kip ka be damda, shɛhira kamani erected tissues din be doo yoli ni ni din be paɣa zinguli ni. Shɛhira din lahi pahi hydraulic functions n nyɛ, jumping spider, shɛba ʒim tooi fɔɔsira n kpɛri bɛ naba ni ni yaa n che ka di pa zani kip n ni tooi yiɣi viɛnyɛla ka di pa ni napɔŋ shɛŋa ŋan mali kɔba. ==Nahingbaŋ== {{Multiple image | image1 = | image2 = | caption1 = Blood from a [[vein]] | caption2 = Blood from an [[artery]] | alt1 = Black blood | alt2 = Normal red blood }}[[File:Bleeding finger.jpg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri Ʒim ni yirina nu' bili shɛli bin ni ŋmaai. ]] "Hemoglobin" n-nyɛ binkpeeni dinwuhiri ʒim nahingbaŋ ("'''hemochrome"'''). "Molecule" yini kam malila "heme" pubu balibu dibaa anahi, ka di tuma ni "molecules" tahiri ʒim nahingbaŋ ni nyɛ shɛli na.Siliminsi ni boli ʒi'shɛli "Arterial" mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ʒi'shɛli "capillary" ŋyɛla zaɣ'ʒee din paligi, ka "oxygen" mi ʒiri ʒim din gburi zaɣ'ʒee "heme" pubu ni. "Deoxygenated blood" nyɛla ʒi'ʒee din zimsa; lala dini ŋɔ bela ʒi'soya ni, ka nira ni tooi nyali di yi niŋ ka bɛ vooi ʒim ni bɛ kpehi so di mini saha shɛli bɛ ni voori niri Ʒim ni bɛ ti zaɣim li la. Daliri shɛli din che ka ŋa bie lala maa n-nye, hemoglobin ŋɔ ni deeri niɛlinsi shɛm walimi zan jandi ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ mini ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la<ref>{{cite web |last=Prahl |title=Optical Absorption of Hemoglobin |url=http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/hemoglobin/ |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020105184047/http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/hemoglobin/ |archive-date=5 January 2002 }}</ref> Ʒim din be "[[carbon monoxide poisoning]]" nyɛ ʒi'ʒee din paligi, ka di daliri nyɛla "[[carbon monoxide]]" tahiria "[[carboxyhemoglobin]]" nambu na. ''Cyanide'' ninsali dihibu ni, ningbuŋ maa ku tooi zaŋ pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la n ku bukaata, ka di zuɣu che ka ʒim din Ʒi' soya din ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la, na ku Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, ka lala maa zuɣu che ka Ʒim maa zahi Ʒe' tali paɣira. Dɔri shɛŋa ni tooi dam ''heme'' yaha ''hemoglobin'' puuni din bie ʒim ni la ka ŋa ni tooi che ka ningbuŋ maa nahingbaŋ tahi ŋmani zaɣi' nuɣiso "blue colour"- ka bɛ bɔli ŋa [[:en:Cyanosis|cyanosis]]. di yi niŋ ka ''heme'' yaha ŋɔ deei pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la, [[:en:Methemoglobin|methemoglobin]], din nahingbaŋ bie ka zaɣi' tankpaɣu la ka ku tooi Ʒi pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, yen nammi. Dɔri shɛli din bɛ yoli puuni, bɛ ni boli shɛli [[:en:Sulfhemoglobinemia|sulfhemoglobinemia]] la, ''hemoglobin'' din bie ʒi'soli shɛli din ʒiri Ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, pɔhim maa bɛ yaɣi laa, ka lala maa zuɣu che ka ŋa nahingbaŋ tahi nye zaɣi ʒe' shɛli din zibisa ka mali zaɣi nuɣiso gba nahingbaŋ gba di puuni. Ʒi'soya din pa zuɣusaa ka miri ningbungbaŋ nyɛla zaɣi nuɣuso ka di daliri nyɛ zaɣbɔbigu. Amaa, daliri shɛŋa din che ka tahibu ŋo niŋdi zaŋ kpa [[:en:Visual_perception|''color perception'']] nyɛla din jandi ti ningbungbaŋ ni tori yɛrindi niɛlinsi shɛm saha shɛŋa niri yi ti bie niɛlinsi ni n-ti pahi niri [[:en:Visual_cortex|visual cortex]] ni che ka o nyari bin' yɛra shɛm, ka di pala lala ka Ʒi'soya maa nahingbaŋ dii bie. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kienle A, Lilge L, Vitkin IA, Patterson MS, Wilson BC, Hibst R, Steiner R | title = Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question | journal = Applied Optics | volume = 35 | issue = 7 | pages = 1151 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 21085227 | doi = 10.1364/AO.35.001151 | url = http://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210145120/https://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf | url-status = dead | bibcode = 1996ApOpt..35.1151K | archive-date = 10 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Austin CC, Perkins SL | title = Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks | journal = The Journal of Parasitology | volume = 92 | issue = 4 | pages = 770–7 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16995395 | doi = 10.1645/GE-693R.1 | s2cid = 1937837 | url = https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/84 | access-date = 16 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075114/https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/84/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Binkɔb' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Skink|Skinks]] la ka bɛ bie ''[[:en:Prasinohaema|Prasinohaema]]'' zuliya ni la malila ʒim din naɣingbaŋ bie ka zaɣi vakaɣili, din niŋ ka bɛ laɣisi ʒim puuni neen' shɛli din lahi ka butaata ka bɛ bɔli [[:en:Biliverdin|biliverdin]] la pam bɛ ʒim ni la zuɣu<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Austin CC, Perkins SL|date=August 2006|title=Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks|url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/84|url-status=live|journal=The Journal of Parasitology|volume=92|issue=4|pages=770–7|doi=10.1645/GE-693R.1|pmid=16995395|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075114/https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/84/|archive-date=26 April 2023|access-date=16 November 2021|s2cid=1937837}}</ref> == Chirimbu == === General medical === * Chirimbu galisim * Daŋ deebu ni tooi che ka ʒim chirim di soli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blood – The Human heart|url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html|archive-date=5 March 2009|access-date=19 March 2009|publisher=The Franklin Institute}}</ref> ŋun bi balaga ni tooi kɔŋ ʒim kamani vaabu 20% (1&nbsp;L) pɔi ni tuuni nahingbaŋ, vuhibu yi bi vuhira, piligu, ni vaabu 40% (2&nbsp;L) pɔi ka ni chɔɣisibu naan yi kana. "[[Thrombocyte|Thrombocytes]]" nyɛla din kpa talahi ʒim kpulimbu ni, ka di ni tooi taɣi ʒim yibu. Suhu saɣingu di kpe koba ni nyɛla din yɛ tooi che ka ʒim yi puuni, ka di ni tooi mali yaa pam saha shɛŋa. ** Kom filimbu ningbuna ni nyɛla din ni tooi booi ʒim galisim ka di nyɛla di yɛn filim la kom din be ʒim maa ni. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu ni tooi tahi [[:en:Shock_(circulatory)|Suhu saɣungu]] na ( gbaai yihi saha shɛŋa di barina ni ti yaɣi) amaa ŋa ni ti tahi [[:en:Orthostatic_hypotension|orthostatic hypotension]] na bee n che ka niri maa fɛnti . * Chirimbu din be ʒim go n-gili ningbuna ni * Suhu saɣungu nyɛla yɛla pam ni tooi tahiri shɛli na ningbuna ni, di shɛŋa n-nyɛ ʒim ʒi'soli chirimbu, ʒim kpaabu bee filiŋ, binnɛma dɔriti, n ti pahi [[:en:Cardiac_output|''cardiac output'']] din nye barilim dini. * "[[Atherosclerosis]]" fiimdila ʒim chandi "arteries" ni, ka di daliri nyɛla "atheroma" pɛrila "arteries" ka mulimdi li. "Atheroma" nyɛla din pahiri din yi niŋ ka yuma pahira, ka nyɔhi nyubu ni tooi tahi di pahibu na, ʒiduli, di yi ti niŋ ka kpa' nɛma galisi ʒim puuni n-ti pahi shikiri doro. ** Ʒim kpulimbu ni tooi tahi "[[thrombosis]]" na, ka di ni tooi gbuni ʒi'soya. * Di ni tooi lahi tahi yɛlimuɣisira zaŋ kana ʒim nɛma polo, suhi tobu polo yɛli' gɔla, bee ʒi' soya barilim filimbu ni tooi mali yɛlimuɣisira kamani pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ kalinsi ʒim puuni, din chani ningbuŋ yaɣa la ni la. Bachi shɛli din nye ''Ischemia'' za' mi n ti ningbuŋ yaɣi shɛli ʒim ni bɛ tooi paari a, ka ''infarction'' mii za' n ti ningbuŋ yaɣi shɛli yi ti kpi bee n pooi bɛ ni boli shɛli ( [[:en:Necrosis|necrosis]]) la, ka ŋa niŋ da saha shɛli ʒim yi ti ŋmaai chandi lala yaɣili ŋɔ (bee ka ʒi' shɛli din paari ni maa filimbu paai tariga) === Dɔriti Din Gbaari Ʒim === === Anemia === ** Ʒim ni binneen ʒehi yi bi galisi ([[anemia]]) ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu na, ʒim chirimbu kamani "[[thalassemia]]", bee alaafee yɛlimuɣisira, ka ni tooi bori ʒim kpɛhibu kamani yim bee buyi. Anemia lahi nyɛla "[[genetic disorder]]" ni yɛn tooi tahi shɛli na ka di che ka ʒim ni binneen ʒɛhila bi tooi tumdi viɛnyɛla. Anemia dihitabi ni tooi niŋ "hemoglobin" zahimbu ni di yi niŋ ka di bi paai 13.5&nbsp;gm/dl dobba ni bee di yi pɔri gari 12.0&nbsp;gm/dl paɣaba ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Red Blood Cells in Anemia|url=http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518202410/http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/|archive-date=18 May 2017|access-date=2017-05-22}}</ref> Tiŋgban pam mali ʒim din kpehiri niriba. Bɛ ni kpehiri so ʒim tu ni o ʒim mini bɛ ni mali so ʒim kpehri o ʒim ni tooi deei taba. ** [[Sickle-cell anemia]] * Chirimbu din be binnɛma ni ** "[[Leukemia]]" bela "[[Cancer (medicine)|cancers"]] ʒim binnɛma mini binyɛr'shɛŋa nambu ni. ** DIn pa kaansa niŋ yaɣi ʒim puun binneen ʒehi ni ([[polycythemia vera]]) bee "platelets" ([[essential thrombocytosis]]) ni tooi niŋ ka ʒim ni binnɛma nambu bi nam viɛnyɛla. ** [[Myelodysplastic syndrome|Myelodysplastic syndromes]] nyɛla din yi ni ka ʒim ni binnɛma bi too yɛligi pam. * Ʒim kpulimbu chirimbu ** "[[Hemophilia]]" nyɛla dori shɛi din ni tooi che ka din sɔŋdi kpulimdi ʒim koŋ ʒim kpulimbu. Din bɔŋɔ nyela din ni tooi mali barina zaŋ ti nyɛvui,amaa di tooi zooya ka di tahirila "[[hemarthrosis]]" naa, bee ʒim guui kpe falinsi din be kɔba sunsuuni, ka di tooi tahi gbambu na. ** "Platelets' gba yi bi galisi bee n bɛ tumdi di tuma viɛnyela gba ni tooi tahi ʒim kpulimbu doriti bɛ ni boli shɛli [[:en:Coagulopathy|coagulopathy]] ( ʒim yibu alaafei yɛligɔla). * "Hypercoagulable" ([[thrombophilia]]) yiɣisiri mi di yi ti niŋ ka chiriŋ niŋ zan kpa 'platelets' bee ʒim binnɛma ŋan sɔŋdi li kpulimbu bee gbihibu polo, ka ŋa gba ni tooi tahi "thrombosis" na. * Doriti din be ʒim chirimbu ni ** Ʒim nyɛla din niŋ talahi doro gbaabu ni. HIV, binneeŋa ŋun tahiri AIDS, nyɛa din doli ʒim loora, maneei be kom din kuli oahi be ningbuna ni. [[Hepatitis B]] mini [[Hepatitis C|C]] gbaa dolia ʒim loora. Dori'shɛŋa din loori n doli ʒim la zuɣu, neeni kam ʒim ni tabili pa leeri la binshaɣu din ni tooi tahi alaafei yɛlimuɣisira na. * Binnɛma ʒim ni kpebu nyɛla "[[bacteremia]]" bee [[sepsis]]. Binnɛma ban mii nye 'virus' la yi ti kpe ʒim ni, bɛ booni li la 'viremia'. Lala n lahi nyɛli, kpahiʒeɣu doro mini [[:en:Trypanosomiasis|trypanosomiasis]] nyɛla ŋan binnɛma doli ʒim n tahiri dɔriti ŋo na. === Carbon monoxide Daadam Dihibu === Binyɛr'shɛŋa din pahi ka pa "oxygen" ni tooi laɣim ni "hemoglobin"; saha shɛŋa, din bɔŋ nyɛla din ni tooi tahi barina din ku tooi lahi tibi ningbuna ni. "Carbon monoxide", kamani shɛhira, di mali barina pam di yi vuhi niŋ sapuɣu puuni, dama "carbon monoxide" laɣimdimi ni "hemoglobin" n-namdi "carboxyhemoglobin", din yɛn che ka "hemoglobin" ni tooi laɣim ni "oxygen", ka "oxygen molecules" bela ni tooi yi n-kpe ʒim. Lala ŋɔ ni tooi tahi vuhim fabu na. Buɣim yi diri du' shɛli din yo puuni ka pɔhim bɛ kpɛri di puuni viɛnyela nyɛla din mali barina zaɣi titatli, din niŋ ka di ni tooi che ka pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la yɛn zooi pɔhim vuhirili ni. Lala n lahi nyɛli pɔhim bieɣu ŋɔ kpa tooi tabiliri 'hemoglobin' niri yi ti nyuri taba <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Blumenthal I|date=June 2001|title=Carbon monoxide poisoning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_royal-society-of-medicine-great-britain-journal_2001-06_94_6/page/270|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=6|pages=270–2|doi=10.1177/014107680109400604|pmc=1281520|pmid=11387414}}</ref> == Tibbu Sɔya == Ʒim nyɛla din mali ti bukaata pam, ka nira yi ti ka alaafee ka di nyɛla ʒim yɛltɔɣa nyɛ din bɛ tu ni o niŋ zinchili zaŋ kpa di tibbu shee. Ʒim dɔriti ŋɔ shɛŋa n nyɛ; * ʒiduli(high blood pressure ). * ʒim din pɔra (anemia). * ʒim din kpulimda(blood clot) * blood cancers * bleeding disorder. * '''Ʒiduli''' Di nyɛla ʒim dɔr'shɛli din damdi niriba pam be ningbuŋ ni. Dina ka simiinsi boli hypertension maa.Nira yi mali ʒiduli,ya shɛli din ʒiri ʒim maa n doli o ʒisoya maa malila yaa. O suhimaa tumi ni di mali yaa n tooi tumdi viɛnyɛla ka tooi ŋmahimdi ʒim maa. Ʒiduli nyɛla din zahindi ni milliliters meccury ni. Ka ŋo zaa nyami ʒim maa karindila 130/80mmHg bee ka di gari.America college din nyɛ cardiology la ni bɛ suhuri laɣingu la nyɛla ban pirigi ʒiduli bunahi zuɣu. Ŋannima n nyɛ; *Din tu ni ʒim nyɛ shim. Kpe ʒim yaa nyɛladin bɛ paai 120/80mmHg. *ʒim din du Bela. Kpe ʒim yaa din kuli du nyɛla kamani 120-129/80mmHg bee ka di gari. *ʒi'shɛli bɛ ni boli yaɣi yini la. Kpe ʒim yaa kuli nyɛla din be 130-139/80 ni 89mmHg. *ʒi'shɛli din nyɛ yaɣa aɣi la. Kpe ʒim ŋo nyɛla 140/90mmHg bee garibu. Ʒim gari 180/120mmHg nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ʒiduli din mali yaa.nira ŋun mali ŋo yi bɛ bori tibbu n tiri li ni tooi nya suhini doro, gbali ni bɔɣu,ni ŋan pahi pahi.di tu ni nira lihiri o ʒim zuɣu saha kam. Ka che shigaari Nyubu, ka diri viɛnyɛla. === Ʒiduli Alaamanima === Niriba pam ban mali ʒiduli bɛ nyari di daalaama nima. Alaamanima maa shɛŋa n nyɛ; *Zuɣuyaali *Vuhum fabu *ʒim yi yirina nira nyahi ni.ŋo nima n kuli nyɛ din mali yaa, shɛŋa bɛ nyɛra naɣila di ti niŋla nimmɔhi. ===Ʒim Kpulimbu=== Ʒim kpulimbu tooi tahiri barina pam na ti ningbuna puuni,dɔɣite ni tooi daŋ n nya so dini alaama yomyom, di mi yi bi tibi,di ni tooi che ka ʒi'soya puuni kpulim kpulim n doya n che ka nira vuhum tooi fara bee ka di kuli ku nira yim. Ʒim yi ti kpulim, di tibbu dolila luɣushɛli polo kpulimbu maa ni be maa, ni di yaa ni be shɛm.ti'shɛŋa beni n ni tooi che ka ʒim bɛ kpulimda bee ka di kpulimbumaa bɛ ŋmelim. Tima kamani thrombolytic ŋan ni tooi tibi ʒim din pun kpulim. Tibbu din nyɛ catheter -directed la kamani percutaneous transcatheter tibbu nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ catheter maa n kpehi ʒi'soli maa ni ka di mia maa chaŋ hali ni kpulimbu maa shee n ti wurimli zaa. Surgical thrombectony gba nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi zaŋ shɛli n tibi ʒim kpulimbu. Kpe, be ni niŋ bara ŋo apuleesa n yihi kpulimbu ŋo o ʒi'soya maa puuni.bɛ tooi niŋdili bɔɣirini bee Naba ni, amaa di ni tooi niŋ luɣulikam.barinima shɛba ban Dina mali yaa n tooi kpulindi bɛ ʒi'soya din be bɛ naba ni maa ka bɛ boli Dee Vein thrombosis (DVT) maa.di yi ti kana n ŋo intermittent peneumatic compression (IPC) n ni tooi n tibili viɛnyɛla. Kpe, bɛ ni zaŋ bɛ ni boli binshɛɣu cuff la n kpehi o gbali maa puuni, ka tooi niŋndi pɔhim n niŋdi dinni saha shɛli kam n ŋmahindili ka di tooi sɔŋ n zaŋ ʒim n tahi suhu maa ni. ===Anemia=== Anemia nyɛla nira ʒim puuni binneen'ʒiɛhi ban beni tumdi tuma maa yi bɛ galisi.bɛ yi zahim nira ʒim anemia nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli hemoglobin. Hemoglobin nyɛla protein kpani din be nira ʒim ni binniɛma puuni.di nyɛla din mali oxygen n chani n gindi nira ningbuŋ puuni zaa.nira yi mali anemia,o hemoglobin maa been galisi,di yi pɔri yaɣi,o ningbuŋ yaɣi'shɛli been nyari oxygen. Alaama kamani vuhim fabu tooi niŋda ka di nyɛla ningbuŋ maa yaɣ'shɛŋa be tooi tumdi dini tu di tumdi shɛm. Ayi lihi, anemia nyɛla din niŋ bayana pam,di kuli gbaai niriba kamani kɔbiga puuni vaabu dibaa ayɔbu bɛ kalinli puuni.paɣiba,bihi ni ninvuɣ'shɛba ban mali dɔri'bihi bɛ ningbuna ni nyɛla dinni tooi gbahi shɛba. Anemia malila payapaya, ka di zaa mali din tahiri li na ni di tibbu.shɛŋa nyɛla din ka yaa,ka shɛŋa nyɛ din kuli bɔri tibbu pam.anemia nyɛla din tibira,di nyɛla saha bila yɛltɔɣa.din ni tooi kuli tibi ni nira yi taɣi o bindiri dibo bee ti'shɛŋa valibu '''BLOOD CANCER''' Blood cancer nyɛla dɔri shɛli din be nira ʒim puuni binniɛma ni n damdili bee n nahindili. Binyeri shɛŋa bene n taɣi ti ningbuna ni n ni tooi tahi blood cancer na,lala taɣibu ŋo ni tooi che ka ʒim ni binniɛma ŋo Kpeei n yi. Hali ayi lihi shɛba, lala taɣibu tooi chanimi n ti do shɛli polo dini ku tooi lihi bee n tibia.di niŋdila nira nyavuli puuni.dinzuɣu di pa dɔr'shɛli din yɛn mali nira ka o niŋli n baɣaka. Blood cancer bali shɛŋa gba tooi gbahiri bihi,amaa alaamanima maa din Lee walimi zan chaŋ bihi ni ninkira sunsuuni.Niriba gari tih'pihitahi(40.000) blood cancer ni gbahiri shɛba yuuni kam U.K tingbanni kalinli puuni, ka saha ŋo niriba tuh'kɔbishiyi ni pihinu (250.000) n mali blood cancer. '''BLOOD CANCER BALIBU''' Blood cancer balibu galisiya, di shɛŋa n nyɛ; * Leukaemia * Lymphoma * Meloma * Myelodisplastic Syndromos (MDS) * Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPS). Di zaa malila di alaamanima,di tibbu ni din ti beni nyavuyani. Leukaemia balibu nyɛla chronic lymphocytics leukaemia(CLL) ka Lymphoma balibu mi nyɛ Hodgkin lymphoma ni Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.blood cancer nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli ka di nyɛ buyi zuɣu.Dina n nyɛ; * ACUTE ( blood cancer din zoori yomyom i * CHRONIC ( din bɛ tooi zoora ) * '''DIN TAHIRI BLOOD CANCER NA''' Hali gba bin din tahiri blood cancer maa na dii bɛ baŋda,amaa ti tooi mi shɛŋa n nyɛ; * Ninkurilim * Paɣa ni doo laɣimbu shee * Zuliya ni * Daŋ puuni * Dɔr'shɛŋa ni di tibbu shee. Ŋo zaa dolila blood cancer bali shɛli din yɛn gbaai nira. '''BLOOD CANCER ALAAMANIMA''' Ninvuŋ'shɛba ban mali blood cancer tooi nyari alaamu nima kamani; * Ʒim yibu * bɛ yaa tooi vuura * be tooi nyari morilim * Vuhum fabu * waligu tiɛbu yuŋ yuŋ * daɣiri doro * feeba * ningbungbaŋ zuɣu dɔriti * kɔbani biɛrim * wumsi * '''BLOOD CANCER TIBBU''' Blood cancer tibbu belapayapya,nira ni tooi mali zaɣ'gaŋa bee zaɣ'bɔbigu.shɛŋa din tooi zooi n nyɛ, * Clemotherapy * Targeted therapy * Immunotherapy * Radiotherapy * Stem cell transplant. Nira yi mali blood cancer din bɛ tooi zooira,o tibbu bɛ to,hali bɛ shɛba ŋuna gba bɛ bi bori tibbu.blood cancer tibbu tooi mali basins di nyaaŋa,ka niriba pam tooi nyari ŋa. '''BLEEDING DISORDER''' Bleeding disorder nyɛla binshɛɣu din dahindi ti, di yi ti niŋ ka ti ʒim bɛ tooi kpulimda.lala kpulimbu soya maa bɛ booni la coagulation, di nyɛla taɣibu din be liquid ni solid puuni. Nira yi nya daŋa, o ʒim yɛn pilila kpulimbu, din yɛn che ka ʒim maa bɛ yi o yaɣi.sajashɛŋa,binyɛr'shɛŋa chɛmi ka ʒim dii be tooi kpulimda, din ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu pam na bee ka di yi n yaɣi. Bleeding disorder ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu pam na ningbuŋ ni bee ningbuŋ zuɣu,ni kɔb'tɔɣa ni, ni zuɣ'puri ni. '''CAUSES OF BLEEDING DISORDER''' Di nyɛla binshɛɣu din tooi zooi ka di niŋdi nira di yi niŋ ka o ʒim bɛ tooi kpulim viɛnyɛla. Kaafin ka ʒim ti kpulim nira ningbuŋ ni,di tu ni lala ningbuŋ ŋo mali ʒim puuni protein shɛli bɛ ni boli clotting factors la ni ʒim puuni binneen shɛba bɛ ni boli platelets la. Di tooi zooi ka platelets laɣim taba n tooi nam bɛ ni boli binshɛɣu plug la, saha shɛli nira yi ti nya daŋa ʒi'soya maani.clotting factors maa yi laɣim taba n nam fabrin clot, di yɛn chɛmi ka platelets shɛli din beni maa gulika taɣili ka che ka ʒim maa yiri ʒi'soya maa ni. A yi lihi niriba ban tooi zooi ka ŋo Paari ba, di wuhurimi ni bɛ platelets maa bɛ tooi tumdila din di tu ni di di tumdi shɛm. Ʒim maa yi bɛ kpulim, ʒim ni tooi yi o pam, ka ni tooi chɛ ka ʒim maa tooi yiri o kɔbani na, o kɔbtɔɣani bee o ningbuŋ yaɣ'sylhɛŋa ni. Niriba pam ban tooi mali bleeding disorder nyɛla bɛ ni siɣi shɛli,amaa shɛŋa mi nyɛla nira yi min biɛra ka bɛ tibi o, o ni tooi nuali tibbu maa shee. Din tooi lahi tahiri lina n nyɛ; * Nira red blood cells yi bɛ galisi * Vitamin K deficiency * Dɔri'shɛŋa tibbu nyaaŋa barinanima. Dɔr'shɛŋa din tooi tahiri bleeding disorder na di tibbu nyaaŋa ka bɛ boli ANTICOAGULANT. '''BLEEDING DISORDER ALAAMANIMA''' Bleeding disorders alaamanima Bela payapayan doli di bali shɛli din yɛn gbaai nira,dinzuɣu,Alaama din nyɛ zaɣ'kpɛŋ n nyɛ; * Nira sɔrilim yi yiri o pampam. * Nira nyɛhi yi yiri ʒim sahakam. * ʒim yi yiri nira pam pam di yi niŋ ka o nya daŋ bila. * Nira yi nyari ʒi'yibo o kɔb'tɔɣa ni. Di tu ni nira bo dɔɣita shee, di yi niŋ ka o yi nyari alaamanima ŋo zaa. A dɔɣita ni tooi nya lala Doro ŋo ka tooi sɔŋ a ka di bi chaŋ tooni. Wula ka bɛ niŋdi n nyari Doro ŋo? A yi yɛn nya bee n baŋ bleeding disorder, a dɔɣita ni Bɔhi a a daalaama nima, o ni tooi lahi niŋ a zahimbu shɛŋa n baŋ dini nyɛ shɛm. Di tu ni a yɛli ŋo zaa. * A ni na min pun mali dɔri shɛli . * Ti shɛŋa ani namin pun Vanda. * Ʒim maa ni tooi yiri a shɛm. * A ni di niŋdi binshɛɣu ka ʒim maa naan yi piligu a yibu. Ŋo zaa yi naai, a dɔɣita ni zahim a ʒim maa n nya din be dini.lala zahimbu ŋo shɛŋa n nyɛ; * a complete blood count(CBC) Ŋo yɛn zahimmi ka Wuhu a red and white blood cells zaa a ningbuŋ ni. * A platelets Aggregtion test. Ŋo mi nyɛla din yɛ lihi a platelets clump ni laɣim taba n be viɛnyɛla shɛm. * A bleeding time test. Ŋo wuhirila a ʒim ni kpulimdi yom shɛm n ni tooi GU ʒim yibu. '''BLEEDING DISORDER BALIBU''' Bleeding disorder ni tooi nyɛ siɣili bee ka di kuli gbaai nira.din nyɛ siɣili maa nyɛla din yiri dɔɣin ni na, ka din mi gbaairi maa mi nyɛ din kuli gbahiri niriba bɛ biɛhisi puuni.bleeding disorder ni tooi kuli tahi ʒi'yili la pam di yi niŋ ka nira nya darati bee daŋa, amaa shɛŋa beni n tooi kuli tahi ʒi'yili ŋo na ka di pa ni shɛli n tahili. Bleeding disorders maa galisiya ka lahi be taba ni. Amaa ŋan do gbunni ŋo n kuli niŋ bayana. * '''HEMOPHILIA A MINI B''' Ŋo nyɛla din niŋda di yi ti niŋ ka nira ʒim kpulimbu pɔra o ningbuna ni.di tooi chɛri ka nira kɔb'tɔɣani yiri ʒim, hali dini tooi di nira nyavili. * '''Factor II,V,X bee XII:''' Deficiencies nyɛla bleeding disorder din tahiri ʒim yibu yiriŋ yiriŋ na. * '''Von Willebrand's Diseases :''' Di nyɛla bleeding disorder din nyɛ siɣili maa zaɣ'yini,nira tooi nyarili di yi niŋ ka o ʒim kɔŋ Von Willberant factor, din sɔdi ʒim maa ka di kpulimdi maa. '''BLEEDING DISORDER TREATMENT''' Blessing disorder tibbu bela payapaya,di dolila di bal'shɛli din mali nira, ni di yaa.hali bleeding disorder tibira, ka ni tooi baligi ni di alaamanima shɛŋa. Tibbu maa so'shɛŋa n nyɛ; * '''IRON SUPPLEMENTATION''' Dɔɣite ni tooi Wuhi a iron supplement shɛli, ka a zaŋ n pahi iron shɛli din pun be a ningbuŋ ni, di yi niŋ ka ʒim yi nira pam ka iron bɛ galisi o ni, dini tooi ti o iron deficiency anemia.lala ŋo tooi tahiri wumsim na nira ningbuŋ ni, ninsabigu bee ka o ningbuŋ kuli kab'siri o.o no tooi bori ʒim kpɛhibu. * '''BLOOD TRANSFUSION''' Di nyɛla ʒim kpɛhibu di yi ti niŋ ka nira ʒim yi vuui ka chɛ o. Bɛ tooi voori niriba ʒim n kpɛhiri shɛba, di mi dolila yi ʒim maa yi nyɛ ʒi'yinsi.ŋo zaa mi niŋdila ashibitini. '''OTHER TREATMENT (TIBIRI SHƐŊA)''' Bleeding disorder tibbu ni tooi lahi nyɛ binshɛŋa kamani din pɔbsiri n niŋdi nyahini la(nasal spray) shɛŋa kamani jeomophilia ni tooi tibi ni factor replacement therapy, ŋo nuɛla shariha nkperi ʒim maa maŋmaŋa puuni.ka ni tooi gula ysɣi ʒom pampam yibu. Nira ni tooi lahi nya fresh frozen plasma transfusions don dee yi niŋ ka o bɔri clotting factors shɛŋa.fresh frozenplasma malila V factors ni VIII factors, di dibaa ayi ŋo malila protein din mali anfaani ka sɔŋdi ʒim kpulimbu ni amm ŋo tu ni di niŋdi ashibitini. '''POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF BLEEDING DISORDER''' Yɛlkpana pam tooi pahi bleeding disorder ni ka ni tooi GU ka taɣi di tibbu ni. Dinzuɣu,di tu ni nira yi mali li ka o bo tibbu n ti o maŋa yomyom. Yɛlkpana ŋo tooi kanna di yi niŋ la nira bɛ no tibbu yomyom n ti o maŋa.yɛlkpana ŋan tooi zooi biɛhigu ni n nyɛ; * ʒim yibu binnɔri puuni * ʒim yibu zuɣ'puri ni. * ʒimyibu kɔb'tɔɣa ni. * kɔb'tɔɣa ni biɛrim. Yɛlkpana ni tooi kpaŋsi di yi niŋ kdisoder maa tahi ʒim yibu pampam na.bleeding disorder nyɛla Nyɛla din bɛ viɛlà n titi tipƔaba balled bɛ yi bɛ nya tibbu yomyom.di tooi tahiri ʒim yibu na pampam dɔɣibu ni, puli zaŋbahi shɛɛ bee puli yhibu ni.paɣiba ban mali bleeding disorders tooi nyari bɛ paɣibu ka di Yoruba pampam.ŋo ni tooi tahi anemia na. == Ʒim Kpɛhibu == [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Bloodbags.jpg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri Ʒi' shɛli din yina Ʒi' so' shɛli be ni bɔli 'Vein' la ʒim kpɛhibu saha. ]]Wʒim kpehibu nyɛla so shɛli bɛ ni doli n voori ʒim bee ʒim puuni bimbɔra n ti ninsali bee daadam so ŋun ʒim bi saɣiri o.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blood Transfusion {{!}} National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-transfusion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623181239/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-transfusion|archive-date=2019-06-23|access-date=2019-06-16|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov}}</ref> Ʒim kpehibu nim nyɛla Dɔɣate nim ni di dɔli soshɛli ashibiti nim puuni n labisiri daadam ʒim din kpe yɔɣu. Tuuli tuuli ha, ʒim kpehibu daa kuli nyɛla din jendiri ningbuna ni ʒim zaa polo, amaa sahaŋɔ ashibiti yɛltɔɣa nim nyɛla ban ʒim kpehibu chaŋ ti gbai ʒim balibu kamani [[red blood cells]], [[Blood plasma|plasma]], [[platelets]], n ti pahi [[clotting factors]] shɛŋa. Ʒim bali shɛli din yuli booni [[White blood cells]] la nyɛla din kpehibu dii bi yɔli bee n niŋ alahi, ka di ni niŋ ka [[granulocyte transfusion]] nyɛ din tuma dii bi galisi la.lala n nyɛli ka [[Whole blood]] nyɛ din labina yaɣishɛŋa ni sahaŋɔ.<ref name="j340">{{cite journal|last1=Van Gent|first1=Jan-Michael|last2=Clements|first2=Thomas W.|last3=Cotton|first3=Bryan A.|date=2024|title=Resuscitation and Care in the Trauma Bay|journal=The Surgical Clinics of North America|volume=104|issue=2|pages=279–292|doi=10.1016/j.suc.2023.09.005|issn=1558-3171|pmid=38453302}}</ref> Bɛ ni mi shɛli ni Red blood cells (RBC) la nyɛla din mali silimiingi ni boli shɛli ni [[hemoglobin]] la di puuni ka sɔŋdi ningbuna yaɣa pam ni vuhim pɔhim shɛli bɛ ni bɔli Oxygen la. Bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni White blood cells nyɛla din dii bi yɔli ʒim kpehibu shee. Ʒim din nyɛ din kpehiri nyɛla bɛ ni nyari shɛli daadama ban voori ʒim sani ʒim voobu shɛhi, ka lee zaŋdili n sɔŋdi Ʒim duri ni bɛ ni boli shɛli [[:en:Blood_bank|blood bank]]. ʒim balibu balibu zooya pam ninsalinima ni, kamani ti mali [[:en:ABO_blood_group_system|ABO blood group system]], n-ti pahi [[:en:Rhesus_blood_group_system|Rhesus blood group system]] di yoli ka nye mali anfaani pam. N kpɛhi ʒi' shɛli n niŋ daadam din bie deei o ningbuna nyɛla din ni tooi ʒi barina titali ŋɔ, hali n ni tooi di o nyɛvuli, ka di zuɣu che ka [[:en:Crossmatching|crossmatching]] niŋ talahi din ye n che ka dɔɣatenima baŋ ʒi' shɛŋa din simsi ni bɛ zan kpɛhi daadam. ʒim neen' shɛŋa bɛ ni lahi kpɛhira ninsali ningbuŋ ʒi' soya ni n nye ''platelets'', ''blood plasma'', ''cryoprecipitate'' n-ti pahi ʒim neen' shɛŋa din sɔŋ dili zan kpa di gbihibu polo. === Tilahi Shɛŋa Din Chibiri N-niŋdi Daadam Ʒi' sɔya ni === Tima pam balibu din yirina silimiingi ni bɔli shɛli [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] n ti taɣi [[chemotherapy]]) nyɛla dɔɣate nima ni chibiri shɛŋa n niŋ barinima ni, din niŋ kabi bɛ tooi kpɛri ningbuŋ kaliŋ kaliŋ bee viɛnyela bɛ yi dɔli bindirigu soli n-kpe ningbuŋ mali puuni la zuɣu. Di yi niŋ ka ʒim yi niri pam saha bili sunsuuni n naai, ti' kɔma, bɛ ni boli shɛŋa 'plasma expanders', ni tooi chibi niŋ lala niri ŋɔ ʒim ni, ka ti' kɔma ŋɔ ni tooi nyɛla yɛlim kamani (NaCl, KCl, CaCl<sub>2</sub> ni din pahi) ka ŋan nye ningbuŋ ni ni tooi deei shɛli, bee ti' kɔ' shɛŋa din gbirisa kamani tim yuli booni 'dextran', '[[:en:Human_serum_albumin|human serum albumin]]' n-ti pahi, ʒi' ko' shɛli bɛ ni yoli m maai. Sarati nima yi ti niŋ, 'plasma expanders' n-ti barinima maa nyɛla din mali nyɛvuli tahibu anfaani n gari ʒim kpɛhibu n ti ba, ka daliri maa nye din niŋ ka ʒi' shɛli bɛ ni kpɛhi nira 'metabolism' (di nambu ni saɣimbu) ni bɛ labiri piinda bɛ ni kpɛhili naai. ====== Ʒim Yihibu Ningbuŋ ni Tibbu Sɔli ====== Sahaŋɔ vihigu din jendi tima polo, ʒim Ʒim Yihibu nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli n tibiri dɔriti shɛŋa, kamani dɔriti din gbaai [[hemochromatosis]] ni [[polycythemia]].din saha, Ʒim Yihibu ni 'leeching' daa na bɛ niŋ Bayana ni dihitabili zaŋ kpa di niŋsim polo yala n daa ti paai yuun'pishi yinika, ka dɔriti pam daa bɛ lihiri viɛnyɛla dɔmini ʒim galisim zaŋ kpa hippocratic tilaa polo. === Etymology === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Jan_Janský,_1902.jpg|thumb|[[Jan Janský]] nyɛla bɛ ni mi so ka o pu' ʒim n niŋ balibu balibu anahi ni ka ŋa nye ʒi' shɛli din nye (A, B, AB, n ti pahi O)]] Silimiinsilini zɔŋɔ ʒim sabirimi (blood) ka silimiinsili kurili ni di daa sabiri (blod) ka lala di yuli ŋɔ nyɛ din yina [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] ni na, ka di gbundi nyɛ zaɣi yini Germanic bala nim pam ni, shɛhira kamani bala kamani; German ''Blut'', Swedish ''blod'', Gothic ''blōþ nim ni. Di nyɛla din bi saɣiti'' [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] etymology la.<ref>{{Cite OED|blood}}</ref> == Taarihi == === Tabibiibi baŋsim yaɣili din yuli booni Classical Greek medicine baŋdi kuɣunli ŋun yuli booni === [[Robin Fåhræus]] (o nyɛla Swedish physician ŋun daa niŋ baŋsim yaɣili dinyuli booni [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]]) nyɛla ŋun daa gbaai shaawara ka yɛli ni bɛ ni mi yaɣi shɛli ni Ancient Greek system din be [[humorism]] la, n be ningbuna puuni la nyɛla o ni daa tɛhi ka mali dihitabili ni ningbuna nyɛla din mali ningbuŋ zim binbɔra din pu ʒii bu nahi zuɣu, ka ŋa zaa nyɛ din tuma nim yi di ko, di ni niŋ ka o vihi ʒim kuubu daadama ningbuna zuɣu gbam bili shɛli din puuni nɛ la. Di ni niŋ ja ʒim kpaai n niŋ koliba kaapuni ka chɛli zali kamani hawa muni zuɣu, di daa nyɛla din pani paɣali di baanahi. Ʒi kuun sabimli nyɛla din daa doni gbambili maa gbunni dini ka silimiingi boli ni "black bile". Lala ʒi kuuni ŋɔ zuɣusaa, ʒi ʒiɣu n daa paya, dini n nyɛ ʒim mamaŋ. Lala ʒi ʒiɣu ŋɔ mi gba zuɣu saa, kopiɛli din mali mali ʒim bin bɔra n daa paya lala dini ŋɔ ka silimingi boli ni "phlegm" la. Ka kaapu maa mi zuɣusaa nyɛ zaɣi dɔzim dini ka silimiingi boli ni "yellow bile" la.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hart GD|date=December 2001|title=Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies|url=http://www.bloodmed.com/home/hannpdf/bjh3130.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=115|issue=4|pages=719–28|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x|pmid=11843802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708073035/http://www.bloodmed.com/home/hannpdf/bjh3130.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2011|s2cid=10602937}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} == Balibu == [[Lahabali_kɔligu:ABO_blood_type.svg|right|thumb|435x435px|Ʒim balibu nyɛla din pubu dɔli, yaɣi shɛli, ABO ʒim pubu sɔli di yi ti niŋ ka ʒim neen' shɛli bɛ ni boli 'antigens' la bie ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi la zuɣu .]] Ʒim balibu lan nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli silimiingi zilinli zuɣu ni ('''blood group'''), di nyɛla ʒim ni pumpu sham n jendi di mali silimiingi ni boli bin nien shɛbi ni [[Antibody|antibodies]] be din ni bee di kani ni [[Heredity|inherited]] [[Antigen|antigenic]] binyɛrala la din be ʒim binbɔra bali shɛli silimiingi ni boli ni [[Red blood cell|red blood cells]] (RBCs) la zuɣu . Lala binbɔra ŋɔ ni tooi nyɛ bindira balibu kamani silimiingi ni boli ni [[Protein|proteins]], [[Carbohydrate|carbohydrates]], [[Glycoprotein|glycoproteins]], bee [[Glycolipid|glycolipids]], di jendirila ʒim bali shɛli din be binvuhirigu maa ni.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maton|first=Anthea|url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho|title=Human Biology and Health|author2=Jean Hopkins|author3=Charles William McLaughlin|author4=Susan Johnson|author5=Maryanna Quon Warner|author6=David LaHart|author7=Jill D. Wright|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1998|isbn=0-13-981176-1|location=Englewood Cliffs NJ|url-access=registration}}</ref> === ABO blood group system === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|''ABO ʒim pubu sɔli'' : Anfooni din wuhiri alaafee yɛlibɔrili din tiri yaa, bɛ ni boli shɛli 'carbohydrate' gabu gabu din wuhiri ABO ''ʒim pubu balibu'']] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Punnett_square_blood_types.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|Anfooni din kahigiri viɛnyela [[Punnett square]] din jandi bihi ''genotypes'' mini bɛ ''phenotypes'' saha shɛli bɛ ma nima given ''genotypes'' mini bɛ ''phenotypes'' (rows) n ti pahi bɛ ba nima gba ''genotypes'' ni bɛ ''phenotypes'' (columns) ka kahigibu maa yi polo anfooni maa zuɣu n dɔli bɛ ''phenotype''zaɣi do' zim; Ʒim balibu Azaɣi va' kaɣili; Ʒim balibu ABzaɣi nuɣuso; Ʒim balibu Bzaɣi taampilim; Ʒim balibu O]] Lala ABO ʒim balli ŋɔ nyɛla din mali antigens dibaayi ni antibodies gba dibaayi ka ŋa nim nyɛ din be ninsalinim ʒim ni. Lala antigens dibaayi ŋɔ n nyɛ antigen A mini antigen B. Lala n nyɛli ka antibodie nim dibaayi maa gba n nyɛ antibody A nti pahi antibody B. .<ref name="Oor0">{{Citation|last1=Schmidt|first1=P|title=Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL'|journal=Infus Ther Transfus Med|volume=28|issue=4|pages=206–8|year=2001|doi=10.1159/000050239|doi-broken-date=2024-06-18|last2=Okroi|first2=M|s2cid=57677644}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Your blood&nbsp;– a textbook about blood and blood donation|url=https://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626184746/https://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf|archive-date=June 26, 2008|access-date=2008-07-15|page=63}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Phenotype and genotype of blood types ! scope="col" |[[Phenotype]] ! scope="col" |[[Genotype]] |- ! scope="row" |A |I<sup>A</sup>I<sup>A</sup> or I<sup>A</sup>i |- ! scope="row" |B |I<sup>B</sup>I<sup>B</sup> or I<sup>B</sup>i |- ! scope="row" |AB |I<sup>A</sup>I<sup>B</sup> |- ! scope="row" |O |ii |} Ʒim balibu nim nyɛla din yiri laambini n kpɛri bɛ bihi ni ka di nyɛ din yirina bɛ ba nim mini bɛ manim ʒim yi laŋin gaba.Bin din gbai silimiingoli December bɛɣu pihita ni yini dali yuuni 2023 ni, bɛ ni mi shɛbi ni <ref>Cox, David. "A new understanding of how your blood type influences your health" (2024). New Scientist, 27 January 2024, Issue 3475 (https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26134751-500-a-new-understanding-of-how-your-blood-type-influences-your-health/).</ref> [[International Society of Blood Transfusion]] (ISBT) nimla daa kpahinmi n niŋ vihigu nyɛl ʒim balibu balibu din daa paai balibu pihinahi ni anu.<ref name="isbt-2022">{{cite web|date=2023|title=Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology|url=https://www.isbtweb.org/isbt-working-parties/rcibgt.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007155528/https://www.isbtweb.org/isbt-working-parties/rcibgt.html|archive-date=7 October 2022|access-date=25 April 2023|work=[[International Society of Blood Transfusion]]}}</ref> Ʒim balishɛga din mali dariza ka gari di tabi maa za n nyɛ bin booni shɛli ni [[ABO blood group system|ABO]] mini [[Rh blood group system|Rh]]; bɛ nyɛla shɛbi ʒim bala ka di nyɛ (A, B, AB, ni O, with + or − denoting [[RhD antigen|RhD]] status) din kuli yan lu n zahim ʒim kpɛhibu ni. == Blood group systems == Ʒim balibu kam din pali nyɛla din yan wuhiri ʒim balibu pihinahi ni anu la, ka daadam kam ʒim balli nyɛri din yan mali ʒim balibu puuni binbɔra.<ref name="isbt-20222" /> Kamani daadam kam nyɛla ŋun mali ʒi bali yini bɛ nyɛvuli puuni, amaa ka ni tooi taɣi di yi ti niŋ ka yɛla kamani silimiingi ni bɔli shɛŋa ni; [[infection]], [[malignancy]], or [[autoimmune disease]] nimŋɔ zaɣi yini kam yi ti kpe n gabi daadamm ʒim ni.<ref>{{harvnb|Dean|2005|loc=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/rbcantigen/ch05ABO/ The ABO blood group] "... A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype ..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Stayboldt C, Rearden A, Lane TA|year=1987|title=B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum|journal=Transfusion|volume=27|issue=1|pages=41–4|doi=10.1046/j.1537-2995.1987.27187121471.x|pmid=3810822|s2cid=38436810}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Matsushita S, Imamura T, Mizuta T, Hanada M|date=November 1983|title=Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer|journal=The Japanese Journal of Surgery|volume=13|issue=6|pages=540–2|doi=10.1007/BF02469500|pmid=6672386|s2cid=6018274}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kremer Hovinga I, Koopmans M, de Heer E, Bruijn J, Bajema I|year=2007|title=Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-19-26-2007_369_9557/page/186|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9557|pages=186–7; author reply 187|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60099-3|pmid=17240276|doi-access=free|s2cid=1150239}}</ref> Bin shɛɣu din lan yɔli pam ka nyɛ din tooi taɣiri daadam ʒim balli n tiri balli shɛli n nyɛ silimiingi ni boli shɛli ni [[bone marrow transplant]] la. Lala Bone-marrow transplant nimŋɔ nyɛla din tumdi tuma pam n tiri silimiingi ni boli binshɛŋa ni [[leukemias]] mini [[lymphomas]] nim la ,nti pahi dɔriti pam ni. Di yi niŋ ka daadam yi deegi bone marrow o daadam kpee ŋun mali ʒim bali ABO sani (kamani ŋmahinli ; di yi nniŋ ka dɔrɔ lan ŋun mali ʒim bali shɛli din nyɛ ' O 'deegi ʒim bali shɛli din nyɛ ' A bone marrow' la ), lala bariŋɔ ʒim kalaamii, di yan taɣi mi nti ʒi'bali shɛli bɛ ni zaŋ n kpɛhi o maa di ni niŋ ka bariŋɔ mali silimiingi ni bɔli shɛli ni [[Hematopoietic stem cell|hematopoietic stem cells]] (HSCs) la nyɛ din zaa saɣim ka wurim la. Din ni tooi niŋ ka bariŋɔ ʒim ŋɔ ni tooi saɣim ŋɔ, o ningbuna yan yan taɣimi n ti bɛ ni kpɛhi o ʒi'shɛli maa. === Red blood cell compatibility === * '''Blood group AB''' Daadam kam nyɛla ŋun mali ʒim bali shɛŋa din nyɛ A mini B ka di be bɛ ni bɔli binshɛɣu ni RBCs la zuɣu, ka bɛ [[blood plasma]] nyɛ din ka antibodies di ni . Lala n nyɛli, ka daadam kam ŋun mali AB ʒim balli nyɛ ŋun ni tooi deegi ʒim ŋun mali lala AB ʒi'balli, amaa ka ku tooi voogi ʒim nti sokam naɣila ŋun gba mali AB ʒim balli ŋɔ. Ban mali lala ʒim balli ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni mi shɛbi ka bi nyɛ ban ni tooi deegi ʒim sokam zaa sani. * '''Blood group A''' individuals Daadam kam ban mali ʒi'balli din nyɛ A antigen din be bɛ RBCs zuɣu, n ti pahi bɛ ni booni shɛli ni ( blood serum) nyɛla din mali bɛ ni mi shɛli ni [[IgM]] antibodie , ka di taɣiri ʒi balli din nyɛ B antigen la. Lala zuɣu, ban mali A ʒim balliŋɔ nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim ban gba mali A mini 'O 'ʒim balli konko sani, ka ni lee tooi voogi ʒim nti ban mali A bee AB ʒim bala ŋɔ. * '''Blood group B''' individuals Daadam kam bam mali B ʒim balli ŋɔ ka di be bɛ RBC ni , n ti pahi blood serum din mali IgM antibodies nim din taɣiri A ʒim balli. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, salinim bam B ʒim balli nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim bam mali B bee O ʒim bala konko, ka ni tooi voogi ʒim nti bam mali B bee AB ʒim bala konkk. * '''Blood group O''' (or blood group zero in some Daadama nim ban ka A bee B ʒim bala ka di be bɛ RBCs zuɣu, ka bɛ blood serum mali IgM anti-A mini anti-B antibodies nima. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, bam mali 'O' ʒim balli nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim la ban gba mali 'O' ʒim balli konko, amaa ka ni tooi voogi ʒim nti ban mali ABO ʒim balli , A, B, O bee AB ʒima zaa. Di yi niŋ ka bari bɔri ʒim, ka o ni bɔri ʒibali shɛli maa na kani bee ka di nyɛbu na yan di saha , bɛ nan tooi kpɛri lala bari maa ʒim bali shɛli bɛ ni boli ni ' O negative' la . Di ni niŋ ka di ni tooi kpe ŋ gabi sokam ʒim ni la, vihigu wuhiya ni ʒim balli din nyɛ ' O negative' ŋɔ nyɛla din niŋ di shaara sahakam. blood .<ref name="AABBfive">{{Citation|author1=American Association of Blood Banks|title=Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question|date=24 April 2014|url=https://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-association-of-blood-banks/|work=[[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924075027/https://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-association-of-blood-banks/|publisher=American Association of Blood Banks|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-date=24 September 2014|author1-link=American Association of Blood Banks|url-status=dead}}, which cites * {{cite web|author1=The Chief Medical Officer's National Blood Transfusion Committee|year=c. 2008|title=The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells|url=https://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/nbtc_bbt_o_neg_red_cells_recs_09_04.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809134013/https://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/nbtc_bbt_o_neg_red_cells_recs_09_04.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2014|access-date=25 July 2014|publisher=[[National Health Service]]}}</ref> .<ref name="AABBfive" /> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_Compatibility.svg|right|thumb|230x230px|'''Red blood cell compatibility chart'''In addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Red blood cell compatibility table<!-- --><ref name="rbccomp">{{cite web|date=December 2006|title=RBC compatibility table|url=https://chapters.redcross.org/br/northernohio/INFO/bloodtype.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913165654/https://chapters.redcross.org/br/northernohio/info/bloodtype.html|archive-date=2008-09-13|access-date=2008-07-15|publisher=American National Red Cross}}</ref><ref name="bloodbook">[https://www.bloodbook.com/compat.html Blood types and compatibility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419103919/https://www.bloodbook.com/compat.html|date=2010-04-19}} bloodbook.com</ref><!-- --> ! rowspan="2" |Recipient<sup>[1]</sup> ! colspan="8" |Donor<sup>[1]</sup> |- !O− !O+ !A− !A+ !B− !B+ !AB− !AB+ |- !O− | style="width:3em" |{{Y}} | style="width:3em" |{{N}} | style="width:3em" |{{N}} | style="width:3em" |{{N}} | style="width:3em" |{{N}} | style="width:3em" |{{N}} | style="width:3em" |{{N}} | style="width:3em" |{{N}} |- !O+ |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |- !A− |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |- !A+ |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |- !B− |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |- !B+ |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{N}} |- !AB− |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |{{Y}} |{{N}} |- !AB+ |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |{{Y}} |} ==== Compatibility of ABO and Rh system for Red Cell (Erythrocyte) Transfusion ==== Adaka din do gbunni ŋɔ nyɛla adaka shɛli din wuhiri ʒim balibubalibu ni kpini tabi sham di yi kana kpa bin voori so ʒim mini bɛ ni malili n kpɛhiri so ka di jendi ʒim balishɛŋa din nyɛ ABO mini Rh system. Ʒim ŋmahinli ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ʒim ni deeri tabi sham [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="8" |Donor |- !O− !O+ !B− !B+ !A− !A+ !AB− !AB+ |- ! rowspan="8" |Recipient !AB+ |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |- !AB− |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | |- !A+ |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | | |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | | |- !A− |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | | | |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | | | |- !B+ |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | | | | |- !B− |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | | | | | |- !O+ |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | | | | | | |- !O− |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]] | | | | | | | |} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Agglutinatie_rode_bloedcellen_libtheora.ogg|thumb|Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells due to an incorrect transfusion.]] Ʒim nyɛla din mali balibubalibu pam, ka ŋa nim zaa nyɛ din be binvuhira shɛŋa puuni ŋa nim ni be. Ʒim bali shɛli bɛ ni mi ni ABO ʒim balli la nyɛla bɛ ni daa nyɛ shɛli binvuhira ni yuuni 1900 ni, ka ŋun daa nyɛli maa yuli booni [[Karl Landsteiner]]. Tabijbi baŋdi so ŋun yuli booni [[Jan Janský]] nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ tuuli ŋun daa pu ʒim bunahi zuɣu m boli ni (A, B, AB, n ti lahi O) yuuni 1907 ni, ka di na kuli nyɛ din tumdi tuma zɔŋɔ. Yuuni 1907 ni, tuuli [[blood transfusion]] daa nyɛla din niŋ ka di nyɛla was ABO ʒim balli la ja bɛ daa zaŋ m baŋ ʒim ni deeri tabi sham.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Blood Transfusion &#124; American Red Cross|url=https://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/history-blood-transfusion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204103229/http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/history-blood-transfusion|archive-date=4 February 2016|access-date=21 March 2021|website=redcrossblood.org}}</ref> Tuuli bɛ ni mi shɛli ni non-direct transfusion la daa nyɛla din niŋ silimiingoli March bɛɣu pishi ni ayɔpoin dali yuuni 1914 ni. Lala n nyɛli ka bɛ ni mi shɛli ni Rhesus factor la nyɛ bɛ ni daa nyɛ shɛli yuuni 1937 ni. ====== Zaŋmaɣisi tabi adaka ====== {| class="wikitable" |+''Adaka ŋan do gbunni ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ʒim kpɛhibu ni kpini tabi sham taɣimalisi nima din jendi ʒim din mali kpaɣiʒɛɣu''.<ref name="Transfusion reactions / M.A. Popovsky 1996 p.">Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is: {{cite book|title=Transfusion reactions / M.A. Popovsky|publisher=Karger|year=1996|isbn=978-3-8055-6509-7|location=Basel|oclc=40288753}}</ref> | colspan="5" | + =Occasionally present &nbsp; ++ =Frequently present |- ! ![[Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction|Febrile nonhemolytic]] ![[Transfusion-related acute lung injury|TRALI]] ![[Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction|Acute hemolytic]] !Bacterial contamination |- !Appearance of symptoms during or after transfusion |Usually toward end. 5–10% appear up to 2 hours after. |Early (after 10–15 ml) |Early (after 50–100 ml) |Up to 8 hours after transfusion |- !Fever | + | ++ | ++ | ++ |- !Chills | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ |- !Cold | ++ | - | + | - |- !Discomfort | ++ | - | - | - |- !Rigors | + | - | - | - |- !Headache | + | - | + | - |- !Nausea and/or vomiting | + | - | ++ | - |- !Dyspnea | + | ++ | ++ | - |- !Cyanosis | - | ++ | ++ | - |- !Hypotension / [[circulatory shock]] | - | ++ | ++ | ++ |- ![[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] | - | - | ++ | ++ |- ![[Hemoglobinuria]] | - | - | ++ | + |- ![[Renal failure]] | - | - | ++ | ++ |- !Back pain | - | - | ++ | - |} ==Alaafee yɛligibu== "Normoblast' yɛligibu malila yaɣa dibaa anahi.: {| class="wikitable" ! Illustration !! Description !! Image |- | [[Image:Proerythroblast.png]] || [[Pronormoblast]] |- | [[Image:Basophilic erythroblast.png]] || Basophilic normoblast || [[File:Prorubricyte.jpg|130px]] |- | [[Image:Polychromatic erythroblast.png]] || Polychromatic normoblast (also ''polychromatophilic'') || [[File:Rubricyte.jpg|130px]] |- | [[Image:Orthochromatic erythroblast.png]] || Orthochromatic normoblast (also ''orthochromatophilic'') || [[File:Metarubricyte.jpg|130px]] |} == Zuliya nim mini Adiini nim Dihitabili ni ʒim == Di ni niŋ ka di bukaata n zaŋti nyɛvuli ka zaŋbuɣusi, ʒim nyɛla niribi pam ni mali dihi tabili pam bɛ ʒilɛya ni. Din yɔli zaŋ chaŋ niribi ni mali dihi tabili sham n kpa ʒim polo n nyɛ bɛ shɛbi ni zaŋdi ʒim ka di wuhiri bɛ daŋ bee bɛ mabili ni kpini tabi sham di yi kana dɔɣim polo; 'ka yi ti yan mali ʒi yinsi ' naɣila yi yila yabi do yino ni na amaa ka amiliya niŋbu. Yɛligu ŋɔ nyɛla din chaŋ ti wuhiri ʒi yinsi, kamani di ni yɛli <nowiki>''</nowiki> ʒim nyɛla din gburisi n gari kom<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Ʒim nyɛla din tɔɣisiri n jendi yɛltɔɣa yini konko zuɣu adiini nim kamani Musulinsi, Jewish nti pahi Dolodolo adiini nim ŋɔ ni, dama kundi buku din yuli booni [[Leviticus]] 17:11 yɛli ni <nowiki>''</nowiki>bin'namdili kam nyɛvuli nyɛla din be ʒim ni<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Lala yɛltɔɣali ŋɔ nyɛla din be kundi buku din yuli booni Levitical zalikpan shɛli din mɔŋ ʒim nyubu bee n ŋubiri nimdi ka ʒim na tabitabi nimdi maa la puuni. ===== Indigenous Australians ===== A yi lihi [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous Australian Aboriginal]] nima kaya, din yuli booni [[ochre]] dibahibahindi bin ʒee min ʒim zaa nyɛla din mali silimiingi ni bɔli ningbuŋ binbɔra shɛli din yuli booni ni iron la ka bɛ bolli ni [[Maban]] la, nyɛla bɛ ni mala shɛli n niŋ di bɛ wa-waribi nachin tɛri ni bɛ baɣayuya malibu saha. Kamani bɛ ni mi so ni Lawlor la ni yɛli: ni a yi lihi bɛ ni mishɛli ni Aboriginal la baɣiyuya malibuni mini ɛ suuna nim ni, bɛ wa-waribi nyin goya ni zaa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ nachiinsi nein shɛli bɛ ni bɔli ni Ochre ʒehi n-ye bɛ nyingoya ni zaa. Bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Secret la puuni, ban nyɛ bidibisi Sacret nim suuna nim ni, ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni yihiri shɛli wa waribi maa nuhini ʒi m sɔyani n zaŋli taɣi n zaŋ ye bɛ nyingoya ni.Lala n nyɛli ka bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Ochre ʒee la nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli gba n tumdi tuun yinsi suuna nim ni Lala n nyɛla ka ʒim nyɛ bɛ ni mali ʒim n niŋdi noonsi kɔbirini n dihiri bɛ maŋmaŋ nachiinsi. Noonsi kɔbiri nyɛla din mali purootin din nyɛ din mali paawa taɣimalisi dinni. Lawlor lahi tɔhikom ni ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli n pahiri diri nachiinsi nyɛla lala daadama ŋɔ ni zaŋdi shɛli n pahiri bɛ wawaribi wahi niɛma . Din nyaanga, Lawlor nyɛla ŋun zaŋ lala paawa dindii bi nyɛri ŋɔ n ti pahi bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni [[Magnetic field|magnetic fields]] la, n yɛli ni bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Iron la nyɛla din mali paawa di ni.[[Magnetism|magnetic]]. === European paganism === Balishɛbi ban nyɛ [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] bala la ni, ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli tumdi tuma bɛ maliŋ nim shɛhi; blood bɛ ni mi shɛli bɛ zilima zuɣu ni ''[[Blót|Blóts]] la. Ʒim maa nyɛla bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni shɛli nyɛla din kuli mali yaa ka di ni yina binso ni maa, bɛ daa yi ŋmahi nimdi ŋɔ naai, bɛ yan niŋla zim maa n mihi sarisari dikiya maa luɣishɛŋa bɛ buɣa maa ni be n ti oahi bɛ ban tumdi maa mamaŋa. Lala bɛ niŋ ʒim ŋɔ n sariti dikiya ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni blóedsian'' din be silimiinsili kurili la ni, ka di daa nyɛ dolodolo nim bali shɛbi ban yuli booni [[Roman Catholic Church]] ni paŋ shɛli n niŋ bɛ bachinim puuni. Ban nyɛ [[Hittite language|Hittite]] la nim ʒim bachi din yuli booni ''ishar'' nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli n yihi bachi nim kamani cognate to words for "oath" mini "bond", a ni tooi bɔli [[Išḫara|Ishara]] ni [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni buɣa ʒim din yuli booni , ''[[ichor]]'', daa nyɛla bin shɛɣu din daai gbaaigi pɔizin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brittain|first=Robert P.|date=1965|title=Cruentation: In Legal Medicine and in Literature|journal=Medical History|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=82–88|doi=10.1017/S0025727300030179|issn=0025-7273|pmc=1033446|pmid=14252331}}</ref> ==== Dolodolo Nima ==== Baabuli kundi buku yaɣishɛli din yuli booni [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 9:4 la ni, Naawuni nyɛla ŋun kpahi o dabili ŋun yuli daa booni [[Noah]] la mini o bihi ka che ʒim dibu lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina zalikpana yagili buku yuli bokni [[Noahide Law]]. Lala zalisi ŋɔ nyɛla din na kuli tumdi tuma, ka ba lihhiri di zuɣu nyɛ ni [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. Di lahi nyɛla din sabi do baabuli ni n wuhiiri ni di yi ti niŋ ka mallayikka so ŋun su nyɛvuya deebula ti chjaŋ luɣili kam Hebrew nim ni be, ni bi lɛɣu bɛ ni na kuli yɔli dɔɣi nyɛlaa ŋun bi lahiyankpi, di yi niŋ ka malaayika maa yi nya ʒim ni tɔɣi-tɔɣi n do zonpaɣa. A yi lihi [[Council of Jerusalem]] nim ni, ban nyɛ [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] nim la nyɛla ban yɛli ni ʒim dibu nyɛla din chihira, lala yɛlli ŋɔ nyɛla din sabi do Acts 15:20 mini 29 ni. Di yaɣili kam nyɛla din mali gbunni, di pahi bahindi di ni be dolodolo kundi maa ni suurili pinaawei zaŋ ni suurili pishi ni yini . Di daa nyɛla din yan gu ka taɣi bɛ ni mi bali shɛli ni Jews ban nyɛ dolodolo nim la taya ni bee bɛ gbaɣu ni kpebu ni dama zali kpana yaɣili din yuli booni Mosaic Law Code la nyɛla din bi saɣiti lala tuma maa. Anabi Yissah ʒim nyɛla din gbunni ni nyɛ di nyɛhirila daadama nim taya. Yaha, "... Anabi Yissah ʒim nyɛla din nyɛhi daadama taya zaa." Bu din yuli booni (1 John 1:7) la puuni yɛliya , "... Ŋuni n nyɛ ŋun yuriti ka lahi zaŋ o mamaŋ ʒim paɣi ti taya zaa labi ." Lala ka buku din yuli booni (Revelation 1:5) ni yɛli , "Bɛ nyɛla ban nyɛ yaa o zuɣu (Shintɔɔni) ka di nyɛla shiikasi ʒim ( Anabi Yissa) nti pahi bɛ mamaŋ testimony ..." din be (Revelation 12:11 buku la ni. Dolodolo nim cheechi nim dingbai Roman Catholicism, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], nti pahi [[Assyrian Church of the East]] nyɛla ban wuhiri ni , ni ayi zaŋ amaŋ ti naawuni , din yuli booni [[Eucharist|Eucharistic]] wine la nyɛla din yan lɛbi Anabi Yissah ʒim din yan nyɛ naawuni paɣibu ni nyubu. Di zuɣu a yi lihi lala consecrated wine maani, Anabi Yissah nyɛla ŋun lee shihira lan mini kɔbili lana. Lala wuhibu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina bɛ ni mi shɛli ni [[The Last Supper|Last Supper]] la ni. === Judaism === [[Judaism]] puuni, bunŋkɔbiri ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni tooi bɛ diri shɛli hali di yi pɔrimi kawala, ka ŋa nyɛ din yina bɛ kundi yaɣi shɛli dinyuli booni animal blood Leviticus suuraa'ta zaŋni suuri pia ni ayɔpoin ni, ŋa nyɛla din lahi yina bɛ Jewish bindira zalikpana zaligu buku ni, ka ŋa yuli booni ([[Kashrut]]).<ref>[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/82678/jewish/Koshering-Meat.htm Koshering Meat.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084120/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/82678/jewish/Koshering-Meat.htm|date=16 December 2013}} Chabad.org.</ref> Gala gba nyɛla din simdi ni bɛ lihiri shɛli poi n nyɛn nya ʒim taɣimalisi be di puuni bee di kani, di yi beni dinŋuna ka bɛ yihili poi ka naanyi tooi di li. <ref>[http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/113470/jewish/Removing-the-Blood.htm Removing the Blood.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084034/http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/113470/jewish/Removing-the-Blood.htm|date=16 December 2013}} Chabad.org.</ref> Hali di kuli niŋya ka ʒim din yina zimbili ni na nyɛ dinyuli booni kosher, di nyɛla din chihiri di bɛ daadam di zahim ʒim, din kuli yan niŋ ka lala niri bi birigi tingbani maa zalikpana.<ref>Citron, R. Aryeh. [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1182104/jewish/All-About-Kosher-Fish.htm All About Kosher Fish.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084101/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1182104/jewish/All-About-Kosher-Fish.htm|date=16 December 2013}} Chabad.org.</ref> Tabiibi tuma din jendi ʒim nyɛla din pɔbiri Nokia m bee mɔɣini bee yiŋ binkɔri ʒima bɛ ti kɔrigi nai lala yɛligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina bɛ kundi yaɣishɛli bɛ ni boli ni (Leviticus 17:13); <ref>[[Menachem M. Schneerson|Schneerson, R. Menachem M.]] ''Igrot Kodesh'', vol. vii, p. 270.</ref> === Musulinsi === Musulinsi din wuhi hizini n wuhiri bindira zaa din mali ʒim ŋa nim puuni zaa dibu ni chihirisham, ka lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina musulinsi zalikpana yaɣali din yuli booni [[Islamic dietary laws]] la ni na. Ka lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛ din yina Alikuraani puuni suurili yuli booni [[Al-Ma'ida]] ( aaya dibaa'nu zaŋ labina dibaa'ta ni): ka lala aaya ŋɔ yɛli :"bindiri shɛŋa yi ni ku tooi di bee musulumi ni mɔŋ shɛŋa dibu n nyɛ binkpiŋ nimdi, ʒim, the flesh of swine, nti pahi din yuya ka di pala naawuni ni pii shɛli n ti ŋa<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Din tahi ʒim dibu bi viɛli ŋɔ nyɛla; ni ʒim nyɛla din mali saɣiri din'ni . Zalikpani mini dinchihiri shɛŋa din jendi paɣibi sɔrilim nyabu polo. Di yi niŋ ka bɛ kɔrigi binkɔbiga, o nyingoli nyɛla bɛ ni kuli chibi bee n gbeei shɛli bɛla, din kuli yan niŋ ka o ningbuna maa tooi nyɛ yiko n ti o suhi tibili ni di bɔri ʒim ni vuhim. === Jehovah's Witnesses === A yi lihi bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni bɛ kundi yaɣishɛli din booni Acts 15:28, 29 din yɛli ni (" niŋmiya katiŋ ka che. .. ʒim ."). [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] nyɛla ban bi diri ʒim bee ban bi kpɛhiri ʒim di yi ti niŋ ka ʒi pooli gbai so bee ʒim puuni niɛma shɛli nyɛla bɛ ni bi mali dihitabili ni shɛŋa zaa: kamani ʒim balibu ŋan yuya nyɛ red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), n ti pahi plasma la. Bɛ niribi nyɛla ban mali yiko ni tooi sagiti ashibiti yɛltɔɣa din jendi bɛ mamaŋ ʒim yɛltɔɣa bee binyɛra din yina lala ʒim balibu dibaa'nahi ŋɔ.<ref>''The Watchtower'' 15 June 2004, p. 22, "Be Guided by the Living God"</ref> === Vampirism === [[Vampire]] nim nyɛla naawuni bin'namda puuni shɛbi ban nuri ʒim n tooi kuri bɛ kum, ka bɛ tooi yurila daadama nim ʒima. Taada bee bala kam duniya puuni nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni lala ʒi'nyuribi ŋɔ; ŋmahinli kamani '[[Nosferatu]]' legend, daadam ban nyɛri nasara [[damnation]] ni, ka lahi nyuri bɛ nin sali tabi ʒima, ka bɛ nyɛ ban yina duniya yaɣishɛŋani kamani; Eastern European folklore nim ni . Bin'niɛma kamani [[Ticks]], [[Leech|leeches]], female [[Mosquito|mosquitoes]], [[Vampire bat|vampire bats]], n ti pahi bin'niɛmda pam nyuri bɛ bin'niɛmdi tabi shabi ʒim, amaa zɔna koŋko n nyɛ ban mini bɛ ni boli shɛbi ni vampire nimla ŋmani taba. == Invertebrates == Din be invertebrate puuni, ningbuŋni kom din yuli booni analogous din be ʒim ni ka di yuli booni hemolymph nyɛla din be ʒim ni, di waligin sim nim nyɛla, bɛ ni mi shɛli hemolymph nyɛla din bi be silimiingi ni mi ningbuna ni shɛli ni circulatory system la puuni. Lala Hemolymph ni tooi nyɛ din ʒiri vuhim pɔhim kpuli shɛli din yuli booni oxygen la n gindi ningbuna ni, hali di ni ni tooi niŋ ka hemoglobin nyɛ din katuma.Bɛ ni mi shɛli ni [[Crustacean|Crustaceans]] la mini [[Mollusk|mollusks]] din be daadama ʒim ni la nyɛla din mali bɛ ni mi shɛli ni [[hemocyanin]] n tumdi tuma ka lee bi zaŋdi hemoglobin din n tumda.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kato|first1=Sanae|last2=Matsui|first2=Takashi|last3=Gatsogiannis|first3=Christos|last4=Tanaka|first4=Yoshikazu|date=April 2018|title=Molluscan hemocyanin: structure, evolution, and physiology|journal=Biophysical Reviews|volume=10|issue=2|pages=191–202|doi=10.1007/s12551-017-0349-4|issn=1867-2450|pmc=5899709|pmid=29235083}}</ref> Bin'niɛma pam ni , bɛ hemolymph nyɛla vuhim pɔhim kpula din yuli booni oxygen-carrying molecule la ni ka shɛli ni, ka di daliri nyɛla bɛ ningbuna ni pɔri shamla zuɣu ka yaɣi shɛli din yuli booni [[Invertebrate trachea|tracheal system]] ku tooi ti bɛ ningbuna maa oxygen. == Di tuma bee anfaani nim shɛŋa == === Forensic Mini archaeological === Ʒim puuni saɣiri nyɛla din sɔŋdi [[forensic]] vihigu nim ka bɛ vihiri nyɛri tubu niɛma nima. Din yuli booni [[bloodstain pattern analysis]] puuni, bɛ ni mi shɛli ni forensic la lahibali nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi nyɛ shɛli ʒim yaɣi shɛli din yuli booni bloodstain la puuni. Lala Blood residue analysis ŋɔ gba nyɛla baŋsim parishɛli din tumdi tuma [[archeology]] la ni. === Artistic === Ʒim nyɛla ningbuŋ ni kosalisi ni yini ban tumdi Art tuma ni mali shɛli tumdi tuma bɛ tuma maa shehi..<ref>[http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5 "Nostalgia"] Artwork in blood {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108093007/http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5|date=8 January 2009}}</ref> Di daaha puuni, din yuya booni [[Viennese Actionism|Viennese Actionist]] [[Hermann Nitsch]], [[Istvan Kantor]], [[Franko B]], [[Lennie Lee]], [[Ron Athey]], [[Yang Zhichao]], [[Justice Yeldham|Lucas Abela]] nti pahi [[Kira O'Reilly]] tuma puuni, nti gbai bɛ ni mi shɛli [[Andres Serrano]] la, nyɛla din zaŋ ʒim ka di lee be Art tuma puuni tuun nien kpeŋ. Tuma ŋɔ baŋdi ŋun yuli booni [[Marc Quinn]] nyɛla ŋun niŋ lala Art ŋɔ yaɣishɛli din yuli booni sculpture la, ka di nyɛla o zaŋla ʒi'shɛli din yuli booni frozen blood la, nti pahi o mamaŋ zuɣuni ʒim m pahi. === Genealogical === Lala yuliŋu 'ʒim' nyɛla din tumdi tuma bɛ ni mi shɛli ni [[Genealogy|genealogical circles]] la ni, ka di wuhiri daadam [[Ancestor|ancestry]], [[Human evolution|origins]], nti pahi [[Ethnic group|ethnic background]] din zaa be bachishɛli din yuli booni ''[[Heredity|bloodline]] lani. Yu'shɛoa din gba zaa tumdi tuma mabiligu bee daŋpuuni ʒi'sɔya wuhibu n nyɛ'' ''[[Nobility#"Blue" blood|blue-blood]]'', ''[[Royal descent|royal blood]]'', ''[[mixed-blood]]'' nti pahi ''[[Kinship terminology|blood relative]] nim zaa.'' == Nyɛmi yaha == <nowiki>*</nowiki> Blood type (non-human) <nowiki>*</nowiki> Human leukocyte antigen <nowiki>*</nowiki> hh blood group{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Autotransfusion]] * [[Blood as food]] * [[Blood pressure]] * [[Blood substitutes]] ("artificial blood") * [[Blood test]] * [[Hematology]] * [[Blood phobia|Hemophobia]] * [[Luminol]], a visual test for blood left at crime scenes. * [[Oct-1-en-3-one]] ("Smell" of blood) * [[Taboo food and drink#Blood|Taboo food and drink: Blood]] {{div col end}} ==Kundivihira== <references/> [[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]] f68uvk9i1ufc2l2ua1dvfrfjxzkwvmk Simli 0 8746 146164 143354 2026-08-10T22:07:25Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}}'''Simli'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref>nyɛla binbela bee bimbila bal'shɛli, ka di kɔri ŋa dunia bɔba ni di yaɣa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The European market potential for groundnuts {{!}} CBI|url=https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/processed-fruit-vegetables-edible-nuts/groundnuts/market-potential|access-date=2024-09-02|website=www.cbi.eu}}</ref> Di boonila di zaɣ' yini simli ka di zaɣ' bɔbigu mi nyɛ sima.<ref>{{citation |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=3785 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=NPR_20150420>{{cite news |last1=Domonoske |first1=Camila |title=A Legume With Many Names: The Story Of 'Goober' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober |work=National Public Radio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606234944/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober |archive-date=June 6, 2020 |date=April 20, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beattie |first=H. R. |date=1911 |title=Farmer's Bulletin No. 431 |url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/carver/items/show/77 |website=USDA National Agricultural Library}} "The peanut is known under the local names of "goober," "goober pea," "pindar," "ground pea," and "groundnut." The names "goober" and "goober pea" are more properly applied to an allied species having no true stem and only one pea in each pod which has been introduced and is frequently found growing wild in the Gulf Coast States."</ref> <ref name=NPR_20150420/> Sima nyɛla bimbili shɛli ninsali nima ni kɔra dira. Di nyɛla bimbili shɛli bɛ ni kɔri pam mini bela bela bɔba ni yaɣa zaa<ref>{{cite book |last=Hymowitz |first=Theodore . |chapter=Grain Legumes |chapter-url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-154.html |editor-last1=Janick |editor-first1=J. |editor-last2=Simon |editor-first2= J.E. |year=1990 |title=Advances in new crops |location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |pages=54-57 <!-- access-date = September 29, 2015 -->}}</ref> ka nyɛ bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli niŋdi kpam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biofuelstp.eu/oil_crops.html |title=Oil crops for the production of advanced biofuels |access-date=September 28, 2015 |website=European Biofuels Technology Platform |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909130233/http://www.biofuelstp.eu/oil_crops.html |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di binwɔlli nyɛla din niŋdi tiŋgbani ni ka di zuɣu che ka tabibi baŋda Carl Linnaeus daa boli ''hypogaea ka di gbuuni nyɛ tiŋgbani gbunni''. Simli ŋɔ nyɛla din be tabibi daŋ yuli booni Fabaceae bee Leguminosae ka pirigili tooi booni "pea" daŋ.<ref name="WFO" /> Kamani bimbila kam din be di daŋ ŋɔ ni, di nyɛla din mali binshɛli di puuni ka di pahiri tam,<ref name="kew.org">{{cite web |title=Legumes Of The World {{!}} Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data/resources/legumes-of-the-world |website=www.kew.org |access-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> ka di che ka niriba pam kpaŋsi bimbilima kɔri ka taɣara Pirimila di bi lu zahim di tabibi yuli ŋɔ zuɣu, di binwɔlli maa nyɛla din kpɛma pam di yi ti niŋ ka di bi. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peanut-institute.org/peanut-facts|title=The Peanut Institute – Peanut Facts |work=peanut-institute.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408185751/http://www.peanut-institute.org/peanut-facts/ |archive-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref> [[File:Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) - in shell, shell cracked open, shelled, peeled.jpg|thumb|Peanuts]] == Taarihi == Sima bal' shɛli Silimiinsi ni boli "''Arachis"'' nyɛla din yina [[South America]], Aedes wulinluhili polo, zaŋ chaŋ [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], [[Argentina]], ni [[Brazil]].<ref name="Seijo-2007" /> Sima balishɛli din nyɛ a''. hypogaea'' nyɛla din yina sima balibu dibaa ayi puuni, dini n-nyɛ "''[[Arachis duranensis|A. duranensis]]"'' mini "''[[Arachis ipaensis|A. ipaensis]]"''.<ref name="Seijo-2007" /><ref name="Kochert-1996" /><ref name="Seijo-2007" /><ref name="Krapovickas-2007">{{cite journal |url= http://ibone.unne.edu.ar/objetos/uploads/documentos/bonplandia/public/16_0/1_205.pdf |title=Taxonomy of the genus ''Arachis'' (Leguminosae) |last1= Krapovickas |first1=Antonio |date=2007 |journal=IBONE |volume=16 (Supl.) |pages=1–205 |first2=Walton C. |last2= Gregory | translator=David E. Williams and Charles E. Simpson |access-date= September 13, 2016 |archive-date= March 4, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060107/http://ibone.unne.edu.ar/objetos/uploads/documentos/bonplandia/public/16_0/1_205.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Seijo-2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.12.1963 |volume=94 |issue=12 |pages=1963–1971 |last1=Seijo |first1=Guillermo | first2=Graciela I. | last2= Lavia | first3 =Aveliano | last3= Fernandez |author4= Antonio Krapovickas |author5=Daniel A. Ducasse |author6=David J. Bertioli |author7=Eduardo A. Moscone |display-authors= 3 |title= Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (''Arachis hypogaea'', Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |date=December 1, 2007 |pmid= 21636391|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/36879 |hdl-access=free |issn=0002-9122}}</ref><ref name="Kochert-1996">{{cite journal |title=RFLP and Cytogenetic Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Allotetraploid Domesticated Peanut, ''Arachis hypogaea'' (Leguminosae) |url=https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-botany_1996-10_83_10/page/1282 |jstor= 2446112 |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=October 1, 1996 |pages= 1282–1291 |volume=83 |issue=10 |doi=10.2307/2446112 |first1=Gary |last1=Kochert |first2=H. Thomas |last2=Stalker |first3=Marcos |last3=Gimenes |first4=Leticia |last4=Galgaro |first5=Catalina Romero |last5=Lopes |first6=Kim |last6=Moore| display-authors= 3}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa na mi li shɛm "archeological" zaŋ n-ti sim'bilim nyɛla<ref>{{cite journal |title=A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut (''Arachis hypogaea'') and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers |url= |journal=Annals of Botany |date= January 1, 2013 |issn=0305-7364 |pmc= 3523650 |pmid=23131301 |pages= 113–126 |volume=111 |issue=1 |doi= 10.1093/aob/mcs237 |first1=Márcio C. |last1=Moretzsohn |first2=Ediene G. |last2=Gouvea |first3=Peter W. |last3= Inglis |first4=Soraya C.M. |last4=Leal-Bertioli |first5=José F.M. |last5=Valls |first6=David J. |last6=Bertioli | display-authors= 3}}</ref> din daa piligi kamani yuun 7,600 nyaaŋa bee ''A. hypogaea nyɛ bɛ ni daa tuui kɔri shɛli'' .<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/vu-eeo062507.php |title= Earliest-known evidence of peanut, cotton and squash farming found |access-date= June 29, 2007 |website= eurekalert.org |last= Dillehay |first= Tom D. |archive-date= September 11, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070911192923/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/vu-eeo062507.php |url-status= dead }}</ref> Di nyɛla din daa be Peru, ni ka tulim daa bi galisi.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames & Hudson]], 1997.</ref> Di kɔbu nyɛla din daa piligi Mesoamerica pɔi ka daa paai Spanish. Ni ka "conquistadors" daa nya {{wikt-lang|nci|tlālcacahuatl}}. Bɛ daa piligi li kɔbu Europe tum 19th century ka bɛ ni daa nya li luɣishɛli nyɛ Spain, di gbaai bahindi [[Valencia]] ni ka bɛ daa kɔri li.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polo |first=Claudia |date=2023-11-21 |title=El 'cacau del collaret', el cacahuete valenciano al borde de la extinción |url=https://elpais.com/gastronomia/2023-11-21/el-cacau-del-collaret-el-cacahuete-valenciano-al-borde-de-la-extincion.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref> Europenima daabihi nyɛla ban daa wuligi simli ŋɔ gili duniya zaa ka di kɔbu gba nyɛ din daa yɛligi pahi. Bɛ daa zaŋ la sima ŋɔ zali di bimbiri kpee din be daŋ yini ni "Bambara groundnut" [[West Africa]] ka di gba sim'bilim nyɛ din niŋdi tiŋgbani.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carney |first1=Judith |title=In the Shadow of Slavery Africa's Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520949539 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-eS3OUQsekC&q=peanut}}</ref> Asia pukpariba nyɛla ban daa piligi li kɔbu ka ni pa nyɛ luɣishɛli ban kɔri sima ŋɔ pam duniya zaa.<ref name="FAOSTAT-2020" /> Sima nyɛla din daa kpɛ US saha shɛli bɛ ni daa na be deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ka nyɛ bɛ ni daa kɔri gariche ni. Lahabali din yina Bernard Romans wuhiya ni, sima nyɛla gbaŋsabila zaŋ n-ti Guinea ni daa zaŋ shɛli kpɛhina East Florida ka di daa piligi yɛligibu di ni.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida |first=B. |last=Romans |author-link=Bernard Romans |location=New York |publisher=Printed for the author |year=1775 |page=[https://archive.org/details/concisenaturalhi00roma/page/130/mode/2up 131] |language=en |oclc=745317190}}</ref> Bin din gbaai yuuni 1870 bɛ daa na mali limi n-tiri binkɔbiri hali ka ninsalinima ni daa ti piligi li dibu yuuni1930s.<!--but there are PB&J recipes from 1900-1910--><ref name="putnam">Putnam, D.H., et al. (1991) [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html Peanut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810173649/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html |date=August 10, 2006 }}. University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension: Alternative Field Crops Manual.</ref>George Washington Carver (1864-1943) nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsiri niriba sima kɔbu American South din daa niŋ ka ni tam daa gbarigi din daa niŋ ka bɛ zaŋ di tam ŋɔ kɔ gumdi yuma ashɛm nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McMurry |first=Linda O. |title=George Washington Carver: scientist and symbol |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-503205-5 |edition=1. issued as an Oxford Univ. Pr. paperback |series=Galaxy books |location=New York}}</ref> United States tuma duu zaŋ n-ti [[pukparilim]] nyɛla ban daa piligi tun'shɛli din yɛn kpaŋsi pukparilim mini ninsalinima sima zaŋ tum tuma 19th bahigu mini 20th cɛnturi piligu.<ref name=putnam/> Sima kpam nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli niŋbu United States tum yuuni 1890s. Di nyɛla din daa niŋ bayana din daa niŋ ka Beech-Nut kompani daa piligi li kɔhibu St. Louis World's Fair yuuni 1904.<ref name="Michaud-2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-chunky-history-of-peanut-butter |title=A chunky history of peanut butter |last=Michaud |first=Jon |date=November 28, 2012 |website= newyorker.com |publisher=New Yorker |access-date=May 9, 2017 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170331194928/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-chunky-history-of-peanut-butter |archive-date=March 31, 2017}}</ref> == Botany == [[File:Ground Nut flower.jpg|thumb|Peanut flower]] Simli ŋɔ nyɛla bimbili shɛli din niŋdi yuun yini puuni ka nyɛ din waɣilim paai kamani cɛntimita pihita zaŋ chaŋ cɛntimita pihinu.<ref name=putnam/> Di nyɛla din be tabibi daŋ yuli booni Fabaceae ka shɛba lahi booni Leguminosae, niriba pam nyɛla ban booni "pea" daŋ.<ref name="WFO"/> Kamani lala bimbila daŋ ŋɔ, simli din nyɛla din niŋdi di bimwalla tiŋgbani gbunni.<ref name="kew.org"/> Di puma maa nyɛla din waɣilim be kamani cɛntimita zaɣ'yini zaŋ chaŋ zaɣ'yini ni pirigili ka di puma maa kom nyɛ dɔzim.<ref name="Krapovickas-2007" /><ref name="putnam" /> Di nyɛla din be simli ŋɔ zuɣuzaa ka nyɛ din be di ni kamani dabisi yini zuɣu.<ref name="Smith-1950">{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Ben W.|date=January 1, 1950|title=Arachis hypogaea. Aerial Flower and Subterranean Fruit|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=37|issue=10|pages=802–815|doi=10.2307/2437758|jstor=2437758}}</ref> == Composition == === Alaafee binbɔra === Vihigu shɛŋa wuhiya ni sima ŋubbu pam nyɛla din taɣiri dɔri shɛŋa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bao|first1=Ying|last2=Han|first2=Jiali|last3=Hu|first3=Frank B.|last4=Giovannucci|first4=Edward L.|last5=Stampfer|first5=Meir J.|last6=Willett|first6=Walter C.|last7=Fuchs|first7=Charles S.|date=November 21, 2013|title=Association of Nut Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2013-11-21_369_21/page/2001|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=369|issue=21|pages=2001–2011|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1307352|issn=0028-4793|pmc=3931001|pmid=24256379}}</ref><ref name="lpi">{{cite web|year=2009|title=Nuts (including peanuts)|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/nuts|access-date=November 29, 2016|series=Micronutrient Information Center|publisher=Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University|location=Corvallis, OR}}</ref> Amaa, vihigu maa bi ti shɛhiranima din yɛn niŋ ŋmahinli. US "Bindira mini tima baŋsim yaɣili", "Tabiibi shɛhira wuhiya amaa ka bi ti shɛhira ni di 1.5 dibu dabisili puli ni nyɛla din filimdi kpam ka ni tooi taɣi suhuni doro."<ref>{{cite web|author=Taylor CL|date=July 14, 2003|title=Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505)|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072926.htm|access-date=October 14, 2015|publisher=Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA}}</ref> === Phytochemicals === Sima mali tima taɣimalisi binyɛra pam kamani binwɔla din pahi pahi.<ref name="lpi" /><ref name="lpi-res">{{cite web|year=2016|title=Resveratrol|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/resveratrol|series=Micronutrient Information Center|publisher=Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University|location=Corvallis, OR}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sales|first1=J. M.|last2=Resurreccion|first2=A. V.|year=2014|title=Resveratrol in peanuts|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=54|issue=6|pages=734–70|doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.606928|pmid=24345046|s2cid=13183809}}</ref> === Kpam === Bɛ mali sim maani kpam din duɣira.<ref>{{cite web|date=2014|title=Nutrition facts for oil, peanut, salad or cooking, USDA Nutrient Data|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fats-and-oils/506/2|access-date=January 15, 2015|publisher=Conde Nast, USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ozcan MM|year=2010|title=Some nutritional characteristics of kernel and oil of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jos/59/1/59_1_1/_pdf|journal=J Oleo Sci|volume=59|issue=1|pages=1–5|doi=10.5650/jos.59.1|pmid=20032593|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Shi L, Lu JY, Jones G, Loretan PA, Hill WA|year=1998|title=Characteristics and composition of peanut oil prepared by an aqueous extraction method|journal=Life Support Biosph Sci|volume=5|issue=2|pages=225–9|pmid=11541680}}</ref> == Di barina tali == Daadamanima shɛba (vaabu 0.6%<ref>{{cite web|date=February 24, 2012|title=Food Allergy Quick Facts|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodAllergy/understanding/Pages/quickFacts.aspx|access-date=January 30, 2014|publisher=[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]]}}</ref> ban nyɛ United States nima) lahabali wuhiya ni sima nyɛla din tahiri nina kumbu na. Pirimla bɛ ni mali sima pahiri m-maani bindira pam la, sima dibu yi yɛn che din niŋ tɔm pam. Bindiri shɛŋa bɛ ni mali su binyɛra ni lahabaya karimbu nyɛla din ni tooi sɔŋsi gu di dibu.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 14, 2010|title=Peanut Allergy on the Rise: Why?|url=http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20100514/peanut-allergies-in-kids-on-the-rise|access-date=May 18, 2010|website=WebMD}}</ref> Vihigu din jendi sima ni kpe Great Britain saha shɛli mini di ni kpe Israel sahashɛli wuhiya ni nira yi bi daŋ sima dibu o bilim ni nyɛla din ni tooi mali barina.<ref>[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/38370/title/Food_allergy_advice_may_be_peanuts Food allergy advice may be peanuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109032845/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/38370/title/Food_allergy_advice_may_be_peanuts|date=November 9, 2008}}, [[Science News]], December 6, 2008</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Høst|first1=A|last2=Halken|first2=S|last3=Muraro|first3=A|last4=Dreborg|first4=S|last5=Niggemann|first5=B|last6=Aalberse|first6=R|last7=Arshad|first7=SH|last8=Von Berg|first8=A|last9=Carlsen|first9=KH|last10=Duschén|first10=Karel|last11=Eigenmann|first11=Philippe A.|display-authors=8|year=2008|title=Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children|journal=Pediatric Allergy and Immunology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–4|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00680.x|pmid=18199086|last12=Hill|first12=David|last13=Jones|first13=Catherine|last14=Mellon|first14=Michael|last15=Oldeus|first15=Göran|last16=Oranje|first16=Arnold|last17=Pascual|first17=Cristina|last18=Prescott|first18=Susan|last19=Sampson|first19=Hugh|last20=Svartengren|first20=Magnus|last21=Wahn|first21=Ulrich|last22=Warner|first22=Jill A.|last23=Warner|first23=John O.|last24=Vandenplas|first24=Yvan|last25=Wickman|first25=Magnus|last26=Zeiger|first26=Robert S.|s2cid=8831420}}</ref> Sima nyɛla bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli m-maani bihi kpaʒerima.<ref name="lack">{{cite journal|vauthors=Lack G, Fox D, Northstone K, Golding J|year=2003|title=Factors Associated with the Development of Peanut Allergy in Childhood|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2003-03-13_348_11/page/977|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=348|issue=11|pages=977–85|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013536|pmid=12637607|doi-access=free|s2cid=13280248}}</ref> Sima doriti ni tooi lahi yina binwɔla din tiri kpama ni.<ref name="lack" /> United States shikuru shɛŋa mini luɣ'shɛŋa zaɣisila sima mini bɛ ni mali sim m-maani binyɛri shɛŋa zaa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartocollis|first=Anemona|date=September 23, 1998|title=Nothing's Safe: Some Schools Ban Peanut Butter as Allergy Threat|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9907E3D81E30F930A1575AC0A96E958260|access-date=August 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nevius|first=C.W.|date=September 9, 2003|title=One 5-year-old's allergy leads to class peanut ban|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/09/09/MN79933.DTL%0D|access-date=August 18, 2009|archive-date=December 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223161929/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/09/09/MN79933.DTL|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 14, 2008|title=School peanut ban in need of review|url=http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080914/OPINION01/309149938|access-date=August 18, 2009|work=Nashua Telegraph}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Amaa, dihitabili kani ni lala zaɣisibu ŋɔ kari di ni tiri dɔri shɛŋa. Yuuni 2015 vihigu din niŋ Canada bɛ nya waliginsim din be shikuru shɛŋa din zaɣisili mini ban saɣiti li sunsuuni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cherkaoui|first1=Sabrine|last2=Ben-Shoshan|first2=Moshe|last3=Alizadehfar|first3=Reza|last4=Asai|first4=Yuka|last5=Chan|first5=Edmond|last6=Cheuk|first6=Stephen|last7=Shand|first7=Greg|last8=St-Pierre|first8=Yvan|last9=Harada|first9=Laurie|date=January 1, 2015|title=Accidental exposures to peanut in a large cohort of Canadian children with peanut allergy|journal=Clinical and Translational Allergy|volume=5|page=16|doi=10.1186/s13601-015-0055-x|issn=2045-7022|pmc=4389801|pmid=25861446|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="The anaphylaxis campaign">{{cite web|title=The anaphylaxis campaign: peanut oil|url=http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/peanut_oil.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418090105/http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/peanut_oil.html|archive-date=April 18, 2008|access-date=August 18, 2009|publisher=Anaphylaxis.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hoffman DR, Collins-Williams C|year=1994|title=Cold-pressed peanut oils may contain peanut allergen|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_1994-04_93_4/page/n200|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=93|issue=4|pages=801–2|doi=10.1016/0091-6749(94)90262-3|pmid=8163791|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hourihane JO, Bedwani SJ, Dean TP, Warner JO|year=1997|title=Randomised, double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oils in subjects allergic to peanuts|journal=BMJ|volume=314|issue=7087|pages=1084–8|doi=10.1136/bmj.314.7087.1084|pmc=2126478|pmid=9133891}}</ref> == Di zaŋ ku bukaata == {{more citations needed|section|date=December 2017}} ==== Sim'muni ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Peanutjar.jpg|left|thumb|Roasted peanuts as snack food]] Sima shɛbu n-nyɛ din niŋ bayana. Simkuma ni tooi she di wɔɣu ni be ka bɛ zaŋli pɔbi binshɛɣuni ka zaŋ tulim kamani {{cvt|177|C}} n-sheli kamani minti pinaanu zaŋ chaŋ minti pishi sunsuuni (di wɔɣu ni). Sim'waara tooi be India, China, West Africa, ni southern United States. Sim'kaha mini sim'maha mali waliginsim. Sim'maha nyɛla sima din yi puuni na ka na bi dɛli kuui. Sim'kaha bi duɣi amaa ka leei kuui.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ|url=http://www.boiledpeanuts.com/faq.html|website=BoiledPeanuts.com|publisher=The Lee Bros|accessdate=October 30, 2011|access-date=September 8, 2024|archive-date=November 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113031350/http://www.boiledpeanuts.com/faq.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Sima kpam ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:4_gallons_of_peanut_oil.jpg|thumb|Peanut oil]] Sima kpam nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli duɣiri bindira ka di mali ʒeɣu din viɛla.<ref>{{cite web|title=Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-282, Title II)|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm106187.htm|access-date=May 30, 2011|website=FDA.gov|publisher=US Food & Drug Administration}}</ref> ==== Sim'moli ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:PeanutButter.jpg|thumb|Peanut butter]] Sim'moli nyɛla bindirgu ka bɛ mali sima maani li. Bɛ tooi mali binshɛŋa gabiri din ni ka di pahirili nyaɣisim. Tuma du'zuɣuri pam mali li m-maani binyɛri shɛŋa pahiri kamani chokileeti.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyd|first=Kristine|date=November 6, 2017|title=Crazy Peanut Butter Flavors You Need to Try Now! &#124; Parenting|url=https://www.tlc.com/parenting/crazy-peanut-butter-flavors-you-need-to-try-now-|website=TLC.com|publisher=|accessdate=August 6, 2022}}</ref> Shɛba ŋmaari sim'moli niŋdi paanu ni n-ŋubira.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012|title=U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries|url=https://www.census.gov/econ/isp/sampler.php?naicscode=311911&naicslevel=6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619221251/http://www.census.gov/econ/isp/sampler.php?naicscode=311911&naicslevel=6|archive-date=June 19, 2015|website=census.gov|publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Chakravorty|first1=Rup|title=Breeding a better peanut butter|url=https://www.agronomy.org/science-news/breeding-better-peanut-butter|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110080259/https://www.agronomy.org/science-news/breeding-better-peanut-butter|archive-date=November 10, 2015|access-date=October 15, 2015|website=agronomy.org|publisher=American Society of Agronomy}}</ref> ==== Sim'zim ==== Sim'sim nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli pahiri bindira dabisim di duɣibu sheei. ==== Sima alaafe binbɔra ==== Sima tiri alaafee yɛlibɔra paai kamani vaabu pisopɔin<ref name="Wang16">{{cite book|last=Wang|first=Qiang|title=Peanuts: processing technology and product development|publisher=Academic Press, Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-0-12-809595-9|location=London|doi=10.1016/C2015-0-02292-4|oclc=951217525}}</ref> ==== Latin America ==== Sima niŋ bayana pam Peruvian mini co bindira ni. Kamani shɛhira, di be Peru bindirigu yuli booni "''picante de cuy" puuni.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Gastronomía de Huánuco - Platos típicos - Pachamanca Picante de cuy|url=http://www.huanuco.com/departamento/cultura/gastronomia/|access-date=October 26, 2015|website=huanuco.com}}</ref>. Yaha di lahi be Peruvian tiŋgbani yuli booni Arequipa bindirigu yuli booni "''ocopa"'' puuni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Menú, recetas, cocina, nutricion|url=http://menuperu.elcomercio.pe/recetas/ocopa-1197|access-date=October 26, 2015|website=menuperu.elcomercio.pe|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021747/http://menuperu.elcomercio.pe/recetas/ocopa-1197|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bɛ boonila lala bindira ŋɔ zaa "''ajíes"'', din gbunni nyɛ "naanzu tula", kamani "''ají de pollo"'' ni "''ají de mariscos''". <ref>{{cite web|title=Demystifying mole, Mexico's national dish|url=http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2122-demystifying-mole-m%C3%A9xico-s-national-dish|access-date=August 20, 2010|website=mexconnect.com}}</ref> Bɛ lahi mali sima maani toofiinima pam. Mexico tiŋgbani ni, di zooya pam ka bɛ mali li m-maani bindira balibu pam.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 20, 2019|title=Brazilian sweets and desserts you must taste|url=https://riodejaneirobycariocas.com/7-brazilian-sweets-and-desserts-you-must-taste-in-rio-de-janeiro/|access-date=April 8, 2023|website=riodejaneirobycariocas.com}}</ref> ==== Southeast Asia ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:9471Peanuts_snack_of_the_Philippines_06.jpg|thumb|Fried peanuts in the Philippines]] Sima zooya pam Southeast Asia bindira ni, kamani [[Malaysia]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnam]], ni [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]], ka bɛ mali li m-pahiri bindira viɛlim. Sima ni yɛn kpe Indonesia di yila [[Philippines]] kpe ni, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa yihi di belim Mexico kuli bɛ ni daa be Spanish sulinsi ni. Indonesia bindiri shɛŋa ni sima ni be n-nyɛ ''gado-gado'', ''pecel'', ''karedok'', ni ''ketoprak''. [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Boiled_Groundnut.jpg|thumb|Boiled groundnuts (peanuts)]] ==== West Africa ==== Sima niŋdi pam [[Mali]] polo ni tinsi kamani [[Ivory Coast]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ghana]], [[Nigeria]], ni [[Senegal]]; Sima zaa biɛhisi tooi ŋmanila taba. Sima pahirila Mali nimdi kpa yuli booni "''maafe" puuni''. Ghana tiŋgbani ni, sim'moli nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli duɣiri ʒeri, "''nkate nkwan"''.<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian cuisine</ref> Bɛ ni tooi lahi zaŋli pahi duɣi [[Ghanaian cuisine|''oto'']].<ref name="Ghanaian cuisine" /> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Plante_d'arachide.jpg|thumb|Peanut plant.]] ==== East Africa ==== Sima pahirila [[Malawi]] bindira pam ni, ni [[Zambia]] yaɣ'shɛŋa polo, ka lala bindira ŋɔ ŋmani taba pam lala tiŋgban ŋɔ ni. Bɛ lahi maani sim'moli din gburisi [[Uganda]] ka mali li n-diri shinkaafa. <ref>{{cite web|date=April 8, 2008|title=Ebinyebwa; a tale of the Ugandan groundnut stew|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/-/1370466/1381822/-/uj1i9az/-/index.html|access-date=December 28, 2015|website=monitor.co.ug|publisher=Daily Monitor/Monitor Publications Ltd|place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==== North America ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Roasted_Peanuts_(2019).jpg|thumb|Fried curry peanuts]] Georgia tiŋgbani m-be tooni ni sima kɔbu polo United States tiŋgbani ni, di sula vaabu pihinu yini ka tiŋgbani maa zaa sima ni. Yuuni 2014, pukpariba daa komi kpuɣi sima yiika tuhi kɔbisini ni pihiwɔi ni yini sima, ka di yihi liɣiri "2.4 billion pounds" na. Pukpari ŋun yuli daa du pam n-daa nyɛ Jimmy Carter ŋun yina [[Sumter County, Georgia]] ŋun daa niŋ tiŋgbani maa tiŋgbani zuɣulana U.S. yuuni 1976.<ref>John Beasley, "Peanuts" ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'' (2019) [https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/peanuts/ online]</ref> United States mini Canada tiŋgbani ni, bɛ malila sima maani toofinima mini binmalisi shɛŋa.<ref name="pbc">{{cite web|date=2017|title=Peanuts in Canada|url=http://www.peanutbureau.ca/all-about-peanuts/peanuts-in-canada.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207015440/http://www.peanutbureau.ca/all-about-peanuts/peanuts-in-canada.html|archive-date=December 7, 2017|access-date=December 6, 2017|website=peanutbureau.ca|publisher=Peanut Bureau of Canada}}</ref> United States tiŋgbani ni, sima bindira nyɛla niriba ni yuri shɛli pam.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Martinez-Carter|first1=Karina|date=February 14, 2014|title=As American as peanut butter|url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/american-peanut-butter-73234|access-date=December 6, 2017|website=psmag.com|publisher=Pacific Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-WcKK01H1cC|title=Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39393-8|page=41|language=en}}</ref> Sim'moli n-nyɛ sima bindirgu din niŋ bayana.<ref name="npb">{{cite web|date=2017|title=History of Peanuts & Peanut Butter|url=http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/history-peanuts-peanut-butter.htm|access-date=December 6, 2017|website=nationalpeanutboard.org|publisher=US National Peanut Board|archive-date=December 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207012554/http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/history-peanuts-peanut-butter.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sima ʒeri nyɛla din be bindira kɔhibu shee.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 19, 2012|title=The history of peanut soup|url=http://thevirginiamarketplace.blogspot.ca/2012/09/peanut-soup-mix-considered-asouthern.html|access-date=December 6, 2017|publisher=The Virginia Marketplace}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2017|title=16 Fun Facts about Peanuts & Peanut Butter; Number 13|url=http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/fun-facts.htm|access-date=December 6, 2017|website=nationalpeanutboard.org|publisher=US National Peanut Board|archive-date=November 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123140938/http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/fun-facts.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>Amerika tiŋgbani ni, ninsali yini kam diri sima paari kamani "{{convert|6|lb|kg||abbr=on|order=flip}}" yuuni puli ni.<ref name="npb" /> === Malibu === ==== Ko n-kpuɣi ==== {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="2" |Peanut production, 2020 <small>(millions of [[Tonne|tonnes]])</small> |- !Country !Production |- style="text-align: center;" |{{CHN}} | style="text-align: center;" |18.0 |- style="text-align: center;" |{{IND}} | style="text-align: center;" |10.0 |- style="text-align: center;" |{{NGA}} | style="text-align: center;" |4.5 |- style="text-align: center;" |{{USA}} | style="text-align: center;" |2.8 |- style="text-align: center;" |{{SDN}} | style="text-align: center;" |2.8 |- style="text-align: center;" |'''World''' | style="text-align: center;" |'''53.6''' |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<small>Source: FAOSTAT, United Nations<ref name="FAOSTAT-2020">{{cite web|date=2020|title=Peanut (groundnuts with shell) production in 2020|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|access-date=May 17, 2022|publisher=FAOSTAT, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division}}</ref></small> |} Yuuni 2020, dunia zaa ni daa ko n-kpuɣi sim'shɛli daa yiɣisi la kpalinsi miliyɔŋ pihinu ni anahi, vaabu dibaa anii pahibu yuuni 2019 dini zuɣu.<ref name="FAOSTAT-2020" /> China daa sula vaabu pihita ni anahi dunia zaa dini maa ni, ka India paya ni vaabu pishi yinika . Tiŋgbani shɛŋa ban gba daa kpaŋ bi maŋa n-nyɛ [[Nigeria]], [[United States]], ni Sudan.<ref name="FAOSTAT-2020" /> ==== Tuma du'zuɣuri ni ==== Tuma du'zuɣuri mali sima maani binyɛra balibu pam. Peenta, gbana polisibu, ni binnɛma tima mini din pahi pahi. === Di m-pooi dɔriti === Dini mali afee yɛlibɔra pam la zuɣu, sima tooi sɔŋdi tuhiri dɔriti din yirina bindiri di m-pooi dɔriti ni. "Plumpy Nut", "MANA Nutrition",<ref>{{cite web|last=Raymond|first=Bret|title=Rwaza Health Centre: Efficacy Study Results|url=http://mananutrition.org/img/uploads/MANA-Report-final.pdf|access-date=July 15, 2011|website=mananutrition.org|publisher=MANA Nutrition}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ni "Medika Mamba"<ref>{{cite web|title=Meds & Food For Kids ::&nbsp;— Medika Mamba|url=http://mfkhaiti.org/index.php/the_solution/medika_mamba/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408043914/http://mfkhaiti.org/index.php/the_solution/medika_mamba|archive-date=April 8, 2010|access-date=April 23, 2010|work=mfkhaiti.org|df=mdy-all}}</ref> nyɛla din mali alaafee ka tiri yaa ka lahi tibiri dɔriti pam."[[World Health Organization]], [[UNICEF]], Project Peanut Butter, ni Doctors Without Borders" nyɛla ban mali lala binyɛra ŋɔ n-sɔŋdi tiŋgbana din na bɔri sɔŋsim bihi. === Binkɔbiri bindirigu === Simli bimbili zuɣuzaa maa nyɛla bɛ ni tooi yunsi shɛli leei "silage".<ref name=heuze2017>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut forage. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/695 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824174944/https://www.feedipedia.org/node/695 |date=August 24, 2017 }}</ref> Di vari ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli tiri binkɔbiri ka bɛ ŋubira ka lahi mali pahiri tam. "'''Groundnut cake"''' nyɛla bindirigu zaŋ n-ti niɣi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xq5Nxnd7v5MC&q=Preparation+of+groundnut+cake&pg=PA73|title=Fermented Grain Legumes, Seeds and Nuts|access-date=May 25, 2015|isbn=9789251044445|last1=Deshpande|first1=S. S.|year=2000|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. }}</ref> Di nyɛla bindiri shɛŋa din mali anfaani zaŋ n-ti binkɔbiri zaɣ'yini ka tiriba alaafee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/action/getSharedSiteSession?rc=1&redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalfeedscience.com%2Farticle%2F0377-8401%2886%2990108-2%2Fabstract&code=anifee-site|title=Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 1. Composition of palm|work=Journal of Animal feed science|access-date=May 25, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Di yi niŋ ka lala bindirigu ŋɔ bi nya zani suŋ di nyɛla binshɛli dɔro booni "aflatoxin" ni tooi kpɛ shɛli ni ka di nyɛ di ni tooi tahi "Aspergilus flavus" mini "Aspergilus parasiticus".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5480e/x5480e03.htm|title=3. Feed values and feeding potential of major agro-byproducts|work=fao.org|access-date=May 25, 2015|archive-date=May 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528215615/http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5480e/x5480e03.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lala bindirigu ŋɔ nyɛla din sɔŋdi binkɔbiri ka bɛ zoora ka nyɛ din mali kpam gba di puuni.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} Sim'shɛŋa gba nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zaŋ shɛli leei bindirigu zaŋ n-ti binkɔbiri.<ref>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut seeds. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/55 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824180241/https://www.feedipedia.org/node/55 |date=August 24, 2017 }}</ref> Saha shɛŋa bɛ nyɛla ban nimdi sima ŋɔ ka di leeri zim pɔi ka bɛ mali li n-tiri binkɔbiri di gbaai bahindi binkɔbi shɛba ban puya anahinahi.<ref>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Peanut hulls. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/696 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824215328/https://www.feedipedia.org/node/696 |date=August 24, 2017 }}</ref> == Di kɔbu == [[File:Arachis hypogaea 006.JPG|thumb|left|Peanut pegs growing into the soil. The tip of the peg, once buried, swells and develops into a peanut fruit.]] Sima nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kɔri shɛli tamkpaɣu zim ni din tam nyɛ pH zaŋ n-ti 5.9–7. Sima nyɛla din sɔŋdi tamkpaɣu kulim.<ref name="Baughman" /> Lala zuɣu di nyɛla din kpa talahi bimbira taɣi gili biri ni. Yaha sima yam gba nyɛla din pahiri tam kulim ka boori dɔriti mini mɔri yɛligibu. Ŋmahinli [[Texas]], sima din be yuma ata bimbila kɔn taɣi ni kawaana nyɛla din yɛn niŋ viɛnyɛla kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu gari sim'shɛŋa din bi kɔri ka taɣiri ni kawaana.<ref name="Baughman" /> Tabibi binyɛri shɛŋa mini tiŋgbani binneen bihi nyɛla din sɔŋ sima viɛnyɛla niŋbu .<ref name="Baughman">Baughman, Todd; Grichar, James; Black, Mark; Woodward, Jason; Porter, Pat; New, Leon; Baumann, Paul; McFarland, Mark "[http://peanut.tamu.edu/files/2012/04/D__peanut_pdfs_productionguide07_3_11.pdf Texas Peanut Production Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205427/http://peanut.tamu.edu/files/2012/04/D__peanut_pdfs_productionguide07_3_11.pdf|date=March 4, 2016}}" (PDF). [[Texas A&M University]]. Retrieved October 16, 2015, </ref> Sima nyɛla din bori tulim bela di piligu zaŋ hali ni di niŋbu ni din yɛn che ka di tooi niŋ viɛnyɛla. Di nyɛla niri ni tooi kɔ shɛli ni kom din nyɛ {{convert|350|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ,<ref name="Schilling-2003" /> amaa di viɛnyɛla zaa nyɛla {{convert|500|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jauron |first=Richard |url=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1997/5-2-1997/peanuts.html |title=Growing Peanuts in the Home Garden &#124; Horticulture and Home Pest News |publisher=Ipm.iastate.edu |date=February 5, 1997 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-date=October 12, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012200626/http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1997/5-2-1997/peanuts.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di doli la simli maa ni nya kom shɛm sanzali, lala tiŋgbani maa tam ni din kam pahi, sima ni tooi kɔn kpuɣi biɛɣ'pihiwɔi zaŋ chaŋ biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pihita niri yi biri li nyaaŋa ka sim'shɛŋa din mabiligu nyɛ ''A. h. hypogaea nyɛ din zaŋdi biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pishi zaŋ chaŋ biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pihinu sunsuun'' .<ref name="Schilling-2003">{{cite web |url=http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/savoirs/arachide/arachide.htm |title=L'arachide histoire et perspectives |date=February 5, 2003 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=L'arachide histoire et perspectives |publisher=Agropolis Museum |last=Schilling |first=Robert |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504233111/http://www.museum.agropolis.fr/pages/savoirs/arachide/arachide.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR-645.pdf |title=New Mexico Peanut Production |date=July 2009 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=Circular-645 |publisher=New Mexico State University |last1=Marsalis |first1=Mark |last2=Puppala |first2=Naveen |last3=Goldberg |first3=Natalie |last4=Ashigh |first4=Jamshid |last5=Sanogo |first5=Soumaila |last6=Trostle |first6=Calvin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Peanut |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html |website=www.hort.purdue.edu |access-date=October 16, 2015}}</ref> Di mabiligu din nyɛ ''A. h. hypogaea'' nyɛ din niŋdi pam ka bɛ tooi kpaŋsiri niriba di kɔbu luɣishɛŋa saa ni miri yuura. [[File:Cultivation of peanut crop in Junagadh region of Western India.jpg|thumb|left|Cultivation of peanut crop at the [[India]]n [[Directorate of Groundnut Research]] ([[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]], 2009)]] Simli bimbili nyɛla din kuli niŋdi puma saha kam saha shɛli di yi ti piligi walla niŋbu ka lala zuɣu che ka sima ŋɔ shɛŋa bɛ bira hali di kpuɣibu saha yi ti paagi. Niri yi bori ni a kɔ sima nya pam di kpuɣibu saha ŋɔ nyɛ din kpa talahi. Di yi niŋ ka niri kɔ sima ka daŋli kpuɣibu pɔi ni di saha sima maa nyɛla din na bɛn bii, nirimi yi lahi yuugi di kpuɣibu din bili yaha.<ref name="PCA_Harvesting" /> Niri yi yɛn kɔn kpuɣi sima di bimbili maa zaa mini di gbunni wɔla maa zaa nyɛla bɛ ni yihiri shɛli na tankpaɣu ni.<ref name="PCA_Harvesting" /> Sim'pɔɣiri nyɛ pɔbi sim'bilim ŋɔ. Bin'shɛŋa din tooi che ka sima bi niŋdi pam nyɛ sanzali mini tulim pam ti yaɣi .<ref>{{cite book | title= Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II | chapter= Growth and Production of Groundnuts | editor=Willy H. Verheye | date=2010 | publisher=[[EOLSS]] Publishers | isbn=978-1-84826-368-0 | url=https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/soils-plant-growth-crop-production.aspx | page=153 }}</ref> [[File:Harvest of peanuts.jpg|thumb|upright|Harvest of peanuts ([[Bandjoun]], [[Cameroon]], 2016)]] Sima kɔn kpuɣi nyɛla ʒibuyi.<ref name="Bilello-2016">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZc_DQAAQBAJ&q=flavor,+oil+content,+size,+shape,+and+disease+resistance+peanuts&pg=PA93 |title=21st Century Homestead: Nitrogen-Fixing Crops |last=Bilello |first=Stanley |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781365452901 |pages=93–94 |language=en |date=October 10, 2016}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref> Lɛbiginsim ni be luɣishɛŋa maa bɛ mali la maʒini nima sibiri sima ŋɔ. Maʒini ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn ŋmaai din gbunni jila maa tariga ka yihi di mini tankpaɣu na. Di nyaaŋa bɛ yɛn che la sima ŋɔ sɔŋ dabaa ata zaŋ chaŋ dabaa anahi sunsuun ka di kuui pɔi ka bɛ naayi pɛli. Luɣishɛŋa lɛbiginsim ni na kani nuhi ka bɛ mali sibiri sima ŋɔ.<ref name="PCA_Harvesting">{{cite web |url=http://www.pca.com.au/howgrown.php?subaction=showfull&id=1207540158&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25& |title=How peanuts are Grown&nbsp;– Harvesting&nbsp;– PCA |publisher=Peanut Company of Australia |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719165546/http://www.pca.com.au/howgrown.php?subaction=showfull&id=1207540158&archive=&start_from=&ucat=25& |archive-date=July 19, 2008}}</ref> . == Di daafaan' nima== Sima nyɛla din binbela shɛli ŋan mali bukaatanima pam n-ti ninsalinima, binkɔbiri ni tingbani shɛli din mali kɔrili maa. # Sima nyɛla din mali shɛli doori kpam # Di nyɛla daadama ni ŋubiri binshɛli, di zaɣ'kaha, din chim, din waagi bee di din shɛ, ka di nyɛ bindirigu. === Di binniɛma mini dɔriti tuhibu bee taɣibu === Di yi ti niŋ ka simli bimbila nya sanzali saha shɛli di wɔla ŋɔ niŋda bee ka di bi niŋ naai, di nyɛla din yɛn gbaai dɔri shɛli beni bɛ booni li "mold Aspergilus flavours" ka di ni tooi che ka di bi niŋ viɛnyɛlla. Sim' shɛli sanzali ni zabi pam ni dɔro ni gbaai nyɛla din bi niŋ di paari dini di yɛn niŋ shɛm.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 11817138 | volume=42 | issue=4 | title=[Proportion of aflatoxin B1 contaminated kernels and its concentration in imported peanut samples] |date=August 2001 | journal=Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi | pages=237–42 | doi = 10.3358/shokueishi.42.237 | last1 = Hirano | first1 = S | last2 = Shima | first2 = T | last3 = Shimada | first3 = T| doi-access = free }}</ref> United States tuma duu zaŋ n-ti pukparilim nyɛla ban daa niŋ vihigu zaŋ chaŋ dɔro yi gbaai simli yaɣa kamani pinaanu nyɛla di ni yɛn saɣim simli maa zaa. Lala tuma duu ŋɔ nyɛla ban m-bo so shɛŋa bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm gu ka taɣi lala sima dɔriti ŋɔ.<ref>7 CFR 2011 – Part 996a{{Full citation needed|date=November 2012}}</ref>Sim' shɛŋa bɛ ni nya ka dɔro mali nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli niŋdi kpam din yɛn che ka bɛ yihi lala dɔro ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newfoodeconomy.org/georgia-peanut-farmers-face-an-unlikely-challenge-shelling/|title=Why Georgia farmers decided to shell their own peanuts|date=April 26, 2017|website=New Food Economy|language=en-CA|access-date=July 4, 2019|archive-date=July 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704053851/https://newfoodeconomy.org/georgia-peanut-farmers-face-an-unlikely-challenge-shelling/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bimbili ŋɔ vari gba nyɛla dɔri shɛli beni ka bɛ booni li "''Alternaria arachidis' ni tooi gbaai''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Species Fungorum - Names Record |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=308498 |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |access-date=August 7, 2023}}</ref> ==Anfooninima== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Roasted Peanuts with shell.jpg|Roasted Peanuts with shell File:Nut warning 1.jpg|A warning sign for the presence of peanuts and peanut dust File:Arachis hypogaea Flower.jpg|''Arachis hypogaea'' flower File:Peanut stalks.jpg|Peanut pegs penetrating the ground File:Peanut closeup.jpg|Textural detail File:Closeup of Peanuts, selling at a market in Jagadishpur Hat.jpg|Closeup of Peanuts, selling in India. File:Developing pods of Peanut.jpg|Developing pods of peanut File:Peanut harvester.JPG|Track-type peanut harvester File:Peanut Collection (8074787813).jpg|Harvesting peanuts by hand ([[Haiti]], 2012) File:SevMamra.jpg|A bowl of [[sev mamra]], consisting of puffed rice, peanuts and fried seasoned noodles File:Peanut chikki, a popular foodstuff of jaggery and peanut is available commercially all over India.jpg|Peanut sweet known as [[chikki]] made from peanuts and [[jaggery]] </gallery> ==Lihimi m-pahi== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[African Groundnut Council]] * [[BBCH-scale (peanut)]] * [[Beer Nuts]] * [[Columbian exchange]] * [[Cracker nuts]] * [[Ground nut soup]] * [[List of peanut dishes]] * [[List of edible seeds]] * [[Peanut pie]] * [[Power snack]] * [[Tanganyika groundnut scheme]], a failure started in 1951 * [[Universal Nut Sheller]] {{div col end}} ==Kundivihira== <references/> ==Further reading== * Beasley, John. "Peanuts." ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'' (2019) [https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/peanuts/ online]; 49% of the American peanut crop is grown in the state of Georgia. * Cumo, Christopher, ed. ''Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present'' (Facts on File, 2015) [https://archive.org/details/foodsthatchanged0000cumo online] * Hammons, R. O. "The origin and history of the groundnut" in ''The groundnut crop: a scientific basis for improvement'' (Springer Netherlands, 1994) pp. 24-42. * Hughes, Meredith Sayles. ''Spill the Beans and Pass the Peanuts: Legumes'' (Lerner, 1999). * Johnson, Sylvia A. ''Tomatoes, Potatoes, Corn, and Beans: How the Foods of the Americas Changed Eating around the World'' (Atheneum Books, 1997). [https://archive.org/details/tomatoespotatoes00john online] * Krampner, Jon. ''Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food'' (Columbia University Press, 2013). * Singh, B., and U. Singh. "Peanut as a source of protein for human foods." ''Plant Foods for Human Nutrition'' 41 (1991): 165-177. [http://oar.icrisat.org/4992/1/PlantFoodsforHumanNutrition_41_2_165-177_1991.pdf online] * Skolnick, Helen S., et al. "The natural history of peanut allergy." ''Journal of allergy and clinical immunology'' 107.2 (2001): 367-374. [https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/sb397b298 online] * Smart, J. ''The Groundnut Crop: A Scientific Basis for Improvement'' (Chapman and Hall, 1994) * Smith, Andrew F. ''Peanuts: The illustrious history of the goober pea'' (University of Illinois Press, 2002). * United States. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. ''Peanuts in southern agriculture'' (1947) [https://archive.org/details/peanutsinsouther65unit/page/n2/mode/1up online] * Variath, Murali T., and P. Janila. "Economic and academic importance of peanut." in ''The peanut genome'' (2017): 7-26. [http://oar.icrisat.org/10492/1/Economic%20and%20Academic%20Importance.pdf online] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Bimbilli]] {{stub}} mi18t01gtv37ah3l95qp9q35g46639c Fulani 0 8785 146185 130559 2026-08-10T22:39:55Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 11 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{D-Class}} '''Fulaani bee Fulaannima'''{{Efn|{{lang-ff|Fulɓe}}, {{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫}}; {{lang-fr|Peul|links=no}}; {{lang-ha|Fulani or Hilani}}; [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]: ''Fillata''; {{lang-pt|Fula|links=no}}; {{lang-wo|Pël}}; {{lang-bm|Fulaw}}; {{lang-kcg|A̱fa̱taa}}}} nyɛla zuliya shɛli din be [[Sahara]], [[Sahel]] n-ti pahi [[West Africa]], bɛ nyɛla ban gili legion.<ref name="Juang2008p492"/> Bɛ nyɛla ban be tiŋgbani shɛŋa din be [[West Africa]] mini tudu yaɣa zaŋ n-ti [[Central Africa]], [[South Sudan]], [[Darfur]] n-ti pahi "region" shɛŋa din miri [[Red Sea]] din be [[Sudan]]. Fulaanima ŋɔ kalinli nyɛla niriba ni bɛ mi. Niriba pam nyɛla ban buɣisiri bɛ kalinli ŋɔ milliyɔŋ pishi ni anu <ref name=Crowe>{{cite book|author=Felicity Crowe|title=Modern Muslim Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA262|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7927-7|page=262}}</ref><ref name="Danver2015p31">{{cite book|author=Steven L. Danver|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46400-6|pages=31–32}}</ref> mini milliyɔŋ pihinahi sunsuuni dunia zaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homepage.univie.ac.at/martina.gajdos/Fulbe.html|title=Fulbe|website=homepage.univie.ac.at|language=de|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124020817/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/martina.gajdos/Fulbe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Bɛ balli maa n-nyɛ Fulaansili, ka bɛ niriba maa lee nyɛ Fulaannima (zaɣ' bɔbigu) fulaani (zaɣ' yini). Vihigu wuhiya kamani, Fulaannima n-nyɛ zuliya shɛba ban zooi gbansabila tingbana ni. Bɛ tuma zoola [[binkɔbiri]] yulibu bee gulibu nti pahi pukparilim. Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli ni paai miliyɔŋ diba apɔin hali ni pia<ref name="levinsonfula">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|author=David Levinson|publisher=Gale Group|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani}}</ref>–nyɛla binkɔbi guliba, ka bɛ zuliya ŋɔ m-mali zama din galisi di yi ka na binkɔbiri gulibu polo andunia.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Africa">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=495}}</ref><ref name="levinsonladdi">{{cite book|author=David Levinson|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani }}, Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. Din pahi bɛ wali wali ʒia ŋɔ ni, amaa, shɛba lahi beni ka di mi ba Fulaani —Fulbe Laddi— bam gba kora, maa bɛ leei yɛliya ni bɛ niŋdi la fukumsi zuɣu, amaa ka bɛ yurilim n-nyɛ li.</ref> Fulaannima ŋɔ zuliya din galisi nyɛla din gbaai niriba bi paai naai,<ref name="levinsonladdi" /> nti pahi pukparibiinsi, karimbaŋdiba, nuuni tuun' baŋdiba, daabihi, ni ninvuɣ' kara.<ref name="decorsefula" /><ref name="gatesfulani">{{cite book|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|pages=495–496}}</ref> Bɛ ni nya zuliya la, din laɣimba nyɛla fulaannsili balli, bɛ taarihi<ref name="Juang2008p4922">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492|title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|author=Richard M. Juang|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-441-7|page=492}}</ref><ref name="Ndukwe1996p92">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnwGNU6uoBQC|title=Fulani|author=Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8239-1982-6|pages=9–17}}</ref><ref name="Group2013852">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAuAgAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|author=D Group|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-96334-7|pages=85–88}}</ref> ni bɛ kaya ni taada. Fulaannima ŋɔ zooya ka bɛ nyɛla musulinima ka bɛ bela n-kuli nyɛ dolodolo niriba<ref>{{Cite web |last=ComDir |date=2023-08-07 |title=Nigeria’s Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side |url=https://www.persecution.org/2023/08/07/nigerias-christian-fulani-face-persecution-from-all-sides/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=International Christian Concern |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202215252/https://www.persecution.org/2023/08/07/nigerias-christian-fulani-face-persecution-from-all-sides/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ni Animists.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|url=https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Fulani-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html|title=Religion and expressive culture – Fulani|website=www.everyculture.com|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fulani {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fulani|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> West Africa toondaanima pam nyɛla ban yina fulaannima ni, bɛ puuni shɛba n-nyɛ; Nigeria tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' kuro, [[Muhammadu Buhari]]; Cameroon tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] ; Senegal tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' kuro, [[Macky Sall]]; Gambia tiŋgbani zuɣulana, [[Adama Barrow]]; Guinea-Bissau tiŋgbani zuɣulana, [[Umaro Sissoco Embaló]]; Sierra Leone tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa, [[Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh]]; [[Mali]] tiŋgbani zuɣulana, [[Boubou Cisse]] nti pahi tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa paɣa zaŋ n-ti Ghana, [[Samira Bawumia]]. Bɛ lahi nyɛla ban be zaashe' kara ni tiŋduya tuma duzuɣuri ni, ka mani gbaŋ ŋmari paa zaŋ n-ti [[United Nations]] jinaduu, [[Amina J. Mohammed]]; zuɣulana ŋun pahiri pisopɔin ni anahi zaŋ n-ti [[United Nations General Assembly]], [[Tijjani Muhammad-Bande]]; nti pahi gbaŋŋmara zaŋ n-ti [[OPEC]], [[Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo]]. {{Short description|Ethnic group in Sahel and West Africa}} {{redirect|Fulani}} == Regions with significant populations == {{flag|Nigeria}} = 15,300,000 (6.6%)<ref name="FulaniStudy">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5336213/ Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition] on PubMed Central, access-date=2023-10-14</ref> {{flag|Senegal}} = 5,055,782 (27.5%)<ref name="CIAFactbook2019sg">{{cite web|date=2019|title=Africa: Senegal The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/|access-date=22 December 2019|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Guinea}} = 4,544,000 (33.4%)<ref name="CIAFactbook2019gv">{{cite web|date=2023|title=Africa: Guinea The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/|access-date=2 August 2023|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203013/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Cameroon}} = 3,000,000 (13.4%)<ref name="Cameroun Multiculturel">{{cite web|date=15 October 2023|title=L'ethnie peul au Cameroun Cameroon|url=https://conferenceinvestiraucameroun.com/lethnie-peul-au-cameroun/|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="101 Last Tribes">{{cite web|date=15 October 2023|title=Mbororo/Fulani/Peul|url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/mbororo.html|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> {{flag|Mali}} = 2,840,850 (13.3%)<ref name="CIA-2021-Mali">{{cite web|date=27 April 2021|title=Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/|access-date=1 May 2021|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Burkina Faso}} = 1,800,000 (8.4%)<ref name="CIAFactbook2019uv">{{cite web|date=2019|title=Africa: Burkina Faso The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/|access-date=22 December 2019|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020045/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Niger}} = 1,650,000 (6.5%)<ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web|date=27 April 2021|title=Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|access-date=1 May 2021|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Benin}} = 1,182,900 (8.6%)<ref name="Benin2013">{{cite web|date=2013|title=PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES|url=https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/demographiques/population/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20avec%20projections%20RGPH4/Principaux%20indicateurs%20socio%20démographiques%20et%20économiques%20RGPH-4.pdf|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> {{flag|Mauritania}} = 900,000 (18.3%)<ref name="World-Atlas-Ethnic-Composition-Mauritania">{{cite web|date=27 April 2021|title=What Is The Ethnic Composition Of Mauritania?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html|access-date=1 May 2021|website=www.worldatlas.com}}</ref> {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} = 623,646 (30%)<ref name="CIA-2021-Guinea-Bissau">{{cite web|date=27 April 2021|title=Africa: Guinea-Bissau – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society|access-date=1 May 2021|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Gambia}} = 449,280 (18.2%)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 Censuses – GBoS|url=https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-the-gambian-population-by-ethnicit|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145456/https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-the-gambian-population-by-ethnicit|archive-date=2021-11-19|access-date=2021-06-17|website=www.gbosdata.org}}</ref> {{flag|Chad}} = 334,000 (1.8%)<ref name="CIA-2021-Chad">{{cite web|date=27 April 2021|title=Africa: Chad – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/#people-and-society|access-date=1 May 2021|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032225/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Sierra Leone}} = 310,000 (5%)<ref name="Census2015">{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report|url=https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf|access-date=28 March 2020|website=Statistics Sierra Leone|df=dmy}}</ref> {{flag|CAR|Central African Republic}} = 250,000 (4.5%)<ref name="frstrategie.org">{{Cite web|title=Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West African countries :: Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel :: Foundation for Strategic Research :: FRS|url=https://www.frstrategie.org/en/programs/observatoire-du-monde-arabo-musulman-et-du-sahel/fulani-people-and-jihadism-sahel-and-west-african-countries-2019|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.frstrategie.org|language=en}}</ref> {{flag|Sudan}} = 204,000 (0.4%)<ref name="Fub">{{Cite web|title=Adamawa Fulfulde|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fub/|access-date=18 October 2023|publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref> {{flag|Togo}} = 110,000 (1.2%)<ref name="Fue">{{Cite web|title=Borgu Fulfude|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fue/|access-date=18 October 2023|publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref> {{flag|South Sudan}} = 4,000 (0.02%)<ref>{{Cite web|title=No South Sudan Passports for Fulani, Officials Say {{!}} Voice of America – English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/no-south-sudan-passports-fulani-officials-say|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref> {{flag|Algeria}} = 4,000 (0.01%){{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} {{flag|Ghana}} = 4,240 (0.01%)<ref name="Ffm">{{Cite web|title=Maasina Fulfulde|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ffm/|access-date=18 October 2023|publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref> {{flag|Ivory Coast}} = 3,800 (0.02%)<ref name="frstrategie.org" /> {{flag|Liberia}} = [[Fula language|Fula]] • [[French language|French]] • [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] • [[English language|English]] • [[Arabic language|Arabic]] • [[Hausa language|Hausa]] = [[Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|date=25 August 2023|title=Fulani &#124; People, Religion, & Nigeria &#124; Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fulani}}</ref> == Names == ===Ethnonyms=== Yu' bɔbigu beni (ni yuya ŋɔ nambu) bali shɛŋa dabam ni zaŋ n-ti ''Fulɓe'' ŋɔ. ''Fulani'' ŋɔ ŋun nyɛla silimiinsi ni paŋ shɛli gbɛngbɛri sani.<ref>The [[homonym]] ''Fulani'' lahi nyɛla Manding niriba gba ni booni shɛli, ka di nyɛla bɛ yihilimi na ''Fula'' puuni, bɛ balli ŋɔ ni (n-pahi safixi ''-ni''), ka di gbunni nye 'Fula bila'.</ref> ''Fula'', [[Manding languages]], nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli silimiinsili ni, ka saha shɛŋa beni bɛ namdi li mi ''Fulah'' bee ''Fullah''. Fula mini Fulaani nyɛla din bolibu yoli silimiinsili ni, nti pahi gbansabila tiŋ shɛŋa. Faransinima gba ni paŋ bachi shɛli [[Wolof language|Wolof]] ''Pël'', din nambu nyɛ: ''Peul'', ''Peulh'' mini ''Peuhl la''. Saha ŋɔ [[Fula language|Fulfulde / Pulaar]] bachi ''Fulɓe'', nyɛla bachinamdi bɔbigu (gaŋa, ''Pullo'') nyɛla bɛ ni niɣim bachi shɛli silimiinsili ni lee ''Fulbe'',<ref>Bachi ''[[ɓ]]'' nyɛla din kumdi ''b'', din ka siliminsi ni, din zuɣu ka zaŋ ''b'' zali di zaani. [[orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985)]] otografi ni, kumsi ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ ''[[Bh (digraph)|bh]]'' zali di zaa ni, so dinzuɣu niri ti tooi sabi li ''Fulbhe'' ka che ''Fulɓe''.</ref> niriba pam booni li. [[Portugal]] nima gba balli ni, bachinima ŋɔ Fula bee Futafula ka bɛ mali kuri bukaata bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni. Bachi ŋɔ ''Fallata'', ''Fallatah'', bee ''Fellata'' nyɛla din yina laribu polo, ka di tooi nyɛ daliŋ zaŋ ti fulaannima ka bɛ mali baŋdiba luɣishɛŋa kamani Chad mini [[Sudan]]. [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur nima]] ban be "central [[Senegal River]]" yaɣili tɔɣisiri la [[Fula language|Fulfulde / Pulaar]] ka booni bɛ maŋa ''Haalpulaaren'', bee ban tɔɣisiri Pulaar. Waliginsim ŋɔ nyɛla Faransi bala baŋdiba ni daa ʒina 19th century ka di nyɛla bɛ waligila "sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, ni anti-European Toucouleurs" yaɣ' yini ka lahi pu binkɔbi guliba, "pastoralist, docile ni cooperative ''Peulhs"'' gba yaɣ' yini, amaa di buyi waligibu pala yɛlimaŋli.<ref>Clark, Andrew F. “The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, 1996, p. 4. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/221416. Accessed 1 July 2023.</ref> '''Dɔɣim yuya''' Fulaannima yuya din be [[Guinea]], [[Sierra leone|Sierra Leone]], [[Guinea-Bissau]] ni Southern [[Senegal]] n-nyɛ: Diallo (Faransi yaɣa), Jallow bee Jalloh (Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia), Djalo (Cap Verde ni Guinea Bissau), Sow, Barry, Bah bee Ba, Baldé, ni Diouldé.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Contributor|first=Pulse|date=2022-07-06|title=Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/fulani-a-brief-walk-into-the-origin-and-lifestyle-of-this-beautiful-people/b3nnj6q|access-date=2024-08-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> Fulaannima yuya (Toucouleur) din lahi be Guinea mini northern Senegal n-nyɛ: Tall, Sall, Diengue, Sy, Anne, Ly, Wann, Dia ni din pahi pahi.. Fulbe ban be Nigeria, Niger ni Cameroon tooi malila bɛ banima yuya, Fulaannima bihi yuya beni kamani Bello kadi nyɛla din ni tooi yina Fulfulde bachi din nyɛ Ballo ka di gbunni nyɛ “sɔŋda”),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saeed|first=Asma’u G.|date=2017|title=The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa‘īd|url=https://unisapressjournals.co.za/index.php/JIS/article/view/13999|journal=Journal for Islamic Studies|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=59–79|issn=2957-9163}}</ref> Tukur (din yina Takrur), Gidado, Barkindo, Jallo, Ahidjo and Dikko. Mali tiŋgbani ni, Fulaannima ban yuya niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Dia, Sow, Sidibé, Sangaré, Ba, Dicko, Bocoum, Tall, Kah, ni din pahi. Lala Fulaan' yuya ŋɔ nyɛla din be Mali yaɣa kamani [[Mopti]], [[Macina, Mali|Macina]], [[Nioro Cercle|Nioro]], [[Kidal Region|Kidal]], [[Timbuktu|Tomboctou]], [[Gao]], [[Sikasso Region|Sikasso]], ni din kam pahi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hampaté Bah|first1=Ahmadou|date=1996|title=Des Foulbé du Mali et de leur Culture|url=https://www.vestiges-journal.info/Abbia/Abbia_14-15_1966/Abbiav14-15n3.pdf|journal=Abbia: Revue culturelle Camerounaise|pages=23–54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Les communautés peules au Mali|url=https://africansecuritynetwork.org/assn/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/les-communaut%C3%A9s-peules-au-Mali-2.pdf|website=African Security Network|publisher=Analyse sociétale africaine/African societal Analysis (ASA)}}</ref> [[Wassoulou|Wasulu (Wassoulou)]] yaɣa din be [[Mali]], Fulaannima yuya din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Sidibé ni Sangaré. Lala yuya ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din be Fulaannima ban be [[Burkina Faso]] yuya ni,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diallo |first1=Youssouf |title=Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |date=1994 |volume=34 |issue=133/135 |pages=359–384 |doi=10.3406/cea.1994.2056 |jstor=4392526 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392526 |issn=0008-0055}}</ref> nti pahi yuya kamani Barry, Dicko ni Sankara (din yina Sangaré sani). Fulaannima pam ban yina Wasulu yaɣa pam bi tooi tɔɣisiri bɛ maŋmaŋa zilinkom zuɣu yɛltɔɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋla niŋgbuna ni [[Mandé peoples|Mandé]] (ban daa na nyɛ [[Bambara people|Bambara]]). Di mini bɛ pam bI lahi tɔɣisiri fulaansili maa zaa yoli, bɛ na gbibi bɛ kaya ni taada ni nyɛ shɛŋa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durán |first1=Lucy |title=Birds of Wasulu: Freedom of Expression and Expressions of Freedom in the Popular Music of Southern Mali |journal=British Journal of Ethnomusicology |date=1995 |volume=4 |pages=101–134 |doi=10.1080/09681229508567240 |jstor=3060685 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060685 |issn=0968-1221}}</ref> Ninvuɣ' shɛba ban mali yuli puuni yino Wasulu Fulaannima ni, [[Oumou Sangaré]], nyɛla yiliyiina ŋun yina Mali ka o yu'paa nyɛ “Songbird of Wasulu”<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desmond |first1=Vincent |title=Interview: Oumou Sangaré Proves Why She's the Songbird of Wassoulou |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/oumou-sangare-acoustic-interview/ |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> . Sangaré’s yila pam dalim la paɣa zuɣu zabbu ni Mali kaya. O nyɛla ŋun go gbansabila tinsi pam kamani, Cameroon, ni o mini Fulaannima pam ti yili yila ka kpaŋsi Wasulu Fulaannima kaya ni taada. Bocoum, Dia (in English as "Jah"), Kah, ni Kane nyɛla bɛ zuliya yuya. Diawambe/Jawambe (gaŋa: Dianwando/Jawando ni Diokoramé/Jokoromeh, Bambara) zaŋ ti Mali. Jawambe nyɛla Fulaannima bali shɛba ban yina Mali ka bɛ tuma nyɛ daabiligu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pageard |first1=Robert |title=Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé |journal=Journal des Africanistes |date=1959 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=239–260 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1959.1907 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1959_num_29_2_1907}}</ref> Jawando Fula Fulaannima ban yiini yila ka bɛ yuya du shɛba n-nyɛ [[Afel Bocoum]] mini [[Inna Modja]]. Mopti tiŋgbani ni, gbaai yihi Fulaannima banima yuya klamani, a ni lahi nyɛ banima yuya kamani Cissé mini Touré. Amaa lala yuya ŋɔ tooi zooi la [[Mandé peoples|Manding]] bala ni, Ban be Mopti piila Fulannima ŋɔ kaya ni taɣada, ka pa zaŋ bɛ maŋ pahi Fulannima zuliya ni. Ŋmahinli din yi polo n-nyɛ[[Amadou Toumani Touré]], Mali. tiŋgbani zuɣulana kuro ==Geographic distribution== [[File:A distribution map of Fula people in Africa.jpg|275x275px|thumb|A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.<ref name="Juang2008p492"/><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Mali: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ Guinea: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ Senegal: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger: People & Society], CIA Factbook (2015)</ref>]] Fulaannima nyɛla ban wuligi gili [[Sahel]] din be [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic coast]] zaŋ chaŋ [[Red Sea]] ball'leei [[West Africa]]. Din pahira, bɛ pirigi li nyɛla ban yɛri balli shɛŋa din be tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni bɛ ni be ka di zuɣu che ka Fulaannima nyɛ "bilingual" bee "trilingual". Lala balla maa shɛŋa nyɛ [[French language|French]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Bambara language|Bambara]], [[Wolof language|Wolof]], [[Soninke people|Soninke]] n-ti pahi [[Arabic]]. Fulaannima ŋɔ pirigi li zaɣa nyɛla din be [[Fouta Djallon]] Guinea mini nudirigu zuɣu zaŋ chaŋ Sierra Leone; [[Futa Tooro]] savannah grasslands zaŋ n-ti Senegal mini Mauritania nudirigu zuɣu; [[Inner Niger Delta|Macina]] inland Niger mɔɣili din miri Central Mali; n-ti pahi yaɣ'shɛŋa din miri [[Mopti]] mini Nioro Du Sahel din be [[Kayes]] yaɣili; [[Borgu]] biɛhigu shee zaŋ n-ti Benin, Togo n-ti pahi Nigeria; nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili zaŋ n-ti Burkina Faso din be [[Sahel Region|Sahel region]]'s zaŋ n-ti [[Séno Province|Seno]], [[Oudalan Province|Wadalan]] mini [[Soum Province|Soum]] nyɛla ban be [[Sokoto Caliphate]] n-ti pahi Niger nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili mini northern Nigeria nuzaa zuɣu (kamani [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]], [[Tahoua]], [[Katsina]], [[Sokoto]], [[Kebbi]], [[Zinder]], [[Bauchi]], [[Diffa]], [[Yobe]], [[Gombe State|Gombe]]. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛli ''Fombina/Hombina ka di gbunni nyɛ'' ''Adamawa Fulfulde dama din nyɛ yaɣ'shɛli din galisi ka zani n-ti'' Fulɓe hegemonic dominance din be [[West Africa]]. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ, [[Fulfulde]] nyɛla lingua franca, din nyɛ yaɣa zaŋ n-ti [[Chari-Baguirmi Region]] din be Chad mini Central African Republic, [[Ouaddaï highlands]] zaŋ n-ti Eastern Chad nyɛla bɔbili din be [[Kordofan]], [[Darfur]] mini [[Blue Nile]], [[Sennar]], [[Kassala]] yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Sudan.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fX6pCg3iDHcC&q=fulani+blue+nile&pg=PA140 | title = Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands | isbn = 9781845459635 | editor1-last = Schlee | editor1-first = Gunther | editor2-last = Watson|editor2-first=Elizabeth | date = 2013-10-15| publisher = Berghahn Books }}</ref> Fulaanima ni daa chani bee yi [[Mecca]] labirina, Saudi Arabia daa kpalim Sudan wulimpuhili ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din gari milɔŋ dibaa ayi ka bɛ booni ba ''Fellata''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Al-Amin Abu-Manga |author2=Nuhu Auwalu Wakili |title= Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic |year=1986 |publisher=D. Reimer |page=7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ |isbn=9783496008859 |quote=The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |access-date=2013-12-28 |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://concernedafricascholars.org/bulletin/issue86/sikainga |title= Association of Concerned Africa Scholars » Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan |publisher=Association of Concerned Africa Scholars |access-date=2013-12-28}}</ref>[[File:1997_275-27_Wodaabe_fashion.jpg|left|thumb|''Bodaado'' (singular of ''[[Wodaabe]]'') Fula man with the typical [[Fulani hat]] above a turban]][[File:A distribution map of Fula people in Africa.jpg|275x275px|thumb|A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.<ref name="Juang2008p492">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Juang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492|title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-441-7|page=492}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Mali: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ Guinea: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ Senegal: People & Society], [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger: People & Society], CIA Factbook (2015)</ref>]] Dini daa niŋ ka bɛ tuuli ya'nima daa be tiŋgbani tarisi yaɣa dibaa ata din nyɛ, Mali, Senegal, ni Mauritania la, bɛ pa nyɛla ban gili West ni Central Africa yaɣa zaa. Fulaannima pam pa be ayi kuli kpe Sahara south polo, ni teeku noli tihi ni din be tuduu polo. Bɛ buɣisiya ni Fulaannima kalinli gari 25 miliyɔŋ.<ref name="Danver2015p31"/> Fulaannima balibu pam beni ni bɛ ni mɛri shɛm, din ni n-nyɛ: Fulaannima ban gɔra bee ''Mbororo'', Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu shee, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni ʒiya "tiŋa" Fulani. Fulaannima ban be mɔri ni taɣirila bɛe niɣi gindi sahakam. Di bahi bahindi, bɛ dii bi ʒiini yuura (bɛ bi gariti chira ayi zaŋ chaŋ chira anahi). Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu sheei ni tooi nyɛ Fulɓe ban tooi mali bɛ ni ʒiini luɣ'shɛŋa ka yiɣisir yuuni yuuni bee Fulɓe zuliya ban bi gɔri ginda, ka mali niɣi, bɛ bi chani katinsi ka cheri bɛ biɛhisi shee, bɛ bela sunsuuni.<ref name="Chad Ethnic Groups">{{Cite web|title=Chad Ethnic Groups|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/chad-ethnic-groups.html|website=Study.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> Fulaannima ban ʒini bela tinkpansi, fɔna ni, ni tiŋ'kara ni ka yihi bɛ tahama zaa ka che gɔ'ngili, ka be fɔna ni biɛhigu. Lala ʒinibu ŋɔ, zaɣa, ni sja gɔmnanti nyɛla din ʒi Fulaannima luɣ'yini ʒia na , ka di galisi gari taba dɔli tinkpansi mini fɔna. Zuŋɔ, Fulaannima tinsi shɛŋ n-nyɛ: [[Labé]], [[Pita, Guinea|Pita]], [[Mamou]], ni [[Dalaba]] din be Guinea; [[Kaedi]], [[Matam, Senegal|Matam]] ni [[Podor]], Kolda din be Senegal ni Mauritania; [[Bandiagara]], [[Mopti]], [[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]], [[Gorom-Gorom]], ni [[Djibo]] din be Mali ni Burkina Faso, zaŋ chaŋ Niger; ni [[Birnin Kebbi]], [[Katsina]], [[Gombe, Nigeria|Gombe]], [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]], [[Digil]], [[Jalingo]], Bauchi, Misau, Jama'are, [[Mayo Belwa]], [[Mubi (town)|Mubi]], [[Maroua]], [[Ngaoundere]], Azare ,[[Dukku]], Kumo, [[Girei]], Damaturu, Bertoua, ni [[Garoua]] din be Cameroon mini Nigeria. Lala tinsi ŋɔ pam ni, Fulaannima n-tooi zooi di ninvuɣ'kara bee yahi nima. Fulaannima tinsi tooi purimi ka booni di yuya doli luɣ'shɛŋa di ni be. Amaa tiŋgbani kam ni, bɛ lahi mali bɛ ni puriba shɛm yaha. Din doli ŋɔ na nyɛ Fulɓe pubu nima din beni. {| class="wikitable" | colspan=12 style="text-align:center;"| '''Main Fulani sub-groups, national and subnational locations, cluster group and dialectal variety''' |- | '''Fulbe Adamawa<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤢}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Nigeria}}: [[Adamawa State]], [[Taraba State]], [[Borno State]], [[Yobe State]] * {{Flag|Cameroon}}: [[Adamaoua Region]], [[North Region (Cameroon)|Northern Region]], [[Far North Region, Cameroon|Far North Region]], [[Centre Region (Cameroon)|Centre Region]] * {{Flag|Chad}}: [[Mayo-Kebbi Est]], [[Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region]], [[Logone Oriental (region)|Logone Oriental]], [[Logone Occidental (region)|Logone Occidental]] Etc. * {{Flag|Central African Republic|C.A.R}}: [[Nana-Mambéré]], [[Ouham-Pendé]], [[Mambéré-Kadéï]] * {{Flag|Sudan}} }} | rowspan="2" |[[Adamawa Fulfulde|Fulfulde Adamawa]] (Fombinaare) | rowspan="5"| Eastern |- |'''Fulbe Bagirmi<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤢𞤺𞤭𞤪𞤥𞤭}}'''|| {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Central African Republic|C.A.R}} * {{Flag|Chad}}: [[Chari-Baguirmi (region)|Chari Bagirmi Region]], [[Mandoul Region]], [[Moyen-Chari (region)|Moyen Chari]] }} |- | '''Fulbe Sokoto<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤅𞤮𞤳𞤮𞤼𞤮}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Nigeria}}: [[Sokoto State]], [[Kebbi State]], [[Katsina State]], [[Kano State]], [[Zamfara State]], [[Jigawa State]], [[Niger State]], [[Kwara State]] * {{Flag|Niger}}: [[Tahoua Region]], [[Maradi Region]], [[Dosso Region]], [[Zinder Region]] }} |[[Nigerian Fulfulde|Fulfulde Sokoto]] (Woylaare) |- | '''Fulbe Gombe<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤘𞤮𞤲'𞤦𞤫}}''' ||{{Flag|Nigeria}}: [[Gombe State]], [[Bauchi State]], [[Yobe State]], [[Borno State]], [[Plateau State]] |Fulfulde Woylaare-Fombinaare transitional |- | '''Fulbe Mbororo<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤐'𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤮𞤪𞤮}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Nigeria}}: All across the northern, central and some southern states of the country as transient herders * {{Flag|Cameroon}}: All over the country in 9 of the country's 10 regions/provinces as transient herders * {{Flag|Chad}}: All across southern and central Chad as herders * {{Flag|Central African Republic|CAR}}: Ubiquitous across the countryside * {{Flag|Niger}}: All across the country south of the Sahara as herders and nomads. Note that the [[Wodaabe|Woɗaaɓe]] are themselves an even smaller subgroup of the Mbororo'en. Thus: All Woɗaaɓe are Bororos, but not every Bororo is a Boɗaaɗo (Woɗaaɓe person) * {{Flag|Sudan}} }} |Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare) & Adamawa (Fombinaare) |- | '''Fulbe Borgu<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤺𞤵}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Nigeria}}: [[Niger State]], [[Kebbi State]], [[Kwara State]] * {{Flag|Benin}}: [[Borgou Department|Borgou]], [[Atakora Department|Atakora]], [[Alibori Department|Alibori]], [[Donga Department|Donga]] * {{Flag|Togo}}: [[Savanes Region, Togo|Savanes Region]], [[Kara Region]], [[Centrale Region, Togo|Centrale Region]] }} |[[Borgu Fulfulde|Fulfulde Borgu]] & Jelgoore | rowspan="3"| Central |- | '''Fulbe Jelgooji<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤔𞤫𞤤𞤺𞤮𞥅𞤶𞤭}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Mali}} * {{Flag|Niger}}: [[Tillabéri Region]], [[Dosso Region]] * {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}: [[Sahel Region]], [[Est Region (Burkina Faso)|Est Region]], [[Centre-Nord Region]], All across the country, most especially in the countryside }} |Fulfulde Jelgoore & (Massinakoore) |- | '''Fulbe Massina<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤃𞤢𞤧𞥆𞤭𞤲𞤢}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Mali}}: [[Mopti Region]], [[Gao Region]], [[Segou Region]], All over the country * {{Flag|Ivory Coast}}: Mostly concentrated in the Northern regions * {{Flag|Ghana}}: in the northern and central regions }} |[[Maasina Fulfulde|Fulfulde Massinakoore]] |- | '''Fulbe Nioro<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤻𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Mali}}: [[Kayes Region]], [[Koulikoro Region]] * {{Flag|Senegal}}: [[Tambacounda Region]] * {{Flag|Mauritania}}: [[Assaba Region]] }} |Pulaar – Fulfulde Fuua Tooro -Massinakoore transitional | rowspan="4"| Western |- | '''Fulbe Futa Jallon<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Guinea}}: [[Labé Region]], [[Mamou Region]], [[Boké Region]], [[Kindia Region]], [[Faranah Region]], [[Conakry]], All across the country as traders and merchants * {{Flag|Guinea Bissau}}: [[Gabu Region]], [[Tombali Region]], [[Bafatá Region]] * {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}: [[North West Province, Sierra Leone|North-West]], [[Northern Province, Sierra Leone|Northern Province]], [[Western Area]], All across the country's major urban centres as a trading population * {{Flag|Mali}}: Extreme southwest of country in the [[Kéniéba Cercle]] }} |[[Pular language|Pular Fuuta Jallon]] |- | '''Fulbe Futa Tooro<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Senegal}}: [[Matam Region]], [[Saint-Louis Region]], [[Louga Region]], [[Tambacounda Region]], [[Kaffrine Region]], All over the country * {{Flag|Mauritania}}: [[Trarza Region]], [[Gorgol Region]], [[Guidimaka Region]], [[Brakna Region]], [[Nouakchott]] }} |[[Pulaar language|Pulaar Fuuta Tooro]] |- | '''Fulbe Fuladu<br />{{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤣𞤵}}''' || {{plainlist| * {{Flag|Senegal}}: [[Kolda Region]], [[Sédhiou Region]], South of [[Tambacounda Region]] * {{Flag|Guinea Bissau}}: [[Gabu Region]], [[Bafatá Region]], [[Oio Region]] * {{Flag|Gambia}} All across the country }} |Pulaar – Pular Fuuta Tooro – Fuuta Jallon transitional |} == Taarihi == Fulaannima taarihi din bi neei dɔni amaa ka lahibaya pam leei beni zaŋ kpa bɛ polo. Bɛ ni nyɛ binkɔb' guliba la zuɣu, bɛ nyɛla ban kpɛri kaya pam puuni, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka di niŋ tɔm pam ni niriba tooi baŋ bɛ biɛhigu ni zuliyanima din pahi. Lahibaya wuhiya ni bɛ saha pili la Europeani nima ni daa gbahiri daba saha shɛli la.<ref name = Kane/>{{rp|25}} Fulaannima nolini taarihi wuhiya ni bɛ pili la North Africa. Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla bɛ daa yila nadaa nima ban daa be West Africa mini [[North Africa]]n niriba zaa kamani Berbers bee Egypt nima ni.<ref name="Ndukwe1996p92"/><ref name="Skutsch2013p474">{{cite book|author=Carl Skutsch|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA474|year=2005 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|page=474}}, Quote: "Fulani oral traditions suggest an origin in Egypt or the Middle East, a common theme in West African Muslim traditions.</ref><ref name="Juang2008p492"/><ref name="Webster238"/> Fulaannima tuuli ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi Bible. [[Maurice Delafosse]], lahibaya lahi wuhiya ni di ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi [[Put (biblical figure)|Put]], [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]. [[Josephus]] bidibiga sabbu din jɛndi Phutites, Nadaa nima biɛhigu shee din yuli pa booni [[Libya]] la.<ref name = Kane>{{cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Oumar |title=La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul |date=2004 |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-84586-521-1 |url=https://www.cairn.info/la-premiere-hegemonie-peule--9782845865211-page-114.htm |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|87}} ===Early Kingdoms=== [[File:Algerien Desert.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tassili n'Ajjer]] rock art]] Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla Fulaannima tuuli daa yila "[[Sahara desert]]" na, sahashɛli tiŋgbani ni daa mahi gari ʒaamani ŋɔ, ka di daa pili kuubu 7th century BC piligu polo.<ref name = Kane/>{{rp|56}} Bɛ daa yimi labi [[Senegal river]] din be east, ka [[Berbers|Berber]] nima daa tabi sɔŋ.<ref>{{cite book|author=Unesco General History of Africa|title=Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v. 3|year=1992|publisher=James Currey Publishers|page=204|isbn=978-0852550939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&q=Serer+neolithic&pg=PA67}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Creevey|first=Lucy|title=Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|date=August 1996|volume=26|issue=3|pages=268–307|jstor=1581646|doi=10.1163/157006696X00299}}</ref> Tiŋgbani din nyɛ [[Tekrur]] din pa booni [[Futa Toro]] daa nyɛla Fulaannima ni daa kpa shɛli (di yi pa shɛli Berber) nima ban gba daa niŋ yaakoro ka nyɛ tiŋ' bihi "Negro pukpariba" bani n-daa nyɛ " [[Serer people|Serer]] nima ban niŋ talahi",<ref>{{cite book|last=Fage|first=John Donnelly|title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521209816|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qwg8GV6aibkC&q=Takrur%7CTekrur%20serer&pg=PA483|editor=Roland Oliver|chapter=Upper and Lower Guinea}}</ref><ref name = Kane/>{{rp|56}} Ban daa zooi ni pam n-daa nyɛ [[Wagadu]] ka ban daa pahi nyɛ [[Lamtuna]], [[Mali|Mali Empire]] ni [[Jolof Empire]], 16th century piligu ban daa su lala yaɣili ŋɔ n daa nyɛ [[Koli Tenguella]], ban daa kpa [[Empire of Great Fulo]].<ref name=stantonfulawar/><ref>{{cite book|author=John Thornton|title=Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVZDHeVEeywC |date=28 April 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62724-5|pages=91–92, xvii–xix}}</ref> '''Fulaannima ''Migration'' taarihi''' A yi lihi kurumbuni ha, Fulaannima daa nyɛla ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ naɣ' guliba. Bɛ daa tooi ŋmaari bɛ tingbani n-tiri bɛ mini salo shɛba ban daa baɣi taba. Salo kamani; Soninke nim ban daa timnuu pam chaŋ  ancient Ghana yuli dubu ni. Lala kpam maŋ ŋɔ daa yila Ancient Ghana tingbani nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu zaa. A yi lihi fulaannima taarihi ni, di  wuhiya ni pukparilim toontibo gaa dubu n-daa nyɛ daliri shɛli din daa tahi Fulaannima tabi walibu na bɛ sunsuuni. Bɛ lala walibu ŋɔ nyaanga, bɛ daa pula ʒiibuyi.  Lala pubu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima ban be mɔɣa sahakam ni bɛ ni bɛ daaʒiya zaa mɔɣu maani. Lala Fulaannima ŋɔ ka bɛ booni ni Jarigonjenima la, bɛ pubu bee piribu din daa pahi maa n-nyɛ Fulaan shɛba ban daa zaɣisi lala bɛ mɔɣini benibu sahakam kali bee biɛhigu maa,  ka daa be yiŋ nyɛ bɛ naɣikpariba. Fulaannima biɛhigu shee daa kuli ka chichirichi bee luɣu yini. Bɛ daa kuli be la mɔɣini ni bɛ niriba zaa n-guli bɛ niɣi. Vihigu zaa zaŋ chaŋ Fulaannima chaŋgili bee tiŋ yi n-looi tiŋ daa kuli pilila tiŋduli yuli booni Sudan nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu ka bɛ lala chandi ŋɔ daa niŋ bayana. Kurimbuni ha, tuuli tuuli vihisi din daa niŋ zaŋ kpa Fulaannima kaya  ni taada  daa kuli chaŋmi ti dumba bɛ noli ni baŋsim kaya ni taada zuɣu, ka di wuhi ni Fulaannima ŋɔ daa yila tiŋ yuli daa booni Fuuta-Tooro n-zaŋ bɛ zuɣu ʒi tingbani nudirigu polo yuuni  eleventh mali ti gbaai yuuni  fourteenth centuries saha. Lala saha ŋɔ zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 15th century saha, Fulaannima daa pa kuli zɔrimi sheeri zuliya shɛba beni ka bɛ yuli booni Hausa tingban ni, ka daa bi zani ni ka lahi pili zo n-chaŋ  Bornu gba tingbani ni.  Bɛ  Baghirmi tingbani ni ʒii nanibu daa niŋla yuuni  16th century saha. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 18th century saha. Falaannima yiya bee bɛ biɛhisi shee daa kuli komi gili  Benue tiŋ ŋɔ mɔɣi gburima ʒii zaa. Bɛ daa kuli deela  Benue mɔɣili maa nudirigu polo zaŋ kpa Garoua mini Rey Bouba polo, ni Benue  mɔɣili maa wulinluhuli zaŋ kpa  Faro mɔɣili polo n-zaŋ hali ti gbaai  Mambilla Plateau yaɣili zaa . Bɛ biɛhisi shee bee bɛ yiya maa zaa yaa daa bela luɣa kammani;   Gurin, Chamba territory, Cheboa, Turua nti pahi Bundang. Zɔŋɔ ti ni ʒiya ŋɔ,  Fulaannima nolini baŋsim taarihi ŋan jɛndi bɛ kaya ni taada, ŋa jɛndi bɛ tingbana chɛmi piri ʒii buta zuɣu, ŋa nima n-nyɛ; Fuuta Kingi, meaning 'Old Fuuta', encompassing the Tagant Plateau, the Assaba Region, the Hodh, Futa Toro and the area around Nioro du Sahel; Fuuta Keyri, 'New Fuuta', includes Futa Djallon, Massina, Sokoto, and the Adamawa Region; Fuuta Jula bani n-nyɛ ban daa gɔri kɔhigu n-chani tingban' shaŋa ni. ===Musulinsi Adiini mini Fula Jihaadi=== {{Multi image | image1 = Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg | caption1 = Fulani woman from [[Niger]] | image2 = Fulani man.jpg | caption2 = [[Nigerians|Nigerian]] Fulani man with traditional marks | direction = vertical | total_width = 250 }} {{main article|Fula jihads}} Fulaannima ŋɔ, ban Sahara yaɣa, daa nyɛla ban be tuuli ha "Sub-Saharan" niriba ban daa deei Musulinsi Adiini ni. David Levison yɛliya, ni Fulaannima Musulinsi deebu daa chɛmi ka di ŋmanila "bɛ kaya ni taada ni Adiini nyɛla din che ka bɛ jilima yi di ko, ka bɛ mini zuliyanima din pahi mali tarisi ni taba kpebu." Bɛ mini Gbansabila tinsi bala din pahi mini Sahel nti pahi West Africa.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Levinson|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani }}, Quote: "Their adoption of Islam increased the Fulanis' feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker."</ref> Tɔbu tuhiriba nyɛla ban daa zaŋ yuri mini bidibbi nɛma n-yi nuzaa zuɣu na n-ti ti Fulaannima ŋɔ. Berber mini Arab clerics, Fulaannima siyaasa tali nyɛla din yɛn kpaŋsi musulinsi adiini din be West Africa din nyɛ suhudoo mini gadama soli. [[Fula jihads|These jihads]] nyɛla ban daa miri kpa bali shɛŋa n-ti pahi Fulaannima ban daa na bi deei musulinsi adiini.<ref name=stantonfulawar>{{cite book|author=Andrea L. Stanton|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC |year=2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7|pages=147–148}}</ref><ref name="Manger2013p92">{{cite book|author=Knut Vikor| editor=Leif Manger|title=Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WGOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA92| year=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81857-8|pages=92–93}}</ref> Lala tɔbu ŋɔ daa che ka Fulaannima kalinli daa pahiya Sahel yaɣili maa zaŋ n-ti West Africa, "Medieval" mini pɔi maŋsulinsi deebu ka daa tum pa adiini kɔŋko yaɣili, amaa siyaasa tali mini bɔmma ni nyamma .<ref name=johnsonmasina/><ref name="Beek1988fulani"/> Bin din gbaai 18th century zaŋ chaŋ daa nyɛla Fulaannima jihads ni daa kuli pahiri saha kam lala yaɣili maa zaa.<ref name=stantonfulawar/><ref name="Bruijn" />{{rp|53}} ====Bundu==== Yuuni 1690, [[Torodbe]] nira Malick Sy<ref>Not to be confused with [[Malick Sy]], founder of the Tijanniyah Sufi order.</ref> daa kana Bundu, zaamani ŋɔ din pa nyɛ Eastern Senegal la, o daa yila o yiŋa din baɣi [[Podor]] na. Sy daa ʒinila tiŋgbani maa ni ni o ya tiŋ'bihi [[Futa Toro]] ni Musulinima ban yina west [[Djolof Empire]] ni tiŋ'waɣila kamani [[Nioro du Sahel]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640491/western-Africa/54848/The-Islamic-revolution-in-the-western-Sudan "The Islamic revolution in the western Sudan: The First Fulani Jihad."] (p. 10) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2013. ''(accessed 6 March 2013)''</ref> Sy zaamani maa ni, Bundu daa niŋla yaakoro nira zaŋ ti Musulinima mini Musulisi Adiini baŋdi' shɛba tiŋ'nanima ni daa ku.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=George E. |title=WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS |journal=Indiana University African Studies Program |date=August 1985 |page=209| url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/287/Western_Brooks.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Sy nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku so yuuni 1699 [[Gajaaga]] linjimanima n-daa niŋ o bandi.<ref name="Curtin" />{{rp|192}} Di zaa yoli, Bundu' na nyɛla ban yɛn niŋ wahala, ni nahingu tooni ha, [[Fula jihads]].<ref name = Curtin>{{cite journal | last= Curtin | first= Philip D. | year=1975 | title= The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu | journal= Cahiers d'études africaines | volume=15 | issue=58 | pages=189–202 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4391387 | doi=10.3406/cea.1975.2592| jstor= 4391387 }}</ref>{{rp|192}} ====Imamate of Futa Toro==== Jihad din daa niŋ Futa Toro bini din gbaai yuuni 1769 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1776 ka [[Sulayman Bal]] daa nyɛ di kpɛma daa nyɛla tɔbu shɛli din daa tuhi yihi Denianke Dynasty ŋun daa be nam ni.<ref name = Klein>{{cite book |last=Klein|first=Martin A.|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/shillington_encyclopedia/fuuta_tooro_19thcent.html |access-date=13 February 2013 |volume=1|year=2005|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|isbn=978-1-57958-245-6|page=541|chapter=Futa-Tooro: Early Nineteenth Century}}</ref>{{rp|541-2}} Sulayman daa kpila yuuni 1776 ka [[Abdul Kader (almami)|Abdul Kader]] ('Abd al-Qadir) daa zani o zaani, karimba mini looya ŋun daa bɔ baŋsim tiŋa yuli booni [[Cayor]].<ref name = Lapidus>{{cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA418|access-date=2013-02-13 |date=2002-08-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77933-3}}</ref>{{rp|419}} Abdul Kadern daa niŋ tuuli ''[[Almamy]]'' zaŋ ti Almamyate ban nyɛ Futa Toro.<ref name = Klein/>{{rp|541-2}} O daa kpaŋsila jiŋa mɛbu, ka daa zaŋ yaa zaligu doli o tiŋ'kɔɣa.<ref name = Lapidus/>{{rp|419}} Torodbe daa mɔŋla daba dabu kulibɔŋ. Yuuni 1785 bɛ mini Faransinima daa gbaai alikawuli ni bɛ che daabiligu ni Musulinima daba dabu ka lahi che farigu yo n-ti tiŋgbani maa. Abdul Kader daa nyaŋ [[Trarza]] nima mini [[Brakna]] zaŋ chaŋ tuduu polo, amaa ka bɛ daa nyaŋ o ka gbaagi o, o ni daa liri [[Wolof people|Wolof]] tiŋgbani din be [[Cayor]] mini [[Waalo]] kamani yuuni 1797. O bahibu nyaaŋa tɔbu maa daa barigiya. Abdul Kader kpibu saha n-daa nyɛ yuuni 1806 Torodbe zuliya n-daa galisi tiŋa maa ni.<ref name = Klein/>{{rp|541–2}} ====Imamate of Futa Jallon==== {{main|Imamate of Futa Jallon}}Timbo toondaantali zaŋ chaŋ Fuuta Jallon sani daa pilimi ni Fulɓe. Musulinsi ni yɛn tuhi Pagan '''Pulli''' (فُلِی or 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤭, Fulɓe nima ban pa Musulinima), ni Jallonke ([[Mandé peoples|Mande]] nima ban daa be Fuuta-Jallon), 18th century pirigili ha. Tuuli toondana daa zaŋla ''Almaami'' kuli ti be [[Timbo, Guinea|Timbo]], din baɣi saha tiŋ' shɛli bɛ ni booni [[Mamou]] la.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|53}} ka lala tiŋa ŋɔ daa niŋ di kpamba biɛhigu shee, ka tiŋa maa tiŋ' zuɣu daa be [[Fugumba]]. "Council of Elders " zaŋ ti Futa Jallon tiŋgbani daa bela Fugumba, ka bɔ vuhim zaŋ ti Almami yaa.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Ban daa nyɛ kpeenpala daa bela Guinea, amaa ka daa gɔri chani Guinea Bissau, Senegal, ni Sierra Leone. Lala toondaanima ŋɔ daa bela tiŋgbani yaɣa dibaa awɔi: Timbo, Fugumbaa, Ɓuuriya, Koyin, Kollaaɗe, Keebaali, Labe, Fode-Hajji, ni Timbi. Fulɓe Musulinima nasara dibu nyaaŋa, zuliyanima ban daa zaɣisi jihad maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ shɛba tiŋgbani maa yaa. '''Pulli Fulɓe''' daa kɔŋ bɛ yu gɔbu, ka daa pili en-masse ʒinibu. Jalonke daa leei la daba (''maccuɓe'').<ref name = Bruijn>{{cite book |last1=de Bruijn |first1=Mirjam |last2=van Dijk |first2=Han |editor1-last=Abbink |editor1-first=Jon |editor2-last=van Walraven |editor2-first=Klaas |editor3-last=de Bruijn |editor3-first=Mirjam |title=Rethinking resistance : revolt and violence in African history |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |pages=43–68 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28646643 |access-date=9 January 2024 |chapter=Resistance to Fulbe Hegemony in nineteenth-century West Africa}}</ref>{{rp|53}} Tooni ha, nangbankpeeni din daa be dunoya ayi maa sunsuuni Seediayanke, ([[Soriya]] mini [[Alfaya (party)|Alphaya]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=J. D. Fage |author2=Roland Anthony Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3mx8aAo6x0C&pg=PA208 |title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1975 |access-date=2014-02-27 |isbn=9780521204132 |page=208 }}</ref> tuma duzuɣiri taɣibu lala dunoya ayi ŋɔ sunsuuni zaligu daa zaliya. Ka di daa che ka zaba kuli beni sahakam dama bɛ so daa bi bɔri ni bɛ saɣi ti li, ka di zuɣu daa gbarigi siyaasa tali lala yaɣili maa.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|54}} ====The Empire of Massina==== {{main|Massina Empire}} [[File:Fula jihad states map general c1830.png|thumb|Fula people have helped form several historic Islamic theocracies and led many [[Jihad]] states such as the 19th-century Masina.<ref name=johnsonmasina>{{cite journal | last=Johnson | first=Marion | title=The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy – The Case of Masina | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1976_17_4/page/481 | journal=The Journal of African History | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=17 | issue=4 | year=1976 | pages=481–495 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700015024 | s2cid=162679554 }}</ref><ref name="Beek1988fulani">{{cite book|author=Walter van Beek|title=The Quest for Purity: Dynamics of Puritan Movements|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvpMSDSeqwMC&pg=PA149|year=1988|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-011382-2|pages=149–177|chapter=Purity and statecraft: The Fulani Jihad}}</ref>]] Maasina Emirate nyɛla Fulbe jihad ni daa pili shɛ, [[Seku Amadu]] ni daa gari shɛli tooni yuuni 1818, ka di nyɛla o tuhirila [[Bamana Empire]], siyaasa yaɣili din gbubi tiŋgbani ŋɔ [[Segou]] saha. Lala jihad daa nyɛla Usman Dan Fodio ni daa tahi shɛli na mini jihad din daa niŋ Sokoto.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|56}} Lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ daa mali yaa lala yaɣili ŋɔ, di siyaasa mini daabilgu na kuli nyɛla din mali yaa Inland Delta. Di mini di yaa maa zaa yoli, varisigu daa na kuli nyɛla din kperi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Aamadu Aamadu ni daa be nam ni, Sheeku Aamadu yaaŋa, tiŋa maa puuni zaba naa nyɛla din ti che ka Toucouleur nyaŋ ba yuuni 1862.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|56}} ====The Toucouleur Empire==== {{main|Toucouleur Empire}} Ŋun pili Toucouleur Empire, [[El Hadj Umar Tall]], daa nyɛla ŋun labi niɣim Musulinsi adiini [[Fuuta Tooro]]. O daa pilila [[Futa Jallon]], ŋuni n-daa gari linjima shɛba ban daa ŋme n-deei Massina, Segou, ni [[Kaarta]], amaa o daa kpila tɔbu ni yuuni 1864. Lala saha tiŋa ŋɔ daa pula yaɣa dibaa ata, ka o bihi nyɛ di zaa nanima. Lala tinsi ŋɔ zaa daa malila di tiŋ' zuɣuri [[Nioro du Sahel|Nioro]], [[Segou]] ni [[Bandiagara]]. Yuun' pihita sunsuuni, Faransi nima daa ŋme n-deei tiŋgbani maa zaa.<ref name = Bruijn/>{{rp|63}} ====The Sokoto Caliphate and its various emirates==== {{main|Sokoto Caliphate}} Sokoto Musulinsu toondaanima saha n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima yaa saha Gbansabila tinsi ni. Lala saha ŋɔ n-daa galisi, ka lahi mali gbaai viɛnyɛla, zaŋ ti Fulaannima Jihad tinsi. Kuli zaŋ hali ka 19th century ti naai, Sokoto n-daa nyɛ tiŋgbani shɛli din galisi pam Gbansabila tinsi ni zaŋ na hali ni yuuni 1903, ka Europe ni ban mali yaa gbahiri daba daa ti yina ti nyaŋ ba. Sokoto musulinsi toondaanima daa galisiya, amaa ban daa galisi pam n-daa nyɛ [[Adamawa Emirate|Adamawa]]. Amaa [[Kano Emirate]] salo n-daa zooi. Shɛŋa n-nyɛ, amaa ka deei tariga m-bala: [[Gombe Emirate|Gombe Emirate's]], [[Gwandu Emirate]], [[Bauchi Emirate]], [[Katsina Emirate]], [[Zazzau Emirate]], [[Hadejia Emirate]], ni [[Muri, Nigeria|Muri Emirate]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Last |first=Murray |url=http://archive.org/details/sokotocaliphate0000last |title=The Sokoto Caliphate |date=1967 |publisher=[New York] Humanities Press |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> [[File:Fulani in the Sokoto Caliphate.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a Fulani man from the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] by [[G. T. Bettany|G.T. Bettany]] (1888)]] ===Timeline of Fulani history=== {{unreferenced section|date=July 2018}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:120px" |SAHA|| style="width:400px" |DIN NING |- | '''4th century'''|| [[Ghana Empire]] maa daa pilila, luhi sheli zuŋo din nye ''southeastern Mauritania'' tiŋgbaŋni mini ''western Mali'', ka di nye tuuli ''Sudano-Sahelian empire'' din yeligi. |- | '''5th century'''|| Ghana Empire maa liɛbigila ''empire'' shɛli din mali yaa pam gbaŋsabila tiŋgbaŋ yahili sheli be ni boli ''West Africa la'' |- | '''5th century''' || Fulaannima daa ''migratimi'' ''southwards'' mini ''Eastwards'' n-yina gbaŋsabila tiŋsi yuli booni Morocco mini Mauritania{{dubious|date=December 2022}} |- | '''9th century''' || [[Takrur]] daa kpala kuliboŋ yuli booni ''Senegal River tiŋli ha'' (gbaŋsabila tiŋbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni booni ''Senegal zuŋo la'') di ni daa niŋ ka fulaannima pam daa zo n yina ''east'' mini ''north'' n kana ti ʒini lala ''Senegal River valley maa tiŋgbaŋni.'' |- | '''11th century''' || ''Kingdoms of Tekruur'' mini ''the [[Gao Empire]]'' daa yɛligimi ka niŋ yaa gbaŋsabila tiŋbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni booni West Africa la, ka di nyɛla bɛ salma daabiligu la zuɣu. |- | '''1042''' || [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]], Berber Musulimnima ban daa yina ''southern Morocco'' mini ''Mauritania'', daa tuɣila Takrur nim tɔbu, bɛ ni daa di nasara [[Sanhaja]] nim zuɣu yuuni 1039 la. |- | '''1050s''' || Islam gains a strong foothold in West Africa |- | '''1050–1146''' || Almoravids take over Morocco, Algeria, and part of [[al-Andalus]]; they invade Ghana in 1076 and establish power there. |- | '''1062''' || Almoravids found capital at [[Marrakesh]] |- | '''1100''' || The Empire of Ghana starts to decline in influence and importance |- | '''1147'''|| The [[Almohad Caliphate]], ruled by Berber Muslims opposed to the Almoravids, seize Marrakesh and go on to conquer Almoravid Spain, Algeria, and Tripoli |- | '''1150''' || An unprecedented resurgence of the Ghana Empire sees it reach its height, controlling vast areas of western Africa as well as Saharan trade routes in gold and salt |- | '''1200''' || Empire and themselves set out on a road of conquest, they take its capital [[Koumbi Saleh]] in 1203 |- | '''1235''' || Great warrior leader [[Sundiata Keita]] of the [[Mandinka people]] founds the [[Mali Empire]] in present-day Mali, West Africa; it expands under his rule |- | '''1240–1250'''|| Mali absorbs Ghana, Tekruur |- | '''1324''' || 10th Emperor of Mali, [[Musa I of Mali]] regarded as the richest individual in recorded history, goes on his famous pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], Saudi Arabia. his procession reported to include 18,000 workers who each carried {{convert|4|lb||abbr=}} gold bars, heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals. Also in the train were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between {{convert|50|and|300|lb|abbr=}} of gold dust each |- | '''1325'''|| The Empire of Mali reaches its height of power, covering much of Northern West Africa. |- | '''1352'''|| [[Ibn Battuta]], Berber scholar, travels across Africa and writes an account of all he sees |- | '''1462'''|| [[Sonni Ali]] becomes ruler of the Songhai people and goes on to build the [[Songhai Empire]] |- | '''1490'''||The Mali empire is overshadowed by the Songhai Empire |- | '''16th century''' || Songhai Empire enters a period of massive expansion and power under [[Askia Mohammad I]]. Askia Mohammad strengthened his country and made it the largest contiguous territory ever in West African history. At its peak, the Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as [[Kano (city)|Kano]] (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the west neighbouring [[Bornu Empire]] of the [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] |- | '''1515'''|| The Songhai Empire reaches its zenith and pinnacle of power |- | '''1590'''|| Songhai Empire is defeated by invading Moroccans from further North |- | '''1650'''|| Another wave of Fulbe migrations sees them penetrate even further in the Southern Senegal and Fouta Jallon highlands of middle Guinea |- | '''1670'''|| Fulani people gain control of Bhundu in Senegal with Malick Sy, and the Sissibhe |- | '''1673'''|| First unsuccessful Fulani [[jihad]] in the Fuuta Tooro |- | '''1808'''|| Bornu successfully repel Fulani forces |- | '''1893'''|| The French conquer the Fouta-Toro |- | '''1903'''|| The British conquer the Sokoto Caliphate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=2&linksPage=219 |title=Time line |publisher=Jamtan |access-date=2013-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122114622/http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=2&linksPage=219 |archive-date=2012-11-22 }}</ref> |} ==Society== [[File:ASC Leiden - W.E.A. van Beek Collection - Dogon markets 16 - Fulbe woman at Sangha market, Mali 1992 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992]] [[File:ASC Leiden - W.E.A. van Beek Collection - Dogon markets 44 - Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992.jpg|thumb|Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992]] Fulaannima ban daa nyɛ Laribu niriba ban daa chaŋ kpɛna mini [[Hausa people|Hausa niriba]] ban daa chaŋ kpɛna nyɛla ban kpaɣi taba kaya ni taada. Din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya nasara yuuni 1804 [[Fulani War|Fulaani War]] zaŋ n-ti [[Usman dan Fodio]] niriba pam daa be luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa na booni Fulɓe nyɛla ban daa chaŋ n-ti pahi [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. Fulɓe zaŋ n-ti Hausaland neema yɛbu ka nyɛ ban lahi yɛri Hausa balli (lihimi [[Hausa–Fulani]]). Pirinla bɛ daa nyɛla balli shɛba ban daa galisi lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni, Fulɓe ban daa be [[Hausa Kingdoms|Hausaland]] sambani kamani [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Kanem-Bornu]], [[Adamawa Emirate|Adamawa]] n-ti pahi [[Gombe Emirate|Gombe]] nyɛla ban na kuli gbubi bɛ Fulaani kaya ni taada ka nyɛ ban kuli yɛri Fulfulde din nyɛ bɛ tuuli balli. Fulɓe ban daa bɛ kpalim lala saha maa mini bɛ nyaaŋa nyɛla ban biɛhisi be di koŋko ka che Hausa mini balli shɛŋa din be lala yaɣili maa. Lala Hausa–Fulaannima ŋɔ biɛhigu nyɛla din yi diko ka che ban be West Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=C. Vicars |date=1910 |title=Historical Notes on the Yola Fulanis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/715032 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=10 |issue=37 |pages=73–92 |jstor=715032 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]] n-ti pahi [[Senegal]] nyɛ ban gbibi Fulɓe kaya ni taada amaa ka pa Fula balli ka bɛ booni ba ''yimɓe pulaaku'' (''𞤴𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵'', "niriba zaŋ n-ti Fula kaya ni taada"). Gbaai yihi, Fulani kaya ni taada n-ti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ bilichinnima bee pa Fulaan' bilichinnima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centre.icddrb.org/images/jhpn211_knowledge_methods.pdf |title=Materials and Methods |access-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220110353/https://centre.icddrb.org/images/jhpn211_knowledge_methods.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref> Hali dab' tali nyɛla bɛ ni bi saɣi n-ti shɛli amaa biɛhigu din be Fulɓbe mini Rimayɓe sunsuuni nyɛla din na kuli be ni. <ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Riesman |author2=David L. Szanton |title=First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1992 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLOHVcFtVqQC&pg=PA15 |access-date=2014-02-27|isbn=9780813517681 |page=15 |chapter=Global Fulani Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=184 |title=The Cast System <!-- sic, not "caste" --> |publisher=Jamtan |access-date=2014-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220154616/http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=184 |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David J. Phillips |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |publisher=William Carey Library |access-date=2014-02-27|isbn=9780878083527 |year=2001 }}</ref> ===Slavery and caste system=== Tuuli Fulaannima ban daa tuui kpe America talahi [[Atlantic slave trade]] saha nyɛla ban daa yina [[West Africa|West]] mini [[Central Africa]] yaɣa pam. Fulaan' daba ŋɔ pirigili pam nyɛla ban daa yina Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria n-ti pahi Cameroon. Daba pam ban daa yina Senegal daa nyɛla Fula mini [[Mandinka people|Mandinga]] Fulaannima.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religioninamerica.org/rahp_objects/portrait-of-yarrow-mamout-an-early-american-muslim/|title=Portrait of Yarrow Mamout: An Early American Muslim|website=www.religioninamerica.org}}</ref><ref name="Omar ibn Said">{{cite web |url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/omarsaid/omarsaid.html |title=Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831 |author=Omar ibn Said |year=1831 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]}}</ref> Yu' shɛŋa din niŋ bayana be [[Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone|Registry of Liberated Africans]] n-nyɛ Fulaani bɛ pilli.<ref>Anderson, R. (2020). Liberated African Origins and the Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade. In Abolition in Sierra Leone: Re-Building Lives and Identities in Nineteenth-Century West Africa (African Identities: Past and Present, pp. 30–65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108562423.002</ref><ref>Misevich, “The Mende and Sherbro Diaspora,” 254.</ref> Niriba pam nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni European daba gba daa nyɛla Fulaannima.<ref>Curtin, P., & Vansina, J. (1964). Sources of the Nineteenth Century Atlantic Slave Trade. The Journal of African History, 5(2), 185–208. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004801</ref> Fula biɛhigushee nyɛla [[Caste system in Africa|caste divisions]] zaŋ n-ti West African tiŋgbani yaɣa.<ref name="Tamari 1991"/><ref name="dupire85">{{Cite journal |jstor=40460882 |quote=The woodcarvers associated with the Fulani and neighboring societies in West Africa were nomads. All criteria retained by specialists to defìne a caste group (Berreman, Pitt-Rivers, Vaughan), may be applied to them. This is true even today in spite of their sedentarization and the conversion of certain of them to sculpture. The second part of this study raises the question of the conditions underlying the creation of artisan castes, drawing upon examples taken from agricultural societies, certain of which are state-based (Fulani, Serer of Sine), others of which are more or less acephalous (Marghi, [[Senufo people|Senufo]], Cangin Serer).|title=A Nomadic Caste: The Fulani Woodcarvers Historical Background and Evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_1985_80_1-3/page/85 |journal=Anthropos|volume=80|issue=1/3|pages=85–100|last1=Dupire|first1=Marguerite|year=1985}}</ref> Vihigu zaŋ n-ti bɛ pilli nyɛla binshɛli din niŋ tom pam,<ref name="Tamari 1991">{{cite journal | last=Tamari | first=Tal | title=The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1991_32_2/page/n46 | journal=The Journal of African History | volume=32 | issue=2 | year=1991 | pages=221–250 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700025718 | s2cid=162509491 }}, Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, '''Fulani''', Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and '''Fulani''' populations, no later than 1500."</ref> amaa niriba pam daa baŋ bɛ yala 15th-century.<ref name="Juang2008p492"/><ref name="Rights2009">{{cite book|author=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|title=Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones : Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip_OaTkDjf8C&pg=PA41|year=2009|publisher=IWGIA|isbn=978-87-91563-48-5|page=41 note 74}}</ref> Ban nyɛ '''Fulaani''' maŋ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba '''Fulɓe''', ka bɛ shɛba nyɛ '''Pullo''' (ka bɛ lahi booni ba '''Rimɓe''' (zaɣ'yini)) n-ti pahi '''Dimo''' ka di gbunni nyɛ "bilichini". Bɛ lahi mali la "artisan caste",<ref name="dupire85" /> ka mali maaniba, duɣimɛriba, [[griot]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=3819886 |quote=At the top of the hierarchy are cattle-owning Fulani, Toorobbe (literate marabouts who hold spiritual power), Seebe (members of a warrior caste...) The middle of the hierarchy is {{sic|comprised|hide=y|of}} the five castes that...|title=Fulani Poetic Genres|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_summer-1993_24_2/page/61 |journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=24|issue=2|pages=61–77|last1=Sow|first1=Abdoul Aziz|last2=Angell|first2=John|year=1993}}</ref> "genealogists", da'maaniba n-ti pahi neen'maaniba. Bɛ nyɛla Fulaannima amaa ka ban leei nyɛ bilichinima: '''Maccuɗo''', '''Rimmayɓe''', '''Dimaajo''', n-ti pahi '''Ɓaleeɓe''', Fulaani nima ŋɔ taba zaŋ n-ti Tuareg [[Ikelan]] nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba ''Bouzou'' (''Buzu'') bee ''Bella balla din nyɛ'' Hausa mini Songhay puuni gabaadaya.<ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Riesman |author2=David L. Szanton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLOHVcFtVqQC&pg=PA14 |title=First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1992 |access-date=2014-02-27|isbn=9780813517681 |page=14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_T_O_8XmdQC&pg=PA9 |title=Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel |date=2012-07-26 |access-date=2014-02-27 |last1=Hill |first1=Allan G |publisher=Routledge |page=9 |isbn=9781136882845 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code4/540.html |title=The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles |publisher=Kcm.co.kr |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref> Fulaannima ŋɔ kpamba gba daa kuli be mi kamani gbansabila zuliya nima kpamba ni be shɛm.<ref name=decorsefula>{{cite book|author=Christopher R. DeCorse|title=West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fcr1HSZXNgC&pg=PA172 |year=2001|publisher=Bloomsburg Academic|isbn=978-0-7185-0247-8|pages=172–174}}</ref><ref name=stantonfulawar/><ref name="Rodriguez1997p333">{{cite book|author=Frank Salamone|editor=Junius P. Rodriguez|title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=PA333|year=1997|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-87436-885-7|pages=333–334}}</ref> Fulaanima ŋɔ pam nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba daba tali ni din daa niŋ ka bɛ saɣi n-ti [[traditional African religions]].<ref>Fisher, Humphrey J., ''Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa'', C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2001), p. 26, {{ISBN|9781850655244}}</ref> Bɛ nyɛla ban be [[Nigeria]], Eastern [[Niger]] bee [[Cameroon]]. Lahabali din yina buɣisiri shɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ 19th century naabu ni, Fulɓe-ruled [[Adamawa Emirate]] kalinli kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu nyɛla daba, din ka bɛ daa booni ba ''jeyaɓe'' (singular ''jeyado'').<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=4392512|title=The Slave Experience in Adamawa: Past and Present Perspectives from Yola (Nigeria) (Une approche historique de l'esclavage dans l'Adamawa du XIXe siècle à nos jours)|journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines|volume=34|issue=133/135|pages=23–53|last1=Vereecke|first1=Catherine|year=1994|doi=10.3406/cea.1994.2039}}</ref> "Castes-based social stratification" zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla din daa yɛligi gili Sahel, kamani Burkina Faso,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hampshire | first=Kate | title=Flexibility in Domestic Organization and Seasonal Migration Among the Fulani of Northern Burkina Faso | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_2006_76_3/page/402 | journal=Africa | volume=76 | issue=3 | year=2006 | pages=402–426 | doi=10.3366/afr.2006.0044 | s2cid=73652678 }}</ref> Niger,<ref name="Benjaminsen2001p118">{{cite book|author1=Tor Arve Benjaminsen|author2=Christian Lund|title=Politics, Property and Production in the West African Sahel: Understanding Natural Resources Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Wwfaba21mgC&pg=PA118|year=2001|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|isbn=978-91-7106-476-9|pages=118–119, 122, 127–128, 130–131}}</ref> Senegal,<ref>Marguerite Dupire (1963), Matériau pour l'étude de l'endogamie des Peul du cercle de Kedougou (Sénégal oriental), Cahiers du Centre de recherches anthropologiques, Volume 5, Numéro 3, pages 235–236, 251, 223–297 (in French)</ref> Guinea,<ref name="dupire85" /> Mali,<ref name="Benjaminsen2001p118"/><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 25131051|title = Signification du groupe ethnique au Mali|url = https://archive.org/details/l-homme_may-august-1962_2_2/page/106|journal = L'Homme|volume = 2|issue = 2|pages = 106–129|last1 = Gallais|first1 = Jean|year = 1962|doi = 10.3406/hom.1962.366487}}</ref> Nigeria,<ref name="Webster238">{{cite journal | last=Webster | first=G. W. | title=242. Customs and Beliefs of the Fulani: Notes Collected During 24 Years Residence in Northern Nigeria| journal=Man | volume=31 | pages=238–244 | year=1931 | doi=10.2307/2790939 | jstor=2790939 }}</ref> Sudan,<ref>{{cite book|author=JH Vaughn|title=Social Stratification in Africa|editor=Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov|publisher=Free Press|chapter=Caste System in the Western Sudan|isbn=978-0029327807|year=1970|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/socialstratifica0000unse_s4p9}}</ref> ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Chodak | first=Szymon | title=Social Stratification in Sub-Saharan Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-journal-of-african-studies_1973_7_3/page/401 | journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies | volume=7 | issue=3 | year=1973 | pages=401–417 | doi=10.2307/484167 | jstor=484167 }}</ref> [[File:ASC Leiden - W.E.A. van Beek Collection - Dogon markets 16 - Fulbe woman at Sangha market, Mali 1992 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992]] [[File:ASC Leiden - W.E.A. van Beek Collection - Dogon markets 44 - Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992.jpg|thumb|Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992]] <gallery widths="190" heights="190"> File:Brooklyn Museum 2000.39.2a-b Pair of Earrings.jpg|alt=Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9&nbsp;cm (1 1⁄4 x 1 1⁄4 x 3⁄4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)|Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9&nbsp;cm (1{{1/4}} x 1{{1/4}} x {{3/4}} in.); [[Brooklyn Museum]] (New York City) File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Roodkoperen armband TMnr 4933-21.jpg|alt=Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6&nbsp;cm (1 1⁄16 x 4 3⁄16 x 4 3⁄16 in.); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands)|Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6&nbsp;cm (1{{frac|1|16}} x 4{{frac|3|16}} x 4{{frac|3|16}} in.); [[Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen]] (the [[Netherlands]]) </gallery> == Culture == === Biɛhigu === Fulaannima nyɛla ban too zoogi ka bɛ guli binkɔbiri. Bɛ nyɛla ban guli niɣi, buhi ni pɛri luɣu shɛŋa bɛ ni kuli be, ka too zoogi ka bɛ mini pukaribi bi laɣindi taba bɛ biɛhigu shee. Duniya yaanga zuɣu bani ni galisi n nyaŋ bala zaa ka bɛ yi laɣim bɛ ni be boba ni yaɣa maa dini gari United States of America. Bɛ binkɔbi gulibo ni bɛ biɛhigu chɛmi ka niri ŋun pa fulaani yi yɛn kpiɣi fulaan paɣa di niŋ di tom n zaŋ too.<ref>{{Cite web|title=4 Things To Know Before Dating Fulani Girls|url=https://www.datingreporter.com.ng/2020/09/4-things-to-know-before-dating-fulani-girls.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301221504/https://www.datingreporter.com.ng/2020/09/4-things-to-know-before-dating-fulani-girls.html|archive-date=2021-03-01|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Dating Reporter's Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> Fulaannima maa dolila biɛhi shɛli dini booni pulaaku, ka din be din puuni nye suɣulo, maŋ gbubbu, viɛnyɛla zaŋ kpa niribi polo, jilima zaŋti niriba ( nti pahi bi dimba), niribi gbubbu viɛnyɛla ni kpaŋmaŋ zaŋchaŋ bi tuma polo. Fulaan paɣaba maa di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ ka tuma tumda, bɛ nyɛla ban wuɣuri zupula, ka ŋmɛri binviɛla pari churi zuɣu, ka lahi wuɣiri binyɛri shɛŋa bɛ ni mali pɔbiri ŋmana bin shɛli bini mi mbeedu ni piɛri. Fulaan dabba ŋo bi tooi zoogi ka bɛ niŋdi lori, kuriti kpebu kamani zuliya sheba ban baɣiba dabba ni niŋdi shɛm. [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Niger,_camp_near_Kobéri_Kouara_(1).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Fulani pastoralists in Niger]] Ayi kuli gbaagi gbansabila tingbana din be wulinpuhili yaɣili, luɣ' shɛŋa fulaannima ŋɔ ni galisi, zabba zaʋ chaŋ bimini pukpariba nyɛla din kuli kalinli kuli duri saha kam bɛ ni too zoogi ka bɛ mali bɛ binkɔbiri chani ka bɛ ti ŋubiri mɔri lala yaɣa ŋo. Lala nim ŋo zooya pam [[Jos Plateau]], the [[Western High Plateau]], ni Central/Middle Belt regions ,Nigeria,<ref name="BBC2016-08-10">{{cite news|author=Martin Patience|date=2016-08-10|title=Nigeria's deadly battle for land: Herdsmen v farmers|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37021044|access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> Northern Burkina Faso, ni Southern Chad. Naɣikaprilim n nye tuun' kpeeni Cameeroon yaɣa anahi ni, bɛ yaɣa pii la puuni, to amaa yaɣa ata gba ni naɣikparitali ŋɔ nyɛla din dii bi zoogi nimaani, Nigeria nuzaa ni di central yaɣa nti pahi Sahel ni Sudan yaɣili.<ref name="4 July 2013">{{cite web|date=2013-07-04|title=Nigeria: Going Beyond the Green Wall Ritual|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307041283.html|access-date=2014-02-27|publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref> Fulaannima malila dihitabili ni mɔɣu yi yɛligi binkɔbiri gba nyɛla ban yɛn nabi, ka binkɔbiri gulibu bi lahi niŋ tɔm, ka bɛ chaŋ gili baligi, ka bɛ mini pukpariba niŋ nyaɣisim, ban be mɔri ni, ni ban be tiŋkpansi. Lala tɛha ŋɔ zaa nyaaŋa, binkɔbiri mɔri kani n-ti Fulaannima ban be Nigeria, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka bɛ binkɔbiri kuli ŋubir luɣ'yini yuuni kam. Binkɔbiri ŋubbu shɛeei Nigeria nyɛla din bi saɣiti Fulaannima ban be din ni mini bɛ binkɔbiri. Tiŋgbana kamani Nigeria, Cameroon, ni Burkina Faso nyɛla ban nimdi nyabu ʒi Fulaannima zuɣu, ka di zuɣu che ka nimdi ni binkɔbiri daa du zuɣu. Saha ŋɔ ni, Nigeria nima yimina ti zali zalisi din yɛn gbubi Fulaannima binkɔbiri mɔri ŋubbu mini Fulaannima gɔbu. Di bɔŋɔ bi yi shɛli pahila Southern mini Central Nigeria zali zaaniba ni daa bi saɣiti, ka Northern zalizaaniba mi saɣiti.<ref name="July 21, 2012"/>Fulaannima mini Nigeria nima tooi mali zaba pam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/Nigerian-government-failing-to-stop-Fulani-militants-killing-Christians-charity-says|title=Nigerian government failing to stop Fulani militants killing Christians, charity says|last=Premier|date=2019-02-07|website=Premier|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref><ref name="BBC2016-08-10"/><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Amnesty International|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR4495032018ENGLISH.PDF|title=Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria|publisher=Amnesty International|year=2018|location=Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nwangwu|first1=Chikodiri|last2=Enyiazu|first2=Chukwuemeka|date=2019|title=Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria|url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Nomadic_Pastoralism_and_Human_Security__.pdf|journal=Nomadic Pastorialism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria {{!}} AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010|access-date=2022-12-24|archive-date=2020-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715183858/https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Nomadic_Pastoralism_and_Human_Security__.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Fulani Extremists Kill 3, Burn Church Site in Latest Attack on Christians in Nigeria – Villagers Say Gov't Doing Nothing |url=https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/2022/april/fulani-extremists-kill-3-burn-church-site-in-latest-attack-on-christians-in-nigeria-villagers-say-govt-doing-nothing |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=CBN News |language=en}}</ref> [[Global Terrorism Index]] vihigu wuhiya, Fulaannima zaba nyɛla din gili gbansabila tiŋsi kamani [[Mali]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/in-depth/sahel-flames-Burkina-Faso-Mali-Niger-militancy-conflict|title=The Sahel in flames|date=2019-05-31|website=The New Humanitarian|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?charttype=pie&chart=casualties&search=FLM&count=100|title=GTD Search Results|website=www.start.umd.edu|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last1=Tobie |first1=Aurélien |title=Central Mali: Violence, Local Perspectives and Diverging Narratives |date=December 2017 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/sipriinsight_1713_mali_3_eng.pdf |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728035418/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/sipriinsight_1713_mali_3_eng.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> [[Central African Republic]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?chart=overtime&search=fulani&count=100|title=GTD Search Results|website=www.start.umd.edu|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> [[Democratic Republic of Congo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=201603260030|title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 201603260030|website=www.start.umd.edu|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> ni [[Cameroon]].<ref name=HRW>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/25/cameroon-civilians-massacred-separatist-area Cameroon: Civilians Massacred in Separatist Area], Human Rights Watch, Feb 25, 2020. Accessed Feb 26, 2020.</ref> Lala zaba ŋɔ nyɛla din yuui pam.<ref name=":2"/> <gallery widths="190" heights="190"> File:Brooklyn Museum 2000.39.2a-b Pair of Earrings.jpg|alt=Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9&nbsp;cm (1 1⁄4 x 1 1⁄4 x 3⁄4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)|Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9&nbsp;cm (1{{1/4}} x 1{{1/4}} x {{3/4}} in.); [[Brooklyn Museum]] (New York City) File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Roodkoperen armband TMnr 4933-21.jpg|alt=Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6&nbsp;cm (1 1⁄16 x 4 3⁄16 x 4 3⁄16 in.); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands)|Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6&nbsp;cm (1{{frac|1|16}} x 4{{frac|3|16}} x 4{{frac|3|16}} in.); [[Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen]] (the [[Netherlands]]) </gallery> === Anthropometry === '''Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'paɣaba waɣilim'''; ''average'' waɣilim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 1.69 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.07 ''metre.'' Fulaan'pahaba ''average'' waɣilim mii nyɛla 1.59 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.06 ''metre.'' '''Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'paɣaba timsim''': ''average'' timsim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 57.5 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.8 ''kilograms. average timsim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 50.6 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.0 kilograms.'' ===Language=== {{Main|Fula language}} Bali shɛli fulaannima ni yɛli n nyɛ "[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]]" 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, din lahi nyɛ balli zaŋti Toucouleurs. Senegalnima ni Mauritanianima ban yɛri lala balli ŋo nyɛla bini booni shɛba ''[[wikt:Halpulaar|Halpulaar]]'' (𞤖𞤢𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪) bee ''Haalpulaar'en'' (𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪𞥇𞤫𞤲), din gbinni nyɛ<nowiki>''</nowiki> niribi ban yɛri Pulaar balli " ("hal" n nyɛ root of the Pulaar verb ''haalugol'' 𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 din gbinni nyɛ "toɣisibu bee yɛlibu"). Yaɣa shɛŋa kamani northern Cameroon, Fulfulde nyɛla [[lingua franca]]. Sabbu buta zuɣu kabi mali n sabiri lala balli ŋo: Laribu dini shɛli dini boli [[Ajami script|Ajami]], Latin yaɣili din nyɛ pubu buyobu , ni [[Adlam script|native phonetic-faithful system called Adlam]] bini daa yihi shɛli na yuuni1989; din pahiriti ata maa nyɛ niribi pam ni zoogi ka bi mi shɛli, ka niribi ban be tiŋduya zuɣu bohindili ka di lahi mali tabibi baŋsim ni computa yɛlishɛŋa dini mali ni di soŋ si di sabbu ni baŋbu .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can an alphabet save a culture?|url=https://unlocked.microsoft.com/adlam-can-an-alphabet-save-a-culture/|access-date=2024-08-05|website=Microsoft Unlocked|language=en-us}}</ref> ===Moral code=== Fulaannima zaa malila bɛ ni be bɛrishɛli ka bɛ boli li ''pulaaku'' (Fulfulde: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵) bee ''laawol Fulɓe'' (𞤂𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮𞤤 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫) ka di gbunni nyɛ "Fulaani soya" ka bɛ zaŋli wuhiri Fulbe nima zaa, ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ biɛhigu nyɛ yim luɣili kam.Ka di wuhiri Fulaani ni nyɛ so, bee "Fulaan'tali", ''pulaaku'' shɛŊ n-nyɛ: * ''Munyal'': suglo, maŋ suhu mahibu, bɛtisuŋ, nimmohi * ''Gacce'' / ''Semteende'': viɛnyɛla biɛhigu, jilima zaŋti niriba * ''Hakkille'': haŋkali zinli, tɛhi waɣila, ninsalisi hachi, saamba gbubbu * ''Sagata'' / ''Tiinaade'': tab kpaŋsibu, nimmohi ===Situra=== [[File:Chapeau berger Peul-Institut d'ethnologie de Strasbourg-2.jpg|thumb|The [[Fulani hat|traditional hat]] (Tengaade) of the Fulani people worn in diverse slightly different variations among every Fula subgroup]] Neen yɛra bali beni zaŋ ti Fulaannima pubu balibu; nachintɛi dolila tiŋgbani yaɣili. Fulbe Wodaabe situra tooi zooi la neen waɣila, ka dihi nachiinsi. Futa Jallon yaɣa din be Guinea, di tooi zooya ka dobba pindi waluɣisi din dihi nachiinsi. Nigeria tiŋgbani ni, Cameroon ni Niger, pindila waluɣusi din mali yaɣa dibaa ata, ka bɛ booni li ''noppiire''. Paɣaba mini dobba zaa yɛrila nee piɛla bee zaɣ'sabila, ka di kɔɣili nuɣiso, zee bee vakahili ka di nachiinsi doli tiŋgbani yaɣili be paɣaba yaɣili bee dobba. [[File:Old Traditional Fulani Blanket - courtesy WOVENSOULS COLLECTION.jpg|thumb|180px|Antique Fulani Blanket, Mali, estimated to be from the 1920s courtesy the WOVENSOULS collection]] Paɣaba tooi dihiri bɛ zabiri nachiinsi ni laɣ'kpahira mini yari. Fulaan paɣaba tooi piriti [[henna]] bɛ nuhi ni, bɛ bɔɣiri ni bɛ naba ni. Bɛ tooi lɔrila bɛ zabiri gila dibaa anu nu. Bɛ tooi mali binnyɛlisira niŋdi bɛ zabiri ŋima ŋɔ ni. Di shɛŋa tooi nɛla laɣ'kura ka bɛ tooi zaani li. Paɣaba tooi zooya ka bɛ piriti bansi pam bɛ nuhi ni. A ni tooi lahi nya ka paɣaba ye (''modjaare'') bɛ shɛhi ni, zuɣuri ni bee bɛ biyya ni.<ref>{{cite book |title=Picturing Pity: Pitfalls and pleasures in cross-cultural communication – image and word in a North Cameroon mission |author=Marianne Gullestad |page=130 |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGYA2fpt0bwC&q=fulani+modjaare&pg=PA130 |isbn=9781845453435|author-link=Marianne Gullestad }}</ref> Kamani dobba maa, paɣaba maa malila dalima bɛ nina ni, noya ni, ka di nyɛla bɛ bilim ni ka bɛ daa ti ba li. Fulaannima ban be Fulbe tinsi ni kamani Mali, Senegal ni Mauritania malila "[[indigo]] inks" niŋdi bɛ noya, ka di sabigiri bɛ nangbana mini bɛ tapaɣisi. Fulaan dobba tooi sorila jinjam waɣila ka di siɣiri bɛ naba ni, ka di nyɛ gumdi malibu, ka bɔbiri neen waɣila bɛ nina ni, ni zupil chohi, ka zaŋdi da'waɣila pari bɛ bɔɣiri ka mali bɛ nuhi pari di zuɣu. Dobba maa tooi malila dalima bɛ tapaɣisi zuɣu bee bɛ gberi zuɣu. Bilim ni ka bɛ tiriba lala dalima ŋɔ. Fulaannima taɣada gurim ni ''pulaaku''. Paɣa niŋdila bɛ zabiri zaɣ'waɣila. Ka dihiri bɛ maŋa nachiinsi ni nyingokɔriti, tikpara, nyɛhi tikpara ni yari niŋniŋ gbaya ni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227165525/http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=155 |archive-date=2007-12-27 |title=Pulaaku Ethics |date=2007-12-27 |access-date=2013-12-28}}</ref> ===Binkɔbiri gulibu=== {{See also|Fulani herdsmen}} {{Further|Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria|March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders}} Fulaanimma nyɛla sokam ni mi ka shɛba be mɔri ni, amaa bɛ shɛba lahi nyɛla daabihi yaɣ'shɛŋa. Fulaannima pam nyɛla ban zooi kaa bɛ chani bɛ na zuɣu, ka di tooi zooi pam ka a nya ka bɛ taɣiri bɛ niɣi gindi gbansabila tinsi ni, m-taɣiri bɛ niɣi gindi bɔri kom mini mɔri. Bɛ daa nyɛla, ka na kuli nyɛ, nivuɣ'shɛba ban niŋdi yaakoro West Africa, amaa [[Tuareg people|Tuareg nima]], ban gba ka bɛ ni dii ʒi luɣ'shɛli North African, bela Fula tuduu yaɣili, ka shashɛŋa bɛ be Fulaan yinsi kamani Mali, Niger ni Burkina Faso. Fulaannima chaŋgili ŋɔ nyɛla di be West Africa yaɣa zaa, bini din gbaai north bopiɛligu polo, zaŋ [[savannah]] south yɔɣu polo. Bini din gbaai 16th zaŋ chaŋ 20th centuries polo Fulaannima ʒinila [[Jos Plateau]], [[Western High Plateau]] din be Bamenda, ni [[Adamawa Plateau]] din be Nigeria ni Cameroons. Lala tiŋsi ŋɔ n-ny luɣ'shɛŋa din du West Africa, ka bɛ kulibɔŋ duli ni too paai 8,700 feet. Di nyɛla din mali alaafe n-ti niɣi gulibu, ka di zuɣu che ka Fulbe ʒiini ni. Amaa Fulaannima pam pa bela fɔna ni mini tinkpansi ni, fulaannima pam na kuli nyɛla ban chani ginda, be ban gɔri ka lahi mali bɛ ni ʒi shɛli. Bɛ kaanila buni doli naɣikpaa galisim. Saha waɣila Fulaannima zuliya balibu nyɛla ban zabiri niɣiri mini tiɣbani shɛli bɛ ni che ka bɛ niɣi ŋubiri mɔri fukumsi zuɣu. Niɣi chɛla binkɔbi gahinda n-tio fulaannima. Niriba pam yɛliya ni nira ku tooi tɔɣisi fulaansili di yi niŋ ka o ka nahu. Fulaannima malila kali din tiri ''habbanaya'' – n zaŋ nahu paŋ nira hali ka o ti zooi. din nyaaŋ ka bɛ lasi nahi maa ti ti nahu lana. Lala habbanaya nyɛla binkɔbigu ŋun mali liɣiri. Lala pini ŋɔ deeibu nyaaŋa, laɣindi ka nyu din gahim beni zaŋ ti li. Ŋun deegi o maa maanila shili ka boli o niriba ka bɛ ti ti habbanaya maa yuli. Lala habbanaya ka ni ni kpalim hali di yi kuli be kawula. Fulaannima ban chani gindi niɣi balibu, amaa [[zebu]] n-nyɛ niɣi balishɛli din yoli West African pirim la bɛ ni tooi be tulim ni zooi luɣ'shɛŋa la zuɣu. Kom ni be luɣ'shɛli Fouta Djallon mini Casamance, "dwarf [[N'Dama]]" n-niŋ bayana ni, ka di nyɛla lala niɣi ŋɔ bi zɔri [[Animal trypanosomiasis|trypanosomiasis]] mini dɔriti din yirina maasim ni. Zebu bali shɛŋa n-nyɛ [[White Fulani cattle|White Fulaani cattle]], ka bɛ booniba Fulaan zilini zuɣu Aku, Akuji, Bororoji, White Kano, Yakanaji bee Bunaji, ka di nyɛ bɛ ni mali naɣ'shɛba niŋdi nimdi Fulaannima mini Hausa nima sani hali ni Sahel zone of Africa.<ref name="dagris.ilri.cgiar.org"/> "[[Red Fulani cattle]]", bɛ ni booni shɛba Jafun {{lang-fr|Djafoun}} Nigeria mini Cameroon tiŋgbani ni, ni bɛ lahi booni li Fellata, Chad tiŋgbani ni, ni yu'sɛŋa kamani M'Bororo, Red Bororo, bee Bodaadi, balishŋa din lahi pahi n-nyɛ ''Sokoto Gudali'' mini ''Adamawa Gudali'' bee di zaɣ'jia bolibu ''Gudali'', ka di gbunni nyɛ "ban mali yila ka mali gbali jihi" Hausa zinli bɔlibu ni. Dihitabili beni ni zebu ban be West Africa yimina west polo tuuli zebu din daa be East Africa zaŋ chaŋ Sudan. Zebu balishɛŋa nyɛla ban be tiŋgbani kuma yaɣa. Bɛ ningbungban ŋmanila zebu din be east Africa. Zebu daa ka West Africa zaŋna hali ni yuuni 1800.<ref name="dagris.ilri.cgiar.org"/> Bɛ kpebuna bi yi shɛli pahila bɛ ni mali yiko din ni tooi be tulim ni ŋɔ Fulaannima piligu dii bi kagi dɔni ka mali nangbankpeeni; Lahabali wuhiya ni Fulaannima niɣi nyɛla zebu ban mali yili waɣila ka daa tuui kpena Africa ka yina Asia teeku east polo; Dihitabili beni ni bɛ kpebuna West Africa nyɛla Laribaawanima ni daa ʒi shɛba na 7th century, lala saha ka zebu ban mali yili jihi gba kpena East Africa. Lala lahabali ŋɔ nyɛla naɣ'zuɣuŋmani ni mini naɣ'gɔbili ni di shɛli shɛli.<ref name="dagris.ilri.cgiar.org">{{cite web|date=2009-10-20|title=DAGRIS|url=http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/display.asp?ID=77|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610032236/http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/display.asp?ID=77|archive-date=2015-06-10|access-date=2014-02-27|publisher=Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org}}</ref> Lahabali shɛli gba lahi wuhiya ni lala niɣi ŋɔ yimina Horn of Africa, saha ŋɔ din pa nyɛ Ethiopia mini Somalia, ka lahi yɛli ni zebu ban mali yili ŋmahi (ka daa kpena "first millennium BC") mini Hamitic Longhorn bee ''B. taurus brachyceros'' shorthorn (din yoli kana) yimina ban mali yila yuma din gbaai 2000–1500 BCE. Ka ban doli na ʒi zebu ban mali yili ŋmahi na ka bɛ gabi "[[sanga cattle]]" zaŋ kpe southern Africa.<ref name="dagris.ilri.cgiar.org"/> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Danse_de_peuls_avec_les_bœufs.jpg|thumb|Fulani herders in Mali]] Sahashɛŋa salinima mini binkɔbiri ni chani gindi Gbansabila tinsi ni, lala sanga ni tooi gabi yili ŋmahinima ŋɔ ni, ka naɣ'gɔba laɣim nam sanga naɣ'gɔba. Ban kpalim ni tooi nyɛ Musulinsi adiini yɛligibu ni ʒi shɛli na, ban pa nyɛ "lyre-horned" niɣi zaŋ ti West mini Central Africa, n-ti pahi Fulaannima niɣi. Ban daa nyɛ White Fulani daa bela north Nigeria, southeast Niger ni northeast Cameroon, ka Fulaannima mini Hausa nima suba. Ka bɛ yɛligi chaŋ southern Chad mini western Sudan.<ref name="dagris.ilri.cgiar.org"/>[[File:N'Dama herd in West Africa.jpg|thumb|An [[N'Dama]] herd in West Africa]] Yuuni kam, Mali tiŋgbani ni tiŋa din nyɛ [[Diafarabé]], Fulaannima ban nyɛ dobba durila [[Niger River]] ni bɛ niɣi, yuuni kam. Lala yuuni kam chuɣu ŋɔ bɛ booni li la Fulaansili ni ''Dewgal''. Tum lala tinkpaŋa ŋɔ ni zani yuuni 1818, di ni n-nyɛ Fulaannima chuɣu din kpa talahi. Di niŋdila Asibiri dali Anashaar goli November ni bee December; Di piirimi doli kulibɔŋ maa ni kpe kom shɛm Niger. Saa saha, kom maa cheerimi ka tinsi din baɣili kperi kom, di yi niŋ ka Niger kom du, ka Diafarabe niŋ ko'sunsuuni tiŋgbani. Lala saha binkɔbiri maa bela kom ni ka shɛli kamni north bee south, amaa di yi niŋ ka West African Monsoon ti kuui, kom maa vuurimi ka niɣi maa ni tooi labi bɛ biɛhigu sheei.<ref name="africareview.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.africareview.com/Arts-and-Culture/Courtship-by-the-river-as-cows-return-home/-/979194/1055420/-/v41ix5/-/index.html |title=Courtship by the river as cows return home – Arts and Culture |publisher=africareview.com |access-date=2014-02-27 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135719/http://www.africareview.com/Arts-and-Culture/Courtship-by-the-river-as-cows-return-home/-/979194/1055420/-/v41ix5/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Chris Caldicott">{{cite news |author=Chris Caldicott |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/take-me-to-the-river-1350267.html |title=Take me to the river – Travel |newspaper=The Independent |date=1996-11-02 |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref><ref name="15 November 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mali/travel-tips-and-articles/77554 |title=Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): a celebration of greener pastures |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=2012-11-15 |access-date=2014-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222182219/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mali/travel-tips-and-articles/77554 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bɛ baadu ŋɔ gari mɔri shee bɔbu; di lahi nyɛla kompateesa bɛ sunsuuni din wuhiri bidibilim. Bɛ taɣirila niɣi maa niŋ kom maa ni, ka naɣikpari kam, ka so bi soŋ so, ka bɛ tahiri niŋ maa ni ye'kpeeni ka bɛ duɣiri dura, ka gbubi naɣilahi yila. binkɔbi bihi bi duɣira, amaa bɛ kpuɣiriba mi dura. Niɣi maa zaa yi labina, sariya diriba dirila sariya, ka wuhi ŋun binkɔbiri "chani yom". Bɛ tirila lala nira ŋɔ "pini din nyɛ ŋun yuuni binkɔbiri viɛnyɛla dini", ka tiŋa maa ti o pini.<ref name="africareview.com" /><ref name="Chris Caldicott" /><ref name="15 November 2012" /> Ŋun bi kpaŋ o maŋ deerila vi pini kamani simli. Taba kpaɣiribu ni beni niɣi gulibu ŋɔ ni nyaaŋa, di lahi nyɛla bɛrisuŋ; fulaannima maa labiri ti kari bɛ dansi yuuni kam puli ni. Lala saha nyɛla di ka nyu saha. Fulaan paɣaba dihirila bɛ yinsi nachiinsi ni sona ka peenti tiŋgbani maa ni zaɣ'piɛlli ni yaɣ'sabinli, ka mali bɛ zabiri viɛnyɛla, ka mali shili ti bɛ yidaanima mini bɛ ni yuri shɛba zaa. Jilin shɛli lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni mali zuɣu, [[UNESCO]] kali li mi m-pahi duniya kaya ni taɣada laɣinsi ni.<ref name="africareview.com" /><ref name="Chris Caldicott" /><ref name="15 November 2012" /> ===Binkumda=== [[File:Fulani traditional dance costume.jpg|thumb|Fulani dancers in their full traditional regalia.]] Fulaannima mali binkumda pam bɛ kali ni ka ŋmeri binkumda pam ti tabili dala, ''[[xalam|hoddu]]'' (binshɛli din ŋmani banjo), ni ''riti'' bee ''riiti'' (kalamboo din mali mi yini), n-ti pahi nolini binkumda. Senegale Fulaannima yiliyiini so niriba pam ni mi, [[Baaba Maal]] yiinimi ka Pulaar bee o kukoya ni. ''Zaghareet'' bee kpalinga nyɛla nolini binkumdi shɛŋa din pahi. Fulaannima binkumda malila konkɔba kamani bɛ zuliya maa. Bɛ pam waa mini bɛ binkumda leei nyɛla yim.Yila mini waa dolila bɛ kali mini zaamatu laɣimbu balibu. Binkumda ŋmerila laɣingu kam ni: niɣiri taɣibu ni, tuma tumbu shɛhi, bindirigu duɣibu shee, bee bee jama shee. Binkumda kpa talahi ti tinkpansi, ni bindira kpuɣibu saha, chi yɛlibu ni yili nyaɣisa ni binkumda din lura. Fulaannima malila bɛ ni pɛbiri kalamboo mini violin ''nianioru shɛm''. Fulaan naɣikpari pola tooi zooya ka bɛ vulindi viliŋga ka taɣiri bɛ niɣi mini buhi. Fulaani binkumdi maŋa nyɛla jitaaya din mali mi yini zaŋ ti Fulaannima (nianioru), kalimboo, kalimboo din mali mihi ayi zaŋ chaŋ mihi anu (lute ''hoddu'' bee ''molo)'', ni ''buuba'' mini ''bawdi'' binkumda. Amaa bɛ lahi mali binkumda nima kamani West African harp, kora, ni balafon. Dɛma ni yiɣijam n-nyɛ di zaa nyabili. Binkumda ŋmebu zanimi n-ti binyɛi shɛŋa. Griots bee ''Awlube'' wuhirila niriba maa taarihi, biɛhisi sheei bee tinsi maa tuuntumsa. ===Bindirigu=== [[File:Paoua - Peul calabashes used for cheese production.jpg|thumb|Fulani [[calabash]]es used for butter and milk storage and as containers for hawking]] {{transliteration|ff|Kossam}} ni too nyɛ yuli n-ti bihi'palli mini {{transliteration|ff|miraɗam}} ni "yoghurt" shɛli bɛ ni booni {{transliteration|ff|pendidan}} Fulfulde balli ni. ka nyɛ binnyurigu bee binshɛɣu kam bɛ ni zaŋli mali, kamani "yoghurt" waagashe. {{transliteration|ff|Kettugol}} mini {{transliteration|ff|lébol}} nyɛla din yina bih'kpam ni, ka bɛ mali li duɣiri ka lahi mali li m-maani zabiri. Di tooi zooya ka Fulaan paɣaba ʒiri bihim gindi ŋman ni bɛ zuɣuri ni. Bindira din lahi pahi n-nyɛ koko timsili ({{transliteration|ff|nyiiri}}), bɛ ni mali za, kaʒɛɣu bee kariwana ka mali ʒeri diri li ({{transliteration|ff|takai}}, {{transliteration|ff|haako}}), ʒe shɛli bɛ ni duɣi ni kamantoonsi, alibaasa, binnyɔma, naanzuwa, ni ʒegbana din pahi. <ref name="everyculture">{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Fulani.html |title=Fulani – Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions |publisher=Everyculture.com |access-date=2013-12-28}}</ref> Yaha, fulaannima diri shinkaafa ka di nyɛla bɛ bindiri kpani bali shɛli n-nyɛ ŋa. Bɛ dirili mi ni ʒe vari kamani tuya ni naazu'maɣa. Bɛ lahi diri nyuya ni kawana. Fulaannima gba diri bindira kamani bɔraade mini banchi<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-07|title=Fulani cattle|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.81804|access-date=2024-08-07|website=CABI Compendium}}</ref> Fulaannima ni lahi diri bindiri shɛli pam n-nyɛ "yoghurt" ka dirli ni kawaanchimda shɛli bɛ ni boli {{transliteration|ff|latchiiri}} bee {{transliteration|ff|dakkere}}, ka di zaa bee ŋmani yini ni bee ka bɛ wali li, ni koko kom shɛli bɛ ni boli {{transliteration|ff|gāri}} ka yila chi ni, bee kariwan mini bihim ni. [[Wodaabe]] dirila chi, ni bihim ni nimdi. Bɛ nyurila chi koko asiba, wuntaŋ ni, ni yuŋ ka tooi diri li ni kamantoonsi, naanzuwa, koba, nimdi, alibaasa, ni ʒe'vari din pahi. Zaamatu di gahim laɣimbu ni bɛ diri nima kamani bua nimdi. Bindiri gbati din ŋmani Tuareg {{transliteration|ff|eghajira}}, bua nimdi ka bɛ mali tɔri li, bihim, dobino ni chi.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} === Ceramics === Fulaannima dii bɛ zooyi ka bɛ maani lɔri mini ŋmana din nye nachiinsi dibu dina, silimiinsi ni booni bin shɛŋa ''ceramics'' la, ayi zaŋba ŋmahindi zuliya sheŋa ban ʒin miriba. ka bɛ daliri nyami ni lala niŋsim ŋo nyela din, "birigiri bi zaligu ka diɣiriba vi". Tɔ amaa, fulaan'paɣaba tooi maani nuuni baŋsim nɛma kamani neen wuɣira ni pɛri. Fulaan dabba ban be zooyi ka be mali be nuɣi kpɛhiri ŋa puuni.<ref>{{Citation|last=Berns|first=Marla C.|title=Fulani|date=2003|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t030161|work=Oxford Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref> ===Biɛhisi sheei=== [[File:Fulani people, Mali.jpg|thumb|Fulani "grass house" in Mali]] Sokam ni mi shɛm, Fulaannima ban gɔra bela yili chara ni kamani ''[[Fulani Bukka|Bukkaru]]'' bee ''suudu hudo'', ŋmahinli "mɔri yiya". Wuuni saha, kaɣa ka bɛ mali tiri li, ka zaŋ kpahisi lo dari, shɛɣu yi ti sheei. Lala ya'shɛŋa din ni tooi kpuɣi ŋɔ malibu bi tɔ, ni di wurimbu, ka naan yi che sokam ni mi ya'shɛŋa din pahi. Saha yi ti paai ni bɛ taɣi shɛli polo, bɛ tooi wurindi yiya maa niŋdi bunsi ni, yuri beelaakuma, ka bɛ mali li chana, amaa saha ŋɔ ni, Fulaannima pam pa bela yaɣiri duri nibee bulooku yiya ni.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Duu maa yi zali naai, bɛ pirigirili mi gbihibu shee mini, ŋmana ni churi zalibu shee, ka zali li doli shɛlikam ni di tuma ni tumdi shɛm. Bɛ ni zaŋ chubihi mali diri shɛŋa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛŋa yiini dunoya zuɣusaa, kamali shɛŋa mi zaani bɛ bindira.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} === Adiini === Fulaannima daa nyɛla din pahi tuuli balli shɛŋa din be Sub-Saharan Africa ka daa deei [[Islam|musulinsi adiini]] ka daa nyɛ ban daa na kuli gbubi bɛ kaya ni taada amaa binyɛra zaŋ n-ti [[African traditional faiths|traditional African faiths]] nyɛla din niŋ yim ni musulinsi [[religious syncretism]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=((Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas)) |title=The Fulani/Fulbe People |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fula_2/hd_fula_2.htm |publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=3 December 2023|date=October 2022}}</ref> Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli din gari bɛ pirigili nyɛla musulimi nima ka bela kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1-2% nyɛ [[Fula Christians]]. Fulaannima dolodolo nima pam nyɛla ban yi musulinsi adiini puuni labi dolodolo ni. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu nyɛla din che ka Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛ ban gbubi yɛltɔɣa koŋkoba pirinla bɛ zaa ka dihitabili yini.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side |url=https://www.persecution.org/2023/08/07/nigerias-christian-fulani-face-persecution-from-all-sides/ |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=Perseution.org |agency=[[International Christian Concern]] |date=8 July 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202215252/https://www.persecution.org/2023/08/07/nigerias-christian-fulani-face-persecution-from-all-sides/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fulani people 's houses Dagbandɔhili ni, Fulaan nim ban bi ʒiini luɣuyini  ni la nyɛla ban yinsi bee biɛhisi shee nyɛ du muna din yuli booni Bukkaru or suudu hudo, din gbuni nyɛ mɔri duu "grass house". Di yi ti niŋ wuuni, bɛ ni ti mɔ shɛŋa duri ka di ʒiya n mŋani galli maa nyɛla bɛ ni mali kaɣa n sari jeeni ka zaŋ sɔŋ ʒɛhi n yarigi gilli n lɔli ti kaɣa maa saha shɛli saa ni mira. Lala bɛ duri ŋɔ bee  zalibu bi to lala n nyɛ ka di kpuɣi bee di wurimbu bi lahi to. Bɛ ʒii saha yi ti nai ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ taɣi luɣu shɛli polo, bɛ kuli yan larigila tan shɛŋa mini kaɣi shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ n zali duriŋɔ,  n kpabi di zaa n niŋ buŋ luɣini bee wari lɔɣuni bee laakum zuɣu n dii gbai sɔli. Amaa ʒeman shɛli tini ʒiya ŋɔ, Fulaan nim pam pa be la yaɣiri yiya bee mini bulooku yiya ni.<ref group="(117)">Fulani houuses in Mali</ref> Bɛ yi pa kuli me bɛ ʒɛmana duri ŋɔ, bɛ yan piripirili mi bu sham ŋɔ, n zaŋ shɛli lɛbi bɛ du gbera ka zaŋ shɛŋa mi niŋ bɛ ŋmana bɛhisi shee. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Masara |title=Nigeria's Little Known Fulani Christians Worship In Secret |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/303573/nigerias-little-known-fulani-christians-worship-in-secret.html |website=The Nigerian Voice |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> === Paɣa kpuɣibu === Fulaannima kali puuni, paɣa kpuhibu niŋdila zuliya ni di be yiri zuliyaa maa puuni. Paɣa kpuhibu niŋdi la niriba ban yi zuliya yini puuni na. Pirinsi mini ŋahinsi sunsuuni ka paɣa kpuhibu tooi niŋda. Hali gba, pɔin ka be dɔɣi bia, be pun yen ŋmala o nyuhu n-ti doo. Bɛ nama nama yeltɔha mini bɛ politiisi pubu malila nuu timbu be Paɣa kpuhibu puuni. Paɣa kpuhibunyela so' sheli be ni mali guri be buni ni nam dundoli. Fulaannima daŋdila paɣa kpuhibu ka di nyɛla dɔɣim n-lɔrili. Fulaan nachimba tooi kpuhiri paɣaba be yuun pishi saha puuni, ka fulaan paɣa mii tooi kuni dabba be Paɣasarilim ni piini saha shɛli. Fulaan dabba mali soli ni be kpuhi paɣa bobigu, din deeyi niŋ ka be mali yiko n ni tooi gbibi paɣa bi maa ka ŋaribu kani zaŋ kpa be binbora polo doo yili maa ni. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=administrator|date=2015-05-20|title=Traditional Marriage in Fulani Kingdom|url=https://informationparlour.com/article-culture-tradition-traditional-marriage-fulani-kingdom|access-date=2024-08-07|website=Information Parlour|language=en-US}}</ref> Fulaannima Paɣa kpuhibu pula pubu buta. ŋan n-nye: ''Kabbal'', ''Koowgal'', mini''Sharo'' '''''Sharo''''' Paɣa kpuhibu daantaligi ŋɔ fulaannim kali puuni nyɛmi, be yen zaŋla do' so ŋun yɛn kpuhi paɣa maa n-ti fɛbo fɛbbu din sahi fɛbbu polo nieŋni ka zama zaa nya. ka di nyɛbili nyɛmi, bɛ borimi ni bɛ nye doo maa dabilim ni anzansi n-ti pahi yaa ni nye shɛm. Fɛbbu ŋɔ puuni, doo maa ka soli ni o kuhi, domi o yi kuhi, paɣa maa yiŋnima ni tooi zaɣisi paɣa maa zaŋ ti o, ka nya o ka o nyela do'chɔɣufu. Tɔ amaa, ka fulaan zuliya kam n-niŋdi ''Sharo'' ŋɔ be Paɣa kpuhibu kali puuni. Pɔin ka ''Sharo'' ŋɔ pili, doo maa niriba ni beli o n chaŋ Fɛbbu ŋɔ ni yen niŋ luhi sheli n-ti kpaŋsiri o ni o niŋ anzansi ni suhukpeeni n-di nasara Paɣa maa nyabu polo.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=femi|date=2014-10-22|title=Fulani Marriage: The Fulani Tribal Marriage ceremony|url=https://discover.hubpages.com/relationships/Fulani-Marriage-The-Fulani-Tribal-Marriage-ceremony|access-date=2024-08-09|website=HubPages|language=en}}</ref> ''Sharo'' dablim fɛbbu ŋɔ tooi zooya pam ka di niŋdi luɣi shɛŋa niriba pam ni mi kamani, daani, bɔlli paakini, diɛma pɔliti ni, ni din kam ŋmani ŋa. fɛbbu ŋɔ ni yɛn pili, do' so ŋun yɛn kpuhi paɣa maa yɛn gbubila binshaɣa o nu ayi puuni. O bɛ yɛn yie gɔɣali m pa o nyaaŋa. Ka ŋun yɛn fɛbo maa yi pa pili o tuma. <ref name=":3" /> '''''koowgal''''' Paɣa kpuhibu daantaligi ŋɔ fulaannim kali puuni nyela saha sheli Paɣa kpuhibu pini ni tiri ka di nye daantaligi kpeeni fulaannima kaya ni ta'ada puuni. Saha ŋɔ, paɣa maa yiŋnima yen tila doo ŋɔ yiŋnima nihi ka doo ŋɔ yiŋnima gba tahi Paɣa kpuhibu pini maa n-ti ti Paɣa maa yiŋnima. Nihi maa yi ti n-naayi, di zala talahi doo maa zuhu ni o sɔŋ o ba bee daŋ' kpeen so ŋun daa zani doo maa daŋ zaani ka pina maa ti, ka be lihi nihi maa zuhu. Fulaannima booni la niŋsim ŋɔ Paɣa jembu be kali puuni. ''Koowgal'' nyela din che ka Paɣa kpuhibu maa paanda ka lahi nye daantali'kpeeni fulaannim biehigu puuni.<ref name=":1" /> '''''Kabba''''' ''Kabbal'' nyela musulinsi adiini Paɣa kpuhibu sɔli tumtuunsa fullaannima Paɣa kpuhibu puuni ka di ni tooi niŋ doo maa mini Paɣa maa kalinsi ni. Paɣa kpuhibu maa yelli kam ni naai, be beeni la Paɣa maa n-kulisi o yidaan yiŋa, ka doo maa yiŋ paɣaba mii deegi o ka niŋɔ saani.<ref name=":1" /> Paɣaba ban be doo maa ʒinɛli ni yɛn kana mi n-ti puhi paɣa maa, ka niŋɔ amaraaba. ka bɛ puhugu maa pahi fulaannim Paɣa kpuhibu kali tuuni n-ti paɣaba. Bɛ ni kulisi paɣa so na maa jilima biɛɣagu puuni durimi, ka paɣira n dɔli o dɔɣim, a taadi o yi dɔɣiri dabba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marriage and family - Fulani|url=https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Fulani-Marriage-and-Family.html|access-date=2024-08-09|website=www.everyculture.com}}</ref> == Genetics == {{anchor|Genetics}} Fulaannima siɣili nyɛla din gabi West mini East African ka nyɛ din jɛndi Niger-Congo mini Nilo-Saharan amaa ka nyɛ din lahi tabi [[Eurasia|West Eurasian]] din yina [[North Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Černý |first1=Viktor |last2=Fortes-Lima |first2=Cesar |last3=Tříska |first3=Petr |date=2021-04-26 |title=Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R29–R36 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa239 |issn=1460-2083 |pmid=33105478|doi-access=free }}</ref> Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛla ban wuligi gili Sahel/Savannah.<ref name="doi.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Vicente |first1=Mário |last2=Priehodová |first2=Edita |last3=Diallo |first3=Issa |last4=Podgorná |first4=Eliška |last5=Poloni |first5=Estella S. |last6=Černý |first6=Viktor |last7=Schlebusch |first7=Carina M. |date=2019-12-02 |title=Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=915 |doi=10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7 |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=6888939 |pmid=31791255 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Paternal lineages (Y-DNA) === Bayili tuŋ zaŋ n-ti Fula/Fulɓe/Fulani nyɛla din be koŋkoba ka nyɛ din doli bɛ biɛhigu shee . Lahabali din yina Cruciani et al. (2002) wuhiya ni kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihiwɔi zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla ban yina [[Burkina Faso]] ka nyɛ ban mali "haplotype 24" ka di lu zahim ni [[Haplogroup E-M2|E-M2]] (E1b1a) din niŋ bayana West Africa. Ban kpalim nyɛla "haplotype' 42/[[haplogroup E-M132]]. Lala yaɣa ŋɔ zaa nyɛla ban galisi [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo-speaking]] kalinli bahibamdi ban be [[Senegal]]. Di ŋmali, kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ni ata zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima ban be [[Cameroon]] nuzaa nyɛ "haplogroup E-M132" ka ban kpalim maa nyɛ African clades (12% [[Macro-haplogroup A(X-BT)|haplogroup A]] mini 6% haplogroup E1b1a). Fulaannima ŋɔ ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla West Eurasian haplogroups [[Haplogroup T-M184|T]] (18%) mini [[Haplogroup R1|R1]] (12%) ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din yiɣisi kɔbigi puuni kamani vaabu ~30% zaŋ n-ti haplogroup variation.<ref name="Cruciani2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Cruciani | first1 = Fulvio | last2 = Santolamazza | first2 = Piero | last3 = Shen | first3 = Peidong | title = A Back Migration from Asia to Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2002-05_70_5/page/1197 | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 |issue=5 | pages = 1197–1214 | doi=10.1086/340257 | pmid=11910562 | pmc=447595|display-authors=etal | date=May 2002}}</ref> Mulcare et al. (2004) daa lihi nya di ŋmali zaŋ n-ti haplogroup R1 subclades ka di be Fulaannima ban yina Cameroon (18%).<ref name="Mulcare">{{cite journal|title=The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C−13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2004-06_74_6/page/1102 |year=2004 |last1=Mulcare |first1=Charlotte A. |last2=Weale |first2=Michael E. |last3=Jones |first3=Abigail L. |last4=Connell |first4=Bruce |last5=Zeitlyn |first5=David |last6=Tarekegn |first6=Ayele |last7=Swallow |first7=Dallas M. |last8=Bradman |first8=Neil |last9=Thomas |first9=Mark G. |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=1102–1110 |doi=10.1086/421050 |pmid=15106124 |pmc=1182074}}</ref> Vihigu shɛli Hassan et al. (2008) ni daa niŋ zaŋ chaŋ Fulaani shɛba ban be [[Sudan]] daa lihi nya zoosim din be West-Eurasian haplogroup R1 (53.8%). Din daa kpalim maa daa nyɛla [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E-M215]] subclades ka di daa zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 34.62% [[Haplogroup E-V68|E-M78]] mini vaabu 27.2% [[Haplogroup E-V68#E-V22|E-V22]].<ref name="DoiajpaMissing">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876 |title=Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2008-11_137_3/page/316 |year=2008 |last1=Hassan |first1=Hisham Y. |last2=Underhill |first2=Peter A. |last3=Cavalli-Sforza |first3=Luca L. |last4=Ibrahim |first4=Muntaser E. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=316–23 |pmid=18618658}}</ref> Bučková et al. (2013) daa niŋ o vihigu zaŋ chaŋ Fulaannima ka daa lihi nya [[Haplogroup R1b#R1b1b (R-V88)|R1b]] ni be Fulani Zinder ka di zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu ~31%. Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla vihigu shɛli din daa niŋ yomyom zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima ban yina Burkina Faso, Cameroon, [[Mali]] n-ti pahi [[Chad]] ka di daa yi di ko ka che West African paternal haplogroups.<ref name="Bučková">{{cite journal|title=Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel |year=2013 |last1=Bučková |first1=Jana |last2=Cerný |first2=Viktor |last3=Novelletto |first3=Andrea |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=151 |pages=10–21 |pmid=23460272 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22236 }}</ref> {{Main|Fula language}} ===Maternal lineages (mtDNA)=== Di yi kana bɛ "heterogeneous paternal lineages", Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛla ban mayili tuŋ ŋmani Niger-Congo niriba di ni. Kɔbigi puuni vaabu 8.1% zaŋ n-ti ban nyɛ mtDNA clades daa nyɛla ban yina West Eurasian bee Afro-Asiatic yaɣili (J1b, U5, H, and V).<ref name="Missingor">{{cite journal |pmid=1690087 |year=1990 |last1=Miller |first1=MS |title=Differential effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on constitutive and hormone-inducible gene expression in rat hepatoma cells |volume=73 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–19 |journal=Chemico-Biological Interactions |doi=10.1016/0009-2797(90)90004-7|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1253850 }}</ref> Vihigu din daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima anahi (n = 186) ban daa yina Sahelian tiŋgbana dibaa ata ni (Chad, Cameroon n-ti pahi Burkina Faso) daa wuhiya ni nomadic Fulaannima koŋko nyɛ ban biɛhigu daa ŋmani Fulaannima ban be( Guinea-Bissau mini Nigeria) ka nyɛ ban yina Tcheboua din be Cameroon nuzaa zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cerný |first1=V. |last2=Hájek |first2=M. |last3=Bromová |first3=M. |last4=Cmejla |first4=R. |last5=Diallo |first5=I. |last6=Brdicka |first6=R. |date=2006 |title=MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16900879/ |journal=Human Biology |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=9–27 |doi=10.1353/hub.2006.0024 |issn=0018-7143 |pmid=16900879|s2cid=7045459 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=ČERNÝ |first1=V. |last2=HÁJEK |first2=M. |last3=BROMOVÁ |first3=M. |last4=ČMEJLA |first4=R. |last5=DIALLO |first5=I. |last6=BRDIČKA |first6=R. |date=2006 |title=mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41466384 |journal=Human Biology |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=9–27 |doi=10.1353/hub.2006.0024 |jstor=41466384 |pmid=16900879 |s2cid=7045459 |issn=0018-7143}}</ref> ===Autosomal DNA (overall)=== According to Tishkoff et al. (2009), Fulaannima dɔɣiriba ban nyɛ [[Chadic languages|Chadic]] mini [[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic]] balli yɛriba nyɛla din ŋmani [[Hausa people|Hausa niriba]]. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, vihigu niŋdiba nyɛla nyɛla ban yɛlli ni Fulaanima nyɛla ban bɔhim Niger-Congo balli bɛ taarihi puuni ka nyɛ ban kpaɣiri balli shɛŋa din be ni paɣaba.Din pahira, Fulaannima ban be West Eurasian ka nyɛ ban gabi gba nyɛla bɛ ni lihi nya shɛba ka bɛ daa piligi [[Iberian Peninsula]] mini Northern Africa.<ref name="Tishkoff">{{cite journal |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-05-22_324_5930/page/1035 |year=2009 |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R. |last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J.-M. |last10=Doumbo |first10=O. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |last12=Juma |first12=A. T. |last13=Kotze |first13=M. J. |last14=Lema |first14=G. |last15=Moore |first15=J. H. |last16=Mortensen |first16=H. |last17=Nyambo |first17=T. B. |last18=Omar |first18=S. A. |last19=Powell |first19=K. |last20=Pretorius |first20=G. S. |last21=Smith |first21=M. W. |last22=Thera |first22=M. A. |last23=Wambebe |first23=C. |last24=Weber |first24=J. L. |last25=Williams |first25=S. M. |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |pmid=19407144 |pmc=2947357 |doi=10.1126/science.1172257|bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T }}</ref> Dobon et al. (2015) daa lihi nya ka Sudanese Fulaannima daa nyɛ ban yɛri Niger-Kordofanian mini Nilo-Saharan (Sudanic) ka nyɛ West-Eurasian siɣili.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dobon |first1=Begoña |last2=Hassan |first2=Hisham Y. |last3=Laayouni |first3=Hafid |last4=Luisi |first4=Pierre |last5=Ricaño-Ponce |first5=Isis |last6=Zhernakova |first6=Alexandra |last7=Wijmenga |first7=Cisca |last8=Tahir |first8=Hanan |last9=Comas |first9=David |last10=Netea |first10=Mihai G. |last11=Bertranpetit |first11=Jaume |date=2015-05-28 |title=The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=9996 |doi=10.1038/srep09996 |pmid=26017457 |pmc=4446898 |bibcode=2015NatSR...5E9996D |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> [[File:Woodabe young men.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Young Fulani men at [[Cure Salee]] festival, Niger.]] Triska, Petr et al. (2015) daa wuhiya ni Fulaannima ban daa gabi taba ka be Sahel Belt nyɛla ban daa yina West African mini East African n-ti pahi Mozabite/North African. Lala vihigu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa lu zahim ni vihigu shɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti North African mini Central Africa Fulaannima pilli li.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Triska |first1=Petr |last2=Soares |first2=Pedro |last3=Patin |first3=Etienne |last4=Fernandes |first4=Veronica |last5=Cerny |first5=Viktor |last6=Pereira |first6=Luisa |date=2015-11-26 |title=Extensive Admixture and Selective Pressure Across the Sahel Belt |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=3484–3495 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv236 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=4700964 |pmid=26614524}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Priehodová |first1=Edita |last2=Austerlitz |first2=Frédéric |last3=Čížková |first3=Martina |last4=Nováčková |first4=Jana |last5=Ricaut |first5=François-Xavier |last6=Hofmanová |first6=Zuzana |last7=Schlebusch |first7=Carina M. |last8=Černý |first8=Viktor |date=November 2020 |title=Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32812238/ |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=173 |issue=3 |pages=423–436 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24116 |issn=1096-8644 |pmid=32812238|s2cid=221179656 }}</ref> Vihigu din daa niŋ yuuni 2019, ŋun daa niŋ lala vihigu ŋɔ nyɛ Fan et al. Di daa wuhiya ni Fulaannima ban yina Cameroon ka nyɛ ban yɛri Afro-Asiatic yɛriba ban yina East Africa nyɛla ban daa taɣi balli labi Niger-Congo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Shaohua |last2=Kelly |first2=Derek E. |last3=Beltrame |first3=Marcia H. |last4=Hansen |first4=Matthew E. B. |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Ranciaro |first6=Alessia |last7=Hirbo |first7=Jibril |last8=Thompson |first8=Simon |last9=Beggs |first9=William |last10=Nyambo |first10=Thomas |last11=Omar |first11=Sabah A. |date=2019-04-26 |title=African evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous African populations |journal=Genome Biology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=82 |doi=10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2 |issn=1474-760X |pmc=6485071 |pmid=31023338 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Yuuni 2020, vihigu nyɛla din daa niŋ jandi Fulaannima zaŋ n-ti Cameroon wulinluhili nyɛla kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ayi ka, East African nyɛ vaabu pishi ata, n-ti pahi vaabu pihita yini ka daa pa gbansabila siɣili.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Ribot |first2=Isabelle |last3=Mallick |first3=Swapan |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Olalde |first5=Iñigo |last6=Adamski |first6=Nicole |last7=Broomandkhoshbacht |first7=Nasreen |last8=Lawson |first8=Ann Marie |last9=López |first9=Saioa |last10=Oppenheimer |first10=Jonas |last11=Stewardson |first11=Kristin |last12=Asombang |first12=Raymond Neba’ane |last13=Bocherens |first13=Hervé |last14=Bradman |first14=Neil |last15=Culleton |first15=Brendan J. |date=2020-01-22 |title=Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history |url=https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Shum_Laka_SI.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=665–670 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..665L |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8386425 |pmid=31969706}}</ref> Yuuni 2023,Fulaannima ban daa be Sahelian nyɛla bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛba vihigu ka vihigu niŋdiba ŋɔ daa yɛlli ni non-Sub-Saharan siɣili zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla din ku tooi baŋs. Fulaannima ŋɔ pilli ni tooi nyɛ Saharan naɣu guliba Green Sahara saha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=D’Atanasio |first=Eugenia |date=April 6, 2023 |title=Echoes from the last Green Sahara: whole genome analysis of Fulani, a key population to unveil the genetic evolutionary history of Africa |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535569v1 |website=bioRxiv|doi=10.1101/2023.04.06.535569 |s2cid=258041998 }}</ref> Vihigu shɛli nyɛla din daa lahi niŋ yuuni 2023 ka lala vihigu ŋɔ daa wuhi ni Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu nyɛla [[Amhara people|Amhara]] ka vaabu pihinu nyɛ [[Tikar people|Tikari]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Shaohua |last2=Spence |first2=Jeffrey P. |last3=Feng |first3=Yuanqing |last4=Hansen |first4=Matthew E. B. |last5=Terhorst |first5=Jonathan |last6=Beltrame |first6=Marcia H. |last7=Ranciaro |first7=Alessia |last8=Hirbo |first8=Jibril |last9=Beggs |first9=William |last10=Thomas |first10=Neil |last11=Nyambo |first11=Thomas |last12=Mpoloka |first12=Sununguko Wata |last13=Mokone |first13=Gaonyadiwe George |last14=Njamnshi |first14=Alfred |last15=Folkunang |first15=Charles |date=2023-03-02 |title=Whole-genome sequencing reveals a complex African population demographic history and signatures of local adaptation |journal=Cell |volume=186 |issue=5 |pages=923–939.e14 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.042 |issn=1097-4172 |pmid=36868214|pmc=10568978 }}</ref> ==Fulaannima ban yuli du== 1. Mohammadu Bihari; O nyɛla Nigeria nima tiŋgbani zuɣulan' kuro. 2. Ahmadou Ahidjo; O nyɛla Cameroon nima tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana. 3. Macky Sall; O nyɛla Senegal nima tiŋgbani zuɣulan' kuro. 4. Adama Barrow; O nyɛla Gambia nima tiŋgbani zuɣulana. 5. Umaro Sissoco Embalo; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulana zaŋ ti Guinea-Bissau. 6. Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa zaŋ ti Sierra Leone. 7. Boubou Cisse; O nyɛla Prime Minister n-ti Mali nima. 8. Samira Bawumia; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa paɣa zaŋ ti Ghana nima. {{main|List of notable Fulanis}} ==Lihi pahi== *[[Toucouleur people]] or [[Torodbe]] *[[Jobawa]] *[[Sullubawa]] *[[Dogon people]] == Noosi == {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== *Almanach de Bruxelles (now a paying site) * Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fub Adamawa Fulfulde]". ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'', 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 25 June 2006. * Ndukwe, Pat I., Ph.D. (1996). ''Fulani''. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. * Christiane Seydou, (ed.) (1976). Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger ==Further reading== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071002090950/http://condor.depaul.edu/~mdelance/CameroonCultures/FulbeBibliography.html Prof. Mark D. DeLancey's Fulbe studies bibliography], accessed 25 March 2008. *{{cite book |author-first=E.D.|author-last=Morel |author-link=E.D. Morel |title=Affairs of West Africa |publisher=William Heinemann |location=London |year=1902|language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/affairsofwestafr00more/page/n7/mode/2up }}, chapter XVI – The Fulani in West African History, pp. [https://archive.org/details/affairsofwestafr00more/page/130/mode/2up 130]–135; chapter XVII – Origins of the Fulani, pp. [https://archive.org/details/affairsofwestafr00more/page/136/mode/2up 136]–152. *[https://unlocked.microsoft.com/adlam-can-an-alphabet-save-a-culture/ Can an Alphabet Save a Future?] – Story of the Barry brother's 30-year commitment to developing a native script and font, giving the Fulani people a digital footprint for a global community – published on Microsoft Unlocked *Monembo, Tierno. (2004). Peuls. Editions Seuil. *Lam, Aboubacry-Moussa. (1993). De l'origine égyptienne des Peuls. Présence Africaine. ==External links== {{commons category}} {{Scholia|topic}} * [http://www.mafindi.com fulfulde social learning network fulfulde Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125015607/http://www.mafindi.com/ |date=2020-11-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215317/http://www.missionafrica.org.uk/ministries/14/engaging-the-nomadic-fulani-in-nigeria missionafrica.org.uk] * [http://www.webpulaaku.net/ Portal of Fulɓe history and culture] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416080123/http://www.peeral.com/ Online magazine published/edited in Fulfulde] * [http://www.pulaagu.com/ Online magazine published/edited in Fulfulde] * [http://www.pulaar.org/ Online magazine in Fulfulde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401043037/http://www.pulaar.org/ |date=2012-04-01 }} * [http://www.mafindi.com/words Online fulfulde Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909193040/http://www.mafindi.com/words |date=2017-09-09 }} * [http://www.mbiimi.com/ Fulfulde online news site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127122453/http://www.mbiimi.com/ |date=2021-01-27 }}[https://web.archive.org/web/20090417004128/http://peeral.com/saggitorde/ l] * [http://www.webfuuta.net/ Portal of Fulɓe Fuuta Jaloo history and culture] *[http://www.ethnomusicologie.fr/wodaabe-loncke/index.html Geerewol], by Sandrine Loncke (Website about Woɗaaɓe ritual celebrations, with annotated music recordings and short videos featuring dance and ritual sequences. Supplement to the [http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100070850 book of the same author]) *Online musical archives dedicated to [http://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Loncke_001/ Fulɓe Jelgooɓe (Burkina Faso)] and [http://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Loncke_002/ Fulɓe Woɗaaɓe (Niger)] musics and singings (Telemeta, CREM-CNRS) {{navboxes | list = {{Ethnic groups in Chad}} {{Ethnic groups in Guinea}} {{Ethnic groups in Mali}} {{Ethnic groups in Niger}} {{Ethnic groups in Nigeria}} }} <references/> [[Pubu:Balli]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] {{stub}} <references group="lower-alpha" /> a8po201jnldolswkyu8ghge3p710fed Buɣim 0 8789 146120 142738 2026-08-10T20:56:27Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{D-Class}} [[File:Fire_festival3.jpg|thumb|left|[[Buɣim Chuɣu]]]] '''Buɣim'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref> nyɛla yomyom [[oxidation]] zaŋ n-ti neema din be [[exothermic]] tim soya ni ka nyɛ binshɛli din tiri [[heat|tulim]] , [[light|neesim]] ni din kam pahi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology |date=October 2007 |url=http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf |journal= |pages=70 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821230940/http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf |url-status=deviated |publisher=National Wildfire Coordinating Group |archive-date=2008-08-21}}</ref>{{efn|Slower oxidative processes like [[rusting]] or [[digestion]] are not included by this definition.}} == Etymology == Bachi ŋɔ "buɣim" nyɛla din yina {{Etymology|ang|Fyr|Fire, a fire}}, ka di pilli nyɛ [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] bachi din nyɛ {{Lang|gem-x-proto|*fūr-}}, din gba maŋmaŋ nyɛ din yina [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] {{Lang|ine-x-proto|*perjos}} ka di yina bachi din yuli booni {{Lang|ine-x-proto|*paewr-}} {{gloss|fire}}. Saha ŋɔ, bɛ ni sabiri "buɣim" shɛm nyɛla din daa piligi tum 1200 piligu amaa ka daa lee na bi niŋ bayana hali ni 1600 ka di daa ti zani [[Middle English]] bachi {{lang|enm|fier}} zani (hali ni zuŋɔ ka di na kuli zan ti bachi din nyɛ "fiery" zaani).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fire |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527111413/https://www.etymonline.com/word/fire |url-status=live }}</ref> == Taarihi == === Fossil record === {{Main|Fossil record of fire}} "Fossil" ŋɔ taarihi zaŋ n-ti buɣim nyɛla din daa piligi tuuli ka nyɛ tiŋgbani dalim be [[Middle Ordovician]] saha, {{ma|470}},<ref name="Wellman2000">{{cite journal |last1=Wellman |first1=C. H. |last2=Gray |first2=J. |year=2000 |title=The microfossil record of early land plants |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=355 |issue=1398 |pages=717–31; discussion 731–2 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2000.0612 |pmc=1692785 |pmid=10905606}}</ref> ka daa tiri [[oxygen]] laɣisibu soya pɔhim zuɣu kamani di ni na ʒin pun laɣisi shɛm. Di ni daa niŋ ka di yaa daa galisi paai kɔbigi puuni vaabu pia ni ata di daa ti [[wildfire]] soli.<ref name="Jones1991">{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Timothy P. |last2=Chaloner |first2=William G. |year=1991 |title=Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_palaeogeography-palaeoclimatology-palaeoecology_1991-12_97_1-2/page/39 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=97 |issue=1–2 |pages=39–50 |bibcode=1991PPP....97...39J |doi=10.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-Y}}</ref> Buɣim yɛligirili ŋɔ daa tuumi piligi [[Late Silurian]] fossil record, {{Ma|420}}, ban daa piligi li ŋɔ nyɛ [[charcoal]]ified tihi.<ref name="DoiGMissing">{{cite journal |last1=Glasspool |first1=I.J. |last2=Edwards |first2=D. |last3=Axe |first3=L. |year=2004 |title=Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2004-05_32_5/page/381 |journal=Geology |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=381–383 |bibcode=2004Geo....32..381G |doi=10.1130/G20363.1}}</ref><ref name="Scott2006">{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=AC |last2=Glasspool |first2=IJ |year=2006 |title=The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-07-18_103_29/page/10861 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=29 |pages=10861–5 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10310861S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0604090103 |pmc=1544139 |pmid=16832054 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gbaai yihi nangban kpeeni shɛŋa din be [[Late Devonian]] zuɣu, sala nyɛla din daa pun be ni lala saha maa.<ref name="Scott2006" /> Pɔhim shɛli din daa be ni yaa nyɛla din daa mali tɔhibu ni sala benibu: jia pɔhim nyɛla yɛltɔɣa kpeeni buɣim yɛligibu ni.<ref name="Bowman2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=D. M. J. S. |last2=Balch |first2=J. K. |last3=Artaxo |first3=P. |last4=Bond |first4=W. J. |last5=Carlson |first5=J. M. |last6=Cochrane |first6=M. A. |last7=d'Antonio |first7=C. M. |last8=Defries |first8=R. S. |last9=Doyle |first9=J. C. |last10=Harrison |first10=S. P. |last11=Johnston |first11=F. H. |last12=Keeley |first12=J. E. |last13=Krawchuk |first13=M. A. |last14=Kull |first14=C. A. |last15=Marston |first15=J. B. |year=2009 |title=Fire in the Earth system |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5926 |pages=481–4 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..481B |doi=10.1126/science.1163886 |pmid=19390038 |s2cid=22389421 |last16=Moritz |first16=M. A. |last17=Prentice |first17=I. C. |last18=Roos |first18=C. I. |last19=Scott |first19=A. C. |last20=Swetnam |first20=T. W. |last21=Van Der Werf |first21=G. R. |last22=Pyne |first22=S. J. |url=https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090707-150808418 |access-date=2024-01-26 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527111415/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m358a-0c317 |url-status=live }}</ref> Buɣim gba nyɛla din daa niŋ bayana din daa niŋ ka mɔri daa zooi gili tiŋgbani luɣili kam, kamani {{Ma|6|7}};<ref name="Retallack1997">{{cite journal |last1=Retallack |first1=Gregory J. |date=1997 |title=Neogene expansion of the North American prairie |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_palaios_1997-08_12_4/page/380 |journal=PALAIOS |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=380–90 |bibcode=1997Palai..12..380R |doi=10.2307/3515337 |jstor=3515337}}</ref> dinbɔŋɔ nyɛla din daa tiri [[tinder]] ka di tooi tiri buɣim yɛligi gili soya. <ref name="Bowman2009" /> Lala buɣim yɛligi gili ŋɔ nyɛla di ni tooi mali [[positive feedback]], di ni nyɛ din yɛn chɛmi ka tulim, tiŋgbani kuubu beni.<ref name="Bowman2009" /> === Human control of fire === ==== Early human control ==== {{Main|Control of fire by early humans}} [[File:Des8.jpg|thumb|left|Bushman starting a fire in [[Namibia]]]] Nyaŋsim ni buɣim gbarigibu nyɛla binshɛli ninsalinima ni daa kuli taɣiri bela bela.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gowlett |first1=J. A. J. |title=The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B|Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |date=2016 |volume=371 |issue=1696 |pages=20150164 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0164 |pmid=27216521 |pmc=4874402 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Making fire|Buɣim malibu]] ni di ti niri tulim mini neesim nyɛla binshɛli din sɔŋdi ninsalinima ka bɛ duɣiri bindira. Saha kam, bɛ yi zaŋ buɣim duɣi lala bindira ŋɔ di nyɛla din niŋdi nyaɣisim pahira ka buɣim maa tulim maa lahi kuri binnema ban be lala bindira ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowlett |first1=J. A. J. |last2=Wrangham |first2=R. W. |date=2013 |title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=5–30 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |s2cid=163033909}}</ref> Tulim shɛli buɣim ni tiri ŋɔ nyɛla binshɛli din sɔŋdi niriba ka bɛ nyari tuulim maasim saha ka tooi che ka bɛ beni ni maasim ŋɔ ni suhudoo. Buɣim lahi nyɛla din che ka binnema ban mali yaa yuŋ miriti kom. Shɛhira zaŋ n-ti bindiriduɣirili n-nyɛ {{Ma|1.0}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Matt |year=2012 |title=Million-year-old ash hints at origins of cooking |url=https://www.nature.com/news/million-year-old-ash-hints-at-origins-of-cooking-1.10372 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10372 |s2cid=177595396 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001174313/http://www.nature.com/news/million-year-old-ash-hints-at-origins-of-cooking-1.10372 |archive-date=1 October 2019 |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> Amaa lala shɛhira ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ni buɣim ni mahi kamani yuma miliyɔŋ yini din gari la,<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Eoin |date=5 April 2012 |title=Were Early Humans Cooking Their Food a Million Years Ago? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/early-humans-cooking-food-million-years-ago/story?id=16080804#.T4IyWe1rFDI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204145413/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/early-humans-cooking-food-million-years-ago/story?id=16080804#.T4IyWe1rFDI |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2020 |work=ABC News |quote=Early humans harnessed fire as early as a million years ago, much earlier than previously thought, suggests evidence unearthed in a cave in South Africa.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Francesco Berna |display-authors=etal |date=May 15, 2012 |title=Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=20 |pages=E1215–E1220 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117620109 |pmc=3356665 |pmid=22474385 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kundi shɛŋa nyɛla din wuhi ni di yuma ŋɔ nyɛla 400,000 yuma din gari maa.<ref name="Bowman2009b">{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=D. M. J. S. |last2=Balch |first2=J. K. |last3=Artaxo |first3=P. |last4=Bond |first4=W. J. |last5=Carlson |first5=J. M. |last6=Cochrane |first6=M. A. |last7=d'Antonio |first7=C. M. |last8=Defries |first8=R. S. |last9=Doyle |first9=J. C. |last10=Harrison |first10=S. P. |last11=Johnston |first11=F. H. |last12=Keeley |first12=J. E. |last13=Krawchuk |first13=M. A. |last14=Kull |first14=C. A. |last15=Marston |first15=J. B. |display-authors=1 |year=2009 |title=Fire in the Earth system |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5926 |pages=481–84 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..481B |doi=10.1126/science.1163886 |pmid=19390038 |s2cid=22389421 |last16=Moritz |first16=M. A. |last17=Prentice |first17=I. C. |last18=Roos |first18=C. I. |last19=Scott |first19=A. C. |last20=Swetnam |first20=T. W. |last21=Van Der Werf |first21=G. R. |last22=Pyne |first22=S. J. |url=https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20090707-150808418 |access-date=2024-01-26 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527111415/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/m358a-0c317 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shɛhira shɛli din niŋ bayana wuhiya ni di nyɛla yuun' tuhipihinu zaŋ chaŋ yuun' tuhikɔbiga yuma din gari maa.<ref name="Bowman2009b" /> Buɣim zaŋ tum tuma nyɛla binshɛli din daa pahi din daa niŋ ka bɛ piligi buɣim zaŋ niŋ sala bin din gbaai yuun's tuhipia din gari maa.<ref name="Bowman2009b" /> [[File:Potjiekos over a fire.gif|thumb|Here, food is cooked in a [[Potjie|cauldron]] above fire in [[South Africa]].]] {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 400 | image1 = The Great Fire of London, with Ludgate and Old St. Paul's.JPG | alt1 = | image2 = Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400.jpg | alt2 = The Lyceum in 1861 | footer = [[The Great Fire of London]] (1666) and [[Hamburg]] after four [[fire-bombing]] raids in July 1943, which killed an estimated 50,000 people<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/europe_german_destruction/html/4.stm In Pictures: German destruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213141457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/europe_german_destruction/html/4.stm |date=2019-12-13 }}". [[BBC News]].</ref> }} ==== Typical adiabatic temperatures ==== {{Main|Adiabatic flame temperature}} Tulim zaŋ n-ti kpam niŋbu doli la pɔhim ni nyɛ "stable combustion" shɛm. * [[Oxygen|Oxy]]–[[dicyanoacetylene]] {{convert|4990|C|F|sigfig=2}} * [[Oxygen|Oxy]]–[[acetylene]] {{convert|3480|C|F|sigfig=2}} * [[Oxyhydrogen]] {{convert|2800|C|F|sigfig=2}} * [[Air]]–[[acetylene]] {{convert|2534|C|F|sigfig=2}} * [[Blowtorch]] (air–[[MAPP gas]]) {{convert|2200|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} * [[Bunsen burner]] (air–[[natural gas]]) {{convert|1300|to|1600|C|F|sigfig=2}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.derose.net/steve/resources/engtables/flametemp.html|title=Flame temperatures|website=www.derose.net|access-date=2007-07-09|archive-date=2014-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417022946/http://www.derose.net/steve/resources/engtables/flametemp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Candle]] (air–[[paraffin wax|paraffin]]) {{convert|1000|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}. Buɣim tabibi baŋdiba Buɣim tabibi nyɛla yaɣili zaŋ n-ti [[physical science]] di nima nyɛ buɣim biɛhigu mini buɣim maa taɣibu nti pahi [[combustion]]. Buɣim tabibi zaŋ tum tuma nima nyɛ [[fire protection]], [[fire investigation]] nti pahi [[wildfire]] mahibu. == Buɣim barinanima gu ka taɣi ʒilɛli ni == {{Main|Wildfire#Prevention|Fire prevention|Fire protection}} [[File:Fire inside an abandoned convent in Massueville, Quebec, Canada.jpg|thumb|An abandoned convent on fire in [[Quebec]]]]Buɣim yɛligibu gu ka taɣi duniya zaa nyɛla di ni tooi niŋ ni "''wildland fire use" n-ti pahi'' ''[[controlled burn]]s''.<ref name="operations1">''Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan'', 4.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 1998 |title=UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain |url=http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/gb/gb_1.htm |url-status=live |journal=International Forest Fire News |volume=18 |pages=80–81 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716212702/http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/gb/gb_1.htm |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2011-09-03}}</ref> ''Wildland fire use'' nyɛla buɣim kam din dibu sababi nyɛ Naawuni nam puuni amaa ka niriba leei lihiri li ka che ka di dira. ''Controlled burns nyɛla buɣim shɛŋa gomnanti tum tumdiba ni niŋ shɛli ni bɛ gu ka taɣi tiŋgbani taɣiri shɛŋa din mali barina''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prescribed Fires |url=http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020171425/http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp |archive-date=2008-10-20 |access-date=2008-11-21 |publisher=SmokeyBear.com}}</ref> [[Fire fighting]] tuma nyɛla bɛ ni kpaɣiri niriba niŋda ni bɛ gu ka taɣi buɣim dili. Ninvuɣ shɛba ban bɔhim buɣim dili gu ka taɣi nyɛla ban mali [[fire apparatus]], kom binyɛra kamani [[water main]]s n-ti pahi. Buɣim dibu gu ka taɣi nyɛla bɛ ni niŋdi shɛli ni bɛ gu ka taɣi binyɛra bee neema saɣimbu. Buɣim dili gu ka taɣi lahi nyɛ niriba baŋsim ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm zoyi buɣim nyɔbu yiriŋyiriŋ ni.<ref>[http://www.firecomm.gov.mb.ca/safety_education_nero_and_ashcan.html#6 Fire & Life Safety Education], [[Manitoba]] Office of the Fire Commissioner {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206013312/http://www.firecomm.gov.mb.ca/safety_education_nero_and_ashcan.html#6|date=December 6, 2008}}</ref> Duuri di bahindi shikuruti mini buɣim tuma yili nima tooi nyɛla ban baŋsiri bilichini nima ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛli di yi ti niŋ duu bee jiranbiisa nima diri buɣim.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXt5AW6bJiUC&q=purposely+starting+fire+arson+crime+most+jurisdictions&pg=PA349 |title=Fire Officer: Principles and Practice |date=March 2005 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=9780763722470 |access-date=March 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216083747/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXt5AW6bJiUC&q=purposely+starting+fire+arson+crime+most+jurisdictions&pg=PA349 |archive-date=February 16, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Luɣ'shɛli buɣim dibu gu ka taɣi yi kɔŋ buɣim dibu barina gubu, [[fire insurance]] nyɛla ban ni tooi lihi di laɣa dibu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baars |first1=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6ePCgAAQBAJ&q=fire+insurance+can+mitigate+the+financial+impact+of+fire&pg=PA33 |title=Foundations of Information Security Based on ISO27001 and ISO27002 |last2=Smulders |first2=Andre |last3=Hintzbergen |first3=Kees |last4=Hintzbergen |first4=Jule |date=2015-04-15 |publisher=Van Haren |isbn=9789401805414 |edition=3rd revised |language=en |access-date=2020-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411062229/https://books.google.com/books?id=l6ePCgAAQBAJ&q=fire+insurance+can+mitigate+the+financial+impact+of+fire&pg=PA33 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Lihi pahi == {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Aodh (given name)]] * [[Bonfire]] * ''[[The Chemical History of a Candle]]'' * [[Colored fire]] * [[Control of fire by early humans]] * [[Deflagration]] * [[Fire (classical element)]] * [[Fire investigation]] * [[Fire lookout]] * [[Fire lookout tower]] * [[Fire making]] * [[Fire pit]] * [[Fire safety]] * [[Fire triangle]] * [[Fire whirl]] * [[Fire worship]] * [[Flame test]] * [[Life Safety Code]] * [[List of fires]] * [[List of light sources]] * [[Phlogiston theory]] * [[Piano burning]] * [[Prometheus]], the Greek mythological figure who gave mankind fire * [[Pyrokinesis]] * [[Pyrolysis]] * [[Pyromania]] * [[Self-immolation]] {{div col end}} == Kundivihira == === Notes === {{notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === * Haung, Kai (2009). [http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287/ Population and Building Factors That Impact Residential Fire Rates in Large U.S. Cities. Applied Research Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308201531/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287/ |date=2012-03-08 }}. Texas State University. * {{Cite book|title=Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia |url=http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf |year=2002 |publisher=Project FireFight South East Asia |last=Karki |first=Sameer |access-date=2009-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225154641/http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2009 }} * Kosman, Admiel (January 13, 2011). [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/sacred-fire-1.329892 "Sacred fire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015225335/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/sacred-fire-1.329892 |date=2015-10-15 }}. ''[[Haaretz]]''. * {{cite journal |author1=Lentile, Leigh B. |author2=Holden, Zachary A. |author3=Smith, Alistair M. S. |author4=Falkowski, Michael J. |author5=Hudak, Andrew T. |author6=Morgan, Penelope |author7=Lewis, Sarah A. |author8=Gessler, Paul E. |author9=Benson, Nate C |title=Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects |url=http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24613 |year=2006 |journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire |issue=15 |volume=3 |pages=319–345 |doi=10.1071/WF05097 |s2cid=724358 |access-date=2010-02-04 |archive-date=2014-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812022744/http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24613 |url-status=dead }} ==Further reading== * Pyne, Stephen J. ''Fire : a brief history'' (University of Washington Press, 2001). ** Pyne, Stephen J. ''''World fire : the culture of fire on earth'' (1995) [https://archive.org/details/worldfireculture0000pyne online] ** Pyne, Stephen J. ''Tending fire : coping with America's wildland fires'' (2004) [https://archive.org/details/tendingfirecopin0000pyne_x6q9 online] ** Pyne, Stephen J. ''Awful splendour : a fire history of Canada'' (2007) [https://archive.org/details/awfulsplendourfi0000pyne online] ** Pyne, Stephen J. ''Burning bush : a fire history of Australia'' (1991) [https://archive.org/details/burningbushfireh0000pyne online] ** Pyne, Stephen J. ''Between Two Fires: A Fire History of Contemporary America'' (2015) ** Pyne, Stephen J. ''California: A Fire Survey'' (2016) * Safford, Hugh D., et al. "Fire ecology of the North American Mediterranean-climate zone." in ''Fire ecology and management: Past, present, and future of US forested ecosystems'' (2021): 337–392. re California and its neighbors [https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/download/63841.pdf online] == External links == {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote|Fire}} * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/Fire.htm How Fire Works] at [[HowStuffWorks]] * [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021122.html What exactly is fire?] from [[The Straight Dope]] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/onfire.html On Fire], an [[Adobe Flash]]–based science tutorial from the [[Nova (American TV program)|''NOVA'' (TV series)]] * [http://discovermagazine.com/2011/oct/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-fire "20 Things You Didn't Know About... Fire"] from ''[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]'' magazine {{Fire}} {{Natural disasters}} {{Authority control}} [[Pubu:WikiProject Geology]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:Fire| ]] [[Category:Terrestrial plasmas]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Cooking techniques]] gnymcktgig2s61ioglcab95ge5rh4c0 Alafiɛ 0 8833 146234 145897 2026-08-11T00:25:57Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Alafiɛ''' / '''Alaafee'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014 .[https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of pineapple {{!}} Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pineapple|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en}}</ref> nyɛla binwalli din mali [[kom]] pam ka lahi dira. [[Vihigu]] puuni wuhiya ni [[alaafee]] tooi zooya ka di bela [[Amarika]] wuliŋ'puhili polo. Di mali la "vitamin C", ka di viɛli n ti salo alaafee pam. Alaafiɛ walli mali la gohi di ningbungbaŋ zuɣu ka lahi mali va'kaɣila di nyoli ni. == Alafiɛ anfaani nima. == # Di nyɛla binwoli shɛli din tibiri ʒiduli<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=26 Benefits of Pineapple For Health, Skin and Hair|url=https://pharmeasy.in/blog/26-benefits-of-pineapple-for-health-skin-and-hair/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=PharmEasy Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215221725/https://pharmeasy.in/blog/26-benefits-of-pineapple-for-health-skin-and-hair/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. # Di nyɛla din pahiri ti kɔba ni alaafee bee n kpaŋsiri ti kɔba ni # Di nyɛla din kuri puuni yuma #Di nyɛla din tibiri fiɛwfiɛw<ref name="pharmeasy.in">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=26 Benefits of Pineapple For Health, Skin and Hair|url=https://pharmeasy.in/blog/26-benefits-of-pineapple-for-health-skin-and-hair/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=PharmEasy Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215221725/https://pharmeasy.in/blog/26-benefits-of-pineapple-for-health-skin-and-hair/|url-status=dead}}</ref> #Di lahi kpaŋsiri ni yina kpɛŋ #Di sɔŋdimi ka ti ni diri bindira shɛŋa zaa wurim ti pulini #Alafiɛ sɔŋsiri ka ti nina ne viɛn'yɛliŋga #Di nyɛla din pahiri ninsala ningbuna ni yaa<ref name="pharmeasy.in"/> #Alafiɛ sɔŋsiri m m-polisiri ninsala ningbuna '''Alaafee ŋɔ'''<ref name="Morton 1987">{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pineapple.html |last=Morton |first=Julia F |title=Pineapple, Ananas comosus |year=1987 |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pineapple |title=Pineapple Definition &#124; Definition of Pineapple at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=6 December 2009}}</ref> ('''''Ananas comosus''''') nyɛla [[Tropical vegetation|tropical plant]] shɛli din dira; di ni nyɛ binwali shɛli din niŋ bayana bimbilima daŋ yuli booni [[Bromeliaceae]] ni.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge |first1=G |last2=Leal |first2=F. |editor1-first=DP |editor1-last=Bartholomew |editor2-first=RE |editor2-last=Paull |editor3-first=KG |editor3-last=Rohrbach |title=The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses |url=https://archive.org/details/pineapplebotanyp0000unse |chapter=Chapter 2: Morphology, Anatomy, and Taxonomy |year=2003 |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, UK |isbn=978-0-85199-503-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pineapplebotanyp0000unse/page/21 21] }}</ref> Alaafee ŋɔ nyɛla din daa piligi [[South America]], ni ka bɛ daa tooi kuri li kurumbuna ni ha. Alaafee bimbili ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli [[Europe]] tum [[17th century]] ka di nyɛ binshɛli niriba pam ni daa bora. Tum 1820s, alaafee nyɛla bɛ ni kuri shɛli mali niŋdi daabilim. Alaafee nyɛla din piligiri zoobu kamani tutuɣu bila; pum shɛŋa din wali wali za di koŋkoba nyɛla din yɛn laɣim taba leei [[multiple fruit]]. Bimbili ŋɔ nyɛla din piligiri zoobu di [[Offset (botany)|offset]] din be binwalli ŋɔ zuɣusaa<ref name="Morton 1987" /><ref name="PWG" /> bee di luɣili zuɣu ka nyɛ din niŋdi kamani yuun yini sunsuun.<ref name="PWG">{{cite web |url=http://tpss.hawaii.edu/pineapple/pinegrow.htm |title=How to grow a pineapple in your home |publisher=Pineapple Working Group-International Horticultural Society |access-date=15 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicalpermaculture.com/pineapple-growing.html |title=Pineapple Growing |publisher=Tropical Permaculture.com (Birgit Bradtke) |access-date=15 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043835/http://www.tropicalpermaculture.com/pineapple-growing.html |archive-date=17 June 2010 }}</ref> == Buɣisibu == {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = PineApple - Ananas comosus - starting stage.jpg | caption1 = Pineapple in the starting stage | image2 = Ananas bracteatus Striatus 0zz.jpg | caption2 = Pineapple [[inflorescence]] | image3 = Flowering Pineapple Sept 4 2011.jpg | caption3 = A young pineapple in flower | image4 = Ananas comosus-pineapple flowers - കൈതച്ചക്ക.jpg | caption4 = Pineapple flowers close-up }} Alaafee ŋɔ nyɛla [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial]] din zoori paari {{convert|1.0|to|1.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} di waɣilim, saha shɛŋa di waɣilim ŋɔ nyɛla din gariti la. Bimbili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali da'jia din kpɛma ni vari. Di yi ti namdi binwalli, di tooi zooi ka di niŋdi puma kamani kɔbishi amaa di zaɣ'kari shɛŋa nyɛla din tooi niŋdi puma ŋɔ gariti lala kalinli ŋɔ. Di yi nam puma ŋɔ naai, pum kam di wali wali zaya nyɛla din yɛn laɣim taba leei [[multiple fruit]]. Puma ŋɔ nambu nyaaŋa, di binshɛli beni ka ban kuri li booni "suckers" nyɛla din yɛn yihi bee ka di beni ti leei pum binwalli ŋɔ ni.<ref name="PWG" /> "Sucker" shɛŋa din be di gbunni tooi nyɛla bɛ ni kpaɣiri shɛli. Di vari waɣilim nyɛla din paai kamani {{convert|30|to|100|cm|ft|frac=2|abbr=on}}. Chira pinaayi zaŋ chaŋ pishi ni, di daɣu maa nyɛla ŋmani [[inflorescence]] ka di waɣilim paai kamani {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Binshɛŋa ban tooi yihi alaafee tahiri luɣishɛŋa dabam mɔɣini nyɛ [[hummingbird]]s.<ref name="Morton 1987" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stahl |first1=JM |last2=Nepi |first2=M |last3=Galetto |first3=L |last4=Guimarães |first4=E |last5=Machado |first5=SR |year=2012 |title=Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=1243–1252 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs053 |pmc=3359915 |pmid=22455992}}</ref> Mɔɣini alaafee shɛŋa nyɛla binkɔbiri mini zɔŋsi ni yihi tahiri luɣishɛŋa dabam.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World |vauthors=Aziz SA, Olival KJ, Bumrungsri S, Richards GC, Racey PA |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319252209 |veditors=Voigt C, Kingston T |pages=377–426 |chapter=The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers: Species, Legislation and Mitigation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_13 |s2cid=111056244 }}</ref> Kɔbu ni, binwalli ŋɔ nyɛla ninsali nima ni zaŋdi bɛ nuhi wuligiri shɛli ginda din yɛn che ka di bili.<ref name="Morton 1987" /> [[Hawaii]] luɣishɛli bɛ ni kuri alaafee hali ni 20th century,<ref name="hortsci">{{cite journal |author1=Bartholomew DP |author2=Hawkins RA |author3=Lopez JA |date=2012 |title=Hawaii Pineapple: The Rise and Fall of an Industry |journal=HortScience |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1390–1398 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1390 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binwalli ŋɔ wuligi gili ni "hummingbirds" nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛli.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/AR-71P.pdf |title=List of prohibited animals |date=28 November 2006 |publisher=Government of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture |access-date=9 December 2017}}</ref> == Taxonomy == Alaafee ŋɔ nyɛla ʒiʒibunu zuɣu amaa tuuli ka bɛ daa na yɛlli ni di zaa be la koŋkoba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses|last1=Bartholomew|first1=D. P.|last2=Paull|first2=Robert E.|last3=Rohrbach|first3=K. G.|date=2002|publisher=CABI|isbn=9780851999791|pages=23|language=en}}</ref> Di shɛli nyɛ ''bracteatus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=Ming |first1=Ray |last2=VanBuren |first2=Robert |last3=Wai |first3=Ching Man |last4=Tang |first4=Haibao |last5=Schatz |first5=Michael C. |last6=Bowers |first6=John E. |last7=Lyons |first7=Eric |last8=Wang |first8=Ming-Li |last9=Chen |first9=Jung |last10=Biggers |first10=Eric |last11=Zhang |first11=Jisen |last12=Huang |first12=Lixian |last13=Zhang |first13=Lingmao |last14=Miao |first14=Wenjing |last15=Zhang |first15=Jian |date=2015 |title=The pineapple genome and the evolution of CAM photosynthesis |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=1435–1442 |doi=10.1038/ng.3435 |issn=1546-1718 |pmc=4867222 |pmid=26523774}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Image !! Varieties !! Distribution |- |[[File:Ananas bracteatus, Dole Pineapple Plantation, Oahu, Hawaii, USA2.jpg|120px]] || ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''bracteatus'' <small>(L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small> || Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Ecuador |- |[[File:Ananas 01.JPG|120px]] || ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''comosus'' <small>(Linnaeus) Merrill</small>|| Brazil and Paraguay; naturalized in parts of Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, northern South America, and various islands in the Pacific |- |[[File:Curuá (cropped).JPG|120px]]||''Ananas comosus'' var. ''erectifolius'' <small>(L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small>|| Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, French Guiana |- |[[File:Ananas nanus 20060514-2.jpg|120px]] || ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''microstachys'' <small>(Mez) L.B.Sm.</small>|| from Costa Rica to Paraguay |- | || ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''parguazensis'' <small>(Camargo & L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal</small>||Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana |- |} == Taarihi == === Etymology === Tuuli silimiinsili kundivihirili zaŋ n-ti alaafee daa nyɛla yuuni 1568 lɛbigibu din daa yina French [[André Thevet]]'s ''[[The New Found World, or Antarctike]]'' di ni ka o daa yɛlli ni di nyɛla {{lang|tup|Hoyriri}}, binwalli shɛli [[Tupinambá people]] ni kuri ka dira ka lala niriba ŋɔ nyɛ ban miri [[Rio de Janeiro]],saha ŋɔ ka pa mali dihitabili ni di ni nyɛ alaafee.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Jason R. |last2=Zijlstra |first2=Gea |date=1998 |journal=Selbyana |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=91–121 |issn=0361-185X |jstor=41759978 |title=An Annotated Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae|url=https://archive.org/details/selbyana_1998_19_1/page/91 }}</ref> Di nyaaŋa lala silimiinsili lɛbigibu ŋɔ ni yaha, o daa buɣisi binwalli ŋɔ la "Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple", di ni ka o daa lahi yunsi [[Tupian languages|Tupi]] bachi {{lang|tup|nanas}} ka di gbunni nyɛ 'binwall din mali jiri'.<ref>Davidson, A. (2008). ''The Penguin Companion to Food''. Penguin Books.</ref> Lala yuli ŋɔ nyɛla European balla pam ni daa yunsiri shɛli ka daa ti binwalli ŋɔ tabibi yuli [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial]] {{lang|la|Ananas comosus}} ka {{lang|la|comosus}} 'tufted' gbunni nyɛ binwalli daɣu. Purchas, silimiinsili sabu ni yuuni 1613, nyɛla ŋun boli binwalli ŋɔ ''Ananas amaa ka'' ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''{{'s}} daa tuui boli binwalli ŋɔ alaafee, ŋun daa boli li la di puuni ŋɔ nyɛ silimiinsili sabira Mandeville yuuni 1714.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oed.com/oed2/00007927 |title=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212200326/https://www.oed.com/oed2/00007927 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Pineapple and cross section.jpg|thumb|Pineapple fruit, whole and in longitudinal section]] === Precolonial cultivation === Mɔɣini alaafee ŋɔ nyɛla din daa pili [[Paraná River|Paraná]]–[[Paraguay River]] bin din gbaai tiŋgbani yuli booni [[Brazil]] mini tiŋgbani yuli booni [[Paraguay]] sunsuun.<ref name="Morton 1987" /><ref name=":1">Bertoni, {{lang|fr|italic=no|"Contributions a l'étude botanique des plantes cultivées. Essai d'une monographie du genre Ananas"}}, {{lang|fr|Annales Cient}}. Paraguay (2nd series) 4 (by1919:250–322).</ref><ref>[[Kenneth F. Baker|Baker, K. F.]]; Collins, J. L. (1939). "Notes on the distribution and ecology of Ananas and Pseudananas in South America". ''American Journal of Botany''.</ref><ref>Collins. J. L. (1960). ''The pineapple: botany, utilization, cultivation''. London: Leonard Hill.</ref> Milinsi bela nyɛ din beni zaŋ n-ti li amaa di nyɛla din daa wuligi gili South America. Archaeological shɛhira zaŋ n-ti binwalli ŋɔ yunsibu nyɛla din daa piligi 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) tiŋgbani yuli booni Peru<ref>Pearsall, Deborah M. (1992). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation in South America". In ''The Origins of Agriculture : An International Perspective''. 173–205. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref> ka daa piligi 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) tiŋgbani yuli booni Mexico,<ref>Callen, Eric O. (1967). "Analysis of the Tehuacan coprolites". ''The prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley'' 1: 261–289.</ref> ni ka [[Maya peoples|Maya]]s mini [[Aztecs]] daa kuri li.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Evolution of Crop Plants |editor-first=N. W. |editor-last=Simmonds |last=Pickersgill |first=B. |date=1976 |chapter=Pineapple}}</ref> 1400s naabu ni, alaafee binwalli ŋɔ nyɛla din daa wuligi gili ka daa leei bindirigu zaŋ n-ti American bilichini nima. Tuuli Europe ninvuɣ so ŋun daa nya alaafee ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ [[Christopher Columbus]], o ni daa nya li luɣishɛli maa yuli booni [[Guadeloupe]] silimiin goli November dabaa anahi dali yuuni 1493.<ref name="history">{{Cite book|title=Journals and Other Documents of the Life of Christopher Columbus |last=Morrison |first=S. E. |publisher=Heritage Press |year=1963}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Rohtbach |first1=G. K. G.|last2=Leal |first2=F. |editor1-first=D. P. |editor1-last=Bartholomew |editor2-first=R. E. |editor2-last=Paull |editor3-first=K. G. |editor3-last=Rohrbach |title=The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses |url=https://archive.org/details/pineapplebotanyp0000unse |chapter=Chapter 1: History, distributions and World Production |year=2003 |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, UK |isbn=978-0-85199-503-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pineapplebotanyp0000unse/page/21 21] }}</ref> Portuguese nima nyɛla ban daa zaŋ binwalli ŋɔ yi Brazil ka daa zaŋ li wuhi [[India]] nima yuuni 1550.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz |title=Curry: a Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |last1=Collingham |first1=L |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532001-5 |location=Oxford|url-access=registration}}</ref> '{{Interlanguage link|Red Spanish|es|Piña Española Roja}}' ŋɔ gba nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ wuhi Spanish ban yina Latin America mini [[Philippines]] ka nyɛ bɛ ni daa kuri shɛli 17th century.<ref name="pfmf">{{cite web|title=History & Origin of Piña|url=https://philippinefolklifemuseum.org/portfolio-items/history-and-origin-of-pina/|access-date=13 December 2018|website=Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation}}</ref> Columbus nyɛla ban daa zaŋ binwalli ŋɔ labisina Spain ka daa boli {{lang|es|piña de Indes}} ka di gbunni nyɛ "pine of the Indians". Alaafee ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli niŋ Peter Martyr's ''[[Decades of the New World]]'' (1516) mini [[Antonio Pigafetta]]'s {{lang|it|Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo}} (1524–1525) kundinima ni ka ŋun daa tuui baŋ di gbuuni nyɛ [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés|Oviedo's]] {{lang|es|Historia General de Las Indias}} (1535).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hayward|first=Wyndham|date=1956|title=The Pineapple meets the Press|url=http://journal.bsi.org/V06/3/|journal=The Bromeliad Society Bulletin|volume=6|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082856/http://journal.bsi.org/V06/3/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Old World introduction === [[File:The gardeners dictionary Wellcome L0049859 frontispiece (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|[[Britannia]] presented with {{lang|la|[[Cornucopia|cornucopiae]]}} including pineapples by allegories of Nature, Industry, and Science, with an [[orangery]] in the background ([[Book frontispiece|frontispiece]] of ''[[The Gardeners Dictionary]]'', 1764)]] Alaafee ŋɔ nyɛla binwalli shɛli Europenima ni daa zaŋ shɛli kpɛ bɛ tiŋgbani ni,<ref name="Cumo">Cumo, Christopher (2015). ''Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present''. ABC-CLIO. p. 294.</ref> di nyɛla binwalli shɛli din daa na be niŋdi Europe hali ka [[Pieter de la Court van der Voort|Pieter de la Court]] (1664–1739) daa piligi [[greenhouse]] kubu ka di daa miri Leiden.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Oxford Index |title=Pieter de La Court van der Voort |url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095643956 |publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121535/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095643956 |archive-date=2014-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Alaafee binwalli nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli yi Netherlands kpɛ English gardeners yuuni 1719 mini French yuuni 1730.<ref name=":2" /> England, tuuli alaafee nyɛla bɛ ni daa ko shɛli [[Dorney Court]], [[Dorney]] din be Buckinghamshire ka "pineapple stove" din yɛn tiri binwalli ŋɔ tulim nyɛ bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛli [[Chelsea Physic Garden]] yuuni 1723.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pineapple: King of Fruits |url=https://archive.org/details/pineapplekingoff00fran |last=Beauman|first=F.|date=2005|publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-7699-0|place=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/pineapplekingoff00fran/page/82 82]}}</ref><ref name="Sheller">Sheller, Mimi (2003). ''Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies''. Routledge. p. 80.</ref> France, King [[Louis XV]] nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti so alaafee shɛli din pun bili [[Garden of Versailles|Versailles]] yuuni 1733. Russia, [[Peter the Great]] nyɛla ŋun daa zaŋ de la Court's ŋɔ kpɛhina [[St. Petersburg]] yuuni 1720s; yuuni1730, alaafee pishi nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli yi ni tahi [[Anna of Russia|Empress Anna]]'s Moscow Nayili.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Lisa |date=2019 |title=Pieter De La Court Van Der Voort and Innovations in Pineapple Cultivation in Early Eighteenth-Century Gardens |url=http://www.cascade1987.nl/documenten/De%20la%20Court%20en%20%20pineapple%20cultivation%20-%20Johnson%202020.pdf |journal=Garden History |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=23–41 |doi= |access-date=2023-03-10 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kuznetsova |first=Svetlana |date=2022-12-10 |script-title=ru:Культура ананасов приняла громадные размеры в Петербурге |trans-title=The Pineapple Cultivation Took Enormous Scale in St. Petersburg |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5718493 |language=ru |work=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=2023-03-10}} (The article title is a citation from an earlier history work and refers to mid-18th century.)</ref> [[File:Ananas fructu ovato, carne albida - Carduus Brasilianus, foliis Aloes. (Pineapple) (NYPL b14444147-1125000).jpg|thumb|right|1772 illustration of an ''Ananas comosus'' pineapple which was given the early scientific name of {{lang|la|Cardus brasilianus folius aloes}} by Banhius in 1623<ref name="Bromeliad Society Chicago">{{Cite news |date=May–June 2012 |title=Bromeliad Society of Greater Chicago |work=The BSGC News |url=http://www.bromeliad.nl/Documenten//Bromeliad%20Society%20of%20Greater%20Chicago/2012/2012-06-June2012.pdf |access-date=2022-11-17}}</ref>]] Pirinla di ʒi kpɛna ŋɔ daa mali laɣa dibu pam ka lahi nyɛ din bori kpariba ban yɛn lihi li ka di zooi leei "pineries", [[Pineapple mania|pineapple became a symbol of wealth]]. Di nyɛla bɛ ni daa na yunsiri shɛli bindira dibu paatinima ni gari bɛ kuli diri li biɛɣ'kam, bɛ daa kuli yunsiri limi bindira dibu paatinima ŋɔ ni hali ka di daa ti piligi saɣimbu.{{sfnp|Beauman|2005|p=87}} 18th century, binwalli ŋɔ kɔbu British nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni daa kpaŋsi.{{sfnp|Beauman|2005|p=87}} [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore]] nyɛla ŋun daa miɛ "hothouse" din daa gili kuɣili [[cupola]] din waɣilim be kamani mita pinaanahi; bɛ booni li la [[Dunmore Pineapple]].<ref>Stevenson, Jack (1995). ''Exploring Scotland's Heritage: Glasgow, Clydesdale, and Stirling''. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 83.</ref> Alaafee ŋɔ nyɛla shɛba ni mali di vari dihi binyɛra nachinsi.<ref name="Curl">[[James Stevens Curl|Curl, James Stevens]] (2003). ''Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms''. W. W. Norton. p. 206.</ref><ref name="Morrison">Hugh Morrison (1952). ''Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period''. Oxford University Press. p. 302.</ref><ref name="Harris">[[Cyril Manton Harris|Harris, Cyril Manton]] (1998). ''American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia''. W. W. Norton. p. 248.</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:Tampuhan by Juan Luna.jpg|1895 painting of a Filipina in traditional {{lang|es|[[traje de mestiza]]}} dress File:Barong Up Close.jpg|{{lang|es|Calado}} embroidery on a {{lang|tl|[[barong tagalog]]}} File:Handkerchief (Philippines), 19th century (CH 18386747).jpg|19th century [[handkerchief]] in the [[Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum]] File:Frock coat MET 63.25 front CP4.jpg|alt=Long sleeved jacket|Frock coat, 1840–1849, Philippines, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] </gallery> == Lihimi m-pahi == {{Portal|Food}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Big Pineapple]] * [[Pineapple cutter]] * [[Pineapple cake]] * [[Pineapple tart]] * [[Vazhakulam pineapple]] {{div col end}} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * Menzel, Christopher. "Tropical and Subtropical Fruit". ''Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science Volume 4''. {{ISBN|0122266706}}. Charles J Arntzen. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., Academic Press, 2012. 380–382. {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons category|Pineapple}} * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pineapple.html Pineapple Fruit Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050516080055/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pineapple.html |date=16 May 2005 }}—information on pineapples from [[California Rare Fruit Growers]] * [https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/04/25/the-strange-history-of-the-king-pine/ "The Strange History of the 'King-Pine{{'"}}] from ''[[The Paris Review]]'' {{Pineapples}} {{Tripura}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1493}} {{Authority control}} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} [[Pubu:Bimbilli]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Bin'walili]] 6qxbrdexowz4cz7jjv8tqi00z7jxryq Yalim 0 9051 146225 145934 2026-08-11T00:02:19Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{E-Class}}{{Databox}} '''Yalim''' / '''Yɛlim''' (''sodium chloride'')<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=7 October 2021 }}. Webonary.</ref> yɛlim nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni mali n-niŋdi bindirigu puuni, din yɛn che ka di pahi la bindirigu maa nyaɣisim. Di mi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zooi ka bɛ booni binshɛɣu teebuli zuɣu yɛlim. Yɛlim nyɛla din kuli niŋ talahi pam bee din kuli mali bukaata pam zaŋ ti biɛhigu nangbanyini. Yalim nyɛla dunia nam tɛri puuni shɛli din mali kamfɔ (Sodium Chloride, NaCl) di ni. Di yi ti zaŋ niŋ bindirigu puuni, di bahi bahindi di zaɣ'chisi, di mi li la yalim kuɣubihi. Di yi na be di nama ni, di boonila yalim kɔɣa. Yalim nyɛla din mali anfaani pam biɛhigu puuni, ka zaɣ'yalim nyɛ daadam lambu puuni shɛli. Yalim nyɛla binshɛli din yuui biɛhigu puuni ka bɛ mali li niŋdi bindira puuni, ka di bɔri malisim bee m-pahiri lala bindirigu maa nyaɣisim ka di ni tooi mali ŋmaabu (dibu)<ref>{{Citation|last=Intake|first=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium|title=Taste and Flavor Roles of Sodium in Foods: A Unique Challenge to Reducing Sodium Intake|date=2010|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50958/|work=Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en|access-date=2024-09-22|last2=Henney|first2=Jane E.|last3=Taylor|first3=Christine L.|last4=Boon|first4=Caitlin S.}}</ref> N-niŋ yalim niŋ bindirigu ni bee n-yuɣ'si yalim niŋ bindirigu puuni nyɛla so' shɛli din mali guri bindirigu ka di che saɣimbu. Shɛhira zaŋ kana yalim yɛltɔɣa tum ʒiɛmana din gari kamani 6000 BC, daadama ni daa na be Romania zuŋɔ ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban duɣiri bilisi ni kom ni bɛ yihi yalim na, [[China]] nima gba lala ʒiɛmana ni ka yalim daa yina. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://adams.marmot.org/Record/.b35134185|title=Salt: a world history|access-date=22 September 2024|archive-date=6 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906201628/https://adams.marmot.org/Record/.b35134185|url-status=dead}}</ref>Yalim daa lahi nyɛla din bɔ dariza ti niriba pam Ancient Hebrew nima, Greek nima, Roma nima, Byzantin nima, Hittite nima, [[Egypt]] nima nti pahi India nima sani. Yalim daa nyɛla binshɛli din mali dariza daabilim ni ka bɛ daa kuli mali ŋariŋ n-ʒiri li yaɣiri Mediterranean mɔɣili, ni so' shɛŋa bɛ ni daa kuli mali ni bɛ mali yalim ŋɔ doli, ka daa lahi mali li ʒiini laakumnima n-yaɣiri Sahara. Di bahi bahindi sokam daa bɔri yalim la zuɣu, lala ŋɔ daa che ka tingbana tuhi tobu di zuɣu ka lahi zaŋ li m-bo farigu. Yalim nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni lahi mali kuri bukaata jema shee ka di mali dariza di yi kana kaya ni taɣaada polo. Yalim nyɛla niriba ni gbiri shɛli, ka lahi duɣiri mɔɣili kom yihiri shɛli (mɔɣiyalim) ni bilisi ni koma. Yalim bukaata kpeeni nyɛla niriba ni kuli mali li m-pahiri maani tima la.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/14356007|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|date=2003-03-11|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-3-527-30385-4|editor-last=Wiley-VCH|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4}}</ref> Bɛ lahi mali li maani caustic soda ni chlorine; ka lahi mali bukaata lobanima ni takaranima malibu shee. Yalim shɛli bɛ ni gbiri ni, vaabu bela ka salinima dira. Di bukaata shɛŋa n-lahi nyɛ; bɛ mali li pahiri niŋdi kom kasi, ka di lahi mali bukaata kparilim yaɣili ni. Mɔɣiyalim bee teebuli zuɣu yalim ka bɛ kohiri n-tiri salinima ka bɛ dira, ka yalim dira ŋɔ tooi zoogi ka di mali binyɛri shɛŋa di puuni din kuli yɛn che ka di nyɛ zaɣi chisi ka bi kpilim, bi ni lahi tooi zaŋ binshɛli di ni boli Iodine la pahi di zuɣu din yɛn gu ka taɣi loŋpoli (dɔri shɛli niri ni nyara, di yi niŋ ka lala Iodine ŋɔ bi lahi galisi o niŋgbuna ni). Soudium nyɛla binshɛli din mali bukaata pam n-ti sala daalaafee di bahi bahindi tuun' shɛli di ni tumdi sala ningbuna ni la zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18311/chapter/1|title=Read "Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence" at NAP.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-04-19|title=About Sodium and Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/salt/about/index.html|access-date=2024-09-22|website=Salt|language=en-us}}</ref> Amaa, yalim dibu pam pam ni tooi che ka nira tooi nyɛ doro kamani ʒim doro, suhu ni doro ni din pahi pahi . Lala ŋɔ zuɣu dunia yaanga zuɣu alaafee bomma tuma duri pam nyɛla ban wuhi ni di dim yalim saɣisi<ref name=":02" />.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-06-22|title=EFSA provides advice on adverse effects of sodium {{!}} EFSA|url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/efsa-provides-advice-adverse-effects-sodium|access-date=2024-09-22|website=www.efsa.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> Dunia yaanga zuɣu alaafee tuma duu di ni kuli mi shɛli World Health Organisation la wuhiya ni niriba dim sodium din ku paagi 2,00mg biɛɣukulo kam bee a yi yɛn zaŋ li buɣisi yalim, di yɛn nyɛla yalim 5g biɛɣukulo kam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-20|title=WHO {{!}} WHO issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/salt_potassium_20130131/en/|access-date=2024-09-22|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720052736/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/salt_potassium_20130131/en/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delahaye|first=François|date=2012-06-01|title=Devons-nous consommer moins de sel ?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0755498212001571|journal=La Presse Médicale|series=Journées Européennes de la Société Française de Cardiologie|volume=41|issue=6, Part 1|pages=644–649|doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2012.02.035|issn=0755-4982}}</ref> == Taarihi == A yi lihi taarihi ni, yalim nyɛla din mali bukaata pam n-ti lebigimsim. Niriba pam ni pa tɛhi ni tiŋ shɛli n-daa nyɛ tuuli Europe n-nyɛ Soloists, din be Bulgaria, din daa nyɛ luɣishɛli bɛ ni gbiri yalim, ka daa nyɛ din tiri tiŋ shɛli di ni pa mi Balkans yalim tum yuuni 5400BC. Solnitsata gbinni nyɛla " yalim tuma" Di bahi bahandi niriba nyɛla ban zaŋ bindira niŋ kunkona ni dama bɛ bɔri ni di yuu zuɣu yuun' kobigi din garila ni, yalim n-kuli nyɛ binshɛli niriba pam ni daa kuli mi ka bɛ mali shɛli niŋdi bindira ni din yɛn gu ka taɣi li ka che saɣimbu, ballee nimdi, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Book sources - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32019-7|access-date=2024-09-21|website=en.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>yuun' tuha din garila ni. Yalim nyala din galisi binkobiri ningbina ni , kamani nimdi, ʒim ni bihim n gari tihi ni. Binkobi guliba ban lahi zoogi ka bi diri binkobiri bi pahiri yalim bi bindirigu ni, amaaa kpariba , ban zoogi ka bi diri varivari ni bin bila nyala ban simdi ni bi pahi yalim bi bindirigu ni. Di niŋ ka neesim daa kanna , yalim daa leela binsheli bini mali niŋdi daabilim duniya yaanga zuɣu . Di daa malila dariza pam zaŋ ti Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Hittites ni ninvuɣ' sheba ban daa kuli beni saha kurili maa ha. == Nahingbana == Yalim zooya ka di nye "Sodium Chloride(NaCl). moɣilini yalim ni tooi mali binyeri sheŋa yaha. Yalim sheili bini gbi nyala bini zooi ka bi niɣindi sheli . Yalim kuɣa nyala din nahingbana piela, amaa daɣiri be binsheŋa din pahi di zuɣu ni tooi che ka di ŋmani zaɣi nuɣuso. Bi yi lohili kom ni, sodium chloride ŋo nyala din waligira leeri Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> ions, ka di wuligibu mii nye 359 grams per litre. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-18|title=Salt {{!}} Chemistry, History, Occurrence, Manufacture, Uses, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/salt|access-date=2024-09-21|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Yalim Dirili == Yalim nyala binsheli din niŋ talahi zaŋ kpa ninsala ni binkobi sheba alaafeei ni .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-08|title=The Sense of Taste|url=http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taste.html|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408080806/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taste.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Di nyala binsheli bini mali pahiri bindira pam ni ,saha sheli, shebi malila yalima ŋo niŋ di koliba bihi ni n tam di teebuya sheŋa zuɣu bini dira, din kuli yen che ka yalim yi ti bi zoogi bi bindira ni, ka bi boogi lala dini ŋo pahi. "Table Salt" nyala bini kuli niɣim yalim sheli ka di mali bin sheli dini boli "sodium chloride" la kobigi puuni vaabu pihiwoi ni apoin hali zaŋ gbaabi vaabu pihiwoi ni awoi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010|title=Salt Weathering of Concrete by Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Chloride|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51663754|journal=ACI Materials Journal|volume=107|issue=3|doi=10.14359/51663754|issn=0889-325X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vojir|first=Franz|last2=Schübl|first2=Erwin|last3=Elmadfa|first3=Ibrahim|date=2012-06-01|title=The Origins of a Global Standard for Food Quality and Safety: Codex Alimentarius Austriacus and FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000115|journal=International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research|volume=82|issue=3|pages=223–227|doi=10.1024/0300-9831/a000115|issn=0300-9831}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007-06-15|title=NETWATCH: Botany's Wayback Machine|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.316.5831.1547d|journal=Science|volume=316|issue=5831|pages=1547–1547|doi=10.1126/science.316.5831.1547d|issn=0036-8075}}</ref>Bi tooi zooya ka mi mali binsheŋa pahiri yalim ŋo zuɣu din yen che ka di ku kpilim lebi kuɣa ka kuli nye zim saha kam , lala biinyera ŋo puuni sheŋa n nye "sodium aluminosilicate" bee "magnesium carbonate". Bini boli yalim sheli "Iodized salt" la nyala din mali "potassium iodide" di ni ka nye din niŋ bayaana pam. Ninvuɣu sheba gba tooi zoo ka bi mali [[Shinkafa|shinkaafa]] belim n pahiri bi yalim gbambihi ni, din yen che ka di kuli kuu saha kam ka maligim bi kpeli ka kuli lahi soŋ n ŋma yelim zim sheŋa din kpilis be di ni maa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-20|title=Food Freshness - KOMO 4 {{!}}|url=http://ww3.komotv.com/story/1454284/food-freshness?redirected=true|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=20 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820105950/http://ww3.komotv.com/story/1454284/food-freshness?redirected=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Fortified table salt === Di zooya ka sheba mali binyeri sheŋa n pahiri bini kohiri yalim sheŋa ni, din yen soŋ di alaafeei bomma , ka lala ŋo nye din zoogi tiŋ sheŋa din dii bi lebigi pam. Binyeri sheŋa bini mali pahiri maa, ni kalinli sheli bini mali pahiri lala yalima ŋo zuɣu nyala dabam dabam nti tiŋ kam. Bini boli bin sheli "Iodine' nyala bini din mali bukaata pam zaŋ ti salinima , ka di yi niŋ ka di poogi sali ningbuna ni, din tooi che ka lala niri ŋo nya loŋ poli ka ni lahi tooi che ka bihi bi zoogi vienyela di yi niŋ ka di poogi bihi ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chakera|first=Ali J|last2=Pearce|first2=Simon HS|last3=Vaidya|first3=Bijay|date=2011-12-22|title=Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267517/|journal=Drug Design, Development and Therapy|volume=6|pages=1–11|doi=10.2147/DDDT.S12894|issn=1177-8881|pmc=3267517|pmid=22291465}}</ref> Lala Iodine ŋo nyala bini zaŋ binsheli n pahi yalim zuɣu ka bolli "Iodized Salt" (yalim din mali Iodine, bee Iodine ni be yalim sheli ni) ka di nya yalim sheli dini mali tibiri bee n taɣiri lala doriti ŋo tum yuuni 1924, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Markel|first=H|date=1987-02|title="When it rains it pours": endemic goiter, iodized salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646845/|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=77|issue=2|pages=219–229|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1646845|pmid=3541654}}</ref>di balibu ka mi mali pahira, ka di puuni sheŋa nye; potassium iodide, sodium iodide bee sodium iodate. Bini tooi zaŋ dextrose (shikiri bali sheli) bela n pahi ni di soŋdi ka Iodine ŋo be vienyela.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-07|title=Canning and pickling salt — Food Safety — Penn State Extension|url=http://extension.psu.edu/food-safety/food-preservation/faq/canning-and-pickling-salt|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=7 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407164426/http://extension.psu.edu/food-safety/food-preservation/faq/canning-and-pickling-salt|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Niriba ban kalinli yiɣisi kamani billion dibaayi n nye ban mali Iodine pooli bi ningbuna ni duniya yaanga zuɣu , ka lala doro ŋo bee lala Iodine pooli ŋo nye binsheli din nye tuuli din che ka niri hankali bi tooi lebigira . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-12-09|title=In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret’s in the Salt - New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=9 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209044238/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>Yalim din mali Iodine ŋo nyala din soŋdi n boogi Iodine pooli doriti la tingban sheŋa bini diri li.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Figure 2. Consumption of iodine (in% recommended intake) by adults in Armenia with iodized kitchen salt and selected processed food products produced with iodized salt [6].|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/ket12525-5859|access-date=2024-09-21|website=dx.doi.org}}</ref> [[United States|United State of America]], Food and Drugs Authority(FDA ) fukumsinima ban lihiri dindira ni tima yaɣili wuhiya ni di tu ni niri diri Iodine ŋo 150micrograms biɛɣu kulo kam, <ref>"21 Code of Federal Regulations 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)". ''www.accessdata.fda.gov''. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</ref>ayi lihi United States ŋo, bi yalim sheli dini mali Iodine maa nyala din mali 46-77ppm ( parts per million) , ka [[United Kindom|UK]] mii dini mali 10-22ppm. Lala ŋo wuhiya ni Iodine ŋo galisim nyala din woli tiŋ kam puuni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Vitamins and minerals in a range of foodstuffs and recommended dietary allowances|date=1996|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85573-277-3.50013-1|work=Vitamins and Minerals in Health and Nutrition|pages=211–220|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-85573-277-3|access-date=2024-09-21}}</ref> "Sodium ferrocyanide" dini kuli lahi mi sheli "yellow prussiate of soda" la nyala bini mali sheli niŋ di yalim ni saha sheŋa ni di gu yalim maa ka che kpilim bu.<ref>Discussions of the safety of sodium hexaferrocyanate in table salt Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. api.parliament.uk (5 May 1993). Retrieved 7 July 2011.</ref> Lala binyeri sheŋa bini mali guri ka cheri kpilim bu ŋo nyala bini kuli niŋdi sheli tum yuuni 1911 dini daa niŋ ka bi tuui zaŋ "magnesium carbonate' n pahi yalim zuɣu din kuli yen che ka di nye zim zim saha kam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-19|title=Morton Salt {{!}} Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.mortonsalt.com/faqs/general-company-faqs|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119105846/http://www.mortonsalt.com/faqs/general-company-faqs|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Binsheŋa bini lahi mali pahiri yalim zuɣu ni di guli ka che kpilim bu maa sheŋa n nye; tricalcium phosphate, calcium bee magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts (acid salts), magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate ni calcium aluminosilicate. European Union ni United States Food and Drug Administration nyala ban saɣiti aluminiumsilicate zaŋ pahi yalim zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-02-11|title=HE-620|url=http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/HE/HE-625.html|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=11 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211210829/http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/HE/HE-625.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Isobel E.|last2=Daniels Burgess|first2=Wilella|last3=Mason|first3=April C.|date=1999-01|title=Fast and Flexible Low Cost Recipes for a Family or Fifty: A Cookbook for Emergency Feeding Programs and Limited-Resource Audiences|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3182(99)70387-0|journal=Journal of Nutrition Education|volume=31|issue=1|pages=62–63|doi=10.1016/s0022-3182(99)70387-0|issn=0022-3182}}</ref> Yalim sheli beni ka di booni li " doubly fortified salt" , lala yalim ŋo ni, bi zaŋ la iodide ni iron n pahi di zuɣu. Iron ŋo gba nyala din be sali ningbuna ni n soŋdi ka o nyari ʒim, di yi ti ŋin ka di bi galisi bee ka di poogi sali ningbuna ni, o ʒim gba siɣiri mi , ka lala ʒi pooli doro ŋo nya din damdi bisheba ban zoorina hankali , bihi paagi kobigi puuni vaabu pihinahi tiŋ sheŋa din bi lebigi ni, ban hankali lebigibu nya din bin chani vienyela pirinla iron ŋo dii bi zoogi bi ningbuna ni la zuɣu. "ferrous fumarate" nyala bini mali binsheli pahiri yalima ŋo ni, ni di soŋ n ti ban dirili iron.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/14356007|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|date=2003-03-11|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-3-527-30385-4|editor-last=Wiley-VCH|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4. isbn 978-3527306732.}}</ref> Binsheli bini lahi mali pahiri yalim zuɣu, ka di mali anfaani nti paɣupuhinima nyala "folic acid (vitamin B9)" din che ka yalim nahingbani taɣira n leeri zaɣi dozim. Folic acid nyala din soŋdi lebigiri zuɣu puri zaŋ tiri bihi ban be puya ni ka lahi taɣri manima ŋo ka cheri ʒi pooli di bahi bahindi ban be tingbaŋi sheŋa din lebigim sim dii bi zoo ni.<ref name=":0" /> Di yi niŋ ka "fluoride" bi zoogi niri ningbina ni, di damdi nyina daa alaafeei .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selwitz|first=Robert H|last2=Ismail|first2=Amid I|last3=Pitts|first3=Nigel B|date=2007-01|title=Dental caries|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673607600312|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=369|issue=9555|pages=51–59|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2}}</ref> Bi ni tooi zaŋ fluoride n pahi yalim zuɣu din yen gu ka taɣi nyina kpibu bee n kpŋsi nyina alaafeei balleei tiŋ sheŋa ban ka fluoride ŋo bi nyinpaɣrisi ni bee bi kom ni. Lala ŋo nyala din niŋ bayaana tiŋ sheŋa din be [[Europe]], bini bi mali fluorine n pahiri bi ko nyura ni. Yalim dira ŋo kobigi puuni vaabu pihitanaanu nyala din mali fluoride di puni [[France]] tingbani ni.<ref name=":0" /> === Bindirigu ni Yalim === Yalim nyela din be bindira pam ni , di puuni sheŋa n nye nimdi, ʒe gbana ni [[Binwalli|binwola]] , ka leebi galisi pam. Yalim lahi nyala bini mali binsheli pahiri bindir sheŋa bini niɣim zuɣu (kamani kunkona ni bindira ni din pahi pahi), ka lala bindira ŋo puuni yalim maa soŋdimi che ka di yuura ka lahi pahirili nyaɣisim. Yalim sheli gba beni ka bi malli n pahiri bihim ni bihim niɣinda ni. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Patrick Beveridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l85CAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA5-PA28|title=Breeds of Dairy Cattle|last2=Pieters|first2=A. J.|last3=Flint|first3=Daniel|last4=Garriott|first4=Edward Bennett|last5=Wickson|first5=Edward James|last6=Brackett|first6=Gustavus Benson|last7=Atwater|first7=Helen W.|last8=Alvord|first8=Henry Elijah|last9=Howard|first9=Leland Ossian|date=1899|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture|language=en}}</ref>Yalim tooi che ka bindirigu nyaɣisa bee ka di mali korisi dama di kurila tom din be lala bindira ŋo ni .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Breslin|first=P. a. S.|last2=Beauchamp|first2=G. K.|date=1997-06|title=Salt enhances flavour by suppressing bitterness|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/42388|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=387|issue=6633|pages=563–563|doi=10.1038/42388|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Poi ka frijinima daa yina bee n niŋ bayaana, yalim daa nyala binsheli bini mali pahiri bindira pam ni din yen che ka di ku saɣim bee ka di yuugi. Amani nyala din mali yalim 67mg, 100mg kam puuni. Yaha , [[Kuruchu|kuruchu nimdi]] nyala din mali yalim 63mg ka wilijo mali 7mg. Yalim lahi nyala bini lahi mali sheli pahiri bindirigu ni din yen che ka di nyo vum. Ayi yihi yalim sheli bini mali duɣri bindira ( sodium chloride) , paanu, [[nimdi]], [[bihim]] nyala bindiri sheŋa siliminsi ni tooi zoogi ka bi nyari be yalim dira.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manual of nutrition|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofnutritio0000grea|date=1976|publisher=H.M. Stationery Off|isbn=978-0-11-241112-3|editor-last=Great Britain|edition=8th ed|location=London}}</ref> === Sodium dibu ni alaafei === Yalim nyala din mali binsheli dini boli sodium la kobigu puuni vaabu 40%, di saha a yi kpiɣi yalim din timsim nye 6g(dirigu yim) di nyala din mali lala sodium ŋo kamani 2,400mg.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-10|title=Review of<i>USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24</i>and<i>Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database, Release 2</i>|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496505.2012.718990|journal=Journal of Agricultural &amp; Food Information|volume=13|issue=4|pages=358–359|doi=10.1080/10496505.2012.718990|issn=1049-6505}}</ref> Sodium nyala din mali bukaata pam ninsali ningbina ni: di soŋdi ka yeli sheŋa chani vienyela ningbnina maa ni. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sodium|url=https://medlineplus.gov/sodium.html|access-date=2024-09-21|website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref><ref>"Dietary sodium". MedLinePlus. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</ref>Siliminsi pam nyala ban nyari bi sodium yalim ni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-04-19|title=About Sodium and Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/salt/about/index.html|access-date=2024-09-21|website=Salt|language=en-us}}</ref> Yalim sheli bini diri dabisili puuni nyala kamani 10g , ka kuli nye din galisi n gari niribi ban be tinsi pam din be Eastern Europe ni Asia ni diri yalim shem. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Strazzullo|first=Pasquale|last2=D’Elia|first2=Lanfranco|last3=Kandala|first3=Ngianga-Bakwin|last4=Cappuccio|first4=Francesco P|date=2009-11-24|title=Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782060/|journal=The BMJ|volume=339|pages=b4567|doi=10.1136/bmj.b4567|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2782060|pmid=19934192}}</ref>Sodium din be bindiri niɣinda ni ( kunkona ni bindira ni din pahi) nyala din gba nye zaɣ kpeeni di yi kana bieɣu kulo sodium dibu ni.<ref>"Prevention of cardiovascular disease". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> Ayi lihi United States, sodium sheli bini dira kobigi puuni vaabu pihiyopoin naa nu sheli bini diri nyala dini kuli yi lala bindiri niɣinda ŋo ni, ni ba ni bindira , ka vaabu piniyini yirina bini mali yalim sheli duɣiri ni ka din kpalim ŋo mii kuli nye din yirina sodium sheli din be bindira ni.<ref>"Sodium and food sources". ''Salt''. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</ref> Di ni niŋ ka sodium dibu pam nye binsheli din ka alaafei zaŋ ti ninsali suhi ni o ningbina la,<ref name=":1" /> alaafeei tuma duri wuhiya ni niriba baligi bi yalim dibo biɛɣu kulo ni.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016-07-20|title=WHO {{!}} WHO issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/salt_potassium_20130131/en/|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720052736/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/salt_potassium_20130131/en/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=He|first=Feng J.|last2=Li|first2=Jiafu|last3=MacGregor|first3=Graham A.|date=2013-04-04|title=Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f1325|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=346|pages=f1325|doi=10.1136/bmj.f1325|issn=1756-1833|pmid=23558162}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=American Heart Association {{!}} To be a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives|url=https://www.heart.org/en|access-date=2024-09-21|website=www.heart.org|language=en}}</ref> Sodium pam dibu nyala din ni tooi che ka niri nya gbali ni boɣu doro, suhu ni ʒim doro ni yaan nina doro.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18311/chapter/1|title=Read "Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence" at NAP.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Di yi niŋ ka niri baligi yalim dibu kamani 1,000 mg biɛɣu kam, di nyala din ni tooi gu ka taɣo ka che lala doriti ŋo kobigu puuni vaabu pihita zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McGuire|first=Shelley|date=2016-01|title=Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Washington, DC: US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services, 2015|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.115.011684|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=7|issue=1|pages=202–204|doi=10.3945/an.115.011684|issn=2161-8313}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Bihi ni ninkura ban ka dori sheli ni, yalim baligu nyala din soŋd ka bi ʒim saɣisira ka bi dura<ref name=":4" />.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aburto|first=Nancy J|last2=Ziolkovska|first2=Anna|last3=Hooper|first3=Lee|last4=Elliott|first4=Paul|last5=Cappuccio|first5=Francesco P|last6=Meerpohl|first6=Joerg J|date=2013-04-04|title=Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816261/|journal=The BMJ|volume=346|pages=f1326|doi=10.1136/bmj.f1326|issn=0959-8138|pmc=4816261|pmid=23558163}}</ref>Niri ŋun mali ʒim doro yi baligi o sodium dibu, dini soŋdi ka o ʒim maa dii bi duru pam pam ka lahi kpaŋso o daa alaafeei.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Graudal|first=Niels Albert|last2=Hubeck‐Graudal|first2=Thorbjorn|last3=Jurgens|first3=Gesche|date=2017-04-09|title=Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478144/|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=4|pages=CD004022|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004022.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6478144|pmid=28391629}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adler|first=Alma J|last2=Taylor|first2=Fiona|last3=Martin|first3=Nicole|last4=Gottlieb|first4=Sheldon|last5=Taylor|first5=Rod S|last6=Ebrahim|first6=Shah|date=2014-12-18|title=Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483405/|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2014|issue=12|pages=CD009217|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009217.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6483405|pmid=25519688}}</ref> Duniya yaanga zuɣu alaafeei tuma du sheli dini mi World Health Organisation la wuhiya ni di simdi ka niri diri sodium din kalinli ku paagi 2,00mg biɛyu kulo kam (di saha yalim 5g). <ref name=":3" />United State gba alaafeei tuma duu wuhiya ni niribi ban mali ʒi duli doro, ban zuliya gabi gbansabila ni gbanpela ni nin sarinsi ni ninkura baligim bi sodium dibu ka bi che ka di paagi 1,500mg biɛɣu kam ka bi potassium dibu mii nye 4,700mg , ka lahi zoogi ka bi kpaŋsi binwola, vari vari ni bindidiri sheŋa din ku mali alaafei dibu.<ref name=":1" /><ref>''Dietary Guidelines for Americans'' (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2015. <q>African Americans, individuals with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease and individuals ages 51 and older, comprise about half of the U.S. population ages 2 and older. While nearly everyone benefits from reducing their sodium intake, the blood pressure of these individuals tends to be even more responsive to the blood pressure-raising effects of sodium than others; therefore, they should reduce their intake to 1,500 mg per day.</q></ref> Di bahi bahandi tiŋ gbani sheŋa ban lebigi wuhiya ni di dim sodium 2,300mg biɛɣu kam la,<ref name=":1" /> vihigu sheli gba yeliya ni bi kuli baligi n chaŋ kamani 1200mg (din yalim 3g) biɛɣu kam, ni dama yalim baligibu nyala din kuli soŋ di ka ʒim siɣiri tiŋa zaŋ ti so kam . <ref name=":5" />Vihigu sheli gba daa wuhiya ni shahiranima bi galisi din yen tooi che ka niri yeli ni di yi niŋ ka a baligi a sodium dibu n chaŋ 2,300mg di nyala din yen soŋ bee din mali barina. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18311/chapter/7|title=Read "Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence" at NAP.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Bukaatanima == Bini maani yalim sheli di biela ka bi mali niŋdi bindirigu ni. Din kpalim maa nyala bini zaŋ di sheli kuri bukaata pukparilim ni, kom tibbu, binyera malibu ni feeraduru tuma ni. Di nyela binsheli bini mali maani caustic soda ni chlorine. Lala binyera ŋo ka bi mali maani PVC, paper pulp ni din pahi pahi. Di lahi nyala bini mali binsheli maani chibiti ni glycerine. Bi lahi mali yalim pahiri maani roba .<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2013-10-11|title=Salt Uses|url=http://www.wasalt.com.au/SaltUses.html|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011054052/http://www.wasalt.com.au/SaltUses.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Di yi niŋ ka bi yen gbi voli tankpaɣu bee gravel ni, bini tooi zaŋ yalim n pahi ko sheli bini mali gbiri maa ni, di yen soŋ ka voli maa bi kabi. Luɣa pam kuli beni ka bi mali yal im tumdi tuma. Di puuni sheŋa n nye; bi malli pahiri nimdi ni zahim zuɣu din yen che ka dii yuugi ka ku saɣim, ka lahi mallli pahira kunkona bindira ni ni di soŋ di yuusim.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-25|title=Sodium Chloride {{!}} IHS Chemical|url=http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/sodium-chloride.aspx|access-date=2024-09-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=25 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325193515/http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/sodium-chloride.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> == Adiini ni == Yalim nyala din nye dariza bini zaŋ ti jema ni kali. Saha sheŋa ha kamani Brahmanic, Hittite jema shee, nti pahi Greek ni Semite nima churu puhubu di daa yi niŋ ka goli palli yi, bi daa yi malila yalim ŋo n bahiri buɣum ni ka di yori viri. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-04|title=Research Salt {{!}} Encyclopedia of Religion|url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/salt-eorl-12/|access-date=2024-09-22|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050505/http://www.bookrags.com/research/salt-eorl-12/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>Saha waɣila ha Egyptniam, Greeknima ni Roman nima daa malila yalim ni kom n pulinda bi buɣa ni bi tingbana, kali ka sheba tehiri gba ni lala niŋsim ŋo ni ka dololonima nya bi Holy Water.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-07-04|title=Odds and Ends 10 + 1 Things you may not know about salt|url=http://www.epikouria.com/issue3/article6-things.php|access-date=2024-09-22|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=4 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704055740/http://www.epikouria.com/issue3/article6-things.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayi lihi dolodolonima kundu gahindili la ni, yalim nyala din be di sabbunima ŋo yaɣa sheŋa ni. Yalim bolibu Hebrew Bible na ni puuni sheŋa nye; dini daa niŋ ka anabi Luutu paɣa lebigi yalim kuɣili, di ni daa niŋ ka azaaba sheei na tiŋ yuli booni Sodom ni Gomorrah la ni din pahi pahi. '''Mesoamerica''' Aztec daa diini ni, Huixtocihuatl daa nyala doɣim buɣili ka daa lihiri yalim ni kom zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-16|title=The Aztec Gateway|url=http://www.amoxtli.org/cuezali/festivals.html|access-date=2024-09-22|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916191933/http://www.amoxtli.org/cuezali/festivals.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> '''Hinduism''' Yalim nyala nasara bini Hinduism daa diini ni ka bi malli kuri bukaata adiini laɣinsi ni kamani amiliyanima .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-17|title=What Lies Beneath - TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2001007,00.html|access-date=2024-09-22|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=17 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817090849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2001007,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Jainism''' Janism daa diini ni, niriba nyela bi malla yelim n pahiri shinkaafa bielim zuɣu ntiri bi ni jemdi binsheli maa din yen wuhi ni bi niŋ yada, ka lahi yuɣisiri yalim n bahiri kum tamplim zuɣu poi ni di soɣibu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jain: Final Rites {{!}} The Final Journey|url=https://www.finaljourneyseminars.com/?page_id=472|access-date=2024-09-22|language=en-US}}</ref> '''Buddhism''' Bi dihitabili ni yalim nyala binsheli din kariti binberi bahira Mahayana Buddhist taɣaada ni, di yi niŋ ka bi yi kuyili kuna, bi boorila yalim n bahiri bi nuzaa boɣusapiŋ dama bi dihi tabli ni di kariti binberi ka cheri bi yinsi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-14|title=Cargill Salt: About - History of Salt - Religion|url=http://www.cargill.com/salt/about/historyofsalt/religion/|access-date=2024-09-22|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=14 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314070618/http://www.cargill.com/salt/about/historyofsalt/religion/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Shinto daa diini ni, ''Shio'' (塩, lit. "yalim") nyala bini mali binsheli n niŋ di niriba ni luɣa kasi ka mali yalim n niŋdi ŋmana ni n zaani duunoya ni, ni di gu ka che yeltoɣa beri ka lahi zaŋ yelisuma na. ==Kundivihira== <references/> === Sources === {{Refbegin |40em|indent=yes}} *{{Cite book |last=Barber |first=Elizabeth Wayland |year=1999 |title=The Mummies of Ürümchi |url=https://archive.org/details/mummiesofurumchi0000barb |location=New York |publisher=W.W. 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Moldavian Pre-Carpatic Prehistory (Romania) |conference=Archædyn |date=June 2008 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32220934}} (''[[Preprint]]'') * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |doi=10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4 |first1=Gisbert |last1=Westphal |first2=Gerhard |last2=Kristen |first3=Wilhelm |last3=Wegener |first4=Peter |last4=Ambatiello |title=Sodium Chloride |date=January 2010 |isbn=978-3527306732}} * {{cite journal |title=Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities. |doi=10.2147/DDDT.S12894 |first2=Ali J |last2= Chakera |first3=Simon HS |last3=Pearce |first1=Bijay |last1=Vaidya |date=2011 |journal=Drug Design, Development and Therapy |volume=6|pages=1–11 |doi-access=free |pmid=22291465 |pmc=3267517 }} {{Refend}} {{Sister project links|wikt=salt|commons=Salt|b=Cookbook:Salt|s=Littell's Living Age/Volume 4/Issue 34/Salt in Abyssinia|v=Extra info on food consumption#Salt/potassium intake|n=no|q=no}} {{Portal bar|Food}} {{Salt topics}} {{Means of Exchange}} {{Herbs & spices}}{{Bartending}}{{Consumer Food Safety}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} {{Authority control}} {{Good article}} [[Pubu:Edible salt| ]] [[Pubu:Food additives]] [[Pubu:Sodium minerals]] [[Pubu:Objects believed to protect from evil]] [[Pubu:Food powders]] [[Pubu:WikiProject Geology]] {{stub}} f5uw1ddfvyfhrklo95wvv8ozr8ojslq Musulunsi 0 9069 146155 145879 2026-08-10T21:52:03Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{B-Class}} '''Musulunsi''' (''Islam'')<ref name=Naden>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref>({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔɪsˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|submission [to the [[will of God]]]}}) nyɛla adiini din tam [[Quran]] zuɣu ni Anabi [[Muhammad]] baŋsibu, ŋun ʒi adiini maa na. Ban doli Musulinsi adiini ka bɛ booni Musulinima, bɛ ni buɣisi shɛba kalinli ka bɛ ni paa niriba 1.9 biliyɔŋ dunia nyaaŋa zuɣu ka nyɛ adiini din galisi pahi buyi Dolodolo adiini nuu yi yi.<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/|title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center|date=21 December 2022 |access-date=27 November 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> Musulinima malila dihitabili ni Musulinsi nyɛla yɛlimaŋli adiini din yuui ka Anabi nima mini tuumba ʒina, n-ti tabili [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Anabi Nuhu]], [[Abraham in Islam|Anabi Ibrahima]], [[Moses in Islam|Anabi Musah]], ni [[Jesus in Islam|Anabi Issah]]. Musulinima malila dihitabili ni Alikuraani nyɛla yɛltɔɣa shɛli Naawuni ni siɣisi na. Quran nyaaŋa, Musulinima malila dihitabili ni Naawuni ni daa pun siɣisi shɛŋa na puuni, kamani [[Torah in Islam|Tawrat]] ([[Torah]]), [[Zabur]] ([[Psalms]]), ni [[Gospel in Islam|Injil]] ([[Gospel]]). Bɛ malila dihitabili ni [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] n-nyɛ tumo ni yɛlimaŋli ka lahi nyɛ bahigu, ŋun daa pali adiini maa. Anabi Muhammad baŋsibu mini o tuuntumsa, dini n-nyɛ [[sunnah]], di sabimi ka bɛ boli li [[hadith]], nyɛla binshɛɣu din wuhiri Musulinima biɛhigu. Musulinsi adiini saɣimi ti ni Naawuni nyɛla na'gaŋa ka ka kpee. Di yɛliya ni "Sariya karibu Kpalinkpaa" beni ka ban tum tuun viɛla ni nyɛ Alijanda ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) ka ban tuma bi viɛli mi nyɛ bɛ ni yɛn dahim shɛba ni buɣim ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). Daantalisi dibaa anu—din nyɛ jama—dini n-nyɛ Musulinsi adiini pɔri ni bɛ tuma ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}); biɛɣu kulo kam jama ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}); sara malibu ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}); noli lɔbu ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}) nolɔri goli ni ([[Ramadan]]); ni aʒi chandi ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}), [[Mecca]]. Adiini zalikpani, [[sharia]], shihila biɛhigu yaɣili kam, bini din gbaai banki tuma ni liɣiri biɛhigu hachi zaŋ ti paɣaba ni dobba ni ʒileli. Chu'kara din nyɛ adiini dini n-nyɛ [[Eid al-Fitr]] mini [[Eid al-Adha]]. Musulinsi adiini luɣa dibaata din gahim n-nyɛ [[Masjid al-Haram]] din be Mecca, [[Prophet's Mosque]] din be [[Medina]], ni [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] din be [[Jerusalem]]. Musulinsi adiini pili la Mecca yuuni 610 [[Common Era|CE]]. Musulinima dihimi tabili din bɔŋɔ di ni daa niŋ ka Anabi [[Muhammad's first revelation|Muhammad]] deei o tuuli surili. Zaŋ chaŋ o kpibu saha, [[Arabian Peninsula]] nima pam daa leei la Musulinima. Musulinsi daa yɛligiya yi Arabia "[[Rashidun Caliphate]]" ʒaamani ni "[[Umayyad Caliphate]]" ŋun daa doli na ka o toontali jendi [[Al-Andalus|Iberian Peninsula]] zaŋ chaŋ [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Indus Valley]]. "[[Islamic Golden Age]]" saha, di bahi bahindi [[Abbasid Caliphate]] saha, Muslinsi tabiibi, daabiligu ni kaya ni taɣada daa tirila tooni. Musulinsi adiini yɛligibu yila di toondaannima kpaŋmaŋa ni na mini daabilgu ni ban daa gindi wuligiri li. Musulinsi adiini oubu yaɣa buyi din galisi pam n-nyɛ [[Sunni Islam]] (85–90%) mini [[Shia Islam]] (10–15%). Musulinima n-galisi tingbana pihinu yini ka ni. Kamani Musulinima vaabu 12% dunia nyaaŋa zuɣu m-be [[Islam in Indonesia|Indonesia]], Musulinima ni galisi tiŋgbani shɛli ni; vaabu {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% m-be [[Islam in South Asia|South Asia]]; 20% m-be [[MENA#Religion|Middle East–North Africa]]; ka vaabu 15% be [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]]. Musulinima lahi be [[Islam in the Americas|Americas]], [[Islam in China|China]], ni[[Islam in Europe|Europe]]. Musulinima nyɛla ban yɛligiri yom pam. <!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Bachi maa ni pili shɛm{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Larigu ni, ''Islam'' ({{lang-ar|إسلام|lit=zaŋ maŋa ti [Naawuni]}})<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> nyɛla nolini bachinamdili "[[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]]" din yina bachinŋdli ni {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), din yina "[[Semitic root|triliteral root]]"{{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), din nam bachi bɔbigu pam din yari zaŋ maŋa ti yɛltɔɣa, tiligibu, ni suhudoo.<ref>"[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm Siin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm|date=7 September 2011}}." ''Lane's Lexicon'' 4. – via ''[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]]''.</ref> Adiini yuligu puuni, di nyɛla zaŋ maŋa zaa ti Naawuni.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref>''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), bachi din zani ti ŋun doli Musulinsi,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim Muslim]." ''[[Lexico]]''. UK: [[Oxford University Press]]. 2020.</ref> di lahi nyɛla din zaani tiri "ŋunzaŋdi o maŋa tiri (Naawuni)" bee "bee ŋum baligi o maŋ n-ti (Naawuni)". [[Hadith of Gabriel]] ni, ''Islam'' lahi nyɛla din chani {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (yɛlimaŋ tibo), ni {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (dede).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Taarihi ni Musulinsi adiini maŋmaŋa yuli n-daa na booni [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'']] Siliminsili yɛlibu ʒaamani. Lala bachi ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi bi lahi dii booni shɛli, ka di lahi ŋmani din mali taali, di wuhirila ninsala, ka pani Naawuni, di nyɛla din tam' Musulinsi adiini sunsuuni.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Articles of faith == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} Musulinsi ''[[aqidah]]'' malila dihitabili daantalisi dibaa ayɔbu: Naawuni, Malaikanima, baŋsibu, anabi nima,Kum ni neebu, ni Naawuni ni zali shɛli.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === God === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|Calligraphy showing the word [[Allah]] in Arabic in [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Musulinsi adiini tamla ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{lang-ar|توحيد|link=no}}) zuɣu, Naawuni gaŋ'tali. Di tooi nyɛla bɛ ni tɛhi ni shɛli nyɛla adiini yin dolibu, amaa ka lahi wuhiri ni Naawuni be luɣili kam Musulinsi adiini baŋsibu ni.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Naawuni ka so zaŋ ŋmahindi ka lahi ka kpee kamani Dolodolo ni mali yɛla dibaa ata shɛm, ka binshɛɣu zaŋ ŋmahindi Naawuni nyɛ buɣa jambu, bɛ ni boli shɛli [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Naawuni n-nyɛ binnamda duuma ka o ku tooi baŋ naai. Dini n-nyɛ, Musulinima bi mali Naawuni maɣisiri binshɛɣu. Amaa bɛ mali yuya pam booni Naawuni, din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) ka di gbunni nyɛ "ŋun zori sokam nambɔɣu," ni ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) ka di gbunni nyɛ "Ŋun gahindi zori nambɔɣu" ka bɛ tooi karimdi li Quran yaɣa pam tuuli.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |url=https://archive.org/details/islamkeyconcepts0000alik |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Musulinsi saɣimi ti ni binshɛɣu kam din be dunia nyɛla Naawuni yiko ni, "Niŋma ka di shiri niŋ<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref><ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref> ni ka nambu daliri nyɛ o jama zuɣu.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> O nyɛla o maŋmaŋa Naawuni<ref name="Schimmel" /> aka so ka o sunsuuni, kamani ŋun yɛn zaŋ lahabali ti paagi O. Naawuni yɛla tebu nyɛla [[Taqwa]]. ''[[Allāh]]'' nyɛla bachi din ka zaɣ'bɔbigu bee m-buɣisiri paɣa bee doo ka sokam mali li m-booni o, ka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) zani ti wuni bihi zaa.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Malaikanima === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], 1307.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaikanima ({{lang-ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛba Quran{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} mini hadith ni.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Bɛ nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi ka shɛba nambu daliri nyɛ bɛ jam Naawuni ka yari Naawuni yɛltɔɣa, ka sabiri sokam tuma, ka deei ninsala nyɛvuli o kpibu saha. Bɛ buɣisiba mi ka bɛ Namba 'neesim' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref>"[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur Nūr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur|date=23 April 2022}}." ''[[Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]]''. – via ''[[Encyclopedia.com]]''.</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> bee 'buɣim' (''nār'') ni.<ref>{{harvc|last=Campo|first=Juan E.|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar|c=Nar|in=Martin|year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Musulinsi malaikanima nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi ka shɛba mali kpunkpama ni nahingban shɛŋa.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Bɛ nahingbana shɛŋa n-nyɛ bɛ ka suhuyurilim, kamani dibu mini nyubu.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Bɛ shɛba kamani, [[Gabriel]] (''Jibrīl'') mini [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] (''Mika'il''), nyɛla bɛ i boli shɛba yuya Quran ni. Malaikanima mali nuu timbu ni [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raj]] sabbu baŋsim ni, luɣ'shɛli Muhammad mini malaikanima ni laɣim taba o zuɣusaa chandi ni.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaikanima shɛba yuya lahi nyɛla din be adiini sabiri shɛŋa ni.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kundunima === [[File:Qur'an_and_Rehal.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Quran]] manuscript resting on a [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], a book rest for the holy text]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Musulinsi kundu din daŋ na nyɛla [[Quran]]. Musulinama malila dihitabili ni Quran nyɛla Naawuni ni daa siɣisi shɛli n-ti Muhammad na, ka di nyɛla malaika Gabriel n-daa zaŋli na, siɣim bushɛm zuɣu yuuni 610&nbsp;CE<ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> mini 632, yuun shɛli Muhammad ni kpi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Muhammad ni daa be o nyɛvuli ni, bɛ ni daa siɣisi Alikuraani yaɣ'shɛŋa ŋɔ na daa nyɛla o nyaandoliba ni sabi shɛli sɔŋ, amaa di tuuli wuligibu daa nyɛla noli ni mini gbaai niŋ zuɣu ni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quran pirigila malila suurinima kɔbigu ni pia ni anahi (''[[sūrah]]'') ka di laɣim tamab mali aayanima tusaayɔbu ni kɔbishii ni pihita ni ayɔbu (''[[ayah|āyāt]]'').Tuuli suurinima, daa siɣisimi na [[Makkah]] ka ta dabodabo yaɣa, ka [[Medina]]n suurinima din daa doli na jendi biɛhigu mini Musulinsi adiini ni saɣiti shɛli Musulinima ni.<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref> Musulinima sariya ŋmaariba ''hadith'' ('accounts'), bee Muhammad biɛhigu din sabi sɔŋ, ni di laɣim tum ni Quran ka tabi sɔŋ ni di kahigibu. Alikuraani alizama nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ''[[tafsir]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} N-ti pahi d adiini yɛla din kpa talahi ni, Quran n-nyɛ "[[Arabic literature]]" din niŋ kasi,<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/koran0000unse_i5u8/page/n32 1]|title=The Koran|url=https://archive.org/details/koran0000unse_i5u8|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> ka mali nuu timbu ni "art" mini Arabic balli.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Musulinsi lahi yɛliya ni Naawuni kahigila ashiya, bɛ ni boli shɛli ''[[wahy]]'', n-ti anabinima balibu pam. Amaa, Musulinsi wuhiya ni kundunima din daa daŋ maa na, kamani ''[[Tawrat]]'' ([[Torah]]) ni ''[[Injil]]'' ([[Gospel in Islam|Gospel]]), nyɛla din wurim—di ni tooi nyɛ di kahigibu, di sabbu, bee di zaa,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Muhammad |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |last1=Buhl |first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> ka Alikuraani (lit. 'karimbu') nyɛ bahigu, ni Nawwuni yɛltɔɣa din bi taɣi.<ref name="Ringgren" /><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Anabinima === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|left|A 15th century<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Persian miniature]] depicting [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] leading [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and other prophets in prayer]] Anabinima (Arabic: {{lang-ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) nyɛla bɛ ni dihitabili ni Naawuni daa piigi shɛba ni bɛ wuligiri o yɛltɔɣa. Lala Anabinima ŋɔ shɛba daa ʒila kundu pala na ka bɛ booni ba "tuumba" ({{lang-ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Musulinima malila dihitabili ni Anabinima nyɛla ninsalinima. Bɛ malila dihitabili ni Anabinima zaa yɛlila Musulinsi adiini yɛltɔɣa – Naawuni ni bɔri shɛli dolibu – n-tɔɣisiri tiri tiŋgbana din daa gari ha, lala ŋɔ nyɛla dihitabili din be adiini bɔbigu ni. Quran kali anabinima pam ban be Musulinsi adiini ni, n-ti tabili [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] ni [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], ni ban pahi pahi.<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Anabinima lahabali din ka Quran ni nyɛla din be ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (anabinima lahabaya ni). Musulinima malila dihitabili ni Muhammad n-nyɛ anabinima bahigu ka Naawuni tim na ("[[Seal of the prophets]]") ni o ti wuligi Musulinsi adiini din pali.<ref>Esposito, John L. 2009. "Islam." In ''{{Doi-inline|10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World''}}'', edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-530513-5}}. (See also: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 quick reference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298|date=10 January 2021}}.) "Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet."</ref><ref>Peters, F. E. 2009. "Allāh." In {{Doi-inline|10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World''}}, edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-530513-5}}. (See also: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 quick reference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960|date=26 September 2020}}.) "[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.{{'"}}</ref> Musulinsi adiini ni, bɛ booni la Muhammad ni daa be biɛhi shɛli ''[[sunnah]]'' (literally "trodden path"). Musulinima tu ka bɛ tumdi Muhammad tuuntumsa biɛɣu kulo kam, ka sunnah maa nyɛ din kahigiri Quran.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/believersspiritu00gold |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Lala shɛhira ŋɔ nyɛla din gu m-be [[hadith]] ni, din yari o nolini yɛltɔɣa, tuuntumsa, ani ninsalisili biɛhigu. [[Hadith qudsi|Hadith Qudsi]] nyɛla hadith yaɣ'shɛli, din yari Anabi Muhammad ni yɛli Naawuni maŋmaŋa ni daa kuliyɛli yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa ka di ka Quran ni. Hadith chanimi ni yɛla dibaa ayi: ban tɔri neeri lahabali, ka bɛ booni ba [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-23|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|reason= }}, ni yɛltɔɣa ni kuli nyɛ shɛm, ka di mi nyɛ ''[[Hadith studies|matn]]''. Soya din waligiri hadiths yɛlimaŋ'tali zooya, ka "grading scale" din niŋ bayana nyɛ din niŋ "dede" bee "viɛnyɛla" ({{lang-ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "dede" ({{lang-ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); "zaɣ'gbariŋ" ({{lang-ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), ni din pahi pahi. ''[[Kutub al-Sittah]]'' nyɛla bukunima dibaa ayɔbu din laɣim taba, ka nyɛ lahabali shɛli din wuligi ka nyɛ yɛlimaŋli [[Sunni Islam]] ni. Din ni shɛli n-nyɛ ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', ka Sunni nima tooi nya ka dini n-nyɛ yɛlimaŋli dini Quran nuu yi yi.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. ''[[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]''. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Hadiths din lahi pahi ka nriba pam mili n-nyɛ "''[[The Four Books]]"'', ka Shianima nya ka dini n-nyɛ hadiths maŋli.<ref>Awliya'i, Mustafa. "[https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books The Four Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books|date=12 September 2017}}." In ''Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith'' 1, translated by A. Q. Qara'i. – via [[Al-Islam.org]]. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref><ref>[[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi|Rizvi, Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar]]. "[https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah|date=12 September 2017}}." Ch 4 in ''The Qur'an and Hadith''. Tanzania: [[Bilal Muslim Mission]]. – via [[Al-Islam.org]]. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> === Kum ni neebu mini sariya karibu === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Syria,_Damascus,_The_Umayyad_Mosque.jpg|thumb|The [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]], where Islamic tradition says [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus, seen as an Islamic prophet) will appear close to the [[Last Judgment#In Islam|Day of Judgment]]]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Dihitabili ni "KUm ni neebu dabisili" bee ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{lang-ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) gba nyɛla Musulinima ni dihi shɛli tabili. Dihitabili n-nyɛli ni ''Qiyāmah yiɣisibu nyɛla Naawuni ni pun zali shɛli'', amaa ka ninsali bi mi li.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Dunia yi ti yiɣisi, Musulinima malila dihitabili ni bɛ yɛn karila ninsalinima zaa sariya ni bɛ ni tum tuun viɛli shɛŋa mini zaɣi be shɛŋa ka kpe ''[[Jannah]]'' (paradise) bee ''[[Jahannam]]'' (buɣim) ni.<ref>{{cite web|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|editor-link=John Esposito|title=Eschatology|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588|url-access=subscription|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588|archive-date=13 September 2010|access-date=18 April 2017|work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]]|via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref>Quran suurili [[Surat al-Zalzalah|al-Zalzalah]] buɣisila ŋɔ ni: "Ni ŋun tum zaɣ'viɛli ka di pɔri ka wula ni deei di tarili. Ka ŋun tum zaɣ'biɛɣu biɛla gba ni deei di samyoo." Quran kali taya pam din ni tooi ʒi nira kpe buɣim ni. Amaa, Quran neeli ni Naawuni ni che ŋun bɔ champaŋ taali o suhu yi bɔra. Tuun viɛla, kamani sara, jama, ni binkɔbiri nambɔɣu zɔbu{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} nyɛla Naawuni ni yɛn ti shɛba alijanda. Musnyɛla alijanda ka di nyɛ nyaɣisim shee alibarika, ka Quran buɣisi di nahingbana.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Garden|first=Asma|last=Afsaruddin|year=n.d.|in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' nyɛla din be Quran ni ka nyɛ ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Adiini dabisili");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Naabu saha");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> ni ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "The Clatterer").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Naawuni ni pun zali shɛŋa === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Naawuni ni zali shɛŋa Musulinsi adiini ni ({{lang-ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') gbunni nyɛla binshɛɣu kam, din viɛli bee din be, nyɛla Naawuni yiko. ''Al-qadar'', gbunni "yaa", din yimina yɛltɔɣa din nyɛ "n-zahim" bee "laasabu malibu" puuni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> Musulinima tooi yarila lala dihitabili ŋɔ ni [[Inshallah|"In-sha-Allah"]] ({{lang-ar|إن شاء الله}}) ka di gbunni nyɛ "Naawuni yi saɣi" bɛ yi yɛri dahinshɛli din be tooni yɛltɔɣa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Taarihi == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}} {{wide image|Madina Haram at evening.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|A panoramic view of [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (the Mosque of the Prophet) in [[Medina]], [[Hejaz]] region, today's [[Saudi Arabia]], the second most sacred mosque in Islam}} === Muhammad and the beginning of Islam (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{See also|Early social changes under Islam}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour|Cave of Hira]]]] Musulinsi adiini ni wuhi shɛm, bɛ daa dɔɣila Muhammad [[Mecca]] yuuni [[570]] [[Common Era|CE]] ka o daa niŋ kpibiga ka na nyɛ bia. O ni daa zoorina ka nyɛ daabia, sokam daa mi ka o nyɛla yarida lana ({{lang-ar|الامين}}). O daa ti niŋ o ni tumdi n-tiri so amiliya, paɣa ŋun daa niŋdi daabiligu ka o yuli booni [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Yuuni 610 CE, miisim din daa kana ni buɣa mɔŋbu Mecca, Muhammad daa kuli" [[Cave of Hira]]" ni zoli yuli booni [[Jabal al-Nour]] ni, ka di baɣi Mecca. O zolɔŊ ŋo ni benibu ni nka bɛ daa siɣisi [[Quran]] yaɣ'shɛli tuuli na n-ti ti o, malaika [[Gabriel]] n-daa zaŋli na.<ref>{{harvc |c=Muhammad |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |last1=Buhl |first1=F.}}</ref> Muhammad zolɔŋ ŋɔ ni kpebu ŋɔ mini Quran siɣisibu na nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli "Yuŋ din mali yaa" (''Laylat al-Qadr'') ka di nyɛ din mali bukaata Musulinsi adiini taarihi ni. O yuun pishi ni ayi din daa pahiri ni, yuun pihinahi zaŋ chana, Muhammad daa nyɛla ŋun deeri waahi Naawuni sani, ka nyɛ malaika bahigu Naawuni ni tim na ninsalinima sani.<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|"Muhammad at the Ka'ba" from the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> Muhammad is shown with veiled face, {{Circa|1595}}.]] Lala saha ŋɔ ni, o ni daa be [[Muhammad in Mecca|Mecca, Muhammad]] daa na wuligirila adiini ashilo ni pɔi ka daa naan yi ti yihili saolo ni, ka mɔŋdi o wumdiba ni bɛ cheli buɣa ka jamdi Naawuni gaŋ ko. Tuuli ban daa dolisi pam daa nyɛla paɣaba, faranima, saamba, ni daba kamani tuuli ŋun moli jiŋli [[muezzin]] [[Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref>Meccanima daa nyami ka Muhammad saɣindi bɛ ninsalisili ni o ni niŋdi waazu zaŋ chaŋ Naawuni gaŋa dolibu polo la ka bɔhiri nandaamba mini daba bɔhisi kadama bɛ nyɛla ban diri anfaani Kaaba buɣa ni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> [[persecution of Muslims by the Meccans|Mecca]] nima ni daa kuri Muslinima yuun pia ni ayi nyaaŋa, Muhammad mini o nyaaŋa daa niŋ ''[[Hegira|Hijra]]'' ("yinlooi") yuuni 622 n-kuli tiŋa yuli booni Yathrib (zuŋɔ din pa nyɛ Medina). Din ni, ni Medinan ba dolisi ( ''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') ni ban yi Mecca labi ni (''[[Muhajirun]]''), [[Muhammad in Medina|Muhammad]] ni daa be Medina o daa pilila o maŋmaŋa siyaasa ni adiinilaɣimbu. [[Constitution of Medina|Medina]] zalisi nyɛla Medina bala zaa ni daa dihi nuu shɛli ni. Lala adiini saɣiti ŋɔ daa nyɛla din yɛn sɔŋsi ka zalisi maa tum tuma Musulinima sani ni ban pa Musulinima ka lahi guba ka barina din yɛn yi sambani ni na ku paai Medina.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Meccanima daa lu [[Battle of Badr]] ni bɛ mini Musulinma tuhibu ni yuuni 624 ka daa labi tuhi [[Battle of Uhud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> pɔi ka daa naan yi bi tooi di nasara Medina "[[Battle of the Trench]]" ni (March–April&nbsp;627). Tuuni 628, "[[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]]" daa nyɛla Mecca mini Musulinima ni daa dihi nuu gbana ti saɣiti shɛli, amaa ka Mecca nima daa yiɣisi li yuma ayi nyaaŋa. Di ni daa niŋ ka bala pam dolisi labi Musulinsi adiini ni, Mecca nima daabiligu soya daa nyɛla Musulinima ni ŋari shɛli.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Zaŋ kana yuuni629 Muhammad daa di nasara [[conquest of Mecca|Mecca]], ka zaŋ chaŋ o kpibu saha yuuni 632 (yuun pihiyɔbu ni ayi ni) o daa laɣim la[[tribes of Arabia|Arabia]] bala ka bɛ doli adiini yini.<ref>{{harvc|c=Muhammad |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |last1=Buhl |first1=F.}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref> === Early Islamic period (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Event of Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa}} [[File:Mohammad adil-Rashidun empire-slide.gif|thumb|right|Expansion of [[Rashidun Caliphate]]]] [[File:Dome of the Rock1.jpg|thumb|[[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]] built by caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]]; completed at the end of the [[Second Fitna]]]] Muhammad daa kpila 632 ka tuuli fadiriba maa, bani n-nyɛ [[Caliph]]s – [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]], [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]], [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] ni saha shɛŋa ka [[Hasan ibn Ali]] gba beni<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| archive-date = 28 December 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status = live}}</ref> – Sunni Musulinsi ni bɛ booni ba la ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Zuliya shɛŋa daa chela Musulinsi adiini ka zaŋ bɛ maŋsi ti pahi toondaanninma ban daa zaŋ bɛ maŋa lee Anabinima ni amaa ka Abu Bakr daa kpehiba nuuni [[Ridda wars|Ridda tɔbu]] ni.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Jews mini Dolodolo nima shɛba, bɛ ni daa kuri bɛ hɛba daa tooi sɔŋdi Musulinima ka bɛ deeri bɛ tiŋgbana,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} ka di zuɣu daa che ka toondaannima ŋɔ yɛligiri [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] mini [[Byzantine]] tiŋgbana ni.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Bɛ daa piigi Uthman yuuni [[election of Uthman|644]] ka o kubu daa che ka bɛ daa piigi Ali Caliph ŋun daa pahi buyi. Tuuli sabiila nima tɔbu ni, Muhammad pakoli, [[Aisha]], daa sahila tɔbu bihi bahi Ali zuɣu, ni o bɔhi Uthman kpibu beri, amaa ka daa kɔŋ nasara "[[Battle of the Camel]]" ni. Ali daa moya ni o yihi Syria zuɣulana, [[Mu'awiya]], bɛ ni daa nya ka so mali korinfahili. Ka Mu'awiya daa moli tɔbu bahi Ali zuɣu ka daa kɔŋ nasara [[Battle of Siffin]] tɔbu ni. Ali ni daa mali niya ni o bɔ maligu daa nyɛla din yiɣisi [[Kharijites]] suhuri, dama bɛ daa ʒimi ni nira yi bi tuhi taali tumda, Ali gba tumla taali maa. Kharijites daa tuhiya ka daa kɔŋ nasara "[[Battle of Nahrawan]]" ni amaa Kharijite daa ti ku Ali. Ali bi'dibiga, Hasan ibn Ali, ka bɛ daa piigi Caliph ka bɛ daa dihi nuu suhudoo gbana ni di gu ka taɣi tooni ha zabili, ka daa lahi zaŋ Mu'awiya niŋ naa labisi Mu'awiya ka daa bilahi piigi ŋun yɛn zani o zaani.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} Mu'awiya daa piligi [[Umayyad dynasty]] ni o dapali [[Yazid I]] piibu o fa'dira, ka di daa lahi yiɣisi sabila tɔbu din pahiri buyi. "[[Battle of Karbala]]" ni, [[Husayn ibn Ali]] daa nyɛla Yazid' nyaaŋ ni ku so; Shia nima teerila di yɛla yuuni kam tum di ni niŋ. Sunnanima, [[Ibn al-Zubayr]] daa gari tooni n-ŋme nangbankpeeni ni "dynastic caliphate," ka daa kɔŋ nasara [[Siege of Mecca (692)|siege of Mecca]] ni. Lala kpamli zabili ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn duhi [[Sunni]]-[[Shia]] schism zuɣusaa,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511081444/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ka Shia mali dihitabili ni kpamli bela Muhammad zuliya ni zaŋ yi Ali sani, bɛ ni boli shɛli [[ahl al-bayt]].{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Abu Bakr n-daa gari tooni ka bɛ laɣim Quran taba. Caliph [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] n-daa kpa di komitii," [[The Seven Fuqaha of Medina]]",{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> ka [[Malik ibn Anas]] sabi tuuli Musulinsi adiini bukunima puuni yini.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noel James Coulson |title=History of Islamic Law |year=1964 |isbn=978-0-7486-0514-9 |page=103 |publisher=King Abdulaziz Public Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023959/https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024105/https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=[[Moshe Sharon]] |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024050/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kharijites]] daa dihimitabili ni larigibu ka zaɣ'biɛɣu mini zaɣ'viɛlli sunsuuni, ka Musulimi ŋun tum taali titali yɛn nyɛ ninvuɣ'so ŋun yi dihitabili ni. Bachi din nyɛ "kharijites" gba nyɛla din yɛn zani ti dahinshɛli laɣinsi kamani [[ISIS]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306213145/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Murji'ah]] tɛha nyami ni Naawuni ko n-ni tooi wuhi daadam tuun viɛla ni nyɛ shɛli. Di zuɣu, ban tumdi tuun biɛri ni tooi nyɛ ban bi doli so viɛlli, amaa ka di pala bɛ bi dihimitabili.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din be Musulinsi adiini dihitabili ni.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} "Umayyad dynasty" daa deei la [[Maghreb]] sulinsi, [[Iberian Peninsula]], [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]] ni [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryhistoryini0000puch_n6c1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/theoryhistoryini0000puch_n6c1/page/137 137] |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> "Umayyads" maa daa nyɛla ban niŋ wahala ni yɛlimaŋ tali ka zaŋ bɛ yaa zaa baɣi linjimanima ni.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Tum di ni daa niŋ ka [[jizya]] farigu nyɛ farigu shɛli ban bi ti Musulinsi adiini ni yori shɛli la ka di zuɣu yihiba linjimanima tuma tumbu ni, "Umayyads" maa daa zaɣisi Arab ban daa dolisiri yɛla baŋbu, pirimla di ni daa bɔri bɛ ni nyari ariziki shɛli la.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Dini daa niŋ ka Rashidun Caliphate zaɣa zaa daa be biɛhigu ni maa, ka Umar daa tom lahi bɔri kpɛm ka ni gbubi shɛli tiligibu,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> Umayyad nachintɛrtɛri daa nyɛla yɛlimaŋ tiriba suhu ni daa bi piɛli zaŋ chaŋ shɛli polo.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Kharijites daa zaŋla [[Berber Revolt]] gari tooni, ka di zuɣu daa che ka Musulinima Caliphate tiŋgbana deei maŋsulinsi. [[Abbasid Revolution]] ni, ban daa Arab nima ban dolisi (''[[mawali]]''), Arab nam zuliyanima daa nyɛla Umayyad nam zuliyanima ni daa daai shɛli luhi, ka Shi'a nima shɛba daa ŋme n-yiɣisi Umayyads maa, ka daa pili tiŋgbana nima pam laɣimbu "Abbasid dynasty" yuuni 750.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Classical era (750–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} Al-Shafi'i yimina ni so'chibiga din wuhiri hadith zaɣ'maŋtali.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Abbasid piligu saha, baŋdiba kamani [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] mini [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] n-daa laɣim [[Six major Hadith collections|Sunni hadith]] zuɣuri ka baŋdiba kamani [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|Al-Kulayni]] mini [[Ibn Babawayh]] mi laɣim Shia hadith zuɣuri. Sunnanima anahi [[Madh'hab]]s, Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, ni Shafi'i, daa nyɛla bɛ ni me shɛli tam [[Abū Ḥanīfa]], [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], Malik ibn Anas ni [[al-Shafi'i]] baŋsibu zuɣu. Lala n-lahi nyɛli, [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] baŋsibu n-nyɛ din nam [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]]. 9th century saha, [[Al-Tabari]] daa naa lahabali din dalim Quran sabbu, ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]'', din niŋ shɛhira lahabali din kpa talahi Sunni Musulinsi adiini ni. <ref name=EB-Sufism />{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Saha ŋɔ ni, adiini yɛlimuɣisira, daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpe shɛli tuma ni, ka Hasan al Basri daa be di tooni dimini Naawuni m-mi niriba tuuntumsa maa zaa yoli.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al Basri is often considered one of the first who rejected an angelic origin for the devil, arguing that his fall was the result of his own free-will, not God's determination. Hasan al Basri also argued that angels are incapable of sin or errors and nobler than humans and even prophets. Both early Shias and Sunnis opposed his view.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Greek haŋkali zilinli lana daa niŋla nimmohi ni shikuru tɛhi shɛli bɛ ni boli [[Muʿtazila]], ka daa kpaŋsi "free-will" shɛli [[Wasil ibn Ata]] ni daa pili.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} {{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Caliph [[Al-Mu'tasim]] daa niŋla vihigu ni [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] bɛ ni daa mi ka so zaɣisi Muʿtazila tɛha zani tuhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |url=https://archive.org/details/sharahislamiclaw0000doia |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sharahislamiclaw0000doia/page/110 110]}}</ref> <ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|The eye, according to [[Hunain ibn Ishaq]] from a manuscript dated c. 1200]] Saha shɛŋa bɛ booni la lala ʒaamani ŋɔ"[[Islamic Golden Age]]".<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012"/> Musulinsi adiini tabiibi nasara dibu nyɛla din gili yaɣa pam n-ti tabili [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|medicine]], [[Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world|mathematics]], [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomy]], ni [[Arab Agricultural Revolution|agriculture]]<nowiki/>n-ti pahi kamani [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|physics]], [[History of Islamic economics|economics]], [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|engineering]] ni [[Ibn al-Haytham|optics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref>Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century]." Pp. 351–99 in ''Islam and the Challenge of Modernity'', edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: [[Ibn Khaldun International Institute of Advanced Research|International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization]]. Archived from the [http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html original] on 2 April 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523192533/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213154451/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Avicenna]] daa nyɛla ŋun gari tooni ni "[[Medical research|experimental medicine]]",<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> ni o "''[[The Canon of Medicine]]"'' daa nyɛla "medical" sabbu din zani di naba zuɣu musulinsi ni mini [[Europe]] yuun gbaliŋ. [[Rhazes]] n-daa nyɛ tuuli ŋun baŋ doro din nyɛ [[smallpox]] mini [[measles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|archive-date=6 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gɔmnanti tuuli ashibitinima lala saha daa ti dɔɣite nima shɛhira gbana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=[[Current Sociology]] |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923024727/https://zenodo.org/record/29439/files/6.1From_Jamiah_to_University.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> [[Ibn al-Haytham]] ka bɛ boli ʒaamani tabiibi ba ka bɛ tooi booni o "dunia tuuli yɛlimaŋli tabiibi lana."<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717022851/http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Injiniya tali ni, [[Banū Mūsā]] mabiligu ŋun pebiri niŋdi n-to kalimboo ka bɛ yɛli ni ŋuni n-daa yina ni tuuli maʒini parigu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Laasabu malibu ni, "[[algorithm]]" nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]] yuli ti shɛli, ŋun yihi [[algebra]] na, ka bɛ zaŋ di yuli ti o buku din nyɛ [[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing|''al-jabr'']], ka shɛba mi yina ni "[[function (mathematics)|function]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Gɔmnanti yorila tabiibi tuuntumdiba ban guuri yim zuŋɔ.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> [[Guinness World Records]] baŋla [[University of Al Karaouine]] yɛla, din daa pili yuuni 859, dunia university kurili din tiri shɛhira gbaŋ din nyɛ "degree".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy/page/242 242] |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Ban pa Musulinima pam, kamani [[Christians]], [[Jews]] ni [[Sabians]],<ref name="Brague 2009"/> nyɛla ban mali nuu timbu ni Musulinsi adiini nini neebu yaɣa pam ni,<ref>Hill, Donald. ''Islamic Science and Engineering''. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. {{ISBN|0-7486-0455-3}}, p.4</ref><ref>Rémi Brague, [http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |date=2013-09-27 }}</ref> ka baŋsim tuma yaɣili din yuli booni [[House of Wisdom]] kpuɣi Dolodolo mini [[List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars|Persian]] baŋdiba ka bɛ lɛbigiri sabbunima larigu ni ka yɛligiri baŋsim pala.<ref>Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 "Medieval Islamic Civilization". Vol. 1 Index A–K] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024001/https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=28 December 2023 }}. 2006, p. 304.</ref><ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Amost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref><ref>[[George Saliba|Saliba, George]]. 1994. ''A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam''. New York: [[New York University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8147-8023-7}}. pp. 245, 250, 256–57.</ref> === Pre-Modern era (1258–18th century) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ghazan Khan]], 7{{sup|th}} [[Ilkhanate]] ruler of the [[Mongol Empire]], converts to Islam. 14th-century depiction]] Musulinsi daabilugu tuma ni Sufi tuuntumsa ni,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Musulinsi adiini yɛligimi chaŋ luɣ'shɛŋa<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103220022/http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ka Musulinima dee kaya ni taɣada pla. [[Ottoman Empire]] ni, Musulinsi yɛligimi chaŋ [[Southeast Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610093907/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Musulinsi adiini ni kpebu nyɛla adiini bɔbigu laɣmbu,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |url=https://archive.org/details/islamiceuropeane00adas |publisher=[[Temple University Press]] |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamiceuropeane00adas/page/25 25]}}</ref> kamani Muhammad yɛltɔɣa ni yina [[Hinduism|Hindu]] salima ni shɛ.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminsouthasia0000unse |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2009 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islaminsouthasia0000unse/page/104 104]}}</ref> Muslim Turks laɣim la [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism]] dihitabilinima ni musulinsi.{{efn|"In recent years, the idea of syncretism has been challenged. Given the lack of authority to define or enforce an Orthodox doctrine about Islam, some scholars argue there had no prescribed beliefs, only prescribed practise, in Islam before the 16th century.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Musulinima ban be [[Islam during the Ming dynasty|Ming Dynasty China]] ban daa yina tuuli yaakoronima ni, saha shɛŋa zaŋ chaŋ zalisi zalibu ni,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024330/https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Chinese yuya ni kaya ni taɣada paŋbu ni [[Nanjing]] daa niŋla Musulinsi adiini biɛhigu shee.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. [[Lexington Books]]. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill/page/n62 37] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Kaya ni taɣada taɣibu shɛhira daa nyɛla Arab yiko taɣibu ni Abbasid Caliphate [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol]] ni daa saɣim nyaaŋa.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Musulinima Mongol Khanates din be [[Ilkhanate|Iran]] mini [[Chagatai Khanate|Central Asia]] daa di anfaani ni East Asia kaya ni taɣada tabi ni kp ni kpebu [[Pax Mongolica|Mongol]] sulinsi saha ka daa nya lɛbiginsim pam ni Arab kpaŋmaŋa ni, kamani [[Timurid Renaissance]], [[Timurid dynasty]] saha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Subtelny|first=Maria Eva|date=November 1988|title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D|url-status=live|journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|volume=20|issue=4|pages=479–505|doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813204329/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D|archive-date=13 August 2020|access-date=7 November 2016|s2cid=162411014}}</ref> [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] (1201–1274) daa tɛhimi gbaai laasabu mali polo ka nangbaankpeeni daa ti kana ni [[Copernicus]] daa zaŋli mi m-pahi o "[[Heliocentrism|heliocentric]] model" ni,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006055638/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html|archive-date=6 October 2018|access-date=27 August 2023|publisher=University of St Andrews}}</ref> ka [[Jamshīd al-Kāshī]] [[pi]] buɣisibu ku gari yuun kɔbigu ni pihinii.<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104103227/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/|archive-date=4 January 2022|access-date=29 December 2021|publisher=University of St Andrews}}</ref> Malifa ti'zima tɔb'bina malibu nyaaŋa, Musulim tiŋgbana pam daa ʒinimi miri "[[gunpowder empires]]", din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla din gili tiŋgbana pam ni. [[Ottoman dynasty]] daa deei la Ottoman Empire toondaan' tali ka o deebu daa niŋ yaa yuuni 1517 di ni daa niŋ ka [[Selim I]] daa leei [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques|Mecca mini Medina]] naa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Drews|first=Robert|url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/|title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization|date=August 2011|publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]]|chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648"|access-date=21 April 2020|chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173808/https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/|archive-date=26 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Shia [[Safavid dynasty]] daa yiɣisi zani deei yaa yuuni 1501 ka daa ti deei Iran zaa.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> South Asia tiŋgbani ni, [[Babur]] daa kpa [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|pages=75|year=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> "[[Mevlevi Order]]" mini "[[Bektashi Order]]" daa mlila biɛhigu ni sultans,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' [[Infobase Publishing]] 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> kamani "Sufi-mystical" ni "[[heterodox]]" mini "[[syncretic]]" so'dolisi ni Musulinsi adiini ni daa kpaŋsi la.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Algar|first=Ayla Esen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism|title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey|date=1 January 1992|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-07060-8|page=15|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024414/https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism#v=snippet&q=ottomans%20sufism&f=false|archive-date=28 December 2023|url-status=live|via=Google Books}}</ref>Dakulo kam nahingu ni "[[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid conversion of Iran]]" zaŋ chaŋ Twelver Shia Islam din be Safavid Empire daa che ka [[Twelver|Twelver sect]] daa nyɛ din du zuɣusaa ni Shia Musulinsi ni. Persian yaakoro niŋdiba ban daa kuli South Asia, ka nyɛ tiŋgbani suriba, daa nyɛla ban sɔŋsi yɛligi Shia Musulinsi adiini, ka di daa nam Shia nima pa Iran polo tiŋ'shɛŋa ni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024220/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|archive-date=7 October 2022|access-date=6 October 2022|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English}}</ref> [[Nader Shah]], ŋun daa ŋme n-yiɣisi Safavids, daa moya ni o kpaŋsi biɛhigu ni Sunna nima ka di nyɛla o daa malila Twelverism pahiri Sunni Musulinsi ni ka di nyɛ "''madhhab" din pahi anu'', ka bɛ boli li Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tucker|first=Ernest|date=1994|title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=27|issue=1–4|pages=163–179|doi=10.1080/00210869408701825|jstor=4310891}}</ref> ka di daa bɛ tooi nya taɣidee Ottomans.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Nāder Shāh|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah|date=29 March 2006|first=Ernest|last=Tucker|access-date=9 March 2021|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225103212/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah%20|url-status=live}}</ref> === Modern era (18th–20th centuries) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdülmecid II]] was the last Caliph of Islam from the [[Ottoman dynasty]].]] 14th century piligu, [[Ibn Taymiyya]] daa kpaŋsirila "[[puritan]]ical" Islam balishɛli,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> ka zaɣisiri adiini so'dolisi din niŋ soochi,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> ka bɔri ni bɛ yooi [[itjihad]] dunoya gari baŋdiba tɔɣisibu din be zimsim ni.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} o daa bɔri ni bɛ tuhi o ni boli shɛba "heretics",<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6</ref> amaa o sabbunima tumla tuma saha shɛli o ni daa be o nyɛvuli ni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spevack |first=Aaron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ |title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri |date=2014 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-1-4384-5371-2 |pages=129–130 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024415/https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> 18th century saha, Arabia tiŋgbani ni, [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab]], ni Ibn Taymiyya mini [[Ibn al-Qayyim]] tabi sɔŋ puuni, bɛ daa kpa laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni daa boli [[Wahhabi]] ni bɛ labi o ni daa nya ka shɛli pa Musulinsi adiini ni.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' [[Cambridge University Press]] 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref><ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' [[Infobase Publishing]] 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> O daa filim Musulinsi adiini yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa, kamani Anabi Muhammad (S.A.W) gballi kaabu, ka yɛli ni di nyɛla din yoli kana ka nyɛ taali<ref name="ReferenceE" /><ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502100026/https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ka saɣim buɣi kuɣa mini tihi, Sufi buɣa, Anabi [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|Muhammad]] mini o nyaaŋa gbala ni Husayn gballi din be Karbala, Shia daantali kpeeni shee.<ref name="Musa-2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2013 |title=Graves desecrated in Mizdah |work=[[Libya Herald]] |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/04/graves-desecrated-in-mizdah/#axzz2jWG0vDDO |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103172759/http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/04/graves-desecrated-in-mizdah/#axzz2jWG0vDDO |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} O daa naai la noli ni [[House of Saud|Saud]] zuliya, ka zaŋ kana yuuni 1920s, ka bɛ daa deei luɣ'shɛli din pa yɛn nyɛ [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Musa-2022" /><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' [[Wipf and Stock]] Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref>[[Ma Wanfu]] mini Ma Debao daa kpaŋsi "salafist movements" 19th century kamani [[Sailaifengye]] China dini daa niŋ ka bɛ yi Mecca labina amaa ka bɛ daa kuriba ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ bi yuri ka sɔɣiri Sufi laɣinsi.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Laɣin shɛŋa daa labiri mi niɣindi Sufism amaa ka bi kariti li, ka [[Senusiyya]] mini [[Muhammad Ahmad]] zaa daa lɔri tɔbiri ka zaani tiŋgbana Libya mini Sudan zaa.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} India tiŋgbani ni, [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] daa moya ni o bo maligu niŋ Sufism nima sunsuuni ka daa sɔŋsi "[[Deobandi]] movement".{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Deobandi movement ŋɔ dolibu ni, [[Barelwi]] movement gba daa kpaya ka nyɛ laɣingu din galisi, ka zaniti [[Sufism]] ka niɣindi di tuuntumsa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |url-status=live }}</ref> Musulinsi siyaasa daa pili tiŋgbani ni donibu 1800s piligu, di bahi bahindi zaŋ ŋmahindi Europe yahinima ban pa musulinima zaŋ ŋmahindi taba. Piligu ha, 15th century, [[Reconquista]] daa di nasara ni ni Musulinima karibu [[Taifa|Iberia]]. Zaŋ chaŋ 19th century, British [[Company rule in India|East India Company]] daa zali [[Mughal dynasty]] India tiŋgbani ni.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} <ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Musulinsi adiini taɣibu, Western baŋdiba ni daa tuui boli shɛli [[Salafi movement|''Salafiyya'']], daa taɣimi deei ʒaamani binyɛra din kpa talahi. Ban daa be lala laɣingu ŋɔ tooni shɛba n-nyɛ [[Muhammad Abduh|Muhammad 'Abduh]] mini [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232|quote="Beginning with Louis Massignon in 1919, it is true that Westerners played a leading role in labeling Islamic modernists as Salafis, even though the term was a misnomer. At the time, European and American scholars felt the need for a useful conceptual box to place Muslim figures such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and their epigones, all of whom seemed inclined toward a scripturalist understanding of Islam but proved open to rationalism and Western modernity. They chose to adopt salafiyya—a technical term of theology, which they mistook for a reformist slogan and wrongly associated with all kinds of modernist Muslim intellectuals."}}</ref> [[Abul A'la Maududi]] daa sɔnmi kpaŋsi ʒaamani Musulini siyaasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=[[Economist Magazine]] |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104032602/http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminmodernhis00smit |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islaminmodernhis00smit/page/233 233] |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> <ref name=Oxfordref>{{cite web |editor-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Mecelle |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100146176 |url-access=subscription |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817003534/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100146176 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fall of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] daa kpihim ya [[World War&nbsp;I]] nyaaŋa, [[Ottoman Caliphate]] daa kpihim ya yuuni 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |archive-date=4 October 2010}}</ref> ka [[Sharifian Caliphate]] din daa dolina gba daa lu yom,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title=«مملكة الحجاز».. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref><ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> ka Musulinsi pa beni ka ka toondana.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023" /> [[Pan-Islam]]ists daa moya ni bɛ laɣim Musulinima nangbani yini ka niŋ zaɣa ni bɛ yaa zoobu tiŋgbana ni, kamani [[pan-Arabism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |url=https://archive.org/details/panarabismbefore00dora |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofpanisl0000land |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), Musulinima ni galisi tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni n-daa be din ni, di daa kpala yuuni 1969 bɛ ni daa nyo [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]] din be [[Jerusalem]] nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628190335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Daabiligu daa ʒi Musulinsi kpe tiŋgbani yaɣa pam. Musulinima pam daa niŋ yaakoro (di yaa daa nyɛla India mini Indonesia) zaŋ kuli Caribbean, ka di zuɣu daa che ka Musulinima galisim daa be Americas.{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}} Yaakoro niŋ yi Syria mini Lebanon nyɛla din pahi ka Musulinima galisi [[Islam in Latin America|Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinamericasi0000unse|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=[https://archive.org/details/arabsinamericasi0000unse/page/5 5]}}</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa fɔŋ leebu mini daabiligu kpaŋsibu nyɛla din ʒi Musulinima na ka bɛ ti ʒini tiŋgbani yaɣ'pala ka wuligi Musulinsi adiini,<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> ka Musulinima kalinli pahi bini din gbaai yuuni 1869 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Contemporary era (20th century–present) === Ban gari ʒaamani Musulinsi tooni kpaŋsila Musulinima siyaasa kamani "[[Muslim Brotherhood]]" ni paati shɛŋa din pahi Arab yaɣili,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104171024/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153440/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ka di tum viɛnyɛla piibu piibu nyaaŋa kamani [[Arab Spring]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] din be South Asia mini [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AK Party]], ka tahi vuhim na Turkey yuun gbaliŋ. [[Iran]] tiŋbani ni, nyɛla ban bo naa ʒili Musulinsi adiini tiŋgbani shɛli ni. Ban pahi kamani [[Rashid Rida|Sayyid Rashid Rida]] birigila adiini ʒaamani zalisi<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> ka saɣiritiri o ni boli shɛ "Western influence".<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|url=https://archive.org/details/salafisminlebano0000rabi|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=[https://archive.org/details/salafisminlebano0000rabi/page/n47 32]–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Laɣingu din nyɛ [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] nyɛla ban yɛn mɔ n-nam saha ŋɔ salima liɣiri ka di niŋ bɛ liɣiri.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |url-status=live }}</ref> Musulinsi siyaasa laɣinsi nyaaŋa, 20th century saha Turkey, linjimanima daa ŋmerimi ni bɛ yiɣisi gɔmnantinima ban nyɛ Musulunima, lala n-nyɛli ka di daa lahi niŋ Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529003102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529003101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Saudi Arabia tiŋgbani ni, tiŋgbani maa adiini sɔŋsikm daa nyɛla yini<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=http://www.economist.com/node/9409354?story_id=9409354 |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094736/http://www.economist.com/node/9409354?story_id=9409354 |url-status=live }}</ref> ka, Egypt tiŋgbani ni, tiŋgbani maa zaa [[Al-Azhar University]], din daa na nyɛ tiŋgbani maa kukoli di ʒi di gama zuɣu lihibu.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| url = https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=[https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/page/59 59]| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafism daa pilila Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104032423/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27256187/page/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Saudi Arabia daa niŋdila kampee tuhiri "revolutionary Islamist movements" din daa be Middle East, zaŋ dalim Iran.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Musulunima ni daa bi galisi zuliya shɛŋa ni daa nyɛla bɛ ni kuri shɛba.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]] |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211114303/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ban daa be di tooni n-daa nyɛ tiŋbihi ban daa mali kpeŋ kamani [[Khmer Rouge]], ban da nyɛ ka bɛ nyɛ bɛ dimba ka di daliri nyɛla bɛ daa adiini nyɛla din che ka bɛ yi bɛ ko ka che salo maa zaa,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,428133,00.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130924035829/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,428133,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chinese Communist Party]] din be [[Xinjiang internment camps|Xinjiang]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210012542/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |archive-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ni tiŋgbani yahinima kamani [[Bosnian genocide]] saha.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/balkangenocidesh0000mojz |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/balkangenocidesh0000mojz/page/178 178]}}</ref> Myanmar linjimanima [[Tatmadaw]] miricho [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] daa nyɛla bibiɛlim zaŋ ti ninsalisili, UN mini Amnesty International zalisi ni,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106013700/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922232529/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|url-status=live}}</ref> ka [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] Fact-Finding Mission daa nya ka [[Rohingya genocide|genocide]], ethnic cleansing, ni din pahi pahi gba nyɛ bibiɛlim zaŋ ti ninsalisili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019232309/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ninneesim zaŋ kana lahabali wuligibu toontibo ni nyɛla din wuligi adiini baŋsim pam. [[Hijab]] zaŋ ku bukaata nyɛla din niŋ bayana<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503150409/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ka Musulunsi adiini baŋdiba shɛba mori ni bɛ waligi Musulunsi adiini dihitabilinima ka che kaya ni taɣada.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Zuliya shɛŋa ni, lala lahabali ŋɔ wuligibu nyɛla din tahi "[[televangelist]]" waazu niŋdiba na, kamani [[Amr Khaled]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Islamic televangelist; holy smoke|agency=[[The Economist]]|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21534763|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904164441/http://www.economist.com/node/21534763|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sokam tɛha ni Musulunsi adiini<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> daa tooi zooi la "[[Liberal Muslims]]" ban daa mo di bɛ zaŋ adiini kaya ni taɣada dolisi gɔmnanti tali,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} so'chibi shɛli niriba shɛba ni daa bi saɣitishɛli.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105164410/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml |archive-date=2013-11-05 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903020955/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206153300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Demographics == {{Main|Muslim world|Ummah}} {{See also|Islam by country|Muslim population growth}} [[File:MuslimWorldDemographics2022.png|thumb|Muslim distribution worldwide, based on latest available data<ref>{{cite web |title=Data taken from various sources, see description in link |date=22 August 2022 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MuslimWorldDemographics2022.png |publisher=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221084403/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MuslimWorldDemographics2022.png |url-status=live}}</ref>|upright=1.35]] [[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|World percentage of Muslims by country |upright=1.35]] Zaŋ kana yuuni 2020, kamani vaabu 24% duniaa daadabiɛlim kalibu puuni, bee kamani niriba 1.9&nbsp;billion, n-daa nyɛ Musulinima.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion"/><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country|title=Muslim Population by Country 2023|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031214555/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Lipka, Michael, and Conrad Hackett. [2015] 6 April 2017. "[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/|date=14 May 2019}}" (data analysis). ''Fact Tank''. [[Pew Research Center]].</ref> Yuuni 1900, lala buɣisibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla vaabu 12.3%,<ref>David B. Barrett, George T. Kurian, and Todd M. Johnson, World Christian Encyclopedia: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world, Vol. 1: The world by countries: religionists, churches, ministries 2d ed. (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001), 4.</ref> yuuni 1990 di daa nyɛla vaabu 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011"/> ka bɛ daa buɣisi ni tooni ha di ni tooi paai vaabu 29.7% zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2050.<ref name="pew2015">Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life. April 2015. "[https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|date=11 December 2020}}." [[Pew Research Center]]. p. 70 [https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207093700/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/|date=7 December 2020}}.</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] daa buɣisiya ni musulinima vaabu 87–90% n-nyɛ Sunni ka vaabu 10–13% nyɛ Shia.{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Kamani 49 countries nyɛla Musulinima galisim,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]] Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim Majority Countries 2021 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-majority-countries |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=worldpopulationreview.com |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101055328/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-majority-countries |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life]]. December 2012. "[https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|date=23 March 2018}}." DC: Pew Research Center. [https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/ Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926222120/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|date=26 September 2018}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency|Anadolu News Agency]] |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> ka vaabu 62% dunia Musulinima be Asia, ka 683 million be [[Islam in Indonesia|Indonesia]],<ref>Pew Forum for Religion and Public Life. April 2015. "[https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|date=7 February 2017}}" (projections table). [[Pew Research Center]].</ref> [[Islam in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Islam in India|India]], ni [[Islam in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] ko.<ref>{{cite web|title=Secrets of Islam|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm|archive-date=22 January 2011|access-date=24 September 2013|website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, [[San Diego State University]] (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref>[[Arab Muslims|Arab Musulinima]] n-nyɛ ban galisi pam dunia,<ref>Margaret Kleffner Nydell [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC|date=28 December 2023}}, Intercultural Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1931930252}}, page xxiii, 14</ref> ka ban paya nyɛ [[Bengali Muslims|Bengalis]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Meghna Guhathakurta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50|title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics|author2=Willem van Schendel|date=30 April 2013|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822353188|page=50|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50|archive-date=7 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> ni [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabis]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|publisher=Aleph Book Company|year=2013|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, [[Illinois]]|page=1}}.</ref> Buɣisibu nima pam wuhiya ni [[Islam in China|China]] mali kamani Musulinima 20 zaŋ chaŋ 30 million (1.5% zaŋ chaŋ 2% bɛ daadam biɛlim puuni).<ref>{{cite web|title=Explore All Countries – China|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=15 September 2009|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm|archive-date=10 July 2019|access-date=24 September 2013|website=Archived Content|publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[Islam in Europe|Europe]] Musulinsi n-nyɛ adiini din galisi pahi buyi Dolodolo nuu yi yi tiŋgbana pam ni, ka daa zooi pam yuuni 2005,<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 December 2005|title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm|url-status=live|access-date=1 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm|archive-date=29 September 2009}}</ref> ka pahi vaabu 4.9% Europe daadamnima ni yuuni 2016.<ref>{{citation|last=Hackett|first=Conrad|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Ban dolisiri kpɛri Musulinsi adiini ni dii bi pahiri adiini ŋɔ ni, dama baŋdiba buɣisiya ni ban kperi dini mini ban yiri nyɛla yim."<ref>{{Cite report|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|section=Conversion|date=27 January 2011|publisher=Pew Research Center|section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> Amaa di ni tooi niŋ ka niriba 3 million yi bɛ adiini nima ni n-kpe Musulinsi adiini ni zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2010 ni 2050, ka di pam yɛn nyɛla [[Sub Saharan Africa]] (2.9 million).<ref>{{cite web|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 April 2017|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|archive-date=18 February 2022|access-date=17 December 2022|work=Pew Research Center}}</ref>Lahabali din yina [[CNN]] nima sani wuhiya ni, "Musulinsi adiini nyɛla niriba yaɣayaɣa ni kperi shɛli ni, ban yi polo pam n-nyɛ "African-Americans".<ref>{{cite news|title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/|archive-date=15 October 2018}}</ref> [[Islam in Britain|Britain]] tiŋgbani ni, kamani niriba tusaa ayɔbu n-kperi Musulinsi adiini ni yuuni kam, lahabali din yina British Muslims Monthly Survey ni wuhi shɛm, Ban daa kperi Musulinsi adiini pam Britain tiŋgbani ni daa nyɛla paɣaba.<ref>{{cite web|title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6|url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert|archive-date=2008-02-14|access-date=2020-09-28|at=Women convert}}</ref> "''The Huffington Post" ni wuhi shɛm'', "Ni ban ti li zaɣa wuhiya ni niriba 20,000 America n-dolisiri kperi Musulinsi adiini ni yuuni kam", ka bɛ pam nyɛ paɣaba mini [[African-American Muslims|African-Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-24|title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2020-11-26|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author-last=Bindel|author-first=Julie|author-link=Julie Bindel|date=26 April 2010|title=Why do Western Women Convert?|url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|archive-date=6 October 2014|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[Standpoint (magazine)|Standpoint]]}}</ref> Di kalinli ni, Musulinsi adiini n-nyɛ adiini din zoori yomyom, ka ni tooi niŋ adiini din galisi pɔi ka 21st century naan yi naai, n-gari Dolodolo adiini.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lipka|first1=Michael|last2=Hackett|first2=Conrad|date=April 6, 2017|title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/|archive-date=14 May 2019|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="pew20152">Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life. April 2015. "[https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|date=11 December 2020}}." [[Pew Research Center]]. p. 70 [https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207093700/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/|date=7 December 2020}}.</ref> Di buɣisiya ni, zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2050, ni Musulinima kalinli ni tooi miri Dolodolonima ban be dunia, "ka di nyɛla Musunima ni dɔɣiri shɛm zuɣu."<ref name="pew20152"/> ==Main branches or denominations== {{Main|Islamic schools and branches#Main branches or denominations}}{{See also|Shia–Sunni relations}} === Sunni === {{Main|Sunni Islam}} [[File:Sahih Al-Bukhari in English.png|thumb|right|The nine volumes of [[Sahih Al-Bukhari]], one of the [[Al-Kutub Al-Sittah|six Sunni hadith books]]]] Sunni Musulinsi, bee Sunnism, n-nyɛ Musulinsin adiini pubu yaɣili din galisi pam.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Denny, Frederick. 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 ''Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide'']. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 3. "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community."</ref> Lala bachi ŋɔ nyɛla bachi din nyɛ "ahl as-sunna wa'l-jamaat" zaɣ'ŋmaa,ka di gbunni nyɛ "[[Sunnah|sunna]] niriba (Muhammad tuuntumsa) ni mabiligu".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=[[Islam Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunni Musulinsi adiini nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli saha shɛŋa "orthodox Islam",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |url=https://archive.org/details/statusofwomenund0000nasi_k9w1 |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=[https://archive.org/details/statusofwomenund0000nasi_k9w1/page/11 11]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |url=https://archive.org/details/whatyouneedtokno0000bras |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=[https://archive.org/details/whatyouneedtokno0000bras/page/62 62]}}</ref> amaa baŋdiba shɛba bi saɣiti li, ka ban pa Sunni nima pam ni tooi nyɛ ka di nyɛ taali.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunni nima, bee saha shɛŋa "Sunnites", ni tuuli "caliphs" niriba anahi n-daa nyɛ ban zani Muhammad zaai ka zaŋ di shɛhira dalim hadiisi nima dibaa ayɔbu, ka doli di puuni yini: [[Hanafi]], [[Hanbali]], [[Maliki]] bee [[Shafi'i]].<ref name="Lexico">{{cite web |title=sharia |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/sharia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122164555/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sharia |archive-date=22 January 2020 |website=Lexico |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> === Shia === {{Main|Shia Islam}} [[File:Nahj al-Balagha.jpg|thumb|[[Nahj al-balagha]], collection of sermons, letters, and sayings attributed to [[Ali|Imam Ali]].]] Shia Islam, bee Shi'ism, n-nyɛ Musulinsi adiini din galisin pahi buyi Musulinsi adiini pubu ni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Shias, bee Shiites, za mi ni Muhammad fa'diriba ban nyɛ toondaannima nyƐla ban yina Muhammad daŋ ni bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ni lala kpamba, bɛ ni boli shɛba "[[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]]s", nyɛla ban mali tabiibi.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|MacMillan]] Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author=Tayeb El-Hibri, Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Shias nyɛla ban doli [[Ja'fari school|Ja'fari school of jurisprudence]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=John Corrigan, Frederick Denny, Martin S Jaffee, Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = Imam_Ali_shrine_-_1_May_2015_19.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Imam Ali Shrine]] in [[Najaf]], the third holiest place for Shia Muslims after Mecca and Medina. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 200 | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Imam Hussein Shrine]] in [[Karbala]], a holy site for Shia Muslims. | width3 = 289 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = [[Imam Reza shrine]], the world's largest mosque, in [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]. 25 million Shias visiting the shrine each year. }} === Muhakkima === {{Main|Muhakkima|Ibadi Islam|Kharijites}} Ban doli [[Ibadi Islam]] bee [[Ibadism]] paai kamani Musulinima 1.45&nbsp;million dunia yaɣa zaa (~0.08% Musulinima), ka bɛ pam be [[Oman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert Brenton Betts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFq_KUqqWJMC&pg=PA15 |title=The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences |date=31 July 2013 |isbn=978-1-61234-522-2 |pages=14–15 |publisher=Potomac Books |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024743/https://books.google.com/books?id=vFq_KUqqWJMC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibadism nyɛla bɛ ni lihi shɛili ka di nyɛ [[kharijites]] balishɛli, amaa Ibadis maŋmaŋa bɛ saɣiti lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ. Kharijites daa nyɛla ninvuɣi shɛba ban ni gaaba ni Caliph Ali ni o ni daa saɣiti ninvuɣi so bɛ ni daa dihitabili ni o tumdila taya ni bɛ bɔ maligu taba sunsuuni.Kamani kharijite pubu pa, Ibadism bɛ kali ninvuɣ'shɛba ban tumdi taya pahi ban bi ti yarida ni. Ibadi hadiisi, kamani[[Jami Sahih]] lahabali, malila ban daa daŋna ha yɛltɔɣa n-tumdi tuma, amaa Ibadi hadiisinima pam gba nyɛla din be Sunni lahabaya din zani di naba zuɣu ni ka Ibadis tooi saɣiritiri lala Sunni lahabaya ŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Valerie Jon|last= Hoffman|title= The Essentials of Ibadi Islam|location= [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]|pages=3–4|publisher= [[Syracuse University Press]]|year= 2012|isbn= 9780815650843|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JNxvMRJM3EAC}}</ref> [[File:Islam branches and schools..png|centre|An overview of the major sects and ''madhahib'' of Islam]] === Other denominations === * "[[Ahmadiyya Movement]]" daa kpala British India yuuni 1889 ka ŋun daa kpali nyɛ [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] ŋun yina [[Qadian]], ŋun daa yɛli ni o nyɛla [[Messiah]] so yɛla bɛ ni yɛli ("[[Jesus in Islam|Christ]] buyi labbu na ni"), Musulinima daa gulila [[Mahdi]] n-ti tabili [[Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)|"subordinate" prophet]] zaŋ ti Musulinsi adiini toondana Muhammad (S.W.A).<ref name="Upal 2021">{{cite book|author-last=Upal|author-first=M. Afzal|title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2021|isbn=978-90-04-43554-4|editor1-last=Cusack|editor1-first=Carole M.|editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack|series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion|volume=21|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]|pages=637–657|chapter=The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat|doi=10.1163/9789004435544_034|issn=1874-6691|author-link=Afzal Upal|editor2-last=Upal|editor2-first=M. Afzal|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Turner 2003">{{cite book|last=Turner|first=Richard Brent|title=Islam in the African-American Experience|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=9780253216304|edition=2nd|location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] and [[Indianapolis]]|pages=109–146|chapter=The Ahmadiyya Mission to America: A Multi-Racial Model for American Islam|lccn=2003009791|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XMuLWlTgjMC&pg=PA109|origyear=1997}}</ref> Dihitabili balibbu beni ni Ahmadis wuhibu zaŋ maɣisi Musulinsi adiininima din pahi,<ref name="Upal 2021"/><ref name="Drover 2020"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Korbel|first1=Jonathan|title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism|last2=Preckel|first2=Claudia|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-32511-1|editor1-last=Bentlage|editor1-first=Björn|series=Numen Book Series|volume=154|location=[[Leiden]]|pages=426–442|chapter=Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)|doi=10.1163/9789004329003_034|editor2-last=Eggert|editor2-first=Marion|editor3-last=Krämer|editor3-first=Hans-Martin|editor4-last=Reichmuth|editor4-first=Stefan|editor4-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426}}</ref><ref name="Turner 2003"/> n-ti tabili kahigibu ni Quranic yɛltɔga kpani ''[[Khatam an-Nabiyyin]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Balzani|first=Marzia|title=Ahmadiyya Islam and the Muslim Diaspora: Living at the End of Days|isbn=978-1-315-19728-9|location=Abingdon, Oxon|pages=6–8|oclc=1137739779}}</ref> ni Anabi yisa labbu na din pahiri buyi ("[[Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam|Messiah's Second Coming]]").<ref name="Drover 2020"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-23|title=What are the Signs of the Second Coming of the Messiah?|url=https://www.reviewofreligions.org/12457/what-are-the-signs-of-the-second-coming-of-the-messiah/|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Review of Religions|language=en-GB}}</ref> Musulinima shɛba nyɛla ban zaɣisi li<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2013-11-21|title=The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1057427|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613025520/http://www.dawn.com/news/1057427|archive-date=13 June 2015|access-date=2024-03-19|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> ni [[Persecution of Ahmadis|Ahmadis]] shɛba kubu tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni,<ref name="Drover 2020">{{cite book|author-last=Drover|author-first=Lauren|title=New Religious Movements in Modern Asian History: Socio-Cultural Alternatives|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-7936-3403-0|editor-last=Kim|editor-first=David W.|series=Ethnographies of Religion|location=[[Lanham, Maryland]]|pages=21–36|chapter=The Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat: A New Religious Movement Derived from Islam?|oclc=1220880253|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WQGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21}}</ref> di bahi bahindi [[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Pakistan]],<ref name="Drover 2020"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Uddin|first=Asma T.|title=State Responses to Minority Religions|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]/[[Routledge]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4724-1647-6|editor-last=Kirkham|editor-first=David M.|series=Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements|location=[[Farnham|Farnham, U.K.]] and [[Burlington, Vermont]]|pages=81–98|chapter=A Legal Analysis of Ahmadi Persecution in Pakistan|lccn=2013019344|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9TVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> luɣ'shɛli [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan]] gɔ~mnanti ni yɛli ni bɛ pala Musulinima.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974|url=https://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144752/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html|archive-date=17 July 2017|access-date=2024-03-19|website=pakistani.org}}</ref> Ban doli Ahmadiyya Movement Musulinsi adiini puuni pula buyi: Tuuli dini n-nyɛ "[[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]", din na galisi saha ŋɔ ni, ni [[Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam]].<ref name="Drover 2020"/> * "[[Alevism]]" nyɛla "[[Syncretism|syncretic]]" ni "[[Heterodoxy|heterodox]]" Musulinsi adiini kali, ban doli ([[Batin (Islam)|bāṭenī]]) baŋsibu zaŋ chaŋ Ali mini [[Haji Bektash Veli]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Algar|first1=Hamid|date=December 15, 1989|title=Bektāšīya|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bektasiya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201955/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bektasiya|archive-date=10 September 2015|access-date=13 February 2019|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> Alevism nyɛla 14th century Turkish ni dihi shɛli tabili taba laɣimbu.<ref>Jorgen S Nielsen Muslim ''Political Participation in Europe'' [[Edinburgh University Press]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-748-67753-5}} page 255</ref> Buɣisibu buɣisiya ni 10 million zaŋ chaŋ 20 million (~0.5–1% Musulinima zaa puuni) n-nyɛ Alevis duniya zaa.<ref>[http://www.alevi.dk/ENGELSK/Turkish_Alevis_Today.pdf ''John Shindeldecker: Turkish Alevis Today: II Alevi Population Size and Distribution''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111738/http://www.alevi.dk/ENGELSK/Turkish_Alevis_Today.pdf|date=30 November 2016}}, PDF-Datei, See also [http://i-cias.com/e.o/alevi.htm ''Encyclopaedia of the Orient: Alevi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613045624/https://i-cias.com/e.o/alevi.htm|date=13 June 2021}}, consulted on 30 May 2017.</ref> * [[Quranism]] nyɛla Musulinsi adiini laɣingu yaɣ'shɛli ka di wuhiri ni Musulinsi adiini zalisi mini di baŋsibu tu ni di tam [[Quran]] zuɣu ka di pa ni [[sunnah]] bee [[Hadith]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Musa|first=Aisha Y.|date=2010|title=The Qur'anists|journal=Religion Compass|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|volume=4|issue=1|pages=12–21|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x}}</ref> ni Alikuraani baŋdiba baŋsibu zaŋ chaŋ Musulinsi adiini daantalisi anu la ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Musa|first=Aisha Y.|year=2010|title=The Qur'anists|url=https://www.academia.edu/1035742|url-status=live|journal=Religion Compass|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=12–21|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x|issn=1749-8171|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128062123/https://www.academia.edu/1035742|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> Lala laɣingu ŋɔ pili la 19th century zaŋ kana, ni ban tɛhiri kamani [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], Abdullah Chakralawi ni [[Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]] ŋun be India m-bɔhiri hadiisi pilli.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Daniel W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RPcYgx5u_MC|title=Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought|date=1999-03-04|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65394-7|pages=7–45, 68|language=en}}</ref> Egypt tiŋgbani ni, [[Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi]] sabila lahabali din nyɛ "''Islam is the Quran alone"'' ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manār]] lahabali ni'', ka ŋme nangbankpeeni ni Quran konko zaŋ tumtuma.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Juynboll|first=G. H. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAUVAAAAIAAJ|title=The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern Egypt,... G.H.A. Juynboll,...|date=1969|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=23–25|language=en}}</ref> 20th century bahigu Quran baŋda [[Rashad Khalifa]], Egyptian-American baŋdi ŋun yɛli ni o daa yimina ni "[[Numerology|numerological]] [[Quran code|code in the Quran]]", ka kpa Quran baŋdiba laɣingu [[United Submitters International]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 1989|title=Why the name change?|url=http://www.quranalone.com/SP/57_1989_09.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Submission Perspective|volume=57|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115713/https://www.quranalone.com/SP/57_1989_09.pdf|archive-date=31 July 2021|access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = Imam_Ali_shrine_-_1_May_2015_19.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Imam Ali Shrine]] in [[Najaf]], the third holiest place for Shia Muslims after Mecca and Medina. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 200 | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Imam Hussein Shrine]] in [[Karbala]], a holy site for Shia Muslims. | width3 = 289 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = [[Imam Reza shrine]], the world's largest mosque, in [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]. 25 million Shias visiting the shrine each year. }} == Law and jurisprudence == {{Main|Sharia|Fiqh}}{{See also|Logic in Islamic philosophy#Islamic law and theology}} [[Sharia]] n-nyɛ adiini zaligu din pahi nam Musulunsi kaya ni taɣa.<ref name="Lexico2" />{{sfnp|Esposito|2002b|pp=17, 111–112, 118}} Di yimina Musulunsi adiini puuni, di bahi bahindi Quran mini Hadith. Larigu ni, bachi din nyɛ sharīʿah zanimi ti Naawuni ni bɔri zali shɛli ka di gabiri ni ''[[fiqh]]'', din zani ti di baŋsibu tɔnyɛligi.<ref name="ODI">{{cite web|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|editor-link=John Esposito|title=Islamic Law|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033813/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107|archive-date=3 February 2017|work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]]|via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref><ref name="vikor">Vikør, Knut S. 2014. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140604214623/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 Sharīʿah]." In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics'', edited by [[Emad Shahin|E. Shahin]]. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. Archived from the [http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 original] on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Bɛ ni mali li tumdi tuma ʒaamani ŋɔ nyɛla din tahiri nangbankpeeni na nadaa Musulinima mini ban niŋdi taɣibunima.<ref name="Lexico2" /> Nadaaha lahabali din jendi zalisi gbubila sharia ni yi luɣ'shɛŋa na yaɣa dibaa anahi: dini n-nyɛ Quran, sunnah (''Hadith'' ni [[Prophetic biography|''Sira'']]), [[qiyas]], n-ti pahi ''[[ijma]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John L.|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=MOmaDq8HKCgC|page=2}}|title=Women in Muslim Family Law|last2=DeLong-Bas|first2=Natana J.|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8156-2908-5|pages=2–|author-link=John Esposito|author-link2=Natana J. DeLong-Bas}} Quote: "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the ''Quran'', the ''Sunnah'' of the Prophet, ''qiyas'' (analogical reasoning), and ''ijma'' (consensus)."</ref> Shikuruti pam kpuɣila sochibisi balibu ni di yihi sharia zalisi kundunima ni ka di nyɛla bɛ yɛn dolila so shɛli bɛ ni boli ''[[ijtihad]]''.<ref name="ODI" /> Nadaa zalisi gbubila yaɣa dibaa ayi,''[[Ibadah|ʿibādāt]]'' (rituals) mini ''[[Muamalat|muʿāmalāt]]'' (social relations), ka di laɣim taba gbubi yaɣa pam.<ref name="ODI" /> Di tuma chaŋmi ti gbaai pubu dibaa anu la puuni yini, [[ahkam]]: "mandatory" (''[[fard]]''), "recommended" (''[[mustahabb]]''), "permitted" (''[[mubah]]''), "abhorred" (''[[makruh]]''), "prohibited" (''[[haram]]'').<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="vikor" /> Champaŋ nyɛla Musulinsi ni kpaŋsi shɛli{{sfnp|Leaman|2006|page=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=214}} 214]}} ka tibidarigibo niŋ talahi ti taali tumdiba ni bɛ ni tum taali maa shɛm tariga.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=116}} 116]}} Sharia shɛŋa chanimi kperi "Western notion of law" ni ka di shɛŋa mi chanmi doli Naawuni ni bɔri shɛli biɛhigu ni.<ref name="vikor" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hajjar|first=Lisa|year=2004|title=Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_law-social-inquiry_winter-2004_29_1/page/1|journal=[[Law & Social Inquiry]]|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–38|doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x|jstor=4092696|s2cid=145681085}}</ref> === Schools of jurisprudence === {{Main|Madhhab}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Madhhab_Map3.png|right|thumb|Islamic [[Madh'hab|schools of law]] in the [[Muslim world]]]] == Society == === Daily and family life === {{See also|Adab (Islam)|Islamic dietary laws|Islam and children|Marriage in Islam|Women in Islam|Polygyny in Islam}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|[[Hijab|Islamic veils]] represent [[Morality in Islam#Humility|modesty]]]] Dakulo pam tuma chaŋmi n-ti lu n-zahim ''adab'', bee "etiquette". Bindiri shɛŋa din chihiri n-nyɛ kurichu nimdi, ʒim mini binkpiŋ nimdi. Alaafee nyɛla bɛ ni nyɛ ka shɛli nyɛ dihitabili din yina Naawuni sani, kamani daam binnyura nyɛla din chihira.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Nimdi kam tum ni di yina nimadi din dibu bi chihiri ni ka bɛ lahi kɔrigili ni Naawuni yuli, Jew, be Doldolo, gbaai yihi tɔhigu dini bee zahim din gbahi kuliga ni.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Kɔbiri nyɛla bɛ ni kpaŋsiri shɛli dobba ni<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> ni ningbuna malibu, kamani dalima din ka nyahibu sabi pa ningbuna zuɣunyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ shɛli.{{efn|Some Muslims in dynastic era China resisted [[footbinding]] of girls for the same reason.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofchina00legg|quote=mohammedan.|title=The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity|first=James|last=Legge|year=1880|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofchina00legg/page/111 111]|access-date=28 June 2010}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref> }}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website= |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308040238/https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Silk" mini salima nyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ Musulinsi adiini dobba ni bɛ zaŋ niŋ bɛ maŋa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas_u8y1 |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas_u8y1/page/158 158] |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> ''[[Haya (Islam)|Haya]]'', ka bɛ tooi lɛbigiri di gbunni "vi" bee "gahimbu", nyɛla bɛ ni kpaŋsi ni Musulimi mali shɛli<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ka wuhiri Musulimi biɛɣu kulo kam biɛhigu. Kamani shɛhira, nema yɛbu Musulinsi adiini ni tumi ni di gahim, din nima n-nyɛ "''[[hijab]]"'' zaŋ ti paɣaba. Lala n-lahi nyɛli, ninsalisili sabita gba nyɛla bɛ ni kpaŋsi shɛli.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> Yɛlimaŋ'tibo ni adiininima din pahi (''[[tasamuh]]'') nyɛla Sunni Musulinsi mabiligu ni saɣiti shɛli.<ref name="usm1">{{cite journal |last1=Mihlar Abdul Muthaliff |first1=Mohamed |title=RELIGIOUS HARMONY AND PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE: A QURANIC PERSPECTIVE |journal=UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA - Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities |date=May 2016 |volume=7 |page=47 |url=https://oarep.usim.edu.my/server/api/core/bitstreams/657d2550-283c-4333-bec6-c1599f1c9257/content |access-date=2024-08-19 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811134259/https://oarep.usim.edu.my/server/api/core/bitstreams/657d2550-283c-4333-bec6-c1599f1c9257/content |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mw1">{{cite web |title=Maksud Tasamuh |url=https://www.mywilayah.com/2022/05/maksud-tasamuh.html |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="ahcm">{{cite web |last1=Centre |first1=Al-Haq |title=AMALKAN SIKAP ‘TASAMUH’ (TOLERANSI) KERANA IA ADALAH AKHLAK TERPUJI DAN SYARAT KERUKUNAN DALAM MASYARAKAT {{!}} Al-Haq Centre Malaysia |url=https://alhaqcentremalaysia.com/?p=3304 |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Muslim couple]] Musulinsi amiliya niŋbu ni, doo maa tumi ni o yo asadaachi (''[[mahr]]'').<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Musulinima pam mali paɣa yini yini.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications|Oneworld]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb/page/141 141]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=[[HarperOne]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 68]}}</ref> Musulim dobaa ni tooi mali paɣa bɔbigu kani doo bɔ paɣa paai anahi. Musulinsi kpaŋsiya ni doo yi ku tooi tum adalich o paɣaba sunsuuni, ni din ŋuna ŋun bɔm paɣa yini. Di daliri shɛli nyɛla ni doo yi bo paɣaba pam o ni tooi sɔŋ ban ku tooi nyaŋ kamani liɣiri polo (e.g. pakoya). Amaa, paɣa tuuli mini o yidana ni tooi gbaai ni o bi lahi yɛn bo paɣa pahi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Amiliya niŋbu lahi mali balibu zaŋ chaŋ taɣada nima ni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The [[Islamic Texts Society]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/92 92–93]}}</ref> Musulinsi adiini bi saɣiti ni paɣa mali yidaannima pam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|[[Shia]] Muslim girls studying the [[Quran]] placed atop folding [[lectern]]s ([[Rehal (book rest)|''rehal'']]) during [[Ramadan]] in [[Qom]], [[Iran]]]] Bɛ yi dɔɣi bia naai, bɛ moonil la jiŋli n-niŋ o nudirigu ni ka yiɣisi jiŋli n-niŋ o nuzaa ni.{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=106}} Dabaa ayopɔin dali, ka bɛ niŋ suuna, ka bɛ kɔrigi binkɔbigu ka piri o nimdi tari ban bi nyanda.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=120}} 120]}} Bɛ pindila bia maa zuɣ, ka bɔ zabiri maa liɣiri ti ban ka yi ko.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=120}} 120]}} Do gunibu, bɛ ni boli shɛli ''[[Khitan (circumcision)|khitan]]'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> nyɛla Musulinima ni niŋdi shɛli.<ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |publisher=[[Hindawi Publishing Corporation]] |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=[[Bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref> Daadam laamba jilima tibu, ka lahi yuuniba viɛnyɛla nyɛa jama.{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=136}} Bɛ kpaŋsiya ni Musulimi yi yɛn kpi ka o yɛli S''hahada'' o yɛltɔga bahigu.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Ku'yiya chandi nyɛla bɛ ni tibigi shɛli. Kpim sɔɣibu Musulinsi adiini ni, di ku tu ni nira yi kuli kpi ka bɛ sɔɣi o yomyom, ka hawa pishi ni anahi zuɣu ni. Bɛ surila kum maa kom, gbaa yihi "martyrs", paɣa surila paɣaba ka dobba suri dobba, ka bɛ niŋ o situra yuli booni ''kafan''.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/83 83]}} Kum jiŋli yuli booni ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' nyɛla bɛ ni puhiri shɛli. Pampam kuhibu bi saɣiti. Bɛ dii bi kpaŋsi kum adakanima ka bi lahi dalindi gbala, hali nanima gba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman|first=Rema |date=25 October 2011|title=Who, What, Why: What are the burial customs in Islam?|work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15444275|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> === Arts and culture === {{Main|Islamic culture}} {{See also|Islamic art|Islamic architecture|Islamic literature|Islam in association football|Cultural Muslims}} <gallery class="left"> File:Sixty Dome Mosque,Bagerhat.jpg|14th century [[Sixty Dome Mosque]], in [[Khalifatabad]], [[Bangladesh]] File:Djenne great mud mosque.jpg|[[Great Mosque of Djenné]], in the [[west Africa]]n country of [[Mali]] File:Closeup of Mir-i-Arab Madrasa.jpg|Dome in [[Po-i-Kalyan]], [[Bukhara]], [[Uzbekistan]] File:1 great mosque xian 2011.JPG|14th century [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]] in China File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|16th century [[Menara Kudus Mosque]] in Indonesia showing Indian influence File:Basmalah-1wm.svg|The phrase ''[[Basmala|Bismillah]]'' in an 18th-century Islamic calligraphy from the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] region File:Roof hafez tomb.jpg|Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb in [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]] </gallery> === Malaika nima === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], 1307.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaika nima ({{lang-ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') nyɛla binnamda shɛŋa yɛltɔɣa bɛ ni yɛlli Alquran {{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} mini hadiisi ni.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Bɛ nyɛla bɛ buɣirisi shɛba Naawuni ni nam ni bɛ Jam o ka lahi tumdi tun'shɛŋa kamani yɛligu din yina Naawuni sani, sabiri ninsali kam tuma ka deeri ninsali kam nyɛvuli o kpibu saha. Bɛ nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi ni bɛ zaŋ la neeisim nam ba ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref>"[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur Nūr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur|date=23 April 2022}}." ''[[Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]]''. – via ''[[Encyclopedia.com]]''.</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> bee buɣum (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc|last=Campo|first=Juan E.|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar|c=Nar|in=Martin|year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Musulinsi adiini malaika nima tooi zooi ka bɛ nyɛla [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic forms]] ka laɣim ni [[supernatural]] anfooni nima kamani kpiŋkpana, nyɛ ban galisi.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Nahingbana din niŋ bayana zaŋ n-ti malaika nima nyɛ bɛ ka niŋgbana yɛlibora mini suhiyurilim kamani dibu mini nyubu.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Bɛ shɛba kamani [[Gabriel]] (''Jibrīl'') mini [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] (''Mika'il'') nyɛla Alquran ni boli shɛba yuya. Malaika nima nyɛla ban tuma galisi "literature" zaŋ jandi [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raj]], ni ka Muhammad daa nya malaika nima pam o chani alizanda ni.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} == Mysticism == {{Main|Sufism}} {{See also|Sufi–Salafi relations}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|The Whirling Dervishes, or [[Mevlevi Order]] by the tomb of Sufi-mystic [[Rumi]]]] [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|[[Sufism]] in [[Konya]], [[Turkey]]]] Sufism (Arabic: {{lang-ar|تصوف|translit=tasawwuf|label=none}}),nyɛla "[[mystical]]-[[ascetic]]" sodoligu zaŋ chaŋ Musulinsi adiini din bɔri Nawwuni miribu ka doli Naawuni ni adalichi.<ref name="msk2">{{cite book |title=Minhaj Al-Salikin: Path of the Wayfarer, Abd ar-Rahman as-Sadi |url=https://kitaabun.com/shopping3/minhaj-salikin-path-wayfarer-rahman-sadi-p-5378.html}}</ref><ref name="mas1">{{cite book |last1=Hanan |first1=Tengku Muda ibni Abdul |title=Mikraj al-salikin |url=https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Mikraj_al_salikin/mOxFnwEACAAJ?hl=en |access-date=18 August 2024 |language=ms}}</ref><ref name="mkb1">{{cite web |last1=Al-Bakri |first1=Dr Zulkifli Mohamad |title=#2645: Hakikat Ibadat |url=https://maktabahalbakri.com/2645-hakikat-ibadat/ |website=Maktabah al Bakri |access-date=18 August 2024 |date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103191919/https://maktabahalbakri.com/2645-hakikat-ibadat/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sufi baŋdiba kahigi ''tasawwuf'' ka di nyɛla "n-niŋ suhu kasi ka mɔŋ binshɛɣu kam dolibu ka doli Naawuni ko", Qur'an karimbu ni sunnah dolibu mini [[fiqh]] zaŋ tum tuma ninsali biɛhigu ni.<ref name="junayd1">{{cite web |last1=Elias |first1=Abu Amina |title=Junayd on Tasawwuf: True Sufism based on Quran, Sunnah, and Fiqh |url=https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2021/09/14/sufism-quran-sunnah-fiqh/ |website=www.abuaminaelias.com |access-date=18 August 2024 |date=14 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=302}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Malik|Hinnells|2006|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|1998|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Trimingham|1998|p=1}}</ref> [[Ahmad ibn Ajiba]] kahigi tasawwuf ka di nyɛla "kali ni labbu, ka di piligu nyɛ baŋsim, di sunsuuni n-nyɛ zaŋ ku bukaata [lala baŋsim maa nyaaŋa], ka di bahigu nyɛ pini [din yina Naawuni sani]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibn-ʿAǧība |first1=Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad |last2=Aresmouk |first2=Mohamed Fouad |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Michael Abdurrahman |last4=Ibn-ʿAǧība |first4=Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad |title=The Book of ascension to the essential truths of Sufism: a lexicon of Sufic terminology = Miʿrāj al-tashawwuf ilā ḥaqāʾiq al-taṣawwuf |date=2011 |publisher=Fons Vitae |location=Louisville, KY |isbn=1891785842}}</ref>Di pala musulinsi adiini pubu yaɣ'shɛli, ka ban be din ni be Musulinsi adiini pubu yaɣ'shɛŋa. [[Isma'ilism]], ban baŋsibu yirina [[Gnosticism]] mini [[Neoplatonism]] ni<ref>Andani, Khalil. "A Survey of Ismaili Studies Part 1: Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism." Religion Compass 10.8 (2016): 191–206.</ref> n-ti tabili "[[Illuminationism|Illuminationist]]" mini "[[School of Isfahan|Isfahan]]"Musulinsi adiini baŋsim shikuru, nyɛla din yina ni Musulinsi adiini kahigibu.<ref>[[Mehdi Aminrazavi|Aminrazavi, Mehdi]]. [2009] 2016. "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/arabic-islamic-mysticism/ Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy]." ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', edited by [[Edward N. Zalta|E. N. Zalta]]. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> [[Hasan al-Basri]], tuuli Sufi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kani so pahiri tuuli tuuli ha Sufinima ni,<ref>Knysh, Alexander. 2015. ''Islam in Historical Perspective''. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1-317-34712-5}}. p. 214.</ref> ka di yaa jendi dabiɛm zaŋ chaŋ tum birigi Naawuni ni bɔri shɛm ni. Zaŋ maɣisi ni, Sufinima ban daa doli nyaaŋa na ka mali yuya, kamani [[Mansur Al-Hallaj]] mini [[Rumi|Jalaluddin Rumi]], daa lihila adiini ni yurilim zaŋ ti Naawuni.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Haviland|first=Charles|date=30 September 2007|title=The roar of Rumi – 800 years on|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7016090.stm|access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 September 2009|title=Islam: Jalaluddin Rumi|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/art/rumi_1.shtml|access-date=10 August 2011|publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Prayer === {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} [[File:Mosque.jpg|thumb|Muslim men [[prostration|prostrating]] in prayer, at the [[Umayyad Mosque]], [[Damascus]]]] Suhigu musulinsi puuni ka bɛ booni [[salah|as-salah]] bee aṣ-ṣalāt ({{lang-ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), di nyɛla soli shɛli bɛ ni doli diri Naawuni fiila ka nyɛ din mali binshɛli ka bɛ kuli niŋdi labiri niŋda ka booni li [[rakat]] di ni nyɛ [[Ruku|bowing]] mini [[Sujud|prostrating]] zaŋ n-ti Naawuni. Dabisili kam puuni bɛ suhiri la Naawuni bunu. Suhigu ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni niŋdi shɛli Larigu balli ni ka nyɛ ban tuhiri [[Kaaba]]. Di nyɛla din lahi bori kashi tali niŋbu di ni nyɛ ''[[wudu]]'' ritual wash bee talahi tali ni ''[[ghusl]]'' niŋgbana zaa paɣibu.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Jiŋli ni]] nyɛla [[places of worship|place of worship]] zaŋ n-ti musulinnima ka bɛ tooi booni Larigu balli puuni ''masjid''. Jiŋli tuma nyɛla luɣ'shɛli musulininma ni laɣindi taba suhiri Naawuni amaa di lahi nyɛla laɣingu shɛŋa din kpa talahi shee zaŋ n-ti [[ummah|Muslim community]]. Kamani ŋmahinli, [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Masjid an-Nabawi]] ("Prophetic Mosque") din be Medina, [[Saudi Arabia]],nyɛla biɛhigu shee zaŋ n-ti fakari ni mali shɛba.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret]]s nyɛla ban yunsiri boligu shɛli bɛ ni boli [[adhan]], boligu din wuhiri suhibu saha.<ref>Pedersen, J., R. Hillenbrand, [[John Burton-Page|J. Burton-Page]], et al. 2010. "{{Doi-inline|10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694|Masd̲j̲id}}." ''Encyclopedia of Islam''. Leiden: [[Brill Publishers|Brill]]. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Almsgiving === {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|A slot for giving zakat at the [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] in [[Fez, Morocco]]]] [[Zakat]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang-ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), di ni tooi lahi sabi ''Zakāt'' bee ''Zakah'', nyɛla [[almsgiving|Naawuni zuɣu]] tibu balli shɛli ka nyɛ din mali di ni tiri shɛm tariga (yuuni puuni kɔbigi puuni vaabu 2.5% )<ref>Ahmed, Medani, and Sebastian Gianci. "Zakat." p. 479 in ''Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy''.</ref> zaŋ n-ti [[Financial capital|accumulated wealth]] n-ti ninvuɣ shɛba ban ni tooi niŋ li sɔŋ fara ni mali ninvuɣ shɛba kamani samli ni mali ninvuɣ shɛba, ŋun doli soli, n-ti pahi ninvuɣ shɛba zaa ban to zakat deebu. Di nyɛla binshɛli din nyɛ [[welfare]] n-ti musulinsi ʒilɛni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Di nyɛla adiini maa daatali yini ni bɛ sɔŋmi ban ka bee ban to zakat ŋɔ deebu dama lala buni shɛŋa zaa bɛ ni mali maa nyɛla Naawuni dini ,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109-110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> ka lahi nyɛ din niŋdi niri buni kashi.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url =https://archive.org/details/majorworldreligi0000unse| page = [https://archive.org/details/majorworldreligi0000unse/page/258 258]|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah]], din ŋmani Zakat nyɛla bɛ ni kpaŋsiri niriba ka di leei nyɛ suhiyubu Naawuni zuɣu tibu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf]] gba nyɛla [[charitable trust]] ka bɛ leei mali sɔŋdi ashibiti nima mini shikuruti nima ni musulim nima ʒilɛni .<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Pilgrimage === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|right|Pilgrims at the [[Great Mosque of Mecca]] during the [[Hajj]] season]] Musulinsi adiini [[pilgrimage]],bɛ booni li la "{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}}" ({{lang-ar|حج|link=no}}), di nyɛla binshɛli musulimi nima ni niŋdi kamani yim niri nyɛvuli puuni di yi niŋ ka a mali di yiko [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] zaŋ n-ti [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Lala Hajj ŋɔ lahabaya tooi nyɛla din jandi [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] daŋ. [[Mecca]], Hajj niŋdiba nyɛla ban chani gindi [[Kaaba]] buyopɔin zuɣu ka musulim nima mali dihitabili ni Abraham n-daa miɛ li jama shee, ka chani gindi Mount [[Safa and Marwa]] buyopɔin zuɣu, labiri kaani Abraham's paɣa [[Hagar]] chandi, ŋun daa lihiri m-bori kom shee ni o ti o bia yuli booni [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]] kurumbuna ni ha pɔi ka Mecca lɛbigi tiŋa.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Aʒi ŋɔ gba nyɛla dabisili bɛ ni suhiri ka jamdi [[Mount Arafat]] ka di nahingbaŋ nyɛ [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Musulimi nima ban nyɛ dabba zaa nyɛla ban yɛri neen'piɛlli ayi ka bɛ boli [[Ihram clothing|ihram]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Aʒi ŋɔ biɛhi shɛli nyɛ, [[Umrah]], di pa talahi ka nyɛ di ni tooi niŋ saha kam yuuni puuni. Aʒi ŋɔ binshɛŋa nyɛla din niŋdi [[Medina]],ni ka Muhammad daa kpi n-ti pahi [[Jerusalem]], tiŋa zaŋ [[Al-Aqsa]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Yaroslav Trofimov|Trofimov, Yaroslav]]. 2008. ''The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine''. [[Knopf]]. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-307-47290-8}}. p. 79.</ref> === Other acts of worship === [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Muslim men reading the Quran]] {{Seealso|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} Musulimi nima nyɛla ban karindi ka gbaari Alquran zaa bee di yaɣa shɛŋa. [[Tajwid]] nyɛ zalikpana zaŋ n-ti Alquran viɛnyɛla bolibu .<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Musulimi nima pam nyɛla ban karindi Alquran noliri goli ni.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Bɛ booni la ninvuɣ so ŋun gbaai Alquran zaa niŋ o zuɣu hafiz ("memorizer"), ka hadiisi yɛli ni lala niriba ŋɔ nyɛla ban sani tooi suhi deei shɛba Judgment Day.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Adua suhi ti Naawuni, Larigu balli ni Arabic {{transl|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{lang-ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) nyɛla din mali di zalikpana kamani [[Raising hands in dua|raising hands]] kamani nuhi wuhibu.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> {{Listen |filename=112.AlIkhlas-MisharyRashedAlafasy.ogg |title=''Al-Ikhlas'' |pos=right |description= ''[[Al-Ikhlas|Sincerity]]'' is the Quran's [[List of surahs in the Quran|112{{sup|th}}]] [[surah|chapter]] as recited by [[Imam]] [[Mishary Rashid Alafasy]] |format=[[Ogg]] }} Arkan al-Islam (five pillars of Islam):<ref name=Naden/> #[[Shahada]] #[[Asalaati]] #[[Nolɔri]] #[[Zaka]] #[[Aʒi]] == Influences on other religions == {{See also|Islam and Druze}} Laɣinsi shɛŋa, kamani [[Druze]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse/page/114 114] |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse/page/33 33] |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> [[Berghouata]] ni [[Ha-Mim]], nyɛla din yina Musulinsi ni bee ka di mini Musulinsi adiini mali dihitabili yinsi, amaa di zaa nyɛla adiini yini bee di yila Musulinsi adiini ni na nyɛla nangbankpeeni ni be shɛli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> [[Druze]] lahi nyɛla din chaŋ pirigi[[Isma'ilism]] pirim la di ni mali di maŋ zalisi la, ka naan yi waligi ka che Ismāʿīlīsm mini Islam zaa; di shɛŋa n-nyɛ dihitabili din nyɛ ni Imam [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh]] daa nyɛla Naawuni taɣimalisi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = [[Der Islam]] | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} }}</ref> [[Yazdânism]] nyɛla din laɣim Kurdish dihitabili mini Islamic Sufi soya din kpe[[Kurdistan]] ni , [[Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir]] ni daa ʒi shɛli na 12th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofiranf0000folt |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofiranf0000folt/page/219 219] |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> [[Bábism]] yimina Twelver Shia ni ka yina [[Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] sani ka o nyaandoliba puuni yino Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Baha'u'llah]] kpa [[Baháʼí Faith]].<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Sikhism]], [[Guru Nanak]] ni kpa shɛli 15th century bahigu [[Punjab]], ka di kperi ni [[Hinduism]], ni Musulinsi adiini yaɣ'shɛŋa.<ref>Elsberg, Constance (2003), ''Graceful Women.'' [[University of Tennessee Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1-57233-214-0}}. pp. 27–28.</ref> ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.21207|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |url=https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn/page/101 101] |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|volume=2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=[[Belknap Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |author-link=Albert Hourani}} * {{cite book |title=The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah |author=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-603-500-080-2 |translator=Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad |place=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba Dar-us-Salam |year=2012}} * {{Cite book |last=Kobeisy |first=Ahmed Nezar |title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People |url=https://archive.org/details/counselingameric0000kobe |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger Publishers]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/shiismresistance0000unse |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000bern |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing Company]]|year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=[[Random House, Inc.]], New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |url=https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415274074 |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060099244 }} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/shiiteislam0000taba |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=[[Grolier|Franklin Watts Ltd]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sufiordersinisla0000trim_x5k7 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |url=https://archive.org/details/islambasics0000turn |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/weberislam0001turn |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000wain_y8x7 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/formativeperiodo0000watt |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Encyclopedias and dictionaries === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |year=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=[[Macmillan Reference Books]] |publisher=[[Thomson-Gale]] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=n.d.|editor-first=Jane Dammen|editor-last=McAuliffe|editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=[[Routledge]] |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004 <!-- no bot -->}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Further reading == {{Sister project links |wikt=Islam |commons=Category:Islam |b=Subject:Islam |n=Category:Islam |q=Islam |s=Portal:Islam |v=Islam |voy=Islam |species=no |d=Q432 |m=no|mw=no}} {{Refbegin}} * [https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/encyclopedia-of-sahih-al-bukhari-arabic-virtual-translation-center/1134457685?ean=2940160787701 Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari] by Arabic Virtual Translation Center (New York 2019, [[Barnes & Noble]] {{ISBN|978-0-359-67265-3}}). The foundation of Islam: from revelation to tawhid. * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: [[Bethany House Publishers]]. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}} }} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol }} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry }} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: [[Wadsworth Publishing Company]] 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * Hourani, Albert (1991). ''Islam in European Thought''. First pbk. ed. Cambridge, Eng.: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1992, cop. 1991. xi, 199 p. {{ISBN|0-521-42120-9}}; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0. * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. [[I. B. Tauris]]. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishdiscoveryo0000unse |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1 }} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration }} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Fazlur |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226702810 |title=Islam |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-226-70281-0 |edition=2nd |author-link=Fazlur Rahman Malik }} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingisl0000schu |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Tausch |first=Arno |title=What 1.3&nbsp;Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University |publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]], New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60692-731-1 |edition=1st }} * {{Cite book |last1=Tausch |first1=Arno |title=The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world |first2=Almas |last2=Heshmati |first3=Hichem |last3=Karoui |publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]] |place=New York |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62948-899-8 |edition=1st }} Prepublication text available at: {{cite web |last1=Tausch |first1=Arno |last2=Heshmati |first2=Almas |last3=Karoui |first3=Hichem |date=January 2014 |title=The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world |website=ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290349218 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Tausch |first1=Arno |title=Political Islam and Religiously Motivated Political Extremism |series=SpringerBriefs in Political Science |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |place=Cham |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-24854-2 |isbn=978-3-031-24853-5 |s2cid=256852082 |edition=1st |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-24854-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofisl0000walk |publisher=[[Peter Owen Publishers]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} {{Islam topics}} {{Religion topics}} {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar|Islam|Religions}} [[Category:Islam| ]] [[Category:610 establishments]] [[Category:Abrahamic religions]] [[Category:Monotheistic religions]] [[Category:Religious organizations established in the 7th century]] ==Kundivihira== <references/> {{Musulunsi}} [[Pubu:Musulunsi| ]] {{stub}} <references group="lower-roman" /> i1bkn7vebq514t1etskw32odrwkn8kq Nyimsa 0 9112 146168 143265 2026-08-10T22:13:01Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nyimsa'''<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref>nyɛla ti' shɛli din yuui [[Dagbaŋ]] ka mali [[anfaani]] pam. Dama di tiri ti maham ti sambana ni, dama nyimsa bi suuri zaa. Di kuli suurimi ka puhiri va' pala gariti va' kura maa ni ka dizuɣu che ka saha kam di mali mahim saha shɛli kam. ka lahi tiri ti yɔɣira ka ti mali pindi ti duri n ti pahi buɣim dari. Hali pumpɔŋɔ, [[pukparigu]] baŋdiba kpahimya ti nya ka di wala gba mali anfaani pam. Bɛ yɛliya ni niri yi zaŋ di wala maa diɛli ka di kuui, ka a baɣisi li ka di niŋ zim, di nyɛla din gariti [[kariwana]] ni ka binniɛma ku tooi lahi kpe li, bee ka di ku du. Tɔ amaa nyimsa nima yi lee galisi tingbani luɣishɛli di nyuri la di tam. <ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == Di anfaani nima. == # Nyimsa nyɛla tia ŋun mali mahim ka nira kam ni tooi ʒini di gbuni vuhi jɛlinsi. # Nyimsa wɔla nyɛla Dagbama ni mali shɛli doori kpam, ka di mali bukaata ni yuma tibbu pɔlo. # Nyimsa dari lan nyɛla Dagbamba ni mali shɛli niŋdi yɔɣira pindi duri. # Nyimsa dari lan nyɛla pukpariba ni mali shɛli sari gaadiri nima. # Nyimsa tia be boɣirili taabo n-kpahiri bin yɛra == Buɣisibu == {{More citations needed|section|date=May 2019}}Nyimsa nyɛla tia din zoori pam ka ni tooi zooi paai kamani "{{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}}", ka bi tooi dii zoori paari kamani "{{convert|35|–|40|m|abbr=on|ft}}". Din malila vari din nye bankom ka suuri kikaa saha. DI wula nyɛla din teeri pam. Di ni tooi ŋmɛlim paai kamani "{{convert|20|–|25|m|abbr=on|ft}}". Di vari waɣilim paari kamani "{{convert|20|-|40|cm|abbr=on|in|0}}" l, ni va'baligu din nyɛ kamani 20 zaŋ chaŋ 30 din nyɛ kamani "{{convert|3|–|8|cm|abbr=on|frac=4|in}}" waɣilim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica|url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/|access-date=25 October 2023|website=Plants For A Future}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem)|url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm|access-date=2024-08-07|website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> Di malila fulaawaasi din waɣilim ni paai kamani "{{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}" . Di niŋdi fulaawasi paari kamani fulaawasi kɔbishii ni pihinu zaŋ chaŋ kɔbista. Fulaawaasi yini waɣilim paai kamani "{{convert|5|–|6|mm|abbr=on|frac=16|in}} " ka yɛlim paai kamani "{{convert|8|–|11|mm|abbr=on|frac=16|in}}". Fulaawaasi paɣaba mini dobba zaa laɣindimi niŋdi ti'tini zuɣu. Di wɔla nyɛla di polisi, ka mali balibu. Shɛŋa waɣimi ka shɛŋa mi mulim ka di yi mooi di ni tooi paai kamani "{{convert|14|-|28|mm|abbr=on|frac=8|in}}" waɣilim ka yɛliŋ ni tooi paai kamani "{{convert|10|-|15|mm|abbr=on|frac=8|in}}". Binwolli maa pɔɣu maa balimi ka tɔ. Di kpilli maa pɔɣu maa kpeŋ paai kamani "{{convert|3|-|5|mm|abbr=on|frac=8|in}}". [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3_14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|Pollen grains]] Nyimsa tia biɛhigu ŋmanila<ref>{{Cite web|last=saikia|first=Curtingle|date=2023-01-02|title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com|url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/|access-date=2023-01-11|website=Prakasti|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080006/https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Siliminsi ni boli ti'shɛli "chinaberry" bee "bakain", "''Melia azedarach"'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/|title=The Tree|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|year=1992}}</ref> ka di minili ni tooi gabi nira. "''Melia azedarach"'' gba malila di vari maa kpeei ka di wɔla gba ŋmani li. == Pubu == Di Siliminsili yuli din nyɛ "''Azadirachta indica"'' daa nyɛla "Adrien-Henri de Jussieu" ni daa tuui boli shɛli yuuni 1830.<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web|title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss..|url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2|access-date=2023-03-26|work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]]}}</ref> Yuuni 1753, Carl Linnaeus daa buɣisi di balibu dibaa ayi, dini n-nyɛ ''Melia azedarach'' mini ''Melia azadirachta''.<ref name="Linn53">{{Citation|last1=Linnaeus|first1=C.|title=Species Plantarum|date=1753|volume=1|pages=384–385|contribution=Melia|contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403|publication-place=Stockholm|publisher=Laurentius Salvius|access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> De Jussieu daa nyami ka ''Melia azadirachta'' yi di ko pam ka che ''Melia azedarach'' ka di tu ni bɛ puli di ko.<ref name="DeJu30">{{Cite journal|last1=de Jussieu|first1=A.|date=1830|title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796|journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle|volume=19|pages=153–304|access-date=2023-03-26}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> O lala balibu ŋɔ zaa ni, Linnaeus daa boli li la yuli Siliminsili ni din nyɛ 'azedarach',<ref name="Linn53" /> din yina Faransi bachi ni 'azédarac', ka lahi yina Persian bachi ni 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت), din gbunni nyɛ "ti'suŋ".<ref>{{cite web|title=azedarach|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach|access-date=2023-03-26|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref>Persian yuli din boli tia ŋɔ, ''azad darakhat-e-hind'', ka di maɣina nyɛ 'India tia din vuhi'', wuhirimi ni doro bee muɣisigu shɛli bi mali lala tia ŋɔ.<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher=I.K. International Publishing House, India|year=2009|isbn=9788189866006|editor=K. K. Singh|page=3}}</ref>'' == Di ni be luɣ'shɛŋa == ''Nyimsa'' bela India mini [[Bangladesh]] din nyɛ India tiŋgbani yaɣ'shɛli ni [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] n-ti pahi [[Vietnam]] din be Indochina. Dilahi nyɛla din betiŋgbani yaɣa pam, zaŋ chaŋ South America ni Indonesia.<ref name="1213180-2" /> == Phytochemicals == Nyimasa wɔla, kpila, vari, tia, ni di pɔɣiri nyɛla din mali bɛ ni mali shɛli m-maani tima balibu, di shɛŋa nyɛla bɛ ni daa baŋ shɛli yuuni 1960s ka di nyɛ tim din kuri binnɛma.<ref name="drugs2" /><ref name="bbc.co.uk" /> Bɛ yi ŋma nyimsa kpila kamani "2 kg" bɛ ni tooi yihi di "5 g" din ni.<ref name="drugs2" /> Nyimsa kpam gba nyɛla din kuri tima bukaata bɔbigu.<ref name="drugs2" /><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web|date=6 March 2021|title=Nimbolide|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376|access-date=10 March 2021|publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine}}</ref><ref name="drugs2" /> Di vari maa malila Siliminsi ni boli alaafee binbɔri shɛli "vitamin C" la.<ref name="drugs2" /> == Di bukaata == [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Neem_tree_farm_in_south_india.jpg|thumb|Neem tree farm from south India]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Neem.jpg|thumb|A large tree]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Neem_tree_leaves.JPG|thumb|Leaves]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Bark_(5059231711).jpg|thumb|Bark]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Ineem_seeds_.jpg|thumb|Neem seeds]] India tiŋgbani ni bɛ deenila nyimsa vari m-mali li n-niŋdi bɛ nɛma biɛhisi shee ka binnɛma bi ŋubiri bɛ situra, ni bɛ ni zaani bɛ shinkaafanima mini bindira din pahi luɣ'shɛŋa.<ref name="bbc.co.uk2">{{cite news|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|title=Neem: India's tree of life|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm}}</ref> India churi puhibu ni kamani Ugadi bɛ malila nyimsa fulaawaasi diri nachiinsi. ''Lihimi gbunni ŋɔ: [[#Association with Hindu festivals in India]].'' === Dundɔŋni tilahi tima === Binyɛra shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ nyimsa tihi niŋdi nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli niŋdi yɛlikura tima India,<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/><ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tejesvi |first1=M.V. |last2=Tamhankar |first2=S.A. |last3=Kini |first3=K.R |last4=Rao |first4=V.S. |last5=Prakash |first5=H.S. |title=Phylogenetic analysis of endophytic ''Pestalotiopsis'' species from ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal trees. |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2009 |volume=38 |pages=167–183}}</ref> amaa shɛhira bela beni zaŋ n-ti nyimsa tim zaŋ tum tuma anfaani nima.<ref name=drugs/> Zaɣ'kura ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyubu nyɛla din bi wuhi di ni to ni bɛ nyu li shɛm ka leei mali anfaani zaŋ n-ti di saha bela nyubu amaa di yi niŋ ka niri nyu li yuugi di nyɛla di ni tooi saɣim niri yaannini bee binsabili ka ni tooi che ka niri kpi .<ref name=drugs/> Nyimsa gba nyɛla di ni tahi zaŋbahi, dɔɣim kalinsi n-ti pahi shikiri kalinli niri niŋgbana ni.<ref name=drugs/> Southern India mini Middle-East, nyimsa nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli niŋdi bɛ nyina kasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === Binniɛma mini di dɔriti tuhibu === Nyimsa gba nyɛla binkpeeni "non-pesticida management"(NPM) ni. Nyimsa kpila nyɛla bɛ ni baɣisiri shɛli leeri zim ka niŋ kom niŋ di ni ka che li zali hali ka biɛɣu ti nee pɔi ka naayi zaŋ li yuɣi bimbilli. Niri yi bori ni di tum tuma viɛnyɛla shee a niŋdi limi saha kam kamani biɛɣ'pia kam nyaaŋa. Nyimsa nyɛla din bi kuri binneema amaa ka leei kariti ba, guri ka chɛri binneema ŋɔ galla waɣibu ka nyɛ din lahi taɣiri bimbilli ka chɛri saɣimbu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> '''Nyimsa kpam''' nyɛla binshɛli niriba ni mali shɛli guri ka taɣiri tambiɛɣu.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = YashRoy | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Gupta | first2 = P.K. | year = 2000 | title = Neem-seed oil inhibits growth of termite surface-tunnels | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230822367 | journal = Indian Journal of Toxicology | volume = 7 | issue = 1| pages = 49–50 }}</ref> === Di tuun'shɛŋa yaha === * Tia: nyimsa tia ŋɔ nyɛla din mali anfaani zaŋ n-ti "anti-desertification" ka nyɛ din lahi pahiri tiŋgbani tam.<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_1992-07-15_50_1-2/page/31| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> *Kulim: nyimsa nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni mali pahiri maani kulim kom.<ref>{{citation | author1=Heinrich W. Scherer | author2=Konrad Mengel | author3=Heinrich Dittmar | author4=Manfred Drach | author5=Ralf Vosskamp | author6=Martin E. Trenkel | author7=Reinhold Gutser | author8=Günter Steffens | author9=Vilmos Czikkely | author10=Titus Niedermaier | author11=Reinhardt Hähndel | author12=Hans Prün | author13=Karl-Heinz Ullrich | author14=Hermann Mühlfeld | author15=Wilfried Werner | author16=Günter Kluge | author17=Friedrich Kuhlmann | author18=Hugo Steinhauser | author19=Walter Brändlein | author20=Karl-Friedrich Kummer | contribution=Fertilizers | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | doi=10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub2| isbn=978-3527306732 }}</ref> *Binkɔbiri bindirigu: nyimsa vari nyɛla bindirigu zaŋ n-ti binkɔ' shɛba ban mali puya anahinahi mini sooŋsi.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> *Nyina kasi niŋbu: nyimsa nyɛla binshɛli niriba pam ni mali niŋdi bɛ nyina kasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}</ref> === Toxicity === Lahabali din yina Americanima lahabalitira zaŋ n-ti "Neurodiology" sani wuhiya ni nyimsa kpam nyɛla di ni tooi tahi barinanima na kamani [[encephalopathy]] mini [[ophthalmopathy]] di yi niŋ ka niri nyu li kamani 150ml .<ref name=NeemOilPoisoning>{{cite journal|author1=M.V. Bhaskara |author2=S.J. Pramoda |author3=M.U. Jeevikaa |author4=P.K. Chandana |author5=G. Shetteppa|date=6 May 2010|title=Letters: MR Imaging Findings of Neem Oil Poisoning|journal=American Journal of Neuroradiology|volume=31|pages=E60–E61| pmc=7965469 | doi=10.3174/ajnr.A2146|pmid=20448012 |issue=7|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Genome and transcriptomes == Tima yɛlibɔra din yirina nyimsa ni malila di ni pe taba shɛm.<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N|author2=Swetansu Pattnaik|author3=S. A. Deepak|author4=Arun K. Hariharan|author5=Prakhar Gaur|author6=Rakshit Chaudhary|author7=Prachi Jain|author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan|author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna|author10=Binay Panda|display-authors=3|date=25 December 2011|title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N|author2=Swetansu Pattnaik|author3=Prachi Jain|author4=Prakhar Gaur|author5=Rakshit Choudhary|author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan|author7=Sa Deepak|author8=Arun K Hariharan|author9=PG Bharath Krishna|author10=Jayalakshmi Nair|author11=Linu Varghese|display-authors=3|date=9 September 2012|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|volume=13|issue=464|pages=464|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmc=3507787|pmid=22958331|doi-access=free|author12=Naveen K Valivarthi|author13=Kunal Dhas|author14=Krishna Ramaswamy|author15=Binay Panda}}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N|author2=Prachi Jain|author3=Prachi Jain|author4=Arun K Hariharan|author5=Binay Panda|date=20 April 2016|title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=[[G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|G3]]|volume=6|issue=7|pages=1835–1840|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmc=4938638|pmid=27172223}}</ref> Di jendila nyimsa wɔla, kpila, vari, ni di pɔɣiri.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Narnoliya|first1=Lokesh K.|last2=Rajakani|first2=Raja|last3=Sangwan|first3=Neelam S.|last4=Gupta|first4=Vikrant|last5=Sangwan|first5=Rajender S.|year=2014|title=Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)|journal=Molecular Biology Reports|volume=41|issue=5|pages=3147–3162|doi=10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x|pmid=24477588|s2cid=16605633}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rajakani|first1=Raja|last2=Narnoliya|first2=Lokesh|last3=Sangwan|first3=Neelam S.|last4=Sangwan|first4=Rajender S.|last5=Gupta|first5=Vikrant|year=2014|title=Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes|volume=10|issue=5|pages=1331–1351|doi=10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7|s2cid=11857916}}</ref> == Biotechnology == Bɛ mali nyimsa m-maani tima din kuri binnɛma.<ref name="drugs" /> Saha ŋɔ di lala tima ŋɔ malibu mali barinanima kamani bineenshɛŋa kperi din ni ka daɣiri gbaari li, ni tiŋgbani namatɛri taɣibu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372|s2cid=85845199}}</ref> Pɔi ka ti tuhi nyaŋ lala yɛlimuɣisira ŋɔ, vihigu nyɛla din niŋ jɛndi li.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|issn=0273-2289|pmid=23955295|s2cid=36781838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|issn=0273-2289|pmid=18392561|s2cid=35506559}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433|s2cid=207357717}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|Flowers File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|Unripe fruit File:Neem-Tree.jpg|Neem tree in a banana farm in India File:Ineem farm in virudhunagar.jpg|Neem tree farm File:Neem Twig sellers.JPG|Twigs for sale File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|Fruit drying for oil extraction File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|Cleaning teeth by chewing stick File:Hareli Festival.jpg|Native of Chhattisgarh with Neem branches and leaves for Hareli Festival File:Azadirachta indica 0001.jpg|A tree in [[Gambia]] File:Neem tree.JPG|A tree in Bangladesh </gallery> ==Lihimi m-pahi== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Azadirachtin]] * [[Ayurveda]] * [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI) * [[Neem cake]] * [[Neem oil]] * [[Babool (brand)]] of toothpaste * [[Teeth cleaning twig]] (datun) {{col div end}} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Tihi]] dnshm6p1zcyrejotwepelexqo0i0hg0 Tibibindi 0 9444 146174 143382 2026-08-10T22:23:08Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tibibindi''' (''earwax'')<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref> Tib'bindi nyɛla mirigili shɛli din yirina ninsalinima bee binkɔbiri tiba puuni. Tib'bindi mali kama din nyɛ; zaɣ' tankpaɣu, zaɣ' ʒee, zaɣ' dozim, ni zaɣ' tampilim. Tib'bindi gurila ningbun' gbaŋ shɛli din be ninsali tibili puuni, ka sɔŋdi n-niŋdi tibili maa kashi ka lahi guri ka chɛri [[tankpagbuligu]] ni binneembihi barinanima tibili maa puuni.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Contributors|first=WebMD Editorial|title=Earwax|url=https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ear-wax|access-date=2024-09-04|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> Yɛlikpan' shɛŋa din kuli be tib'bindi puuni n-nyɛ cerum; modified sweat gland bali shɛli ni maani shɛli, sebum; binshɛli din mali kpam nahingbana. Binyɛra ayi ŋɔ maa zaa nyɛla gland shɛŋa din be outer ear canal ni maani shɛli. == Di tibbu == Tib'bindi yi ti laɣim pam tibili puuni saha shɛŋa nyɛla din nyɛ dɔro ka mali chuuta ti tibili maa. Saha shɛŋa beni ka di yi ti galisi tibili ŋɔ puuni, di ni tooi che ka tibili ŋɔ puuni zaɣisira ka di niŋdi a ni a zaŋ a nuu tim tibili ŋɔ puuni n-luɣisi li ka naan yi tooi nyɛ amaŋa. Ka di yi ti laɣim lala, tibirisuŋ bee faako ka di bɔri tiri li din yɛn che ka [[Alaafee ( Health)|alaafee]] kana. Daadam kparima dambu nyɛla din sɔndi niŋdi tibili puuni kashi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clegg|first=A. J.|last2=Loveman|first2=E.|last3=Gospodarevskaya|first3=E.|last4=Harris|first4=P.|last5=Bird|first5=A.|last6=Bryant|first6=J.|last7=Scott|first7=D. A.|last8=Davidson|first8=P.|last9=Little|first9=P.|last10=Coppin|first10=R.|date=2010-06-14|title=The safety and effectiveness of different methods of ear wax removal: a systematic review and economic evaluation|url=https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta14280/#/abstract|journal=Health Technology Assessment|language=EN|volume=14|issue=28|pages=1–191|doi=10.3310/hta14280|issn=2046-4924|access-date=2024-09-04|archive-date=2024-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904104134/https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta14280/#/abstract|url-status=dead}}</ref> Di zuɣu che ka America Karim baŋsim yaɣili din nyɛ din baŋsiri voya din be daadam vuhim kɔb'tuɣa ni tibbu ni ([[America Academy of Otolaryngology]]) bi kpaŋsi tib'bindi yihibu bee luɣisibu, naɣila di ti nyɛla chuuta bee barina. Di mini tib'bindi yihibu so' chibisi mali soochi soya maa zaa yoli, di daafaaninima bi yaɣi lala. Zaŋ binballi n-yihiri li mali soochi, amaa a yi lihi di bi tam kalinli zuɣu. So' chib shɛli din ku nyɛ yɛmbahinga n-nyɛ niŋ kom chahi di puuni. Wumbu tibbu dɔɣitenima gba mali maɣasi bihi yihiri tib'bindi tibili puuni di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ lahi vobi tib nyoli ni na, tɔ amaa lala niŋsim ŋɔ bɔri baŋsim chichibiga ka di ku che ka miisim paagi tib' bia maa, ka di che ka lala soli ŋɔ mali di tariga. M-mili [[gumdi]] n-yihi bee n-luɣisi tib'bindi tibili puuni nyɛla so' shɛli din bi saɣi ti ka di nyɛla di zooya ka di daarila tib'bindi ŋɔ n-kpɛhiri tib' voli puuni pahira ka ku yihirila beli shɛli din ku tabili li n-yina. == Taarihi== Tib'bindi din laɣim yaɣi tibili daa nyɛla Aulus Cornelius Celsus ni buɣisi shɛli niŋ De Medicina yuun' kɔbiga tuuli din daa gari puuni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The mysterious properties of the wax in your ear|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160429-the-mysterious-properties-of-the-wax-in-your-ear|access-date=2024-09-08|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Di yi ti niŋ ka daadam yɛltɔɣa wumbu gbarigi, din zooi ka di paari nira zuɣ' yaali taliga nyaaŋa, tuuli niŋsim, di tu ni ti lihi tibili maŋmaŋa zaa: din tooi niŋ ka di nya kaɣimakaɣima ni pa tib'gbaŋ maa zuɣu, bee tib'bindi ni laɣim ŋari tibili maa ni. Di yi nyɛ kaɣimakaɣima, kpa tulli ka di yɛn booi niŋ, bee ka di niŋ [[shiri]] gabi kur' zim puuni, bee n-gabi bɔchaa ni shi' daam puuni n-niŋ tibili maa ni. Ka di yi niŋ ka kaɣimakaɣima maa woli ka tibili maa, ka di niŋ kom n-chahi chahi tibili maa puuni din yɛn niŋli soochi ka kaɣimakaɣima maa yina bee luna ka che [[tibili]] maa. Di yi nyɛ tib'bindi, ka di niŋ ka di na bala, di gba ni tooi yihi ni so' shɛli din n-nyɛ kpam nin dini. Amaa di yi kpaŋ, Venega din mali [[Bochaa|bɔchaa]] bela ka a yɛn zaŋ niŋ; Ka di yi niŋ ka tib'bindi maa baligi, ka di zaŋ kom m-paɣi li n-yihina kamani kaɣimakaɣima din paɣi li di gba yihi na shɛm maa. Din lahi pahi, di tu ni a zaŋ shariga chibi niŋ tibili maa puuni ni castoreum din gabi taba ni venega mini laurel kpam. == Kundivihira == <references/> == Further reading == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Roeser RJ, Ballachanda BB | title = Physiology, pathophysiology, and anthropology/epidemiology of human earcanal secretions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-academy-of-audiology_1997-12_8_6/page/391 | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Audiology | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 391–400 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9433685 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Stone M, Fulghum RS | title = Bactericidal activity of wet cerumen | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-otology-rhinology-laryngology_march-april-1984_93_2/page/183 | journal = The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology | volume = 93 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | pages = 183–6 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6370076 | doi = 10.1177/000348948409300217 | s2cid = 30717377 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bøe R, Silvola J, Yang J, Moens U, McCray PB, Stenfors LE, Seljfelid R | title = Human beta-defensin-1 mRNA is transcribed in tympanic membrane and adjacent auditory canal epithelium | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_infection-and-immunity_1999-09_67_9/page/4843 | journal = Infection and Immunity | volume = 67 | issue = 9 | pages = 4843–6 | date = September 1999 | doi = 10.1128/IAI.67.9.4843-4846.1999 | pmid = 10456939 | pmc = 96817 }} {{Refend}} == External links == {{Commons category}} {{Wiktionary}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] {{stub}} 57g49eqb9ab550jz2l0e5gxwbernz44 Tibili 0 9447 146101 145762 2026-08-10T20:29:25Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tibili''' nyɛla daadam ningbuna puuni yaɣali. Dina ka binniɛŋ ka mali wumda.{{Databox}}Mammals puuni, bɛ buɣisi tibili ka di nyɛla din mali yaɣa diba ata: tib'shɛli din be sambanni, tib'shɛli din be sunsuuni, n ti pahi tib'shɛli din be puuni. Tib'shɛli din be sambanni maa nyɛla din mali pinna mini ear canal. Din zani ka di nyɛla tib'shɛli din be sambanni maa n kuli do polo ni ka sokam nyɛri li binkɔbiri pam puuni la, di kuli malila bachi shɛli bɛ ni mi "tibili" n zaŋdi tiri tib'shɛli din be sambann maa konko.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-18|title=Definition of ear - Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ear|access-date=2024-09-04|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2012-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718030833/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ear|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tib'shɛli din be sunsuuni maa ʒila binshɛli bɛ ni mi bony labyrinth la, ka di ma structure shɛŋa din nyɛ structure kpana nn zaŋ ti sensi nim pam: semicircular canal, din chɛ ka nimbil' tooi balaansira di yi ti niŋ ka chandi chana, utricle mini saccule , din gba tiri balance di yi ti niŋ ka ninsalinim' bee binkobiri ʒi luɣ' yini; ni cochlea, di chɛ ka ti wumdi yɛltɔɣa. Bɛ malila earwax n zaŋ di nimdi tibili puuni, din kanna di dondi auricle puuni ( tibili yaɣ' shɛli sokam ni ni tooi nya). Vertibrates tiba kuli do' la symmetrically, be zuɣu yaɣa, din sɔŋdi sound localization. Tibili nyɛla din piini bee n yiri na pharyngeal pouch mini swelling bihi dibaayobu din developiri embryo piligu, ka be booni li otic placades, be ni yihi shɛli na ectoderm ni. Tibili nyɛla doriti pam ni ni tooi gbaai shɛli din kuli gbaai infection mini traumatic damage. Tiba doriti ni tooi chɛ ka a wumbu fa, balance disorders kamani vertigo, amaa doriti ŋɔ pam nyɛla din ni tooi yina zuɣ' puri dambu ni, bee neursl pathways din yina tibili puuni. Culture nim pam yuma ka ʒi zaŋdi tikpara n dihiri tibili nachiinsi. == Nahingbana == Tibili malila yaɣa diba ata: tib' shɛli din be sambanni, tib' shɛli din be sunsuuni ni tib' shɛli din be puuni. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Standring|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvhkPQAACAAJ|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|isbn=978-0-443-06684-9|language=en}}</ref>Tib' shɛli din be sambanni maa malila ear canal din nyɛ eardrum ni woligiri shɛli ka chɛri pɔhim ni pali tymoanic cavity shɛli din be tib' shɛli din be sunsuuni maa ni. Tib' shɛli din be sunsuuni maa malila kɔb' bihi ata ; ossicles, din ʒiri kumsim chana, ka nyɛ din tuɣi lɔŋ nasopharynx yaɣili, bia pharyngeal yoobu din be Eustachian tube ni. Tib' shɛli din be puuni maa malila otolith organs.<ref name=":0" /> ===Tibili din be kpaŋa=== Tibili din be kpaŋ' ŋɔ n-nyɛ tibili yaɣa shɛli din pɛɛ yi ka mali nimdi, tib’ voli, nti pahi tib’ voli bahigu.<ref name="GRAYS40TH_36" /><ref name=GRAYS2005>{{cite book|last=Drake|first=Richard L.|title=Gray's anatomy for students|url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors00unse|year=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8089-2306-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors00unse/page/855 855]–856|author2=Vogl, Wayne |author3=Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell |author4=illustrations by Richard |author5= Richardson, Paul }}</ref> Tibili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali pɔbirigu din gɔŋ kpaŋa, ka di yuli nyɛ "helix", din gɔŋ puuni maa mi yuli n-nyɛ "antihelix", ka di yooi kpe tib’ voli puuni. Vo' shɛli din yirina tibili ŋɔ tuuli yuli n-nyɛ koncha. Tib’ voli ŋɔ waɣilim paai 1{{Nbsp}}inch (2.5{{Nbsp}}cm). Tib' voli ŋɔ tuuli nyɛla din mali jiligu, ka din pa di zuɣu mi gba mali kobili. Kobili ŋɔ ni be yaɣa shɛli ŋɔ yuli n-nyɛ "auditory bulla" ka din nam li n-nyɛ tympanic yaɣali kobili. Voli ŋɔ nyɛla din naari tibili puli ni, ka di gbaŋ din gili li ŋɔ mali bindi yɔɣu mini mari yɔɣu ka di namdi tib’ bina.<ref name="GRAYS2005" /> Tib' mari ŋɔ nyɛla din doli tib’ voli yiri, ka mali din niŋdi di maŋmaŋa kasi.<ref name="Shmerling 2017 i652">{{cite web |last=Shmerling |first=Robert H. |date=2017-05-17 |title=3 reasons to leave earwax alone |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/3-reasons-to-leave-earwax-alone-2017051711718 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Harvard Health}}</ref><ref name="Keck Medicine of USC 2022 s129">{{cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Why Do I Have So Much Earwax? |url=https://internalmedicine.usc.edu/blog/why-do-i-have-so-much-earwax/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Keck Medicine of USC}}</ref><ref name="HealthLink BC 2021 t871">{{cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=Earwax |url=https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/earwax |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=HealthLink BC}}</ref><ref name="MyHealth.Alberta.ca 2023 a639">{{cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=Earwax |url=https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=earwx |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=MyHealth.Alberta.ca |ref={{sfnref | MyHealth.Alberta.ca | 2023}}}}</ref> Koba ayi n-nye din gbubbi tibili din be kpaŋ ŋɔ: puuni kobili mini kpaŋ' kobili. Binkob' shɛb’ ni, lala koba ŋɔ ni tooi taɣi tibili biɛhigu.<ref name= GRAYS2005 /> Salinim mi ni, lala koba ka muɣisiɣu shɛli tili.<ref name=Moore>{{cite book|vauthors=Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM |date=2013|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=848–849|isbn=978-1-4511-8447-1}}</ref> Tibili koba ŋɔ yirila nini polo na, din lahi tiri tibili wumbu gbaŋ, nti pahi tibi’ pɔbirigu din be kpaŋa.<ref name= GRAYS2005 /> Tibili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali jili’ gaŋa. Jiligu, din nye Darwin jiligu la, tooi beni saha shɛli, ka do’ helix gbunni tuhi tib’ nyoli binkobiri ni . Tibili gbunni nyɛla din mali fɔɣisibu mini kpam.<ref>Stenström, J. Sten: Deformities of the ear; In: Grabb, W., C., Smith, J.S. (Edited): "Plastic Surgery", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1979, {{ISBN|0-316-32269-5}} (C), {{ISBN|0-316-32268-7}} (P)</ref> Tiba ni doya shɛm ŋɔ zuɣu cha mi ka soli beni ti li wumbu viɛnyɛla. Zuɣupuri baŋdili mi ka di nyɛla di zaŋdila kuŋ din yiri na tiba ayi ŋɔ sani paabu na saha mini di yaa maɣisiri taba voya din be puuni ka yooi ti tiba ayi ŋɔ zaa.<ref name="purves">{{cite book|last1=Purves|first1=D.|title=Neuroscience|date=2007|publisher=Sinauer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87893-697-7|pages=332–336|edition=4th}}</ref> {{Clear}} ==Di tuma ni nyɛ shɛli== ===Wumbu=== Sound waves nyɛla din kpɛri tib'shɛli din be sambanni maa puuni, ka tib'shɛli din be sunsuuni maa mii gba modulate li, ka di yi chaŋ vestibulocochlear nerve shɛli din be tib'shɛli din be puuni maa ni. Nerve nyɛla din ʒiri information n chani temporal lobe zuɣupuri puuni, ni maani ka di registiri n leeri kumsi. == Tibili ni namdi shɛm == TIbili pilibu puuni, tibili maa piinimi ni yaɣa balibu dibaa ata: tibili puuni, tib'sunsuuni ni tibili zuɣusaa.<ref name="moore2009">{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Keith L.|title=Fundamentos de Anatomía con Orientación Clínica|year=2009|pages=1021–1035|author-link=Keith L. Moore}}</ref> Lala tiba yaɣa ŋɔ zaa malila dini yirina shɛli: zuɣusaa, sunsuuni ni puuni.<ref name="sadler2012">{{cite book|last=Sadler|first=T.W.|title=Embriología Médica|year=2010|pages=321–327|author-link=T.W. Sadler}}</ref><ref name="moore2008">{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Keith L.|title=Embriología Clínica|year=2008|pages=477–482}}</ref> === Tibili puuni === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:G1._Otic_placode_(V07a).png|thumb|The [[otic placode]] on a developing embryo (about four weeks old)]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Gray62.png|thumb|The ear develops in the lower neck region and moves upwards as the [[mandible]] develops (six weeks).]] Di bakoi dibaa ayi zaŋ chani ata ni, tibili maa purila yaɣa ata. Tibili puuni n-daŋdi nambu,<ref name="moore2008" /> ka pili yɛligibu biɛɣu pishi ni ayi dali,<ref name="sadler2012" /> ka yirina zuɣu yaɣa dibaa ayi ni.<ref name="GRAYS40th_38">{{cite book|last1=Standring|first1=Susan|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse_c5d4|date=2008|publisher=[[Churchill Livingstone]]/[[Elsevier]]|isbn=978-0-443-06684-9|editor1-last=Borley|editor1-first=Neil R.|edition=40|location=[[Edinburgh]]|pages=Chapter 38. "Development of the ear", 651–653}}</ref> Ka naan yi nam ko~b'balli laasabu.<ref name="GRAYS40th_38" /><ref name="UNSWembryology">{{cite book|url=http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Inner_Ear_Development|title=UNSW Embryology. Hearing-Inner Ear Development|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930063158/http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Inner_Ear_Development|archive-date=30 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kamani biɛɣu pihita ayi ka dali maa, jili shɛŋa piini la nambu.<ref name="GRAYS40th_38" /><ref name="drake2010">{{cite book|last1=Drake|first1=Richard L.|title=GRAY Anatomía para estudiantes|last2=Wayne|first2=A.|last3=Mitchell|first3=Adam|year=2010|pages=854–871|author-link=Richard L. Drake|author-link2=A. Wayne|author-link3=Adam Mitchell (scientist)}}</ref> di purila buyi, di che ka tibili maa puuni ni tooi wum.<ref name="GRAYS40th_38" /> Kamani biɛɣi pihita ni ata dali maa, tiba maa yaɣa maa piini la taba waligibu.<ref name="sadler2012" /> Tibi voli nambu ni voya dibaa ata n-namda.<ref name="sadler2012" /><ref name="UNSWembryology" /> Di zaa malila di sɔŋdili ka di namda.<ref name="UNSWembryology" /> Ka mali din waligiri di zaa.<ref name="sadler2012" /> ; Molecular regulation Binshɛŋa din che ka tibili puuni meri pam nyɛla "Pax", "Msx" mini "Otx". Din lahi che ka tibili puuni nɛmanɛma mɛri pam n-nyɛ "Dlx5/Dlx6, Otx1/Otx2" ni "Pax2", ka din mi sɔn`di di zaa nyɛ" Shh". Shh yirimina "notochord" puuni.<ref name="sumantra2010">{{cite journal|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Sumantra|author-link=Sumantra Chatterjee|last2=Kraus|first2=Petra|author-link2=Petra Krauss|last3=Luftkin|first3=Thomas|author-link3=Thomas Luftkin|year=2010|title=A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=11|pages=68|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-11-68|pmc=2915946|pmid=20637105|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ti'sunsuuni === Tib'sunsuuni maa zoorila gbana din be tuuli maa mini puuni maa sunsuuni.<ref name="GRAYS40th_38" /> Ka gba naan yi lahi namdi gban shɛŋa.<ref name="GRAYS40th_38" /><ref name="sadler2012" /> Di gbana dibaa ata maa zaa nambu piini la luɣ'yini.<ref name="GRAYS40th_38" /> Ka gbanshɛŋa zaa din tu ni di nam yi polo.<ref name="sadler2012" /><ref name="moore2008" /> === Tibili zuɣusaa === Kamali tibili puuni mini di sunsuuni, tibi voli zoorila zuɣusaa.<ref name="sadler2012" /><ref name="GRAYS40th_38" /> di zoorimi naari kamani bakoi pinaayi kani ni.<ref name="UNSWembryology" /> Tibili pula buta.<ref name="sadler2012" /><ref name="GRAYS40th_38" /><ref name="UNSWembryology" /> Tibili zuɣusaa maa zoorila gbunni. Ka naan yi zoori kuli di ni tu ni di kpa luɣ'shɛli polo.<ref name="moore2009" /><ref name="drake2010" /> === Zoobu === Bi lɛri tiba nyɛla din galis pam, hali n'gari zuɣu galisim gba zaŋ maɣisi ningbuna polo. tiba maa kuli zoorila yom zaŋ hali ni yuma awɔi nyaaŋa, ka pili yɛligibu (kamani "0.5 millimeters" yuuni puli ni) hali ni nyɛvuli bahigu, ka dɔbba dina tooi zoori yom pam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Niemitz|first=Carsten|last2=Nibbrig|first2=Maike|last3=Zacher|first3=Vanessa|date=December 2007|title=Human ears grow throughout the entire lifetime according to complicated and sexually dimorphic patterns--conclusions from a cross-sectional analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18196763/#:~:text=At%20the%20time%20of%20birth,volunteers%20aged%20over%2085%20yrs.|journal=Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber Die Biologisch-Anthropologische Literatur|volume=65|issue=4|pages=391–413|issn=0003-5548|pmid=18196763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tan|first=R|last2=Osman|first2=V|last3=Tan|first3=G|date=1997-10-01|title=Ear size as a predictor of chronological age|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494397000101|journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics|volume=25|issue=2|pages=187–191|doi=10.1016/S0167-4943(97)00010-1|issn=0167-4943}}</ref> === Tiba ni gahim shɛm === Tiba nyɛla din be payapaya pam, ka di bi zooi ka niriba ayi tiba ni tooi ŋmani taba<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-14|title=Ears as effective as DNA in identifying people - new study|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/checkpoint/audio/2018898315/ears-as-effective-as-dna-in-identifying-people-new-study|access-date=2024-06-04|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tangalakis-Lippert|first=Katherine|date=2023-03-19|title=Is Putin using a body double? Listen here: Skeptics say spotting a decoy is all in the ears.|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/vladimir-putin-ukraine-trip-body-double-conspiracy-theories-ears-2023-3|access-date=2023-03-22|website=[[Business Insider]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Ʒilɛli mini kaya ni taɣada== [[File:Modified Ear.jpg|thumb|Stretching of the earlobe and various cartilage piercings]] Tiba nyɛla bɛ ni dihiri shɛli nachiinsi yuun tuha din gari la, ka di nyɛla bɛ chibirila tib'gbana aa voya. Nadaa mini ʒaamani kaya ni taɣada ni, nachintɛri nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli yɛligir tib'gbana. Tibi voya tiba chahibu nyɛla din niŋ bayana.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ljeY_Tvyl_MC&q=earlobe+tear+earring&pg=PA60 | title = Instant Beauty: Getting Gorgeous on Your Lunch Break |author1=Deborah S. Sarnoff |author2=Robert H. Gotkin |author3=Joan Swirsky | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-312-28697-X }}</ref> Tiba dansi tibu daa nyɛla tibidarigibo sahashɛli ha – " Roman nima saha, shintoni daa yi niŋ ka di goobu ku tooi niŋ alaha, ŋun mali daŋ maa wuhirila ŋun niŋ li; Ŋun tum li maa yi bi yi polo sahashɛli di ni tu ni o yi polo, bɛ cherimi ka ŋun di shɛhira yɛli di ni nyɛ shɛma. Bɛ yi zaɣisi, kamani bɛ ni daa pun niŋdi shɛm, bɛ charimi ka ŋun mali daŋ maa dari bɛ tiba ka zaŋ bini kpahili maa bɛ yi na kuli zaɣisi. Dini n-nyɛ Faransi nima yɛltɔɣa "{{Lang|fr|se faire tirer l’oreille}}", din gbunni nyɛ "n-darigi so tibili." <ref name=Alexandru2004 /> Wulinluhili polo, Europe tib'waɣila zuliyanima (saha ŋɔ ni paai kamani vaabu dibaaa anu).<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j0_r6YZIvbYC | title = Advanced Therapy in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | last = Thomas | first = J. Regan | date = 2010 | publisher = PMPH-USA | isbn = 978-1-60795-011-0 | page = 513 | language = en }}</ref> Apoleeshini di daa niŋ tuuli filim tibili galisim lahabali daa yila polo alaafee sabbu yaɣili sabbu ni "Ernst Dieffenbach" yuuni 1845, ka lahabali sabbu tuuli yina yuuni 1881.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uzZhODdfn8gC | title = Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | last1 = Miloro | first1 = Michael | last2 = Ghali | first2 = G.E. | last3 = Larsen | first3 = Peter | last4 = Waite | first4 = Peter | date = 2004 | publisher = PMPH-USA | isbn = 978-1-55009-234-9 | language = en | chapter = Chapter 71. Otoplastic surgery for the protruding ear. }}</ref> [[File:2017-07-22 Amphi festival 2017 013.jpg|right|230px]] Tibi waɣila nyɛla binnamdi shɛŋa nahingbana salima ni.<ref name="Bane2013">{{cite book|author=Theresa Bane|title=Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUqpAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|year=2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7111-9|page=91}}</ref> Di nyɛla nahingbana din be nadaa Greece nima tuuli bɔmbu ni<ref name="Winckelmann1850">{{cite book|author=Johann Joachim Winckelmann|title=The History of Ancient Art Among the Greeks|url=https://archive.org/details/historyancienta00lodggoog|year=1850|publisher=Chapman|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyancienta00lodggoog/page/n115 80]}}</ref> ni nadaa Europe.<ref name="Bovey2002">{{cite book|author=Alixe Bovey|title=Monsters and Grotesques in Medieval Manuscripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rytlDZ4xdgC&pg=PA38|year=2002|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8512-2|page=38}}</ref>tibi waɣila nyɛla binnamda pam nahingbana,<ref name="Peffer2012">{{cite book|author=J. Peffer|title=DragonArt Collector's Edition: Your Ultimate Guide to Drawing Fantasy Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcPqm5smoMMC&pg=PA28|year=2012|publisher=IMPACT|isbn=978-1-4403-2417-8|page=28}}</ref> kamani soonsi,<ref name="Tresca2010">{{cite book|author=Michael J. Tresca|title=The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8bzqj6S4sC&pg=PA34|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-6009-0|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Okum2006">{{cite book|author=David Okum|title=Manga Fantasy Madness: Over 50 Basic Lessons for Drawing Warriors, Wizards, Monsters and more|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4aPjotgxJcC&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=IMPACT|isbn=1-60061-381-0|page=31}}</ref><ref name="Knight2005">{{cite book|author=Sirona Knight|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Elves and Fairies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7m5s8HmpSp8C&pg=PT171|date=7 June 2005|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-4406-9638-1|page=171}}</ref><ref name="Greer2011">{{cite book|author=John Michael Greer|title=Monsters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDda4Q27kXYC&pg=PT107|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|isbn=978-0-7387-1600-8|page=107}}</ref><ref name="Hart2008">{{cite book|author=Christopher Hart|title=Astonishing Fantasy Worlds: The Ultimate Guide to Drawing Adventure Fantasy Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geE2AQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications|isbn=978-0-8230-1472-9|page=103}}</ref><ref name="Hamilton2011">{{cite book|author=John Hamilton|title=Elves and Fairies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glzvoVQwqwoC&pg=PA23|date=1 August 2011|publisher=ABDO|isbn=978-1-60453-215-9|page=23}}</ref><ref name="KavkaLawn2006">{{cite book|author1=Misha Kavka|author2=Jenny Lawn|author3=Mary Paul|title=Gothic Nz: The Darker Side of Kiwi Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pshlAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Otago University Press|isbn=978-1-877372-23-0|page=111}}</ref><ref name="Hopkins2010">{{cite book|author=Lisa Hopkins|title=Screening the Gothic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dmGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT202|date=1 January 2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-77959-4|page=202}}</ref> Di nyɛla hahingbana ti binnɛma shɛba dabiɛm salima ni, kamani varisa.<ref name="Isenberg2013">{{cite book|author=Noah William Isenberg|title=Weimar Cinema: An Essential Guide to Classic Films of the Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9vbWimrmcEC&pg=PT96|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50385-3|pages=96–}}</ref><ref name="Gelder2000">{{cite book|author=Ken Gelder|title=The Horror Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upGM6haNBR8C&pg=PA27|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-21356-1|page=27}}</ref><ref name="IIIMcPherson2003">{{cite book|author1=Henry Jenkins III|author2=Tara McPherson|author3=Jane Shattuc|title=Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZSz3ThOv9gC&pg=PA119|date=2 January 2003|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-8350-0|page=119}}</ref><ref name="IrwinHousel2009">{{cite book|author1=William Irwin|author2=Rebecca Housel|author3=J. Jeremy Wisnewski|title=X-Men and Philosophy: Astonishing Insight and Uncanny Argument in the Mutant X-Verse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bK-ax5Ttj3wC&pg=PA189|date=18 May 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-73036-2|page=189}}</ref> Georg von Békésy daa nyɛla "[[Biophysics|biophysicist]]" so bɛ ni daa dɔɣi Budapest, [[Hungary]]. Yuuni 1961, bɛ daa ti o "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" ka di nyɛla o ni daa niŋ vihigu shɛli zaŋ chaŋ binkɔbiri tiba polo la ni.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stevens, S.S. |author-link=Stanley Smith Stevens |title=Georg von Békésy |journal=Physics Today |date=September 1972 |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=78–80 |url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v25/i9/p78_s1?bypassSSO=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130924145118/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v25/i9/p78_s1?bypassSSO=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-09-24 |doi=10.1063/1.3071029 |bibcode=1972PhT....25i..78S }}</ref> Jangnari so daa beni ka o tiba ŋmani ninsali tiba ka bbe o nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1097/00006534-199708000-00001 | last1 = Cao | first1 = Y. | last2 = Vacanti | first2 = J.P. | last3 = Paige | first3 = K.T. | last4 = Upton | first4 = J. | last5 = Vacanti | first5 = C.A. | title = Transplantation of chondrocytes utilizing a polymer-cell construct to produce tissue-engineered cartilage in the shape of a human ear | journal = [[Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery]] | volume = 100 | issue = 2 | pages = 297–302; discussion 303–304 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9252594 | s2cid = 41167703 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Goodyear|first1=Dana|title=The Stress Test|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/29/the-stem-cell-scandal|access-date=23 March 2016|agency=New Yorker}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Karin Sellberg, Lena Wånggren|title=Corporeality and Culture: Bodies in Movement|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-15924-7|pages=75–76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL21CwAAQBAJ&q=earmouse+1997+controversy&pg=PT75}}</ref> ==Binkɔbiri ban pahi== [[File:Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg|thumb|left|220px|{{center|[[Primate]] ears<br />Human and [[crab-eating macaque]]<br /><small>([[Darwin's tubercle]] highlighted)</small>}}]] [[File:Haeckel Chiroptera.jpg|thumb|200px|{{center|[[pinna (anatomy)|Pinnae]] of the [[bat]]}}]] Tibili malila di yaɣ'shɛli din che ka kumsi kperi tib'bii puuni. Gurimbugurimbu din be tibili puuni nyɛla din tooi che ka binkɔbiri wumdi vuri din yirina binshɛŋa din ni tooi malil barina n-tiba sani na. Lala tibi gurima ŋɔ nyɛla binkɔbiri pam ni mali shɛli kamani zonsi mini binkɔbiri ban pahi.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3546476 | last1 = Pavey | first1 = C.R. | last2 = Burwell | first2 = C.J. | year = 1998 | title = Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis | journal = Oikos | volume = 81 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–151 | jstor = 3546476 | bibcode = 1998Oikos..81..143P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA164098 |title=The Bat's Ear as a Diffraction Grating<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418224928/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA164098 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kuc | first1 = R. | title = Model predicts bat pinna ridges focus high frequencies to form narrow sensitivity beams | doi = 10.1121/1.3097500 | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 125 | issue = 5 | pages = 3454–3459 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19425684 | bibcode = 2009ASAJ..125.3454K }}</ref> Binkɔb'kara shɛba kamani kpara mini ninsalinima dii ka tibi'kara, amaa di leei galisiya ni tooi nya.<ref name="Descent">[[Charles Darwin|Darwin, Charles]] (1871). ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]''. John Murray: London.</ref> Tib'jilli din ku tooi che ka tibili maa dama, di yi kuli nyɛ daliri kam zuɣu, di ka lala yiko ŋɔ. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla shɛhira din yi polo binnɛma ban ŋmani taba ni. Ninsalinima ni, lala jila ŋɔ mali balinu, Ninvuɣ'shɛba beni n-ni tooi ŋmaligi bɛ tiba kpa yaɣ'shɛli polo, ka shɛba mi ni tooi bɔhim di niŋbu.<ref name="Descent"/> Lala binnɛma ŋɔ ni, bɛ zuɣuri ka bɛ ni tooi gbuligi n-labi kumi ni yirina shɛli polo, jansi pam ni ka yiko shɛli—yaɣ'shɛli yi kuli niŋ shɛli, di kpee ka yaɣ'dini maa niŋda.<ref>Mr. St. George Mivart, Elementary Anatomy, 1873, p. 396. Two ears provide stereo imaging that the brain can use to develop a 3-dimensional sound field.</ref> Binkɔb'shɛba ban tiba damdi puuni (kamani wahu), tibi yini kam ni tooi gbulisi tibili konkɔba n-wum kumsi. Lala binkɔbiri ŋɔ ŋuna, lala tiba ŋɔ sɔŋdi mi ka bɛ baŋdi kumsi ni yiri shɛli na. {{Clear}} <gallery class="left" mode="packed" heights="160px" widths="160px"> File:Elephant near ndutu.jpg|{{center|[[African bush elephant]]<br />''Loxodonta africana''}} File:2009-03-07Vulpes zerda016.jpg|{{center|[[Fennec fox]] (desert regions)<br />''Vulpes zerda''}} Image:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland.jpg|{{center|[[Arctic fox]]<br />''Vulpes lagopus''}} File:Rabbit - French Lop breed.jpg|{{center|[[Domestic rabbit]] – [[French Lop]] breed<br />''Oryctolagus cuniculus''}} </gallery> [[File:Darwin Domestic 105.png|thumb|right|{{center|<small>Half-Lop Rabbit<br />''Illustration by<br />Charles Darwin, 1868''</small>}}|180px]] Tibili maa, ka di ʒisoya pa zuɣisaa, n-nyɛ tiŋgbani binkɔbiri pam ningbuna yaɣ'shɛli din tiligiri bɛ ningbuna ni maasim bee tulim, kamani wɔbigu, yobaa, ni sooŋa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fayez|first1=I.|last2=Marai|first2=M.|last3=Alnaimy|first3=A.|last4=Habeeb|first4=M.|editor-last=Baselga|editor-first=M.|editor2-last=Marai|editor2-first=I.F.M.|title=Thermoregulation in Rabbits|url=http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c08/95605277.pdf|journal=Rabbit Production in Hot Climates|series=Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes|location=Zaragoza|publisher=CIHEAM – International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies|date=1994|volume=8|pages=33–41|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006131148/http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c08/95605277.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Ninnɛma ban ka nyaakɔb'dɔri=== Binkɔbiri ban mali nyaankɔb'dɔri ko m-mali tiba, amaa binkɔbiri ban ka nyaakɔb'dɔri pam mali bɛ ni mali shɛli wumdi vuri. Binneenbihi puuni, binfalafala n-ŋɔ ka bɛ mali wumdi vuri. Di tooi be bɛ zuɣuri ni bee luɣ'shɛŋa, di dolila bineenbili maa ni be binnɛma zuliya shɛli ni.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yack | first1 = JE | last2 = Fullard | first2 = JH | year = 1993 | title = What is an insect ear? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_entomological-society-of-america-annals_1993-11_86_6/page/n4 | journal = Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. | volume = 86 | issue = 6| pages = 677–682 | doi = 10.1093/aesa/86.6.677 }}</ref> Binneenbihi shɛba lala din wumdi vuri ŋɔ nyɛla din wumdi pam, ka wumdi gari binkɔbiri shɛba. Paan-nyaŋ malila lala binyɛra ŋɔ o pulini yaɣa dibaa ayi. Zuɣusaa gbana din ŋmani kɔba laasabu zaɣ'bilifu ŋŋɔ n-gbubi li, amaa, pirimla di ni gɔhi taba maa zuɣu, di nyɛla din wumdi viɛŋyɛla. Tiba ŋɔ ka o mali wumdi o kppe chehibu, paan daa. Di dolila luɣ'shɛli paaŋa chahibu ni yirina, tiba maa kumsi wumbu malila balibu. <ref>[[Ross Piper|Piper, Ross]] (2007), ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'', [[Greenwood Press]].</ref> Lala binyɛra ŋɔ ka binneenbihi pam mali wumdi kumsi. Kamani shɛhira, kpantinarinsi mini lela, malila kɔbir bɛ gbaya ni, ka bɛ mali li n-wumdi kumsi. Kahimpiɛri gba malila kɔbiri bɛ ni<ref>Scoble, M.J. 1992. The Lepidoptera: Form, function, and diversity. [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ ni tooi wum kumsi. == Kundivihira == <references/> {{stub}} d4jbpzyeqasx2a95onsckfzu9fwxbhj Tia 0 9462 146216 145798 2026-08-10T23:42:00Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{D-Class}} '''Tia''' (''tree'')<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref> Tihi baŋsim bɔhimbu puuni, tia nyɛla perenial plane din mali wuli waɣila bee tiyɔɣu, din too zooi ka di nyɛla di sɔŋdi la wula mini vari. Bukaata shɛŋa ni, ti buɣisibu ni tooi bi yalimma, din nyɛ kpandi li mɔɣu ka mali buyi zoobu, ti' shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋdi leeri taabodari malila di dintoli buɣisibu. Buɣisiri shɛŋa din yalimmi ni, abe ti' shɛŋa din waɣ' pam, tree ferns, kɔdu tihi mini bamboos gba nyɛla tihi. Tihi pala monophyletic taxonomic group amaa di mali tihi balibu balibu din yina di dintoli zuɣu, tia maŋmaŋ mini wula din kuli yɛn niŋ ka di du n-gari ti' shɛŋa din kpalim, n-kpaɣri wuntaŋ zuɣu. Tihi balibu pam nyɛla angiosperms bee hardwoods; din kam kpalim maa mi puuni, di pam nyɛla gymnosperms bee softwoods. Tihi nyɛla binshɛŋa din be biɛhigu ni n-tooi yuuri pam biɛhigu puuni. Ti' shɛŋa tooi paari yuun' kɔbiga ni chenji ka shɛŋa mi gba nira ku tooi lahi baŋ di yuma gba. Tihi yina mi kamani 370 milliion years ha, ka di kuli lahi buɣisi ni ti' shɛŋa din bi pam ni tooi paai yuun' tuhituhi zɔɣa diba ata dunia yaaŋa zuɣu ti ni ʒi sahashɛli ŋɔ. Tia malila secondary wul' bɔbigu, din nyɛ di maŋmaŋ ni sɔŋdi n-wuɣiri ka chɛri tingbani, din mali woody tissues yaa zuɣu, ni vascular tissues din yɛn ʒiri materials tia maa yaɣ' shɛli n-zaŋdi chani yaɣ' shɛli tia maa zuɣusaa. Tihi pam maŋmaŋ (wulikpani) malila pɔɣiri din nyɛ binshɛli din sɔŋdi guri tia maa maŋmaŋa. Tingbani puuni, wula nyɛla din yɛrigira pam; dini n-nyɛ din gbibi tia maa viɛnyɛla ka yihiri kom mini nutrients tankpaɣu puuni. Tingbani zuɣu, wula maa pirigila wul' bihi ni shoots. Shoots maa n-nyɛ din yiri vari, din deeri light energy ka lebigiri shikiru ni so' shɛli din nyɛ photosynthesis, din nyɛ din leeri tihi maa bindirigu, din yɛn tahi zoosim na. Tihi kam malila binwala bee kpil' shɛŋa di ni namda bee n-wonda. Ti' shɛŋa din niŋdi flawaasi malila kpila din be bin wala ni, ka conifers mee kpila be cones puuni ka tia ferns mi produsiri spores. Tihi mali bukaata pam zaŋ kpa erosion mini climate baligibu. Di yihiri la carborndioxide atmosphere puuni ka gbibiri carborn pam di tissues puuni. Tihi mini mɔɣini leeri biɛhigu shee n-zaŋ ti binkɔb' shɛŋa nti pahi ti' shɛŋa. Tropical forest nyɛla din be biodiverse biɛhigu shɛhi dunia puuni. Tihi tiri mahim, ti bee bɛ ni mali shɛli m-mɛra, dari din yɛn zaŋ duɣi, ni binwola din nyɛ bindirigu, ka lahi mali bukaata shɛŋa dabam. Dunia yaɣa pam, mɔɣu boorimi, ka tihi gba ŋmahira din yɛn yɛligu polo pukparilim tuma zuɣu, lala ŋɔ maa mi yi niŋda sa' pooli ni tooi ti nahim ninsalinima mini binnamda kam dunia yaangi zuɣu. == Buɣisibu == [[File:Tree secondary growth diagram.svg|thumb|Diagram of [[secondary growth]] in a [[eudicot]] or [[coniferous]] tree showing idealised vertical and horizontal sections. A new layer of wood is added in each growing season, thickening the stem, existing branches and roots.]] Tia nyɛla bachi shɛli din yoli, amaaa kahigibu kani zaŋ ti tia gbunni ni nye shɛm, di nyɛla di nambu yuli bee balli din yoli ni.<ref name="Knowable">{{cite journal |last=Ehrenberg |first=Rachel |title=What makes a tree a tree? |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2018/what-makes-tree-tree |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-033018-032602 |date=30 March 2018 |doi-access=free |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628151407/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2018/what-makes-tree-tree |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="as.miami.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.as.miami.edu/qr/arboretum/what_is_a_tree.html |title=What is a tree? |year=2012 |work=Smartphone tour |publisher=University of Miami: John C. Gifford Arboretum |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420004648/http://www.as.miami.edu/qr/arboretum/what_is_a_tree.html |archive-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Din kuli nye shɛm, tia nyɛla mɔɣu din mali da’ waɣanli din kpa wula yaɣi gbunni bee bee vɔri.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bot00/bot00761.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206131101/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bot00/bot00761.htm |archive-date=6 December 2013 |title=Tree definition |last=Tokuhisa |first=Jim |publisher=Newton Ask a Scientist |access-date=18 December 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tihi lahi nyɛla bɛ ni mali di waɣilim buɣisiri li,<ref name="Gschwantner, Thomas 2009">{{cite journal | last=Gschwantner |first=Thomas |display-authors=etal | year=2009 | title=Common tree definitions for national forest inventories in Europe | journal=Silva Fennica | volume=43 | issue=2 | pages=303–321 | doi=10.14214/sf.463| doi-access=free }}</ref> ka mani tihi din waɣilim nye mita pirigili hali ni mita pia(1.6 - 32.8ft) yuli n-nye tuturi,<ref name=treedictionary>{{cite web |url=http://www.treedictionary.com/ |title=Tree Biology Dictionary |last=Keslick |first=John A. |year=2004 |access-date=30 July 2012 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140326/http://www.treedictionary.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> dinzuɣu tia waɣilim m-buɣisiri.<ref name="Gschwantner, Thomas 2009"/> Tutu kara ka mani papaya mini kodu n-nye tihi di yi kana vɔ’ kara ŋɔ polo.<ref name="as.miami.edu"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://people.umass.edu/psoil370/Syllabus-files/Agroforestry_Principles.pdf |title=Agroforestry principles |last1=Martin |first1=Franklin |last2=Sherman |first2=Scott |year=2007 |work=Echo technical notes |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728035517/http://people.umass.edu/psoil370/Syllabus-files/Agroforestry_Principles.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Buɣisibu saɣi ŋmaai din yoli n-ye, tia mali la daɣu din zoori yuuni kam (yɛligira), n'ti pahi di zuɣusaa zoobu zuɣu.<ref name="Gschwantner, Thomas 2009"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/SERVICE/LIBRARY/index.php3?docID=171 |title=Secondary Growth Anatomy and Tree Rings |last=Coder |first=Kim D. |publisher=Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia |date=August 1999 |access-date=23 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908112429/http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/SERVICE/LIBRARY/index.php3?docID=171 |archive-date=8 September 2014 }}</ref> Di yi kana lala buɣisibu ŋɔ polo, tihi bee tuturi ka mani abe tia, kodu ni papaya, din pa tihi, di waɣilim, zoobu yi be ka wula. Tutu shɛŋa din mali vɔri din ni tooi boli tihi zaŋ yi di buɣisibu polo;<ref>{{cite journal | last=Gyde |first=Lund H. | year=1999 | title=A forest by any other name&nbsp;… | journal=Environmental Science & Policy | volume=2 | issue=2| pages=125–133 | doi=10.1016/s1462-9011(98)00046-x|bibcode=1999ESPol...2..125L }}</ref> ka Joshua tree, bamboonima ni abe mi ka zoobu din pahiri ayi ka na ʒin nam daɣu din mali zoobu soya,<ref name="botany.wisc.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_400/Lecture/0pdf/25MonocotOrigin.pdf |title=Diversity and evolution of monocots |publisher=University of Wisconsin |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=22 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022091304/http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_400/Lecture/0pdf/25MonocotOrigin.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RoddStackhouse2008">{{cite book |first1=Tony |last1=Rodd |first2=Jennifer |last2=Stackhouse |title=Trees: A Visual Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mpsc2hsYk1YC&pg=PA112 |year=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25650-7 |page=112 |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304154820/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mpsc2hsYk1YC&pg=PA112 |url-status=live }}</ref> bɛ ni tooi nam "pseudo-wood" zaŋ yi lignifying din be di zoobu piligu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/stem.html |title=Monocot stems |work=The stem |publisher=University of Miami |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140404/http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/stem.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tihi balibu ŋan be genus ''Dracaena'', di mini di kuli nye din mali vɔri yini yini maa, di mali zoobu din pahiri ayi din yiri na kulim din be di daɣu puuni, amaa di be di ko ka che kpaŋbu kulim din be tihi vɔri ayi yi.<ref name="Jura-Morawiec2015">{{cite journal |last=Jura-Morawiec |first=Joanna |title=Formation of amphivasal vascular bundles in ''Dracaena draco'' stem in relation to rate of cambial activity |journal=Trees |volume=29 |issue=5 |year=2015 |pages=1493–1499 |doi=10.1007/s00468-015-1230-3|bibcode=2015Trees..29.1493J |doi-access=free }}</ref> Di zaa buɣisibu ŋɔ nyaaŋa, tihi buɣisibu lahi doli la di bukaata; kotɔmsi, ka mani tihi din namdi taabonima.<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/t7540e/T7540E04.htm |title=Community forestry rapid appraisal of tree and land tenure |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717100135/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/t7540e/T7540E04.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == Overview == Tia tihigibu biɛhigu nyɛla di zoobu taɣidee din be ti’ bɔbigu ni: di waɣilim niŋbu ni, tihi nyɛla din kpaɣiri tab’ bori wuntaŋa.<ref name="LowmanRinker2004">{{cite book |last1=Lowman |first1=V. |last2=Rinker |first2=H. Bruce |title=Forest Canopies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9qY2AxnUowC&pg=PA119 |year=2004 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-049134-9 |page=119 |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304124617/https://books.google.com/books?id=T9qY2AxnUowC&pg=PA119 |url-status=live }}</ref> A ni nya ka tihi waɣa ka yuui,<ref name="Rémy">{{cite journal |last1=Petit |first1=Rémy J. |last2=Hampe |first2=Arndt |year=2006 |title=Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree |url=http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/Petit_How2BeATree.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=37 |pages=187–214 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116084547/http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/Petit_How2BeATree.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2014 |hdl=10261/64097}}</ref> ka shɛŋa niŋ yuun’ tuha.<ref name=Koch>{{cite journal |url=http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/the_limits_to_tree_height_995.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021080125/http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/the_limits_to_tree_height_995.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=The limits to tree height |last1=Koch |first1=George W. |author2=Sillett, Stephen C. |author3=Jennings, Gregory M. |author4=Davis, Stephen D. |year=2004 |journal=Letters to Nature |volume=428 |issue=6985 |pages=851–4 |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |doi=10.1038/nature02417 |pmid=15103376 |bibcode=2004Natur.428..851K |s2cid=11846291 |access-date=18 December 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tihi pam zuŋɔ nyɛla din bira yina ti’ kura din gari ni.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=These are 11 of the Oldest Things in the World|url=http://time.com/10688/worlds-oldest-things/|magazine=Time|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017052036/http://time.com/10688/worlds-oldest-things/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tihi nyɛla din mali nahingbaŋ pala ka mani, da’ kpɛma din mali kulim ka di che ka di dabisa ka yuura, ka che ka di niŋdi waɣilim gariti tihi pam ka lahi teeri di vɔri viɛnyɛla. Di be di ko ka che tuturi, din mini li zoobu ŋmani taba, ka di zoobu nyɛla di yɛligiri mi ka mali daɣu kpeeni;<ref name="treedictionary"/> amaa waligimsim chirichi ka tia mini tutuɣu sunsuuni,<ref name="HawthorneLawrence2012">{{cite book |last1=Hawthorne |first1=William |author2=Lawrence, Anna |title=Plant Identification: Creating User-Friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHEpVBM5-eIC&pg=PA138 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-84407-079-4 |page=138 |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207094210/https://books.google.com/books?id=rHEpVBM5-eIC&pg=PA138 |url-status=live }}</ref> ka di gabbu yɛlimaŋli nyɛla tihi ni zoobu ni tooi filim luɣishɛli vuhim ni dii bi yaɣi lala ka mani zoya zuɣu. Laasabu ka mani tuhi pihiyobu hali tuhi kobiga (60,000-100,000) tihi balibu, tihi ŋan be anduniya zaa ni tooi paai vaabu pishi ni anu kobigi puuni naawuni nam tɛri zaa puuni.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2008-05-02-890171068_x.htm |title=Scientists to capture DNA of trees worldwide for database |last=Hajela |first=Deepti |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=USA Today |date=2 May 2008 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319090451/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2008-05-02-890171068_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39492977 |title=World is home to '60,000 tree species' |last=Kinver |first=Mark |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=BBC Science and Environment News |date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218151721/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39492977 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lala tihi ŋɔ pirigila be la yaɣa shɛŋa din tuli ni; lala yaɣa ŋɔ shɛŋa pala tihi baŋdiba ni na vihi nya, ka di che ka tihi bali mini di biɛhisi na be ʒilinsi ni.<ref>{{cite book |title=Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions: proceedings of an international symposium held at the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen, Denmark, 25–28 May 2003 |last1=Friis |first1=Ib |last2=Balslev |first2=Henrik |last3=Kongelige |first3=Danske |editor-first4=Videnskabernes |editor-last4=Selskab (eds.) |year=2005 |publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab |isbn=978-87-7304-304-2 |pages=57–59}}</ref> [[File:Nedravazhakola.jpg|thumb|left|Tall [[herbaceous]] [[monocotyledon]]ous plants such as banana lack secondary growth, but are trees under the broadest definition.]] == Yaligibu == [[File:Daintree Rainforest 4.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Daintree Rainforest]]]] Tihi din be anduniya, ka mani yuuni 2015 laasabu ni wuhi shɛm, paai tihi tiriliyɔŋ ata ni chɛnji, ka di puuni tihi paai tiriliyɔŋ yini ni chɛnji (kobigi puuni vaabu pihinahi ni ayobu) be tulim shɛhi, ka di tiriliyɔŋ 0.61 (kobigi puuni vaabu pishi) be mahim shee, ka di tiriliyɔŋ 0.76 (kobigi puuni vaabu pishi ni anahi) yɔɣu ni. Laasabu ŋɔ galisim gari laasubu din pun niŋ gari ʒii bunii zuɣu, ka di dumi tam tihi galisim zahimbu zaŋ yi polo tuhi kobisinahi zuɣu.Di ni tooi niŋ ka chirimbu bela be di ni, dama laasabu niŋbu jandi la Europe mini North America. Laasabu ŋɔ wuhiya, ni tihi ka mani biliyɔŋ pia ni anu n-nye bɛ ni ŋmari yuuni kulo kam ka sari tihi ka mani biliyɔŋ diba abu. Yuma tuhi pia ni ayi zuɣu, tum daadam kparilim biligu, anduniya zaa tihi booi ka mani vaabu pihinahi ni ayobu kobigi puuni (46%).<ref name=Crowther>{{Cite journal |title=Mapping tree density at a global scale |journal=Nature |date=2 September 2015 |volume=advance online publication |issue=7568 |pages=201–205 |doi=10.1038/nature14967 |pmid=26331545 |first1=T. W. |last1=Crowther |first2=H. B. |last2=Glick |first3=K. R. |last3=Covey |first4=C. |last4=Bettigole |first5=D. S. |last5=Maynard |first6=S. M. |last6=Thomas |first7=J. R. |last7=Smith |first8=G. |last8=Hintler |first9=M. C. |last9=Duguid |bibcode=2015Natur.525..201C |s2cid=4464317 |url=https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/35970 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101151145/https://publications.goettingen-research-online.de/handle/2/35970 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/09/02/436919052/tree-counter-is-astonished-by-how-many-trees-there-are |title=Tree Counter Is Astonished By How Many Trees There Are |publisher=National Public Radio |date=2 September 2015 |first=Nell |last=Greenfieldboyce |author-link=Nell Greenfieldboyce |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308193905/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/09/02/436919052/tree-counter-is-astonished-by-how-many-trees-there-are |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Amos |first1=Jonathan |title=Earth's trees number 'three trillion' |journal=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34134366 |access-date=3 September 2015 |date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719204607/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34134366 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Global count reaches 3 trillion trees |journal=Nature |url=http://www.nature.com/news/global-count-reaches-3-trillion-trees-1.18287 |access-date=3 September 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18287 |year=2015 |last1=Ehrenberg |first1=Rachel |s2cid=189415504 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221053821/http://www.nature.com/news/global-count-reaches-3-trillion-trees-1.18287 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tihi balibu ka mani tuhi pihiyobu ni anahi ni kobigi n-nye din be anduniya zaa. Ka tihi ŋɔ pihinahi ni ata vaabu kobigi puuni, South America n-ye din mali ti’ bali bɔbigu, ka Eurasia paya ni (22%), Africa (16%), North America (15%), ni Oceania (11%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |title=Thousands of Tree Species Remain Unknown to Science |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thousands-of-tree-species-remain-unknown-to-science/ |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[Scientific American]] |date=May 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117172407/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thousands-of-tree-species-remain-unknown-to-science/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Luɣi shɛŋa ŋan be viɛnyɛla, ka mani Daintree yɔɣu din be Queensland, bee podocarp mini mɔ' vari yɔɣu din be Ulva Island, New Zealand, tihi nyɛla din tooi beni, ka yaɣa shɛŋa ŋan yooi bahi ka mani mɔri tiŋgbani nyɛ mɔ’ waɣala ni deera, din gba tiri tihi soli ka di zoori hali ti namdi pata.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climax Community |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/171226/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906133528/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/171226/ |archive-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Earth |access-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Physical Environments Biosphere Vegetation Succession Moorlands |publisher=[[Macaulay Institute]] |url=http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/soilquality/Moorland%20Succession.pdf |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906154403/http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/soilquality/Moorland%20Succession.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:New snow, Swabian Alps (2019).jpg|thumb|Conifers in the [[Swabian Jura|Swabian alps]]]] Maasim ni be yaɣa shɛŋa, mɔ’ koba n-zooi; tiŋ' shɛli di ni zooi northern hemisphere toondini polo, nyɛla din maha “taiga” bee northern mɔ’ koba yɔɣu (boreal yɔɣu).<ref>{{cite web |last=Nelson |first=Rob |title=The Taiga |url=http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biomes/taiga.html |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506045042/http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biomes/taiga.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forsite/ncfbiome.htm |title=Northern Coniferous Forest Biome |access-date=28 June 2014 |work=The Forest Community |publisher=FORSite |quote=The diversity of tree species in the boreal forest is quite low, with black spruce (''Picea mariana''), larch or tamarack (''Larix laricina''), and white spruce (''P. glauca'') the most common species. The former two species generally occupy wet sites with poorly drained mineral or organic soils, while white spruce is the climatic climax species on sites that are drier and higher in nutrient content. Balsam fir (''Abies balsamea'') n-nye tihi balibu din zooi biome wulinpuhili polo. |archive-date=30 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030070027/http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forsite/ncfbiome.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Taiga n-nye anduniya zaa tiŋgbani din galisi biome, ka di gbaai tihi polo ka mani vaabu pihita yin'ka kobigi puuni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wilds.mb.ca/taiga/tbsfaq.html |title=Taiga Biological Station: FAQ |publisher=Taiga Biological Station |date=23 March 2010 |access-date=21 February 2011 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213075347/http://www.wilds.mb.ca/taiga/tbsfaq.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Maasim saha din be toondini polo pala din mali bukaata ti tihi bee mɔri zoobu ka tihi mi simsi ni di zooi yom tulim saha di yi ti ka dabisili pa waɣa. Wuntaŋ niɛlinsi bi yaɣi laa di lɔŋ ni, di zuɣu di ni tooi niŋ ka mɔri bili tihi ŋɔ gbuna ni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php/#boreal |title=The forest biome: Boreal forest |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809060726/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php#boreal |url-status=live }}</ref> Lala tatabo tihi nyɛla din be zoya zuɣu, luɣishɛŋa pɔhim ni che ka maasim beni ka di bi che ka lala saha maa yuura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plantecology.unibas.ch/treeline_elevation/index.shtml |title=High elevation treeline research |last=Körner |first=Christian |publisher=University of Basel: Institute of Botany |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023055635/https://plantecology.unibas.ch/treeline_elevation/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Luɣishɛli a ni nya ka saa mibu nyi yim saha kam, (tihi din mali vɔ' kara mini din gabi) nyɛla din mali tihi balibu ka mani oak, beech, birch ni maple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat04.cfm |title=Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] |access-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121415/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat04.cfm |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Yɔɣu sin be gum lahi nyɛla ŋan be southern hemisphere, kotomsi ka mani din be Eastern Australia<!--sic, this is the usual form--> temperate forest, ka di nahingbaŋ nye ''Eucalyptus'' tihi mini gɔhi tihi ni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/easternaustralia_temperate_forests.cfm |title=Eastern Australia Temperate Forest |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] |access-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215824/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/easternaustralia_temperate_forests.cfm |archive-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> Tulim yaɣa shɛŋa ŋan mali mansoon nahingbana bee m-be, ka yuuni puli ni tulim saha taɣiri ni mahili saha ka mani Amazon yɔɣu ni, tihi balibu din mali vɔ'kara n-deeri di ni, ka di shɛŋa nye din vɔri zuuri ka labidi puhira.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/troprain.htm |title=The tropical rain forest |work=Biomes of the World |publisher=Marietta College |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523222037/http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/troprain.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Yaɣa shɛŋa din tula ka ka saa bi miri pam tabiri sɔŋdi tihi ŋɔ, di bi zoori limdi taba, ka wuntaŋ nye din paari tiŋgbani ni, din nye mɔri ni chuchuri. Go’ tia mini chua nyɛla din pa bindi di ni viɛnyɛla.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242157/grass-savanna |title=Grass savanna |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-date=20 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120171336/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242157/grass-savanna |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Di yaɣa yaɣa== ===Tingbani ni wula=== Tihi wul' shɛŋa din be tingbani nyɛla din gbibi tii maa ʒaya ka lahi nyɛ di labisiri kɔm mini nutrients tingbani ni n zaŋ di tahiri tii maa luɣuli kam. Di lahi nyela tii yaɣ' shɛli din tahiri nama na, gubu, biɛhigu, energy gbubibu ni bukaata shɛŋa din pahi. Radicle bee embryonic wula n nyɛ tuuli seedling yaɣ' shɛli din yiri seeds ni na germination yi ti nyɛ din niŋda. Di nyɛla din lebigiri taproot, din nyɛ din chɛni tingbani ni. Bakɔi dibaashɛm sunsuuni, lateral robots gba yiri na di lɔɣa ni ka zooi n kpe tankpaɣu zuɣusaa. Tihi pam ni, taproots ŋɔ nyɛla din yiri ka chɛ wide spreading laterals. Zaŋ miri wula ŋɔ nangban kpaŋa, bɛ ni mi binshɛli single cell root hairs n nyɛ din biɛni. Din n nyɛ din kuli biɛ ni tankpaɣu puuni binyɛra ka ni tooi nyu kɔm mini nutrients kamani potassium solution puuni. Wula ŋɔ nyɛla din bɔri oxygen ni di vuhi amaa ti' balibu balibu biɛla n-ŋɔ kamani mangrove mini pond cypress( Taxodium ascendens) n ni tooi kuli bɛ yaɣ' shɛŋa din tankpaɣu nyɛ din kuli kpe kɔm pam. === Sunsuuni daɣu === [[File:Buk1.JPG|thumb|upright|Northern beech (''[[Fagus sylvatica]]'') trunk in autumn]] Sunsuuni daɣu ŋɔ bukaata kpeeni nyɛla si yiri tia vɔri yaɣa tiŋgbani ni, di yɛn che ka tia ŋɔ tooi yaɣi di tab’ zuɣu di kpaɣiri bo wuntaŋ nelinsi.<ref name="King1990">{{cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |title=The Adaptive Significance of Tree Height |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1990-06_135_6/page/809 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=135 |issue=6 |year=1990 |pages=809–828 |doi=10.1086/285075 |s2cid=85160969 |quote=competition for light is the primary factor responsible for the evolution and maintenance of the arboreal life form. The resulting evolutionarily stable growth pattern maximizes the competitive ability of the individual }}</ref> Di lahi nyɛla din ʒiri kom mini kulim yiri tiŋgbani wula ni duri zuɣusaa ti tiri yaɣa din be dini, ka lahi wuligiri bindira shɛli vɔri ni namdi tiri tia ŋɔ luɣili kam, hali ni gbunni wula gba.<ref name=Russelltrunk>{{harvnb|Russell|Cutler|2003|pages=16–17}}</ref> Di yi kana tihi din laɣim mali di paɣi tali mini do’ tali luɣi yini ni din wali wali, sunsuuni daɣu yaɣili din kuli be kpaŋ ŋɔ n-nye di pɔɣari, ka di zooi ka ti'sum n-pali di ni.<ref name="Junikka1994">{{cite journal |last1=Junikka |first1=Leo |title=Survey of English Macroscopic Bark Terminology |journal=IAWA Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |year=1994 |pages=3–45 |doi=10.1163/22941932-90001338 |quote=phellem{{!}}a secondarily formed protective tissue in stems and roots consisting of dead cells with chiefly suberised<!--made cork-like--> walls: developed outward from the phellogen and forming a part of periderm|doi-access=free }}</ref> Di bɔri la kpaŋbu, kom gubu tiri jili shɛŋa ŋan be puuni maa. Di guri la da' sunsuuni ŋɔ ka chari doro, binkobiri fitina, ni buɣim. Ti pɔɣu ŋɔ nyɛla cork cambium bee phellogen ni kuli labiri namda shɛli saha kam.<ref name="Junikka1994"/> London pilɛin (''Platanus × hispanica'') nyɛla din puɣisri di pɔɣari bahiri saha kam. Lala n-lahi nyɛla, ka imilarly, “silver birch” (''Betula pendula'') gba piɛhiri di pɔɣari bahira. Di yi ka tia ŋɔ zoora, pɔɣu pala yirina, ka zaɣi kura la mi pili yihibu tihi pam ni. Ti' shɛŋa ni ka mani pine (''Pinus''), pɔɣuri ŋɔ puɣisira, ka di kariti ban bɔri li fitina niŋbu, ka loba tihi (''Hevea brasiliensis'') ni, sum’ n-nye din yira. The quinine bark tree (''Cinchona officinalis'') nyɛla din mali tom ka di nye ka di pɔɣiri ŋɔ bi malisa.<ref name=Russelltrunk/> Ti' kara ka mani tihi din sunsuuni daɣu nye yoɣu be Pteridophyta, Arecales, Cycadophyta ni Poales ka mani tihi wula, abe tihi, ni bamboonima nyɛla din mali biɛhi konkoba ni pɔɣu konkoba.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/biology0000camp_h9r0 |last=Campbell |first=Neil A. |author2=Reece, Jane B. |year=2002 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-201-75054-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biology0000camp_h9r0/page/725 725]|edition=6th }}</ref> [[File:Taxus wood.jpg|thumb|left|A section of [[Taxus baccata|yew]] (''Taxus baccata'') showing 27 annual growth rings, pale [[Sapwood (wood)|sapwood]] and dark [[heartwood]]]] Di mini pɔɣu ŋɔ nye gubu ti tia ŋɔ, di gba nyɛla binniɛma ka mani. …. ni bi che shɛli. Lala binniɛma yɛn nyɛ la bɛ gala niŋ pɔɣiri ŋɔ ni ka sala ŋɔ mi naan yi ŋubi kpe jila ŋɔ ni ti chib' chib’ li voya. Ka ŋɔ ni tooi ti soli ka binniɛma kpe n-ti bo fitina ti tia ŋɔ. Dutch elm doro nyɛla funguusi balli din nye (''Ophiostoma'') ni tiri shɛli di yi niŋ ka di yi ti’ shɛli di ni be n-looi ti’ shɛli dabam. Tia ŋɔ ni garigi funguusi ŋɔ zoosim di ni ka di nyɛla di yɛn taɣi la jili shɛli din ʒiri kulim gindi di ni, ka tia ŋɔ zaa ti pili nyaaŋa labbu hali ti kpi. Britain, yuuni 1990 polo, tihi kalli ka mani miliyɔŋ pishi ni anu n-daa kpi ka di nyɛla doro ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite web |last=Webber |first=Joan |title=Dutch elm disease in Britain |publisher=Forest Research |url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/HCOU-4U4JCL |access-date=16 July 2012 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309165010/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/hcou-4u4jcl |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tia pɔɣu puuni yuli n-nye [[phloem]] ka ŋɔ pahi ti’ sum din sichiri ʒin gili tia ni. Din nyɛla din bala, ka di shɛŋa din piɛ n-piɛ lee voya.<ref name=Lalonde>{{cite journal |last1=Lalonde |first1=S. |last2=Wipf |first2=D. |last3=Frommer |first3=W. B. |year=2004 |title=Transport mechanisms for organic forms of carbon and nitrogen between source and sink |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2004_55/page/341 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=55 |pages=341–372 |pmid=15377224 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141758}}</ref> Ti' pɔɣu ŋɔ puuni, yaɣa shɛli beni mali sɛl konkoba ka sɛl shɛli din kpɛm di ni ŋɔ yuli nye vascular cambium yaɣali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Plant_Bodies_Wood.html |title=Wood, tree trunks and branches |work=BioTech |publisher=Cronodon Museum |access-date=16 July 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502084356/http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Plant_Bodies_Wood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jili shɛli din na yoli kpa ŋɔ n-nye tia puuni. Di nyɛla din mali ko’ soya ni sɛl shɛŋa din niɛ, ka kom bi sabigi. Di ʒiri la kom mini kulim yiri ti'wula ni duri zuɣusaa. Puuni nyɛla din zooi hali ti leei tia puuni suhi di yi ti niŋ ka puuni ŋɔ kurigi. Ti’ suhi ŋɔ nyɛla din sabigi gari di puuuni ŋɔ. Di ni n-nye sunsuuni daɣu ŋɔ nyɛbili ka tiri li kpɛŋ.<ref name=woodanatomy/> Lala wula ŋɔ n-ye yuuni zoobu wula<ref>{{cite book |last=Fritts |first=H. C. |title=Tree Rings and Climate |publisher=Blackburn Press |year= 2001 |isbn=978-1-930665-39-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Helama |first1=Samuel |last2=Jalkanen |first2=Risto |title=Annual growth rings of trees |url=https://www.luke.fi/en/natural-resources/forest/forests-and-climate-change/annual-growth-rings-of-trees/ |publisher=Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806043449/https://www.luke.fi/en/natural-resources/forest/forests-and-climate-change/annual-growth-rings-of-trees/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Di ni tooi lahi niŋ ka soya beni guuri kpɛri di wula ŋɔ yaɣa. Di ni n-nye vascular rais din nye sɛl kori yoori soli kpɛri daɣu ŋɔ ni.<ref name=woodanatomy>{{cite web |url=http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/trunk/woodanatomy2.htm |title=The anatomy of a tree trunk – the wood 2 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314190054/http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/trunk/woodanatomy2.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> Ti’ guri shɛŋa beni ti tooi lee yɔri amaa ka ni tooi na zani niŋ yuma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Plant_Bodies_Wood.html |title=Xylem and wood |work=BioTech |publisher=Cronodon Museum |access-date=16 July 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502084356/http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Plant_Bodies_Wood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Vɔri === Vɔri nyɛla tia yaɣa shɛli di ni mali nyeri di vuhim bee bindirigu ka di piɛ viɛnyɛla tooi deeri wuntaŋ nɛlinsi ka bi gaɣiri taba.<ref name=Pessarakli/> Di nyɛla tia ŋɔ ni mali bukaata ni shɛli pam ka di zuɣu che ka di ni tooi mali tɔm dini din kuli yɛn che ka di guli che binkobiri fitina. Tihi vɔri nyɛla din bihisi be konkoba, ka di nyɛla di bihigu doli la vuhim din be tia ŋɔ ni be yaɣa shɛli maa. Shɛŋa ni tooi nya vɔ’ kara, ka shɛŋa nye zaɣi mulima, ka shɛŋa bala bee n-kpɛma bee ka shɛŋa kuli nye zaɣ’ vɔkahili noli, ka shɛŋa mi pa lala. Di nahingbana taɣiri doli luɣi shɛli di ni be, di yi niŋ ka kom bi yaɣi lala luɣishɛli bee namtɛri bi pɔra. Tiŋgbani din maai kpaŋ ni tooi che ka kom bi yaɣi laa di ni ka tihi din mali vɔ’ mulima tooi zooi di ni gari din mali vɔ' kara. Vɔ' mulima tihi, ka mani fir tihi, zuɣisaa wula ŋɔ zoori mi sheeri tiŋa, di yɛn che ka di tooi pihi maligim bahi. Yaɣa, vɔ’ kara tihi din be tulim shee, lala saha ŋuna, din vɔri zuuri mi lura. Di yi ti niŋ ka dabisa bi lahi waɣa, ka maasim pa nye din beni, vɔri ŋɔ bi lahi kpari zaɣi pala, ka vɔ’ ʒiɛhi mini vɔ’ dozima din pun beni la pa yi polo.<ref name=Pessarakli>{{cite book |last=Pessarakli |first=Mohammad |title=Handbook of Photosynthesis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_3XqlcKPpwC&pg=PA725 |year=2005 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8247-5839-4 |pages=717–739 |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=21 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521021252/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_3XqlcKPpwC&pg=PA725 |url-status=live }}</ref>. Yaɣa shɛŋa din tulim dii bi yaɣi laa, di tihi nyɛla din kuli gbubi di vɔri yuuni kam. Vɔ’ gaŋgaŋa ni tooi tɔhigiri lura ka shɛŋa lahi klari zaani di zaani amaa vɔri din yuuri n-zooi. Yaɣa shɛŋa beni ni ti’ shɛŋa din tiŋgban’ kuŋ sheei ni tooi wabiri di vɔri bahira yuuni kam, ka mani wuuni maa piligu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Starr |first1=Cecie |last2=Evers |first2=Christine |last3=Starr |first3=Lisa |title=Biology: Concepts and Applications |publisher=Cengage Learning |date=2010 |page=734 |isbn=978-1-4390-4673-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_16xbB2Py_UC&pg=PA734 |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319090500/https://books.google.com/books?id=_16xbB2Py_UC&pg=PA734 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many deciduous trees flower before the new leaves emerge.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stephen H. |last=Bullock |author2=Solis-Magallanes, J. Arturo |title=Phenology of canopy trees of a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biotropica_1990-03_22_1/page/22 |journal=Biotropica |volume=22 |issue=1 |date=March 1990 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.2307/2388716 |jstor=2388716 |bibcode=1990Biotr..22...22B }}</ref> Ti' shɛŋa beni ka vɔ’ maŋa amaa ka mali yaɣa shɛŋa din ŋmani li ka mani [[Phylloclade]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beentje |first=Henk |year=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary |url=https://archive.org/details/kewplantglossary0000been |location=Richmond, Surrey |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |isbn=978-1-84246-422-9}} p. 87.</ref> – ka mani a ni nyɛli shɛm ''[[Phyllocladus]]''.<ref name="pagephyllocladaceae">Page, Christopher N. (1990). "Phyllocladaceae" pp. 317–319. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-0-387-51794-0}}</ref> == Evolutionary history == {{further|Evolutionary history of plants}} [[File:PSM V18 D630 Restoration of a lepidodendron.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Lepidodendron]]'', an extinct [[Lycopodiophyta|lycophyte]] tree]] [[File:PSM V16 D476 Principal palms and cycadeae of middle tertiary europe.jpg|thumb|upright|Palms and cycads as they might have appeared in the middle [[Tertiary era|Tertiary]] ]] Tuuli ha tihi maa n-daa nyɛ [[tree fern]]s, [[horsetail]]s n-ti pahi [[lycophytes]] ka di nyɛ din daa zoori tibɔŋ din be Carbonferous ni. Tuuli tia n-daa nyɛ Wattieza ka bɛ daa nya li New York tiŋgbani. Pɔi ka bɛ daa nya tia ŋɔ, Archaeopteris n-daa na nyɛ tia so sokam ni mi.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2805124 |last=Beck |first=Charles B. |year=1960 |title=The identity of ''Archaeopteris'' and ''Callixylon'' |journal=Brittonia |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=351–368 |jstor=2805124|bibcode=1960Britt..12..351B |s2cid=27887887 }}</ref> Di zaa nyɛla din labiri dɔɣira bee yɛligira gba ka di pa di kpila ni.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gnaedinger |first=Silvia |year=2012 |title=Ginkgoalean woods from the Jurassic of Argentina: Taxonomic considerations and palaeogeographical distribution |journal=Geobios |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=187–198 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2011.01.007|bibcode=2012Geobi..45..187G |hdl=11336/25674 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/CorCon/CorCon2.html |title=''Ginkgo'' |last=Arens |first=Nan C. |year=1998 |work=Lab IX; Ginkgo, Cordaites and the Conifers |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704102225/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/CorCon/CorCon2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ecology == {{further|Forest}} Tihi nyɛla din mali anfaan nima pam biɛhigu puuni,<ref name=Lowman>{{cite journal |last=Lowman |first=M D |title=Canopy research in the twenty-first century: a review of arboreal ecology |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=50 |year=2009 |pages=125–136}}</ref> di nyɛla biɛhigu shee zaŋ n-ti bineen shɛŋa;<ref>{{cite book |last=Zotz |first=Gerhard |title=Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIP2DAAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-39237-0 |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819114740/https://books.google.com/books?id=hIP2DAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> di nima nyɛ binkɔ shɛŋa nyɛla ban be ti'yɔɣiri ni ka bineenbihi shɛba nyɛ ban be tihi ŋɔ wula zuɣu. Vari, puma, n-ti binwalla nyɛla tihi ni niŋdi binshɛŋa. Tihi lahi nyɛla din tiri ninsali nima mahim.<ref>{{cite web |title=The structure of a forest |url=http://enviropol.com/index.php/forest-structure |publisher=Enviropol|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083431/http://enviropol.com/index.php/forest-structure |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Forest Layers, Stories, And Stratification |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/forest-layers-stories-and-stratification.html|publisher=WorldAtlas|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083445/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/forest-layers-stories-and-stratification.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tihi nyɛla din gabi tamkpaɣu ni ka di nyɛ din sɔŋdi tamkpaɣu ŋɔ ka chɛri saa kom ʒin chaŋ.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2328e/y2328e00.htm |title=Trees outside forests |last1=Bellefontaine |first1=R. |author2=Petit, S. |author3=Pain-Orcet, M. |author4=Deleporte, P. |author5=Bertault, J.-G. |year=2002 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131070800/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y2328E/y2328e00.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == Lihimi m-pahi== {{columns-list | colwidth=20em | * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboretum]] * [[da Vinci branching rule]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Dendrometry]] * [[Exploding tree]] * [[Five Trees]] * [[Forest restoration]] * [[Fruit tree]] * [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] * [[i-Tree]] * [[Lists of trees|List of lists of trees]]<!--please don't add other lists here, those lists should be listed listwise in the 'Lists of trees' list, you list-lovers you--> * [[Million Tree Initiative]] * [[Multipurpose tree]] – a tree grown and managed for more than one output * [[Reforestation]] * [[Tree climbing]] * [[Tree credits]] * [[Tree house]] * [[Tree planting bar]] * [[Tree planting]] * [[Trillion Tree Campaign]] * [[Urban forest]] * [[Urban forestry]] * [[Urban reforestation]] }} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} <references/> == Sources == * {{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Tony |last2=Cutler |first2=Catherine |title=The World Encyclopedia of Trees |year=2003 |publisher=Lorenz Books |isbn=978-0-7548-1292-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780754812920}} [[Pubu:Tia|Tia]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] amhicangtcqh485t3xdccsyto4q2qn7 Burkina Faso 0 9499 146096 145514 2026-08-10T20:19:45Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{C-Class}} '''Burkina Faso''' n-nyɛ tiŋgbani shɛli din bi baɣi mɔɣ' kara ka be West [[Afrika|Africa]] [[Ghana]] puuni. Di galisim nyɛla din paai 274, 200 ''square kilometered'' (105, 900 sq mi). Tiŋ' shɛŋa din gili li n-nyɛ [[Mali]] din be tudu ŋɔ wulunluhili polo, [[Ghana]] mini [[Togo]] din be nyɔŋni polo, [[Benin]] din be nyɔŋni wulunpuhili polo ni [[Niger]] din be tudu yaɣili ŋɔ wulunpuhili polo. Di yu' kurili n-daa na nyɛ [[Republic of Upper Volta]] ''yuuni'' 1958 la halli ni yuuni 1984 ka di tuuli tingbani zuɣulana Thomas Sankara n-daa ti n-nyɛ ninvuɣ' so ŋun daa taɣi di yuli maa m-boli li "Burkina Faso" silimiingoli August dabaa anahi dali yuuni 1984. [[Burkinabé]] ka bɛ booni ban ʒi di puuni maa zaa. Tiŋ' karili din nyɛ di tiŋzuɣu la yuli m-booni [[Ouagadadougou]]. Mɔhi n-nyɛ ban daa kpe Burkina Faso yuun' shɛli bɛ ni boli ''11th'' mini ''13th centuries'' la ka lahi n-nyɛ ban galisi pam nimaani. Bana n-lahi nyɛ ban mali nama kuɣ' timsa kamani; [[Ouogadougou]], [[Tenkodogo]], nti pahi [[Yatenga]]. [[Burkina Faso]] daa deei di maŋsulinsi la yuuni 1896 ka pahi [[French West Africa]] la zuɣu. Upper Volta gba daa nyɛla din zani di gama zuɣu m-pahi bɛ ni boli shɛli French Community la 1958 yuuni puuni hali ka bɛ tiŋgbanzuɣulana [[Maurice Yaméogo]] daa ti kana ka bɛ deei bɛ maŋsulinsi yuuni 1960. Di ni deegi di maŋsulinsi n-naai, kɔrinfɔhili, sanzali nti pahi bindirigu kalinsi n-daa zoogi bɛ tiŋgbani maa puuni. Coups balibu balibu daa nyɛla din yiɣisi pam yuuni 1966, 1980,1982,1983, ni 1987 ka buyi mi niŋ 2022 yuuni la silimiingoli January mini September puuni ka daa naɣi n-che bɛ ni daa lahi m-mo ni bɛ lahi yiɣisi shɛŋa yuuni 1989, 2015 ni 2023 la ka daa bi nya nasara. Lala n-daa kuli n-nyɛ li hali ka Thomas Sankara daa ti kana namni n-ti lɛbi bɛ tiŋgbanzuɣulana ka daa kpaŋ o maŋa m-bɔ maligu n-ti lala Coup ŋɔ yuuni 1983 puuni ni. Sankara daa kpuɣila sochib' shɛŋa din yɛn ʒi lɛbigimsim zaŋ jɛndi biɛhigu ni daabiligu, ka sochibisi ŋɔ daa mali di puuni, karimbu ni sabbu soya n-ti tiŋgbani maa mulichi. Tiŋgbani taribu n-ti pukpariba, alaafee shɛriti chibbu n-ti bihi ban kalinli daa yiɣisi miliyon dibaayi, ziligi mini matuka ni cheche buɣim pala malibu, shikuru bɔhimbu n-ti mulichi kam, ni taɣibu zaŋ jɛndi bipuɣinsi gunibu, bipuɣinsi mirisibu zaŋ ti dabba mini paɣ'bɔbigu bɔbu. O daa nyɛla Tiŋgbanzuɣulana hali ni yuuni 1987, ka bɛ daa n-ti yihi o nam maa ni ka o daa kɔŋ o nyavuli Coup shɛli [[Blaise Compaoré]] ni daa ŋmɛ ka leegi Tiŋgbanzuɣulana n gbubi Tingbaŋ maa hali ni silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pihita ni yini dali, yuuni 2014 ka bɛ daa ti yihi o gba nam puuni. Tuum yuuni 2010 sunsuuni zaŋ chaŋ, ayirimo mini fitina din daa be Burkina Faso tingbani nyɛla din daa tum tiŋgbani maa chuuta pam zaŋ kpa di toontibo mini lɛbigimsim polo. Linjimanima, ban mini Musulinsi tiŋgbana bee [[al-Qaeda]], nyɛla ban be Burkina Faso n-teei yɛrigi gili tiŋgbani maa tarisi din be [[Mali]] mini [[Niger]] yaɣa. Kalinli din daa gari miliyoŋ yini. Tiŋgbani maa daadam biɛligu ŋan kalinli yiɣisi miliyoŋ pishi ni yini la puuni nyela ban daa yi tiŋgbani maa puuni n-kpe tiŋgban' shɛŋa ni. Linjima ban daa be Burkina Faso Tiŋgban' ni daa fala nam ''[[coup d'etat]]'' ni silimiingoli ''January biɛɣu pishi ni ata mini anahi dali, yuuni 2022,'' n-yihi [[:en:Roch_Marc_Christian_Kaboré|Roch Marc Kaboré]] nam ni. Silimiingoli ''January biɛɣu pihita ni yini'' puuni, linjima gɔmnanti daa labisila tiŋgbani gbubbu zalisi na, silimiinsi ni boli shɛli [[Constitution]] la, ka leegi [[:en:Paul-Henri_Sandaogo_Damiba|Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] Tiŋgbanzuɣulana, amaa o daa bi yuugi nam ni ka bɛ niŋ o gba ''[[coup]]'' din pahi ayi Silimiingoli ''September'' bieɣu pihita dali. 2022 yuuni maa ni yaha, ka linjimanima maa kpɛma, [[:en:Ibrahim_Traoré|Ibrahim Traoré]] deegi Tiŋgbanzuɣulantali.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso restores constitution, names coup leader president|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/burkina-faso-restores-constitution-names-coup-leader-president|access-date=31 January 2022|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Burkina Faso tiŋgbani na kuli nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛli din lɛbigimsim bi yaɣi lala andunia yaangi zuɣu, ka di ''GDP'' yiɣisi biliyoŋ $16.226 yuuni 2022 puuni. Kɔbigu puuni, vaabu pihiyɔbu ni ata pɔnchi ni anii (63.8% ) nyɛla Musulimbima ka vaabu pishi ni ayɔbu pɔnchi ni ata (26.3%) nyɛla Asɔrinima<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Aib|first=Az|date=2022-07-01|title=Burkina: 48,1% de la population du Sud-ouest pratique l'Animisme (officiel)|url=https://www.aib.media/2022/07/01/burkina-481-de-la-population-du-sud-ouest-pratique-lanimisme-officiel/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030716/https://www.aib.media/2022/07/01/burkina-481-de-la-population-du-sud-ouest-pratique-lanimisme-officiel/|archive-date=2023-03-26|access-date=2022-10-15|website=AIB – Agence d'Information du Burkina|language=fr-FR}}</ref>. Tiŋgbaŋ maa balli mini di daabiligu shee balli daa nyɛla [[:en:French_language|French]]; ka tiŋgbani maa daa ti taɣili ka French daa leegi bal' shɛli din yɛn tumdi tuma, di mini silimiinsili, [[:en:English_language|English]] <ref>{{Cite web|last=Toe|first=Olivier|date=2024-01-26|title=Burkina Faso: Captain Ibrahim Traoré formalises constitutional amendment in line with national realities|url=https://afriktimes.info/burkina-faso-captain-ibrahim-traore-formalises-constitutional-amendment-in-line-with-national-realities/|access-date=2024-02-11|website=AfrikTimes|language=en-GB|archive-date=2024-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215235549/https://afriktimes.info/burkina-faso-captain-ibrahim-traore-formalises-constitutional-amendment-in-line-with-national-realities/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-22|title=Decret Promulguant La Loi Constitutionnelle N° 045-2023/ALT|trans-title=Decree Promulgating Constitutional Law No. 045-2023/ALT|url=https://www.wakatsera.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Decret-Promulguant-la-loi-constitutionnelle-n045-2023-ALT-du-30-12-2023-portant-revision-de-la-Constitution.pdf|language=fr|access-date=2024-08-22|archive-date=2024-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801113654/https://www.wakatsera.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Decret-Promulguant-la-loi-constitutionnelle-n045-2023-ALT-du-30-12-2023-portant-revision-de-la-Constitution.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Tiŋgbaŋ maa mali bala ka di kalinli yiɣisi pihiyɔbu. Tigbani maa gɔmnanti ni mi shɛli yɛla, ka bali shɛli bɛ ni tooi yɛra n-nyɛ [[:en:Mossi_language|Mooré]], Tiŋgbani maa mulichi pirigilli ni yari shɛli<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brion|first1=Corinne|date=November 2014|title=Global voices Burkina Faso: Two languages are better than one|url=https://kappanonline.org/global-voices-burkina-faso-two-languages-brion/|access-date=12 October 2020|website=Phi Delta Kappan}}</ref><ref name="CIAWorldFactBook2020">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Burkina Faso|section=People and Society|access-date=11 March 2020|year=2020}}</ref>. Burkina Faso tiŋgbani maa nyɛla din mali namtiɛri din gahim ni binnamda balibu pam kamani; di mali [[Salima]], [[:en:Manganese|manganese]], kɔpa mini [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] pam. Di ni niŋ ka Tiŋgbani maa mali zuliya balibu pam maa zuɣu, di kaya ni ta'ada taarihi malila dariza ka wɔɣa, ka andunia yaangi zuɣu zaa mi bɛ ni gbubi li kiri kiri bɛ kurumbuniha kaya ni ta'ada shɛm.<ref>Roy, Christopher D. "Countries of Africa: Burkina Faso," Art and Life in Africa, {{cite web|title=Countries Resources|url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/countries.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115211048/http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/countries.html|archive-date=2014-01-15|access-date=2014-04-14}}</ref> Tiŋgbani maa gɔmnanti nyɛla [[:en:Semi-presidential_system|semi-presidential republic]] ka di mali '''''executifu''', '''legislatifu''' mini '''Judiciary''''' yaa yaɣa. Burkina Faso pahi la [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], [[:en:La_Francophonie|La Francophonie]] mini [[:en:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] puuni. Tiŋgbani maa daa moliya yuuni 2024, silimiingoli ''January,'' biɛɣu pishi ni anii dabisili puuni zaŋ kpa bɛ ni lahi pa ban be [[:en:ECOWAS|ECOWAS]] mini [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] puuni shɛm. == ''Etymologi'' == Piligu, Burkina Faso yuli daa nyɛla [[:en:Republic_of_Upper_Volta|Republic of Upper Volta]], pɔi ka Tiŋgbanzuɣulan' Thomas Sankara daa pa ti taɣi di yuli kana "Burkina Faso" yuuni 1984, silimiingoli August dabaa anahi puuni. Bachi' Kɔb' shɛŋa ŋan nyɛ "Burkina" mini "Faso' m-be yuli maa ni yila bal'konkɔba mulichi ŋan be Tiŋgbani maa ni ni yɛra: "Burkina" yila [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]] ni na ka di gbunni nyɛ "N-zan tuhi" bee 'N-zaya tib", ka di wuhiri tingbani maa mulichi ni mali nintiɣili zaŋ kpa bɛ bilichiinsi polo, ka "Faso" mi yina [[:en:Dioula_language|Dioula language]] puuni na ( ka di sabbu nyɛla [[:en:N'Ko_script|N'Ko]]: {{lang|dyu|ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫}} ''faso'') la, ka di gbuuni nyɛ "Ban tiŋgbani" bee "Ban Yinsi". "-bè" ŋan bahindiri "Burkina" n-namdi Bachi' Kɔbili, "Burkinabè", bɛ ni mali yu' shɛli m-booni `ŋun yina Burkina Faso la, yila [[:en:Fula_language|Fula language]] balli ni na, ka "-bè" maa gbunni nyɛ "Paɣaba bee Dabba"<ref>{{cite web|date=12 September 2013|title=Why the name: Burkina Faso?|url=https://afrolegends.com/2013/09/12/why-the-name-burkina-faso/|work=afrolegends.com}}</ref>. ''CIA'' ŋmaai li la jia ka yɛli ni tiŋgbani maa nyɛla, "tiŋgban' shɛli ŋan mulichi zani n-tuhi yɛlimaŋli ".<ref name="auto1">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Burkina Faso|date=21 December 2018|access-date=16 January 2019|year=2018}}</ref> French tiŋgbani din daa be [[Upper Volta]] ŋa yuli daa jɛndila di ni daa be MɔɣIili yuli booni [[:en:Volta_River|Volta River]]([[:en:Black_Volta|Black]], [[:en:Red_Volta|Red]] mini [[:en:White_Volta|White Volta]]) zuɣu saa yaɣili la.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by3eqBwNRyIC&pg=PA21|title=iAfrica – Ancient History UNTOLD|publisher=Forbidden Fruit Books LLC|page=21|language=en}}</ref> == Taarihi == === Piligu ha taarihi === Bɛ ni daa mi shɛli [[northwesten]] yaɣ' shɛli zuŋɔ din pa nyɛ Burkina Faso ŋɔ daa nyɛla din kuli deegi salo shɛba daa n-nyɛ [[Hunter-gatherer|hunter-gatherers]] la yuuni 14,000 ''BCE'' zaŋ hali ni yuuni 5,000 ''BCE''. Lala salo ŋɔ neen' shɛŋa yuya n-nyɛ; [[Scraper (archaeology)|scrapers]], [[Chisel|chisels]] ni pɛimoya lala nɛma ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni nyɛ shɛŋa yuuni 1973 [[Excavation (archaeology)|archaeological excavations]] puuni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=23 October 2019|title=Burkina Faso|url=https://www.smoketreemanor.com/burkina-faso/|access-date=30 May 2020|website=Smoke Tree Manor|language=en-US}}</ref> Pukparilim biɛhigu shee daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛŋa din gbaagi yuuni 3600 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2600BCE saha.<ref name=":0" /> [[Bura culture]] daa nyɛla [[Iron Age|Iron-Age]] [[civilization]] ka di biɛhigu shee daa n be nyɔŋni wulunluhi yaɣ' shɛli bɛ ni pa mi shɛli ni [[Niger]] zɔŋɔ la ni tudu ŋɔ na wulunluhili din pa nyɛ Burkina Faso.<ref name="whc.unesco.org">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5045/ "Site archéologique de Bura"]. UNESCO.</ref> [[Iron industry]] din be [[smelting]] mini tinduya ni nɛma nti pahi di tɔbu nɛma, daa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛŋa [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1200BCE polo <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=D. E.|last2=Van Der Merwe|first2=N. J.|year=2009|title=Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research.|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=35|issue=1|pages=1–36|doi=10.1017/S0021853700025949|jstor=182719|s2cid=162330270}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stuiver|first1=Minze|last2=van der Merwe|first2=Nicolaas J.|year=1968|title=Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1968-02_9_1/page/54|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=54–58|doi=10.1086/200878|jstor=2740446|s2cid=145379030}}</ref> zɔŋɔ, ''iron smelting'' din yuugi nyɛla bɛ ni nyɛ shɛli Burkina Faso yuma kamani 800 hali ni 700 BCE polo ka di nyɛla din pahi [[Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso|Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy]] ''World Heritage Site''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1602|access-date=21 March 2021|website=UNESCO World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Zaŋ hali ti gbaai 3rd zaŋ hali ni ''13th centuries CE'', [[Iron Age]] [[Bura culture]] nyɛla din be yaɣa kamani ''southeastern'' Burkina Faso mini ''southwestern'' Niger. Zuliyanima pam ban be Burkina Faso zuŋɔ, kamani [[Mossi people|Mossi]], [[Fula people|Fula]] nti pahi [[Dyula people|Dioula]], nyɛla ban zani bɛ naba ayi zuɣu zaŋ ti gbaai 8th hali ni 15th centuries. Yuuni 11th century, Mohi maa daa nyɛla ban kpa nazuɣuri kɔnkɔba pam lala saha maa. === 8th to 18th centuries === Nangban' kpeeni benimi zaŋ kpa saha shɛli Burkina Faso zuliya bɔbigu maa zaɣ' yino kam ni kpe tiŋgbani maa ni. Zuliya shɛli din nyɛ Proto-Mossi la daa kpela Burkina Faso saha shɛli 8th mini 15th ''Century'' sunsuuni,<ref>[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p.&nbsp;27</ref> ka bɛ daa deei Musulinsi adiini n-leei bɛ Adiini 11th ''century puuni'', [[:en:Samo_language_(Burkina)|Samo]] nima daa kpela Burkina Faso saha shɛli 15th century puuni<ref name="ReferenceA2">[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p.&nbsp;28</ref>, [[:en:Dogon_people|Dogon]] nima daa Ʒila Burkina Faso's ''north'' mini ''northwest'' yaɣa hali ni saha shɛli 15th bee 16th ''centurini'' puuni<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shoup|first=John A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&q=the+dogon+lived+in+burkina+faso+in+15th+century&pg=PA86|title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-362-0}}</ref>. Lala ka zuliya shɛŋa ŋan gba be tiŋgbani maa ni daa kpela Burkina Faso lala saha ŋɔ. [[:en:Middle_Ages|Middle Ages]] la saha, Mohi maa daa nyɛla ban kpa nazuɣuri kɔnkɔba ka ŋan nyɛ Tenkodogo, Yatenga, Zandoma, mini Ouagadougou<ref name="Nations 20142">"Encyclopedia of the Nations." History. Advameg, Inc., n.d. Web. 8 October 2014.</ref>. Saha shɛli yuma 1328 mini 1338 sunsuuni, Mohi Tɔb' bihi daa ŋmɛ n-kpe [[:en:Timbuktu|Timbuktu]], tɔ amaa, [[:en:Sonni_Ali|Sonni Ali]] ŋun yina [[:en:Songhai_Empire|Songhai]] la daa tuhi nyaŋ ba tɔbu shɛli bɛ ni daa boli Kobi tɔbu din daa tuhi Mali tiŋgbani ni la yuuni 1483 puuni.<ref>[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p. xxvioi</ref> 16th ''century'' piligu saha ni, Songhai daa pa gindimi n-gbaɣiri daba hali ka tiŋgbani maa pa ti leei Burkina Faso zuŋɔ ŋɔ.<ref name="ReferenceA3">[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p.&nbsp;28</ref> 18th ''century'' saha ni, [[:en:Gwiriko|Gwiriko Empire]] daa kpami tiŋ' shɛli ŋan yuli booni [[:en:Bobo_Dioulasso|Bobo Dioulasso]] ka zuliya kamani Dyan, Lobi, mini Birifor daa ʒini di puuni m-miri [[:en:Black_Volta|Black Volta]] nima.<ref>[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p. xxvix</ref> === From colony to independence (1890s–1958) === {{Main|Upper Senegal and Niger|French Upper Volta}} {{more citations needed section|date=December 2017}} Piligu yuuni 1890s ha, European [[Scramble for Africa]] saha la, European linjin kpamba daa nyɛla ban kpuɣi soya ni bɛ fa ti ni pa mi tiŋ' shɛli zuŋɔ Burkina Faso yaɣi shɛŋa. Saha shɛŋa, lala bɛ [[Colonialism|colonialists]] linjimanima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban tuhiri zuɣu sabila nima maa shɛba, hali bɛ daa nyɛla ban nam tɔbi bihi ni bana. Bɛ colonialist kpamba nti pahi bɛ mamaŋ yiŋ' gɔmnanti gba daa nyɛla ban gbaai tabi alikuwule nima. Burkina Faso yaɣa kam zaa daa deela Faransinima, ka di daa dii lee ba [[French colonial empire|French protectorate]] yuuni 1896.<ref>[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], pp.&nbsp;30–33</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Carte_de_l'Afrique-Occidentale_française,_1914.svg|thumb|[[French West Africa]] c. 1913]] Tiŋ' ŋɔ nudirigu mini di nuzaa polo zaa daa nyɛla ban tuhiri kpema ŋun yuli daa booni [[Samori Ture]] la linjin bihi, din daa doli lala gamo ŋɔ na daa nyɛla Fransinima tuma yuuni 1897. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1898. Burkina Faso yaɣa pam daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋme n-fa shɛŋa. Dinzuɣu, yaɣi shɛŋa din be Fransinima sulinsi ni na bi nɛndɔya.<ref name=":02" /> [[Anglo-French Convention of 1898|Franco-British Convention din daa niŋ silimiingoli June ni, yuuni 1898]] nyɛla din daa nam tiŋgbani maa saha ŋɔ tiŋgbani tariti. Fransinima ŋɔ yaɣili, tɔbiri din daa nyɛ ŋme ka fa daa nyɛla din tuhiri zuɣudsabilanima nti pahi bɛ siyaasa kpamba n-kuli ni paai yuma anu laasabu. Yuuni 1904, tiŋgban' titali shɛli be [[Volta River|Volta basin]] daa nyɛla ban laɣim m-pa nyɛ [[Upper Senegal and Niger|Upper Senegal mini Niger]] colony n-zaŋ ti [[French West Africa]] ni di pahi French West African colonial empire laɣimbu puuni. colony tiŋgbani zuɣu daa nyɛla din be [[Bamako]]. Bali shɛli bɛ koloni nima ŋɔ ni daa zaŋ shɛli ka bɛ mini salo tooi diri fiila mini shikuru ni wuhibu daa nyɛla din nyɛ French. Public education system daa nyɛla din pili humble origins ni . Shikuriti chandi daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli na Dakar Koloni saha maa ka di daa ti zani kalinli zuɣu. Zuɣusabilanima maa daa nyɛla ban nyɛ nahingu pam zaŋ jandi kamani, shɛhira; gbansabila bihi daa nyɛla bɛ ni bi ti shɛb' solo ni bɛ ba cheche bee m-pihiri binwala din lurina tihi zuɣurini, sɔya pam daa nyɛla din yɔhi tiri Koloni nima ŋɔ pam bihi. Ghansabinli ŋun kam daa niŋ tipawumli n-yiɣisi lala zalisi ŋɔ shɛli kam daa nyɛla ŋun yɛn kpe sarika.<ref>Figures de la révolution africaine, de Kenyatta à Sankara, La Découverte, 2014, pp. 271–288.</ref> [[Conscription|Draftees]] ban daa be tingbani ŋɔ ni daa nyɛla ban tim nuu pam Yiropian tuba din yuli daa booni Dunia Tɔbu Tuuli la [[Tirailleurs sénégalais|Senegalese Rifles]] tingbani. Zaŋ gbaai yuuni 1915 mini yuuni 1916 ha, Disitiri din daa be tiŋ' din yuli booni Burkina Faso zɔŋɔ nuzaa zuɣu ni tingbani maa nudirigu polo din mini tiŋ' din yuli booni Mali daa nyɛla yaɣi shɛli linjima nima pam ni be ka di kuli nyɛla bɛ tuhirila Kolonial Gɔmnanti maa lala tɔbu ŋɔ ka bɛ boli ni [[Volta-Bani War]].<ref>Mahir Saul and Patrick Royer, ''West African Challenge to Empire'', 2001</ref> Faransi Gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa nyɛla ŋun yi lala tɔbu ŋɔ yala ni amaa saha shɛli bɛ ni daa nyɛ ŋɔ la. [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg|thumb|The capital, [[Ouagadougou]], in 1930]] [[French Upper Volta]] daa nyɛla din kpa silimiingoli March dahinyini dali yuuni 1919. French daa nyɛla dabiɛm ni kpe shɛb' wuhiri ni, ni di ti niŋ ka linjima nima lahi wumsi . Kolonial nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban woligi zɔŋɔ Burkina Faso yaɣili, ni Upper Senegal nti pahi Niger. Koloni palli din daa kana daa nyɛla din yuli booni ''Haute Volta'' ka yuli ŋɔ daliri nyɛla di ni daa niŋ ka di be [[Volta River]] (the [[Black Volta|Black]], [[Red Volta|Red]] mini [[White Volta]]) yaɣili la ka di tuuli Gɔmnanti yuli daa booni François Charles Alexis Edouard Hesling. Hesling daa nyɛla ŋun tahi pala malibu haŋkali parigu na, din kuli yɛn che ka tuma nima kpaŋsi nti pahi gumdi zaŋ yi tingbani maa puuni gba niŋ soochi ni afuwa. Gumdi zalikpan' shɛŋa din daa jɛndi[[coercion]] daa nyɛla din bi di nasara ka arizichi shɛli Koloni nima maa ni daa zaŋ niŋ di ni maa zaa bahi yoli. Lala Koloni maa daa nyɛla din wurim silimiingoli September dabaanu dali, yuuni 1932, din daa kpa n-kpa yaɣa kamani French Koloni din be [[Ivory Coast]], [[French Sudan]] mini [[Niger]]. Ivory Coast n-daa nyɛ din nyɛ salo maa pam nti pahi yaɣi shɛŋa kamani Ouagadougou mini Bobo-Dioulasso daadam biɛlim pam. Silimiingoli December biɛɣu pia ni yini dali, yuuni 1958 Koloni maa daa nyɛla ban deegi bɛ maŋsulinsi m-boli [[Republic of Upper Volta]]; di daa nyɛla din pahi French nima ni daa Koloniazi gbansabila tiŋgban' shɛŋa zuɣu silimiingi ni boli Franco-African Community la zuɣu. Di ni daa yɛn labi lihi the organization of French Overseas Territories daa piligimi ni zali kpani din yuli booni (Loi Cadre) , silimiingoli July biɛɣu pishi ni ata dali, yuuni 1956. Upper Volta daa lɛbigi yaɣi shɛli din pa zani di gama zuɣu French tiŋgbana ni silimiingoli December biɛɣu pia ni yini dali, yuuni 1958. Bɛ maŋsulinsi kpalinkpaa deebu zaa French sani daa nyɛla din deegi yuuni 1960.<ref name="WDL1">{{cite web|title=More (Language of the Moose people) Phrase Book|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/635|access-date=16 February 2013|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123122514/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/635/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Upper Volta (1958–1984) === {{main|Republic of Upper Volta}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Maurice_Yaméogo_and_Louis_Jacquinot_exchanging_instruments_of_ratification_for_the_independence_of_the_Upper_Volta.jpg|thumb|[[Maurice Yaméogo]], the first president of Upper Volta, examines documents pertaining to the ratification of the country's independence in 1960]] Upper Volta maŋsulinsi tiŋgbani ( {{lang-fr|République de Haute-Volta|link=no}}) daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli silimin gɔli December biɛɣu pia ni yini dali, yuuni 1958, kamani tiŋgbani shɛli din deegi di maŋsulinsi French tiŋgbani. Lala ''Upper Volta'' lahi nyɛla din chaŋ ti lahi nyɛ tiŋgbani shɛŋa din ʒi n-tabi [[Volta River|Volta]] kuligi la. Kulisi ŋɔ nyɛla dibaata ŋan nima nyɛ; [[Black Volta|Black]], [[White Volta|White]] nti pahi [[Red Volta]]. Lala kulisi ŋɔ niŋgbuŋ kom ka bɛ lihi ka mali bɛ ya tuuta. Poi ka di deegi di maŋsulinsi, di daa pun nyɛla French Upper Volta ka lahi be French tiŋgbana laɣingu la ni. Silimin gɔli August biɛɣu pia ni anu dali, yuuni 1960. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban deegi bɛ maŋsulinsi zaa French nima sani. Tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣu la n-daa nyɛ [[Maurice Yaméogo]], ŋun daa nyɛ kpɛm n-zaŋ [[Voltaic Democratic Union]] (UDV) la. Yuuni 1960 tiŋgbani zalisi buku la daa nyɛla din wuhi piibu piibu niŋ n-doli bia ŋun paai yuun' pia ni anii, din ka bɛ boli ni [[universal suffrage]] tiŋgbani zuɣu laa tali polo nti pahi national assembly din daa nyɛ yuma anu namni bɛnibu la. Saha shɛli Yaméogo ni daa nyɛ nasara n-naai, o daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ mia piri paati kam gbaai yihila UDV paati ŋɔ. Gɔmnanti maa daa nyɛla ŋun be namni hali ni yuuni 1966. Di ni daa niŋ ka vuhim kani, kamani salo ni daa tɔri ayirimo nima ka sɔŋdi bɛ tuma ni nɛma nima, ka shikurubihi kɔŋ shikuriti chandi, ka tuun' tumdiba daa zaɣisi tuma tumbu, sooje Gɔmnanti daa nyɛla din vahinna. ==== Lamizana's rule ni multiple coups ==== Yuuni 1966, sooje gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ŋun ŋme m-paai Yaméogo Gɔmnanti, ka kari constitution maa zalisi la n-kpɛhi yaŋɔ,.ka wurim bɛ National Assembly la, ka pa zaŋ Lt na . Col. [[Sangoulé Lamizana]] n-daa nyɛ kpem ti tiŋgbani maa lala saha ŋɔ. Sooje nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban paai yuma anahi namni. Silimiingoli June biɛɣu pia ni anahi dali, yuuni 1976, Voltans nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban yina ni constitution palli din daa wuhi ni di tu ni Gɔmnanti kam niŋ namni yuma anahi. Lamizana daa na kuli be la namni hali ni yuuna 1970s polo, o daa kuli gabirila sooje Gɔmnanti mini Demokiratia Gɔmnanti zaa. Nangbankpeeni ni daa ti lu yuuni 1976 constitution, constitution palli daa nyɛla din sabi ka saɣi ti yuuni 1977 ni. Lamizana daa nyɛla bɛ ni labi m-pii so yuuni 1978 piibu piibu ni. Lamizan Gɔmnanti daa nyɛla din mali yɛlimuɣusirili n-zaŋ chaŋ tiŋgbani maa daabilim biɛhigu. O lala ŋɔ zuɣu, silimiingoli November ni yuuni 1980, Col. [[Saye Zerbo]] daa nyɛla ŋun ŋme m-paai Lamizana Gɔmnanti ka ʒim bi kpaai. Colonel Zerbo daa nyɛla ŋun kpa linjima nima laɣingu ni bɛ sɔŋsi ka bɛ tiŋgbani maa toon' tibo lahi labina. Colonel Zerbo gba daa ti salo tibili ni bɛ zɔmi ka che trade unions, ka o gba daa nyɛ Maj. Dr. [[Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo]] ni daa ŋme m-paai so yuma ayi nyaanga nti pahi Council of Popular Salvation (CSP) yuuni [[1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état]]. CSP daa nyɛla ŋun gba daa bi ti paati nima mini laɣinsi soli lala o saha ŋɔ di zaa yoli, o daa mali nia ni bɛ pa yi sooje Gɔmnanti ni ka lahi sabi constitution palli.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anyangwe|first=Carlson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqEHU3iW2i0C&pg=PA137|title=Revolutionary Overthrow of Constitutional Orders in Africa|date=2012|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9956-727-78-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso's history, also called Upper Volta, endured between 1960 and 1987, 6 military coups and the establishment of 3 republics.|url=https://www.blaisecompaore.com/en/political-and-military-career/1960-1983-engagement/|access-date=5 November 2020|website=Blaise Compaore|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== 1983 Sooje Gɔmnanti ==== Zaba daa nyɛla din lu CSP nudirigu ni nuzaa polo zaa. Ŋun daa nyɛ kpem n-zaŋ ti nuzaa polo nima maa Capt. [[Thomas Sankara]], daa nyɛla bɛ ni piigi so ''prime minister'' silimiingoli January ni, yuuni 1983, amaa ka pirinsi daa lahi kpɛhi o nuuni din nyaanga. Ŋun daa be tooni zaŋ chaŋ o faako bɔ n-ti n-daa nyɛ Capt. [[Blaise Compaoré]], ka di gba daa lahi nyɛ din tahi sooje Gɔmnanti na silimiingoli August dabaanahi dali, yuuni 1983. Sankara n-daa lee zuɣulana sooje Gɔmnanti gamo maani, ka o Gɔmnanti maa n-daa nyɛ din kpuɣi soya ni di zaŋ taɣibu nima na, ka di sɔchibi shɛŋa daa nyɛ; salo alaafee shɛriti chibbu , lɛbigimsim ya' mɛbu kpaŋsibu, paɣaba yubu kpaŋsibu ni yɛligibu, kpaŋsibu zaŋ kpa bilchiinim' ban nye pukpariba ni yiɣiri bindiri shɛŋa dibu tiŋgbaŋ maa puuni, nti pahi niŋsim sheŋa din yɛn gu' ka taɣi ''desertification''<ref name="UprightDVD">''[[Thomas Sankara: the Upright Man]]'' by ''[[California Newsreel]]''</ref> === Burkina Faso (Tunm yuuni 1984) === Silimiingoli August dabaayi dali, yuuni 1984, kamani tiŋgbanzuɣulana Sankara's nianima ni, tiŋgbani maa yuli daa nyɛla din taɣi "Upper Volta" ni m-pa lee "Burkina Faso", bee , tiŋgbani shɛli din daabiligu mali aadalichi.<ref>[https://www.wdl.org/en/item/635/ More (Language of the Mossi Tribe) Phrase Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123122514/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/635/ |date=2018-11-23 }} – "Burkina Faso is a former French colony, which became the independent state of Upper Volta in 1960. In 1984 the country adopted its present name, meaning "Land of Incorruptible People".</ref><ref>Kingfisher Geography Encyclopedia. {{ISBN|1-85613-582-9}}. Page 170</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bPWSPutYcC|title=Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: 1880–1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-64519-5|location=Cambridge|page=126|quote=The name of the country was changed to Burkina Faso, and Sankara launched it on an aggressive, populist program of self-help.}}</ref><ref>The name is an [[Amalgamation (linguistics)|amalgam]] of [[More language|More]] ''burkina'' ("honest", "upright", or "incorruptible men") and [[Dioula language|Jula]] ''faso'' ("homeland"; literally "father's house"). The "-be" suffix in the name for the people – Burkinabe – comes from the Fula plural suffix for people, ''-ɓe''.</ref> tiŋgbanzuɣulantali zalikpana daa nyɛla National Assembly ni dihi bɛ nuu shɛli zuɣu Silimiingoli on August dabaanahi dali, yuuni 1984 ni. Sankara's Gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa nyɛla din gbaai [[National Council for the Revolution]] (CNR – {{lang-fr|Conseil national révolutionnaire}}), Sankara n-daa nyɛ lala laɣinsi ŋɔ kpema, o daa lahi kpa laɣingu di yuli daa booni [[Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Burkina Faso)|Committees for the Defense of the Revolution]] (CDRs). Lala n-nyɛ li ka laɣingu din yuli daa booni [[Pioneers of the Revolution]] bipola laɣingu la gba daa kpa. Sankara daa yoogi o nianima zaŋ chaŋ socioeconomic tuma, ka o nia nyɛla o bɔrila taɣibu. So' shɛli o ni daa kpuɣi na n-daa nyɛ sochib' shɛli din gahim ka yi di ko ka so na bi niŋ li gbansabila tiŋgbani yaangi zuɣu.<ref name="UprightDVD2" /> O tiŋduya ni polisi nima ŋɔ daa chaŋmi ti tam [[anti-imperialism]] zuɣu, ka o Gɔmnanti maa daa nyɛla din zaɣisiri tiŋduya ni sɔŋsim. O daa nyɛla ŋun zaŋdi o tiŋgbani mini di daarizichi zaa m-tumdi o lɛbiginsim tuma. Lala ka o daa zaɣisi laɣinsi shɛŋa bɛ ni boli [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) mini [[World Bank]] tuma o tingbanni. O yiŋ' dundɔŋ ni polisi nima shɛŋa n-daa nyɛ , sokam ni tooi zaŋdi o ya yɛltɔɣa n-kpe tiŋgbani maa luɣilikam, tiŋgbani ŋmaai ti ban ka yiko yoli, ziliji pala mini loorinima pala malibu, nti pahi o daa yihi paɣiba gunibu, ni paɣib gbaai ti doo nti pahi doo bɔmi paɣibɔbigu la zaa o saha maa tiŋgbani maa ni.<ref name="UprightDVD2" /><ref name="Grila2">{{Cite web|author=Farid Omar|date=28 November 2007|title=Commemorating Thomas Sankara|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/commemorating-thomas-sankara-by-farid-omar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124093433/http://www.znetwork.org/commemorating-thomas-sankara-by-farid-omar|archive-date=24 January 2012|work=Group for Research and Initiative for the Liberation of Africa (GRILA)}}</ref> Sankara daa nyɛla ŋun kpaŋsi ni pugbarilim leegi tiŋ' maa laɣibɔbɔ sɔchib' kpeeni tiŋ' maa zaa ni ni tooi niŋ ka lahi du m-ba li. O daa lahi kpaŋsi salo daalaafee zuɣu pam, lala ŋɔ zuɣu, o daa che ka bɛ vaasinetiri bihi daa paai Miliyɔŋ dibaayi, ni tuhi kɔbisinu dinkuli yɛn niŋ ka ni gu ba ka che dɔriyɔya kamani [[meningitis]], [[yellow fever]], nti pahi [[measles]].<ref name="Grila22" /> O tiŋgbani tuun' tumsa maa shɛli n-daa lahi nyɛ o daa sa tihi din kalinli daa naan kuli ni yaɣi Miliyɔŋ pia din kuli yɛn niŋ ka buɣim ni di shɛŋa maa zaa labi na [[Sahel]] yaha. Sankara daa lahi che ka tiŋkpaŋ kam mali ashibiti bili, ka daa lahi che ka tinsi daa paai Kɔbisita ni pihinu mɛ shikuriti ni bɛ maŋmaŋ yahi.<ref name="UprightDVD3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=X|first=Mr|date=28 October 2015|title=Resurrecting Thomas Sankara – My Blog|work=My Blog|url=http://thomassankara.net/resurrecting-thomas-sankara/?lang=en|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Yuma 1980s polo, di ni daa niŋ ka ninsalinima milinsi zaŋ chaŋ binvuhira polo daa bi yaɣi lala maa zuɣu, Sankara daa nyɛla gbansabila tiŋgbanzuɣulaannima puuni ŋun tuhri ka guri o tiŋgbani zaŋ chaŋ barinanima din saɣindi li polo. O daa nyɛla ŋun zabi zaba dibaata din daa nyɛ mɔnyɔbo tuhi kari zaba. O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun zabi dari ŋmahibu yiriyiriŋ zuɣu. Tihi daa paagi Miliyɔŋ pia o ni daa sa shɛbi chiri pia ni anahi sunsuuni Burkina Faso tiŋgbani ni. O ni daa yɛn niŋ shɛm n-tuhi dazɛti maa mini sanzal biɛri, Sankara daa nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni bɛ sa tihi ban mali dari kamani Kilomita pia ni anu yɛliŋ zaŋ gbaai tiŋgbani maa nudirigu mini di nuzaa zuɣu. Bɛ bɔmma daa nyɛla din daa kuli ni paai 1.1 billion tons poi ka yuuni 1983 paai, di daa lahi buɣisiya ni di ti ni paai 1.6 billion tons yuuni 1987. ha. Jean Ziegler, ŋun daa nyɛ bindira lahibali wuligibu kpeenkuro n-zaŋ ti UN daa yɛliya ni tiŋgbani <nowiki>''</nowiki> pa nyɛla din maŋmaŋ bindirigu saɣiri li"<ref>{{cite news|last=Lepidi|first=Pierre|date=3 January 2020|title=Thomas Sankara, l'écologiste|language=fr|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|location=Paris|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/03/thomas-sankara-l-ecologiste_6024742_3212.html}}</ref> ==== Compaoré Tingban zuɣulaan tali ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blaise_Compaoré_2014-08-05.jpg|thumb|[[Blaise Compaoré]], President 1987–2014]] Silimiigoli October biɛɣu pia ni anahi dali, yuuni 1987 ha, Sankara mini o nyaandoliba pia ni ayi daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ŋme m-paai shɛb' gɔmnanti maa ni, linjimanima maa ni ŋun yuli daa booni Blaise Compaoré ŋun daa nyɛ o tumtumdi kpeenkurɔ la n-daa pa lee Burkina Faso's tiŋgbanzuɣulana. O daa nyɛla ŋun gbubi lala zuɣulaantali nam ŋɔ hali ni yuuni 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Aidi|first1=Hisham|title=Reviving Thomas Sankara's spirit|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/06/reviving-thomas-sankara-spirit-150603104633020.html|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Coup ni daa naai, hali zilisigu ni daa wuhi Sankara lahi ka o nyɛvuli ni, CDRs ban laɣim linjimanima ban daa na che bɛ sooje tuma dabisa shɛŋa sunsuuni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Who Killed Thomas Sankara|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/thomas-sankara-trial/|year=2021|access-date=13 March 2024|vauthors=((MacDougall, C.))}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Burkina Faso "wants France to release Sankara archives"|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37643926|work=BBC News|year=2016|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Thomas Sankara murder: Ex-Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré found guilty|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61008332|year=2022|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> Burkinabè salo daa nyɛla ban gbubi [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|France's foreign ministry]], din nyɛ [[Quai d'Orsay]], daa nyɛla ban daa tim nuu Compaoré sooje gɔmnanti tali nasara dibu ŋɔ maa ni. Shɛhiranima daa wuhiya kamani France nima daa nyɛla ban tim nuu o coup maa ni.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaffré|first=Bruno|date=9 September 2009|title=Assassination of Thomas Sankara: evidence of a documentary by RAI 3 involve France, CIA and Blaise Compaoré|url=https://www.thomassankara.net/assassination-of-thomas-sankara-evidence-of-a-documentary-by-rai-3-involve-france-cia-and-blaise-compaore/?lang=en|work=thomassankara.net}}</ref> Compaoré daa nyɛla ŋun wurim bɛ mini tingbani biɛhisi , di daa nyɛla daliri shɛli din che ka o niŋ coup maa zaɣi yini.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80SvCmSTxGoC&pg=PA128|title=African Leaders|date=2011|publisher=Bankole Kamara Taylor|isbn=978-1-4681-1436-2|editor-last1=Kasuka|editor-first1=Bridgette|page=13}}{{unreliable source?|date=June 2023|reason=source is an edited compilation of wikipedia articles;}}</ref> O tiɛha daa nyɛlmi ni Sankara ŋun saɣindi bɛ mini tinduya ni biɛhigu ni o Kolonial ya kura yahi ([[France]] ni bɛ nyintaa tingbani [[Ivory Coast]].<ref name="ReutersChe22">{{Cite web|author=Mathieu Bonkoungou|date=17 October 2007|title=Burkina Faso Salutes "Africa's Che" Thomas Sankara|url=https://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USL17577712|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> coup ni daa kuli nai , Compaoré daa niŋla yomyom n yihi nationalizations la, ka daa lan yihi Sankara's polisi nim maa pam pahi, ka daa lan lɛbigi tiŋgbani maa IMF tiŋa, O kuli Sankara tuntumsa pam. Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ daa gbai ni bɛ ni Coup yuuni 1989, Compaoré daa nyɛla ŋun zaŋ limited democratic na yuuni 1990. Tingbani zalikpana buku palli maa ni yuuni (1991) Compaoré daa nyɛla bɛ ni vooti so ka kpaɣaribu kani silimin gɔli December ni yuuni 1991.yuuni 1998 Compaoré daa lan dila piibu piibu maa tinhbani maa luɣulikam. Yuuni 2004, niribi pai ninvuɣu pinaata daa nyɛla ban lo nia ni bɛ ŋme m pai Compaoré namni, ban daa kpuɣi lala niya ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpehi shabi sarika shɛli sheela duu n ti lu n marigiba.<ref>"Burkina Faso Profile", BBC NEWS AFRICA, 21 March 2014, 24 September 2014.</ref> Yuuni 2000, tiŋgbani zali kpana buku ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni labi mali binshɛŋa di puuni, lala maliniŋ ŋɔ shee, bɛ daa nyɛla ban siɣisi zuɣulaantali namni niŋbu yuma la na n-ti zali yuma anu, ka lahi pahi ni buyi ko ka ninsali ni tooi di tiŋgbanzuɣulaantali nam maa. Di lala mali zali ŋɔ daa nyɛla din pili tuma yuuni 2005 piibu piibu ni. Di yi niŋ ka di yi di daa pun nyɛ din bɛni, di daa nyɛla din daa yɛn mɔŋ Compaoré tiŋgbanzuɣulaantali maa dibu yaha. Ban daa zani n-kpaɣari bɔri nam maa shɛbi daa nyɛla ban mali zilisigu ni kɔrinfɔhili ka Compaore zaŋ di nam maa. Amaa silimiingoli October ni, yuuni 2005 ni. Amaa ban be tiŋgbani maa zalikpana buku ŋɔ maa tuma yaɣi daa yɛliya ni di ni niŋ ka Compaor nyɛ ŋun be nam ni lala yuuni 2000 saha maa ka lala taɣibu ŋɔ niŋ maa, taɣibu maa pala din gbaagi o lala saha maa. Lala ŋɔ daa nyɛla din yooi soli ti o ni daa mali nia ni so deegi o yuuni [[2005 Burkinabé presidential election|2005]] piibu piibu la ni. Silimiingoli November biɛɣu pinaanu dali, yuuni 2005, o daa nyɛla ŋun kɔŋ nasara ka di daliri nyɛla yaɣa shɛŋa n-daa yina m-pahi o zuɣu. Yuuni [[2010 Burkinabé presidential election|2010]] tiŋgbanzuɣulaantali piibu piibu ni, Compaoré daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa lahi vooti so. Daadam biɛlim 1.6 million Burkinabè nima n-daa vooti. Silimiingoli February ni, yuuni 2011, shikuru bili nyɛvuya kɔŋbu daa nyɛla din yiɣisi [[2011 Burkinabè protests|Burkinabè]] nima suhiri pam, ka bɛ daa yina yuuni 2011 n-ti wuhi bɛ sujee ni nyɛ shɛŋa tiŋgbani maa ni. Bɛ daa wuhi bɛ sujeei pam, soojenima gba daa wuhi bɛ sujee, ka kootu tuma yili nima gba daa sɔŋ bɛ alikaliminima tiŋa, ka kuli nyɔ nina zaya ni shee ka Compaoré's sɔŋ o tumani nɛma tiŋa. Ni yom ka o che ka soojenima pam pam ni ban zaa tumdi gɔmnanti tuma ni ka lahi che ka daabilim be yoli ka sokam ni tooi tum.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 April 2011|title=Burkina opposition calls anti-president demo|work=The Daily Star|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=182823|access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Taoko|first1=Hervé|last2=Nossiter|first2=Adam|date=27 April 2011|title=Mayor's Home Burned as Burkina Faso Protests Continue|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/world/africa/28burkina.html|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430114102/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/world/africa/28burkina.html|archive-date=30 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gongo|first=Simon|date=28 April 2011|title=Burkina Faso Riot Police Join Wave of Protests After Government Dissolved|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-28/burkina-faso-riot-police-join-wave-of-protests-after-government-dissolved.html|access-date=30 April 2011}}</ref> Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, tiŋgbani maa gbubbu daa nyɛla din mali zali, ka ban tumdi gɔmnanti tuma yɔri du zuɣusaa.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 May 2011|title=Burkina Faso teachers' strike: Union agrees deal|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13542959|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527020543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13542959|archive-date=27 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 June 2011|title=Burkina Faso government replaces its governors|work=Taiwan News|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1623195|access-date=11 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115622/http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1623195|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Silimiingoli April ni, yuuni 2011, soojenima daa nyɛla ban tɔ ayirimo, tiŋgbanzuɣulan' maa daa myɛla ŋun chief of staff tuun' tumdi pala, ka abiyankɔra daa nyɛ din niŋ yaɣili din yuli booni [[Ouagadougou|Ouagadougou ni]]. Compaoré's gɔmnanti nyɛla din daa tumdi shaawara malibu tuma West-African nangbankpeeni nima ni nti pahiri yuuni [[2010–2011 Ivorian crisis|2010 hali ni yuuni 2011 Ivorian]] gamo ni, ni Togolese Dialogue (yuuni 2007), ni yuuni [[2012 Malian coup d'état|2012 Malian]]. {{As of|2014}}, Burkina Faso n-daa nyɛ tiŋgbani shɛli din lɛbiginsim labi nyaangi zaa <ref>{{Cite web|last=United Nation|year=2016|title=List of Least Developed Countries|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ldc/ldc_list.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301020225/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ldc/ldc_list.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2011|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ===== Kafando Tingbani Zuɣulaan Tali ===== {{Main|2014 Burkinabè uprising}}{{Main|2014 Burkinabè uprising}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Burkina_Faso_Protests.png|thumb|Thousands of protesters march through Ouagadougou]] Silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pishi ni anu dala, yuuni 2014 ban daa bi za tingbani zuɣuani Compaore' nyaangi ti o ni gbubi tingbani maa sham maa daa nyɛla ban piligi ayirimo n tɔ hali ni Ouagadougou yaɣili. Ka ayimoŋo ni su jahi ŋɔ daa bi yina shɛla m pahila tingbani zuɣu lan mɔ ni daa kpuɣi nia ni o labi taɣi bɛ tingbani maani zalikkpana buku la ka di tirisi o yuun pishi ni apoin o tingbani zuɣu laantali la. Silimingoli On October biɛɣu pihita dali, ayirimo tɔribiŋɔ daa nyɛla ban niŋ buɣim dui bɛ jintɔribi jinaduu ka daa lan deegi bɛ national TV headquarters Ofiisila. .<ref>{{cite web|date=30 October 2014|title=Burkina Faso protesters set parliament on fire, take over state TV and march on presidency|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/burkina-faso-protesters-set-parliament-on-fire-take-over-state-tv-and-march-on-presidency-20141031-11emg3.html|access-date=30 October 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> [[Ouagadougou Airport|Ouagadougou International Airport]] daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpari shɛli zali, ka jintɔribi ban daa nyɛ bɛ ni gari shɛbi ni bɛ di vooti tingbani zalikpana buku maa taɣibu saɣibu vootin la. (Lala taɣibu ŋɔ dilan nyɛla din di yan ti tingbani zuɣulani Compaore' sɔli ka o di lan zani ni bɛ piigi o zuɣulani yaha yuuni 2015). Dabisili maa puuni, linjimnim daa nyɛla ban wurim Gomdanti tuun tumdiba tuma duri zaa ka lan niŋ abiyakɔra yaha. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Gongo|first1=Simon|last2=Bax|first2=Pauline|name-list-style=amp|title=Burkina Faso General Takes Power After President Resigns|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-30/burkina-faso-president-dissolves-government-as-protests-escalate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102122055/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-30/burkina-faso-president-dissolves-government-as-protests-escalate|archive-date=2 January 2015|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref> Silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pihita ni yini dali, yuuni 2014 ni, tingbani zuɣulan Compaoré daa nyɛla ŋun sɔŋ o tuma daalikelimi tiŋa.<ref>Herve, Taoko and Cowelloct, Alan (31 October 2014) [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/world/africa/burkina-faso-unrest-blaise-compaore.html?_r=0 Burkina Faso's President Resigns, and General Takes Reins]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> [[Yacouba Isaac Zida|Lt. Col. Isaac Zida]] daa yɛliya ni o gbubi tingbani maa lala saha ŋɔ hali ka yuuni 2015 tingbani zuɣulaan tali piibu piibu ti paai na, amaa niribi pam daa bahi zɔrila dabiɛm ni o mini tingbani zuɣulaan Kuro maa ni niŋ ningbana ni tabi sham maa.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 2014|title=Army backs new Burkina Faso leader Isaac Zida|newspaper=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29863004}}</ref> Silimin gɔli November ni, yuuni 2014, paati shabi bandaa ka nam ni, [[Civil society|civil-society]] laginsi, n ti pahi adiini gbamba daa nyɛla ban zaŋ bɛ zuɣuri n gbaɣili taba n gbaai gbaabu shɛli din nayan gbubi Burkina Faso hali ka piibu piibu ti paai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Burkina Faso talks agree on plan for return to civilian rule|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burkina-politics-idUSKCN0IT0U320141109|url-status=live|access-date=9 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110231047/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/09/us-burkina-politics-idUSKCN0IT0U320141109|archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> Bɛ gbaabu maa puuni, [[Michel Kafando]] daa na nyɛla ŋun leei tingbani zuɣulana ka Lt. Col. Zida mi lee acting Prime Minister mini Defense Minister. Silimin gɔli September biɛɣu pinaayɔbu dali, yuuni 2015, ban daa nyɛ [[Regiment of Presidential Security]] (RSP) daa nyɛla ban yina ni [[2015 Burkina Faso coup d'état|coup d'état]], n daa fa tingbani zuɣulaan tali maa mini prime minister tali maa, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bɔrila, [[National Council for Democracy]] .<ref>{{cite news|author=Raziye Akkoc|others=agencies|date=17 September 2015|title=Burkina Faso coup: military says it now controls country after arresting leaders: live|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burkinafaso/11870962/Burkina-Faso-coup-military-says-it-now-controls-country-after-arresting-leaders-live.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burkinafaso/11870962/Burkina-Faso-coup-military-says-it-now-controls-country-after-arresting-leaders-live.html|archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>Tɔ, silimin gɔli September ni, yuuni 2015, ŋundaa nyɛ toon dani nti ban daa gbai coup ŋɔ , [[Gilbert Diendéré]], daa nyɛla ŋun tim sandaani ka yɛli ni o ni labisi civilian gomdanti na .<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Andrusewicz|first1=Marie|date=22 September 2015|title=Burkina Faso Leader Apologizes To Nation For Seizing Power in a Coup|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/22/442441403/burkina-faso-leader-apologizes-to-nation-for-seizing-power-in-a-coup|access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> silimin gɔli September biɛɣu pishi ni ata dali, yuuni 2015 prime minister la mini tingbani zuɣu lanla daa nyɛla bɛ ni labisi shɛbi nama n ti ba.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Wagner|first1=Laura|date=23 September 2015|title=A Week After Coup, Burkina Faso's Interim President Back in Power|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/23/442826830/1-week-after-coup-burkina-fasos-interim-president-back-in-power|access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> === Kaboré Tingbani Zuɣulaan Tali Mini Jihadist insurgency (2015–2023) === {{main|Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso|Terrorism in Burkina Faso}} Tingbani maani zaa piibu piibu daa nyɛla din niŋ silimin gɔli November biɛɣu pinaawai dali yuuni 2015. [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]] n daa di nasara tuuli, kɔbigi puuni, o ni daa nyɛ daadam biɛlim shɛbi tiŋmaa salo ni zaa daa yisila vaabu 53.5% . O daa luhila [[Zéphirin Diabré]], ŋun gba daa mali vaabu 29.7% kɔbigi puuni tiŋmaa salo puuni.<ref name="Kabore wins">Mathieu Bonkoungou and Nadoun Coulibaly, [https://news.yahoo.com/kabore-wins-burkina-faso-presidential-vote-electoral-commission-003634457.html "Kabore wins Burkina Faso presidential election"], Reuters, 1 December 2015.</ref> Kaboré daa nyɛla ŋun popɔri ka ʒini gbana duɣu silimin gɔli December biɛɣu pishi ni awai dali yuuni 2015.<ref name="swears in new president">{{Cite news|date=29 December 2015|title=Burkina Faso swears in new president, capping transition|work=Agence France-Presse|url=https://news.yahoo.com/burkina-faso-swears-president-capping-transition-161614791.html}}</ref> Kaboré daa lan nyɛla ŋundaa lan di tingbani zuɣulaan tali maa yaha silimingoli elected in the [[2020 Burkinabè general election|November biɛɣu pishi ni ayi dali, yuuni 2020]], amaa apaati din yuli daa booni Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès (MPP) la , daa nyɛla din bi di jintɔri tali polo maa pam. Di daa nyɛla din di kuɣusi pihinu ni ayɔbu kuɣusi kɔbigu ni pishi ni ayopoin ni. Congress for Democracy mini Progress (CDP), tingbani zuɣu laan Kuro Blaise Compaoré, paati la n daa dɔni buyi zuɣu kamali kuɣusi pishi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2020|title=Burkina Faso elections: Kabore's party fails to clinch majority parliamentary seats|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/11/30/burkina-faso-elections-kabore-s-party-fails-to-win-majority-parliamentary-seats/}}</ref> [[Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso|Jihadist insurgency]] daa nyɛla din pili silimin gɔli August ni yuuni 2015, [[Islamist insurgency in the Sahel]] yaɣi shɛŋani . Binshaɣu din daa gbai silimin gɔli August ni yuuni 2015 mini silimin gɔli October ni yuuni 2016 sunsuuni, yaɣa paagi yaɣa ayɔpoin ka bɛ daa liri.<ref name="Croix191016">Ludivine Laniepce, [http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Au-Burkina-Faso-frontieres-peur-2016-10-19-1200797429 Au Burkina Faso, les frontières de la peur], ''La Croix'', 19 octobre 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 October 2016|title=Le Burkina Faso va renforcer la sécurité de ses postes de police frontaliers|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20161027-le-burkina-faso-va-renforcer-securite-postes-police-frontaliers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211029/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20161027-le-burkina-faso-va-renforcer-securite-postes-police-frontaliers|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=RFI|language=fr}}</ref> Silimin gɔli January biɛɣu pinaanu dali, yuuni 2016 ni, terrorists daa nyɛla ban liri tingbani maa tiŋzuɣu shɛli bɛ ni [[Ouagadougou]] la, n daa ku ninvuɣu pihita ni. [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] mini [[Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)|Al-Mourabitoune]], daa nyɛla ban tundi bɛ tuma di nyintaa tingbani [[Mali]] ni, n daa zaŋ lala liribuŋɔ n ŋme bɛ mamaŋ nyɔɣuni. Yuuni 2016, lilibu liribu maa daa nyɛla din pahi, di ni daa niŋ ka bibiɛhi laɣin palli yuli daa booni [[Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)|Ansarul Islam]], in toon dani daa nyɛ imam [[Ibrahim Malam Dicko]] ni daa kpa.<ref name="RFI100217">[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170210-groupe-jihadiste-Ansaroul-Islam-Ibrahim-Malam-Dicko-burkina-faso?ref=tw_i Un groupe jihadiste tente de s'implanter au Burkina Faso] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329041626/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170210-groupe-jihadiste-Ansaroul-Islam-Ibrahim-Malam-Dicko-burkina-faso?ref=tw_i|date=29 March 2019}}, ''RFI'', 10 février 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2017|title=Comment est né Ansaroul Islam, premier groupe djihadiste de l'Histoire du Burkina Faso|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/04/11/comment-est-ne-ansaroul-islam-premier-groupe-djihadiste-de-l-histoire-du-burkina-faso_5109520_3212.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211011/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/04/11/comment-est-ne-ansaroul-islam-premier-groupe-djihadiste-de-l-histoire-du-burkina-faso_5109520_3212.html|archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref> Di liribu zaa nini daa kuli kpala [[Soum Province|Soum province]]<ref name="RFI100217" /><ref>{{cite web|date=9 January 2017|title=Qui est l'imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ? – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211016/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=jeuneafrique.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref> ni, ka didaa ku salo pam bɛ ni daa liri [[Nassoumbou attack|Nassoumbou]] la silimin gɔli December biɛɣu pinaayɔbu dali.<ref name="JA090117">Benjamin Roger, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/ Qui est l'imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ?], ''Jeune Afrique'', 9 janvier 2016.</ref> Binshaɣu din gbai silimin gɔli March ni hali ni silimin gɔli April ni, yuuni 2017 ni, Gomdanti nim n ti [[Mali]], France, ni Burkina Faso daa nyɛla ban kpa laɣingu shɛli ka piiyuli bolli ni "[[Operation Panga]]", din mali linjima nim ban kalinli daa pai tuhili ni pihita tinsaata maa puu, ka bɛ daa be Fhero Forest, ni m miri [[Burkina Faso-Mali border|Burkina Faso-Mali tinŋtarisi]], considered a sanctuary for Ansarul Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barkhane : opération transfrontalière Panga dans la boucle du Niger élargie|url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/afrique/bande-sahelo-saharienne/operation-barkhane/breves/barkhane-operation-transfrontaliere-panga-dans-la-boucle-du-niger-elargie|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211011/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/afrique/bande-sahelo-saharienne/operation-barkhane/breves/barkhane-operation-transfrontaliere-panga-dans-la-boucle-du-niger-elargie|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=defense.gouv.fr|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 April 2017|title=Mali: opération anti-terroriste d'envergure à la frontière avec le Burkina Faso|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170406-mali-operation-anti-terroriste-envergure-frontiere-le-burkina-faso|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211034/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170406-mali-operation-anti-terroriste-envergure-frontiere-le-burkina-faso|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=rfi.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Ansarul Islam, toon dani Ibrahim Malam Dicko, daa nyɛla bɛ ni ku so silimin gɔli June ni yuuni 2017 ni, ka [[Jafar Dicko]] daa pa leegi toondana .<ref>{{cite web|date=26 July 2017|title=Meurtres dans le nord du Burkina: Ansarul Islam victime d'une guerre intestine?|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170726-burkina-faso-assassinats-autorites-suspectent-reglements-ansarul-islam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211027/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170726-burkina-faso-assassinats-autorites-suspectent-reglements-ansarul-islam|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=rfi.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Silimin gɔli March dabaayi dali yuuni 2018 ni, [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin]] daa nyɛla ŋun liri [[2018 Ouagadougou attacks|French embassy]] ŋun daa be [[Ouagadougou]] ni la, n ti pahi tuntumdibi ban yuli daa booni Burkinabè sooje nima la zaa. Sooje nima maa nii mini ban daa liri ba maa gba niribaa anij daa nyɛla bɛ ni ku shaba, ka sooje nim pihiyɔbu nti pahi civilians pishi ni anahi daa nya dansi.<ref name="Monde070318">[https://lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/07/attaques-de-ouagadougou-un-nouveau-bilan-fait-etat-de-huit-militaires-burkinabes-tues_5267019_3212.html Attaques de Ouagadougou : un nouveau bilan fait état de huit militaires burkinabés tués] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211010/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/07/attaques-de-ouagadougou-un-nouveau-bilan-fait-etat-de-huit-militaires-burkinabes-tues_5267019_3212.html|date=21 December 2021}}, ''[[Le Monde]]''-AFP, 7 mars 2018.</ref> Bandaa be lala niŋsim ŋɔ ni daa nyɛla ban yɛligi hali tingbani maa nudirigu polo zaa.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 September 2018|title=Burkina : les autorités confrontées à un nouveau défi sécuritaire dans l'Est – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/631985/politique/burkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211022/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/631985/politique/burkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest/|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=jeuneafrique.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 October 2018|title=Le Burkina Faso désormais sur la carte du djihadisme|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/le-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211021/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/le-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html|archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 September 2018|title=Burkina : les autorités confrontées à un nouveau défi sécuritaire dans l'Est – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/631985/politique/burkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211022/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/631985/politique/burkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest/|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=jeuneafrique.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 October 2018|title=Le Burkina Faso désormais sur la carte du djihadisme|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/le-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211021/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/le-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html|archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Macé|first=Célian|title=Dans l'est du Burkina Faso, un nouveau foyer pour le jihad ?|url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/12/03/dans-l-est-du-burkina-faso-un-nouveau-foyer-pour-le-jihad_1695777/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211021/https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/12/03/dans-l-est-du-burkina-faso-un-nouveau-foyer-pour-le-jihad_1695777/|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=libération.fr|language=fr}}</ref> ni silimin gɔli October piligu ha, Burkina Faso sooje nim daa nyɛla ban yooi sooje tali vihigu tingbani maa nudirigu yaɣili , ka French sooje nim daa t nuu.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 October 2018|title=Burkina Faso: vaste opération de sécurité dans les forêts de l'Est|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181008-burkina-faso-operation-nettoyage-forets-est-barkhane|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211025/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181008-burkina-faso-operation-nettoyage-forets-est-barkhane|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=rfi.fr|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 October 2018|title=Barkhane en opération au Burkina Faso|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181010-barkhane-operation-burkina-faso|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211029/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181010-barkhane-operation-burkina-faso|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=rfi.fr|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 October 2018|title=La France "disposée" à apporter au Burkina le même soutien militaire qu'au Mali|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/10/la-france-disposee-a-apporter-au-burkina-le-meme-soutien-militaire-qu-au-mali_5367342_3212.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211012/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/10/la-france-disposee-a-apporter-au-burkina-le-meme-soutien-militaire-qu-au-mali_5367342_3212.html|archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] nima nolini, binishɛɣu din gbai yuuni 2018 sunsuuni hali ni silimin gɔli February ni yuuni 2019 ni, niribi yi kuli bi galisi zaa amaa jihadists ni daa kuli ku nin sali nim shɛba daa nain paai ninvuɣu pihinahi ni yini, ka salo ban gba daa nain pai kɔbigi ni pinaayɔbu ka nyɛ Fula ni civilians daa nyɛla sooje nima ŋɔ ni ku shaba ka daa bi vihi.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|date=22 March 2019|title=Burkina Faso: Atrocities by Armed Islamists, Security Forces|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/22/burkina-faso-atrocities-armed-islamists-security-forces|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211008/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/22/burkina-faso-atrocities-armed-islamists-security-forces|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> Lala liribu liribu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa du gaa pam yuuni 2019 ni. Bɛ daa mi shɛbi [[Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project|ACLED]] la nolini, sooje nima nin'yarilim Burkina Faso tingbani daa nyɛla din du hali ni 174% yuuni 2019 ni, ka sivilians daa ku paai tuhili ni kɔbisita n kpi , ka pam daa kuli bargi bee n kpe yɔɣu daa paai miliyɔŋ kɔbisi nii ni pihiyɔbu .<ref>{{cite news|date=2 June 2020|title=Au moins cinquante morts dans une série d'attaques au Burkina Faso|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/06/02/au-moins-cinquante-morts-dans-une-serie-d-attaques-au-burkina-faso_6041511_3212.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211007/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/06/02/au-moins-cinquante-morts-dans-une-serie-d-attaques-au-burkina-faso_6041511_3212.html|archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa mi shɛba Jihadist gba daa piligiya n liriti dolodolo yisa nima konko.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 April 2019|title=Six morts dans l'attaque d'un temple protestant au Burkina Faso|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20190429-burkina-faso-soum-temple-protestant-silgadji-pasteur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211018/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20190429-burkina-faso-soum-temple-protestant-silgadji-pasteur|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=rfi.fr|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=6 January 2020|title=Burkina Faso: Armed Islamist Atrocities Surge|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/06/burkina-faso-armed-islamist-atrocities-surge|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211008/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/06/burkina-faso-armed-islamist-atrocities-surge|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 May 2019|title=Six personnes tuées dans une église dans le nord du Burkina Faso|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/12/six-personnes-tuees-dans-une-eglise-dans-le-nord-du-burkina-faso_5461148_3212.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211027/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/12/six-personnes-tuees-dans-une-eglise-dans-le-nord-du-burkina-faso_5461148_3212.html|archive-date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2022-11-10|title=Terrorism gains ground in Burkina Faso|url=https://acninternational.org/terrorism-gains-ground-in-burkina-faso/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=acninternational.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Silimin gɔli July dabaa anii dali yuuni 2020 puli ni, United States nima daa nyɛla ban daa mali nuu tumbu zaŋ chaŋ [[Human Rights Watch]] polo, vihigu daa yina wuhi ni bɛ ni kuli laɣin sɔɣi shɛba luɣu yini ni daa paai kɔbigi ni pihi nii, ka di nyɛla northern Burkina Faso yaɣili ka bɛ daa nya ba , luɣu shɛli sooje nima mini jihadists ni daa zabiri la.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 July 2020|title=U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou Statement on Human Rights Watch Report (July 8): Burkina Faso Allegations of Extrajudicial Killings|url=https://bf.usembassy.gov/u-s-embassy-ouagadougou-statement-on-human-rights-watch-report-july-8-burkina-faso-allegations-of-extrajudicial-killings/|access-date=8 July 2020|website=U.S. Embassy in Burkina Faso}}</ref> Silimin gɔli June dabaa anahi dali yuuni 2021 puli ni, lahi bali wuligibu yaɣili nima daa yini ti yɛli, ni Burkina Faso Gomdanti daa yɛli , ni bidiba ban gbubi malifanima daa nyɛla ban kuli ku salo daa naain paai kɔbiga tinkpaŋ yuli daa booni Solhan m be northern Burkina Faso din miri Niger tintarigila. Tinkpaŋ dahi ti pahi ya pam daa nyɛla binshɛŋa din gba daa di buɣuma pam. Ninvuɣu so ŋun yari n tiri Gomdanti daa nyɛla ŋun galim ka feegi jihadists nima ŋɔ.Heni Nsaibia ŋun daa nyɛ vihigu vihigu kpema n zaŋti [[Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project]] daa yɛliya ni kpiimba yuya ka bɛ kuli sabira Burkina Faso ni, ni tum saha shɛli bɛ ni pili jihadist insurgency maa.<ref>Portland Press Herald, 5 June 2021</ref> Binshɛɣu din gbaai silimin gɔli June dabaa anahi n ti gbaai di dabaanu dali yuuni 2021 ni, bɛ ni daa bi mi sooje shɛba yɛla daa nyɛla ban daa kpe tinsi yuya booni [[Solhan and Tadaryat massacres|Solhan mini Tadaryat]] ni, nti ku niribi paai kɔbigi ni pihi yɔbu. Jihadists nima ŋɔ daa kuli ninvuɣu pihi nii [[Gorgadji Department|Gorgadji]] tingbani ni silimin gɔli August biɛɣu pishi dali .<ref>{{cite web|last=Ouagadougou|first=The Guardian|date=19 August 2021|title=Jihadist attack in Burkina Faso kills 80 people|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/19/killed-burkina-faso-jihadist-attack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221213423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/19/killed-burkina-faso-jihadist-attack|archive-date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|website=theguardian.com|language=en}}</ref> Silimin gɔli November biɛɣu pia ni anahi dali, [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin]] daa nyɛla ban liri sooje nima [[Inata, Burkina Faso|Inata]] ni, n daa ku sooje nima pihinu ni ata, dini n daa nyɛ sooje nima pam ni kɔŋ bɛ nyɛvuya pam Burkinabe linjimanima ni, saha shɛli lala tɔbu ŋɔ ni daa niŋda, sooje kpeen so bɛ ni daa mi ni [[morale]] la daa nyɛla ŋun barigi tingbani maa puuni.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Maggie Dwyer|date=2022-01-28|title=Burkina Faso's coup makers capitalized on wider grievances within the ranks|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|place=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/28/burkina-fasos-coup-makers-capitalized-wider-grievances-within-ranks/|issn=0190-8286|oclc=1330888409}}</ref> silimin gɔli December ni, bɛ daa mi shaba Islamists la daa nyɛla ban ku ninvuɣu pihinahi ni yini n ti pahi kpeen so ŋun yuli daa booni Ladji Yoro la. Yoro daa nyɛla ninkpɛŋ ban daa kuli zaŋ bɛ nyɛvuya mpatalima ni bɛ tuhi fa bɛ tingbani zali .<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso mourns 41 killed in "insurgent" attack|url=https://www.dw.com/en/burkina-faso-mourns-41-killed-in-insurgent-attack/a-60261256|access-date=2 February 2022|website=dw.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Yuuni 2023 ni, saha biɛla nyaanga bɛ ni daa ku Catholic priest bɛ ni mi so ni bishop of Dori, Laurent Dabiré, daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ vihigu n ti pahi Catholic charity [[Aid to the Church in Need]] daa yɛliya bɛ vihigu maa puuni, ni kɔbigi puuni tingbani maa daadam biɛlim ban daa be Islamists nima nuuni daa nyɛla ban pai vaabu pihinu .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-10|title=Terrorism increases in Burkina Faso|url=https://acninternational.org/terrorism-increases-in-burkina-faso/|access-date=2023-10-26|website=acninternational.org|language=en-US}}</ref> = 2022 Sooje Gomdanti = {{Main|January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état}} Bɛ ni daa di nasara silimin gɔli January biɛɣu pishi ni anahi dali yuuni 2022 coup maani, sooje shabi ban daa gbai coup mo daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbahi shabi n kpari, ka daa yeegi [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]] tingbani zuɣulana tali kparigu ni malifa buɣim.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ndiaga|first1=Thiam|last2=Mimault|first2=Anne|date=24 January 2022|title=Burkina Faso President Kabore detained at military camp, security sources say|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-president-kabore-detained-military-camp-sources-tell-reuters-2022-01-24/|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> Paati shɛli bɛ ni daa mi ni [[Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration]] (MPSR) sooje nima ni daa za shɛli nyaanga la daa nyɛla ban zaŋ bɛ maŋ niŋ namni,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl.|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2F2022-01%2Fburkina-faso-militaerputsch-machtuebernahme-soldaten-praesident-kabore|access-date=25 January 2022|website=zeit.de|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125014108/https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2F2022-01%2Fburkina-faso-militaerputsch-machtuebernahme-soldaten-praesident-kabore|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 January 2022|title=Burkina Faso military says it has seized power|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60118993|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>ka di toon dani daa nyɛ Lieutenant Colonel [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 January 2022|title=Burkina Faso coup: New leader Damiba gives first speech|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60164531|access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> Silimin gɔli January biɛɣu pihita ni yini dali, sooje nima Gomdanti maa daa nyɛla ban labisi tingbani maa zalikpana buku la na, ka piigi Damiba interim tingbani zuɣulana . Coup maa ni daa kuli naai, laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni mi [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] la mini [[African Union]] daa nyɛla ban na yihi Burkina Faso' bɛ niriba ni.Silimin gɔli February biɛɣu pia dali, tingbani zalikpana buku tuma yili nima maa daa che ka Damiba leegi tingbani zuɣulana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=10 February 2022|title=Burkina Faso: Lt Col Damiba declared president by the Constitutional Council|url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/10/burkina-faso-lt-col-damiba-declared-president-by-the-constitutional-council/|access-date=28 March 2022|website=africanews.com|language=en}}</ref> O daa nyɛla ŋun po pɔri ka ʒini o nam kuɣu zuɣu silimin gɔli February biɛgu pia ni ayɔbu dali.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=16 February 2022|title=Burkina Faso's junta sworn in as president|url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/16/burkina-faso-s-junta-sworn-in-as-president/|access-date=28 March 2022|website=africanews.com|language=en}}</ref> Silimin gɔli March dahin yini dali, yuuni 2022 puli ni, sooje nima ŋɔ daa saɣiti ni sooje Gomdanti maa yen niŋla yumaa ata nam puuni. .<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 March 2022|title=Burkina Faso approves charter for 3-year transition|url=https://www.dw.com/en/burkina-faso-approves-charter-for-3-year-transition/a-60954556|access-date=6 October 2022|website=deutschewelle.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Bɛ daa lan pahiya ni sooje nima maa yuma maa yi paai, ni piibu piibu n yen tuɣi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso approves three-year transition before elections|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/three-year-transition-before-elections-approved-in-burkina-faso|access-date=28 March 2022|website=aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> zuɣulaan [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré|Kaboré]], ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ ni gbaai so la daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yooi so bahi silimin gɔli April dabaa ayɔbu dali yuuni 2022 puli ni.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2022|title=Burkina Faso: l'ex-président Roch Marc Christian Kaboré libéré|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220406-burkina-faso-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-roch-marc-christian-kabor%C3%A9-lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9|access-date=20 April 2022|website=rfi.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Alobo ŋɔ daa nyɛla din tuɣi n doli coup maa tingbani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihiyɔbu n daa nyɛ din zaa be Gomdanti sulinsi ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=State controls just 60% of Burkina Faso: ECOWAS mediator|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/18/state-controls-only-60-percent-of-burkina-faso-mediator|access-date=2022-06-19|website=aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Siege of Djibo]] la daa nyɛla din pili silimin gɔli February ni yuuni 2022 puuni<ref name="Douce">{{Cite web|author=Sophie Douce|date=6 May 2022|title=Burkina Faso attempts difficult talks with jihadist groups|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2022/05/06/burkina-faso-launches-difficult-talks-with-jihadist-groups_5982555_124.html|access-date=2 October 2022|website=lemonde.fr}}</ref><ref name="Sankara">{{Cite web|author=Inoussa Sankara|date=24 February 2022|title=Burkina Faso: les populations de Djibo appellent le MPSR de toute urgence, le récit d'une ville qui souffre le martyr entre les mains des terroristes|url=https://libreinfo.net/djibo-3/|access-date=3 October 2022|website=libreinfo.net|language=French}}</ref> n mali hali ni silimin gɔli June yuuni 2023 puuni.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 June 2023|title=Burkina Faso – Escalation of violence and increased fighting (DG ECHO, Burkinabe press release, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 28 June 2023)|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-escalation-violence-and-increased-fighting-dg-echo-burkinabe-press-release-media-echo-daily-flash-28-june-2023|access-date=17 July 2023|work=ECHO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 June 2023|title=Burkina: at least 34 soldiers and army auxiliaries killed in an attack|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/06/28/burkina-at-least-34-soldiers-and-army-auxiliaries-killed-in-an-attack/|access-date=17 July 2023|website=africanews.com}}</ref> Daadam bilima ban kalinli daa be kɔbiga mini kɔbiga ni pihiyɔbu ni anu sunsuuni daa nyɛla bɛ ni di shɛba nyavuya [[Seytenga Department]], [[Séno Province]] bin din gbaai silimin gɔli June biɛɣu pia ni ayi hali ni biɛɣu pia ni ata dali ka niriba ban kalinli daa paai 16,000 mi daa zo n yi ka che bɛ yinsi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-06-13|title=Armed men kill at least 100 in Burkina Faso border zone – security source|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/least-100-killed-burkina-faso-attack-over-weekend-sources-2022-06-13/|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=UNHCR calls for urgent support to assist almost 16,000 newly displaced in Burkina Faso who fled massacre|language=en|website=unhcr.org|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2022/6/62ac2d714/unhcr-calls-urgent-support-assist-16000-newly-displaced-burkina-faso-fled.html|access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref> Bɛ daa ti Gomdanti tibili silimin gɔli June ni yuuni 2023 puuni ni di kpa "military zones", ka civilians daa nyɛ bɛ ni yɛli shɛba ni bɛ na cheli tuma din ni tooi che ka tingbani maa sooje nima n ti pahi waachimana nima ni tooi tuhi aluuta tumdibi maa ka binshɛli kani n taɣiriba".<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-06-22|title=Burkina Faso to create military zones to fight jihadi rebels|url=https://apnews.com/article/islamic-state-group-ouagadougou-politics-west-africa-bb1e3e3c77cc14fbebde288d2ca207bf|access-date=2022-06-23|website=apnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-06-25|title=Burkina Faso gives civilians 14 days to evacuate ahead of military operations|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-gives-civilians-14-days-evacuate-ahead-military-operations-2022-06-24/|access-date=2022-06-25}}</ref> Silimin gɔli September biɛɣu pihita dali , Damiba daa nyɛla sooje nima ni ŋme n paai so, [[Ibrahim Traoré|Ibrahim Traori]] n daa nyɛ sooje nima ŋɔ toondana.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2022|title=Burkina Faso army captain announces overthrow of military government|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-army-captain-announces-overthrow-military-government-2022-09-30/|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ouagadougou|first=Staff and agencies in|date=30 September 2022|title=Burkina Faso's military leader ousted in second coup this year|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/burkina-fasos-military-leader-ousted-in-second-coup-this-year|access-date=30 September 2022|website=theguardian.com|language=en}}</ref> Niŋsim ŋɔ daa nyɛla din niŋ chira anii saha Damiba ni daa ʒini nam kuɣu zuɣu. Daliri shɛli din daa che ka Traoré daa niŋ coup d'état ŋɔ nyɛla Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba ni daa kɔŋ yiko ni o mali Islamist insurgency ni la zali bɛ zaasheela.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wright|first=George|date=30 September 2022|title=Burkina Faso unrest: Military officers remove leader Damiba|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63098217}}</ref> Damiba daa nyɛla ŋun sɔŋ o tuma ni niɛma tiŋa ka daa yi tingbani maa puuni.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ndiaga|first1=Thiam|last2=Mimault|first2=Anne|date=3 October 2022|title=Burkina Faso president resigns on condition coup leader guarantees his safety|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-fasos-self-declared-military-leader-says-situation-is-under-control-2022-10-02/}}</ref> Silimin gɔli October dabaa ayɔbu dali yuuni 2022 puuni, Captain Ibrahim Traoré n daa nyɛ bɛ ni piigi so ni o leegi tingbani zuɣulana <ref>{{cite news|date=6 October 2022|title=Traore officially appointed as transitional president of Burkina Faso after coup|language=en|work=France 24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20221006-traore-officially-appointed-as-president-of-burkina-faso-after-coup}}</ref> [[Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla]] daa nyɛla bɛ ni piigi so ni o na lɛbi Prime Minister silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pia ni yini dali yuuni 2022 puuni .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-24|title=Com Kyélem de Tambèla, Burkina Faso está se voltando para a França?|url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/pt/com-kyelem-de-tambela-o-burkina-faso-se-volta-para-a-fran%C3%A7a/|access-date=2022-12-02|website=lejournaldelafrique.com|language=pt|archive-date=2022-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026175129/https://lejournaldelafrique.com/pt/com-kyelem-de-tambela-o-burkina-faso-se-volta-para-a-fran%C3%A7a/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Silimin gɔli April biɛɣu pia ni yini dali yuuni 2023 puuni, yɛlikadizani nima ban daa be Burkina Faso daa nyɛla ban gbaai ni bɛ laɣim n sɔŋ tingbani maa bɛ yaazaa, din kuli yan niŋ ka bɛ tuhi nyaŋ bi'biɛlim ka kpa "legal framework n-ti niŋsim kam din daa yan niŋ<nowiki>''</nowiki> m miligi ka che bi'biɛlim. Binshɛɣu din gbaai civilian nima pihi yɔbu ni kɔbigi ni pihinu ni ayɔbu daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku shɛba.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=2023-05-01|title=Survivors of Karma massacre recount ordeal|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/01/survivors-of-karma-massacre-recount-ordeal/|access-date=2023-06-04|website=africanews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Au moins 150 civils massacrés dans le nord du Burkina Faso|url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-moins-150-civils-massacres-dans-le-nord-du-burkina-20230423_LG4TT2XLW5ETZO6OGH3I36JPKM/|access-date=2023-06-04|website=libération.fr|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{cite web|date=4 May 2023|title=Burkina Faso: Army Linked to Massacre of 156 Civilians|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/04/burkina-faso-army-linked-massacre-156-civilians|access-date=5 May 2023|website=hrw.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso: Killing of Civilians|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2023/04/burkina-faso-killing-civilians|access-date=29 April 2023|website=ohchr.org}}</ref> == Gomdanti tali == {{main|Politics of Burkina Faso}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|The [[National Assembly of Burkina Faso|National Assembly]] building in downtown [[Ouagadougou]]]] Silimin gɔli June dabaa ayi dali, yuuni 1991 tingbani maa zalikpana buku daa nyɛla din nam [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential Gomdanti .]] Tingbani maa ni daa piibu piibu n pii tingbani zuɣulana so ŋun daa zaŋ o zaashee tingbani maa puuni n daa wurim bɛ jintɔribi jinaduu. Yuuni 2000 puuni, tingbani maa zalikpana buku maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni mali binshɛŋa zali din ni ka di taɣi tingbani zuɣulana nam ni niŋbu yuma maa labina yuma anu ni, ka tingbani zuɣulana kam ti la soli ni o tooi lɛbi tingbani zuɣulana buyi konko, din kuli yen niŋ ka di gu ka che bɛ kuli piiri ninvuɣu yino saha kam yuuni 2005 . Jinaduu maa daa nyɛla din mali [[Unicameralism|one chamber]] din yuli daa booni [[National Assembly (Burkina Faso)|National Assembly]], di daa nyɛla din mali kuɣusi kɔbigi ni pia ni yini, ka jintɔriba maa daa nyɛla ban yan niŋ yuma anu bɛ jintɔritali nam ni. constitutional chamber gba daa nyɛla din bɛni, di gba daa nyɛla din mali ninvuɣu pia , n ti pahi economic mini social council nim bantuma daa nyɛ shaawara gbaabu. Yuuni 1991 tingbani zalikpana buku maa daa nyɛla din zaŋ [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] jintɔritali na , amaa ka upper house (Chamber of Representatives) daa wurim li yuuni 2002 puuni. Compaoré gomdanti maa daa nyɛla din tum hali n-ti [[Decentralization#Government decentralization|decentralize power]] n daa zaŋ o yaa maa shɛŋa n ti Rigin nima mini Minisipali nima . Bɛ ni wali tabi shɛm maa daa nyɛla din daa che ka pirinsi nina daa bi lan tiɣi taba, dama bɛ ni daa bi tooi che ka sokam kanna ni chɔɣino la din daa niŋ lala so'chibigi ŋɔ maa tuma tɔm. Ansarisi maanibi daa nyɛla ban bolli ni hybrid decentralisation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tiendrebeongo, Aristide|date=March 2013|title=Failure Likely|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/decentralisation-burkina-faso-coming-against-obstacles-because-local-people-are-distrustful|publisher=dandc.eu}}</ref> [[Political freedom|Political freedoms]] nyɛla din kuli zaɣisi zaa Burkina Faso tingbani. [[Political freedom|Human rights organizations]] nim nyɛla ban galim ka feegi Compaoré Gomdanti ka di nyɛla biɛhi shɛga din nyɛ bihi yɔya shɛga nribi ni zaŋdi n niŋ di lahi bali wuligiribi mini politiisa nim shɛba la.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa's human rights court and the limits of justice|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2017/01/africa-human-rights-court-limits-justice-170107092107153.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232853/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2017/01/africa-human-rights-court-limits-justice-170107092107153.html|archive-date=27 October 2017|access-date=27 October 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|year=2015|title=Burkina Faso 2015 Human Rights Report|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/252867.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/252867.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|access-date=3 June 2018|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> prime minister maa n nyɛ Gomdanti tuntumdi kpema ka tingbani zuɣulanai piirɔ ka National Assembly nim mi saɣiritiri o piibu maa. Di nyɛla talahi ʒi o zuɣu ni o tiriti wuhiri tingbani zuɣulana ninvuɣu shɛbi o nin ni tiɣi ka bɛ ni tooi tum cabinet tuma tingbani maa ni.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2018|title=Burkina Faso|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/burkina-faso|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072317/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/burkina-faso|archive-date=7 January 2019|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> === Tingbani zalikpana buku (constitution ) === {{Further|Constitution of Burkina Faso}} Yuuni 2015 ni , Kaboré daa gbaagi alikawuli ni o ni labi lihi mali yuuni 1991 tingbani zalikpana buku n niŋ. Lala maliniŋ ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa nai yuuni 2018 ni. Zalikpani yini n daa taɣiri tingbani zuɣulani kam ka o ku tooi be nan ni m paai yuun piya m pa taba bee n walitaba, ka lan wuhi soshɛli bini ni tooi doli n yihi tingbani zuɣulani nam ni di yi niŋ ka o tum birigi zali ka vootim mi na bi paai na. Piibu piibu shɛli din nyɛ iin bee iinhi tingbani zalikpana buku ni daa zali shɛli Fifth Republic daa nyɛla din daa tirisi zali silimingoli March bɛɣu pishi ni anahi dali yuuni 2019 ni.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 August 2018|title=Burkina Faso: Referendum on new constitution set for March 2019|url=http://apanews.net/en/news/burkina-faso-referendum-new-constitutional-set-for-march-2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107015849/http://apanews.net/en/news/burkina-faso-referendum-new-constitutional-set-for-march-2019|archive-date=7 January 2019|access-date=6 January 2019|website=Danube Travel}}</ref> Salinima yubu shɛŋa daa nyɛla din daa yihi lala bɛ taɣibu maani bɛ yubu kamanikonyuri suŋ nyan nyu, ya maŋa mɛbu, n ti pahi recognition of the right to civil disobedience, ŋmahima kamani;. Lala iin bee iinhi piibu piibu maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛlina ka di daliri nyɛla di ni daa niŋ ka jina duu jintɔribi la daa zaɣisi ni bi darigi bɛ ni daa zaŋ farigu shɛli lana la tibili. Di ni daa doli silimin gɔli [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|January ni yuuni 2022 coup d'état]], sooje nima maa daa nyɛla ban daa wurim bɛ jinitɔbu shɛɛmaa, Gomdanti maa n ti pahi tingbani maa zalikpana buku maa. .<ref name=":12">{{cite news|date=24 January 2022|title=Burkina Faso military says it has seized power|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60118993|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> Silimin gɔli January biɛɣu pihita ni yini dali, sooje Gomdanti maa daa nyɛla ŋun labisi tingbani maa zalikpana buku maa na, amaa di daa nyɛla din daa lan kuŋ tuma di ni daa niŋ ka silimin gɔli [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|September ni yuuni 2022 coup d'état]] la daa niŋ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 September 2022|title=Burkina: des militaires annoncent la dissolution du gouvernement, le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré prend la tête du pays|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220930-burkina-faso-des-militaires-annoncent-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement-et-la-fermeture-des-fronti%C3%A8res|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001221352/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220930-burkina-faso-des-militaires-annoncent-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement-et-la-fermeture-des-fronti%C3%A8res|archive-date=1 October 2022|access-date=30 September 2022|publisher=Radio France Internationale|language=fr}}</ref> === Bɛ mini tinduya nima biɛhisi === {{Further|Foreign relations of Burkina Faso}} Burkina Faso nyɛla tinŋshɛli din be [[G5 Sahel]], [[Community of Sahel–Saharan States]], [[La Francophonie]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], laɣinsi ŋɔ ni n-ti pahi ''United Nations'' laɣingu ni. Saha ŋɔ, di nyɛla bɛ ni na yihi shɛba [[ECOWAS]] mini [[African Union]] laɣinsi ŋɔ ni. === Linjima Yaɣila === {{main|Military of Burkina Faso}} Tingbani maa linjima nima ban paai tusaayɔbu ban zaa nyɛ bidibisi, ka di nyɛla bɛ kuli bɔhila bɛ suhiri ni bi tumti tingbani maa yɔli. Ban daa kuli yina ni bi na tum ti tingbani maa saha bɛli sunsuuni daa nyɛla ban yuma gbai pishi ni anu zaŋ chaŋ pihita ni anu polo ka bɛ zaa nyɛ bɛ ni wunsi shabi linjima mini ŋun pa linjima tuma zaani. ''Jane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessment yɛliya, ni'' Burkina Faso's linjima nim nyɛla ban lihi ʒim bɛ sooje tali yaa domi bɛ ka linjima tali niɛn' nima, amaa bɛ mali Gbaɣino matuka bini din tuɣiri tɔbu (''Armour-trucks),'' Ka lahi nye ban mali baŋsim zaŋkpa zaba zabbu polo din niŋ ka bɛ tooi zooi ka bɛ timdi Liberia ni gbaŋsabila tiŋgbaŋ shɛŋa din gba pahi, nuu di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ mini shɛba mali zabli.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Coup Underway In Burkina Faso, President Detained By Military|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202201/459323.php|access-date=24 January 2022|website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127014401/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202201/459323.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Di yi kana bɛ shili malibu ni bɛ linjima niɛn' bɔra polo, Burkina Faso malla baɣaka' ni linjin' shɛba ban kuli nye tiŋgbaŋ maa linjinimanima zaŋ kpa bɛ ''élite Regiment of Presidential Security'' ({{lang-fr|Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle|link=no}} – RSP). Vihi' shɛŋa gba wuhiya ni yuun' shɛŋa din gari ŋɔ ni, ni tiŋgbani maa linjima daa malla nye nyɔnigu Ka kpa bɛ yɔri zalisi ŋan pahi bɛ tuma maa tumbu polo. <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100827071950/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Sentinel-Security-Assessment-West-Africa/Army-Burkina-Faso.html Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment – West Africa]'', 15 April 2009</ref> Tiŋgbani maa mali linjima ban su' zuɣisaa fukumsi, ka di mali matuka yiɣira ban kalinli yiɣisi pishi yini ka', amaa di ka linjima ban su' kɔma fukumsi domi Tiŋgbani maa ka kul'bɔna shɛŋa dimba ni yen doli ŋa n- kpena Tiŋgbani maani n-ti tuɣiba. Linjima yaɣili ni su' vaabu shɛli kɔbgu puuni zaŋ kpa Tiŋgbani maa nyemma polo (''GDP'') nyɛla yini bii tɔb' yim ni ayi (1.2). === Zalisi Dolibu Kpaŋsibu Yaɣili === {{main|Law enforcement in Burkina Faso}} Burkina Faso kpuɣila pirinsi mini lingima nima ban galisi pam, Bɛ daa nyɛla ban niŋ generally modeled [[French police]] ni daa mali laɣinshɛŋa la nyaanga. France nyɛla ban na kuli tiri pirinsi ŋɔ mini linjima nim sɔŋsim mini bɛ tuma ŋɔ wuhibu faɣafaɣa. ''Gendarmerie Nationale'' nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli n doli sooje tali tuma ni, ka pirinsi pam nyɛ pam kpaŋmaŋ nyɛ din du saazuɣu. [[Gendarmerie]] nyɛla din tumdi ka Minister of Defence nuupadi zuɣu, ka di tumtumdibi ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni kpuɣu shabi tingbani maa tinkpaŋ shaŋa din be di tintarisi la ni.<ref name="Das, pp. 139–141">Das, Dilip K. and Palmiotto, Michael J. (2005) ''World Police Encyclopedia'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-94250-0}}. pp.&nbsp;139–141</ref> municipal police force nima gba nyɛla [[Ministry of Territorial Administration]] ni mali shabi di sulinsi ni, ka national police force gba nyɛ din be Ministry of Security sulinsi ni, ka yahinim shɛba bɛ ni mi [[Regiment of Presidential Security]] (''Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle'', or RSP), a 'palace guard' nim la , nyɛla ban gba zaŋ bɛ maŋa niŋ tingbani zuɣulani maa gulibuni . gendarmerie nima maa mini national police nim maa lan nyɛla ban pirigi bɛ maŋ buyi n nyɛ; administrative mini judicial police tumayili tima.<ref name="Das, pp. 139–141" /> Tinŋduya ni daadam biɛlim zaa mini tingbani maa ni bilichini nim zaa nyɛla din ʒi shabi zuɣu talahi ni bɛ chani ka ʒiri bɛ photo ID passports, bee binshagi shɛli bɛ ni tooi kuli gbubi ka so nya o ka baŋ ni tingbani maani niri n nyɛ o bee din kuli yan ni ka barina ku pai ba, lala n nyɛli ka , police spot identity checks gba nyɛ din niŋ talahi n ti daadam shaba ban kpɛri auto, [[Share taxi|bush-taxi]], bee boosu nima n gɔra.<ref>U.S. Dept. of State, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131114034455/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1075.html Burkina Faso: Country Specific Information]</ref><ref>Foreign and Commonwealth Office,{{cite web|title=Sub-Saharan Africa: Burkina Faso|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/burkina-faso|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827125629/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/burkina-faso|archive-date=27 August 2009|access-date=13 August 2009}} . Government of the United Kingdom</ref> === Administrative Walibuwalibu === {{main|Regions of Burkina Faso|Provinces of Burkina Faso|Departments of Burkina Faso}} Tingbani maa nyɛla din pigiri[[Regions of Burkina Faso|&nbsp;administrative regions]] pinaa'ta.Lala rijin nimŋɔ nyɛla din gbai [[Provinces of Burkina Faso|&nbsp;provinces]] pihi nahi ni ata n ti pahi de[[Departments of Burkina Faso|partments]] kɔbisita ni yini.Rijin kam nyɛla din be Gomdanti sulisi ni.[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Smoke_rises_from_Embassy_of_France_in_Burkina_Faso,_March_2,_2018.jpg|thumb|Smoke rising from French Embassy in Ouagadougou, 2 March 2018, during the [[2018 Ouagadougou attacks]].]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Burkina_Faso_Protests.png|thumb|Thousands of protesters march through Ouagadougou]] === 8th to 18th centuries Taarihi === Di na nyɛla nan gban kpeeni zaŋ chaŋ din niŋ sham ni saha shɛli Burkina Faso's zuliya nim maa ni kpe Burikina tingbani maani na saha shɛli. [[Moosei people|Proto-Mossi]] nyɛla ba daa paaina zɔŋɔ bɛ ni mi shɛli Burkina Faso tingbani nu dirigu zuɣu. zaŋ ti gbai yuuni 8th hali ni 11th centuries saha, <ref>[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p.&nbsp;27</ref> Bɛ daa nyɛla ban saɣi ti Musulinsi adiini yuuni [[Islam]] 11th century polo, ka [[Samo language (Burkina)|Samo]] nim la gba paai na yuuni 15th century polo ,<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p.&nbsp;28</ref> ka [[Dogon people|Dogon]] ban be Burkina Faso's north mini northwest yaɣa zaŋ ti gbaigi kamani yuuni 15th bee 16th centuries<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shoup|first=John A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&q=the+dogon+lived+in+burkina+faso+in+15th+century&pg=PA86|title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-362-0}}</ref> n ti pahi zuliya nim pam ban zaa be tiŋmaa tingban ni zaa nyɛla ban daa paai na lala saha ŋɔ. [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Boukary Koutou, also known as Wobgho, Mossi King of Ouagadougou with cavalry, Burkina Faso, 1892.jpg|thumb|The cavalry of the [[Mossi Kingdoms]] were experts at raiding deep into enemy territory, even against the formidable [[Mali Empire]].]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Pg381_Des_hommes_sur_les_toits_s'opposent.jpg|thumb|Armed men prevent the French explorer [[Louis-Gustave Binger]] from entering Sia (Bobo-Dioulasso) during his stay in April 1892.]] [[Middle Ages]] saha , Mohi maa daa kpala nazuɣuri pam m pahi kamani ;Tenkodogo, Yatenga, Zandoma, ni Ouagadougou.<ref name="Nations 2014">"Encyclopedia of the Nations." History. Advameg, Inc., n.d. Web. 8 October 2014.</ref> Saha shɛli kamani yuuni 1328 hali ni yuuni 1338 polo, Mohi bidibsi bee tɛbi tuhiribi daa nyɛla ban lo tɔbu n liri [[Timbuktu]] amaa [[Sonni Ali]] ŋun be [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] daa nyɛla ŋun che ka Mohiŋɔ bi nyɛ nasara Kobi tɔbu dindaa tuhi Mali ni yuuni 1483.<ref>[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p. xxvioi</ref> 16th century piligu ha , bɛ ni mi shɛbi ni Songhai daa nyɛla ban kpa daba kɔhima ni damma daa bilim luɣu shɛli bɛ ni pa mi zɔŋɔ Burkina Faso la ni .<ref name="ReferenceA" /> 18th century saha,[[Gwiriko|Gwiriko Empire]] nazuɣu daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli [[Bobo Dioulasso]] tingban ni , n ti pahi zuliya nim kamani Dyan, Lobi, n ti pahi Birifor daa nyɛla ban ʒini [[Black Volta]] yaɣili.<ref>[[Burkina Faso#Rupley|Rupley]], p. xxvix</ref>[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Africa_de_l'Oèst_en_1875-es.svg|thumb|West Africa circa 1875]] === Bala din be Burikina Faso === {{bar box|title=Native Languages in Burkina Faso|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Languages|right1=percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Mooré|darkgreen|40.5}} {{bar percent|Fula|purple|9.3}} {{bar percent|Gourmanche|red|6.1}} {{bar percent|Bambara|black|4.9}} {{bar percent|Bissa|orange|3.2}} {{bar percent|Bwamu|green|2.1}} {{bar percent|Dagara|darkblue|2}} {{bar percent|San|black|1.9}} {{bar percent|Lobiri|darkred|1.8}} {{bar percent|Lyele|gray|1.7}} {{bar percent|Bobo|tan|1.4}} {{bar percent|Senoufo|lime|1.4}} {{bar percent|Nuni|violet|1.2}} {{bar percent|Dafing|darkblue|1.1}} {{bar percent|Tamasheq|yellow|1}} {{bar percent|Kassem|brown|0.7}} {{bar percent|Gouin|darkbrown|0.4}} {{bar percent|Dogon|amber|0.3}} {{bar percent|Songhai|bronze|0.3}} {{bar percent|Gourounsi|corn|0.3}} {{bar percent|Ko|maroon|0.1}} {{bar percent|Koussasse|charcoal|0.1}} {{bar percent|Sembla|wheat|0.1}} {{bar percent|Siamou|crimson|0.1}} {{bar percent|Other National|khaki|5}} {{bar percent|Other African|Magenta|0.2}} {{bar percent|French|cyan|1.3}} {{bar percent|Other non-indigenous|olive|0.1}}}} {{Further|Languages of Burkina Faso}} Burkina Faso nyɛla tingbani shɛla din mali bali bɔbiga. [[Working language|working languages]] bɛ mali bali shɛŋa yɛltɔɣa n tumdi tuma bɛ tuma shɛhi n nyɛ [[French language|French]], din daa kana ni saha shɛli bɛ ni daa na be gbanpiɛla Nuuni la, ŋa mini [[English language|English]]<nowiki/>n daa nyɛli .<ref name=":4" /> Silimin gɔli December ni yuuni 2023 puuni, dini daa niŋ ka nan gbankpeeni kana Burkina Faso mini French Gomdanti sunsuuni, Burkina Faso Gomdanti daa yimina n ti yɛli ni o yan labigila bɛ tingbani maa ni bala kamani ([[Mossi language|Mooré]], [[Bissa language|Bissa]], [[Dioula language|Dioula]], [[Fula language|Fula]]) ka di salo zaa pa zaŋdili tumdi tuma tingbani maa luɣilikam kamani bɛ ni daa pun zaŋdi French n tumdi tuma shamla.<ref name="2023endfrench">{{cite web|date=6 December 2023|title=French no longer Burkina Faso’s official language|url=https://apanews.net/french-no-longer-burkina-fasos-official-language/|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=APA News|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102540/https://apanews.net/french-no-longer-burkina-fasos-official-language/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Silimin gɔli January ni, yuuni 2024, [[French language|French]] daa nyɛla bɛ ni yihi shɛli ka di lan pa tingbani maa ni talihi balli , amaa ka di lee kuli nyɛla dintumdi tuma tuma shɛhi di mini [[English language|English]] amaa ka ni bɛ ni naa pun yɛrili sham maa..<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|date=29 March 2024|title=Burkina Faso’s Constitutional Reforms: Disputed Legitimacy Versus Decided Legality|url=https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/burkina-faso%E2%80%99s-constitutional-reforms-disputed-legitimacy|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=Constitutionnet}}</ref> Bɛ ni mali laasabu, bali shɛŋa din be tingbani maa puuni kalinli paai bala pihiyɔbu ka ŋa nim zaa nyɛ ,<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BF Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th&nbsp;edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.] (Page on "Languages of Burkina Faso.")</ref> [[Indigenous language|indigenous]] bala. Mohili n nyɛla bali shɛli salo maa pam ni yara Burkina Faso tingbani, di nyɛla bali shɛla ban yɛrili ni paai kamanl tiŋ maa daadam biɛlim pirigili, ka bɛ nyɛ ban zoogi pam ka be central region zaŋ chaŋ capital, Ouagadougou polo. Ti yi lihi yuuni 2006 census, bali shɛŋa di daa kuli nyɛ salo ni zaŋdi shɛli n diri fiila saha kam Burikina tingbani maani daa kuli nyɛla Mohili din daa vaagi vaabu 40.5 kobigi puuni daadam biɛlim maani, ni [[Fula language|Fula]] din gba daa vaai vaabu 9.3 kobigi puuni , [[Gourmanché language|ni Gourmanché]] din gbadaa vaai vaabu 6.1% kubigi puuni [[Bambara language|ni Bambara]] dingba daa vaai vaabu 4.9 kɔbigi puuni ni [[Bissa language|Bissa]] din gba daa vaai vaabu 3.2 kɔbigi puuni ni [[Bwamu language|Bwamu]] di gba daa vaai vaabu 2.1 kobogi puuni ni [[Dagara language|Dagara]] di gba daa vaai vaabu 2 kobigi puuni, ni [[San language|San]] din gba daa vaai vaabu 1.9 kɔbigi puuni, ni [[Lobiri language|Lobiri]] dingba daa vaai vaabu 1.8 kɔbigi puuni , ni [[Lyélé language|Lyélé]] din gba daa vaai vaabu 1.7 kɔbigi puuni, [[Bobo language|Bobo]] mini [[Sénoufo language|Sénoufo]] din daa vaai vaabu 1.4 kɔbigi puuni di zaɣi yini kam, ni [[Nuni language|Nuni]] din daa vaai vaabu 1.2 kɔbigi puuni, ni [[Dafing language|Dafing]] din daa vaai vaabu 1.1 kɔbigi puuni, ni [[Tamasheq language|Tamasheq]] din daa vaai vaabu yini kɔbigi puuni , ni [[Kasena language|Kassem]] by 0.7%, [[Gouin language|Gouin]] by 0.4%, [[Dogon language|Dogon]], [[Songhai language|Songhai]], and [[Gourounsi language|Gourounsi]] by 0.3% each, Ko, [[Koussassé language|Koussassé]], [[Sembla language|Sembla]], mini [[Siamou language|Siamou]] din zaa daa vaai vaabu 0.1 yinikam kɔbigi puuni, ni national languages din gba daa vaai vaabu 5 kɔbigi puuni ni African languages dingba daa vaai vaabu 0.2% kɔbigi puuni , ni French (the official language) din gba daa vaai vaabu 1.3 kɔbigi puuni n ti pahi non-indigenous languages din gba daa vaai vaabu 0.1 kɔbigi puuni tiŋa maa daadam biɛlim galisim puuni.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ouedraogo|first1=Mathieu|last2=Ripama|first2=Toubou|title=Recensement General de la Population et de L'Habitation (RGPH) de 2006. Analyse des Resultats Definitifs. Theme 2: Etat et Structure de la Population|url=http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/enquetes-recensements/rgph_bf/themes_en_demographie/Theme2-Etat_et_structure_de_la_population.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131113161626/http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/enquetes-recensements/rgph_bf/themes_en_demographie/Theme2-Etat_et_structure_de_la_population.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2013|publisher=Ministère de L'Économie et des Finances, Burkina Faso}}</ref> Burikina nuzaa polo, [[Mande languages|Mandé]] bala n nyɛla salo pam ni yɛri shɛŋa, ka din zooi pam salo nɔlini nyɛ [[Dioula language|Dioula]] (bɛ ni lahi mi shɛli ni Jula bee Dyula la ), din pahi pahi n nyɛ [[Bobo language|Bobo]], [[Samo language (Burkina)|Samo]] n ti pahi [[Marka language|Marka]]. [[Fula language|Fula]] nyɛla bali shɛla di du gaa pam di yɛlibu polo di bahi bahindi Burikina tingbani wulin puhili polo .[[Gourmanché language|Gourmanché]] balli ŋɔ gba nyɛla salo pam ni yɛra Burikina tingbani nu dirigu zuɣu polo ka [[Bissa language|Bissa]] gba nyɛ salo pam ni yɛri shɛli Burikina tingbani wulin luhili polo. == '''Adiini shɛŋa din be Burikina Faso''' == Burikina Faso Gɔmnanti ninsal' biɛlim kalinli vihigu din daa niŋ yuuni 2019 daa wuhiya ni ninsal' biɛlim ban vaaibu yiɣisi 63.8 kɔbigi puuni n-nyɛ Musulinima, amaa ka ban kuli galisi bɛ puuni nyɛla musulim' shɛba bɛ ni booni Sunnanima la, ka bɛ bɛla n-ŋɔ mi nyɛ bɛ ni mi shɛba shiiɣania la. Amaa ka Sunnanima maa pam kuli lahi nyɛla ban dalim yaɣishɛli bɛ ni boli Tiijaaniya la. Ninsal' biɛlim kalinli vihigu din daa niŋ yuuni 2019 ŋɔ daa lahi wuhi ni nisal' biɛlim ban vaaibu yiɣisi 26.3 kɔbigi puuni nyɛ dolodolonima. Lala kalinli ŋɔ puuni vaaibu 20.1 kɔbigi puuni nyɛla Roman catholic, ka vaaibu 6.2 kɔbigi puuni mi nyɛ bɛ ni mi shɛba protestanti nima la. Kɔbigi puuni vaaibu 9.0 daa nyɛla ban gbubi bɛ yaanima daa diini. Kotomsi nyɛla bɛ ni mi shɛli Dogon adiini la. Vaaibu 0.2 kɔbigi puuni daa nyɛla ban doli adiini shɛŋa din pahi ka vaaibu 0.7 kɔbigi puuni mi ban doli adiini shɛli. Adiini shɛli bɛ ni mi Animist ban be tingbani maa yaɣ' shɛli bɛ ni booni Sud-Ouest la n-daa nyɛ ban galisi pam ka bɛ kalinli yiɣisi vaaibu 48.1 kɔbigi puuni. == Joografi == Borikina faso dola latitude 9 mini 15 degree N sunsuuni.(15 degree nyɛla din be yɣi bili n be wulinluhuli polo),ka longitude maa mi nyɛ 6degree W ni 3 degree E.tingbaŋ maa malila tinduya dibaa ayi,lajabali wuhiya, ni paneplain nyɛla din pɔbi tingbani yaɣishɛli din galisi maa,bin din che ka tingbani maa yaɣ'shɛŋa tooi nyɛ din duri ka sirigira, kamani zoya.n teeriyɛl'kura kamani Precambrian massive. ka bɛ tingbani yaɣ'shɛli din mi daa bɛ southwest la mi nyɛ din namdi sandstones,bɛ zo'kara la ni.Ténakourou,bini din zooibu wuhi 749metres. (2,457ft). zo'sjʋŋa ŋan waligiri bɛ tiŋsi maa paai 150m galisim kamani (492ft).latitude din be borikina faso nyɛla 400m kamani (1312ft).ka waliginsim din be di puuni ni tooi Paso600m kamani(1969ft).Borikina faso nyɛla tingban shɛli dinkuli yɛrigi n doya.tingbani maa nyɛla din gbubi bɛ yu'kurili shɛli bɛ ni daa boli upper Volta la, din baari yaɣiri mɔɣa ata la.lala mɔɣa ŋo n nyɛ, black Volta (mouhoun),white Volta(Nakambé) ni red Volta (nazinon).black Volta maa KO n nyɛ tingbani maa mɔɣa Ayi shɛli din zɔri yuuni kam.dinbala mi n nyɛ komoè, din zɔri n kpari southwest polo.https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=42 Niger ko'zɔra- Ŋan yuya nye Béli, Gorouol, Goudébo, ni Dargol- nyɛla ŋan zɔri saha ni saha ka ŋa zɔbu ku yuuya, chiri anahi hali ni chiri ayɔbu yuuni puli ni. Amaa, Ko'zɔra ŋɔ nyɛla din ni tooi kyeei hali ti tooi di' ya' gba. Tiŋgban' maa gba mali kuli' bɔna ŋan kalinli zooi- ka ŋan yuli du' n-nye Tingrela, [[:en:Lake_Bam|Bam]], ni Dem. Tiŋgban' maa gba mali mɔɣa- ka ŋan yuli du' n-nye Oursi, Béli, Yomboli, and Markoye. Kɔm kalinsi tooi nahindi Tiŋgbani maa pam, di bahi bahindi Tiŋgbani maa ''north'' yaɣili. Burkina Faso dola Tiŋgbana ayi puuni: Ŋani n-nye [[:en:Sahelian_Acacia_savanna|''Sahelian Acacia savanna'']] ni [[:en:West_Sudanian_savanna|''West Sudanian savanna'']].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> western Sehel nima n daa tooi mali masks maa n kuri bɛ bukaata nima, bɛ daa tooi n zaŋdili tumdi tuma bɛ yɛl'kura malibu shɛɛ,kuyiya, amiliya yiya, suuna yiya ni ŋan pahi. bɛ daa tooi lahi jɛmdi bɛ buɣa ni binkɔbiri shihi bɛ tinkpansi puuni. Bɛ wahiwabu la mi gba daa nyɛla din niŋda din yɛn che ka bɛ tinkpansi maa wuhiri bɛ yurilim ni suhupiɛlli zan chaŋ bɛ tingbana maa ni sɔŋdiba shɛm maa polo.Nolini baŋsim daa zooila bɛ nolini yɛltɔɣa kaya puuni, din na maliba bukaata saha shɛli ti noi na ʒiya ŋo.1934 French occupation saha la, Dimdolobsom Ouedraogo daa zaŋla o maximes penees et devinettes mossi la n wuhi salo. kundi shɛli din wuhiri mossi nima nolini https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso#cite_note-KS-219 Nazi boni ni Rogar Nikiema.1960s maa daa nyɛla zoobu pam Zan chaŋ playright kalinli zaŋwuhisalo zuɣu.1970s la saha, litrature daa chami ka Borikina faso mini sasabiriba pam be ni daa zaŋ n Wuhi salo tooi nya naba n zani.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso#cite_note-JM-221.Borikina faso theatre la daa nyɛla din laɣim ban tumdi kali tuma la mini colonial influence la ni ban kpaŋsiri post colonial ka bɛ daa lɛba baŋsim shɛli din yɛn che ka be gba tooi zali bee n kpa bɛ national theatre. western-style theatre daa nyɛla din niŋ bayana saha shɛli ninniesim ni daa kpe Borikina Faso.din daa kuli kpaŋsili paa daa nyɛla French theatre.sahsaha shɛlishɛli maŋsulinsi ni daa niŋ yɛl'palli n zaŋti ba, bɛ daa laɣimya n to jina n gbaai ka bɛ nia nyɛla ni di pa tu ni bɛ le bɛ tiŋkpansi la baŋsima ni diɛma. ==SLAM - POETRY salo daa nyɛla ban kuli pahira tingbani ŋo puuni di bahibahindi Malika Outtara [220] daa kpaŋ o maŋa ka slam poetry nya nabo n zanitingbani maa ni.o daa zaŋla o baŋsim n kpuɣi niriba haŋkaya n chaŋ ti kpa bɛnyɛr'shɛŋadin be bɛ biɛhigu puuni, kamani, ʒim vooibu, jaatonima dɔɣibu n ti pahi covid-19. ==Art and Craft== din pahi nyɛla bɛ artistic heritage puuni, bɛ nyɛla ban mali bɛ art tiŋ karili ka di be borikina faso.ballee Ouagadougou. bɛ ni zaŋ bɛ baŋsim n mali bɛnshɛŋa pam nyɛla din zooiri bɛ tingbani ŋo zaŋ jɛndi tourism polo.Borikina faso n lahi nyɛ ban su duniya zaa art and craft fair fukumsi.Ouagadougou. French nima tooi boonili SIAO.==CUISINE == https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=44 bɛ kali bindiri shɛŋa din zooi ka bɛ too duɣirili n nyɛ sokam ni diri shɛli, ŋan nima n nyɛ, chi, za, shiŋkaafa, Karwana, sima, wulijo, nyuli ni mana.binkɔbiri nimdi shɛŋa bɛ ni tooi dira n nyɛ, nɔhi, nogala,ni kuligini zahim.bɛ binnyura tooi nyɛ dam din mii ni zimkom.Borikina faso zimkom ŋo biɛmi ka milki la, ka piɛla ka bɛ fondi ni bɛ tooi mali blooku n niŋdi dipuuni din yɛn che ka di maai. amaa bɛ tinkpansi tooi mali za din zani ka mii n n niŋ bin'nyurili ka boli li Dolo.Borikina faso sinii nyɛla din mali anfaani pam west Africa ni Africa zaa sinii nima puuni.Borikina faso nima pili sinii nima saha shɛli bɛ daa kpa sinii chuɣu FESPACO la.ka bɛ daa zaŋli n wuhi salo sinii bakɔi la ni yuuni 1969 n daa bala.bɛ ban nyɛ sinii ŋmahiriba ŋo pam nyɛla duniya sinii kpamba ni mi shɛba sports diɛma ni yiɣijam din be Borikina faso nyɛla din yarim, bin din gbaai bol'ŋmebo' nuunu bola, cheche babo,ni ŋan bahi. bol'ŋmebo n nyɛ din niŋ bayana borikina faso, ka sokam ŋmerili tiŋpuuni ni tinkpansi zaa. be national team maa daa maila yupaa dina n nyɛ,"lesEtalons" ( stallion nim la).Tiŋ'nabipuɣinga ŋun daa nyɛ asanza nira la yɛli daa booni YENNENGA n daa yɛli.yuuni 1998, AFCON daa nyɛla din ŋme Borikina faso tingbanni,di saha ka OMNISPORTS STADIUM din be Bobo-Dioulasso la daa me.Borikina faso daa nyɛ nasara n chaŋ n ti ŋme AFCON South Africa tingbanni, bɛ daa moya n paai bola ŋo pahigu amaa ka Nigeria nima daa diba pɔgaŋa ka daa kpuɣi jaashee maa yuuni 2013 n daa bala.bɛ piligu AFCON ŋmɛbu n daa bala.Basketball gba nyɛla borikina faso paɣiba ni dabba ni yu shɛli,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso#cite_note-231 di chɛ ka di niŋ bayana tingbani maa ni.yuuni 2013 ka bɛ dabba gba daa nya nasara afrobasket ni, summer Olympics ka HUGUES FABRICE ZANGO ŋun nyɛ ŋun tooi guui ri la daa di borikina faso piligu Olympic Medal, winning bronze dabba triple jum la ni.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso#cite_note-232. Folk music n nyɛ din be borikina faso ka bala pihiyɔbu nyɛ ban Zaɣa tooi be dini, mɔhi ban be Ouagodougou yaɣili la daa nyɛla ban nyɛ kali niriba , kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihinahi bin din gbaai wulin puhili polo,gurunsi, gurima, dagaaba, ni lobi zama zaa ayi yɛri gur bala dinŋmani mohi bala ladaa chaŋya hali n ti paai coastal state. ka Ayi kana n ti lihi north mini east, fulaanima daa nyɛla ban dii ka yaa amaa ka south west ni ka mande bala lee yoli. kamani samo,bissa,bobo,senufo, nimarka. ==MEDIA== pɔhim zuɣu tuma du'zuɣu din be borikina faso nyɛla din tab'sɔŋ telivisa nima mini radio tuma durizaa din be be tingbani maa ni.RTB zaŋwuhi sal nyɛla din nyɛ buyi Zuɣu bɛ medium wave (AM) puuni ni FM frequencies pam ni. diyi pa RTB gba, ʒiŋgama zuɣu nima ban su Diɛma ni yiɣijam, kaya, yila, ni jɛma Fm tuma duri. RTB nyɛla din na kuli gbubi duniya zaa shirt wave news zaŋ wuhi salo bin din gbaai Ouagadougou din mali 100kw transmitter n be 4.815 mini 5.030MHz puuni.yuuni 1998,Norbert Zongo ŋun vihiri pɔhim zuɣu yɛla, o biɛli Ernest,o droba, ni do so daa nyɛla bɛ ni ku shɛba ka nyɔba buɣum ka so bɛ mi ŋun tum lala tuma maa,ŋo zaa daa yila bɛ ni daa mɔri ni bɛ che ka borikina faso press ni bɛ pɔhim zuɣu soya la zani di gama zuɣuka si bɛ niŋ.di nyaaŋa, di daa ti ʒimi ni paati apaati zuɣu ka bɛ daa ku Norbert Zongo ŋuna maa,bɛ ni daa ti lihi ka kɔlivaai yɛltɔɣa maa.yuuni 1999,François Compaorè daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋmaai samili n ti so, ka di nyɛla David Ouadruogo kumla zuɣu.ŋun daa kpi ka di nyɛa lnahingu puuni la. yuuni 1998January,di nyaaŋa, bɛ daa yiɣisi lala samili maa. bɛ ni daa balim. yuuni 2000 Auguestnin daa bala, niriba anu sooja gulibadaa nyɛla bɛ ni lahi ŋmaai samili n ti ka di gba kuli nyɛla Ouedruogo kum ŋo zuɣuyaha. RSP niribaMarcel Kafando, Edwmondkoama, Ousseini yaro,vihigu wuhiyawuhiya ni bɛ nuu daa nela Norbert Zongo kum maa ni.ka bɛ daa kpariba saha gbaliŋ. Norbert Zongo kum maa saha hali ni zuŋo,binyɛra pam zaŋ kpa zongo vihigu polo nyɛla gomnanti ni gurivka taɣiri shɛli.yuuni 2007 April, Karim Sama ŋun yɛli daa kuli du ka di nyɛla o binshɛɣu kam puuni o zaŋdila reggae yila n kpɛhira, ka di nyɛla haŋkali ka o mali n kniŋdi bɛ gomnanti yɛltɔɣa puunizaŋkpa yɛlmaŋli kalinsi ni laɣi'shɛŋa Deeibu yirŋyiriŋ. o daa nyɛla ŋun deei kum lama pam,Hali o loori kperili daa nyɛla bɛ ni Dabi shɛli buɣum Ouaga Fmsambanni ka bɛ bɛ baŋ lala nira.CPJ daa sabiya n ti tingbani zuɣulana,n bori ni o chɛ ka o gomnanti maa vihi n bo ban doli n tumdi lala tuma ŋo. === Climate === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Koppen-Geiger_Map_BFA_present.svg|thumb|Map of [[Köppen climate classification]]]] Burkina Faso nyɛla din mali tropical climate buyi ko. Di nin nyɛ shaɣini mini wuuni.Shaɣini, tingbani maa nyɛla din deeri sakom din gbaaigi {{convert|600|and|900|mm|abbr=on|sp=us|in|0}}; Wuuni mi, kikaa pɔhim tuli kuma nyɛla din yirina Sahara polo n ʒara. Shaɣu maa nyɛla din niŋdi chara anahi ko, kamani silimingoya , May/June zaŋhali ni September ni, amaa di nyɛla din bi paari lala tingbani maa wulinpuhili yaɣili polo. climatic zones nim dibaa'ta nyɛla din ni tooi nyɛ [[Sahel]] la, Sudan-Sahel la, n ti pahi Sudan-Guinea la. Sahel din be tingbani maa wulin puhili yaɣali la nyɛla din deeri sakom kamani din pɔrigari {{convert|600|mm|in|0|abbr=on|sp=us}}<ref name="relationship">{{cite web|title=SIM Country Profile: Burkina Faso|url=http://www.sim.org/country.asp?fun=1&CID=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309142111/http://www.sim.org/country.asp?CID=18&fun=1|archive-date=9 March 2008|access-date=5 August 2006}}</ref> yuuni pulini ka di lee nyɛ din mali wuntaŋ pam din ni paai, {{convert|5|–|47|°C|lk=on|°F|0}}. Di ni niŋ ka wuuni din mi shɛli [[tropical savanna]] la kana, Sahel la nyɛla din chani yaɣiri Burkina Faso tinŋtarisi, binshɛɣu din yi [[Horn of Africa]] zaŋ hali ni Atlantic Ocean, nti pahi [[Sahara]] tinŋtarisi zaŋgbai di wulinpuhili polo nti pahi tam ni be [[Sudan (region)|Sudan]] Rijin shaŋani zaŋti gbaai wulinluhili polo. Di nyɛla din be 11° 3′ mini 13° 5′ wulinpuhili [[latitude]], Sudan-Sahel region nyɛla yaɣishɛli din saamibu mini wuntaŋ yibu nyɛ dintaɣira. Di yi labi wuliluhili polo, Sudan-Guinea zone la nyɛla din deeri sakom din gari {{convert|900|mm|in|0|abbr=on|sp=us}}<ref name="relationship" /> yuuni kam pulini ka lan nyɛ din dii bi maai pam. [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Wreckage_of_a_dam_(Dourtenga,_2008).jpg|thumb|Damage caused by the Dourtenga floods in 2007]] Geography mini environment nyɛla Burkina Faso's din niŋ chɔguno zaŋ chaŋ Burikina Faso nim bindiri gbubbu polo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reardon|first=Thomas|year=1996|title=Agroclimatic Shock, Income Inequality, and Poverty: Evidence from Burkina Faso|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_1996-05_24_5/page/901|journal=World Development|volume=24|issue=5|pages=901–914|doi=10.1016/0305-750x(96)00009-5}}</ref> Di ni niŋ ka tingbani maa nyɛ din be [[Sahel]] Rijin ni la, region, di nyɛla din mali radical climatic variation pam duniya yaangizuɣu, bin shaɣu din gbaai ko kpɛɣu zaŋni sanzali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ostergaard Nielsen|first=Jonas|date=February 2010|title=Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=20|issue=1|pages=142–152|bibcode=2010GEC....20..142N|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.002}}</ref>Lala climatic din dij ka baŋbu chichirichi ŋɔ nyɛla din ni tooi nyɛ tɔm n zaŋti Burkina Faso bilichini nima ni bɛ niŋ yɛda ni pukparilim.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barbier|display-authors=etal|year=2009|title=Human Vulnerability to Climate Variability in the Sahel: Farmers' Adaptation Strategies in Northern Burkina Faso|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-management_2009-05_43_5/page/790|journal=Environmental Management|volume=43|issue=5|pages=790–803|bibcode=2009EnMan..43..790B|doi=10.1007/s00267-008-9237-9|pmid=19037691|s2cid=9634833}}</ref> Burkina Faso's climate lan nyɛla din tooi che ka biniɛma ban saɣindi purini bindirala tooi nyɛri soya bee yi ko pam n saɣin bɛ bindira, din gbaai biniɛma ban saɣindi bindira kamani; [[Locust|locusts]] mini [[Cricket (insect)|crickets]], ban nyɛ ban saɣindi binbila ka lahi niŋli kamani di bɔrimi ni di niŋla.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Groten|first1=S. M. E.|year=1993|title=NDVI—crop monitoring and early yield assessment of Burkina Faso|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-remote-sensing_1993-05-20_14_8/page/1495|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1495–1515|bibcode=1993IJRS...14.1495G|doi=10.1080/01431169308953983}}</ref> Di pala din be Burkina Faso nim pam ban kɔri ka di nyɛla kɔhibu zuɣu konko la zuɣu amaa ni ban kɔri ni bɛ zaŋ dihi bɛ dundɔnani nim la gba zaa .<ref name="Coping">{{Cite journal|last1=Reardon|first1=Thomas|last2=Matlon|first2=Peter|last3=Delgado|first3=Christopher|date=September 1988|title=Coping with household-level food insecurity in drought-affected areas of Burkina Faso|url=http://oar.icrisat.org/7395/1/WorldDev_16_9_1065-1074_1988.pdf|journal=World Development|volume=16|issue=9|pages=1065–1074|doi=10.1016/0305-750X(88)90109-X}}</ref> Di ni nŋ ka pukparilim pa kpe yɔɣu maa, daŋsipam ni daŋsi pam nyɛla ban pa bɔri sopali shɛŋa bɛ ni yan dɔli n nyɛ arizichi ka di lahi pala pukparilim ni,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carla Roncoli|author2=Keith Ingram|author3=Paul Kirshen|year=2001|title=The costs and risks of coping with drought: livelihood impacts and farmers' responses in Burkina Faso|journal=Climate Research|volume=19|pages=119–132|bibcode=2001ClRes..19..119R|doi=10.3354/cr019119|doi-access=free}}</ref>ka ŋa zuɣu che ka bɛ tooi nyɛ ban chɛri bɛ bɛhisi shehi ka cheni yaɣishɛŋani ni bɛ ti bo tuma nima.<ref name="Coping" /> === Natural resources === [[Natural resources of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso's natural resources]] nim nyɛla Salima, [[manganese]], [[limestone]], [[marble]], [[Phosphate|phosphates]], [[pumice]], n-ti pahi yelim . ====== <u>Binkɔb'kpema</u> ====== {{Further|Wildlife of Burkina Faso}} Burkina Faso nyɛla din mali wabiri pam n gari tinduya pam gbansabila tingbani nuzaazuɣu polo. Gbuɣima, kunduna n-ti pahi yɔniɣiri nyɛla ban zaa be ni n ti pahi Walisi nti pahi mɔɣini binkɔbiri pam nyɛla ban be tingbani ŋɔ ni. Binkɔri ban ŋubiri bɛ tabi maa shɛbi ban be Burkina Faso, n nyɛ jaŋgbuni, [[spotted hyenan]] n-ti pahi yɔbahi, tingbani ŋɔ nyɛla tingban shɛli di kuli mali mɔɣuni binkɔbigu kam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geography & Wildlife|url=http://www.our-africa.org/burkina-faso/geography-wildlife?ref=nf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903210757/http://www.our-africa.org/burkina-faso/geography-wildlife?ref=nf|archive-date=3 September 2015|access-date=15 October 2014|work=www.our-africa.org}}. our-africa.org</ref> Burkina Faso's [[Wildlife in Burkina Faso|fauna mini flora]] nyɛla bɛ ni guli shɛbi yaɣa anahi ni: * [[W National Park]] ni din be tingbani maa nudirigu zuɣu din cha ti gari Benin, mini Niger. * Arly Wildlife Reserve ([[Arly National Park]] din gba be tingbani maa nudirigu zuɣu la. ) * Léraba-Comoé Classified Forest ni Partial Reserve of Wildlife ka di be tingbani maa nuzaazuɣu . * [[Mare aux Hippopotames]] la din gba be tingbani maa nuzaazuɣu. N ti pahi yaɣa pam ani ni tooi nyɛ shɛŋa [[List of national parks in Africa]] mini[[Nature reserves of Burkina Faso]] yaɣa ŋɔ ni. == Daabilim == {{main|Economy of Burkina Faso}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Burkina_Faso_Product_Exports_(2019).svg|right|thumb|A proportional representation of Burkina Faso exports, 2019]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burkina_Faso.svg|thumb|GDP per capita in Burkina Faso, since 1950]] Burkina Faso nim ni yihi binshɛɣu bɛ tingbani puuni ka di yiri tinduya ni nyɛla din ni paai $2.77billion yuuni 2011, ni $754million yuuni 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=OEC: Products exported by Bulgaria (2012)|url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029104824/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore|archive-date=29 October 2012|access-date=30 October 2014|work=The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref> Pukparilim nyɛla din din vaagi kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihita ni yini bɛ dundɔŋni tuma, ka nyɛ din vaaigi kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinii ʒ maa tuun tumdibi puuni. Di nyɛla din yaa be bingula gulibu polo pam. Di bahibahindi tingbani maa wulinluhili zuɣu mini di wulinluhili nuzaa polo, niribi maa nyɛla ban kɔri bindiri kamani; chi, za, kawana, sima, shinkafa mini gumdi, ka din pam nyɛla bɛ ni yan guui shɛli n kɔhi. Tingbani maa daabilim maa pam yɛɣili nyɛla ban sɔŋsim yirina anduniya zaa totopɔŋlani, hali bɛ ni kuli mali salima pam la zaa yɔli. Bin yɛra anu dindo zuɣusaa bɛ ni mali aʒiya shɛŋa n yiri tingbani maani yuuni 2017 daa nyɛla bɛ ni pu shɛŋa n doli di tuma kamani; gems mini precious metals, US$1.9billion (78.5% n nyɛ dinyiri zaa), gumdi mi $198.7million (8.3%), ores, slag, ash, $137.6million (5.8%), binwala mi , nuts: $76.6million (3.2%) n ti pahi binwala kpama: $59.5million (2.5%).<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2019|title=Burkina Faso's Top 10 Exports|url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/burkina-fasos-top-10-exports/}}</ref> Silimin gɔli December ni yuuni 2018, duniya zaa Bank nim daa yɛliya n wuhiri ni yuuni 2017 ni, tingbani maa daabilim daa nyɛla din ti tooni paai vaabu 6.4% kɔbigi puuniyuuni 2017 (zaŋ ti maɣisi vaabu 5.9% kɔbigi puuni yuuni 2016) din daa che ka di pahi lala ŋɔ daa nyɛla Salima gbibu ni daa kpaŋsi ni arizichi zaŋ soŋsi daabilima yaɣa gba ni daa kpaŋsi. Di ni daa niŋ ka ban diri bee ban kpuɣiri pahiri dabisili kam yɔrila daa nyɛla din kpaŋ tingbani maa daabilim. Inflation daa nyɛla din kpalim 0.4% lala yuuni maa, amaa. public deficit daa nyɛla din zooi paai 7.7% of GDP (zaŋmaɣisi .3.5% yuuni 2016). Gomdanti maa daa na kuli bɔrila sɔya ni bɛ nyɛ liɣiri sɔŋsima mini samdihiriba n di ni o yɔ bɛ sama maa Bɛ ni daa bɔri ni bɛ tooi sɔŋ salo maa m paai din ni tooi saɣiba, Gomdanti maa daa nyɛla ŋun laɣim nanbɔɣu niŋniŋ ban ni. tooi sɔŋ n ti pahi ban ni tooi paŋɔ liɣiri tingbani maa daa puuni. Duniya zaa laɣi duunim daa yɛliya ni daabilim maa nyɛla din kpalim ʒi dede saha biɛla sunsuuni, hali din ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛ din yan mali barina nti b la. Di barina nim shɛŋa n nyɛ; kpama dahi daa du zuɣu saa, gumdi mini salima dahi lu tiŋa, ka tuun tumdibi nyɛbu niŋ tɔm.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|date=26 November 2017|title=Burkina Faso|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/burkinafaso/overview|access-date=6 January 2019|website=Danube Travel}}</ref> Burkina Faso nyɛla din be [[West African Monetary and Economic Union]] (UMEOA) laɣingu la ni, ka yi laɣingu shɛli bɛ mi [[West African CFA franc|CFA franc]] la ni. Lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyɛla [[Central Bank of the West African States]] (BCEAO), din be [[Dakar]] Senegal yiŋla la ni niŋ shɛli. BCEAO nim n nyɛ ban lihiri di laɣi ti tabili di yɛli kam din laɣiri yɛltɔɣa zaa tum polo. Yɛda tuma nim zaŋchaŋ lansiisin, banki tuma nima, laɣimbuliɣimbu n ti pahi liɣiri din ni di vihigu vihigu mini tibili darigibu din ni tooi paai tingbani kam nyɛla din be laɣingu ŋɔ ni, di ni niŋ ka bɛ daa malimali zali yuuni 1999 ni. [[Microfinance]] nim gba nyɛla din zalisi be di konko, din nyɛ din yuuni microfinance nim tuma kam din gbai WAEMU tingbana ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso Financial Sector Profile|url=http://www.mfw4a.org/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-financial-sector-profile.html|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210114640/https://www.mfw4a.org/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-financial-sector-profile.html|archive-date=10 December 2014|access-date=11 June 2015}}, MFW4A</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Processing facilities at the Essakane Mine in Burkina Faso]] Yuuni 2018 ni, chaŋ gili duniya n lihi naawuni nama tiɛri daa nyɛla din daa dii kani tingbani maa puuni. U.S. Gomdanti n ti pahi shɛbi nyɛla ban kpahi bɛ tingbani bilichinnima zuɣuni ni bɛ miri ka bi kpuɣi napoŋ n chaŋ Burkina Faso tiŋpuunih; tingbani maa wulinpuhili polo Sahel din mini Mali ni Niger di tiŋtarisi la, ka di daliri nyɛla bibɛhi mini bibiɛlim tuma n zooi ni. Ni tinsi kamani ;Kmoandjari, Tapoa, Kompienga, nti pahi Gourma din be tingbani maa nudirigu zuɣu la, ka di gba nyɛla bibiɛhi mini bibiɛlim tuma n zooi ni.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|date=11 October 2016|title=Burkina Faso Travel Advisory|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/burkina-faso-travel-advisory.html|access-date=6 January 2019|website=Government of USA|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105131838/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/burkina-faso-travel-advisory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuuni 2018 CIA Duniya Factbook nyɛla din ti lahibali ŋmaa ŋɔ. Ni "Burkina Faso tingbani nyɛla tingbani shɛli din kpemi ka bɔri sakɔm pam. Daliri shɛŋa din che ka tingbani daabilim bɛ chani tooni nyɛla; saa dii bi miri paritaba, tingbani maa ka tam,n ti pahi pɔhinzuɣu ni bi tooi niŋdi ni sham zaa n laɣim che ka tingbani maa ni daabilim kuli bi cheni tooni.Kɔbigi puuni kamani vaabu pihinii daadam biɛlim maa nyɛla ban be subsistence pukparilim ni, ka gumdi nyɛ bɛ bin Kɔra ni laɣi zuɣu.Tingbani maa nyɛla din Naawuni nama tɛri dim mali laɣirila ni dii ka shɛlipolo, ka lahi nyɛ din dii ka binyɛra pam balibu shɛhi tingbani maa puuni. Gumdi mini Salima n nyɛ Burkina Faso nim daa ʒiya kpeen shɛŋa bɛ tooi mali yiri tinduyani ti kɔhira... Tingbani maa nyɛla tingbani shɛli din mali salima pam ni din mali salima yiri tinduya ni ti kɔhira. Di ni niŋ ka paati paati zaba la nai ka pa che ka Burkina Faso nim daabilim labina ninvɛlani, tingbani maa bibiɛlim tuma ŋɔ nyɛla din ni lan bahiliyɔli. Paati paati suhidoo kalimsi din be bɛ nyintaa tingban Mali, nyɛla ban ni ku tooi lan du n ba shɛbi ni bɛ tiriba niɣilim buɣum, ka soya chendi nyɛ din gbarigi, ka lala ŋɔ yan nyɛ yɛlimuɣusirili din yan nahimba yuui." Lala lahibaliŋɔ lan nyɛla din tɔnŋ kahigi yuuni 2018 zaŋ ni yuuni 2020 [[International Monetary Fund]] program yɛltɔɣa, n ti lan pahi Gomdanti ni kpuɣi niya shɛŋa ni o "reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments".<ref>{{Cite book|title="Burkina Faso"The world factbook (2024)|publisher=Central intelligence agency|year=21th December, 2018.}}</ref> Yuuni 2018 la puuni bɛ ni boli shɛba African Development Bank Group la nima gbaŋ daa wuhiya ni bɛ tooi n zamzam macroeconomic evaluation: " higher investment and continued spending on social services and security that will add to the budget deficit ." Bɛ yɛligu ŋɔ wuhiya ni 2018 yuuni maa puuni binyɛra daa ni lu n chaŋ 4.8% of GDP ka lahi n lu hali ni 2.9% 2019 yuuni. Din bɔŋɔ zuɣu bɛ ni boli shɛli National Economic mini Social Development Plan la ni daa n di sam'shɛŋa n bahi tingbani maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋme shɛli n chaŋ 36.9% of GDP yuuni 2017 la puuni.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Burkina Faso Economic Outlook (27th March, 2019.)|year=}}</ref> Burkina Faso nyɛla ban gbuni kpalanzuya ni bɛ ni boli shɛli [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA)]] la. Di lahi nyɛla din pahi ti ni mi shɛŋa ''United Nations'', ''International Monetary'' Fund, ''World Bank'', ni ''World Trade Organization'' la zuɣu. === ''Mining'' === Main article: [[Mining in Burkina Faso]] Bɛ gbiri ''[[copper]], [[iron]], [[manganese]]'', salima, ''[[cassiterite]] (tin ore)'', n-ti pahi [[phosphate|''phosphate'']] Burkina Faso tingbani puuni ka di sɔŋdi ba ka bɛ nyari tuma mini tiŋ'zuya sɔŋsim. Bɛ salima malibu daa nyɛla din du n chaŋ 32% ka di din bɔŋɔ zaŋ gbaagi bɛ salimanima malibu yaɣa ayɔbu 2011 la puun. South Africa, Mali, mini ''Ghana'' nyanŋa, Burkina Faso nima n daa pahi anahi n be Africa tiŋa shɛŋa ban mali salima pam la zuɣu. Gbaŋ din daa yina 2018 yuuni la wuhiya ni tiŋa maa nima mali tahima ni bɛ nya salima pihinu ni anu lala yuuni maa puuni dama ʒibuta puuni ʒibuyi daa pahiya yuuni 2013 la ni. Oumarou Idani yeligu puuni o wuhiya ni " Di tu ni ti kpɛhi valigimsim na ti binyehiri nambu shee. Ti kuri saha pam n malindi salima kɔnko amaa ti lahi mali baŋsim pam n zaŋ kpa manganese, ''zinc'', ''lead'', ''copper'', ''nickel'', n-ti pahi ''limestone'' malibu puuni " ka din bɔŋɔ nima nyɛ yel'timsa pam ti zuɣu. ====== <u>Bindira kalinsi</u> ====== Bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Global Hunger Index]] nima la wuhiya ni bɛ ni zaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli multidimentional tool la ka bɛ zaŋdili n yulindi ka zahimdi kum shɛli din be tiŋa ni paagi shɛm la wuhiya ni tinsi pisopɔin ni ani puuni, Burkina Faso nima n-nyɛ ban dɔ pihiyɔbu ni anu puuni 2013 yuuni la puuni. Din bɔŋɔ wuhiya ni bihi ban kalinli yiɣisi 1.5 million ka be Burkina Faso la nyɛla ban bi nyari bindira ka naan n che bihi shɛba ban gba kalinli paagi 350,000 ka ban mi bori tibu ni nimmɔhi. Tɔi amaa bihi ʒibuta kɔnko n daa tooi nya tibiri suŋ ka kɔbiga puuni, 11.4 bihi ban yuma daa bi yaɣi yuma ayi gba n daa tooi n paagi biɛɣ'kulo kam bindira shɛŋa bɛ ni daa tiri la. Bindira kalinsi din be Burkina Faso ŋɔ nyɛla yel'kari shɛli din nahim di tin'bihi ŋɔ pam zaŋ chaŋ bɛ zoobu polo, di tooi n nahim tiŋa maa ni nima salo n paai bɛ ʒibuta bin din gbaagi yuuni 2008 la hali ni yuuni 2012 puuni. Yaha, di daa lahi nyɛla din labisi Burkina Faso nima wuhibu ni bɔhimbu nyanŋa ka bɛ bihi daa bi nya n di tiɣi balee bɛ ti gurigi bɛ maŋsi shukuru duri polo ni bɛ taba ban n nya n di viɛyelinga. Bɛ ni boli shɛba [[European Commission|''European Commission'']] nima la yeliya ni 2015 yuuni puuni Burkina Faso bihi ban kalinli yiɣisi 500,000 ka bɛ na bi yaɣi yuma anu la nyɛla ban yan di siliminsi ni boli shɛli acute malnutrition la wahala ka che bɛ puuni ban kalinli yiɣisi 149,000 la mi ni nyɛ ban biɛhigu yen niŋ yɛreyɛre dominchi binbora shɛŋa bindira ni bora nyɛla din bi yaɣi lala. Bɛ ni boli Shɛba ni [[Demographic and Health Survey|''Demographic and Health Survey'']] ( DHS 2010 ) nima la wuhiya ni kɔbiga puuni paɣ'ba pihinahi ni awei ni bihi ban bi yaɣi yuma anu ban kalinli yiɣisi pihini ni ani n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli anaemia la dɔro ni gbahiri shɛba. Kɔbiga puuni bilɛri kum nyɛla din vaai bin pihinahi ka di nyɛla siliminsi ni boli shɛli malnutrition la n tahili ka dinbɔŋɔ nyɛla yel'kari din labisi Burkina Faso nima salo ban tumda nyanŋa pam ka dinbɔŋɔ wuhiri bindirigu da anfaani ti biɛhigu puuni. Din niŋ ka ashibiti mini shukuru chandi dee bi niŋ bayana n-ti tinkpaŋsi la zuɣu, bindira ŋɔ kalinsi barina zooya pam n-ti ba di bahi bahindi bɛ daa alaaƒei polo n gari bɛ be tiŋ'puuni. Vihigu shɛli bɛ ni boli shɛba ''[[USAID]]'' nima la ni daa niŋ silimin gɔli ''October'', yuuni 2018 puuni la wuhiya sanzali mini ko'kpɛli na nyɛla yel'muɣisiri kpeeni ka di nyɛla " '''''violence and insecurity are disrupting markets, trade, and livelihoods activities in some parts of Burkina Faso's northern and eastern areas."''''' Di lahi wuhiya ni daadam bilima ban kalinli yiɣisi 954,300 nyɛla ban bɔri bindira sɔŋsim. Bɛ ni boli shɛba [[UNICEF]] nima la gba yeliya ni "bihi ban kalinli yiɣisi 187,200 ka bɛ yuma bi yaɣi yuma anu la dɔr'shɛli bɛ ni boli severe acute malnutrition la ni yen gbahi shɛba." Ʒingama laɣingu shɛŋa ban daa tooi n tabi n sɔŋ lala saha ŋɔ n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛba ''USAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP)'' ban daa gbini kpalanzuya ni bɛ ni boli shɛba ''UN [[World Food Programme]]'' nima la, ''NGO [[Oxfam intermón]]'' n-ti pahi ti ni mi shɛba ''[[ACDI]]'' bee ''[[VOCA]]'' nima la. ===== <u>So'chibisi shɛŋa bɛ ni bo ni bɛ tuhi n nyaŋ bindira kalinsi</u> ===== ====== ''World Food Programme'' ====== Bɛ ni boli shɛba United Nations' [[World Food Programme|''World Food Programme'']] nima la nyɛla bɛ daa n kpaŋ bɛ maŋa n kpa laɣinsi di yen sɔŋsi ka bindira niŋ bayana Burkina Faso. Lala laɣinsi ŋɔ puuni shɛli n-nyɛ ti ni mi shɛli ''Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200509 (PRRO)'' la, din daa kpa ka di nyabili nyɛ ni bɛ tuhi n kari malnutrition dɔro din daa niŋ Burkina Faso yuuni 2012 puuni la ka di nyɛla bindira n-ti pahi binbora shɛŋa bindirigu ni tu ni di mali kalinsi la zuɣu. Dinbɔŋɔ zuɣu bɛ daa bi che dɔro ŋɔ ni mali bi'shɛba ŋɔ laamba n bahi bindirigu maŋa dihibu polo. Yaha, laɣingu ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din sɔŋsi ka bihi mini paɣ'puhi nima tooi n nya bindir'suma n di, ka di nyɛla di yen n kpaŋsi bɛ bɛrisuŋ di yi ti niŋ ka sanzali deegi ka bindira yela niŋ tɔm ʒizaa. Lala laɣingu ŋɔ lahi nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli n kpuri so'chibisi ka din sɔŋ laamba pam di bahi bahindi bɛ azansi zaŋ chaŋ bindira kalinsi di ti niŋ ka sanzali lahi yiɣisi yuun'shɛli puuni ha. Bɛ ni kpa laɣinsi shɛŋa ka boli li the ''Country Programme (CP)'' la nyɛla din pu yaɣa ayi, di nyɛ piligu n-nyɛ ni bɛ bo bindir'suma din nyɛ sɔŋsim n-ti ban mali HIV/ AIDS dɔro la, ni din pahi ayi mi ni ka bɛ dihiri bihi ban be siliminsi ni boli shukuru shɛli primary la din be Sahel region puuni la. Tuuli laɣingu nyabili nyɛ mi ni di tabi n yoogi alaafei soya n-ti ban mali dɔr'shɛli bɛ ni boli ''HIV/AIDS'' la ka lahi n sɔŋ n gu ka taɣi bihi mini kpibisi ka che bindir'pooli mini malnutrition dɔro ŋɔ, Ka bɛ ni yen dihiru bihi la shukuruti la puuni mi sɔŋ n va bihi ŋɔ mini bɛ laamba daa hankaya n labina shukuru chandi polo Sahel region puuni dominche ban chani shukuru lala yaɣili ŋɔ bi yaɣi lala. Yaha, di niiya daa lahi nyami ni di kpaŋsi bipuɣinsi shukuru chandi dinzuɣu bɛ daa tiri la bɛ ban daa bi naɣiri shukuru chandi ŋɔ pin'gahinda kamani shinkaafa, karwana, ni din pahi ka bɛ ʒi n kuli n-ti ti bɛ laamba ka di niŋ ninyambu n niŋ laamba ŋɔ nii ka bɛ sɔŋ n kpaŋsi bipuɣinsi shukuru chandi. ''World Food Programme'' nima ŋɔ wuhiya ni lala laɣinsi mini bɛ ni na yen kpa shɛŋa silimin gɔli August yuuni 2018 puuni la nyɛla din yen che " ka di sɔŋ demokratia gɔmdanti toontibu polo, ka tingbani maa labi suhudoo mini nagbanyini tiŋa, ka lahi n neei di daabiligu soya din yen che ka ti laɣim zooi kɔhima mini bɔma polo. Di yen nyɛla yel'kpeeni shɛli WFP's nima ni kpaɣi ni bɛ zaŋ kpɛhi zalkpani pala shɛŋa bɛ ni kpuri ni di sɔŋ n kpaŋsi tiŋ'duya mini ti tinsi ka bɛ kpalanzuya gbuni taba ka di che ka gɔmdanti mini tiŋ'kpansi ŋɔ ka bɛ ni tooi mali nuu timbu bɛ ni boli shɛli ''food and nutrition security programme'' la puuni yuuni 2030 ni."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso Transitional ICSP (January -December 2018)|url=wfp.org/operations/burkina faso|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== ''World Bank'' ==== [edit] Ti ni mi shɛli [[World Bank|''World Bank'']] la nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 1944 puuni ka di mali yaɣa anu ka di zaɣ'yini kam nyabili nyɛ di tuhi n kari fakari zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2030 puuni ka lahi tabi tingbana ka di zoogi n chaŋ kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinahi tiŋ'kam puuni. Tuun'kpeeni shɛli World bank nima ŋɔ zaɣa ni na be n-nyɛ ni bɛ bo soya n baligi bindira kalinsi Burkina Faso tingbani dinzuɣu bɛ niŋ la nimmɔhi n bahi pukparilim yaɣili ŋɔ. World Bank nima ŋɔ yeliya ni di kpabu yel'kpeeni kuli nya mi ni di "kpaŋsi pukpariba ban bi tooi kɔri n kpaɣiri viɛyelinga ka bɛ niŋ katari din yen che ka bindira niŋ bayana ti tinkpaŋsi la dahi puuni." Bɛ ni boli Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project la malila kpatuɣa ata. Di tuuli kpatuɣili n-nyɛ ni di niŋ nimmɔhi ka bindira kɔbu niŋ bayana di bahi bahindi sɔŋsim shɛli din yen nyɛ laɣ'pɛliga n-ti pahi bɛ ni boli shɛli 'voucher for work' program la nyɛla bɛ ni yen ti pukpariba shɛba ban ku tooi yo bɛ tɔhibu laɣ'pɛligi puuni la. Din paya n-nyɛ ni bɛ yooi bindira soya n niŋ luɣili kam di bahi bahindi ti tinkpaŋsi la din ni niŋ kamaata di ni ka bɛ tooi n sɔŋ bindira kɔhibu ka di che ka daguli kɔhinima ŋɔ tooi mali bindira balibubalibu ka tooi n kɔhi li tinkpaŋsi mini tinduya zaa. Kpatuɣili din bahindi nyanŋa n-nyɛ lɛbigimsim mini toontibu bo n-ti tiŋ'bihi ka fi niiya nya mi ni di kpahi n neei yiko shɛŋa din be ʒigama nima ban yen sɔŋ lal yeli ŋɔ ni. Bɛ wuhiya ni laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni kpa ŋɔ nyɛla din yen sɔŋ n kpaŋsi ban malindi bindira ni bɛ ni boli shɛba service providers la kɔbani ka bɛ tum ka lahi n yooi soya ka pu'tuma nɛma kpɛna ka lahi n sɔŋ ka gu ka taɣi laɣingu maa tuma. World Bank nima gbaŋ shɛli din daa yina silimin gɔli December yuuni 2018 la puuni wuhiya ni yuuni 2009 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2014, ni fakari nyɛla binshɛli din lu kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihinahi ni ayɔbu ka che di ni daa kuli n za 40.1% la. Gbaŋ ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din koli yel'muɣisira din be Burkina Faso toontibu puuni ka di wuhiri ni "'''''Burkina Faso remains vulnerable to climatic shocks related to changes in rainfall patterns and to fluctuations in the prices of its export commodities on world markerts. Its economic and social development will, to some extent, be contingent on political stability in the country and the sub-regions, its openness to international trade and diversification'''''." == Infrastructure and services == === Kom === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Grand_marché_de_Koudougou.jpg|thumb|The ''Grand marché'' in [[Koudougou]], Burkina Faso]] Di ni daa niŋ ka binyɛra bi chani vɛnyɛla, tingbani maani kom tumayili nti pahi sabita bɔntimaŋ yili nim bɛ ni mi shɛbi (ONEA), la ba nyɛ tingbani maa ni dahalɛli tuma duridimŋɔ daa nyɛla ban daa zaŋ commercial lines tuma n pahi bɛ tuma ni, ka bɛ daa nyɛ bɛ ni lihiri tuma du shɛba ni banin nyɛ ban na tɔndi tuma polo gbansabila tingbana ni. .<ref name="ODI1">Peter Newborne 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526073427/http://www.odi.org.uk/work/regions-countries/details.asp?id=222&title=burkina-faso ''Pipes and People: Progress in Water Supply in Burkina Faso's Cities''], London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> kpam maŋ nti pahi nimɔhi shɛŋa kom tuma yilinim n ti pahi sabita bɔnti maŋ yilonim bɛ ni ŋmai jia m boli shɛbi ni ONEA's nyɛla din che ka salo tooi nyɛri konyuri suŋ.<ref name="ODI1" /> Tum yuuni 2000, salo ni pai miliyɔŋ dibaayi ni garibu n be principal urban centres nyɛla ban kuli nyɛri ko nyuri suŋ ŋɔ tamkam, tingbani maa puuni. ).<ref name="ODI1" /> Yɛlimuɣusira din bɛni nyɛla, salo pam nyɛla ba bi tooi yɔri kom mini yɛligoli shɛŋa din sɔŋdi ba ka bɛ tooi nyɛri konyuri suŋ maa zuɣu.<ref name="ODI1" /> Tingbani maa mamaŋ tuma duri nyɛla din tin nuu pam n tooi sɔŋsi ka bɛ nia nim pam.din nyɛ kom yɛltɔla zaa pali.<ref name="ODI1" /> Tɔyɛlimaŋli yara, bɛ ni mishɛbi ni UNICEF la yɛlili ni konyuri suŋ nyan nyu tingbani maani nyɛla din ti tooni pam yuun pish ni anii nyaangi zaŋ na ni sahaŋɔ. Ko nyuri suŋ nyan nyu tingbani maani nyɛla din pahi yi kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihita ni awai n pa chaŋ vaabu pisopoi ni ayɔbu tinŋ maa fɔndi puuni binshɛɣu din gbai yuuni 1990 zaŋ ni yuuni 2015 ni. Lala saha shɛli ti ni ʒiya ŋɔ yaha, ko nyuri suŋ nyan nyu nyɛla din pahi n yi kɔbigi puuni vaabu pisopoin ni anu n pa chaŋ kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihi wei ni ayɔpoin tiŋ maa fɔndinim ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso: Programme Overview: Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH)|url=https://www.unicef.org/bfa/english/bfa_wsh_programme-overview2016.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041104/https://www.unicef.org/bfa/english/bfa_wsh_programme-overview2016.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2018|access-date=1 May 2018|website=UNICEF}}</ref> === Niɣilimbuɣim === megawatt pihita ni ata solar power plant be Zagtouli, din baɣi Ouagadougou, nyɛla din kana pɔhim zuɣu silimingoli November goliɣi ni ha yuuni 2017 ni. Sahashɛli bɛ ni daa mɛrili, dinin daa na nyɛ solar power facility din na galisi tu nn zaa zuɣu gbansabila tingbana ni. === Yaha === Burkina Faso tooni chandi nyɛla din du gaa pam, hali di ni kuli niŋ ka di nyɛ din shhri ka di nyɛla gubɛri ni kɔrimfahali yaligibu ni nin vuŋ bɛri ban laɣinsi ban yina Mali mini Niger yaɣa la na.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso|url=http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/BurkinaFaso/InfoBur.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140324/http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/BurkinaFaso/InfoBur.html|archive-date=6 October 2014|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> === Transport === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Sudanese_Style_Railway_Station_Bobo_Dioulasso_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|The railway station in [[Bobo Dioulasso]] was built during the colonial era and remains in operation.]] {{main|Transport in Burkina Faso}} Transport zaŋ ti Burkina Faso nyɛla din na bi lɛbigi. Kamani silimingoli June ni ha yuuni 2014 international airport mamaŋa, [[Ouagadougou Airport]], nyɛla din daa kuli zaŋdi salo chɛni gbansabila tingbana ninni mini tinsi kamani;ad Paris, [[Brussels]] nti pahi [[Istanbul]] ni aleepeli nima. Yaha, international airport dinbalala, [[Bobo Dioulasso Airport]] nyɛla din bɔ aleepile nima ni bɛ beOuagadougou mini [[Port Bouet Airport|Abidjan]]. [[Rail transport in Burkina Faso]] nyɛla din gbai yaɣi yini ko, n yiɣiri yiri [[Kaya, Burkina Faso|Kaya]] n chani [[Abidjan|Abidja]]<ref>European Rail Timetable, Summer&nbsp;2014 Edition</ref> Pala kamani 15,000kilometres n be Burkina Faso tingbani ni ka di puuni, 2,500kilometres leei nyɛ so'bihi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burkina Faso Road Network|url=https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Burkina+Faso+Road+Network|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203137/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Burkina+Faso+Road+Network|archive-date=5 August 2018|access-date=4 August 2018|website=Logistics Capacity Assessments (LCAs)}}</ref> ==== <u>Tabiibitabiibi Yaɣili</u> ==== [[Science and Technology in Burkina Faso]] Burkina Faso nima daa nyɛla ban di GDP 0.20% n niŋ tuma shɛli bɛ ni boli ''Research and Development (R&D)'' la puuni yuuni 2009 puuni. Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla zaɣi bila West Africa kalinli puuni. Yuuni 2010 la puuni vihigu vihiriba ban kalinli daa yiɣisi pihinahi ni anii daa nyɛla ban vihi yiya paai miliyɔna din gari sub-Saharan Africa buyi (20 per million population in 2013) ka din bɔŋɔ nyɛ din gari [[Ghana]] mini [[Nigeria]] (pihita ni awei) bɛ ni boli shɛli ratio la. Di ratio ŋɔ gba nyɛla din pɔri pam ni [[Senegal]] (391 per million inhabitants). Lala vihigu vihiriba ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa pu shɛba n niŋ Burkina Faso yaɣayaɣa yuuni 2010 la puuni ka kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihinahi ni ayɔbu be alaafei bɔ nti maŋa yaɣili, ka pia ni ayɔbu be bɛ ni boli shɛli engineering la yaɣili, ka pia ni ata be bɛ ni boli shɛli natural science la yaɣili, ka awei be pukparim yaɣili, ka ayɔpɔin be ''humanities'' yaɣili, ka anahi la mi be ninsalinima biɛhigu yaɣili.<ref>{{Cite book|title=UNESCO Science Report towards 2030 PDF|year=UNESCO 2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|pages=472-497}}</ref> Bɛ ni boli shɛli Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation la daa nyɛla gɔmdanti ni mɛ shɛli silimin gɔli January, 2011 yuuni puuni ka di che ka management of science, technology, nti pahi innovation la kpalim n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛba Department of Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research nima la tuma hali ni saha ŋɔ. Di puuni yaha ti ni mi shɛba Directorate General for Research and Sector Statistics nima la nyɛla ban su di shili malibu. Ʒingama laɣingu shɛŋa bɛ ni boli the Directorate General of Scientific Research, Technology and Innovation, coordinates research nyɛla din zaɣ'yini kam ni ni tooi tum tuma ŋɔ zaa West Africa tingbana puuni. Gɔmdanti ni mɛ li naai, di che ka o baŋ ni science and technology nyɛla binitimsili n ti tingbani lɛbigimsim. Yuuni 2023 puuni, Burkina Faso nima daa nyɛla ban dɔ 124th bɛ ni boli shɛli the [[Global Innovation Index]] la puuni. Burkina Faso nima daa nyɛla ban kpuɣi so'chibisi n kpɛhi bɛ ni boli shɛli National Policy for Scientific and Technical Research la nuuni yuuni 2012 la puuni ka bɛ niiya daa nyɛ ni di tabi n sɔŋ R&D ka lahi che ka the application and commercialization of research results du zuɣusaa. Yaha, di daa lahi nyɛla din yen sɔŋ ti ni mi shɛba ministry la so'chibisi ka di niiya daa lahi nyɛ ni di yooi soya ka bindira niŋ bayana ka che ka niŋ tiɣibo beni dama nii nyambu pa nyɛla din be pukparim ni. Yuuni 2014 puuni, bɛ ni daa n kpa bɛ ni boli shɛli the creation of a centre for excellence ti ni mi shɛli International Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering din be Ouagadougou ka be World Bank Project la sunsuuni nyɛla din yooi soya ka sɔŋsim balibu balibu pam kpɛ din lɛbigimsim yaɣa puuni. Di nyɛla sɔŋsim suma zaŋ kpa innovation nti pahi alaafei bɔ nti maŋa shɛhi ŋɔ tooni tibo ni. Gɔmdanti bɔri mi ni o vo applied science and technology and social and human science. O lahi nyɛla ŋun kpa National Strategy ni o zaŋ Technologies, Inventions and Innovations (din daa niŋ 2012 yuuni la) nti pahi National Innovation Strategy (din daa niŋ yuuni 2014 puuni la) n wuhi salo ka di nyɛla pahigu n ti bɛ ni boli shɛli national research policy la. Bɛ daa kpaɣi so'chibisi pam ni bɛ che ka science and technology nya naba zani di shɛŋa n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ''Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research'' (2010), the ''National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security'' (2014) and the ''National Programme for the Rural Sector'' (2011). Burkina Faso nima daa nyɛla ban baŋ Science, Technology and innovation Act la hali gba ka mali soya ata din yen financing research and innovation din wuhiri ni bɛ shɛri mi li viɛyelinga yuuni 2013 la puuni. Lala baŋsim parisi shɛŋa bɛ ni daa kpuɣi ŋɔ n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli the National Fund for Research and Innovation for Development and the Forum for Scientific Research Technological Innovation. == <u>Demographics</u> == [edit] Main article: [[Demographics of Burkina Faso]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Population |- !Year !Million |- |1950 |4.3 |- |2000 |11.6 | |- |2021 |22.1 |} Burkina Faso nyɛla tingbani shɛli din mali salo ni bɛ hala kam ka lala salo ŋɔ pam nyɛ ban ʒi di di yaɣili shɛli bɛ ni boli south mini centre la puuni. Pirimla bɛ galisi la zuɣu bɛ nyɛla ban muɣi di maa ni n yaɣi ti ni mi shɛli 48 inhabitants per square kilometre (120/sp mi). Di tiŋa bihi ti ni mi shɛba Burkinabè la nyɛla ban galisi pam n beIvory Coast mini Ghana tingbana ni pukparim zuɣu. Tɔi amaa fitiina kara lahi nyɛla din paari ba bɛ chana ŋɔ puuni kamani coup shɛli din daa yen n niŋ Ivory Coast silimin gɔli September ni yuuni 2002 puuni la din daa bahindi ni zabili ŋɔ daa zami shee kɔbisi tuha shɛba nyɛ Burkinabè la labi Burkina Faso. Tiŋa ŋɔ daabiligu daa nyɛla din labi nyanŋa pam pirimi la bɛ ni daa bɛ tooi n tum la zuɣu. Yuuni 2015 la puuni salo ŋɔ pam daa nyɛla ban yi "West African bala la ni yaɣa yini ni ti ni mi shɛli the Voltaic mini the Mandé. Kɔbiga puuni Voltaic Mossi ban yi yabidoo yini ni ka be Ghana yuuni 1100 saha maa nyɛla ban be nama ni n paai yuma 800." Burkina Faso nima [[total fertility rate]] daa nyɛla din daa yiɣisi 5.93 bihi paɣa kam ni daa dɔɣi yuuni 2014 la puli ni ka din bɔŋɔ nyɛ din che ka bɛ dɔ ayɔbu dunia zaa. Yuuni 2009 la puuni ti ni mi shɛba [[U.S. Department of State's]] ''Trafficking in Persons Report'' nima daa wuhi bɛ gbaŋni ni Burkina Faso nima na nyɛla ban gbahiri daba din nyɛ din bi chihi bɛ tingbani maa ni bilichinsi gba. Tɔi amaa dab'tali shɛli din be [[Sahel]] tingbani la din nyɛla bɛ yaanima kali n ti ba ka di mini din be [[trans-Saharan slave trade]] la n dɔla. Bɛ ni boli shɛba the [[Global Slavery Index]] la nima wuhiya ni yuuni 2018 la puuni, tiŋa ŋɔ niriba ban kalinli daa yiɣisi 82,000 la daa nyɛla ban be ti ni mi shɛli "modern slavery" la puuni. === <u>Bɛ bala</u> === [edit] Main article: Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso Niriba ban kalinli yiɣisi 17.3 miliyɔŋ ka be Burkina Faso nyɛla ban nyɛ yi ni mi shɛli West African ethnic groups la ban n-nyɛ [[Voltaic]] mini [[Mandé]] (ban bali nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli [[Dioula]]) la. Voltaic [[Mossi]] nima ŋɔ nyɛla ban nyɛ Burkina Faso nima pirigili. Mɔhi ŋɔ nyɛla ban ŋmeri nyɔɣu wuhiri bɛ yab'doo ni nyɛ tɔha kɔŋ shɛm, ŋun daa yi tudu ŋɔ polo n chaŋ Burkina Faso yuuni 1100 AD la saha. Bana n lahi nyɛ ban mɛ nayiya din yuui n gari yuma kɔbisi nii ka lahi nyɛ ban zoogi pam pukparim puuni. Bɛ Naa n-nyɛ [[Mogho Naba]] ŋun nam kuɣu yuli booni Ouagadougou. [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Processing facilities at the Essakane Mine in Burkina Faso]] == Kundivihira == {{Africa maŋsulunsi tiŋgbana}} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} [[Pubu:Africa]] [[Pubu:West Africa]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] {{stub}} 5f5x905t7i0qi36fokbm7jo43r6zmxy Siliminsili 0 9540 146152 145938 2026-08-10T21:45:37Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Yeltɔɣ' | yeltɔɣ' = Siliminsili | image = [[file:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg|frameless]] | country = | iso1 = en | iso2 = eng | iso3 = eng }} {{E-Class}} '''Silimiinsili''' (''English language'')<ref>Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.</ref>Silimiinsili nyɛla West Germanic balli shɛli din be Indo-European balli daŋ ni ka bɛ booni ninvuɣ' shɛba ban yɛri lala balli ŋɔ Anglophones, di daa pilli la England zaŋ n-ti Great Britain.{{sfn|The Routes of English}}{{sfn|Crystal|2003a|p=6}}{{sfn|Wardhaugh|2010|p=55}}Ninvuɣ' so yuli bɛ ni zaŋ n-ti balli ŋɔ nyɛ Angles, Germani ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa yi labi Britain ninvuɣ' yino. Silimiinsili nyɛla bal' shɛli niriba pam ni yɛri dunia zaa, di daa na nyɛla balli shɛli British Empire mini United States nima ni tuui yɛra.<ref>Salome, Rosemary (2022). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_gNREAAAQBAJ&dq=%22its+global+spread+began+with+the+british+empire,+which+at+its+height%22&pg=PA6 The Rise of English as a Global Language]''. Oxford University Press, pp. 6-7.</ref> Silimiinsili nyɛ din pahiri ata balli shɛŋa niriba pam ni yɛra bahindila Mandarin Chinese mini Spanish nyaaŋa;{{sfn|Ethnologue|2010}} Di ni lahi nyɛ balli shɛli din pahiri ayi niriba ni bɔhim balli shɛŋa ni duniya zaa ka ban bɔhin li ŋɔ gari balli ŋɔ bilichininima. Silimiinsili nyɛla balli shɛli bee di nyɛla din pahi balli shɛŋa ni tiŋgbana pam ni saɣi n-ti ka yɛra kamani [[India]], Ireland n-ti pahi [[Canada]]). Tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni di ni nyɛ balli shɛli bɛ ni yɛri gari ballli kam kamani United States mini United Kingdom.{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|pp=108–109}} Di nyɛla din pahi balla zaŋ n-ti United Nations, European Union n-ti pahi tiŋduya tiŋgbani shɛŋa. Di lahi nyɛla din leei ''de facto lingua franca'' zaŋ n-ti tabibi, tiŋduya dabiligu niŋbu, binyɛra laasabu malibu, diɛma diɛmbu shee n-ti pahi pohim zuɣu .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/books/review/the-rise-of-english-rosemary-salomone.html|title=How the English Language Conquered the World|last=Chua|first=Amy|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301222132/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/books/review/the-rise-of-english-rosemary-salomone.html|archive-date=1 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ninvuɣ shɛba ban yɛri silimiinsili Germanic balli ni nyɛla kɔbigi puuni vaabu pisopɔin ka lahabali daa yina wuhira ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban yɛri silimiinsili duniya zaa kalinli nyɛla din gari 2&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Two thousand million?|url=https://archive.org/details/english-today_2008-03_24_1/page/3|journal=English Today|volume=24|issue=1|pages=3–6|language=en-US|doi=10.1017/S0266078408000023|last1=Crystal|first1=David|year=2008|s2cid=145597019|doi-access=free | issn=0266-0784 }}</ref> Silimiinsili kurili nyɛla din laɣim West Germanic bachinima kumsim.<ref name="Wolff">{{cite book |last=Finkenstaedt |first=Thomas |author2=Dieter Wolff |title=Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon |publisher=C. Winter |year=1973 |isbn=978-3-533-02253-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Bammesberger|1992|p=30}}{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=39}} == Classification == [[File:Europe germanic-languages 2.PNG|thumb| '''[[Anglic languages]]''' {{legend|#FFA500|English}} {{legend|#FF8C00|[[Scots language|Scots]]}} within the '''[[Anglo-Frisian languages]]''', which also include {{legend|#FFD700|[[Frisian languages|Frisian]] ([[West Frisian language|West]], [[North Frisian language|North]], [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland]]);}} within the '''[[North Sea Germanic languages]]''', which also include {{legend|#7FFF00|[[Low German]]/Saxon;}} within the '''[[West Germanic languages]]''', which also include {{legend|#FFFF00|[[Dutch language|Dutch]] in Europe and [[Afrikaans]] in Africa}} ...... [[German language|German]] ([[High German|High]]): {{legend|#00FF00|[[Central German|Central]]; in [[Luxembourg|Lux.]]: [[Luxembourgish]]}} {{legend|#008000|[[Upper German|Upper]]}} ...... [[Yiddish]]]] [[File:West Germanic languages (simplified).svg|thumb|A family tree of the [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] language family]] Silimiinsili nyɛla Indo-Europenima balli ka nyɛ din yina West Germanic laɣingu zaŋ n-ti Germanic balla.{{sfn|Bammesberger|1992|pp=29–30}} Silimiinsili kurili din daa piligi Germanic balli ni mini "linguistic continuum" nyɛla balli shɛŋa din leei Anglic balli din be British Isles ka di gba leei Frisian balla puuni shɛli mini Low German /Low Saxon. Frisian balla ŋɔ mini Anglic balla nyɛ din leei Anglo-Frisian balla ka nyɛ din ŋmani siliminsili. Low German/Low Saxon gba nyɛla din ŋmani silimiinsili, Frisian balla mini Low German nyɛla bɛ ni laɣim shɛli leei North Sea Germanic balla amaa di laɣimbu ŋɔ nyɛla shɛba ni na ŋmɛri shɛli nangbankpeeni .{{sfn|Bammesberger|1992|p=30}} Silimiinsili kurili nyɛ din leei "Middle English" ka di gba leei Modern English.{{sfn|Robinson|1992}} Bachinima kumsim zaŋ n-ti Old mini Middle English gba nyɛla din leei Anglic balla kamani Scots {{sfn|Romaine|1982|pp=56–65}} ka Fingallian Mini Yola balli zaŋ n-ti Ireland gba nyɛ din ŋmani taba.{{sfn|Barry|1982|pp=86–87}} == Taarihi == {{Main|History of English}} === Overview of history === Walinginsim shɛli din daa be silimiinsili balli ni nyɛ bɛ ni daa booni shɛli silimiinsili kurili bee "Anglo-Saxon", di nyɛla din yina laɣingu zaŋ n-ti North Sea Germanic balli ni ka daa zaŋ li kpɛ Britain 5th century saha. Silimiinsili kurili balli ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa taɣi shɛli bela 8th mini 9th centuries. "middle English" nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli 11th century, di daa piligimi Norman Conquest zaŋ n-ti England nyaaŋa ka bɛ daa zaŋ French kurili pahi silimiinsili zuɣu.<ref name="Ian Short 2007">{{cite book | last=Short | first=Ian | title=A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World | chapter=Language and Literature | publisher=Boydell and Brewer Limited | date=2002-01-01 | isbn=978-1-84615-046-3 | doi=10.1017/9781846150463.011 | pages=191–214}}</ref>{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|p=30}} Saha ŋɔ silimiinsili nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli 15th century ka daa piligi li ŋɔ ni "Great Vowel shift", di nyaaŋa ka daa nyari di bachinima Latin mini Greek bachinima ni. Bɛ daa sabi balli ŋɔ niŋ King James Bible mini William Shakespeare tuma nima ni.{{sfn|How English evolved into a global language|2010}}<ref>{{britannica URL|topic/English-language/Historical-background|English language: Historical background}}</ref> Ninvuɣ shɛba ban sabiri paari binyɛra zuɣu nyɛla ban sabiri silimiinsili.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Upward |first1=Christopher |title=The History of English Spelling |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish0000upwa |last2=Davidson |first2=George |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-405-19024-4 |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish0000upwa/page/84 84]}}</ref> === Three circles of English-speaking countries === [[File:English as main language in London 2021.svg|thumb|Percentage of [[London]] residents for whom English was their primary language as of 2021]] [[File:Kachru's three circles of English.svg|thumb|alt=Braj Kachru's Three Circles of English|[[Braj Kachru]]'s ''Three Circles of English'']] Indianima balli bɔhinda Braj Kachru nyɛla ŋun daa waligi tiŋgbani shɛŋa ban yɛri silimiinsili "three circle models".{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=2}} Kachru yɛigu zaŋ jandi taarihi zaŋ n-ti silimiinsili wuligi kpɛ tiŋgbani koŋkoba. Lala "three circle model" ŋɔ nyɛla din taɣiri saha kam.{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=196}} Tiŋgbana shɛŋa ban nyɛ bilichini zaŋ n-ti silimiinsili balli nyɛ United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland n-ti pahi New Zealand, ni ka niriba pam yɛri silimiinsili ka South Africa niriba pirigili gba nyɛ ban yɛri silimiinsili. Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din nyɛ bilichininima zaŋ n-ti silimiinsili balli nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ [[United States]] (kamani 231&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Ryan|2013|loc=Table 1}} United Kingdom (60&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Office for National Statistics|2013|loc=Key Points}}{{sfn|National Records of Scotland|2013}}{{sfn|Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|2012|loc=Table KS207NI: Main Language}} [[Canada]] (19&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Statistics Canada|2014}} [[Australia]] (kamani 17&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Australian Bureau of Statistics|2013}} [[South Africa]] (4.8&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Statistics South Africa|2012|loc=Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number)}} Ireland(4.2&nbsp;million) n-ti pahi [[New Zealand]] (3.7&nbsp;million).{{sfn|Statistics New Zealand|2014}} Lala tiŋgbana ŋɔ ni, bihibihi nyɛla ban bɔhindi silimiinsili bɛ lammba sani mini bɛ ʒilɛli ni nima sani.{{sfn|Bao|2006|p=377}} Silimiinsili balli ŋɔ nyɛla din wuligi yina lala tiŋgbana ŋɔ ni.{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=196}} Vihigu nyɛla din wuhi ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa ban gba yɛri silimiinsili ŋɔ pam pahi ayi nyɛla ban gba paai 470&nbsp;million zaŋ chaŋ 1&nbsp;billion.{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|pp=108–109}} Balli bɔhindi baŋda David Crystal nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban pa silimiinsili balli bilichinima zaŋ n-ti ninvuɣ shɛba ban nyɛ silimiinsili balli bilichinima nyɛla 3:1.{{sfn|Crystal|2003a|p=69}} Kachru "three-circles model" ŋɔ wuhiya ni "outer circle" tiŋgbana nyɛ [[Philippines]],{{sfn|Rubino|2006}} [[Jamaica]],{{sfn|Patrick|2006a}} [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Singapore]],{{sfn|Lim|Ansaldo|2006}} [[Malaysia]] n-ti pahi [[Nigeria]]{{sfn|Connell|2006}}{{sfn|Schneider|2007}} Lala tiŋgbana ŋɔ pirigili nyɛla ban bɔhim silimiinsili ka tooi nyɛ ban yɛri li bɛ shikuruti ni, yiŋ, daabiligu shee.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=5}} === Pluricentric English === {{Pie chart |caption=Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in "inner circle" English-speaking countries.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}{{when|date=June 2024}} Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of English (not counted in this chart). |other=yes |value1={{#expr:231/359*100 round 1}} |label1=US |color1=#BF0A30 |value2={{#expr:60/359*100 round 1}} |label2=UK |color2=#003399 |value3={{#expr:19/359*100 round 1}} |label3=Canada |color3=#FF0000 |value4={{#expr:17/359*100 round 1}} |label4=Australia |color4=#008751 |value5={{#expr:4.8/359*100 round 1}} |label5=South Africa |color5=#FCB514 |value6={{#expr:3.8/359*100 round 1}} |label6=Ireland |color6=#008000 |value7={{#expr:3.7/359*100 round 1}} |label7=New Zealand |color7=#000000 }} Silimiinsili nyɛla din ka yɛligu shee ka di wuhiri ni ka tiŋgbani yini koŋko zali di yunsibu zalikpana.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=2}}{{sfn|Romaine|1999}}{{sfn|Baugh|Cable|2002}}{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|pp=8–9}} Niriba tooi mali silimiinsili wuligiri lahabali ka yɛri li tamdi di bolibu zalikpana zuɣu.{{sfn|Trudgill|2006}} Amaa lahabalitiriba gba nyɛla ban sabiri bɛ lahabali tamdi silimiinsili zalikpana zuɣu ka di wuhiri ni lala zalikpana ŋɔ nyɛla din be tiŋgbani kam amaa ka tiŋgbani yini koŋko.{{sfn|Ammon|2008|pp=1537–1539}} Americanima nyɛla ban tooi wumdi British yɛlitɔɣa ka British nima gba nyɛ ban tooi wumdi Americanima yɛltɔɣa. Ninvuɣ shɛba zaa ban yɛri silimiinsili nyɛla ban tooi wumdi duniya zaa ladio mini telivisa zuɣu silimiinsili yɛltɔɣa.{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=122}} {{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|pp=5–6}} Taarihi zaŋ jandi silimiinsili yɛriba tiŋgbana nyɛla din be Britain sambani ka nyɛ ban sɔŋ tiŋgbani shɛŋa ka bɛ gba baŋ silimiinsili balli tiŋgbana kamani South Africa, Australia n-ti pahi New Zealand.{{sfn|Deumert|2006|p=130}} Ninvuɣ shɛba ban chaŋ kpɛ United States ka pa British bilichinima nyɛla ban gba bɔhim silimiinsili. Saha ŋɔ United States salo ban gari bɛ kalinli pirigili nyɛla ban yɛri silimiinsili koŋko .{{sfn|Ryan|2013|loc=Table 1}}{{sfn|Deumert|2006|p=131}} *[[Australia#Language|Australia]] nyɛla ban ka balli yini koŋko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Rowena |date=2019 |title='National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific |journal=Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies |volume=16 |issue=1/2 |pages=83–4 |doi=10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510 | doi-access=free |quote=The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official language.}}</ref> *Canada, silimiinsili mini French nyɛ bɛ ni yɛri balli shɛŋa .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?m=/index&nid=480459|title=40 Years of the Official Languages Act|publisher=Department of Justice Canada|access-date=March 24, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/O-3.01/page-1.html|title=Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)|work=Act current to July 11th, 2010|publisher=Department of Justice|access-date=August 15, 2010|archive-date=January 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105194649/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/O-3.01/page-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Silimiinsili nyɛla balli shɛli koŋko tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni amaa Quebec's nima zaa nyɛla ban yɛri French.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/tdm/cs/C-11| title = Charter of the French language| last = | first = | date = 26 March 2024| website = Légis Québec| publisher = Québec Official Publisher| access-date = 5 June 2024| quote = French is the official language of Québec. Only French has that status.}}</ref> *Silimiinsili nyɛ balli shɛli din pahi ayi Irelandnima ni yɛri balli shɛŋa pam ni ka Irish nyɛ tuuli balli shɛli bɛ ni yɛra ni.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part2| title = Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland| last = | first = | date = January 2020| website = Irish Statute Book| publisher =| access-date = 5 June 2024| quote = 1 The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 2 The English language is recognised as a second official language.}}</ref> *New Zealand nyɛ luɣishɛli niriba pam ni yɛri silimiinsili tiŋgbani shɛli, di balla ayi shɛŋa din pahi ka sokam yɛri nyɛ [[Maori Language Act 1987|Māori]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Maori Language Act 1987 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1987/0176/latest/DLM124116.html |accessdate=18 December 2011 }}</ref> mini New Zealand buɣisibu balli.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/488120/696482 |title=Recognition for sign language |date=6 April 2006 |work=[[Television New Zealand]] |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515221254/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/488120/696482 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *United Kingdom nima nyɛla ban ka balli yini shɛli bɛ ni saɣi n-ti ka sokam yɛra. Wales mini Northern Ireland, silimiinsili nyɛ balli shɛli bɛ ni yɛri pahiri Welsh<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huws |first1=Catrin Fflur |title=The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success? |journal=Language Policy |date=June 2006 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=141–160 |doi=10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0 }}</ref> mini Irish. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-26 |title=Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-63402597 |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref> Scotland mini England gba nyɛla ban ka balli yini shɛli sokam ni saɣi n-ti ka yɛra. *United States gba nyɛla ban ka balli yini shɛli sokam ni saɣi n-ti ka yɛra ni bɛ tiŋ'kara ni .<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.usa.gov/official-language-of-us| title = Official language of the United States| last = | first = | date = 27 December 2023| website = USAGov| publisher = | access-date = 5 June 2024| quote = The United States does not have an official language. English is the most widely used language in the U.S., and some states designate it as their official language.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Faingold |first=Eduardo D. |date=2018 |title=Language Rights and the Law in the United States and Its Territories |publisher=Lexington Books |page=8 |quote=The United States has never had an official language and attempts to declare English its official language have been unsuccessful in the U.S. Congress.}}</ref> Silimiinsili nyɛla balli yini shɛli sokam ni saɣi n-ti shɛli bee ka bɛ yɛra tiŋgbani maa yaɣa pihita ni ayi ni.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#people-and-society| title = United States| last = | first = | date = 29 May 2024| website = The World Factbook| publisher = Central Intelligence Agency| access-date = 5 June 2024| quote = Note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska.| archive-date = 12 December 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211212224932/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#people-and-society| url-status = dead}}</ref> === English as a global language === {{Main|English as a lingua franca}} {{See also|Foreign-language influences in English|Study of global communication}} [[File:Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject.svg|thumb|Countries in which English language is a mandatory or an optional subject<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject |url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/global-english-education/countries-in-which-english-is-mandatory-or-optional-subject.html |publisher=The University of Winnipeg |access-date=30 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031000038/https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/global-english-education/countries-in-which-english-is-mandatory-or-optional-subject.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{legend|#00a2e8|English is a mandatory subject}}{{legend|#ffc90e|English is an optional subject}}{{legend|#ababab|No data}}]] [[File:English Proficiency Index by country as of 2014.svg|thumb|English Proficiency Index by country as of 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html|title=World Factbook CIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322184415/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html|archive-date=22 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{legend|#225500|Very high proficiency (80–100%)}} {{legend|#44aa00|High proficiency (60–80%)}} {{legend|#66ff00|Moderate proficiency (40–60%)}} {{legend|#99ff55|Low proficiency (20–40%)}} {{legend|#ccffaa|Very low proficiency (0.1–20%)}} {{legend|#c0c0c0|No data}}]] Silimiinsili balli nyɛla balli shɛli zaŋ n-ti silimin bilichinima.{{sfn|Romaine|1999|p=5}}{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=1}} Silimiinsili nyɛla din wuligi kpɛ tiŋgbani kam ka niriba pam tooi yɛri bɛ tiŋgbana ni mini tiŋduya fiila dibu ni. Niriba pam nyɛla ban bɔhim silimiinsili balli ŋɔ.{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=195}} Niriba pam ban yɛri silimiinsili Afirika nyɛla ban pahi "Afro-Saxon" balli ni ka di nyɛ din zaŋ Afirika tiŋgbana laɣim taba ka bɛ zaa wumdi taba yɛltɔɣa.{{sfn|Mazrui|Mazrui|1998}} Maŋsulinsi deebu British Empire sani bin din gbaai yuuni 1950s mini yuuni 1960s, lala tiŋgbana ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa bi zaɣisi silimiinsili amaa ka daa kuli tuɣi silimiinsili ŋɔ bɔhimbu mini zaŋ tum tuma maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa.{{sfn|Mufwene|2006|p=614}}{{sfn|Northrup|2013|pp=81–86}}{{sfn|Mesthrie|2010|p=594}}Ŋmahinli kamani Indianima nyɛla ban daa baŋ silimiinsili saha shɛli gbaŋpiɛlla ni daa gbubi ba hali ni zuŋɔ silimiinsili nyɛla balli shɛli sokam ni saɣi n-ti ka yɛri India.{{sfn|Annamalai|2006}} Silimiinsili lahi nyɛ balli shɛli din niŋ bayana pohim zuɣu mini sabibu ni ka silimiinsili balli buku shɛŋa Indianima ni sabi zaŋ wuhi salo nyɛ din dɔ buta zuɣu duniya zaa bahindila US mini UK.{{sfn|Sailaja|2009|pages=2–9}} Din pahira, ka silimiinsili nyɛ tuuli balli zaŋ n-ti India amaa ka salo pam nyɛ ban yɛri li ka kɔbigi puuni vaabu dibaa anu nyɛ ban ni tooi yɛlli viɛnyɛla India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language – The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms?referral=PM|website=The Times of India |date=14 March 2010 |access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422224021/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf |title=Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=5 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211124532/http://www.ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2015 |isbn= 978-0-19-806512-8}}</ref> David Crystal nyɛla ŋun daa yɛlli yɛltɔɣa yuuni 2004 wuhiri ni ti yi zaŋ ninvuɣ shɛba ban nyɛ silimiinsili bilichinima mini ban pa di bilichinima ka yɛri silimiinsili India kalinli yi laɣim taba nyɛla din gari tiŋgbani kam duniya zaa,{{sfn|Crystal|2004}} amaa ninvuɣ shɛba ban nyɛ ban ni tooi yɛlli silimiinsili India kalinli nyɛla niriba ni bɛ tooi mi shɛli ka baŋdiba pam nyɛ ban yɛlli ni United States nyɛla din mali ninvuɣ shɛba ban yɛri silimiinsili gari India.{{sfn|Graddol|2010}} Saha ŋɔ silimiinsili, nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisiri shɛli saha shɛŋa duniya zaa tuuli "lingua franca",{{sfn|Graddol|2006}}{{sfn|Meierkord|2006|p=165}} di ni lahi nyɛ tuuli duniya zaa balli.{{sfn|Brutt-Griffler|2006|pp=690–91}}{{sfn|Northrup|2013}} Silimiinsili nyɛ balli shɛli lahabalitiriba ni sabiri shɛli wuhiri salo, di ni ka bɛ lahi tooi mali sabiri niŋdi bukunima wuhiri salo, tiŋduya fiila dibu, tabibi yɛltɔɣa zaŋ wuhi salo ni gba silimiinsili ni ka bɛ tooi sabiri li n-ti pahi tiŋduya dabiligu shee di ni ka bɛ yɛra.{{sfn|Northrup|2013}} Silimiinsili nyɛla balli shɛli tiŋgbani kam din be duniya zaa ni yɛra.{{sfn|Wojcik|2006|p=139}} Seaspeak mini Airspeak nyɛla tiŋduya balla zaŋ n-ti ninvuɣ shɛba ban chani kom ni {{sfn|International Maritime Organization|2011}} mini aleepili ni bee pohim zuɣu.{{sfn|International Civil Aviation Organization|2011}} Silimiinsili nyɛla balli shɛli niriba ni daa bɛ tooi yunsiri shɛli French mini German tabibi vihisi ni amaa silimiinsili ka bɛ pa mali niŋdi bɛ binshɛɣu kam saha ŋɔ.{{sfn|Gordin|2015}} Di nyɛla balli shɛli niriba pam ni daa bɛ yɛri French yuuni 1919.{{sfn|Phillipson|2004|p=47}} Saha shɛli bɛ ni daa piligi [[United Nations]] saha shɛli duniya zaa tɔbu din pahiri ayi ni daa naai, silimiinsili nyɛla din daa na bi niŋ bayana{{sfn|ConradRubal-Lopez|1996|p=261}} amaa saha ŋɔ di ni pa nyɛ balli shɛli duniya zaa ni yɛra tiŋduya daabilim shee.{{sfn|Richter|2012|p=29}} Di nyɛla din pahi United Nations balla ayobu shɛŋa sokam ni yɛra la puuni.{{sfn|United Nations|2010}} Tiŋduya laɣinsi kamani [[European Free Trade Association]], [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN),{{sfn|Crystal|2003a}} mini [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) nyɛla ban yɛri silimiinsili bɛ laɣinsi hali ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban be di ni maa gba yi pa silimiinsili bilichinima. Ka European Union (EU) nyɛ ban tiri niriba soli ka bɛ piiri tiŋgbani maa ni balli yini yɛra bɛ laɣinsi ni.{{sfn|Ammon|2006|p=321}} == Fonoloji == Siliminsili bachinima ni booni shɛm mini di ni kumdi shɛm malila waliginsim zuliya kam zilinli zuɣu, amaa ka di lee bi tooi chirimdi di alizam dibu. Bachinima bolibu taɣirila bachinima kumsi (i.e. yɛltɔɣa kumsim din tiri di gbunni waliginsim), ni bachinima ŋmebu kumsim bɔlibu.{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|pp=334–335}} Lahabali ŋɔ buɣisirila bachinima ni kumdi shɛm United Kingdom mini [[United States]]. Bachinima dalima din tum tuma gbunni ŋɔ yimina "[[International Phonetic Alphabet]]" (IPA) ni.{{sfn|Carr|Honeybone|2007}}{{sfn|Bermúdez-Otero|McMahon|2006}}{{sfn|MacMahon|2006}} === Konsonantinima === Siliminsili konsonantinima bachinima ŋmebu pam malila bachi pishi ni anahi (bee pshi ni ayɔbu /x/ n-ti pahi (/ʔ/)){{nbsp}}. Konsonantinima nambu din doli ŋɔ na nyɛla California Silimisili ni saɣiti shɛli,{{sfn|International Phonetic Association|1999|pages=41–42}} n-ti pahi RP ni zani ti shɛli.{{sfn|König|1994|page=534}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ Konsonantinima bachinima ŋmebu ! colspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] !! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] !! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]] !! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|m}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|n}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ŋ}}* | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Plosive]] | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|p}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|b}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|d}} | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɡ}} | style="border-right: 0;" | ({{IPAlink|ʔ}}) || style="border-left: 0;" | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]] | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|tʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|dʒ}} | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]] | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|v}} | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|θ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ð}} | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|z}} | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ʒ}} | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | ({{IPAlink|x}}) || style="border-left: 0;" | | style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|h}} || style="border-left: 0;" | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant]] ! <small>[[Central consonant|Central]]</small> | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɹ}}** | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|j}} | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}} | colspan="2" | |- ! <small>[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]</small> | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|l}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- |} <small>* The sound {{IPA|/ŋ/}} can only occur as a coda.</small> <small>** Conventionally transcribed {{IPA|/r/}}</small> Teebuli maa puuni, binyɛra kamani (zanibu bihi) yi ti laɣim taba, kamani {{IPA|/p b/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ dʒ/}}, ni {{IPA|/s z/}}, tuuli dini maa m-mali yaa ka di paya maa nyɛ zaɣ'gbariŋ. Bachinima kamani {{IPA|/p tʃ s/}} boonimi n-darigiri jila ka vuhim mi ʒiri bachi gbarima, kamani {{IPA|/b dʒ z/}}, ka zooi ka di ka kukoli. Bachi gbarima tooi yirimina bachinima tuuli bɔlibu ni bela, ka yirina viɛyɛla vaawulinima sunsuuni. Bachinima kamani {{IPA|/p/}} malila nahingban shɛŋa dabam zuliya shɛŋa ni: Di boonimi ni vuhim vuhibahina {{IPA|[pʰ]}} di yi ti yina di o bachinima din kahim ni, amaa ka biu tuhiri vuhim saha shɛŋa, ka bɛ tooi zooi ka di bahiri {{IPA|[p̚]}} bee {{IPA|[ʔp]}} di bahigu. Bachi gansi ni, Bachin din kani na ka tiri bachi din mali yaa bi darigira: dini n-nyɛ '''nip"'' nyɛla din mali vaawuli din bi darigira (bachinma ŋmebu ni, amaa ka bachinima pebu ni) n-gari ''nib'' {{IPA|[nɪˑb̥]}} (Lihimi gbunni ŋɔ).{{sfn|Collins|Mees|2003|pages=47–53}} * zanibu bihi din ka yaa: ''bin'' {{IPA|[b̥ɪˑn]}}, ''about'' {{IPA|[əˈbaʊt]}}, ''nib'' {{IPA|[nɪˑb̥]}} * Zanibu bihi din mali yaa: ''pin'' {{IPA|[pʰɪn]}}; ''spin'' {{IPA|[spɪn]}}; ''happy'' {{IPA|[ˈhæpi]}}; ''nip'' {{IPA|[nɪp̚]}} or {{IPA|[nɪʔp]}} RP puuni, bachinima din nyɛt {{IPA|/l/}}, malila pubu buyi: din ne {{IPA|[l]}}, kamani neesim ni, ni din mali zimsim {{IPA|[ɫ]}}, kamani din pali ni.{{Sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=13}} GA malila zimsim ''l'' luɣa pam ni.{{Sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=41}} * din ne ''l'': RP ''light'' {{IPA|[laɪt]}} * din mali zimsim ''l'': RP and GA ''full'' {{IPA|[fʊɫ]}}, GA ''light'' {{IPA|[ɫaɪt]}} Nyeeni konsonantinima zaa (koma {{IPA|/l, r/}} ni nyevoya ni {{IPA|/m, n, ŋ/}}) yirimina bachinma din ka kumsim ni, ka doli taba di yi ti kanina konsonantinima bahigu.{{sfn|Brinton|Brinton|2010|pages=56–59}} * nyevoya ni bachinima din ka kumsi: "''clay"'' {{IPA|[kl̥eɪ̯]}}; "''snow"'' RP {{IPA|[sn̥əʊ̯]}}, GA {{IPA|[sn̥oʊ̯]}} * nyevoya ni bachinima din pe taba: "''paddle"'' {{IPA|[ˈpad.l̩]}}, "''button"'' {{IPA|[ˈbʌt.n̩]}} === Vaawulinima === {{Main|English phonology#Vowels}} {{stack begin}} {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;" |+ Closing diphthongs ! [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] !! [[General American|GA]] !! Word |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA|eɪ}} || b'''ay''' |- | {{IPA|əʊ}} || {{IPA|oʊ}} || r'''oa'''d |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA|aɪ}} || cr'''y''' |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA|aʊ}} || c'''ow''' |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔɪ}} || b'''oy''' |} {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;" |+ Centring diphthongs ! [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] !! [[General American|GA]] !! Word |- | {{IPA|ɪə}} || {{IPA|ɪɹ}} || p'''eer''' |- | {{IPA link|ɛ|eə}} || {{IPA|ɛɹ}} || p'''air''' |- | {{IPA|ʊə}} || {{IPA|ʊɹ}} || p'''oor''' |} {{stack end}} <div style="float: right;"> {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center; margin-right: 1em;" |+ Monophthongs ! [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] !! [[General American|GA]] !! Word |- | {{IPA link|iː}} || {{IPA link|i}} || n'''ee'''d |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɪ}} || b'''i'''d |- | {{IPA link|e̞|e}} || {{IPA link|ɛ}} || b'''e'''d |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|æ}}<!-- Pronunciation differs between RP and GA, but until we use separate symbols, these cells will be merged. --> || b'''a'''ck |- | {{IPA link|ɑː}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɑ}} || br'''a''' |- | rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɒ}} || b'''o'''x |- | rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}, {{IPA link|ɑ}} || cl'''o'''th |- | {{IPA link|ɔ|ɔː}}|| p'''aw''' |- | {{IPA link|uː}} || {{IPA link|u}} || f'''oo'''d |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}}<!-- Pronunciation differs between RP and GA, with RP probably closer to {{IPA|[ɵ]}}, but until we use separate symbols, these cells will be merged. --> || g'''oo'''d |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɐ|ʌ}} || b'''u'''t |- | {{IPA link|ə|ɜː}} || {{IPA link|ɚ|ɜɹ}} || b'''ir'''d |- | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ə}} || comm'''a''' |} </div> Vaawulinima bolibu malila waliginsim zuliyanima sunsuuni ka ka di nyɛ din yi polo yɛltɔɣa ni zaŋ chaŋ nira ni yina zuliya shɛli ni. Teebuli din doli ŋɔ na kalila vaawulinima ŋmebu (RP) mini (GA) ni, ni bachinma shɛhira shɛŋa ni di ni be bala ni. Vaawulinima maa dalim mi ni dalima din yina "International Phonetic Alphabet" ni; din zaŋ ti RP nyɛla din za di naba zuɣu British bachinma kahigibu kundunima ni.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wells|first=John C.|date=8 February 2001|url=https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-english-uni.htm|title=IPA transcription systems for English|publisher=University College London|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919182345/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-english-uni.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> RP puuni, vaawuli waɣilim malila di ŋmebu; Vaawuli waɣila dalindimi ni {{angbr IPA|ː}} teebuli din do zuɣusaa ŋɔ ni, kamani vaawuni zaŋ ti "''need"'' {{IPA|[niːd]}} zaŋ dalim "''bid"'' {{IPA|[bɪd]}}. GA puuni, vaawuli waɣilim bi za yim. RP mini GA ni zaa, vaawuli bachinma ŋmebu niŋdi la zaɣi jia pɔi ni ni konsonatinima din mali yaa, kamani {{IPA|/t tʃ f/}}, amaaa ka ni konsonantinima din ka yaa kamani {{IPA|/d dʒ v/}} bee: kamani, vaawulinima din be "''rich"'' {{IPA|[rɪtʃ]}}, "''neat"'' {{IPA|[nit]}}, mini "''safe"'' {{IPA|[seɪ̯f]}} ni nyɛla din ji ni vaawulinima din be "''ridge"'' {{IPA|[rɪˑdʒ]}}, "''need"'' {{IPA|[niˑd]}}, n-ti pahi "''save"'' {{IPA|[seˑɪ̯v]}} ni, ni "''light"'' {{IPA|[laɪ̯t]}} vaawuli nyɛla din ji n-gari "''lie"'' {{IPA|[laˑɪ̯]}}. Ka di daliri nyɛla vaawulinima din ka yaa ka kumsi bachinima bahigu, vaawuli kumsi kpala talahi ni wuhi vaawuli din mali yaa bee din ka yaa.{{sfn|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=46–50}} Vaawuli din nyɛ {{IPA|/ə/}} yirimina bachinma din bi kahim ni ka tooi yooi pam zaashe shɛŋa ni.{{sfn|Cruttenden|2014|p=138}}{{sfn|Flemming|Johnson|2007}} Zuliya shɛŋa bi kahindi {{IPA|/ɪ/}} mini {{IPA|/ə/}} zaashe shɛŋa ni, kamani "''rabbit"'' mini "''abbot"'' bachi kumsim taba dolibu ni.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=167}} GA {{IPA|/ɜr/}} mini {{IPA|/ər/}}nyɛla "''r''-coloured vowel" {{IPA|[ɚ]}}, kamani "''further" ni'' {{IPA|[ˈfɚðɚ]}} (bachi ŋmebu pebu ni {{IPA|/ˈfɜrðər/}}), RP ni bahi shɛli ka di nyɛ {{IPA|[ˈfəːðə]}} (bachi ŋmebu {{IPA|/ˈfɜːðə/}}).{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=121}} === Phonotactics === Siliminsili pebu chanimi ni pebu soli din nyɛ vaawuli kumsi. Pebu piligu mini di bahigu nyɛla suhuyurilim. Di ni tooi piligi ni konsonantinima kumsim dibaa ata, kamani "''sprint"'' {{IPA|/sprɪnt/}} ni, ka naai ni dibaa anu, kamani "''angsts"'' {{IPA|/aŋksts/}} zuliya shɛŋa ni. Lala dini ŋɔ tila Silimisili pebu din nyɛ, (CCC)V(CCCCC), ka C zaniti konsonanti ka V zaniti vaawuli; bachi din nyɛ "''strengths"'' {{IPA|/strɛŋkθs/}} nyɛla din mali yɛligola Siliminsili ni.{{sfn|König|1994|pages=537–538}} === Stress, rhythm and intonation === Kahimbu nyɛla din kpa talahi Siliminsili ni. Bachi shɛŋ kahindi mi, ka shɛŋa mi bi kahinda. Kahimbu laɣindila waɣilim, darigibu, vaawuli darija, ka taɣiri kumsim saha shɛŋa. Bachi kahinda boonimi niŋdi waɣiliga gari bachinima di bi kahim, ka vaawulinima din be bachinima din bi kahim ni filimda ka vaawulinima din be din kahim ni i ka lala.{{sfn|International Phonetic Association|1999|page=42}} Bachi shɛŋa ni, di bahi bahindi bachinima din tuma ji ni bachiniŋda di buɣisiri ni kamani "''can"'', malila di zaɣ'gbarima mini din mali yaa di yi niŋ ka di ti za kahimbu bee din bi kahim zaani. Bachinma kahimbu Siliminsili ni malila di ni ŋmeri shɛm, ka bachi shɛŋa waligibu yirina di kahimbu ni. Kamani ŋmahinli, bachi din nyɛ "''contract"'' kahimla tuuli ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|t|r|æ|k|t}} {{respell|KON|trakt}}) di yi ti zani bachinamdili zaani, amaa bahigu ni ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|n|ˈ|t|r|æ|k|t}} {{respell|kən|TRAKT|'}}) gbunni balibu ni (kamani shɛhira, "n-filim galisim") di yi ti zani bachinamdili zaani.{{sfn|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015|loc=Entry "contract"}}{{sfn|Merriam Webster|2015|loc=Entry "contract"}}{{sfn|Macquarie Dictionary|2015|loc=Entry "contract"}}{{sfn|Brinton|Brinton|2010|page=66}} Bachinima kum doli taba, Siliminsili nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli bachinma-saha kahimbu balli, ka di wuhiri ni saha din be bachinima kahimbu sunsuuni nyɛla yim.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sentence stress |url=https://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/teachers/staff-room/teaching-articles/sentence-stress |website=ESOL Nexus |publisher=British Council |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203092723/https://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/teachers/staff-room/teaching-articles/sentence-stress |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bachi kahinda bɔlibu darigirimi, amaa bachinma din bi kahim bi darigira. Vaawulinima din be bachinma din bi kahim ni gba bi darigi, ka vaawuli jiya ŋmaabu filimdi di zaŋ maŋ'tali: Vaawuli filimbu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lunden |first1=Anya |title=Duration, vowel quality, and the rhythmic pattern of English |journal=Laboratory Phonology |volume=8 |pages=27 |doi=10.5334/labphon.37 |year=2017 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Regional variation === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+ table centered | Varieties of Standard English and their features{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pp=4–6}} ! Phonological<br />features !! [[American English|United<br />States]] !! [[Canadian English|Canada]] !! [[Hiberno-English|Republic<br />of Ireland]] !! [[Ulster English|Northern<br />Ireland]] !! [[Scottish English|Scotland]] !! [[English language in England|England]] !! [[Welsh English|Wales]] !! [[South African English|South<br />Africa]] !! [[Australian English|Australia]] !! [[New Zealand English|New<br />Zealand]] |- ! [[father-bother merger|''father''–''bother'' merger]] | yes || yes || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| |- ! {{IPAc-en|ɒ}} is [[unrounded]] | yes || yes || yes || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| |- ! {{IPAc-en|ɜr}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ɚ]}} | yes || yes || yes || yes || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| |- ! [[cot-caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]] | possibly || yes || possibly || yes || yes || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| |- ! [[Full–fool merger|''fool''–''full'' merger]] | style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || yes || yes || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| |- ! {{IPAc-en|t|,_|d}} [[flapping]] | yes || yes || possibly || often || rarely || rarely || rarely || rarely || yes || often |- ! [[trap-bath split|''trap''–''bath'' split]] | style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || possibly || possibly || style="background:lightgrey;"| || often || yes || yes || often || yes |- ! [[rhoticity in English|non-rhotic]] ({{IPAc-en|r}}-dropping after vowels) | style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || yes || yes || yes || yes || yes |- ! close vowels for {{IPA|/æ, ɛ/}} | style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || yes || yes || yes |- ! {{IPAc-en|l}} can always be pronounced {{IPA|[ɫ]}} | yes || yes || style="background:lightgrey;"| || yes || yes || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || yes || yes |- ! {{IPA|/ɑː/}} is [[fronted (phonetics)|fronted]] before {{IPA|/r/}} | style="background:lightgrey;"| || possibly || possibly || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightgrey;"| || yes || yes |} {|class="wikitable floatright" |+ Dialects and low vowels ! [[Lexical set]] !! RP || GA !! Can !! Sound change |- ! {{sc2|THOUGHT}} | {{IPA|/ɔː/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} or {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || rowspan="4" | {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || [[Cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]] |- ! {{sc2|CLOTH}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɒ/}} || [[Lot–cloth split|''lot''–''cloth'' split]] |- ! {{sc2|LOT}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || rowspan="2" | [[Father–bother merger|''father''–''bother'' merger]] |- ! {{sc2|PALM}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑː/}} |- ! {{sc2|BATH}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/æ/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/æ/}} || rowspan="2" | [[Trap–bath split|''trap''–''bath'' split]] |- ! {{sc2|TRAP}} | {{IPA|/æ/}} |} === Britain and Ireland === {{See also|English language in England|Estuary English|English language in Northern England|Welsh English|Scottish English|Scots language|Ulster English|Hiberno-English}} {| style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" | {{listen|filename=Alain de Botton on Fear of Failure at Cannes Lions 2012.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a contemporary [[Received Pronunciation accent]] ([[Alain de Botton]]).|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Danny Baker BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 31 Jul 2007 b012wcl4.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a [[Cockney accent]] ([[Danny Baker]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Russell brand bbc radio4 desert island discs 21 07 2013.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of an [[Essex]] man with a working-class [[Estuary English|Estuary English accent]] ([[Russell Brand]]).|help=no|image=none}} |- | {{listen|filename=Damien hirst bbc radio4 desert island discs 13 05 2013 b01sd0hy.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a ([[West Yorkshire|West]]) [[Yorkshire accent]] ([[Damien Hirst]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=John_bishop_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_24_06_2012.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a contemporary [[Liverpool accent]] ([[John Bishop]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Rob Brydon BBC Radio4 Front Row 18 Mar 2012 b01dhl11.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a ([[South Wales|South]]) [[Welsh English|Wales accent]] ([[Rob Brydon]]).|help=no|image=none}} |- | {{listen|filename=Alex Salmond BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 16 January 2011 b00xgs41.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with one of the many [[Scottish English|accents of Scotland]] ([[Alex Salmond]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=George Best - The New Elizabethans -20 Jul 2012 - b01kt7cs.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a [[Ulster English|Northern Irish accent]] ([[George Best]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Mary Robinson - Desert Island Discs - 28 July 2013.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a woman with one of the many [[Hiberno-English|accents of the Republic of Ireland]] ([[Mary Robinson]]).|help=no|image=none}} |} [[File:Dialects of English in UK and Ireland.svg|thumb|A map showing the main dialect regions in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]]]] Silimiinsili nyɛla balli shɛli din yɛra England yuun tuhiyini ni kɔbishi din gari maa ka di nyɛ din wuhiri lala yaɣili ŋɔ silimiinsili yaa ni nyɛ shɛm.{{sfn|Trudgill|1999|p=10}}United Kingdom nyɛla ban daa tuui baŋ bachinima ŋɔ bolibu shikuru baŋda so ŋun daa yina England. "Received pronunciation", bɛ ni lahi mi shɛli ( BBC English) nyɛla din yɛligi ka di nyɛla di ni niŋ ka niriba sabiri pohim zuɣu la. Bin din gbaai yuuni 1950-61, vihigu niŋbu zaŋ n-ti silimiinsili balli nyɛla din daa mali booni koŋkoba mini bachinima kumsim koŋkoba zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani kam.{{sfn|Trudgill|1999|p=125}} === North America === {{Main|American English|General American English|Southern American English|African-American Vernacular English|Canadian English|Atlantic Canadian English}} {| style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" | {{listen|filename=Emery Emery Voice.ogg|title=Speech example|description=An example of a [[Midwestern America]]n man with a [[General American accent]] ([[Emery Emery]]).|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Rep. Martha Roby's "Roller Coaster" Speech Sound Bite.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of an [[Alabamian]] woman with a contemporary [[Southern American accent]] ([[Martha Roby]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Chuck Zito on Becoming a Hells Angel.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a [[New York City accent]] ([[Chuck Zito]]).|help=no|image=none}} |- | {{listen|filename=Sec. Walsh on Construction Jobs in Infrastructure Bill v2.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a [[Boston accent]] ([[Marty Walsh]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=On the phone- Russell Gage.ogg|title=Speech example|description=An example of two men with [[AAVE accents]], the interviewer from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] ([[D. J. Shockley]]) and the interviewee from [[Louisiana]] ([[Russell Gage]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Margaret atwood bbc radio4 front row 27 07 2007 b007tjpb.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of an [[Ontarian]] woman with a [[Standard Canadian accent]] ([[Margaret Atwood]]).|help=no|image=none}} |} [[File:Population speaking English at home by PUMA.png|thumb|Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each public usage microdata area (PUMA) of the 50 states, [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Puerto Rico]]. according to the 2016–2021 five-year [[American Community Survey]]]] [[File:Non-RhoticityUSA.png|thumb|[[Rhoticity in English|Rhoticity]] dominates in [[North American English]], but ''[[The Atlas of North American English]]'' found over 50% non-rhoticity with at least one local speaker in each US metropolitan area (designated with a red dot) and non-rhotic [[African-American Vernacular English]] pronunciations found primarily among [[African Americans]] regardless of location.]] {{image frame |content={{Map of Canadian English}} |max-width=630 |caption= }} Pirinla balla pam nyɛla ban daa laɣim taba pɔi ni maŋsulinsi nima deebu zuɣu, North America silimiinsili n-daa na nyɛ balli shɛli niriba pam ni yɛra ti yi yɛn zaŋ li maɣisi British balli. Amaa baŋdiba pam nyɛla ban bɛ saɣi n-ti lala yɛligu. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla balli shɛli din wali wali bela kamani Africanima Americanima silimiinsili, Chicano silimiinsili, Cajun silimiinsili bee Newfoundland silimiinsili .<ref>{{cite book |title=The Handbook of World Englishes |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-16421-0 |page=45 |chapter=3}}</ref> Americanima silimiinsili balli ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛligi gili tiŋduya amaa ka di yɛligu leei booi di tiŋgbani ni {{sfn|Labov|2012}}{{sfn|Wells|1982|page=34}} amaa ka bɛ leei laɣim di zaa booni li General American silimiinsili (GA) amaa ka waliginsim bela leei be di ni hali Americanima maŋmaŋ sunsuun, di shɛŋa nyɛ Midland mini Western Amerivan silimiinsili.{{sfn|Rowicka|2006}}{{sfn|Toon|1982}}{{sfn|Cassidy|1982}}{{sfn|Labov|1972}} === Australia and New Zealand === {{Main|Australian English|New Zealand English}} {| style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" | {{listen|filename=AustraliaPart2.ogg|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a [[Australian English phonology|general Australian accent]].|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Prime Minister Gillard of Australia at News Conference with President Obama.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a [[South Australia]]n woman with a [[broad Australian accent]] ([[Julia Gillard]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Geoffrey Rush bbc radio4 front row 01 05 2013.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a [[Queensland]] man with a cultivated Australian accent ([[Geoffrey Rush]]).|help=no|image=none}} |- | {{listen|filename=Eleanor_catton_bbc_radio4_womans_hour_09_09_2013.flac|title=Speech example|description=An example of a woman with a [[New Zealand accent]] ([[Eleanor Catton]]).|help=no|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=H.E. Mr. John Key Prime Minister, New Zealand - speech at Connect Asia-Pacific 2013 Summit.ogg|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man with a [[New Zealand accent]] ([[John Key]]).|help=no|image=none}} | |} Tum yuuni 1788, silimiinsili nyɛla balli bɛ ni daa pun yɛra Oceania ka balli shɛli bɛ ni daa yɛra pam daa nyɛ Australian silimiinsili. New Zealand silimiinsili nyɛla din gba waligi bela.{{sfn|Eagleson|1982}} Australian mini New Zealand silimiinsili nyɛla ŋmani taba amaa ka di nahingbana dibaa ashɛm ŋɔ nyɛ di walinginsim, ti yi lihi South Africanima silimiinsili mini South East England gba nyɛla din ŋmani taba. Australian mini New Zealand silimiinsili bachinima nyɛla din nyɛ. Australian silimiinsili bachinima zalikpana nyɛla din lu zahim ni British mini American silimiinsili.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pages=16–21}}{{sfn|Burridge|2010}} New Zealand siliminsili nyɛla din mali tooni Vaawulinima ka di mali yaa gari Australian silimiinsili.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pages=24–26}}{{sfn|Maclagan|2010}}{{sfn|Gordon|Campbell|Hay et al.|2004}} === Southeast Asia === {{Main|Southeast Asian English|Singapore English|Philippine English|Malaysian English|Brunei English}} {| style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" | {{listen|filename=Declaration of Independence Part 1.ogg|title=Speech example|description=An example of a male teenager with a [[Singaporean English|Singaporean accent]].|image=none}} | {{listen|filename=Dr. Villaverde on Conflicts of Interest in Medicine and Dr. Dans on Evidence-Based Medicine in INCLEN.flac|title=Speech examples|description=Examples of a man and woman with [[Philippine English|Filipino accents]].|help=no|image=none}} |} [[Philippines]] nima daa tuumi baŋ silimiinsili yuuni 1762 din daa niŋ ka British deei Manila zaa Seven Years tɔbu saha. Silimiinsili nyɛla din anfaani daa pahi ka yɛligi saha shɛli Americanima ni daa gbubi ba bin din gbaai yuuni 1898 mini yuuni 1946 sunsuun ka nyɛ din leei balli shɛli tiŋgbani maa zaa ni saɣi n-ti ka yɛra. Zuŋɔ, silimiinsili nyɛla balli bɛ ni yɛra Philippines luɣilikam, di ni ka bɛ yɛra ka sabiri pohim zuɣu, dabiligu niŋbu shee ni yaɣa shɛŋa din pahi .<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dayag |first1=Danilo |date=2008 |chapter=English-language media in the Philippines: Description and research |title=Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives |url=https://archive.org/details/philippineenglis0000unse |pages=[https://archive.org/details/philippineenglis0000unse/page/49 49]–66 |editor-last1=Bautista |editor-first=Ma. Lourdes |editor-last2=Bolton |editor-first2=Kingsley |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |doi=10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.003.0004 |isbn=978-962-209-947-0 }}</ref> Siliminsili yɛlibu tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni nyɛla din be luɣilikam di gbaai bahindi Filipinos ban yina Manila ka bɛ shɛba gba nyɛ ban yɛra Taglish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=2004 |volume=5|pages=226–233|issue=2|doi=10.1007/BF03024960|s2cid=145684166|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515012035/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> == Lihimi m-pahi == * [[Linguistic purism in English]] * [[English-speaking world]] * [[English-only movement]] * [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} === Bibliography === <!-- The entries in this bibliography are in alphabetical order. Comments show the names of named references. --> {{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} <!-- AartsHaegeman2006 -->* {{cite book|first1=Bas|last1=Aarts|first2=Liliane|last2=Haegeman|date=2006|chapter=6. English Word classes and Phrases|title=The Handbook of English Linguistics|editor1-last=Aarts|editor1-first=Bas|editor2-first=April|editor2-last=McMahon|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |isbn=9781405164252}} <!-- AbercrombieDaniels2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1 |chapter=Spelling Reform Proposals: English |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Abercrombie |first1=D. |last2=Daniels |first2=P.T. |pages=72–75 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- AitkenMcArthur1979 -->* {{cite book |editor1-last=Aitken |editor1-first=A. J. |editor2-last=McArthur |editor2-first=Tom |date=1979 |title=Languages of Scotland |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Chambers |series=Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies; no. 4 |isbn=978-0-550-20261-1 }} <!-- Alcaraz-ArizaNavarro2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8 |chapter=Medicine: Use of English |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Alcaraz Ariza |first1=M.Á. |last2=Navarro |first2=F. |pages=752–759 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Algeo1999 -->* {{cite book |last=Algeo |first=John |chapter=Chapter 2:Vocabulary |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxHuNOvwt7wC&pg=PA57 |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=IV: 1776–1997 |editor-last=Romaine |editor-first=Suzanne |pages=57–91 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-26477-8 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003 }} <!-- Ammon2006 -->* {{cite journal |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |s2cid=142692741 |title=Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests |journal=International Journal of Applied Linguistics |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=319–338 |date=2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x |s2cid-access=free |via=DYLAN project |url=http://www.dylan-project.org/Dylan_en/presentation/dissemination/articles/assets/UDE-Ammon-LanguageConflictsInTheEuropeanUnion.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102074109/http://www.dylan-project.org/Dylan_en/presentation/dissemination/articles/assets/UDE-Ammon-LanguageConflictsInTheEuropeanUnion.pdf |archive-date= Jan 2, 2011 }} <!-- Ammon2008 -->* {{cite book |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |chapter=Pluricentric and Divided Languages |editor1-last=Ammon |editor1-first=Ulrich N. |editor2-last=Dittmar |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=Mattheier |editor3-first=Klaus J. |display-editors=3 |editor4-last=Trudgill |editor4-first=Peter |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft |volume=2 |date=2008 |edition=2nd completely revised and extended |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019425-8 |series=Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2 }} <!-- Annamalai2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3 |chapter=India: Language Situation |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Annamalai |first1=E. |pages=610–613 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Australian Bureau of Statistics2013 official census of Australia -->* {{cite web |author=Australian Bureau of Statistics |title=2011 Census QuickStats: Australia |date=28 March 2013 |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0 |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106221006/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0 |archive-date=6 November 2015 }} <!-- Bailey2001 -->* {{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Guy |chapter=Chapter 3: The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars |editor-last=Lanehart |editor-first=Sonja L. |title=Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English |url=https://archive.org/details/socioculturalhis00lane |url-access=limited |date=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/socioculturalhis00lane/page/n71 53]–84 |publisher=John Benjamins |series=Varieties of English around the World |isbn=978-1-58811-046-6 }} <!-- Bailey1997 -->* {{cite book |last=Bailey |first=G. |date=1997 |chapter=When did southern American English begin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvFtOr5_BZAC&pg=PA255 |title=Englishes around the world |pages=255–275 |editor=Edgar W. Schneider|publisher=John Benjamins|isbn=9789027248763}} <!-- Bammesberger1992 -->* {{cite book |last=Bammesberger |first=Alfred |date=1992 |chapter=Chapter 2: The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y83EPUUWnQkC&pg=PA26 |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=1: The Beginnings to 1066 |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Richard M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26474-7 |pages=26–66 }} <!-- Bao2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7 |chapter=Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Bao |first1=Z. |pages=377–380 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Barry1982 -->* {{cite book |last=Barry |first=Michael V. |chapter=English in Ireland |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=84–134 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 }} <!-- BaughCable2002 -->* {{cite book |last1=Baugh |first1=Albert C. |last2=Cable |first2=Thomas |title=A History of the English Language |edition=5th |publisher=Longman |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-13-015166-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish02baug }} <!-- Bermudez-OteroMcMahon2006 -->* {{cite book|last1=Bermúdez-Otero|first1=Ricardo|first2=April|last2=McMahon|date=2006|chapter=Chapter 17: English phonology and morphology|editor1=Bas Aarts|editor2=April McMahon|title=The Handbook of English Linguistics|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-6425-2|chapter-url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/uid=3/tocnode?id=g9781405113823_chunk_g978140511382318|access-date=2 April 2015|doi=10.1111/b.9781405113823.2006.00018.x|pages=382–410|doi-broken-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403030637/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/uid=3/tocnode?id=g9781405113823_chunk_g978140511382318|archive-date=3 April 2017|url-status=dead}} <!-- BlenchSpriggs1999 -->* {{cite book |last1=Blench |first1=R. |last2=Spriggs |first2=Matthew |title=Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses |pages=285–286 |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-11761-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&pg=PA286 |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200408/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&pg=PA286 |url-status=live }} <!-- Boberg2010 -->* {{cite book |last=Boberg |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Boberg |date=2010 |title=The English language in Canada: Status, history and comparative analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/englishlanguagei0000bobe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49144-0 |series=Studies in English Language}} <!-- BosworthToller1921 -->* {{cite web |last1=Bosworth |first1=Joseph |author-link1=Joseph Bosworth |last2=Toller |first2=T. Northcote |title=Engla land |work=[[An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]] (Online) |date=1921 |url=http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/009427 |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=[[Charles University]] |archive-date=21 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221212612/http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/009427 |url-status=live }} <!-- BrintonBrinton2010 -->* {{cite book |last1=Brinton |first1=Laurel J. |last2=Brinton |first2=Donna M. |date=2010 |title=The linguistic structure of modern English |publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=978-90-272-8824-0 |url=https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/z.156/main |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501194533/https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/z.156/main |url-status=live }} <!-- Brutt-Griffler2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00644-1 |chapter=Languages of Wider Communication |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Brutt-Griffler |first1=J. |pages=690–697 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Burridge2010 -->* {{cite book |last=Burridge |first=Kate |chapter=Chapter 7: English in Australia |editor-last=Kirkpatrick |editor-first=Andy |date=2010 |title=The Routledge handbook of world Englishes |url=https://archive.org/details/routledgehandboo00kirk_142 |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-62264-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/routledgehandboo00kirk_142/page/n154 132]–151 }} <!-- Campbell1959 -->* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |title=Old English Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishgramma00camp |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1959 |isbn=978-0-19-811943-2 }} <!-- CarrHoneybone2007 -->* {{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Philip |last2=Honeybone |first2=Patrick |date=2007 |title=English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology' |journal=Language Sciences |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=117–153 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.018 }} <!-- Cassidy1982 -->* {{cite book |last=Cassidy |first=Frederic G. |chapter=Geographical Variation of English in the United States |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=177–210 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 }} <!-- Cercignani1981 -->* {{cite book |last=Cercignani |first=Fausto |title=Shakespeare's works and Elizabethan pronunciation |date=1981 |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JBlAAAAMAAJ |access-date=14 March 2015 |jstor=3728688 |isbn=978-0-19-811937-1 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200400/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JBlAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }} <!-- CollingwoodMyres1936 -->* {{cite book |last1=Collingwood |first1=Robin George |author-link=R. G. Collingwood |last2=Myres |first2=J. N. L. |chapter=Chapter XX. The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent |title=Roman Britain and the English Settlements |volume=Book V: The English Settlements |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, England |date=1936 |lccn=37002621 |jstor=2143838}} <!-- CollinsMees2003 -->* {{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Beverley |last2=Mees |first2=Inger M. |year=2003 |orig-date=1981 |title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch |url=https://archive.org/details/phoneticsofengli0000coll |edition=5th |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-10340-5 }} <!-- Connell2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01655-2 |chapter=Nigeria : Language Situation |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Connell |first1=B.A. |pages=635–637 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- ConradRubal-Lopez1996 -->* {{cite book |last1=Conrad |first1=Andrew W. |last2=Rubal-Lopez |first2=Alma |title=Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990 |date=1996 |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-087218-7 |url=http://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/143492 |access-date=2 April 2015 |page=261 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071825/http://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/143492 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Cruttenden |first=Alan |date=2014 |title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English |edition=8th |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-4441-8309-2 }} <!-- CrystalLanguageDeath2002 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139106856 |title=Language Death |url=https://archive.org/details/languagedeath0000crys |date=2000 |last1=Crystal |first1=David |isbn=978-0-521-65321-3 }} <!-- CrystalGlobalLanguage2003a -->* {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=English as a Global Language |author-link=David Crystal |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=69 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |access-date=4 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200407/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |url-status=live }} <!-- CrystalEncyclopedia2003b -->* {{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |author-link=David Crystal |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003b |isbn=978-0-521-53033-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3b3ngEACAAJ |access-date=4 February 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200436/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3b3ngEACAAJ |url-status=live }} <!-- CrystalSubcontinent2004b -->* {{cite news |last=Crystal |first=David |title=Subcontinent Raises Its Voice |year=2004 |url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/tefl/story/0,,1355064,00.html |access-date=4 February 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-date=17 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417171455/http://education.guardian.co.uk/tefl/story/0,,1355064,00.html |url-status=live }} <!-- Crystal2006 -->* {{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |chapter=Chapter 9: English worldwide |title=A History of the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg |url-access=limited |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-511-16893-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/n435 420]–439 }} <!-- DanielsBright1996 -->* {{cite book |editor1-last=Daniels |editor1-first=Peter T. |editor2-last=Bright |editor2-first=William |title=The World's Writing Systems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=621jAAAAMAAJ |access-date=23 February 2015 |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200408/https://books.google.com/books?id=621jAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }} <!-- Dehaene2009 -->* {{cite book|last=Dehaene|first=Stanislas|title=Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention|date=2009|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-02110-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z2hjwEACAAJ|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200401/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z2hjwEACAAJ|url-status=live}} <!-- DenisonHogg2006 -->* {{cite book |last1=Denison |first1=David |last2=Hogg |first2=Richard M. |author-link2=Richard Milne Hogg |chapter=Overview |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/n45 30]–31 }} <!-- DenningKesslerLeben2007 -->* {{cite book |last1=Denning |first1=Keith |last2=Kessler |first2=Brett |last3=Leben |first3=William Ronald |title=English Vocabulary Elements |date=17 February 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516803-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz76l9RAccQC |access-date=25 February 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200436/https://books.google.com/books?id=jz76l9RAccQC |url-status=live }} <!-- Deumert2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01294-3 |chapter=Migration and Language |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Deumert |first1=A. |pages=129–133 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Dixon 1982 -->* {{cite journal |last=Dixon|first=R. M. W. |date=1982 |title=The grammar of English phrasal verbs |url=https://archive.org/details/australian-journal-of-linguistics_1982-06_2_1/page/1|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=2 |issue=1|doi=10.1080/07268608208599280 |pages=1–42}} <!-- Donoghue2008 -->* {{cite book |last=Donoghue |first=D. |title=Old English Literature: A Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishlitera0000dono |publisher=Wiley |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-631-23486-9 |doi=10.1002/9780470776025 |editor1-last=Donoghue |editor1-first=Daniel }} <!-- Durrell2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1 |chapter=Germanic Languages |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Durrell |first1=M. |pages=53–55 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Eagleson1982 -->* {{cite book |last=Eagleson |first=Robert D. |chapter=English in Australia and New Zealand |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=415–438 |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press }} <!-- Ethnologue -->* {{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |title=Summary by language size |access-date=10 February 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |ref={{harvid|Ethnologue|2010}} |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040016/https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |url-status=live }} <!-- EuropeanCommission2012 -->* {{cite report |author=European Commission |title=Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages |date=June 2012 |series=Eurobarometer Special Surveys |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |access-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2016 }} <!--FasoldConnor-Linton2014 -->* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fasold |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Connor-Linton |editor2-first=Jeffrey |title=An Introduction to Language and Linguistics |edition=Second |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-06185-5 }} <!-- Fischer-van der Wurff2006 -->* {{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Olga |last2=van der Wurff |first2=Wim |chapter=Chapter 3: Syntax |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/n124 109]–198 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Flemming |first1=Edward |last2=Johnson |first2=Stephanie |year=2007 |title=''Rosa's roses'': reduced vowels in American English |journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002817 |url=http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/rosasroses.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.536.1989 |s2cid=145535175 |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919182406/http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/rosasroses.pdf |url-status=live }} <!-- Giegerich1992 -->* {{cite book |title=English Phonology: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/englishphonology0000gieg |first=Heinz J. |last=Giegerich |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-33603-1 |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics }} <!-- Gneuss2013 -->* {{cite book |last=Gneuss |first=Helmut |chapter=Chapter 2: The Old English Language |editor1-last=Godden |editor1-first=Malcolm |editor2-last=Lapidge |editor2-first=Michael |date=2013 |title=The Cambridge companion to Old English literature |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000malc |edition=Second |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15402-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000malc/page/19 19]–49 }} <!-- Görlach1991 -->* {{cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |title=Introduction to Early Modern English |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32529-5 }} <!-- Gordin2015 -->* {{cite web |last=Gordin |first=Michael D. |title=Absolute English |url=http://aeon.co/magazine/science/how-did-science-come-to-speak-only-english/ |access-date=16 February 2015 |work=[[Aeon (digital magazine)|Aeon]] |date=4 February 2015 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207162247/http://aeon.co/magazine/science/how-did-science-come-to-speak-only-english/ |url-status=dead }} <!-- GordonCampbellHay et al.2004 -->* {{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Campbell |first2=Lyle |last3=Hay |first3=Jennifer |last4=Maclagan |first4=Margaret |last5=Sudbury |first5=Angela |last6=Trudgill |first6=Peter |author-link6=Peter Trudgill |date=2004 |title=New Zealand English: its origins and evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/newzealandenglis0000unse_b8r3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-10895-9 |series=Studies in English Language |ref={{harvid|Gordon|Campbell|Hay et al.|2004}}}} <!-- Gottlieb2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2 |chapter=Linguistic Influence |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Gottlieb |first1=H. |pages=196–206 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Graddol2006 -->* {{cite book |last=Graddol |first=David |title=English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language' |author-link=David Graddol |url=http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next.pdf |access-date=7 February 2015 |date=2006 |publisher=The British Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212042939/http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2015 }} <!-- Graddol2010 -->* {{cite book |last=Graddol |first=David |title=English Next India: The future of English in India |author-link=David Graddol |url=http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next-india-2010.pdf |access-date=7 February 2015 |date=2010 |publisher=The British Council |isbn=978-0-86355-627-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212042654/http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next-india-2010.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2015 }} <!-- GraddolLeithSwann et al.2007 -->* {{cite book |editor1-last=Graddol |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Leith |editor2-first=Dick |editor3-last=Swann |editor3-first=Joan |editor4-last=Rhys |editor4-first=Martin |editor5-last=Gillen |editor5-first=Julia |title=Changing English |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415376792/ |access-date=11 February 2015 |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-37679-2 |ref={{harvid|Graddol|Leith|Swann et al.|2007}} |archive-date=24 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224062821/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415376792/ |url-status=live }} <!--Green2002 -->* {{cite book |last=Green |first=Lisa J. |date=2002 |title=African American English: a linguistic introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521891387 |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press }} <!-- Greenbaum -->* {{cite book |last1=Greenbaum |first1=S. |last2=Nelson |first2=G. |title=An introduction to English grammar |date=2002 |edition=Second |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-43741-8 }} <!-- Halliday & Hasan 1976 -->* {{cite book |last1=Halliday |first1=M. A. K. |last2=Hasan|first2=Ruqaiya|date=1976|title=Cohesion in English|url=https://archive.org/details/cohesioninenglis0000hall |publisher=Pearson Education ltd.|isbn=978-0-582-55041-4 }} <!-- Harbert2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511755071 |title=The Germanic Languages |date=2006 |last1=Harbert |first1=Wayne |isbn=978-0-521-80825-5 }} <!-- Hickey 2007 -->* {{cite book |last=Hickey |first=R. |date=2007 |title=Irish English: History and present-day forms |url=https://archive.org/details/irishenglishhist0000hick |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85299-9 }} <!-- Hogg1992 -->* {{cite book |last=Hogg |first=Richard M. |s2cid=161881054 |chapter=Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Richard M. |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=1: The Beginnings to 1066 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-26474-7 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264747 |pages=67–168 }} <!-- Hogg2006 -->* {{cite book |last1=Hogg |first1=Richard M. |chapter=Chapter7: English in Britain |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/n375 360]–61 }} <!--How English evolved into a global language -->* {{cite web |title=How English evolved into a global language |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753 |date=20 December 2010 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=9 August 2015 |ref={{harvid|How English evolved into a global language|2010}} |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925173407/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753 |url-status=live }} <!-- HuddlestonPullum2002 -->* {{cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney |last2=Pullum |first2=Geoffrey K. |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-43146-0 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/cambridge-grammar-english-language |access-date=10 February 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212000801/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/cambridge-grammar-english-language |url-status=live }} <!-- Hughes & Trudgill 1996 -->* {{cite book |first1=Arthur |last1=Hughes |last2=Trudgill |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter Trudgill |date=1996 |title=English Accents and Dialects |url=https://archive.org/details/englishaccentsdi0000hugh |edition=3rd |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=9780340614457 }} <!-- International Civil Aviation Organization -->* {{cite web |title=Personnel Licensing FAQ |url=http://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/pages/peltrgfaq.aspx#anchor14 |access-date=16 December 2014 |publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau |date=2011 |at=In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency? |quote=Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the ground. |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220003044/http://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/pages/peltrgfaq.aspx#anchor14 |url-status=live | ref = {{SfnRef|International Civil Aviation Organization|2011}} }} <!-- International Maritime Organization -->* {{cite web |author=International Maritime Organization |title=IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases |date=2011 |url=http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/StandardMarineCommunicationPhrases.aspx |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003233938/http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/StandardMarineCommunicationPhrases.aspx |url-status=dead }} <!-- International Phonetics Association 1999 -->* {{Cite book |last=International Phonetic Association |author-link=International Phonetic Association |date=1999 |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0 }} <!-- Jambor2007 -->* {{cite journal |last=Jambor |first=Paul Z. |title=English Language Imperialism: Points of View |journal=Journal of English as an International Language |date=2007 |volume=2 |pages=103–123 |url=https://www.eilj.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2-december%202007.pdf#page=103 |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211184023/https://www.eilj.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2-december%202007.pdf#page=103 |url-status=live }} <!-- Jespersen 2007 -->* {{cite book |last=Jespersen |first=Otto |title=The Philosophy of Grammar |chapter=Case: The number of English cases |publisher=Routledge |orig-date=1924 |date=2007 }} <!-- Kachru2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3 |chapter=English: World Englishes |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Kachru |first1=B. |pages=195–202 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Kastovsky2006 -->* {{cite book |last1=Kastovsky |first1=Dieter |chapter=Chapter 4: Vocabulary |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/n214 199]–270 }} <!-- KönigvanderAuwera1994 -->* {{cite book |editor1-last=König |editor1-first=Ekkehard |editor2-last=van der Auwera |editor2-first=Johan |title=The Germanic Languages |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-28079-2 |series=Routledge Language Family Descriptions |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ |access-date=26 February 2015 |jstor=4176538 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101046/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ |url-status=live }} The survey of the Germanic branch languages includes chapters by Winfred P. Lehmann, [[Ans van Kemenade]], John Ole Askedal, Erik Andersson, Neil Jacobs, Silke Van Ness, and Suzanne Romaine. <!-- König 1994 -->* {{cite book |last=König |first=Ekkehard |chapter=17. English |pages=532–562 |editor1-last=König |editor1-first=Ekkehard |editor2-last=van der Auwera |editor2-first=Johan |title=The Germanic Languages |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-28079-2 |series=Routledge Language Family Descriptions |chapter-url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ |access-date=26 February 2015 |jstor=4176538 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101046/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ |url-status=live }} <!-- Labov 1972 -->* {{cite book |last=Labov |first=W. |author-link=William Labov |date=1972 |title=Sociolinguistic patterns |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |chapter=The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores |pages=168–178 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25582-5_14 |isbn=978-0-333-61180-7 |s2cid=107967883 }} <!-- Labov 2012 -->* {{cite book |last=Labov |first=W. |date=2012 |title=Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change |url=https://archive.org/details/dialectdiversity0000labo |publisher=University of Virginia Press |chapter=1. About Language and Language Change |isbn=9780813933276 }} <!-- Lanham 1982 -->* {{cite book |last=Lanham |first=L. W. |chapter=English in South Africa |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=324–352 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 }} <!--Lass 1992 -->* {{cite book |last=Lass |first=Roger |chapter=2. Phonology and Morphology |editor1-last=Blake |editor1-first=Norman |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=II: 1066–1476 |pages=23–154 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003|isbn=978-1-139-05553-6 }} <!-- Lass2000 -->* {{cite book |last=Lass |first=Roger |chapter=Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology |editor-first=Roger |editor-last=Lass |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |date=2000 |pages=56–186 }} <!-- Lass 2002 -->* {{citation |last=Lass |first=Roger |chapter=South African English |editor-last=Mesthrie |editor-first=Rajend |date=2002 |title=Language in South Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79105-2 }} <!-- Lass2006 -->* {{cite book |last1=Lass |first1=Roger |chapter=Chapter 2: Phonology and Morphology |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/n61 46]–47 }} <!-- Lawler2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9 |chapter=Punctuation |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Lawler |first1=J. |pages=290–291 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Lawton 1982 -->* {{cite book |last=Lawton |first=David L. |chapter=English in the Caribbean |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=251–280 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 }} <!-- Leech 2006 -->* {{cite book|last=Leech|first=G. N.|author-link=Geoffrey Leech|date=2006|title=A glossary of English grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/glossaryofenglis0000leec|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=0748624066}} <!-- LeechHundtMairSmith2009 -->* {{cite book |url=http://english.fullerton.edu/publications/clnarchives/2012winter/angus-chng%20contemp_eng.pdf |last1=Leech |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Hundt |first2=Marianne |last3=Mair |first3=Christian |last4=Smith |first4=Nicholas |title=Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-86722-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140536/http://english.fullerton.edu/publications/clnarchives/2012winter/angus-chng%20contemp_eng.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live }} <!-- LevineCrocket1966 -->* {{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=L. |last2=Crockett |first2=H. J. |date=1966 |title=Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*|journal=Sociological Inquiry |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=204–226 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-682x.1966.tb00625.x }} <!-- Li2003 -->* {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=David C. S. |title=Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language? |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=164 |pages=33–63 |date=2003 |issn=0165-2516 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2003.055 }} <!-- LimAnsaldo2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6 |chapter=Singapore: Language Situation |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Lim |first1=L. |last2=Ansaldo |first2=U. |pages=387–389 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Maclagan 2010 -->* {{cite book |last=Maclagan |first=Margaret |chapter=Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand |editor-last=Kirkpatrick |editor-first=Andy |date=2010 |title=The Routledge handbook of world Englishes |url=https://archive.org/details/routledgehandboo00kirk |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/routledgehandboo00kirk/page/n173 151]–164 |isbn=978-0-203-84932-3 }} <!--MacMahon 2006 -->* {{cite book |last=MacMahon |first=M. K. |date=2006 |chapter=16. English Phonetics |editor1=Bas Aarts |editor2=April McMahon |title=The Handbook of English Linguistics |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |pages=359–382 |isbn=978-1-4051-6425-2 }} <!-- Macquarie Dictionary2015 -->* {{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/ |title=Macquarie Dictionary |website=Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online &#124; Macquarie Dictionary |date=2015 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Group Australia |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-access=registration |ref={{harvid|Macquarie Dictionary|2015}} |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721141547/https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/ |url-status=live }} <!-- Mair & Leech 2006 -->* {{cite book|last1=Mair|first1=C. |last2=Leech |first2=G. |date=2006 |chapter=14 Current Changes in English Syntax |title=The Handbook of English Linguistics |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-1-405-16425-2 }} <!-- Mair 2006 -->* {{cite book |last=Mair |first=Christian |date=2006 |title=Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization |url=https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000mair |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S1360674307002420 |s2cid=120824612 }} <!-- MazruiMazrui1998 was refMazrui1998 -->* {{cite book |last1=Mazrui |first1=Ali A. |last2=Mazrui |first2=Alamin |title=The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-51429-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQTPxdYx8kC |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200404/https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQTPxdYx8kC |url-status=live }} <!-- McArthur1992 -->* {{cite book |editor-last=McArthur |editor-first=Tom |title=The Oxford Companion to the English Language |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-214183-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00mcar }} <!-- McCrumMacNeilCran2003 -->* {{Cite book |last1=McCrum |first1=Robert |last2=MacNeil |first2=Robert |last3=Cran |first3=William |title=The Story of English |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofenglish0000mccr_c8l9 |location=London |date=2003 |edition=Third Revised |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-200231-5 }} <!-- McGuinness1997 -->* {{cite book |last=McGuinness |first=Diane |title=Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading |author-link=Diane McGuinness |date=1997 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-83161-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-q02ZBKh3wC |access-date=3 April 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200441/https://books.google.com/books?id=F-q02ZBKh3wC |url-status=live }} <!-- Meierkord2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6 |chapter=Lingua Francas as Second Languages |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Meierkord |first1=C. |pages=163–171 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- MerriamWebster2015 -->* {{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=English |publisher=Merriam Webster |date=26 February 2015 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/English |access-date=26 February 2015 |ref={{harvid|Merriam Webster|2015}} |archive-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325140932/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/english |url-status=live }} <!-- Methrie2006 -->* {{cite journal |last1=Mesthrie |first1=Rajend |title=New Englishes and the native speaker debate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-sciences_2010-11_32_6/page/594 |journal=Language Sciences |date=November 2010 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=594–601 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002 }} <!-- Miller 2002 -->* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Jim |date=2002 |title=An Introduction to English Syntax |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=0748612548 }} <!-- Montgomery -->* {{cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=M. |date=1993 |title=The Southern Accent—Alive and Well |journal=Southern Cultures |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=47–64 |doi=10.1353/scu.1993.0006 |s2cid=143984864 }} <!-- Mountford2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5 |chapter=English Spelling: Rationale |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Mountford |first1=J. |pages=156–159 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Mufwene2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 |chapter=Language Spread |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Mufwene |first1=S.S. |pages=613–616 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Nation2001 needs more verification -->* {{Cite book |last=Nation |first=I. S. P. |title=Learning Vocabulary in Another Language |author-link=Paul Nation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKqx8k8gYTkC |access-date=4 February 2015 |page=477 |isbn=978-0-521-80498-1 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200409/https://books.google.com/books?id=sKqx8k8gYTkC |url-status=live }} <!-- National Records of Scotland2013 official census data for Scotland -->* {{cite web |author=National Records of Scotland |title=Census 2011: Release 2A |series=Scotland's Census 2011 |date=26 September 2013 |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news/census-2011-release-2a |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152137/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news/census-2011-release-2a |url-status=live }} <!-- Neijt2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0 |chapter=Spelling Reform |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Neijt |first1=A. |pages=68–71 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- NevalainenTieken-Boon van Ostade2006 -->* {{cite book |last1=Nevalainen |first1=Terttu |last2=Tieken-Boon van Ostade |first2=Ingrid |chapter=Chapter 5: Standardization |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 }} <!-- Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency2012 -->* {{cite web |author=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |title=Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012 |periodical=Statistics Bulletin |date=2012 |url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_report_2011.pdf |access-date=16 December 2014 |at=Table KS207NI: Main Language |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224033625/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_report_2011.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2012 }} <!-- Northrup2013 -->* {{cite book |last=Northrup |first=David |title=How English Became the Global Language |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-30306-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPAlPeB6IvQC |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200433/https://books.google.com/books?id=YPAlPeB6IvQC |url-status=live }} <!-- O'Dwyer 2006 -->* {{cite book |last=O'Dwyer |first=Bernard |title=Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position |edition=2nd |publisher=Broadview Press |publication-place=Canada |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-5511-1763-8}} <!-- Office for National Statistics official census figures for England and Wales -->* {{cite web |author=Office for National Statistics |title=Language in England and Wales, 2011 |date=4 March 2013 |periodical=2011 Census Analysis |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/language-in-england-and-wales-2011/rpt---language-in-england-and-wales--2011.html |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115009/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/language-in-england-and-wales-2011/rpt---language-in-england-and-wales--2011.html |url-status=live }} <!-- OxfordLearner'sDictionary -->* {{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ |access-date=25 February 2015 |publisher=Oxford |ref={{harvid|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015}} |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209040312/http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ |url-status=live }} <!-- Patrick2006aJamaica -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 |chapter=Jamaica: Language Situation |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006a |last1=Patrick |first1=P.L. |pages=88–90 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Patrick2006bAAVE -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 |chapter=English, African-American Vernacular |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006b |last1=Patrick |first1=P.L. |pages=159–163 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Payne & Huddleston 2002 -->* {{cite book |last1=Payne |last2=Huddleston |first1=John |first2=Rodney |chapter=5. Nouns and noun phrases |editor1-last=Huddleston |editor2-last=Pullum |editor1-first=R. |editor2-first=G. K. |date=2002 |title=The Cambridge Grammar of English |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgegrammar0000hudd |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgegrammar0000hudd/page/323 323]–522 |doi=10.1017/9781316423530.006 |isbn=978-0-521-43146-0 }} <!-- Phillipson2004 -->* {{cite book |last=Phillipson |first=Robert |title=English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy |date=28 April 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-44349-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HiCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200434/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HiCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |url-status=live }} <!-- Richter2012 -->* {{cite book |last=Richter |first=Ingo |chapter=Introduction |editor1-last=Richter |editor1-first=Dagmar |editor2-last=Richter |editor2-first=Ingo |editor3-last=Toivanen |editor3-first=Reeta |display-editors=3 |editor4-last=Ulasiuk |editor4-first=Iryna |title=Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication |date=2012 |publisher=BWV Verlag |isbn=978-3-8305-2809-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9kBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200439/https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9kBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }} <!-- Roach1999 -->* {{cite book |last=Roach |first=Peter |title=English Phonetics and Phonology |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge |edition=4th }} <!-- Robinson1992 -->* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Orrin |author-link=Orrin W. Robinson (philologist) |title=Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-8047-2221-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishitsclo0000robi |url-access=registration |access-date=5 April 2015 }} <!-- Romaine1982 -->* {{cite book |last=Romaine |first=Suzanne |chapter=English in Scotland |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=56–83 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 }} <!-- Romaine1999 -->* {{cite book |last=Romaine |first=Suzanne |chapter=Chapter 1: Introduction |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=IV: 1776–1997 |editor-last=Romaine |editor-first=Suzanne |pages=01–56 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-26477-8 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002 }} <!-- Romaine2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5 |chapter=Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Romaine |first1=S. |pages=584–596 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Routes of English -->* {{cite web |title=The Routes of English |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_6.shtml |date=1 August 2015 |website=BBC |ref={{harvid|The Routes of English}} |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024081346/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_6.shtml |url-status=live }} <!-- Rowicka2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 |chapter=Canada: Language Situation |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Rowicka |first1=G.J. |pages=194–195 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Rubino2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01736-3 |chapter=Philippines: Language Situation |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Rubino |first1=C. |pages=323–326 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Ryan2013 an official report of the United States Census -->* {{cite web |last=Ryan |first=Camille |title=Language Use in the United States: 2011 |periodical=American Community Survey Reports |date=August 2013 |page=1 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205101044/http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead }} <!-- Sailaja 2009 -->* {{cite book |last=Sailaja |first=Pingali |title=Indian English |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-7486-2595-6 |series=Dialects of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntxWxuoRBiwC |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200426/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntxWxuoRBiwC |url-status=live }} <!-- Schiffrin 1988 -->* {{cite book |last=Schiffrin |first=Deborah |date=1988 |title=Discourse Markers |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-35718-0 |series=Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs7J-WqPtPAC |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200436/https://books.google.com/books?id=hs7J-WqPtPAC |url-status=live }} <!-- Schneider2007 -->* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Edgar |title=Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-53901-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIE6zGSd8okC |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200423/https://books.google.com/books?id=QIE6zGSd8okC |url-status=live }} <!-- Schonweitz2001 -->* {{cite journal |last=Schönweitz |first=Thomas |title=Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-speech_fall-2001_76_3/page/259 |journal=American Speech |volume=76 |issue=3 |date=2001 |pages=259–285 |doi=10.1215/00031283-76-3-259|s2cid=144403823 }} <!-- Shaywitz2003 -->* {{cite book |last=Shaywitz |first=Sally E. |title=Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level |date=2003 |publisher=A.A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-375-40012-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXbZ1QInSF0C |access-date=3 April 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200441/https://books.google.com/books?id=hXbZ1QInSF0C |url-status=live }} <!-- Smith2009 -->* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jeremy J. |title=Old English: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=United Kingdom |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-86677-4 }} <!-- Statistics Canada2014 official census of Canada -->* {{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |title=Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories |date=22 August 2014 |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Pages/highlight.cfm?TabID=1&Lang=E&Asc=0&PRCode=01&OrderBy=2&View=1&tableID=401&queryID=1&Age=1#TableSummary |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726032921/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Pages/highlight.cfm?TabID=1&Lang=E&Asc=0&PRCode=01&OrderBy=2&View=1&tableID=401&queryID=1&Age=1#TableSummary |url-status=live }} <!-- Statistics New Zealand2014 official census of New Zealand -->* {{cite web |author=Statistics New Zealand |title=2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity |date=April 2014 |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/quickstats-culture-identity.pdf |page=23 |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115195639/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/quickstats-culture-identity.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2015 }} <!-- Statistics South Africa2012 official census of South Africa -->* {{cite book |publisher=Statistics South Africa |title=Census 2011: Census in Brief |id=Report No. 03‑01‑41 |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-621-41388-5 |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |chapter=Population by first language spoken and province |ref={{SfnRef|Statistics South Africa|2012}} |page=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113164744/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=live |chapter-url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf#page=28 |editor-first=Pali |editor-last=Lehohla |location=Pretoria }} <!-- SvartikLeech2006 -->* {{cite book |last1=Svartvik |first1=Jan |last2=Leech |first2=Geoffrey |title=English – One Tongue, Many Voices |date=2006 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-1830-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/englishonetongue0000svar |url-access=registration |access-date=5 March 2015 }} <!-- Swan2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05058-6 |chapter=English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900) |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Swan |first1=M. |pages=149–156 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Sweet1892 -->* {{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=A new English grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/anewenglishgram01sweegoog |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2014 |orig-date=1892 }} <!-- Thomas 2008 -->* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Erik R. |date=2008 |chapter=Rural Southern white accents |title=Varieties of English |volume=2: The Americas and the Caribbean |pages=87–114 |editor=Edgar W. Schneider |publisher=de Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110208405.1.87 |isbn=978-3-11-020840-5 }} <!-- ThomasonKaufman1988 -->* {{cite book |last1=Thomason |first1=Sarah G. |author-link=Sarah Thomason |last2=Kaufman |first2=Terrence |author-link2=Terrence Kaufman |title=Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics |url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_afr_detail-2 |publisher=University of California Press |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-520-91279-3 }} <!-- Toon1982 -->* {{cite book |last=Toon |first=Thomas E. |chapter=Variation in Contemporary American English |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=210–250 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 }} <!-- Toon1992 -->* {{cite book |last=Toon |first=Thomas E. |chapter=Old English Dialects |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Richard M. |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=1: The Beginnings to 1066 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-26474-7 |pages=409–451 }} <!-- TraskTrask2010 -->* {{cite book |last1=Trask |first1=Larry |last2=Trask |first2=Robert Lawrence |title=Why Do Languages Change? |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83802-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qoZzBgCmFMC |access-date=5 March 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200449/https://books.google.com/books?id=9qoZzBgCmFMC |url-status=live }} <!-- Trudgill 1999 -->* {{cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |date=1999 |title=The Dialects of England |url=https://archive.org/details/dialectsofenglan0000trud_f6f5 |edition=2nd |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-631-21815-9}} <!-- Trudgill2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6 |chapter=Accent |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Trudgill |first1=P. |page=14 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Trudgill & Hannah 2002 replace with 2008 5th edition -->* {{cite book |last1=Trudgill |first1=Peter |first2=Jean |last2=Hannah |date=2002 |title=International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English |edition=4th |location=London |publisher=Hodder Education |isbn=978-0-340-80834-4 }} <!-- Trudgill & Hannah 2008 -->* {{cite book |last1=Trudgill |first1=Peter |first2=Jean |last2=Hannah |date=2008 |title=International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English |edition=5th |location=London |publisher=Arnold |isbn=978-0-340-97161-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8u8MR8MNaEC |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200442/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8u8MR8MNaEC |url-status=live }} <!-- United Nations2008 -->* {{cite web |author=United Nations |title=Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations |date=2010 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/705254/files/everything_un.pdf?ln=en |access-date=10 December 2022 |quote=The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French. |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200412/https://tind-customer-undl.s3.amazonaws.com/46855284-e7b4-4ef3-ad95-8b8252fc27bd?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27everything_un.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Expires=86400&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAXL7W7Q3XFWDGQKBB%2F20230317%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Date=20230317T200411Z&X-Amz-Signature=e9f0f4293b0666c9f09c2350fff35bc0126c052b25512f4fad2cfa5fe9cdf260 |url-status=live }} <!-- Wardhaugh2010 -->* {{cite book |last=Wardhaugh |first=Ronald |title=An Introduction to Sociolinguistics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoso0000ward_i6k0 |edition=Sixth |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4051-8668-1 |series=Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics; 4 }} <!-- Watts2011 -->* {{cite book |last=Watts |first=Richard J. |title=Language Myths and the History of English |url=https://archive.org/details/languagemythshis0000watt_r7c2 |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532760-1 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001 }} <!--Wells 1982 -->* {{Accents of English}} <!-- Wojcik2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 |chapter=Controlled Languages |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Wojcik |first1=R.H. |pages=139–142 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} <!-- Wolfram2006 -->* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 |chapter=Variation and Language: Overview |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Wolfram |first1=W. |pages=333–341 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 }} {{refend}} == External links == {{Library resources box |about=yes |by=no }} * [http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/Eng/Database/Phonetics/Englishes/Home/HomeMainFrameHolder.htm Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh)]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world * [http://www.dialectsarchive.com/ International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents] {{Description of English}} {{Navboxes |title=Links to related articles |list1= {{History of English}} {{English dialects by continent}} {{Germanic languages}} {{Dictionaries of English}} {{English official language clickable map}} }} {{Subject bar |b = yes |b-search = Subject:English language |commons = y |commons-search = Category:English language |d = y |d-search = Q1860 |n = no |q = y |s = n |species = no |v = yes |v-search = Portal:English Language |voy = no |wikt = Category:English language |f = Z1002 |portal1 = Language |portal2 = Linguistics |portal3 = Writing }} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} [[Pubu:Yɛtɔɣili]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Balli]] {{stub}} q2if24iw16hs0iq4p4bjo6assx76oh1 Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal 3 9606 146111 145566 2026-08-10T20:45:56Z MediaWiki message delivery 274 /* Tech News: 2026-33 */ new section 146111 wikitext text/x-wiki N yuli n booni Alhassan Mohammed Awal == Campaigns Product Update #1 == Hello Campaigns Newsletter recipients. We are ready to share our first updates: * '''We will be hosting our first Campaigns Product Office hour''' with the Product team on '''September 9, 2021 at 3 PM UTC''' (join us on Zoom: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87427100681) . The Office hour will focus on the introduction of the Product team and its choice of of a first feature focused on Event Registration. For more information see: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Programs_Team#Office_Hours * '''We have published our first document about the first feature''': '''event registration'''.  You can find the document on Meta: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration . We provided first responses to initial feedback last week. If you responded before, consider reviewing the talk page and adding to the conversation. * '''We had several presentations at Wikimania:''' ** Ilana Fried presented the Campaign Product team as part of a larger conversation about Wikimedia Foundation Product Strategy. Campaigns product start at 18:12 time:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&t=1103s&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&t=1103] ** Alex Stinson facilitated a session on the role of partners in International Campaigns:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS1k8_6QWPY '''What is next?''' At the office hours, we will share our first version of the designs for the Registration feature, and be asking for feedback. Additionally we will be onboarding our engineering team who will be building the registration feature. Please invite  other organizers to subscribe to this newsletter or to unsubscribe at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers   The Campaign Product Team <!-- Message sent by User:Astinson (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=21958270 --> == Campaigns Product Update #2 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Request for Feedback''': We have shared our project principles, wireframes for the desktop version, and open questions for you about the team’s event registration project. See the latest status updates [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates '''here'''.] :Wireframes are design tools that imagine the future interface of the software. We haven’t built anything yet. We need your feedback on these designs so that we can make better product decisions. You can give feedback on the talk page regarding the design and features of the wireframes. We would love to hear your comments to help us establish the next necessary steps for the project. :[[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|'''''Please share with us your feedback!''''']] *'''Presentations''': The Campaign Product team participated in [[m:WikiArabia/2021|WikiArabia 2021]] and [[m:WikiConference North America/2021|WikiConference North America 2021]] to give a brief introduction on how the team works. Senior Program Strategist [[User:Astinson (WMF)|Alex Stinson]] gave an overview about campaigns and how we can scale the organizing experience within the Movement. Senior Product Manager [[User:IFried (WMF)|Ilana Fried]] gave an introduction about the Product Team and the project wireframes of the first campaign software solution: the on-wiki registration tool. View the recorded presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYknkmHGyI&t=751s '''here'''.] *'''Team update''': We have hired our first team engineer, [[User:JCarvalho (WMF)|JCarvalho]] and our campaign organizing fellow, [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]]. Newsletter updates will be done by [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]] and she will be coordinating with you! We hope to have the rest of the engineering team onboard soon! For those of who missed the last Campaign Office Hour, you may [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI watch the recording] to know more about the Campaign Product Team. '''What is next?''' :'''Testers Needed'''! We will be partnering with [https://yux.design/ '''YUX'''], a design research agency, to learn how our team can improve the experience of Wikimedia campaign organizers and participants in Africa. For this reason, we are looking for community members who are willing to be part of the rapid testing sessions. Preferably, we want organizers and editors who have worked in an African context. If you would like to participate in testing, please email {{email|ibrazal-ctr|wikimedia.org}}. :'''Upcoming Conferences'''. [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|'''Wiki Indaba 2021''']]. This year, the conference will be held virtually on November 5-7, 2021 with the theme "'''''Rethink + Reset : Visions of the future'''''". Read more about the conference [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|here]] or [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021/Registration Information| register]] to join the event. We will be presenting the registration features on Sunday November 7. :We will also be attending [[m:Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021/Programme/Submissions/Building Organizer Tools for the Future of Campaigns|'''Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021''']], which will be held virtually again this year on November 5-7, 2021. We will be presenting the registration tool on November 6 as part of our communication and sharing process. :'''Translation Support'''. We are also beginning to translate the updates on Registration. If you think your language community would benefit from updates, please translate [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates|here]]. ''Invite other organizers to [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers| subscribe]] to this newsletter for updates!'' The Campaign Product Team </div> [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:26, 28 Silimin gɔli October 2021 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=22200025 --> == Campaigns Product Update #3 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Proposal to create new namespaces''': We have proposed to create two namespaces, which are “'''Event'''” and “'''Event talk'''.” This way, we can easily create an Event Center that pulls data from event pages. This Event Center may include tools to create event pages with registration support, a calendar of events, and event statistics, among other features. More importantly, the Event Center will highlight organizing as an essential part of the Wikimedia movement. Please give us feedback on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296280 Phabricator] or [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_March_2022_update|Meta]] about our proposal to create two new namespaces. *'''Engineering updates''': We are excited that we have finished hiring for our engineering team! Three engineers and an engineering manager have joined our team since our last update. In the last few months, they have conducted technical planning and launched the building phase of the project. They are now building the registration tool. You can see the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|updated team on meta]]. *'''Design updates''': We conducted usability tests with a small group of testers for early feedback on the desktop wireframes. After collecting this feedback, we have developed a new version for desktop wireframes, which will be ready to share in the next few weeks. These desktop wireframes display the user flow of two experiences: one for organizers who want to add registration to their event pages, and another for participants who want to register for an event. Additionally, the design team is also currently working on the first version of mobile wireframes, which will be shared during the next office hour. ::1. View the latest desktop wireframes in '''Figma''' for [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1899%3A44995&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1899%3A44995&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Campaign Organizer Prototype] and [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1998%3A49612&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1998%3A49612&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Participant Registration Prototype]. ::2. [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|Leave us some feedback]] on the desktop wireframes. Note that we haven’t posted the newest version of the desktop wireframes on the project page yet, but we will soon (and you can feel free to add feedback on any version you have seen). *'''Ambassador updates''': Three product ambassadors for the Arabic, French and Swahili communities have now joined our team! They will help us collect feedback from Wikimedia communities about the project and understand the needs of organizers, through gathering first-hand information. These ambassadors are immersed as actual members of these communities, so they will also help us identify the needs of the organizers in our pilot communities. The ambassadors are: [[m:User:Bachounda (WMF)|'''M. Bachounda''']] for Arabic communities, [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|'''Georges Fodouop''']] for French communities, and [[m:User:AMtavangu (WMF)|'''Antoni Mtavangu''']] for Swahili communities. '''What is next?''' :'''Next Office Hour''': We will be holding an office hour on '''March 31, 2022''' at 15:00 UTC, which will be conducted via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 '''Zoom''']. We invite everyone to attend, and we really hope to see you! The focus will be on the Registration Tool. The team will also be providing community updates on the usability test findings and design highlights for the wireframes. We will also share our current Project timeline and answer any questions you may have. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 03|Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!]] :In a few months, we are expecting to have the early testable version of the tool. By then, the team will be doing the first round of general testing and gathering feedback. We are looking forward to adding more features on the tool such as communication support, potentially by the end of this year. If you know other organizers that might be interested in following these developments, please recommend that they [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|subscribe to the newsletter]]. We want to receive as much feedback as we can. Thank you! '''The Campaign Product Team''' </div> [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:26, 22 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23033286 --> == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - March 31, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The Campaign Product Team will be hosting the next office hour to share exciting updates on the Registration Tool and new proposed namespaces for events. We will also be sharing community updates on the usability tests and design highlights of the latest mobile and desktop wireframes. Join us and share your thoughts on these developments! :Date: '''March 31, 2022''' :Time: 15:00 UTC :Zoom Link: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 You may also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI Campaigns Office Hour: Introducing the Campaigns Product Team] to learn more about the Team and the previous wireframes. Feel free to send a message to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you want to receive an email reminder for this meeting. Thank you. '''The Campaign Product Team''' [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:37, 30 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23066888 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> </div> 22:53, 25 Silimin gɔli April 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> </div> 19:31, 2 Silimin gɔli May 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> </div> 15:20, 9 Silimin gɔli May 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> </div> 18:56, 16 Silimin gɔli May 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> </div> 00:21, 24 Silimin gɔli May 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> </div> 20:28, 30 Silimin gɔli May 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> </div> 02:46, 7 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> </div> 16:59, 13 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> </div> 20:18, 20 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> </div> 20:03, 27 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> </div> 19:32, 4 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == Thanks for organizing Feminism and Folklore == Dear Organiser/Jury Thank you so much for your enormous contribution during the [[:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] writing competition. We appreciate your time and efforts throughout the competition to bridge cultural and gender gap on Wikipedia. We are sending you a special postcard as a token of our appreciation and gratitude. Please fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeZ5eNggLMULDNupu4LFuTIcDmEyCIRh0QLhElkhkZvAmg0wQ/viewform this form] by July 20th 2022 to receive a postcard from us. We look forward to seeing you in 2023 next year. Stay safe! Gaurav Gaikwad. International Team Feminism and Folklore [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:50, 10 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Rockpeterson@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf1&oldid=23501899 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> </div> 19:25, 11 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="msg-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation. The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]]) * '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]]) * '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]]) * '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]]) * '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]]) * '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]]) * '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]]) * '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]]) * '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]]) * '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:39, 18 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Newsletter/Subscribe&oldid=23527297 --> == Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test == Hello Subscribers! [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to: * Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer) * Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer) * Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer) * Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant) You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates: * Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC''' * Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC''' These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature. Thank you! <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> [[Ŋun su:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:IBrazal (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 06:17, 18 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) :I am interested to join. Kindly share the meeting link when it's ready. :Thank you :[[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:10, 18 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> </div> 23:00, 18 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']]. You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. We look forward to your participation. Thank you. Best, The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:46, 21 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23512297 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> </div> 19:27, 25 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> </div> 21:22, 1 Silimin gɔli August 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> </div> 19:50, 8 Silimin gɔli August 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> </div> 21:08, 15 Silimin gɔli August 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Updates from Movement Strategy</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Greetings from the year 2030.png|220px|right]] Upcoming events: *'''[[:m:Wikimedia Summit 2022|The Wikimedia Summit 2022]]''': The Summit will take place on 9-11 September as a hybrid event (both online and in-person at Berlin, Germany). [[:m:Wikimedia Summit 2022/Program Outline|The program]] will be focused on the implementation of the [[:m:Movement Strategy|2030 Movement Strategy]]. You can check out [[:m:Wikimedia Summit 2022/Schedule|the detailed schedule on Meta]]. Updates, reports and announcements: *'''[[:m:special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/June 2022 Global Conversations|Hubs Global Conversations report (June 2022)]]''': Read the report from the Hubs Global Conversations on 24-26 June, which focused on the [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Minimum Criteria for Pilots|Minimum Criteria for Hubs Pilots]]. *'''[[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content#Outline|The Movement Charter outline is published]]''': The Movement Charter Drafting Committee published a rough outline of the Movement Charter's content. You may read about this and other updates in the [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#July 2022|Drafting Committee's monthly update]]. *'''[[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|Newsletter of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee]]''': The Drafting Committee started a monthly newsletter to deliver updates about their ongoing work, published documents and upcoming community engagement events & consultations. *'''[[:m:special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines]] update''': The [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions Committee|Revisions Committee]] is wrapping up its work on revising the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines, which will undergo legal review before being open for review by the Wikimedia communities in early September. ''You are receiving this message because you are [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates/Subscribe|subscribed to the Movement Strategy updates]] (distributed monthly).'' <section end="content" /> </div> --21:18, 15 Silimin gɔli August 2022 (GMT). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy/Updates/Subscribers&oldid=23537848 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> </div> 00:13, 23 Silimin gɔli August 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> </div> 23:05, 29 Silimin gɔli August 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> </div> 23:22, 5 Silimin gɔli September 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> </div> 01:50, 13 Silimin gɔli September 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> </div> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 Silimin gɔli September 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == Campaigns Product Update #4 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Event Registration v0'''</div> :We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. :'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. :[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form]. *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Organizer Lab'''</div> Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''. The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. :[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]! <br> '''What's Next''': *'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']<br> *'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations. <br> ---- '''Community Feedback''': <center>''"Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system"'' <br> - French Organizer <br><br> ''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''<br> - Arabic Organizer </center><br> ---- <br> Thank you! '''The Campaigns Product Team''' </div> [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 06:30, 21 Silimin gɔli September 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23684552 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 Silimin gɔli September 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:23, 4 Silimin gɔli October 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> </div> 14:09, 10 Silimin gɔli October 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 Silimin gɔli October 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:23, 24 Silimin gɔli October 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:15, 31 Silimin gɔli October 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 Silimin gɔli November 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:55, 14 Silimin gɔli November 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 Silimin gɔli November 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 Silimin gɔli November 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 == Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. <br> In V1, the following new features will be includedː * Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone * Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered * Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself. <br> <u>'''Office Hour Sessions''':</u> * '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] * '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] :[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] <br> These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili. Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']] if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting. <br><br> Thank you. '''The Campaigns Product Team''' <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=24091515 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 12 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == Invitation to organize Feminism and Folklore 2023 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a fountain tool or dashboard. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023. Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:11, 24 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf&oldid=24282249 --> :Hello Team, :There has not been any update about the opt-in for support for the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare in this year's Feminism and Folklore writing competition. As a coordinator for this year's contest in Ghana for Moore and Gurene communities and also supporting in organizing same for Dagaare and Kusaal incubators, I and my other colleagues did fill out the support form but are yet to get any feedback from your team about that. Even though it was an opt-in based, It was actually a laudable idea to support the coordinators, organizers, and the Jury to carry out their roles effectively towards success. :I hope to hear from you soon. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:53, 9 Silimin gɔli March 2023 (GMT) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 10 Silimin gɔli January 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 17 Silimin gɔli January 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 Silimin gɔli January 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 31 Silimin gɔli January 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 Silimin gɔli February 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:49, 14 Silimin gɔli February 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:58, 21 Silimin gɔli February 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 6 Silimin gɔli March 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 21 Silimin gɔli March 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:13, 28 Silimin gɔli March 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 3 Silimin gɔli April 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 Silimin gɔli April 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:54, 18 Silimin gɔli April 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 24 Silimin gɔli April 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> 16:55, 22 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 29 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 Silimin gɔli June 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:51, 12 Silimin gɔli June 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 19 Silimin gɔli June 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 26 Silimin gɔli June 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 Silimin gɔli July 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 Silimin gɔli July 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 Silimin gɔli July 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 Silimin gɔli July 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|180px|right]] ''This newsletter combines content from both June and July, due to a delay in sharing out the previous newsletter.'' '''Updates:''' * '''New Movement Charter content published:''' The Committee published new draft chapters on the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|'''Global''' '''Council''']], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|'''Hubs''']] and the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Glossary|'''Glossary''']]. You are invited to share your feedback or ask any questions you may have to the Committee before September 1, 2023 on the following talk pages: ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|Share your feedback on The Global Council draft]] ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|Share your feedback on Hubs draft]] * [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft|'''Revised draft chapters published on Meta:''']] The Committee has shared the revised draft chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement. These revisions are based on the [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#November-December 2022 consultation|community feedback]] received in November-December 2022. * [[m:wmfblog:2023/06/02/how-will-the-wikimedia-movement-ratify-its-charter/|'''Ratification Methodology community feedback:''']] The summary of community feedback on the proposed methodology for the ratification of the Charter is on Diff. * Listen to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy_IQ_G1wEI '''WikiAfrica Hour #46: Africa and Movement Charter'''], where MCDC members [[m:User:Anass Sedrati|Anass Sedrati]] and [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|Georges Foudoup]]  talk about Movement Charter, its aims and objectives, and the relevance to the African community. * MCDC member’s are busy participating in various community events to discuss Movement Charter. [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]], a member of the Global Council and Roles and Responsibilities Drafting Groups [[m:EduWiki Conference 2023/Program/MCDC|joined the EduWikiConference 2023]].  The MCDC support staff [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] shared updates about the charter at [[m:WikiNusantara 2023|WikiNustantara 2023]] in Banjarmasin, Indonesia ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1659772318913294336 @wikimediaid on Twitter]). The Wikimedia communities in Indonesia were engaged by [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|Movement Charter Ambassador]] [[m:User:Arcuscloud|Arcuscloud]] in the [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|last round of community conversations]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#May 2023|'''Learn about MCDC’s work in May & June:''']] as usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''What’s coming up?''' * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#MCDC Live Launch Party|'''Join the live launch party''']]: The Drafting Committee is hosting a launch party on July 30th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1690725614 14.00 UTC] to celebrate the new drafts, introduce them to the community and give space for sharing thoughts and feedback. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsdOiurT0vHta6stHaiHHEyrwK3RUPveBR#/registration '''Register here to receive a Zoom link to the launch party.'''] * [[m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Grant|'''Movement Charter Community Conversation grants''']] are open for individuals or groups who want to organize conversations about the Charter content. Talk to us if you need any support on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter-ambassadors/38 the MS Forum]! Apply for a grant before Jul 30, 2023. * [[m:wmania:2023:Wikimania|'''Wikimania 2023''']]''':''' Wikimania 2023: Members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee are excited to be attending Wikimania Singapore in August, to speak to and hear from you in person (and hybrid) about the four drafts and the Charter in general. * '''Community events:''' MCDC members will be present in the [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2023|CEE Meeting]] in September in Georgia to discuss the Charter content with the CEE and CA communities. In addition, the MCDC prioritizes participation in the conferences planned for 2023 to continue conversations on the content of the Charter with the communities: [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2023|WikiConvention Francophone]], [[m:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomen Camp]],  [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2023|WikiIndaba Morocco]], [[m:wikiconference:2023/Main_Page|WikiConference North America]], [[m:GLAM Wiki 2023|GLAM Wiki Conference]], among others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --12:25, 30 Silimin gɔli July 2023 (GMT). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25275952 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 Silimin gɔli July 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 7 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter: August 2023</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates''' * '''Community consultation''': The community consultation on the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council|Global Council]], [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs|Hubs]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Glossary|Glossary]] drafts is ongoing. We value your input, if you have not already, please take a moment to review the draft chapters and share your thoughts with the MCDC. We’ve posed open questions we would like your opinion on. Feel free to engage in a way that is most comfortable for you and your community. Learn more on our Diff blogs about the [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/13/a-global-council-for-our-movement/ Global Council] and [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/27/building-wikimedia-movement-hubs-together/ Hubs]. * '''Launch Party''': On July 30 we hosted a Launch Party to share the Global Council and Hubs draft chapters. It was an inspiring event where we had the opportunity to listen to your feedback and address some of your questions. If you missed it, you can catch the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SItWeX78tv8&list=LL&index=4 recording on YouTube]. * '''Community Conversations''': We want to hear from as many people as possible. On July 16, the SWAN meeting opened its doors and offered an opportunity to interact with the MCDC members regarding the new drafts of the charter. [[m:Strategic_Wikimedia_Affiliates_Network/2023_07#Notes|Notes are available here]]. On July 28, a regional conversation with the Francophone community was held. Here comes a [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council#Summary_of_the_feedback_from_the_francophone_conversation|short summary here in English and French]]. Additionally, on August 2 we had a fruitful conversation with the [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs#Summary_from_2_August_call|LATAM region]]. * '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#July_2023|MCDC’s Work in July]]''': As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''Upcoming''' * '''Join the MCDC at Wikimania''': Whether you’ll be at Wikimania 2023 in person or joining virtually, there are a few events that we would like to invite you to. Please drop by for a casual conversation. We would love to connect to workshop any ideas together. Drop in, get a sweet treat, and share your thoughts with us! [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2023:Registration Register] and see below for an overview of our time together: ** Tuesday, August 15 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 02:00|02:00 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/UVKSKQ/ '''Movement Strategy & Governance Connection track - Welcome and opening'''] (Room 325) *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 05:45|05:45 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/FJCXUP/ '''Movement Charter Drafting Committee: Open office hour'''] (Room 326) ** Wednesday, August 16 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-16 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/EYGDHC/ '''Role Play the Future Roles and Responsibilities in the Movement'''] (Room 326) ** Thursday, 17 August *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-17 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/AWXHMA/ '''Movement Charter Content Discussions'''] (Room 310) * A '''[[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|regional call tailored for the MENA region]]''' will be conducted in Arabic on September 2 at 17.00 UTC. Kindly indicate your interest to attend this meeting. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta-wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> MCDC Support Team, 23:53, 14 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25458213 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:59, 15 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> 15:25, 21 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:33, 4 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 11 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue VIII, August 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Highlights on Wikimania 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Armenia report|Armenia report]]: Wikimedia Armenia GLAM projects in August * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Activities in Belgium September-December 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: 4 new GLAM-Wiki partnerships and uploads from several institutions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: Wiki-Wednesdays: Digital Literacy for GLAM workers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Summer does not stop the wiki collaborations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: The Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos in Albania and Kosovo; Wiki Loves Earth in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Public sculpture photo trail: documenting Auckland sculptures in Wikidata; Aotearoa's Wikimedia Laureate * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Presentation for school librarians at Wikiteka, Ongoing projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the shine of Wikidata and new cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Showcasing collaboration with the Nordic Museum at Wikimania 2023; Working with Swedish folk high schools * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Islamic art exhibitions and heritage innovation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Great North American Wiknic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Wikidocumentaries to import images from the web to Structured Data on Commons – a Google Summer of Code project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Hub updates at Wikimania 2023; Supporting Wiki Loves Monuments teams * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Open call: OpenRefine-Wikimedia train-the-trainer course, November 2023-April 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Looking back, looking ahead * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/WREN at Wikimania report|WREN at Wikimania report]]: Wikimedians in Residence Exchange Network at Wikimania Singapore * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:01, 12 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25585038 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:19, 18 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == Organizer Tools Office Hours & Event Discovery Project == ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') <small> {{int:please-translate}} </small>. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are: We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours & upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:''' *'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''') **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili *'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili '''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''. This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''. ; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:54, 24 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT) <small>You are receiving this message because you subscribed to this [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|list]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:EUwandu-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=25632558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 3 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue IX, September 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Disseminating open culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Amazonia on Wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Wikidata and the editing of Ibero-American scientific journals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/France report|France report]]: Celebrating Rugby Herstory and History in Toulouse; Les Lorraines sans pages * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/India report|India report]]: Wikimedia Commons Contest connects Pune citizens with the rivers Mula & Mutha * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: 10,000 institutions on the Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki educational activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: With multiple events, September was a busy month for Wikimedia Portugal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikipedia in education; Continuation at Swedish folk high schools; Wikipedians at the Bookfair * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A new WIR and a very old book * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikimedia New York City Election 2023; San Diego/September 2023; Climate Change and Food Safety * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine and Wikimedia Commons: train the trainer course participants and two surveys * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: European photo contest finalists, Local Contexts Wikiproject at GLAMhack * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Wikisource Loves Manuscripts, ICOM outreach, Flickr Foundation partnership, OpenRefine adoption, new sources in The Wikipedia Library, Image Description Month events, and the GLAM Wiki Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:02, 11 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25712541 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:16, 23 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:06, 6 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue X, October 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Celebrating Wikipedia's 20th Birthday in Albanian Language * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Content, resources and platforms for open access! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: October Report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments Brasil 2023 and Open Midiateca * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Open Access Week and Wikidata; Opening Culture and Heritage training * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Côte d'Ivoire report|Côte d'Ivoire report]]: Wikimedia Côte d'Ivoire and Apsid-ci collaboration for Glam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Looong summer is over * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Great first results in State Regional Archives and Wikiresident Group coworking * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Ireland report|Ireland report]]: Wikimedia Community Ireland Host WikiWomen Partner Meeting at Dublin's historical Port * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Results of funded projects within Call GLAM 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wiki Loves Fashion in the Netherlands * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Biodiversity Information Standards Conference 2023 (TDWG2023) and the Entomological Collection Network Meeting (ECN2023) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiMatejko, Internships, Open Heritage, folk costumes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Open Access Week celebrations and an edit-a-thon to increase the visibility of black lusophone communities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Dynamic October in Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/South Africa report|South Africa report]]: Edit-a-thon for Librarians at the annual Library and Information Association of South Africa 2023 Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Wikipedia for all of Sweden; Museums and Wikidata – why and how?; Photo memories from Stockholm and Rome; Negotiating Knowledge on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programm * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Good omens for a rosy future * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women in Environmental Justice; October WikiSalon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: AvoinGLAM joins the long-awaited GLAM Wiki 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Let's Connect * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Learning and sharing * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: The Wikimedia and Libraries AI Salons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:14, 11 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25792228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 27 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 Silimin gɔli December 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue XI, November 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Three-months of Wikimedian in Residence at the Qemal Baholli Public Library in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: New partners in Rio and GLAM WikiCon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: WCNA 2023: an key event for North American users * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Wiki GLAM Conf and Bogotá Libraries Meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/France report|France report]]: Edit-a-thon Le retour de la momie * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Record edition of Wiki Loves Monuments in Italy * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Share your Data course, history month, REBOOT! and Dutch Public Domain Day event * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Summer students at Auckland Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Conference, WikiMatejko * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Catalan culture and showcasing Wikimedia on both side of the Atlantic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikipedians in Residence, GLAM Wiki Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: National Historical Museums of Sweden contributions; Photo memories from all over the world engage the community; Museum of medieval photo safari * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Fifty article milestone * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: AvoinGLAM at GLAM Wiki 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: 3,000 medical images on Wikimedia Commons through the Helpdesk * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: 2023 Living Heritage elements are added to Wiki Loves Living Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:40, 11 Silimin gɔli December 2023 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=25925124 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:12, 12 Silimin gɔli December 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 18 Silimin gɔli December 2023 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 9 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2023 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIII, Issue XII, December 2023</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves EuroPride in Albania 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Bosnia & Herzegovina report|Bosnia & Herzegovina report]]: A year in review ... * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: 2023 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Wiki-residents establishing meeting took place in December * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Go-ahead for Wikidata Project of GLAM institutions from Baden-Württemberg * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: WLM Local winners and funds for 2024 GLAM projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum summer updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Intense end to a year of GLAM-Wiki activities in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Photo memories project concludes; Sörmlands museum passes 1000 uploads to Wikimedia Commons; Wikimedian in Residence supports an upload of music content; Subject terms from Queerlit; Wikidata for authority control: 3 years of work * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2023 in Review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiConference North America 2023; TSU and USF; Philadelphia WikiSalon; Wikimedia DC Annual Membership Meeting; Wikipedia Editing 101 for All; NYC Hacking Night; Upstate NY workshop; Wikiquote She Said Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Wiki Loves Living Heritage report|Wiki Loves Living Heritage report]]: Thank you for making Wiki Loves Living Heritage happen! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Updates and invitation to test the Commons Impact Metrics prototype * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:25, 13 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26019095 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:04, 23 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue I, January 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Day in Albania 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: First international public domain day celebration in Europe coming up on March 7 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A legal infrastructure for sharing public collections in Brazil: the case of Midiateca Capixaba * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: January '24: Institute of Physics photos and Free culture discussion * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photographing at the second half of 2023 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Documenting ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) Museums in Bihar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Public Domain Day & Monumental Moments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Aotearoa Wikipedian at Large, and Auckland Museum updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: An update on the Wikimatejko editing action and an invitation to the international community to join the action * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Unveiling Catrapilha: A ReacTive approach to GLAM content import * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Freedom of Panorama in Sweden * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Indonesian praise for an Ottoman photograph of Arabia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikipedia Day 2024; edit-a-thon; meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Events! Events! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: New OpenRefine documentation for Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: WiLMa Updates, OpenRefine training, Biodiversity, and Librarians * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:00, 10 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26180968 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:49, 13 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:37, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue II, February 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: One village, One article in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: On tour * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: News from Rio de Janeiro * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/France report|France report]]: Open Content Observatory letter * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Antarctic Writing Month and GLAM call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: One Village, One Article Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: WikiProject Te Papa Research Expeditions, wrapping up the Auckland / Tāmaki Makaurau local histories project, and the Aotearoa Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiMatejko editing action; The eighth European GLAM Wiki coordinators meet up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: SMALL GLAM SLAM Pilot 1 Rapid Grant * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Working life museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: National Trust, Leeds 2023, and Khalili Foundation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hacking Night; Seattle Meetups; Denver Huddle; Wikipedia Day LA; San Diego/February 2024; Supreme Court visit * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group February Monthly Highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Working with catalogues: a Wikidata volunteer’s perspective * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Updates on OpenRefine training and Wikisource Loves manuscripts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:50, 10 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26279731 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:39, 18 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:56, 25 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 Silimin gɔli April 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 8 Silimin gɔli April 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue III, March 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap Tirana 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Art+Feminism in Australia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgian Public domain day and Wiki Loves Heritage awards on March 7 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: A GLAM focus on Rio de Janeiro; Archivos en vigília * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Making the public domain visible on Wikidata; In Colombia Women are historical * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: GLAM call winner projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: GLAMorousToHTML - a tool to list Wikipedia articles that include images from a given Commons category * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Update on Wikidata:WikiProject Te Papa research expeditions and the Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in March * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: More photo memories – and the community is helping out; Yearly student project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A small problem with the Ottoman Empire * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM CSI and WikiPortraits launch and more meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group March monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: GLAMorousToHTML - a tool to list Wikipedia articles that include images from a given Commons category * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: WikiLearn course for OpenRefine on Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Learn to upload to Commons with OpenRefine and get up to date on the International Museum Day, GLAM CSI, WiLMa Network, and WikiWorkshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:56, 11 Silimin gɔli April 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26483115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 Silimin gɔli April 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 Silimin gɔli April 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:33, 30 Silimin gɔli April 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:44, 6 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue IV, April 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day Editathon in Albania and Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: New images from Central Australia on Wikimedia Commons, Library Science WikiProject students edit Wikipedia & 1Lib1Ref in Australia and New Zealand * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Library Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: 2023 became a promissing year for wiki-residents and partnerships in CR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: International Roma Day Editathon in Albania and Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Informal GLAM hack session * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Te Papa research expeditions and the Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Climate Changes and GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in April * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: SMALL GLAM SLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: 100 000 bildminnen; Metabase * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Heaven on Earth at last? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group April monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: AI Sauna quick reflection * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine online courses in more languages, and certified trainers * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: OpenRefine course in three more languages and International Museum Day challenges * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:43, 11 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26483115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:58, 13 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue V, May 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon in Kruja; Traditional Albanian food photography competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Open licensing guide from Midiateca Capixaba; Activities in Rio de Janeiro; First batch from LabDOC; New batch from NeuroMat; Hercule Florence photowalk * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: International discussion on the role of media and new GLAM partnership on the horizon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization concludes for Behar Herald and a digitization workshop held for libraries in Maharashtra * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage Edit-a-thon in Kruja & Traditional Albanian food photography competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: WikiconNL 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Architecture Edit-a-thon, Wikidata Te Papa research expeditions project and 1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: The Search for the Lost Manuscripts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Our first Igbo language article * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Article campaigns for Ukrainian librarians, partnership with a national library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WikiPortraits & Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group May monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/GLAM Wiki Meta pages revamp|GLAM Wiki Meta pages revamp]]: GLAM Wiki Meta pages kicking off the Working Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Introducing Alice Kibombo, a new dataset, and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:25, 9 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=26893904 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:32, 24 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:32, 8 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue VI, June 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves Living Heritage in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Partner Project between Wikimedia Australia, the Australian and New Zealand Society of Indexers (ANZSI) and the School of Information and Communication Studies at Charles Sturt University (CSU SICS) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Mato Grosso * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAM digital with the August Bebel Institute - "Wiki Loves Democracy Part III" and new GLAM-on-Tour-Film released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: 2024 Half-a-year in Review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open science conference and Wikimedians in Sicily * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Wiki Loves Earth in Albania & Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: WikiProject Te Papa Research Expeditions and WikiProject IBC 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Climate Changes Edit-a-thons by Wikimedia MKD * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland in June * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: News in GLAM Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Using Wikipedia in interfaith education * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM CSI user stories feedback requested and US events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group June monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Bridging Digital Art Practices with Institutional Archives: professional knowledge exchange on digital art archiving * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: 20th Century Press Archives – history in newspaper clippings, made accessible by ZBW and Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:30, 12 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27031050 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:04, 23 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:11, 29 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 5 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue VII, July 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: For what matters most for your community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Mid-term digitization update * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Structuring Wiki Loves Monuments through a Wikidata portal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: CCA Hosts Inaugural Wiki Edit-a-Thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: The flight over the "Rosinenbomber" - drone deployment for Free Knowledge; Kicking off a German-language community of practice for building cultural heritage linked open data with the wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: GLAM partner ventures into 'Digitisation Plus' programs with Wikimedians * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Prompting what's most important - our community in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024, a presentation to the Natural History Museum, London & Kew Gardens staff and a Research expeditions edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Translations galore * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikicurious WikiNYC Civic Hall; San Diego 111; #5WomenArtists campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group July monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: GLAM GLobal meetup & GLAM Global Calls * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 02:58, 12 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27242105 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 12 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:54, 20 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:33, 26 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 3 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue VIII, August 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Vacancy Wikimedian in Residence for Wikipedia on Aruba - Aruba on Wikipedia project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Technology and biodiversity: “Amazonian Knowledge on Wiki” * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Colombia in Wikimania Mood * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Cooperation between National Library and Wikimedia CR was presented at Wikimania 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Wikimedians-in-residence assigned to add lexicographical data of 5 endangered languages of West Bengal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 10 reasons why the National Library of the Netherlands moved its Wikimedia-related publications from SlideShare to Zenodo, and keeps them on Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Looking for Aotearoa's next roving Wikipedian, a Wikidata Te Papa research expeditions publication & the Wikidata WikiProject IBC follow-up workshop * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: An insight of Wkikimedia MKD's 2024 GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Indonesian Featured Article award * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikimania report and meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group August monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Global GLAM Wiki Meetup - Future meetings and outcomes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: AvoinGLAM at Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Content Partnerships Hub at Wikimania; The Helpdesk; Metabase; UN collaboration day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Commons Impact Metrics, WikiLibCon25, and WikiConference North America * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10:47, 11 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27310248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 17 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 23 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:20, 30 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 7 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue IX, September 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at Elbasan’s Ethnographic Museum in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: GLAM and communities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Artbank's edit-a-thon for gender equity in Australian visual arts * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Project 'Belgian distilleries as Linked Open Data' completed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Photowalks for Wiki Loves Monuments 2024 at five corners of Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/France report|France report]]: 4th edition of the Label Culture Libre * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization at the Museum of Santal Culture, Federation Hall Society Library and Cultural Heritage and Literature in Meghalaya * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Report on the Wikidata WikiProject International Botanical 2024, Conference report for SPNHC-TDWG 2024 and the upcoming New Zealand species edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wiki Takes Rural Archaeology * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Wiki content in interfaith education * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Banned books and more * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group September monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Global GLAM calls from November: short survey, and register! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:38, 10 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27548598 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 14 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 21 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:56, 28 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 4 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue X, October 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wiki Loves Monuments in Albania and Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Amazon holotypes: how the species were discovered * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: FIMS Graduate Library Wiki Club Lunch & Learn * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: ¿Por qué y para qué usar Wikidata en Colombia? / Why and for what purpose should Wikidata be used in Colombia? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Empowering Italian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Edit-a-thon at the City Museum of Mitrovica * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Latvia report|Latvia report]]: Wikidata Workshop 2024: National Library of Latvia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Highlights from the Third Wiki Loves Fashion Campaign in the Netherlands * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum Wikimedian in Residence, Te Maori edit-a-thons & NZ Species edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: WIKIMEDIA MKD's successful GLAM programme! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: General Archive of the Palace * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Memory of the World baseline * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: October meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group October monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: European encounters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Baseline report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata's 12th birthday celebration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:18, 10 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27687486 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 12 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 19 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:23, 2 Silimin gɔli December 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 Silimin gɔli December 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue XI, November 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Minigrant and Photowalk Projects in Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Winners of WLM 2024 Brazil * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Canada report|Canada report]]: WikiConvention francophone 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: deGrowth in N0vember * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Visual memory presented with collections of East Bohemia Museum in Hradec Kralove * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization starts at Rammohun Library and Free Reading Room * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wrap up the nine projects funded by 2024 GLAM call and Italian Wikidata Days * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: NZ Species Editathon, OEGlobal 2024 and Auckland Museum's Summer Students * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Summary of Wikidata Days 2024: Librarians don’t need hammers, they need Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/UAE report|UAE report]]: Highlighting the Impact of Wiki Loves Monuments 2024 in UAE * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Wikimedia UAE and Librarians report|Wikimedia UAE and Librarians report]]: Empowering Knowledge: Librarians and Wikimedia at DILC 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Middle-Eastern history and interfaith education * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: November meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group November monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Winter Festival * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Wikidata and Wikipedia improvements * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:45, 10 Silimin gɔli December 2024 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=27942378 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:25, 16 Silimin gɔli December 2024 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2024 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XIV, Issue XII, December 2024</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: The Patrolling Edit-a-thon in Albania and Kosovo, 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Last activities of 2024 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Catrapilha in action: Uploading the Porto Alegre image feed * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/India report|India report]]: Living GLAM project on Santali culture continues in West Bengal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: From SlideShare to Zenodo & How Dutch Wikipedia uses the Digital Library for Dutch Literature * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikdata module, Auckland Museum student progress, and the Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Digitization of Heritage Archives in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Conference for GLAM employees in Skopje * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM-Wiki in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Wikimedia Portugal and Wiki Editoras Lx Collaborate on a Wiki GLAM, Culture, and Heritage Conference for 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2024 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: December meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Public Domain Day report|Public Domain Day report]]: Public Domain Day 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group December monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Ways forward * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:00, 11 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28033195 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 21 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 27 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue I, January 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Africa report|Africa report]]: Guinea-Bissau Heritage from Commons to the World * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at the Qemal Baholli Public Library in Elbasan (October - December 2024) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba project has officially begun! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Maranhão * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Exploring Wikidata & Building Community for Cultural Heritage Professionals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Celebrating Public Domain Day 2025 in Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New Wikimedia Italia Grant for GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 3 Million Dutch Cultural Heritage Images in Commons & 400,000 RCE images now in higher resolution & Usage of DBNL in Dutch Wikipedia articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Student led Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki 2024 in Poland: Achievements, Collaborations, and Impact * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikimedia Serbia: Advancing GLAM collaborations and digital heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Cairo Geniza * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikipedia Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group January monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Join the Global GLAM Call – Tuesday, February 11th, 13:30 UTC! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: To the front page! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata at WikiLibCon 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 23:23, 9 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28125057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 17 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 25 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:31, 4 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue II, February 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Celebrating the English Wikipedia’s Birthday in Albania! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki and COP30 in the Amazon rainforest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAM digital and seminar on Jewish life * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: GLAM call and Progetto cultura * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: [GLAM metrics] Usage of Delpher in Dutch Wikipedia articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikipedia podcast episode, Trilepidea newsletter article, and the Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD GLAM program for 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Islamic and Jewish history * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: GLAM news from Ukraine – events for libraries, #1Lib1Ref, launch of a larger GLAM product * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: February meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group February monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Connecting Media Art Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 5.1 million image views * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata event: Data Reuse Days 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Conference 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Wikimedia + Libraries International Convention 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:51, 10 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28357408 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 10 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 24 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 1 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue III, March 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap in Albania 2025, and essential initiatives for free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Archives and Human Rights activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: International Women's Day, Wikipedia officially recognised as Digital Public Good and invitation for the General Assembly * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Every Book Its Reader is coming * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: New Horizons of Czech GLAM Partnerships in 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: Archivist Forum 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ten winners of Wikimedia Italia 2025 GLAM call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: International Womensday; New Wikimedian in Residence at Maastricht University * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: What's on at Auckland Museum, and International Women's Day at University of Otago * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: GLAM in Africa, a Nigerian narrative in knowledge decolonization a case study of Benin City * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Switzerland report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Gold in Bengali and Diversity in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group March monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts of Mali * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Creating an OpenRefine Wikimedia Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 09:01, 9 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28408819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:24, 15 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:00, 21 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 28 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:14, 6 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IV, April 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Event for International Roma Day 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Highlighting Feminist and women's histories and a Wiki Day at the South Australian Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: Campaign to document the 2025 Falla monuments in Valencia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wikidata and Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Collection Highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Architecture, BHL, and the Commons Workflow * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Strengthening Cultural Heritage through Partnerships and Knowledge Sharing: Insights from World Heritage Day in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's new GLAM collaborations and activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Scholarships and Call for Sessions Proposals for GLAM Wiki 2025 will open soon: Stay tuned! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM Highlights from Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: FemNetzCon 2025; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne; Digi Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Mapping Museums / Art in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: April meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group April monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Surging forward in Spanish and Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 20:53, 11 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28668932 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:38, 12 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:12, 19 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue V, May 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Enhancing the LGBTQ+ content in Albanian Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Video resource on Wikimedia Brasil and Casa de Oswaldo Cruz Partnership Released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: SPRINGing back activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library of the CR events and important guests * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Europe report|Europe report]]: DARIAH DHwiki WG coming activity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: GLAM project starts with Nanda Talukdar Foundation at Jorhat, Assam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Wiki Month 2025 in Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From charts to concrete * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Traditional Albanian Food Photography Competition 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Update from Auckland Museum; Let the Wikifying Commence; Listful Thinking * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Architectural Folklore Campaign Series * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Celebrating Museums and strengthening #1Lib1Ref connections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Some news from Spain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Museum Day 2025; CoCreation PTT-Archive; Scoring Girls * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: The 18th language * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring GLAM news from Ukraine – first major survey for GLAM institutions & yet another successful #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: May meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group May monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Preparing the data upload * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:00, 10 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28809506 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 16 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:41, 30 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 8 Silimin gɔli July 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating Communication History and Women Artists through Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day in Europe 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Data on Maranhão's Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: First call of Science Month at Wikipedia in the Czech Republic wrapped-up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: WiR and science&GLAM tour in France * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Another publication from Grant for GLAM Indonesia program & Minangkabau Wikisource Competition upadates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Isoseismals & Icons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Celebrating Albanian Cuisine Through Photography: Winners of the 2025 Contest Announced! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open Cultural Data Hackathon in Puebla * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikifying the International Congress of History of Science and Technology; Librarians and Wikipedia; NZ species edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Mapping Heritage Buildings on Wikidata and Wiki Heritage Fellowship * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Strengthens Ties with Academic Institutions: A Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Institute of Macedonian Literature * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Registration is now open for GLAM WikiCon 2025! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: June highlights from Wikimedia Serbia and beginning of new accredited seminar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Archives Week 2025; SAPA Performing Arts; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New Featured Pictures * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: June meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL Transition update, LivingData2025 and Women Genera paper * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Data upload achieved * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Wiki Knowledge Park report|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 report]]: Celebrating Heritage and Faith: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:35, 12 Silimin gɔli July 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28966332 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:10, 14 Silimin gɔli July 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 21 Silimin gɔli July 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:27, 29 Silimin gɔli July 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:41, 5 Silimin gɔli August 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VII, July 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: 10 years of Wikimedians of Albanian Language User Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba – From Island to Archive: Aruba’s Journey on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: De Standaard Solidarity Prize and How to Upload Artwork * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Expanding Access to Heritage Knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Program Highlights & Volunteer Call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: July in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Poster Exhibition, Screening Public Viewing, Women Memorials * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikinics & Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL blog by Tiago Lubiana, BHL Wikimedian in Residence, and news on the BHL transition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Introducing Oulu Löyly – we want to hear your thoughts! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Getting the message out * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Culture & Heritage team transitioning to broader Content Enablement team * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:58, 11 Silimin gɔli August 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29083949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 11 Silimin gɔli August 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:38, 19 Silimin gɔli August 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 26 Silimin gɔli August 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 1 Silimin gɔli September 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:15, 9 Silimin gɔli September 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VIII, August 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Cultural Heritage in Brazil: School communities, Wikisource course, GLAM-Wiki Impact and Wiki Takes Alcântara * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization starts at two more libraries in West Bengal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Grant for GLAM Indonesia is open! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From food festivals to PhD courses: Wikimedia in Italian academia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: NZ species edit-a-thons, a scholarly article, a course, and Auckland Museum editors at Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Highlights from Wiki Heritage Fellowship and Policy Advocacy in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wiki Loves Film – Collaboration with MakeDox Film Festival * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: When Wikipedia Becomes a Guide in the Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: BAM Hackathon, 3D for Cultural Heritage, Wiki Cite * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Working towards more image sharing * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: News on BHL transition and updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Steps towards a sustainable cultural commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: A pivotal month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Reader app released on Google Play Store * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:25, 11 Silimin gɔli September 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29253474 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:07, 15 Silimin gɔli September 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:56, 22 Silimin gɔli September 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 29 Silimin gɔli September 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:23, 6 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IX, September 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia edit-a-thon at the Skampa Theater in Elbasan, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba Initiative: Building Knowledge and Visibility * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: State Library Victoria WikiFest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Make cultural heritage freely accessible, Hasselt's collections shine online & Let's give women a voice on Wikipedia! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Hidden heritage unveiled: science, history and nature on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikimedia Commons birthday content donation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at the Bioeconomy Science Institute & Wikiproject NZ Women in Architecture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Expanding Access to Culture and Knowledge through Key Partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: the Special Guided Tour at the National Museum in Krakow * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Join the Conference Online and Explore Lisbon’s Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: LibreABC, Feminist Voices, Grade Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: September edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: The Memory of the World wiki challenge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:46, 9 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29409147 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:00, 13 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 20 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 27 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 3 Silimin gɔli November 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue X, October 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: From a small language to Wikipedia's Biggest, Share Your Story with the Industry Museum and War Diaries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Autumn activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: WikiCommon community meet-ups, Wikisource trainings, and the announcement of Grant for GLAM Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open culture on stage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How Wikimedia México is training cultural and government institutions as wikimedians. * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Topstukken project concludes; Network Archives Design and Digital Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Granny's Wonderful Chair, Preparing for Auckland Museum Wiki Summer Students and an the ASBS Introductory Wiki Webinar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Report on Participation at the 12th International Youth Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Promoting Open Data and Digital Commons in Culture and Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki Conference 2025 Wrap-Up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: October in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: DaSCHcon, 3D, Wiki GLAM conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A look at Grokipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: October edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: LivingData 2025, GLAMWiki and a "collector" Wikidata property proposal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: International outreach * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Sustainable CultureConnect Project report|Sustainable CultureConnect Project report]]: Sustainable CultureConnect: Empowering Youth and Preserving Heritage through Open Knowledge and Leadership * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:29, 10 Silimin gɔli November 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29516862 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 10 Silimin gɔli November 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:26, 17 Silimin gɔli November 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:56, 24 Silimin gɔli November 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:58, 1 Silimin gɔli December 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:45, 8 Silimin gɔli December 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XI, November 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Call for volunteers, Computer's Day and upcoming events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Czech Radio and Wikimedia CZ launched cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Our Activities in November * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wrap up of the 2025 GLAM call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference, a NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence update & Auckland Museum Summer Students * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD and Cultural Institutions: A Year of Growth, Content, and Collaboration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025 conference, WiR Meeting and the First National Institute of Museums Training on GLAM–Wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: IT Wikicon, Faces and Masks, Matrimoine @ Genève * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season- again! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: November edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Here to Help: The Next Stage of the Content Partnerships Hub * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Enriching the data set * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:21, 11 Silimin gɔli December 2025 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29692345 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 15 Silimin gɔli December 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 22 Silimin gɔli December 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XII, December 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Global GLAM Calls Continue in 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence, 2025, in Elbasan Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Resume of the year * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: AMaGA partnership, signing the Open Heritage Statement and South Australian Museum Partner Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day 2026, Circus Heritage and Fosdem * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Preparándonos para celebrar el día del dominio público - Getting ready for the Public Domain Day celebration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Exploring Italy and Unlocking Its Heritage: Touring Club Italiano and GLAM Call 2026–2028 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference follow-up Wiki webinar & Auckland Museum student update * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Public Domain, Conferences, and Conversations on Open Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM on Tour Bellinzona, Xmas Event, GLAM Wiki Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2025 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: December meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Public Domain Day report|Public Domain Day report]]: Public Domain Day 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 2025 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:58, 12 Silimin gɔli January 2026 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29895284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 12 Silimin gɔli January 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 19 Silimin gɔli January 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:18, 26 Silimin gɔli January 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:44, 2 Silimin gɔli February 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 Silimin gɔli February 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue I, January 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Wikipedia at 25 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Pap-Wikipedia Turns 20: A Milestone for Papiamento/u Knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Celebrando el día del dominio público 2026/Celebrating the public domain day 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikipedia's Birthday in France * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Gifted by our friends: Loads of presents for Wikipedia25 by German and Austrian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Activities in December-January * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Knowledge in action: Barindelli collection and Wikipedia 25 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Image donation Dutch Book History * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum Student Edit-a-thon, the NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence project, and other residencies * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: GLAM Program of Wikimedia MKD – 2026 Overview * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Explore Historic Portraits from the Museum of Photography in Kraków * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: January in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum in Chiasso, Alpine Museum, Women Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sharing more of the Enamels of the World * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Map the GLAM report|Map the GLAM report]]: Wiki and GLAM: Harnessing Knowledge to Foster Gender Equality * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts on Arabic Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Two key Wikidata Requests for Comments, relevant for future GLAM-Wiki work * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:34, 11 Silimin gɔli February 2026 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30055818 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 Silimin gɔli February 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:04, 23 Silimin gɔli February 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:52, 2 Silimin gɔli March 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 Silimin gɔli March 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue II, February 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in 2026 is calling to action! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: A photo safari through Wiki Loves Fashion & a rescue mission with Mission Gourmande! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library overview of 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Cultural Heritage and Memory: 2026 GLAM Call and Executed Renaissance Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students and an update on the NZBSI WiR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedia in Cultural Marketing at Crash Mondays Warsaw * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: February in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikidata in the GLAM context II * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Neocomensia, SAPA, Atelier Winterthur, GLAM-on-Tour Disentis * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New content in African and Asian languages * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Focus on Indigenous issues * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 00:52, 12 Silimin gɔli March 2026 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30232291 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 16 Silimin gɔli March 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 Silimin gɔli March 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:26, 30 Silimin gɔli March 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 Silimin gɔli April 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue III, March 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in Equinox * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikigap 2026 in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Celebrating 20 Years of Papiamentu/o Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Bolivia report|Bolivia report]]: The Family Treasures Project Returns, with New GLAM Partners * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Folklore Brazil defines six categories to represent Brazilian culture on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Architecture in the public domain in libraries in Nariño/Arquitectura en dominio público en bibliotecas nariñenses * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Main Wikimedian in Residence report for 2025 is here * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Art History Loves Wiki 2026 – digital/local. collection loves wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration resumes with the British Library for Bangla Wikisource * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: 2026 winners projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence update, a letter published in Nature & Architecture + Women NZ * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's GLAM Highlights: Botany and Beyond * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: March in Portugal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: March in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Looking for similar images * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM Wiki Group, Donna, CoCreation PTT-Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: CILIP MDG 2026 Conference, Library meetups and the World's Enamels * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring 2026 news from Ukraine – Wiki Loves Folklore & more #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: MoMA's International Traveling Exhibitions and Wikidata on the LD4 Arts Affinity Group April Community Call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Oulu Löyly * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Indigenous languages on the Main Page * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:19, 9 Silimin gɔli April 2026 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30344683 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 Silimin gɔli April 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 Silimin gɔli April 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 Silimin gɔli April 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IV, April 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: How the GLAM Community Can Shine in the 2026–27 Annual Plan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day 2026 in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: WikiConf Argentina and GLAM projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Asia report|Asia report]]: Documenting and citing oral knowledge in audio and video * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiCon Australia, ICIP, Orphan works and Trans-Tasman partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia Brasil publishes book on the power and challenges of free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We celebrate Public Domain Day with an expert panel / Celebramos el día del dominio público con un Panel de expertas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ongoing and New GLAM-Wiki Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime event at Auckland Museum & an update for WiR NZBSI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD in Action: Digitization, Wikisource and Educational Workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Developments: Residencies, Partnerships and Audiovisual Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: April in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Le Donne di Villa Massimo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A tenth-century Quran and Islamic Art in Urdu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki MIT launches and US meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Update on the BHL Annual Meeting 27 April - 1 May & BHL Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Eight new articles on MoW inscriptions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:50, 11 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30513880 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:09, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:30, 8 Silimin gɔli June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue V, May 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: May Global GLAM Call Recording and June Call Announcement * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating #1Lib1Ref Australasia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAM Connection: Fashion, History, and Biodiversity in May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: New Wikimedian in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Connecting the Arctic and Sicily through Wikimedia Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How the cultural, governmental, educational, and museum sectors contributed in unison to Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Setting up your own platform (part 1): from wish to the creation of a wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ESEAP Conference 2026 and the NZBSI WiR update * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Shares GLAM Experience at International Conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Partnerships, Participation, and Open Knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: May in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: El Prado en femenino III * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum for Communication, Panel IMD, Wikipedia Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Early Qurans on the front page of Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: New tools for multilingual audio, video and metadata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: New articles in Urdu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:22, 12 Silimin gɔli June 2026 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30636889 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:48, 15 Silimin gɔli June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:05, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:48, 29 Silimin gɔli June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute and SVG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. * The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:57, 6 Silimin gɔli July 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VI, June 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Tools, tech, and Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: New digitization partner * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Bangladesh report|Bangladesh report]]: International Museum Day Edit-a-thon and Workshop held in Dinajpur, Bangladesh * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Postal Mission on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Empowering Institutions through Wikisource Education and GLAM Capacity Building * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Bridging the gap between labs and Wikipedia: continuing cooperation with FZU * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: From Museum Celebrations to Archival Documentation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Northern Wikimedist meetup in Oulu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: #1lib1ref Recap and International Archives Week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Heritage and Community Action * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open GLAM in Puebla * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Interview with Olaf Janssen, Wikimedia coordinator of the KB, National library of the Netherlands * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: BAU at Auckland Museum, Otago Uni Library Life and the NZBSI WiR is complete * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Collaboration with the Botanical garden at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Skopje * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Poland Report: New Partnerships, Conferences, and Wikimedians in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Opening the Doors of Serbian Heritage: Wikimedia Serbia’s Recent GLAM and Wikidata Successes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: GLAM Labs Futures 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Finnish-Swedish cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Exhibition, International Archives Week Panel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Ninth Good Article from Khalili partnership * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Philadelphia WikiSalon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Is the sauna still hot? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: New articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:35, 11 Silimin gɔli July 2026 (GMT)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30773577 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis. * The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:12, 13 Silimin gɔli July 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, "media-limit-reached", will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:47, 21 Silimin gɔli July 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30836091 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:49, 27 Silimin gɔli July 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:46, 3 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. 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[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 10 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> egqhge7p693xtfbr1zx3hagvyxe7mrg Shinkafa 0 9635 146236 119108 2026-08-11T00:30:47Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{C-Class}} '''Shinkaafa''' nyɛla mochi din nyɛ bindirigu zaŋ ti dunia tiŋgbani vaabun kamani yim zuɣu, di bahi bahindi [[Asia]] mini [[Africa]].<!--'Food security' --> Shinkaafa nyɛla binbiɛlim din yina mɔri zula ''[[Oryza sativa]] ni na'' (Asian shinkaafa)—bee, din dii bi niŋ bayana n-nyɛ, ''[[Oryza glaberrima]]'' (Africa shinkaafa). Asia shinkaafa daa tuumi kpe [[China]] yuma din gbaai kamani yuun tuhi pia ni ata ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ tussanni ni kɔbishii; Africa shinkaafa daa kpela Africa kamani yuun kɔbisita din gari la.<!--'Phylogeny', 'History'--> Shinkafa nyɛla din niŋ bayana dunia yaɣa; yuuni 2021, kpalansi miliyɔŋ kɔbisiyopɔin ni pihini ni ayopɔin ka bɛ daa ko n-kpuɣi, ka di daa doni bunahi lache mini kariwana ni "[[wheat]]" nyaaŋ.<!--<ref name="faostat16">--> Shinkafa vaabu 8% ko n-niŋdi daabiligu chani tiŋ'duya.<!--'Trade'--> China, India, ni Indonesia n-nyɛ ban diri shinkafa pam.<!--'Worldwide consumption'--> Tiŋgbana din na lɛbiri ni shikaafa bahiri yoli di kpuɣibu saha ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋdi shɛm ʒirili kuni yiŋa mini bɛ ni zani li shɛm.<!--'Food security' --> Binnɛma mini shinkaafa dɔriti nyɛla din labisiri shinkaafa kpuɣibu nyaaŋa.<!--'Pests, weeds, and diseases'--> <!--'Integrated pest management'--> Shinkafa balibu nyɛla bɛ ni kɔri shɛli ni di kpaŋsi shinkafa nab'bu.<!--'Ecotypes and cultivars'-->Tabiibi baŋdiba yimina ni shinkaafa din niŋdi pam di yi niŋ ka di nyɛ kulim viɛnyɛla. Shinkaafa lahi nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli maani tima n-tiri daadama nima.<!--'Biotechnology'--> <!--'Model organism'--> Bɛ nɛmdila shinkafa yihiri di pɔɣiri ka cheri di biɛlim. ka bɛ kɔɣiri shɛli, ka di che ka di duɣibu bi tɔ. Shinkaafa nyɛla alaafee [[bindirigu]] amaa di ka alaafee yɛlibɔra zaa.<!--'Processing'--> Shinkaafa balibu pam beni ka niriba diri li. Shinkafa yi duɣi di bi kabisiri a; ka bɛ mali li duɣiri bindiri nyaɣisa balibu, Italy tiŋgbani ni ka bɛ mali li niŋdi [[risotto]]; ka bɛ mali shinkafa biɛlim din bi waɣiwaɣi maani Japanese [[sushi]] pirim la di ni bɛ taɣiri nahingbaŋ di yi dɣi naai la zuɣu.<!--'Food'--> Shinkafa piɛli yi duɣi di malila "[[carbohydrate]]" vaabu 29% ni alaafee yɛlibɔra vaabu 2%, ni "[[manganese]]" shɛli."<!--'Nutrition'--> [[Golden rice]]" nyɛla tabiibi nima ni maani shɛli ka di mali "[[vitamin A]]".<!--'Golden rice'--> Vihigu wuhiya ni tiŋgbani nama tɛri taɣibu nyɛla din yɛn dam shinkaafa ko n-kpuɣi. Ninsalisili kaya ni taɣada ni, shinkaafa mali tuuntumsa adiininima ni kaya ni taɣada ni, kamani amiliya nima ni.<!--'In human culture'--> == Buɣisibu == Shinkaafa ni tooi zooi paai kamani waɣilim {{cvt|1|m|ft|0}}; di yi be kom pam ni, di ni tooi zooi paai kamani {{cvt|5|m|ft|0}}. Shinkaafa bili yini ni tooi niŋ bili bɔbigu. di yi zoora di niŋdila jila jila; ka va'waɣinli yiri jili kam ni.<ref name="RBG Kew botany">{{cite web |title=Oryza sativa L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316812-2/general-information |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=December 6, 2023}}</ref> Di maŋmaŋa ni niŋdi fulaawasi shɛli ni ka di wanda, fulaawasi paɣa din yirina ni bahigu jilli ni di nyoli ni. Shinkaafa yilli ni tooi mali paai biɛli kɔbisita ni pihinu, ka di zaa mali fulaawasi paɣab ni dobba ("[[anther]]s and [[ovule]]"). Fulaawasi nyaŋ din dɔgiri yirimina [[caryopsis]] ni.<ref name="Rice Hub">{{cite web |title=The Rice Plant |url=http://www.ricehub.org/RT/crop-establishment/-the-rice-plant/ |website=Rice Hub |access-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205124935/http://www.ricehub.org/RT/crop-establishment/-the-rice-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shinkaafa nyɛla binʒi din be "[[Poaceae]]" zuliya ni. Di ni nyɛ binbirili din biriti tiŋgbani ni la, di ni too ko luɣili din kuui mini din mahi shee din dee yi niŋ ka kom ni tooi saɣili.<ref name="Kawure Garba Fagam 2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Kawure |first1=S. |last2=Garba |first2=Aa |last3=Fagam |first3=As |last4=Shuaibu |first4=Ym |last5=Sabo |first5=Mu |last6=Bala |first6=Ra |date=December 31, 2022 |title=Performance of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as Influenced by Combine Effect of Season and Sowing Pattern in Zigau |url=https://scholars.direct/Articles/rice-research/jrrd-5-027.php?jid=rice-research |journal=Journal of Rice Research and Developments |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.36959/973/440 |s2cid=256799161 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Di tooi nyɛla bɛ ni kɔri shɛli yuuni yuuni, amaa kom ni be luɣ'shɛli di ni tooi niŋ saha kam.<ref name="IRRI rice plant">{{cite web |url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/riceIPM/IPM_Information/PestEcologyBasics/CropGrowthAndPestDamage/RicePlantHowItGrows/The_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm |title=The Rice Plant and How it Grows |website=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106224427/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/riceIPM/IPM_Information/PestEcologyBasics/CropGrowthAndPestDamage/RicePlantHowItGrows/The_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2009}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed widths=200 heights=200> File:Koeh-232.jpg|Anatomy of rice flowers: [[spikelet]] (left), plant with [[Tiller (botany)|tillers]] (centre), [[caryopsis]] (top right), [[panicle]] (right) File:Oryza sativa of Kadavoor.jpg|Detail of rice plant showing flowers grouped in panicle. Male [[anther]]s protrude into the air where they can disperse their [[pollen]]. </gallery> == Agronomy == === Kɔbu === Kamani binbila zaa, shikaafa zoorila kom mini kom ni ka shɛli. Di doli tankpa shɛli ni di ni ko, tiŋgbani din do tiŋa bee din du zuɣusaa, saa ni miri shɛm bee kom ni yɔɣirili shɛm, tulim bee maasim, dabisili waɣilim, wuntaŋ din kperi li.<ref name="Verheye 2010">{{cite book |last=Beighley |first=Donn H. |title=Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II |chapter=Growth and Production of Rice |editor-last=Verheye |editor-first=Willy H. |date=2010 |publisher=[[EOLSS]] Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-368-0 |url=https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/soils-plant-growth-crop-production.aspx |page=49}}</ref> Shikaafa bihi ni to sa luɣ'shɛli polo di ni yɛn tooi baai, bee di ni tooi biri shinkaafa ʒi ka sibili chaŋ n-ti sa luɣ'shɛli polo. Biɛlim bɔri ni di paai kamani 60 zaŋ chaŋ 80 kg yiika kam zuɣu ni, amaa ka di sabu ŋun leei bɔri biɛla, kamani 40 kg yiika kam zuɣu ni, amaa ka leei bɔri saha bee tuma pam.<ref name="IRRI planting">{{cite web |url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/planting |title=How to plant rice |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=December 29, 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shikaafa din be Asia nyɛla bɛ ni sari shɛli nuuni. Maʒina zaŋ sa shikaafa nyɛla din dii bi diri saha.<ref name="IRRI transplanting">{{cite web |url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/planting/transplanting |title=Transplanting |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=December 29, 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shinkaafa dii bi niŋdi nyɛvuli di yi niŋ ka labi sibigi zooi din ni.<ref name="Cornell 2011">{{cite web |last=Uphoff |first=Norman |url=http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/extmats/philmanual.pdf |title=More rice with less water through SRI - the System of Rice Intensification |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226111455/https://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/extmats/philmanual.pdf |archive-date=December 26, 2011 |access-date=May 13, 2012 }}</ref> Shinkaafa ni tooi zooi tiŋgbana yaɣa pam, ka lee doli kom din be ni. Tiŋgbana din siɣi ni, bɛ kɔrila vuɣisi taɣiri kom sɔ`ndi shikaafa puri ni; di bɔri la kom pam. ka di delibu mi je kom. <ref name="IRRI water mgmt">{{cite web |url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/water-management |title=Water Management |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104113412/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/water-management |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shinkaafa din bɔri kom pam ni tooi dee kom ziliŋ kamani "50 centimetres" m-paai kamani goli.<ref>{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |chapter=Deepwater Rice Cultures in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin |title=Rice in Deep Water |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |year=1992 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA230 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |page=2}}</ref> Shnkaafa din bɔri kukɔɣu di je kom, kamani zoya ni bee kunkuna shee; di bɔrila kom kamani kariwana la.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Phool Chand |last2=O'Toole |first2=J. C. O'Toole |year=1986 |title=Upland Rice: A Global Perspective |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |isbn=978-971-10-4172-4}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:Kerbau Jawa.jpg|Ploughing a rice terrace with [[Domestic buffalo|water buffaloes]] in [[Java]] File:Cambodian farmers planting rice.jpg|Farmers planting rice by hand in [[Cambodia]] File:Rice-planting-machine 2,katori-city,japan.JPG|Mechanised rice planting in Japan File:Pana Banaue Rice Terraces (Cropped).jpg|Ancient mountainside [[Banaue Rice Terraces|rice terraces at Banaue]], Philippines </gallery> === Chebu === Asia yaɣa zaa, shinkaafa din bi nɛm bee "paddy" (Indonesian mini Malay {{lang|id|padi}}), n-daa nyɛ ban dii bi kori pampam shinkaafa, ka bɛ cherili nuu ni. Pu'kara nima cherimi ni kombaanima din yɛn che ka bɛ tuma baligi.<ref name="IRRI Harvesting systems">{{cite web |title=Harvesting systems |url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/harvesting/harvesting-systems |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103095241/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/harvesting/harvesting-systems |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shinkfaafa saɣirila chebu di yi niŋ ka di kuui paai kamani 20–25%. Shinkafa kpuɣibu chanimi ni di chebu, laɣisi sɔŋ, bubu, ni yɛlibu.<ref name="IRRI Harvesting">{{cite web |title=Harvesting |url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/harvesting#guidelines-on-proper-harvesting |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206070736/http://knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/harvesting#guidelines-on-proper-harvesting |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shinkaafa biɛlim nyɛla bɛ ni deeni shɛli din yɛn che ka di kuui ka binnnema ku lahi tooi saɣim li. Bɛ tooi deeni la shinkaafa wuntaŋa, ka yarigi biɛlim maa pa binyɛra zuɣu.<ref name="IRRI Drying">{{cite web |title=Drying |url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/drying |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=December 6, 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200px heights=200px> File:Rice-combine-harvester, Katori-city, Japan.jpg|Rice [[combine harvester]] in [[Chiba Prefecture]], Japan File:Rice farmers Mae Wang Chiang Mai Province.jpg|After the harvest, rice straw is gathered in the traditional way from small paddy fields in [[Mae Wang]], Thailand File:NP India burning 48 (6315309342).jpg|Burning of rice residues to prepare the land for [[wheat]] planting in [[Sangrur]], India File:Nellu.JPG|Drying rice in [[Peravoor]], India </gallery> == Evolution == === Phylogeny === {{further|Oryza sativa}} Shinkaafa din diri balibu bela "[[BOP clade]]" ni mɔri zuliya ni, "[[Poaceae]]". Shinkaafa maa zuliya shɛli, [[Oryzoideae]], nyɛla "bamboos" mabia, [[Bambusoideae]], ni bin ʒi zuliya din nyɛ [[Pooideae]]. Shinkaafa zuliya shɛli, ''Oryza,'' nyɛla Oryzeae balibu pia ni yini puuni shɛli; di mabia n-nyɛ[[Phyllorachideae]]. Shinkaafa bali ''O. sativa din diri mini'' ''O. glaberrima'' nyɛla din bee balibu kɔbisita puuni shɛli ni.<ref name="Soreng Peterson 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Soreng |first1=Robert J. |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul M. |last3=Romaschenko |first3=Konstantin |last4=Davidse |first4=Gerrit |last5=Teisher |first5=Jordan K. |last6=Clark |first6=Lynn G. |last7=Barberá |first7=Patricia |last8=Gillespie |first8=Lynn J. |last9=Zuloaga |first9=Fernando O. |title=A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=55 |issue=4 |year=2017 |pages=259–290 |doi=10.1111/jse.12262 |doi-access=free |hdl=10261/240149 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> {{clade |label1=[[Poaceae]] |1={{clade |1=other grasses |2={{clade |label1=[[PACMAD clade]] |1=(inc. the [[C4 carbon fixation|C4 grasses]], [[maize]], [[sorghum]]) |label2=[[BOP clade]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Oryzoideae]] |1={{clade |1=[[Streptogyneae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Ehrharteae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Phyllorachideae]] |label2=[[Oryzeae]] |2={{clade |1=Wild rices inc. ''[[Zizania]]'' |label2=''[[Oryza]]'' |2={{clade |1=other rice species and subspecies |2='''''[[Oryza sativa|O. sativa]]''''' (Asian rice) |3='''''[[Oryza glaberrima|O. glaberrima]]''''' (African rice) }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Bambusoideae]] (bamboos) |2=[[Pooideae]] (grasses and cereals inc. [[wheat]], [[barley]]) }} }} }} }} }} {{Anchor|Domestication}} === Taarihi === {{main |History of rice cultivation}} [[File:KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_Céphas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Bas-relief of 9th century [[Borobudur]] in Indonesia describes [[rice barn]]s and rice plants infested by mice.]] ''Shinkaafa din nyɛ [[Oryza sativa]]'' nyɛla [[Neolithic China|China]] nima ni daa tuu pili shɛli yuun tusaawɔin din gari ha polo,<ref name="Fornasiero Wing Ronald 2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Fornasiero |first1=Alice |last2=Wing |first2=Rod A. |last3=Ronald |first3=Pamela |date=2022 |title=Rice domestication |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025 |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=R20–R24 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025 |pmid=35015986 |bibcode=2022CBio...32..R20F}}</ref> ban daa pili li n-nyɛ [[Neolithic]] niriba ban be [[Upper Yangtze|Upper]] mini [[Lower Yangtze]], ban miri ban tɔɣisiri [[Hmong-Mien]] mini [[pre-Austronesians]], zaŋ doli taba.<ref name="Bellwood2011">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |date=December 9, 2011 |title=The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81529950.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Rice |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=93–103 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124042141/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81529950.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2019 |s2cid=44675525 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011Rice....4...93B }}</ref><ref name="He2017">{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Keyang |last2=Lu |first2=Houyuan |last3=Zhang |first3=Jianping |last4=Wang |first4=Can |last5=Huan |first5=Xiujia |date=June 7, 2017 |title=Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317400332 |journal=The Holocene |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=1885–1898 |bibcode=2017Holoc..27.1885H |doi=10.1177/0959683617708455 |s2cid=133660098 |access-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120221221/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317400332_Prehistoric_evolution_of_the_dualistic_structure_mixed_rice_and_millet_farming_in_China |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hsieh2011">{{cite journal |last1=Hsieh |first1=Jaw-shu |last2=Hsing |first2=Yue-ie Caroline |last3=Hsu |first3=Tze-fu |last4=Li |first4=Paul Jen-kuei |last5=Li |first5=Kuang-ti |last6=Tsang |first6=Cheng-hwa |date=December 24, 2011 |title=Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet |journal=Rice |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=178–183 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011Rice....4..178H }}</ref><ref name="Zhang2008">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Chi |last2=Hung |first2=Hsiao-Chun |date=2008 |title=The Neolithic of Southern China – Origin, Development, and Dispersal |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105562.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=47 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125184142/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105562.pdf |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan Lu Tomooka 2008"/> Shinkaafa balli din nyɛ ''indica'' mini ''[[Japonica rice |japonica]]'' zaŋ ti Asianyɛla din yina China shinkaafa bali yini din nyɛ ''[[Oryza rufipogon]] puuni''.<ref name="Molina Sikora Garud 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Molina |first1=J. |last2=Sikora |first2=M. |last3=Garud |first3=N. |last4=Flowers |first4=J. M. |last5=Rubinstein |first5=S. |last6=Reynolds |first6=A. |last7=Huang |first7=P. |last8=Jackson |first8=S. |last9=Schaal |first9=B. A. |last10=Bustamante |first10=C. D. |last11=Boyko |first11=A. R. |display-authors=5 |year=2011 |title=Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2011-05-17_108_20/page/8351 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=108 |issue=20 |pages=8351–8356 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8351M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1104686108 |pmc=3101000 |pmid=21536870 |last12=Purugganan |first12=M. D. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Vaughan Lu Tomooka 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Vaughan |first1=D.A. |last2=Lu |first2=B. |last3=Tomooka |first3=N. |year=2008 |title=The evolving story of rice evolution |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222526251 |journal=Plant Science |volume=174 |issue=4 |pages=394–408 |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016 |bibcode=2008PlnSc.174..394V |access-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093725/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222526251_The_Evolving_Story_of_Rice_Evolution |url-status=live}}</ref> Lala shɛhira ŋɔ nyaaŋa, di wuhiya ni ''indica'' shikaafa pilila ''japonica'' ni daa kpe India kamani yuun tusaanahi ni kɔbisinu din gari la ka bɛ che ka di mini shinkaafa shɛli laɣim taba namshɛli, Di ni tooi nyɛ "proto-''indica"'' bee "wild ''[[Oryza nivara |O. nivara]]" din daa ka yiŋa''.<ref name="Choi 2017">{{cite journal |last=Choi |first=Jae |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=The Rice Paradox: Multiple Origins but Single Domestication in Asian Rice |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=969–979 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msx049 |pmc=5400379 |pmid=28087768}}</ref> Shinkaafa daa tuumi kpe [[Sino-Tibetan]] kaya ni taɣada ni northern China kamani yuun tusaayɔbu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisiyɔbu din gari,<ref name="Zhang2012">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jianping |last2=Lu |first2=Houyuan |last3=Gu |first3=Wanfa |last4=Wu |first4=Naiqin |last5=Zhou |first5=Kunshu |last6=Hu |first6=Yayi |last7=Xin |first7=Yingjun |last8=Wang |first8=Can |last9=Kashkush |first9=Khalil |display-authors=5 |date=December 17, 2012 |title=Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e52146 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...752146Z |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0052146 |pmc=3524165 |pmid=23284907 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Fuller2011">{{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Dorian Q. |date=2011 |title=Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures |url=https://www.academia.edu/1208363 |journal=Rice |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=78–92 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9078-7 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Rice....4...78F }}</ref><ref name="He2017"/> ka kpe [[Korea]]n peninsula minji [[Japan]] kamani yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaata ni kɔbishii din gari.<ref name="Crawford and Shen 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Crawford |last2=Shen |year=1998 |title=The Origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_1998-12_72_278/page/858 |journal=Antiquity |volume=72 |issue=278 |pages=858–866 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00087494 |s2cid=162486123 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=G. W. |last2=Lee |first2=G.-A. |date=March 2003 |title=Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_2003-03_77_295/page/87 |journal=Antiquity |volume=77 |issue=295 |pages=87–95 |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00061378 |s2cid=163060564 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Bɛ daa lahi ʒili kpe [[Taiwan]], [[Dapenkeng]] n-daa ʒili kpe kamani yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaanahi din gari la, ka daa naan yi niŋ bayana south polo ka di nyɛla [[Austronesian expansion |Austronesia]] yaakoro niŋdiba n-daa ʒili kpe [[Island Southeast Asia]], [[Madagascar]], ni [[Guam]], amaa ka daa bi niŋ nyɛvuli Pacific polo.<ref name="Bellwood2011"/><ref name="Beaujard2011">{{cite journal |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731163547/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2019 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref><ref name="Carson2012">{{cite journal |last1=Carson |first1=Mike T. |date=2012 |title=An overview of latte period archaeology |url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/1_carson1-79sm.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Micronesica |volume=42 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090641/https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/1_carson1-79sm.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2019}}</ref>Di paai la [[Austroasiatic]] mini [[Kra-Dai]] zuliyanima ban be [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] mini southern China kamani yuun tusaanu din gari la.<ref name="Bellwood2011" /><ref name="Higham2015">{{cite journal |last1=Higham |first1=Charles F. W. |last2=Douka |first2=Katerina |last3=Higham |first3=Thomas F. G. |last4=Hart |first4=John P. |date=September 18, 2015 |title=A New Chronology for the Bronze Age of Northeastern Thailand and Its Implications for Southeast Asian Prehistory |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0137542 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1037542H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0137542 |pmc=4575132 |pmid=26384011 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Shinkaafa yɛligila dunia yaɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ ni korili shɛm ni, yaakoro ni daabiligu, ka di America paabu ni tooi nyɛ [[Columbian exchange|Columbia]] nima binyɛra taɣibu ni yuuni 1492.<ref name="Choi 2019"/> ''[[Oryza glaberrima]]'' din dii bi lahi niŋ bayana (Gbansabila shinkaafa) daa nyɛla din be Africako yuun tusaata din gari la,<ref name="Choi 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Jae Young |date=March 7, 2019 |title=The complex geography of domestication of the African rice Oryza glaberrima |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=e1007414 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007414 |pmc=6424484 |pmid=30845217 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ka Spanish daa ʒili kpe America polo.<ref name="National Academies Press 1996">{{cite book |author=National Research Council |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305 |title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-309-04990-0 |volume=1 |chapter=African Rice |doi=10.17226/2305 |access-date=July 18, 2008 |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305&page=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122104044/http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305 |archive-date=January 22, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Daabiligu == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;" ! colspan=2|Rice production – 2021 |- ! style="background:#ddf; width:50%;"|Country ! style="background:#ddf; width:50%;"|<small> Millions of [[tonne]]s </small> |- |{{CHN}} ||[[Rice production in China|213]] |- |{{IND}} ||[[Rice production in India|195]] |- |{{BGD}} ||[[Rice production in Bangladesh|57]] |- |{{IDN}} ||[[Rice production in Indonesia|54]] |- |{{VNM}} ||[[Rice production in Vietnam|44]] |- |{{THA}} ||[[Rice production in Thailand|30]] |- |'''World''' ||'''787'''<ref name="faostat">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title=Rice production in 2021; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (from pick lists) |date=2023 |publisher=[[FAOSTAT]], UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database |access-date=December 4, 2023}}</ref> |} === Malibu === {{ See also |List of countries by rice production }} Yuuni 2021, dunia shinkafa daa yiɣisila 787 million [[tonne]]s, China mini India n-daa be tooni ni vaabu 52% lala kalinli maa puuni.<ref name="faostat"/> Binbila ni di daa byɛla din doni bunahi zuɣu, dakanda, kariwana, ni "[[wheat]]" nuu daa yi yi.<ref name="FAO production stats 2021" /> Ban daa lahi koli pam n-daa nyɛ [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]] ni [[Vietnam]].<ref name="FAO production stats 2021"/> vaabu 90% yirila Asia na.<ref name="Fukagawa Ziska 2019 pp. S2–S3">{{cite journal|last1=Fukagawa|first1=Naomi K.|last2=Ziska|first2=Lewis H.|date=October 11, 2019|title=Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition|journal=Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology|volume=65|issue=Supplement|pages=S2–S3|doi=10.3177/jnsv.65.S2|pmid=31619630|doi-access=free}}</ref> <gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="350px" widths="500px"> File:Production of rice (2019).svg|Production of rice (2021)<ref name="FAO production stats 2021">{{cite book |title=World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021 |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4477en/ |access-date=December 10, 2021 |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=2021 |doi=10.4060/cb4477en |isbn=978-92-5-134332-6 |s2cid=240163091}}</ref> File:World Production Of Primary Crops, Main Commodities.svg|Tum yuuni 2000, shinkaafa kɔbu nyɛla din kpaŋsi,<br/>amaa ka di niŋbu leei siɣi tiŋa. </gallery> === Kpuɣibu taarihi === Dunia shikaafa ko n-kpuɣu taarihi daa nyɛla "{{convert|4.7|MT/ha|ST/acre|abbr=off}}", yuuni 2022.<ref>{{cite web|year=2022|title=FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2022 data|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619130038/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|archive-date=June 19, 2012|access-date=January 12, 2012|publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> [[Yuan Longping]] zaŋ ti China's National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center daa zalila dunia shinkaafa ho n-kpuɣi taarihi yuuni 1999<!--do not change this, it was a record at the time, see source--> ni " {{convert|17.1<!--historic record, top page of Yuan 2010-->|MT/ha|ST/acre|abbr=off}}" polo shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ buɣisi puuni. din bɔŋɔ daa ʒi shinkaafa balibu zaɣ'pala na ni "[[System of Rice Intensification]]" (SRI), shinkaafa kɔbu kaŋkali shɛli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yuan|first=Longping|author-link=Yuan Longping|year=2010|title=A Scientist's Perspective on Experience with SRI in China for Raising the Yields of Super Hybrid Rice|url=http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/proc1/sri_06.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120010557/http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/proc1/sri_06.pdf|archive-date=November 20, 2011|publisher=[[Cornell University]]}}</ref> === Bindirigu sɔŋsim === Di n yɛla bindiri kpani Asia, Latin America, ni Africa yaɣ'shɛŋa,<ref name="Nat Geog Food Staple">{{cite web|title=Food Staple|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/food-staple/|access-date=December 6, 2023|publisher=[[National Geographic]] Education}}</ref> ka dihiri gari dunia ninsali biɛlim pubu yim.<ref name="Fukagawa Ziska 2019 pp. S2–S32">{{cite journal|last1=Fukagawa|first1=Naomi K.|last2=Ziska|first2=Lewis H.|date=October 11, 2019|title=Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition|journal=Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology|volume=65|issue=Supplement|pages=S2–S3|doi=10.3177/jnsv.65.S2|pmid=31619630|doi-access=free}}</ref> Amaa, amaa di shɛŋ tooi kpalindi mɔri ni di kpuɣibu ni, zalibu ni, ni nɛmbu shee. Di pirigili gba mi pirigili nyɛla din barigiri Nigeria di kpuɣibu nyaaŋa. Di ni saɣindi shɛm n-nyɛ binnɛma saɣimbu din deei yi niŋ ka shinkaafa maa bi kuui viɛnyɛla. China tiŋgbani ni, ʒmaamani kpalansi ni bariginu daa nyɛla 0.2%,zaŋ ŋmahindi vaabu 7–13% saha shɛli bɛ ni daa na kuli zaani nadaa zalibu yinsi ni.<ref name="Kumar Kalita 2017">{{cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Deepak|last2=Kalita|first2=Prasanta|date=January 15, 2017|title=Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries|journal=Foods|volume=6|issue=1|page=8|doi=10.3390/foods6010008|pmc=5296677|pmid=28231087|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Processing ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Polished rice]] --> Bɛ nɛmdi li mi n-yihiri di pɔɣir, di pɔgiri mini di biɛlim. Di ni tooi yihi yim, buyi, bee nembu so'bɔbigu, di puɣisibu, waligibu, polipoli niŋbu, ni zahimbu.<ref name="IRRI Milling">{{cite web|title=Milling|url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/milling|access-date=January 4, 2024|publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]]|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215150726/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/milling|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shinkaafa din nahingbaŋ nyɛ zaɣ'tankpaɣu ka di pɔɣiri bi diri nyɛla bɛ ni puɣisiri shɛli.<ref name="RA varieties">{{cite web|title=Types of rice|url=http://www.riceassociation.org.uk/content/1/10/varieties.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162740/http://www.riceassociation.org.uk/content/1/10/varieties.html|archive-date=August 2, 2018|access-date=August 2, 2018|publisher=Rice Association}}</ref> Ka bɛ naan yi lahi labi mali li ka di nini neei.<ref name="RA varieties" /> "[[Parboiled rice]]" nyɛla bɛ ni kɔɣiri shɛli pɔi ka naan yi nɛmdi li. Di chemi kabiɛlim maa kpaŋda, ka alaafee yɛlibɔra din be pɔɣu maa ni nyɛla din kperi biɛlim maa ni.<ref name="RA varieties" /> <ref name="Penagini Dilillo Meneghin Mameli 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Penagini|first1=Francesca|last2=Dilillo|first2=Dario|last3=Meneghin|first3=Fabio|last4=Mameli|first4=Chiara|last5=Fabiano|first5=Valentina|last6=Zuccotti|first6=Gian|date=November 18, 2013|title=Gluten-Free Diet in Children: An Approach to a Nutritionally Adequate and Balanced Diet|journal=Nutrients|publisher=[[MDPI|MDPI AG]]|volume=5|issue=11|pages=4553–4565|doi=10.3390/nu5114553|pmc=3847748|pmid=24253052|doi-access=free}}</ref> Shinkaafa nyɛla bindiri suŋ din mali alaafee zaŋ ti dunia nima pam, amaa di ka laafee yɛlibɔra zaa.<ref name="Wu Shi Zhang 2002">{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Jianguo G.|last2=Shi|first2=Chunhai|last3=Zhang|first3=Xiaoming|year=2002|title=Estimating the amino acid composition in milled rice by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy|journal=Field Crops Research|publisher=[[Elsevier|Elsevier BV]]|volume=75|issue=1|pages=1–7|bibcode=2002FCrRe..75....1W|doi=10.1016/s0378-4290(02)00006-0}}</ref><gallery mode=packed widths=150px heights=150px> File:Rice Animation.gif|[[#Processing|Rice processing]] removes one or more layers to create marketable products. <br/> A: Rice with [[chaff]]<br/>B: [[Brown rice]]<br/>C: Rice with [[Cereal germ|germ]]<br/>D: [[White rice]] with [[bran]] [[Crop residue|residue]]<br/>E: Polished<br/>(1): [[Chaff]]<br/>(2): [[Bran]]<br/>(3): Bran [[Crop residue|residue]]<br/>(4): [[Cereal germ]]<br/>(5): [[Endosperm]] File:Stages of rice milling.jpg|Unmilled to milled [[Japanese rice]], from left to right, [[brown rice]], rice with [[Cereal germ|germ]], [[white rice]] </gallery> === Daabiligu niŋbu === Shinkaafa din niŋdi daabiligu pɔri gari bɛ ni kɔri kpuɣiri shɛli, din kuli duri tiŋduya ti ka di nyɛ daabiligu ku paai kamani vaabu 8%. China, ban daa mali shinkaafa duri tiŋ'duya 2000s piligu ha, n-daa nyɛ ban da shinkaafa kpe bɛ ya pam yuuni 2013.<ref name="Cendrowski 2013">{{cite web |last=Cendrowski |first=Scott |date=July 25, 2013 |title=The Rice Rush |website=Fortune |url=https://fortune.com/2013/07/25/the-rice-rush/ |access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref> Tinsi din na lɛbigiri ni ka shinkaafa mali yaa; kamani zaŋ kana yuuni 2012, India n-daa nyɛ tiŋgbani din yihi shinkaafa ti tinsi pam, ka Thailand mini Vietnam mini tiŋ'shɛŋa naan yi pahi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/10/30/india-and-the-price-of-rice/#axzz2d3SGzLpN |last=Chilkoti |first=A. |title=India and the Price of Rice |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |location=London |date=October 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120052047/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/10/30/india-and-the-price-of-rice/#axzz2d3SGzLpN |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }}</ref> == Bindirigu == {{Infobox nutritional value | name=Cooked white rice, medium-grain, unenriched | water=69 g | kJ=544 | protein=2.4 g | fat=0.2 g | carbs=28.6 g | calcium_mg=3 | iron_mg=0.2 | magnesium_mg=13 | phosphorus_mg=37 | potassium_mg=29 | sodium_mg=0 | zinc_mg=0.4 | manganese_mg=0.38 | thiamin_mg=0.02 | riboflavin_mg=0.02 | niacin_mg=0.4 | pantothenic_mg=0.41 | vitB6_mg=0.05 | folate_ug=2 | note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168930/nutrients FoodData Central entry]}} {{main|Rice as food}} === Dibu taɣimalisi === Shinkaafa nyɛla bindiri shɛli bɛ ni diri dunia yaɣa pam. Shinkaafa balibu pula zaɣi jihi, zaɣ'waɣila, ni din be su sunsuuni. ''Oryza sativa indica'' balibu nyɛla din biɛlim tooi waɣa; ''Oryza sativa japonica'' balibu tooi nyɛla zaɣ'jihi- bee din be sunsuuni. Shinkaafa din belim ji, gbaai yihi Spanish Bomba, tooi zoola shinkaafa din nyɔɣiri taba di yi duɣi. Thai [[Jasmine rice]] nyɛla shinkaafa din belim waɣa, ka bala. Indian [[Basmati|Basmati rice]] nyɛla din belim waɣi pam. Italian [[Arborio rice]], bɛ ni mali shɛli m-maani [[risotto]], nyɛla din dii bi waɣa ka mi bi ji, zaɣ'mɔɣiliŋ, ka dabisi bela. Japanese [[sushi]] nyɛla din ji ka nyɔɣiri taba.<ref name="Rice Association">{{cite web |title=Types of rice |url=https://www.riceassociation.org.uk/types-of-rice |publisher=The Rice Association |access-date=March 24, 2024}}</ref> === Alaafee === Shinkaafa piɛli din duɣi malila kom vaabu 69% , 29% [[carbohydrate]]s, 2% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], ka mali "negligible [[fat]] (table)". Shɛhira din daa niŋ ni shinkaafa piɛlli din daa duɣi {{convert|100|g}}, daa malila "130 [[calorie]]s" din pahiri yaa, ka mali [[Manganese in biology|manganese]] (18% DV), ka alaafee yɛlibɔra din nyɛ zaɣ'bihibihi mi bi paai 10% di ni tooi ti dabisili puuni.<ref name="USDA FoodData Central">{{cite web |title=FoodData Central: Rice, white, medium-grain, cooked, unenriched |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168930/nutrients |publisher=[[US Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=December 5, 2023 |date=April 2018 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168930/nutrients |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yuuni 2018, [[World Health Organization]] daa paŋsimi ni bɛ pahimi shinkaafa ni "[[iron]]", ka lahi yɛli ni bɛ ni tooi lahi pahili [[vitamin A]] ni [[folic acid]].<ref name="whoguide">{{cite book |last1=L. M. |first1=De-Regil |last2=J. P. |first2=Peña-Rosas |last3=A. |first3=Laillou |last4=R. |first4=Moench-Pfanner |last5=L. A. |first5=Mejia |last6=A. M. |first6=Bower |last7=S. |first7=de Pee |last8=L. M. |first8=De-Regil |last9=P. S. |first9=Suchdev |last10=G. E. |first10=Vist |last11=S. |first11=Walleser |last12=J. P. |first12=Peña-Rosas |last13=N. B. |first13=Piccoli |last14=N. |first14=Grede |last15=S. |first15=de Pee |last16=A. |first16=Singhkumarwong |last17=E. |first17=Roks |last18=R. |first18=Moench-Pfanner |last19=M. W. |first19=Bloem |display-authors=5 | title=Guideline: Fortification of Rice with Vitamins and Minerals as a Public Health Strategy |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=2018 |pmid=30307723 |isbn=9789241550291 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531762/ |access-date=December 5, 2023}}</ref> === Golden rice === {{main|Golden rice}} Di nyɛla shinaafa shɛli bɛ ni maani ni tabiibi, ka di mali vitamin A, shinkaafa maa pɔɣiri din pɔbi di puuni. Di niya nyɛla niriba diri li luɣ'shɛŋa [[Vitamin A deficiency|Vitamin A]] dɔro ni mali yaa.<ref name="Golden Rice">{{cite web |title=Golden Rice Q&A |url=http://www.goldenrice.org/Content3-Why/why3_FAQ.php#Solution |publisher=Golden Rice Project |access-date=January 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ye Al-Babili Klöti Zhang 2000 pp. 303–305">{{cite journal |last1=Ye |first1=Xudong |last2=Al-Babili |first2=Salim |last3=Klöti |first3=Andreas |last4=Zhang |first4=Jing |last5=Lucca |first5=Paola |last6=Beyer |first6=Peter |last7=Potrykus |first7=Ingo |author7-link=Ingo Potrykus |title=Engineering the Provitamin A (β-Carotene) Biosynthetic Pathway into (Carotenoid-Free) Rice Endosperm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-01-14_287_5451/page/303 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=287 |issue=5451 |date=January 14, 2000 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5451.303 |pages=303–305 |pmid=10634784 |bibcode=2000Sci...287..303Y |s2cid=40258379 }}</ref> Golden rice nyɛla ye'duhiriba ni bi saɣiti shɛli, kamani [[Philippines]].<ref name="Lynas">{{cite web |last=Lynas |first=Mark |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Anti-GMO Activists Lie About Attack on Rice Crop (and About So Many Other Things) |url=https://slate.com/technology/2013/08/golden-rice-attack-in-philippines-anti-gmo-activists-lie-about-protest-and-safety.html |access-date=August 21, 2021 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]}}</ref> Yuuni 2016 "[[Nobel laureate]]s" daa gari kɔbiga kpaŋsi "[[genetically modified organism]]s"zaŋ ku bukaata, kamani golden rice, ka di nyɛl;a anfaani shƐli di ni yɛn tooi ʒina zuɣu.<ref name="Roberts 2018">{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Richard J. |title=The Nobel Laureates' Campaign Supporting GMOs |journal=Journal of Innovation & Knowledge |volume=3 |issue=2 |date=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.jik.2017.12.006 |pages=61–65|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Ninsalinima kaya ni taɣada ni == [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Beeld van Dewi Sri de rijstgodin TMnr 60016918.jpg|thumb|upright|Ancient statue of the rice goddess [[Dewi Sri]] from Java ({{Circa|9th century}}) ]] Shinkaafa nyɛla din mali bukaata adiini mini biɛhigu ni dihitabili ni pam. Hindu amiliya nima niŋbu ni, shinaafa, din wuhiri dɔɣim, toontibo, ni kasi, nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli labiri niŋdi tabiibi buɣim ni, taɣada din niɣim ʒaamani amiliyanima ni, ka niriba labiri shinkaafa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahuja |first1=Subhash C. |last2=Ahuja |first2=Uma |title=Rice in religion and tradition |journal=2nd International Rice Congress, October 9–13, 2006 |year=2006 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321334487 |location=New Delhi |pages=45–52 }}</ref> Malay amiliyanima niŋbu ni, shinkaafa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli m-pahiri bindira pam.<ref name="Muhammad Zahari Ramly Ahmad 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Muhammad |first1=Rosmaliza |last2=Zahari |first2=Mohd Salehuddin Mohd |last3=Ramly |first3=Alina Shuhaida Muhammad |last4=Ahmad |first4=Roslina |title=The Roles and Symbolism of Foods in Malay Wedding Ceremony |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |volume=101 |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.200 |pages=268–276 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Japan mini Philippines, shinkaafa daam nyɛla din pahiri amiliyanima mini laɣin shɛŋa ni.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahuja |first1=Uma |last2=Thakrar |first2=Rashmi |last3=Ahuja |first3=S. C. |year=2001 |title=Alcoholic rice beverages |journal=Asian Agri-History |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=309–319 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301948904}}</ref> [[Dewi Sri]] nyɛla buɣ'bili zaŋ ti Indo-Malaysian archipelago, a obi tɛhiri ni di nyɛla din leeri shinkaafa mini bindiri shɛŋa.<ref name="Wessing 1990">{{cite journal |last=Wessing |first=Robert |title=Sri and Sedana and Sita and Rama: Myths of Fertility and Generation |journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |date=1990 |pages=235–257 |doi=10.2307/1178035 |jstor=1178035 }}</ref> Shinkaafa kobu Asia tiŋgbana ni mini Nepal ni Cambodia nyɛla bɛ ni niŋdi shɛli ni kɔbu chuɣu puhibu.<ref name="Xinhua-Camb-plough-2017">{{cite news |title=Cambodia marks beginning of farming season with royal ploughing ceremony |work=Xinhua |date=March 21, 2017 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/03/c_137153698.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503130501/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/03/c_137153698.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 3, 2018 |language=en |access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Khmer-Times">{{cite web |title=Ceremony Predicts Good Year |website=[[Khmer Times]] |date=May 23, 2016 |url=http://www.khmertimeskh.com/24156/ceremony-predicts-good-year/ |access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sen-2019">{{cite web |last=Sen |first=S. |title=Ancient royal paddy planting ceremony marked |website=The Himalayan Times |date=July 2, 2019 |url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/ancient-royal-paddy-planting-ceremony-marked |access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> == Lihi pahi ==<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order --> <!--ABC--> * [[Artificial rice]] * [[Direct seeded rice]] * [[List of rice dishes]] * [[Rice Belt]]<!--TUVW--> <!--XYZ--> <!-- alphabetical order! --> {{-}}<!--needed to avoid having images running into reflist--> == Karim pahi == * {{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Wende |last2=Liu |first2=Jinling |last3=Triplett |first3=Lindsay |last4=Leach |first4=Jan E. |last5=Wang |first5=Guo-Liang |title=Novel insights into rice innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=213–241 |date=August 4, 2014 |pmid=24906128 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926 |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |s2cid=9244874 |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last=Deb |first=D. |title=Restoring Rice Biodiversity |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=321 |issue=4 |date=October 2019 |pages=54–61 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1019-54 |quote=India originally possessed some 110,000 [[landrace]]s of rice with diverse and valuable properties. These include enrichment in vital nutrients and the ability to withstand flood, drought, salinity or pest infestations. The [[Green Revolution]] covered fields with a few high-yielding varieties, so that roughly 90 percent of the landraces vanished from farmers' collections. High-yielding varieties require expensive inputs. They perform abysmally on marginal farms or in adverse environmental conditions, forcing poor farmers into debt. |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Singh |first=B. N. |date=2018 |title=Global Rice Cultivation & Cultivars |url=http://www.studiumpress.in/global-rice-cultivation-cultivars.html |location=New Delhi |publisher=Studium Press |isbn= 978-1-62699-107-1 |access-date=March 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314175208/http://www.studiumpress.in/global-rice-cultivation-cultivars.html |archive-date=March 14, 2018 |url-status=dead |ref=none}} {{Varieties of rice}} {{Rice production}} {{Cereals}} {{Rice dishes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rice|Rice]] [[Category:Crops originating from China]] [[Category:Grasses of Asia]] [[Category:Plant models]] [[Category:Types of food]] [[Category:Tropical agriculture]] [[Category:Austronesian agriculture]] == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} [[Pubu:Kahu]] {{stub}} 6t6oxuq94iir403gyy42zpchn94hg9n Tony Naden 0 9656 146215 93805 2026-08-10T23:38:44Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} {{short description|British lexicographer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} '''Tony Naden''' nyɛla British bala baŋda ŋun zaɣa be Western [[Oti–Volta languages|Oti-Volta]] balla din jendi [[Gur languages|Gur]] bala.<ref name="jstore">{{cite journal | jstor=680975 | title=Polygyny: Further Factors from Mamprusi | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1991-12_93_4/page/948 | author=Dianne Naden and Tony Naden | journal=[[American Anthropologist]] | year=1991 | volume=93 | issue=4 | pages=948–950 | doi=10.1525/aa.1991.93.4.02a00130}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun sabi kundunima din larigiri bachinima fasara bala din doli ŋɔ ni na: [[Dagbani language|Dagbanli]], [[Mampruli language|Mampelle]], [[Mossi language|Mõõré]], [[Nabit language|Nabt]], [[Talni language|Talene]], [[Kamara language|KaMara]] ni [[Kantosi language|Yarsi]].<ref name="Aardvark">{{cite web | url=http://lostmarbles31.wix.com/aardvarks-lexico#!copy-of-our-dictionaries/c1bte | title=Dictionaries and Language studies | access-date=February 1, 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061715/http://lostmarbles31.wix.com/aardvarks-lexico#!copy-of-our-dictionaries/c1bte | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==O ni sabi ka yihi lahabali shɛŋa na== *{{cite book | title=A semantically-based grammar of Vagla | publisher=LS Afrikanistik 1, Univ. Bayreuth | author=Marj Crouch and Tony Naden| year=1998 | pages=185|oclc = 174505065}} *{{cite journal | url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19471654.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115224504/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19471654.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2018-11-15 | title=Polygyny: A Cross-Cultural Study | author=Naden, Tony | journal=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]] | volume=3 | issue=1 | pages=184 | year=1997 | doi=10.2307/3034397 | jstor=3034397 }} *{{cite book | title=Time and the Calendar in Some Ghanaian Languages | publisher=Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy, and Bible Translations | author=Naden, Tony | year=1996 | location=University of Ghana. Institute of African Studies | pages=130|oclc = 40768200}} *{{cite journal | url=http://lexikos.journals.ac.za/pub/article/viewFile/1105/621 | title=From Wordlist to Comparative Lexicography: The Lexinotes | author=Naden, Tony | journal=Lexikos | year=1993 | volume=3 | pages=167–190 | doi=10.5788/3-1-1105| doi-access=free }} *{{cite book | title=Law in Some North Ghanaian Societies | publisher=Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana | author=Naden, Tony | year=1984 | pages=71|oclc = 17397104}} *{{cite journal | url=http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/sal/article/download/1118/1118-2079-1-PB.pdf | title=Existence and possession in Bisa | author=Naden, Tony | journal=Studies in African Linguistics | year=1982 | volume=12 | issue=2 | doi=10.1353/lan.2015.0047 | pages=533–563 | s2cid=12117659 | access-date=23 February 2024 | archive-date=25 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425091350/https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/sal/article/download/1118/1118-2079-1-PB.pdf | url-status=dead }} *{{cite journal | title=How to greet in bisa | author=Naden, Tony | journal=[[Journal of Pragmatics]] | year=1980 | volume=4 | issue=2 | pages=137–145 | doi=10.1016/0378-2166(80)90050-8}} *{{cite journal | title=Explorations in applied linguistics | author=Naden, Tony | journal=[[Journal of Pragmatics]] | year=1979 | pages=195–200 | doi=10.1016/0378-2166(82)90031-5 | volume=6| issue=2 }} *{{cite book | title=Collected Notes on Some North-Ghanaian Kinship Systems | publisher=The Institute | author=Naden, Tony | year=1975 | pages=77|oclc = 12808250}} *{{cite book | title=Kinship Terminology and Some of the Social Correlates Or Outworkings of the Kinship System in Ghanaian Culture | publisher=Legon Institute of African Studies | author=Naden, Tony | year=1974 | pages=77|oclc = 254121053}} *{{cite book | url=http://search.language-archives.org/record.html?id=refdb_wals_info_592 | title=The grammar of Bisa : a synchronic description of the Lebir dialect | publisher=OLAC Language Resource Catalog | author=Anthony Joshua (author), Tony Naden (Contributor) | year=1973 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Naden, Tony}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Lexicographers]] [[Category:Linguists of Dagbani]] {{UK-linguist-stub}} b41ixpg4fqjemxh1s6gwtpku0vhsnb7 Mathematics 0 10998 146198 145939 2026-08-10T23:05:00Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mathematics''' (din nye Dagbamba ni boondi binsheli Laasabu malibu) nyɛla baŋsim bɔhimbu yaɣi shɛli din yihiri bee n kahigira ka lahi pu n pu sɔ bɔbili shɛŋa din yina ni di ti bo ninneesim n ti tabibi baŋdiba n ti pahi laasabu malibu maŋ maŋa. Mathematics mali la yaɣa pam ka di shɛŋa nye , ''number'' ''theory'' (din bɔhimbu jandi kalinli bihi), ''algebra'' (din bɔhimbu jandi binyɛra biɛhigu), ''geometry'' (din bɔhimbu jandi binyɛra nama, poli shɛŋa di ni tooi deegi ni di lɔɣa), ''analysis'' (din bɔhimbu jandi taɣibu taɣibu din niŋdi saha kam), n ti pahi set thory (din bɔhimbu jandiri bin muna ka di lahi nyɛ bin shɛli din laɣimdi bin yara di ni tu ni di be luɣi shɛli, dina n nyɛ daantaligu n ti mathematics bɔhimbu dagaadam). Mathematics nyɛla din jandi binyɛra din ku tooi dii n nya buɣisibu n ti pahi di nahimbu biɛhigu puuni, Mathematics mali la daliri din ka daɣiri m maliwuhiri binyɛra nahingbana ni shaharanima, din dɔli zalisinima din be di puuni nam biehigu ni n yihiri laasabu bihi na, Laasabu bihi ŋɔ dina n nyɛ theorems bee axioms saha shɛŋa din gari ŋɔ nyɛla nahaingbana shɛŋa din leei pilibu shee n ti laasabu bɔhimbu ni baŋsim vihigu shee, <ref>{{cite book |last=Hipólito |first=Inês Viegas |editor1-last=Kanzian |editor1-first=Christian |editor2-last=Mitterer |editor2-first=Josef |editor2-link=Josef Mitterer |editor3-last=Neges |editor3-first=Katharina |date=August 9–15, 2015 |chapter=Abstract Cognition and the Natureof Mathematical Proof |pages=132–134 |title=Realismus – Relativismus – Konstruktivismus: Beiträge des 38. Internationalen Wittgenstein Symposiums |trans-title=Realism – Relativism – Constructivism: Contributions of the 38th International Wittgenstein Symposium |volume=23 |language=de, en |publisher=Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society |location=Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria |issn=1022-3398 |oclc=236026294 |url=https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107221937/https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=January 17, 2024}}([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280654540_Abstract_Cognition_and_the_Nature_of_Mathematical_Proof at ResearchGate] {{open access}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105145638/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280654540_Abstract_Cognition_and_the_Nature_of_Mathematical_Proof|date=November 5, 2022}})</ref> Mathematics mali bukata pam n-ti ''natural science'', ''engineering'', ''medicine'', ''finance'', ''computer science'', n-ti pahi ''social science''. Mathematics nyɛla bɛ ni mali bin shɛli n niɣindi biɛhigu pam, mathematics daantaligi din nyɛ yɛlimaŋli kuli nyɛla di ni za di gama zuɣu ka bɛ zaŋ di maŋ n jali [[SCIENCES|''science'']] tumtumsa la. Mathematics yaɣ'shɛga, kamani ''statistics'' mini ''game theory'' nyɛla din mini di ''applications'' kpini taba, ka bɛ pu li n niŋ ''applied mathematics'' bɔŋ ni. Yaɣ'shɛŋa mi biɛni ka di mini di application shɛli bɛ kpini taba ka bɛ pu dimi n niŋ ''pure mathematics'' bɔŋ ni, amaa nyaanga ha, di tooi mali nin nyabu ''applications''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peterson|first=Ivars|title=The mathematical tourist: snapshots of modern mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicaltour00pete|date=1988|publisher=Freeman|isbn=978-0-7167-1953-3|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences|url=https://math.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html|access-date=2025-12-15|website=math.dartmouth.edu}}</ref> Di yi kana taarihi polo, ''mathematics'' dalirinim din ne n dɔya ka ka gbaliŋ nyɛ din daa tuugi yina ''Creek mathematics'' puuni, din niŋ bayana ''Euclid's Elements'' puuni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Euclidís Elements, by far his most famous and important work, is a comprehensive collection of the mathematical knowledge discovered by the classical Greeks, and thus represents a mathematical history of the age just prior to Euclid and the development o|url=https://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm|access-date=2025-12-16|website=jwilson.coe.uga.edu}}</ref> Tum di piligu, bɛ daa pirigi la ''mathematics'' n-ti ''geometry'' mini ''arithmetics'' (''natural numbers'' niɣimbu mini pirigibu) naɣila ''16th'' mini ''17th'' ''centuries'' la saha, ''algebra'' mini ''infinitesimal calculus'' ni daa yoli yina. Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, alizama di be ''mathematical innovations'' mini ''scientific discoveries'' sunsuuni chɛmi ka di zaa.zoora.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MathSciNet|url=https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/relay-station?mr=2884913|access-date=2025-12-16|website=mathscinet.ams.org}}</ref> 19th century bahigu ha, ''mathematics'' kpabu yalimuɣisira daa chɛmi ka bɛ mali ka yooi di soya,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kleiner|first=Israel|date=1991-12-01|title=Rigor and Proof in Mathematics: A Historical Perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0025570X.1991.11977625|journal=Mathematics Magazine|volume=64|issue=5|pages=291–314|doi=10.1080/0025570X.1991.11977625|issn=0025-570X}}</ref> ka di chɛ ka be niŋ suhipiɛlli ni mathematics yaɣa maa kalinli pahibu ni di ''applications'' yaɣa. Saha ŋɔ ''mathematics'' din bɛ ti karim zona ni ŋɔ mali ̃Bɛ ni tooi lahi yɛli ni di nyɛla  equation shɛli din bɛ za di naba ayi zuɣu, ka nyɛ polynomial equations (din tahi algebraic geometry na).''mathematics'' yaɣa din du puya n gari pihinu.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Mihaljevic|first=Helena|title=The gender publication gap in mathematics: A bibliometric analysis of zbMATH data|date=2024-06-17|url=https://doi.org/10.4171/zbl90/9|work=90 Years of zbMATH|pages=9–16|publisher=EMS Press|isbn=978-3-98547-073-0|access-date=2025-12-16|last2=Santamaría|first2=Lucía}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://search.catalog.loc.gov/instances/4a2630c2-8d86-5db8-b381-191704b8da42?option=lccn&query=sf77000404|title=Notices of the American Mathematical Society|publisher=American Mathematical Society|editor-last=American Mathematical Society|location=Providence, R.I., etc.|oclc=1480366}}</ref> == [Areas of mathematics] mathematics yaɣa yaɣa == poi ni ninneesim mathematics daa nyala di pirgi yaɣa ayi zuɣu:: ''arithmetic'', din nye kalinli yaltɔɣa, ni ''geometry'' din nye binyara ŋmahangbana "''shapes''" yaltɔɣa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bell|first=E. T.|title=The Development of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofmat0000bell_x2o8|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1992|isbn=978-0-486-27239-9|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentofmat0000bell_x2o8/page/3 3]|chapter=General Prospectus|lccn=45010599|oclc=523284|quote=... mathematics has come down to the present by the two main streams of number and form. The first carried along arithmetic and algebra, the second, geometry.|author-link=Eric Temple Bell|orig-date=1945}}</ref> "''pseudoscience''" yaɣ'shaŋa kaman "numerology" mini "astrology", daa nyala din ka walginsim ni mathematics.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Sarju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yyDJUD0DNwC&pg=PA27|title=Mathematics in History, Culture, Philosophy, and Science|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7099-404-6|edition=1st|publication-place=New Delhi, India|page=27|chapter=A Mirror of Civilization|lccn=92909575|oclc=28115124|quote=It is unfortunate that two curses of mathematics--Numerology and Astrology were also born with it and have been more acceptable to the masses than mathematics itself.|access-date=November 13, 2025}}</ref> Di ni daa ti niŋ ka nina nehi yaɣa ayi daa nyala din pahi, laasabu malibu baŋsim yaɣili zuɣu, "''Mathematical notation''" dini n daa zan n ti "algebra" din nye n zaŋ "''formulas''"n tumdi tuma kaman kotomsi,bi yi ti a bohigu laasabu malibu ni ni '''(x + 2 = 5)'''"''algebra''" n nye din yan soŋ a ka tooi labisi lala bohigu maa. Din pahi n nye "calculus" din nye din pirigi buyi "differential calculus" mini "''integral calculus''", ka di mi wuhiri ti binyara ni taɣiri sham biehigu puuni. Lala yaɣa yaɣa ŋo arithmetic, ''geometry'', ''algebra'', ni ''calculus''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Restivo |first=Sal |author-link=Sal Restivo |editor-last=Bunge |editor-first=Mario |editor-link=Mario Bunge |year=1992 |chapter=Mathematics from the Ground Up |title=Mathematics in Society and History |page=14 |series=Episteme |volume=20 |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |isbn=0-7923-1765-3 |lccn=25709270 |oclc=92013695}}</ref> nyala din daa saɣi n ti ka beni hali ni "''19th century''" (zuŋo yuun'kobshii) naabu saha.Yaɣa kamani "''celestial mechanics''" mini "solid mechanics" daa lahi silimiinsi ni boli shaba "''mathematicians" ni daa bohim shɛli'' amaa punpoŋo di pahila ''physics'' puuni..<ref>{{cite book |last=Musielak |first=Dora |author-link=Dora Musielak |year=2022 |title=Leonhard Euler and the Foundations of Celestial Mechanics |series=History of Physics |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-12322-1 |isbn=978-3-031-12321-4 |s2cid=253240718 |issn=2730-7549 |eissn=2730-7557 |oclc=1332780664}}</ref> Lala yaɣa ŋo daa kuli nyala din bohinda amaa ka daa lee bi za gama zuɣu m mali di konko yuli naɣila 17th century la saha.<ref>{{cite journal |date=May 1979 |last=Biggs |first=N. L. |title=The roots of combinatorics |journal=Historia Mathematica |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=109–136 |doi=10.1016/0315-0860(79)90074-0 |doi-access=free |issn=0315-0860 |eissn=1090-249X |lccn=75642280 |oclc=2240703}}</ref> "''19th century''" (zuŋo yuun'kobshii) bahigu saha, ''mathematics'' kpabu yalimuɣisira daa chɛmi ka bɛ mali ka yoogi so'pala.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-07-01|url=https://doi.org/10.55619/pc.gr.92012|doi=10.55619/pc.gr.92012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Yuuni 200 ''mathematics'' din be ti karim zona ni ŋɔ mali ''mathematics'' yaɣa din du puya n gari pihiyobu ni ata.<ref name=":1" /> Lala yaɣa maa shɛga gɔhila yaɣ'kura maa, kamani di ni nyɛ yɛlimaŋli di yi kana ''number theory'' (dina n pa nyɛ puunpoŋo ''arithmetic'' di du maa) mini ''geometry''. Di yaɣa din du maa shɛŋa gba mali la ''geometry'' di yuya puuni bee ka bɛ kuli kpuɣili kamani ''geometry''  yaɣ'shɛli. ''Algebra'' mini ''calculus'' pa yaɣ'shɛli din du, amaa di pirigi mi n ti yaɣ'shɛga din dundu. Yaɣ'shɛga din pahipahi ka du daa laɣim la taba ''20th century'' la saha bee ka bɛ daa yi bɛ kpuɣili ka di nyɛ ''mathematics'' kamani ''mathematical logic'' mini ''foundations''.<ref name=":2" /> === Number Theory === ''Number theory'' daa pilimi ni numbanim niɣimbu, dina n nyɛ ''natural numbers'' (N) ka di daa ti zoogi n niŋ ''integers'' (Z) ni ''rational numbers'' (Q). ''Number theory'' ka bɛ daa na boondi ''arithmetic'', amaa punpoŋo din ka bɛ pa mali n tiri  nambanim laasabu malibu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leveque|first=W.|date=1977|title=Fundamentals of number theory|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Fundamentals-of-number-theory-Leveque/1c0dba7e7c16469e4fbd1006bcb16a5271f37101}}</ref> ''Number theory'' pilli yila nadaa ''[[Babylon]]'' mini ''[[China]]'' nim sani. ''Number theory'' diba ayi shɛga din daa kuli niŋ bayana n nyɛ ''[[Euclid]]'' din nyɛ daadaa la saha ''[[Greece]]'' nim dini nti pahi ''Diophantus'' din nyɛ ''[[Alexandria]]'' nim dini la.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1997-11-15|title=The Queen of Mathematics : A Historically Motivated Guide to Number Theory|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781439864623/queen-mathematics-jay-goldman|journal=Taylor & Francis|language=en|doi=10.1201/9781439864623/queen-mathematics-jay-goldman}}</ref> Saha ŋɔ ''number theory'' bohimbu din be suhini ka kutooi nya nyɛla din jɛndi ''Pierre de Fermat'' mini ''Leonhard Euler''. Lala yaɣili maa daa nyɛla din nya nasara ka di nyɛla ''Adrien-Marie Legendre'' mini ''Carl Friedrich Gauss'' nuutimbu zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weil|first=André|date=2001|title=Number Theory|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-8176-4571-7|journal=SpringerLink|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-0-8176-4571-7}}</ref> Niriba pam yalimi ni namba yɛli'muɣisira ni yan n nya faako, naɣila bɛ zaŋ la so'shɛli din du n tum tuma, din tooi yirina ''mathematics'' yaɣa gabbu ni na. Shɛhira din yi polo pam n nyɛ ''Fermat'' bahigu ''theorem'' maa. Lala biɛhiŋ ŋɔ maa nyɛla Pierre de Fermat ni daa sabi yuuni 1637, amaa yuuni 1994 ka Andrew Wiles daa wuhi di dihitabili, o daa zaŋla nɛma kamani ''scheme theory'' din be ''algebraic geometry'' ni la, ''category theory'', n-ti pahi ''homological algebra''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kleiner|first=Israel|date=2000-03-31|title=From Fermat to Wiles: Fermat's Last Theorem Becomes a Theorem|url=https://ems.press/journals/em/articles/622|journal=Elemente der Mathematik|language=en|volume=55|issue=1|pages=19–37|doi=10.1007/pl00000079|issn=0013-6018}}</ref> Di shɛhira shɛli n nyɛ Goldbach biɛhiŋ la, din yɛli ni ''integer'' kam din mali jaa ka gari diba ayi nyɛla ''prime number'' diba ayi ni laɣim taba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Goldbach Conjecture {{!}} Series in Pure Mathematics|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/5096|access-date=2025-12-18|website=www.worldscientific.com|language=en|doi=10.1142/5096#t=aboutBook}}</ref> ''Number theory'' laɣim la yaɣ'bobigu kamani ''analytic number theory'', ''algebraic number theory'', ''geometry of numbers'' (sodɔligu yaɣili), ''Diophantine analysis'', nti pahi ''transcendence theory'' (yalli yaɣili).<ref name=":2" /> === Geometry === ''Geometry'' nyɛla mathematics wul'kura la zaɣ'yini. Di daa pilimi ni niriba sani shɛhiranim zaŋchaŋ ''shapes'' kamani ''lines'', ''angles'', ni ''circles'' polo, bɛ ni daa kpaŋsi binshɛli ka di nyɛla tiŋgbana galisim zahimbu mini tiŋgbanni mɛbu zuɣu, amaa ka di daa pirigi pirigi n pili yaɣ'pala.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Mathematics|url=https://arxiv.org/archive/math.HO|access-date=2025-12-19|website=arxiv.org}}</ref> Nadaa la saha ''Greek'' n daa pili di daantali kpɛŋ din tiri dihitabili, ka di yara, ni yɛltɔɣili kam bɛ ni yɛli, ni di nyɛla yɛlimaŋli tuya kadi mali daliri. Shɛhira, ni di bɛ saɣi ni di saɣiti yalli din yɛra, ni binyɛra ayi waɣilim nyɛla dɛdɛ; di waɣilim nim maa tuya ni di mali daliri ka di yina ban namin pun niŋ li ka  mali di daliri nima (''theorem'') sani, nti pahi yɛltɔɣa din za di nyaanga. Lala yɛltɔɣa din za di nyaanga maa pala binshɛli din ni tooi lɛbi di daliri, dama di nyɛla bɛ maŋmansi dini(bɛ ni saɣi ti shɛli ka ka daliri), bɛɛ ka di pahi yɛltɔɣa shɛga din buɣisiri li (sokam ni saɣi ti shɛli ka ka bɛ daliri). Lala zalkpana ŋɔ maa nyɛla din nyɛ daantaliga n ti mathematics kam, bɛ daa yaligi lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ maa n ti ''geometry'', ka ''[[Euclid]]'' daa laɣim lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ maa yuun kɔbisita yaanga pɔi ni anabi Isa kandina n niŋ o buku shɛli bɛ ni booni ''elements'' la ni.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hilbert|first=David|url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=8ZBsAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=The Foundations of Geometry|date=1902|publisher=Open court publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7222-3046-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hartshorne|first=Robin|url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=EJCSL9S6la0C&pg=PA9&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Geometry: Euclid and Beyond|date=2005-09-28|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-98650-0|language=en}}</ref> ''Euclidean geometry'' nyɛla bin shɛli din bɔhindi ''shapes'' mini di nɛma ni laɣimdi sham, ka di yina ''lines'', ''planes'' ni ''circles'' polo. Di nyɛla din ka barilim (''two dimentional figures'') ni din mali barilim (''three-dimenrional figures'').<ref name=":3" /> ''Euclidean geometry'' nyɛla bɛ ni daa pili shɛli ka di ka soli taɣibu hali ni ''17th century'', René Descartes ni daa pili ti ni pa booni shɛli ''Cartesian coordinates'' la na. Ŋɔ maa nyɛla din chɛ ka taɣibu pam kana niriba tumtumsa mini tiɛha polo: Bɛ ni daa yi buɣisi ''real numbers'' ni di nyɛla boobu tarisi waɣilim maa (nyam number line), punpoŋo di pa  nyɛla din mali boobu tɔbu shɛɛ ka di za nambanim zaani. ''Algebra'' (din daa ti pa nyɛ ''calculus'' la) gba zaa ni tooi n mali ''geometric'' yɛlimuɣisira. ''Geometry'' daa ti pirigi mi n niŋ yaɣ'pala diba ayi: dina n nyɛ ''synthetic geometry'', bɛ ni zaŋdi ''geometry'' soli din nyɛ din pali ni ''analytic geometry'', din mi zaŋdi ''coordinates'' n tumdi tuma maa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of analytic geometry {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/56317813|access-date=2025-12-19|website=search.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref> ''Analytic geometry'' nyɛla din yɛra n kpari ''curves'' polo, di mini ''circles'' mini ''lines''. Lala ''curves'' maa nyɛla ''graph of functions'', ''differential geometry'' ni daa yina shɛli bɔhimbu ni la. Bɛ ni tooi lahi yɛli ni di nyɛla  ''equations'' shɛŋa din bɛ za di naba ayi zuɣu, ka nyɛ (din tahi ''algebraic geometry'' na). ''Analytic geometry'' lahi chɛmi ka ''Euclidean'' luɣi shɛŋa din du n gari yaɣi shɛŋa din mali puli.<ref name=":3" /> === Etymology === === '''''mathematics''' bachi nyɛla din yina'' [[Ancient Greek]] bachi ''máthēma'' ,ka di hurila {{gloss|something learned, knowledge, mathematics}}, ka bin yihili shɛli and the derived ''mathēmatikḗ tékhnē'' ({{lang|grc|μαθηματικὴ τέχνη}}), ka di nyɛ {{gloss|mathematical science}}. Di che silimiinsili saha shɛli din daa nŋɛ naabu sunsuuni siliminsili ka di yini French and Latin.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cresswell|2021|loc=§ Mathematics}} | {{harvnb|Perisho|1965|p=64}} }}</ref> === Di ŋmahanli, di nyɛla shikuru yini din yina di baa ayi puuni bin be [[Pythagoreanism]] ka boli ''mathēmatikoi'' (μαθηματικοί){{emdash}}ka lala saha maa di daa yurimi ni "bohamba" ka di so "mathematicians" in punpɔŋɔ. Ka Pythagoreans daa nyɛla ban kana piligu ni bi constrain di lihigu zan ti bachi n-ti bohambu [[arithmetic]] ni geometry. [[Aristotle]] saha (384–322&nbsp;BC) di hankali daa nŋɛ ya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perisho |first=Margaret W. |date=Spring 1965 |title=The Etymology of Mathematical Terms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pi-mu-epsilon-journal_spring-1965_4_2/page/62 |journal=[[Pi Mu Epsilon Journal]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=62–66 |issn=0031-952X |jstor=24338341 |lccn=58015848 |oclc=1762376}}</ref> Latin mi ni silimiinsili ni, din pa di paala until 1700, ''mathematics bachi hurimi'' "[[astrology]]" ( beei saha shɛŋa "[[astronomy]]") ka di pa rather "mathematics"; ka gbunni tahira bela bela n-ti ti bin pa mili shɛli zaani gbaai 1500 to 1800. Taɣibu ŋɔ zaŋ la baŋsim taɣibu: di shahara n-nyɛ, [[Saint Augustine]]'s ni a sorinima zom ka che ''mathematici'', ka di wuhiri "astrologers", saha shɛŋa beni tahiri mi n-zaŋ ti bin shɛli din be niŋ zaŋ ti mathematicians.<ref name="Boas">{{cite book |last=Boas |first=Ralph P. |author-link=Ralph P. Boas Jr. |editor-last1=Alexanderson |editor-first1=Gerald L. |editor-last2=Mugler |editor-first2=Dale H. |year=1995 |chapter=What Augustine Didn't Say About Mathematicians |page=[https://archive.org/details/lionhuntingother0000boas/page/257 257] |title=Lion Hunting and Other Mathematical Pursuits: A Collection of Mathematics, Verse, and Stories |url=https://archive.org/details/lionhuntingother0000boas |publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]] |isbn=978-0-88385-323-8 |lccn=94078313 |oclc=633018890}}</ref> Di zaha bobli bi ni boli silimiinsili labirimi ni ti Latin [[Neuter (grammar)|neuter]] zahabobli {{lang|la|mathematica}} ([[Cicero]]), zaŋ doli Greek zahabobli ''ta mathēmatiká'' ({{lang|el|τὰ μαθηματικά}}) ka di booni "bin sahakam mathematical", hali din nyɛ hankali zuli ni silimiinsili daa nŋɛla be ni suhi shɛli ka di nyɛla di anfaani ''mathematic(al)'' ka be zaanli ni bachi namda ''mathematics ni zaha palli'', ''[[physics]]'' ni ''[[metaphysics]] soli ni daa naa'', be ni daa nyɛ Greek nima sani.<ref>''[[The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology]]'', ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''sub'' "mathematics", "mathematic", "mathematics".</ref> English ni, bachi namda ''mathematics'' deeri zaha yini bachi niŋdili. Ka be maarili It is often ''maths''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/maths_n |title=Maths (Noun) |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=January 25, 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125134838/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/maths_n |url-status=live }}</ref> beei,North America, ''math''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/math_n3 |title=Math (Noun³) |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404201407/http://oed.com/view/Entry/114982 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |access-date=January 25, 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Ancient === [[File:Plimpton 322.jpg|thumb|Babylon nima mathematical tablet bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ''[[Plimpton 322]]'', din yuma chaŋ n ti lu yuuni 1800 pɔi ni Anabi Issah saha&nbsp;BC]] Din lahi pahi ti n baŋdi a ni tooi kali binyɛra shɛm ti ni nyara, pɔi ni yali kura niriba ni tooi mali gbaabu zaŋ kpa kalibu bachi ŋa ka kalinli, kamani saha{{emdash}}dabisa, seasons, bee yuma.<ref>See, for example, {{cite book | first=Raymond L. | last=Wilder|author-link=Raymond L. Wilder|title=Evolution of Mathematical Concepts; an Elementary Study|at=passim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Zaslavsky|first=Claudia|author-link=Claudia Zaslavsky|title=Africa Counts: Number and Pattern in African Culture.|date=1999|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-61374-115-3|oclc=843204342}}</ref> shahira din be tɔm din galisi polo mathematics bi tooi yi polo naɣila zaŋ kpa 3000&nbsp;{{Abbr|BC|Before Christ}}, bo saha ka [[Babylonia]]ns mini Egyptians piligi zaŋ tum tuma arithmetic, algebra, ni geometry zaŋ ti farigu deebu ni tuma laɣ' kalindi bo Polo , zaŋ ti mebu ni malibu, mini zaŋ ti ban mi zuɣusaa yɛltɔɣa.{{sfn|Kline|1990|loc=Chapter 1}} saha kura la saha mathematical sabbu din yina [[Mesopotamia]] mini [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] zaa yina la 2000 ni ti ti 1800&nbsp;BC.<ref>[https://www.ms.uky.edu/~dhje223/CrestOfThePeacockCh4-pages-2-21.pdf/ Mesopotamia]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} pg 10. Retrieved June 1, 2024</ref> pam daŋ bu sabbu bolibu [[Pythagorean triple|Pythagorean dibaata]] ni so, zaŋ ti inference, the [[Pythagorean theorem]] nyami zaŋ ti pam ancient mini widespread mathematical concept zaɣ' bihi nyaaŋa arithmetic mini geometry. Di biɛla Babylonian mathematics din [[elementary arithmetic]] (laɣimbu, yihibu, [[multiplication]], ni pirigibu) piligu yina polo din be archaeological record. The Babylonians gba kpe jishee dariza system ka tum a [[sexagesimal]] numeral system bi ni na zaŋdi shɛli n tumdi tuma zuŋɔ n-ti zahindi angles mini saha.{{sfn|Boyer|1991|loc="Mesopotamia" pp. 24–27}} system|Hindunima–larbaawa numeral system]] ni di zalisi zaŋ ti di of its operations,di niŋ yi duniya ni zuŋɔ , ni gili chaŋ di ni taɣi di piligu millennium AD [[Indian mathematics|India]] puuni ni daa taɣaya ni ti [[Western world|Western duniya]] via [[Islamic mathematics]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Number Theory and Its History | first=Øystein | last=Ore | author-link=Øystein Ore | publisher=Courier Corporation | pages=19–24 | year=1988 | isbn=978-0-486-65620-5 | url={{GBurl|id=Sl_6BPp7S0AC|pg=IA19}} | access-date=November 14, 2022 }}</ref> ni yaɣ' shɛli lɛbigimsim of Indian mathematics be lala saha maa baŋbu ni approximation of [[sine]] ni [[cosine]], ni daŋ yibu din be kalibu ŋa ku tooi kali.<ref>{{cite journal | title=On the Use of Series in Hindu Mathematics | first=A. N. | last=Singh | journal=Osiris | volume=1 | date=January 1936 | pages=606–628 | doi=10.1086/368443 | jstor=301627 | s2cid=144760421 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> chapter=Use of series in India <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>| last1=Kolachana |</nowiki> first1=A. | last2=Mahesh | first2=K. <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>| last3=Ramasubramanian |</nowiki> first3=K. <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> title=Studies in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> series=Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>| pages=438–461 |</nowiki> publisher=Springer | publication-place=Singapore <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>| isbn=978-981-13-7325-1 |</nowiki> year=2019 <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> doi=10.1007/978-981-13-7326 == Lahi nyama == * Mathematics portal * Law (mathematics) * List of mathematical jargon * Lists of mathematicians * Lists of mathematics topics * Mathematical constant * Mathematical sciences * Mathematics and art * Mathematics education * Philosophy of mathematics * Relationship between mathematics and physics * Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics [[Pubu:Laasabu malibu]] [[File:Rubik's cube.svg|thumb|alt=A shuffled 3x3 rubik's cube |The [[Rubik's Cube group]] is a concrete application of [[group theory]].<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite book|last=Joyner|first=David|title=Adventures in Group Theory: Rubik's Cube, Merlin's Machine, and Other Mathematical Toys|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-9012-3|edition=2nd|pages=219–232|chapter=The (legal) Rubik's Cube group|lccn=2008011322|oclc=213765703}}</ref>]] [[File:IllustrationCentralTheorem.png|upright=1.5|thumb|right|Ayi kana ti liɣi random population [[Probability distribution|distribution]] (μ) balibu kam ni, sampling[[mean]] (x̄) maa lɛbigiri la [[Gaussian distribution]] ka di [[variance]] (σ) nyabu chani dɔli la [[central limit theorem]] of probability theory.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rouaud |first=Mathieu |date=April 2017 |orig-date=First published July 2013 |title=Probability, Statistics and Estimation |page=10|url=http://www.incertitudes.fr/book.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.incertitudes.fr/book.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |access-date=February 13, 2024}}</ref>|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Plimpton 322.jpg|thumb|Babylon nima mathematical tablet bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ''[[Plimpton 322]]'', din yuma chaŋ n ti lu yuuni 1800&nbsp; pɔi ni Anabi Issah saha BC]] [[File:Bakhshali numerals 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Anfooni din wuhiri kalinli bihi bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛŋa n sabi [[Bakhshali manuscript]] gbaŋ, din yuma chaŋ n ti lu yuun kɔbga din pahi ayi pɔi ni Anabi Issah saha BC hali ti gbaai yuun kɔbga din pahi ayi AD]] [[File:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Anfooni din wuhiri yaɣili din bie [[al-Khwarizmi]]'s ''[[Al-Jabr]] sabili ni'']] [[File:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|Anfooni din wuhiri mathematics baŋda ŋun yuli booni [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]]] [[File:Sigma summation notation.svg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri sigma (Σ) [[summation]] notation ni tumdi sham, di sabbu n ti pahi dibihi ni ga taba sham|class=skin-invert-image]] == Symbolic notation and terminology == {{Main|Mathematical notation|Language of mathematics|Glossary of mathematics}} [[File:Sigma summation notation.svg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri sigma (Σ) [[summation]] notation ni tumdi sham, di sabbu n ti pahi dibihi ni ga taba sham|class=skin-invert-image]] Mathematical notation nyɛla din yɛligi m be science puuni ni fitanima ni zaŋdi zaani complex [[concept]]s ni falinima m be concise, unambiguous, ni ni dede yaɣili. notation ŋɔ laɣimla of [[glossary of mathematical symbols|symbols]] zaŋ niŋ zaŋ zali [[operation (mathematics)|operation]]s, di nyɛla din bi yihi kalinli shɛŋa, zo' sima ni binshɛŋa din nyɛ mathematical binyɛra, ni n naa yi laɣimdiba ni niŋdi hankaya nima puuni ni formulas.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Wolfram |first=Stephan |date=October 2000 |author-link=Stephen Wolfram |title=Mathematical Notation: Past and Future |conference=MathML and Math on the Web: MathML International Conference 2000, Urbana Champaign, USA |url=https://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/mathematical-notation-past-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116150905/https://www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/mathematical-notation-past-future/ |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref> precisely pam, kalibunima ni mathematical shɛŋa niŋsim deera daa zaŋ ti by symbols bɔli yaɣa, din laɣim binshɛɣu kam [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] bee [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] bachinima, ni din gba pahi din be sabbu yaɣ' shɛli. Operation ni zosima zaa laɣimmi zaŋ ti [[Glossary of mathematical symbols|symbols din gahim]] bee [[glyph]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Douglas |first1=Heather |last2=Headley |first2=Marcia Gail |last3=Hadden |first3=Stephanie |last4=LeFevre |first4=Jo-Anne |author4-link=Jo-Anne LeFevre |date=December 3, 2020 |title=Knowledge of Mathematical Symbols Goes Beyond Numbers |journal=Journal of Numerical Cognition |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=322–354 |doi=10.5964/jnc.v6i3.293 |doi-access=free |eissn=2363-8761 |s2cid=228085700}}</ref> kamani {{math|+}} (zaŋ laɣim), {{math|×}} ([[multiplication sign|multiplication]]), <math display =inline>\int</math> ([[integral sign|integral]]), {{math|1==}} (zaɣ' yini), ni {{math|<}} (din bi paai).<ref name=AMS>{{cite web |last1=Letourneau |first1=Mary |last2=Wright Sharp |first2=Jennifer |date=October 2017 |title=AMS Style Guide |page=75 |publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] |url=https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/AMS-StyleGuide-online.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208063650/https://www.ams.org//publications/authors/AMS-StyleGuide-online.pdf |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref> symbols ŋɔ maa zaa laɣimla ni zaŋ di tira zaligu din gahim ti hankaya puuni ni formulas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jansen |first1=Anthony R. |last2=Marriott |first2=Kim |last3=Yelland |first3=Greg W. |year=2000 |title=Constituent Structure in Mathematical Expressions |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society |volume=22 |publisher=[[University of California Merced]] |eissn=1069-7977 |oclc=68713073 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt35r988q9/qt35r988q9.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116152222/https://escholarship.org/content/qt35r988q9/qt35r988q9.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref> zaɣa maŋli ni, hankaya ni formulas bi yirina di konko, amaa di paɣala yɛltɔɣa puuni punpɔŋɔ bala, where expressions ni tum di tuma bachi namda [[noun phrase|phrase]]s ni formulas dema Mathematics malila yaligibu din mali yaa n taɣara broad range yaɣa shɛŋa din mali bohambu zaŋ kpa fali pirigibu din be yaɣa shɛŋa ni , idealized objects ni kamani bini kpɛri taba shɛm. Di biɛla rigorous baŋbu din yihi mebu din zani viɛnyɛla. An axiom bee [[postulate]] mathematical nyɛla statement din kpuɣiri di yɛlimaŋli ka ka din bɔri proof. If a mathematical statement ni nabi yihiri (bee din bi yihira), di nin nye [[conjecture]]. Zaŋ yi di series of rigorous nangbankpeeni kpuɣibu[[deductive reasoning]], a statement yihiri di yɛlimaŋli lɛbila a theorem. theorem shɛli din gahim nye din tum maa maŋmaŋa prove theorem shɛli gba booni la [[Lemma (mathematics)|''lemma'']]. A proven ni be yaɣ' shɛŋa ni pam laɣimbu ni ni nyɛ [[corollary|''corollary'']].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossi |first=Richard J. |year=2006 |title=Theorems, Corollaries, Lemmas, and Methods of Proof |url=https://archive.org/details/theoremscorollar0000ross |series=Pure and Applied Mathematics: A Wiley Series of Texts, Monographs and Tracts |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/theoremscorollar0000ross/page/1 1]–14, 47–48 |isbn=978-0-470-04295-3 |lccn=2006041609 |oclc=64085024}}</ref> Numerous technical tooi nyɛ in mathematics n nyɛ [[neologism]]s, kamani ''[[polynomial|'''polynomial''']]'' ni ''[[homeomorphism|'''homeomorphism''']]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathword/ |title=Earliest Uses of Some Words of Mathematics |website=MacTutor |publisher=[[University of St. Andrews]] |publication-place=Scotland, UK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929032236/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathword/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref> technical shɛŋa terms nyɛla bachinima bala shɛŋa din yɔli ka tum be accurate gbunni ni may differ slightly n yina bi gbunni shɛli din yɔli puuni. Ŋmahinli, mathematics puuni, "bee" n-nyɛ "zaɣa yini, shɛli bee di zaa", ka, bal' shɛli din yɔli puuni, it is either ambiguous bee din wuhi"zaɣ' yini bee di shɛli amaa ka di zaa shɛli" (in mathematics, the latter n booni"din be kpaŋa bee"). Koobu, mathematical pam terms nyɛla bachi shɛli din yɔli din daa zaŋ niŋ bɛ ti pali ni nyɛ gbunni shɛli din pa yim.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Silver |first=Daniel S. |date=November–December 2017 |title=The New Language of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/american-scientist_november-december-2017_105_6/page/364 |journal=The American Scientist |volume=105 |number=6 |pages=364–371 |publisher=[[Sigma Xi]] |doi=10.1511/2017.105.6.364 |doi-access=free |issn=0003-0996 |lccn=43020253 |oclc=1480717 |s2cid=125455764}}</ref> din boŋɔ ni tooi taɣi din dɔni viɛnyɛla ni yɛlimaŋli mathematical assertions, amaa ni yina n-nyɛ yɛltɔɣa yɔli n ti niriba ban ka bɔri din wuhi ani nyɛ so. Ŋmahinli, " [[free module|module]] kam zaa din nyɛ alaha nyɛla zaɣ' pati" ni " [[field (mathematics)|field]] nyɛla alwa == Kundivihira == {{multiple image | footer = Anfooni din wuhiri mathematics baŋda ayi ban yuya booni Isaac Newton (ŋun bie nuzaa zuɣu) n ti pahi [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] ŋun nam infinitesimal calculus. | total_width = 330 | width1 = 407 | height1 = 559 | image1 = GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg | alt1 = Isaac Newton | width2 = 320 | height2 = 390 | image2 = Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Bernhard Christoph Francke.jpg | alt2 = Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz }} [[File:Pendule schema.gif|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri pendulum]] [[File:Giant Pufferfish skin pattern detail.jpg|thumb|The skin of this [[giantpufferfish]] exhibits a [[Turing pattern]], which can be modeled by [[reaction–diffusion system]]s.]] [[File:Julia set (highres 01).jpg|thumb|[[Fractal]] with a scaling symmetry and a central symmetry]] [[File:FieldsMedalFront.jpg|thumb|The front side of the [[Fields Medal]] with an illustration of the Greek [[polymath]] [[Archimedes]]]] 3eyzupw273svzvimqymro92v2rnelwg Convention People's Party 0 11148 146204 145961 2026-08-10T23:22:32Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Convention People's Party'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPP - Conven-tion People's Party|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/cpp.php|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> '''(CPP)''' nyɛla socialist paati din be [[Ghana]] ka di daliri daa doli ti Ghana tuuli tingbani zuɣulana [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] tɛha.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dictionary of National Biography|date=2021-12-14|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_National_Biography&oldid=1060266295|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-12-17}}</ref> CPP daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa paati shɛli silimiingoli June puuni, yuuni 1949 di ni daa niŋ ka [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa zo ka che United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) la<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conven-tion Peoples’ Party {{!}} political party, Ghana {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Conven-tion-Peoples-Party|access-date=2021-12-18|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rooney|first=David|title=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahvisi0000roon|date=2007-11-15|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-81-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahvisi0000roon/page/52 52]–72|chapter=Secretary of the UGCC|doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rooney|title=Birth of the CPP|date=2007|work=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|pages=74–90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nkrumah|first=Kwame|title=The Ghana Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822359845|date=2016-02-04|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822359845/page/301 301]–302|chapter=Independence Speech|doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65}}</ref>. == Di pilli == Convention People's Party nyɛla din daa yina paati laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa 20th century piligu ni di sɔŋsi n-deei maŋsulinsi Gold Coast..<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michel|first=Boris|date=July 2018|title=Anti-semitism in early 20th century German geography. From a "spaceless" people to the root of the "ills" of urbanization|journal=Political Geography|volume=65|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.03.006|issn=0962-6298|s2cid=149886373}}</ref> Din daa beni poi ni CPP nyɛ United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa silimiingoli August yuuni 1947 ka baŋdiba daa nyɛ di kpamba. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=SYMEB|first=STEWART|date=October 1947|title=The Gold Coast Legislative Council|journal=African Affairs|volume=46|issue=185|pages=238–239|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093597|issn=1468-2621}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa bɔri ni laɣingu ŋɔ yɛligi din yɛn tooi sɔŋsi bɛ maŋsulinsi tuhi deegi soya la. Di kpamba daa gbaaya ni di piigi gbaŋŋmara kpema ŋun yɛn sɔŋsi ka di yɛligi ka kpaŋsi taɣibu soya. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|title=Countries at COP24 must urgently step up action to address the climate crisis as the most vulnerable suffer from its escalating impacts|journal=Climate Change and Law Collection|doi=10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2018-0134-012}}</ref>Tuuli, bɛ daa gbaami m-piigi Ebenezer Ako Adjei, ŋun daa nyɛ looya la, ni bɛ yɔri o ka o tumdi gbaŋŋmaritali tuma ŋɔ tiri ba, amaa o daa bi saɣi ti ka daa tiri ba wuhi [[Kwame Nkrumah]], ŋun daa nyɛ siyaasa baŋda ka be London lala saha maa.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Ako Adjei daa nyɛla ŋun mi Nkrumah dama o mini o n-daa laɣim chaŋ Lincoln University din be United State ni London School of Economics. O daa lahi nyɛla zuɣulaan' kuro zaŋ ti West African Students Union (WASU) din daa tuui deegi Nkrumah saha shɛli o ni daa yi [[United States]] m-paagi Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Abraham|title=Message from the President of the United States : communicating, a copy of a despatch of the 12th ultimo, addresses to the Secretary of State by the minister resident of the United States at Stockholm, relating to an international exhibition to be he|date=1865|publisher=[G.P.O.]|location=[Washington, D.C.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.46762}}</ref> UGCC kpamba daa saɣi ti Ako Adjei yɛligu maa ni bɛ boli [[Kwame Nkrumah]], lala saha ŋɔ niriba daa pun mi Nkrumah dama o baŋsim zaŋ kpa siyaasa yaɣili daa yi polo zaa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Glickman|first=Harvey|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909–1972)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Leadership|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412952392.n255|isbn=9780761925972}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini George Padmore nti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba daa nyɛla ban daa laɣim niriba yuuni 1945 ka bɛ niŋ Fifth Pan-African Congress, [[Manchester]], [[England]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mueller|first1=Susanne D.|last2=Assensoh|first2=A. B.|date=2000|title=African Political Leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius K. Nyerere|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=33|issue=1|pages=235|doi=10.2307/220329|issn=0361-7882|jstor=220329}}</ref> Nkrumah dintoli zuɣu o daa sabi binshɛli bɛ ni boli Declaration to the Colonial Peoples of the World, ka congress maa daa saɣi deei li ni bɛ ni zaŋ li tum tuma. O daa nyɛla ninvuɣ' so ŋun ni tooi laɣim Gold Coast niriba ni bipola ka bɛ pahi n-tuhi deegi maŋsulinsi<ref>{{Citation|title=Kwame Nkrumah|date=2008|work=Proceedings of the XXII World Congress of Philosophy|pages=5–11|publisher=Philosophy Documentation Center|doi=10.5840/wcp22200828606|isbn=978-1-889680-92-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Glickman|first=Harvey|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909–1972)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Leadership|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412952392.n255|isbn=978-0-7619-2597-2}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla ŋun na bi bɔri ni o saɣi deegi lala gbaŋŋmaritali ŋɔ, dama UGCC niriba mini bɛ ni daa zaŋ ti binshɛli daa bi doli ŋuni Nkrumah ni bɔri shɛm n-ti Gold Coast ni Africa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Howardsson|first=Óskar|title=Icelander Hesitant About Accepting Pay Raise|work=Icelandic-Canadian oral narratives|pages=204|year=1991|publisher=Canadian Museum of History|doi=10.2307/j.ctt22zmctr.74|isbn=978-1-77282-359-2}}</ref> O daa mali o tabi saawara ka daa ti pa saɣi n-deegi lala zaashee maa, ka lee kuli mi ni di ni tooi bi yuugi ka o che lala tuma maa. <ref name="Louis 38">{{Cite journal|last=Louis|first=Arthur|date=2010-04-07|title=New beginnings|journal=Emergency Nurse|volume=18|issue=1|pages=38|doi=10.7748/en.18.1.38.s19|issn=1354-5752|pmid=20437759}}</ref> Silimiingoli 14 November 1947, [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o zo Kojo Botsio ŋun gba daa pahi WASU daa nyɛla ban yi Liverpool n-kana Accra.<ref name="Louis 38" /> Bɛ daa zaŋ [[Kwame Nkrumah]] wuhi Working Committee ni ŋuni n-nyɛ bɛ gbaŋŋmara silimiingoli December 28, yuuni 1947 ka tuma puuni daa nyɛ ni o laɣim niriba ka bɛ doli laɣingu maa, di bahi bahindi bipola, ka di nyɛmi o yɛn kpala bipola laɣinsi (di puuni shɛŋa n-nyɛ : Apowa Literary and Social Club) ni Ashanti Confederacy<ref>{{Citation|last1=Hughes|first1=Nathan|title=Delivering youth justice through partnership working|work=Social work and multi-agency working|pages=9–28|year=2008|publisher=Bristol University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1t89c5m.6|isbn=978-1-4473-4264-9|last2=Prior|first2=David}}</ref> (kotomsi, Asante Youth Association- AYA), ka pukpariba, daabihi, duroobanima, nuuni tuumbaŋdiba, karimbanima, gbaŋŋmariba, zaa n-daa nyɛ ban be lala laɣingu maa puuni.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=School Social Work: A Case Study on Working with At-Risk Youth|doi=10.4135/9781529705287}}</ref> Tuuli maa UGCC daa nyɛla din kuli mali niriba bela ka bɛ be teeku noya tinsi la ni nti pahi Kibi. Bɛ daa ka niriba Ashanti yaɣili, hali bɛ daa na ʒin mo ni bɛ bo niriba ka bɛ pahi laɣingu maani tudu yaɣili ŋɔ. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Unexplored Territories|journal=What if I Had Been the Hero?|doi=10.5040/9781838710224.ch-003|isbn=9781838710224}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa niŋ nia ni o taɣi lala ŋɔ zaa, di zuɣu o daa kuli nyɛla ŋun go [[Ghana]] bɔba ni yaɣa n-laɣim salo, ka bɛ ti yɛn yɛli ni chira ayɔbu nyaaŋa UGCC laɣinsi daa pa gari kobiga Gold Coast. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla bɛ ni pii ninvuɣ' so gbaŋŋmari kpɛma zaŋ ti UGCC di ni daa niŋ ka UGCC kpɛma maa daa gbaagi o kpari dama o daa wum la ŋumaŋuma zaŋ kpa Nkrumah tɛhi shɛli o ni daa mali zaŋ chaŋ o maŋmaŋa paati kpabu polo la.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rooney|first=David|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvk3gm60|title=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|date=1988|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-60-5}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa kpala Convention People's Party ni UGCC ninvuɣu' shɛba yɛda puuni, ka daa mali nia ni o nyɛ o maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti. Di mini [[Kwame Nkrumah]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPP - Conven-tion People's Party|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/cpp.php|access-date=2021-12-18|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> CPP toondaantali ŋɔ zaa yoli, o daa lahi laɣim la kataali ayirimo n-daa saɣiri tiri maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti. Di zuɣu daa kpɛhi o sarika pahi ayi, amaa o daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa bahi so di ni daa niŋ ka CPP daa di piibu-piibu maa ni kalinli din galisi pam din daa doli gbampiɛla piibu-piibu ni ka o lee be sarika puuni. CPP nyaandoliba daa saɣimi ti [[Kwame Nkrumah]] tɛha maa ka daa dihi bɛ nuhi viɛnyɛla ti o ni o nyɛ yaa n-niŋ o maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti.[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven-tion_People's_Party#cite_note-3]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sabbu buɣisiya pam zaŋ kpa Ghana politiisa paati nima piligu polo. Ti yi yuli 1948 riot ni, [[Convention People's Party]] dɔɣibu ni din pahi pahi, binshɛŋa din daa che ka CPP ti kpa, ka [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa gari tooni n-daa zani CPP zaani n-kpaɣiri bo gɔmnanti toondaantali ni gbampiɛla ka daa ti di nasara n-deei [[Ghana]] maŋsulinsi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Dennis L.|date=1970|title=The Conven-tion People's Party of Ghana: Representational or Solidarity Party?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/483859|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines|volume=4|issue=2|pages=173–194|doi=10.2307/483859|issn=0008-3968}}</ref> zaa daa nyɛla din pahi sabbu ŋɔ yɛl'kpana puuni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=coaccess|url=https://apps.crossref.org/coaccess/coaccess.html?doi=10.2307%2Fj.ctv125jqp2.65|access-date=2021-12-18|website=apps.crossref.org|doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65}}</ref> == 1948 Riots == Saha shɛli [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ni daa paana Gold Coast yuuni 1947 bahigu, niriba pam suhuri daa bi piɛla di ni daa kuli niŋ ka bindira daa kuli nyɛ din kani ka nɛma mini binshɛɣu kam dahi kuli pahira.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 1.5. Real consumer prices are rising|doi=10.1787/888933098725}}</ref> Pukpariba daa nyɛla ban bi niŋ suhupiɛlli di ni daa niŋ ka zaligu kana ni di ŋmahimi cocoa ti' shɛŋa swollen shoot doro la ni daa mali la, ka bɛ pala ban diri anfaani shɛli di puuni. Sooja kura ban daa pahi ka bɛ tuhi World War II for ‘King and Country’ la daa nyɛla bɛ ni kuli ti shɛb' liɣiri biɛla ka wahala daa bi che o ka mali o gba kamani di ni daa mali niriba pam tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni shɛm.<ref>{{Citation|title=How Gonzalo Pizarro arrived, with his followers, at a place where Indians had formerly settled but had been driven out in a war, and the Spaniards found a very great quantity of yucas, by means of which they were restored to health and their lives were saved; and of the hardships they went through.|date=2017-05-15|work=Civil Wars of Peru, by Pedro de Cieza de León (Part IV, Book II): The War of Chupas|pages=71–76|publisher=Hakluyt Society|doi=10.4324/9781315572291-22|isbn=978-1-315-57229-1}}</ref> Nanima mini siyaasanima daa nyɛla ban bi niŋ zaɣa zaŋ kpa miisim shɛli din daa be tiŋgbani maa ni maa, ka di daa ti paagi Nii Kwabena Bonnne II, Osu Alata Mantse, ni o gari tooni ka bɛ to ayirimo zaŋ kpa nɛma dahi ŋɔ pahibu pahibu ni miisim maa zuɣu. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ni daa paana Gold Coast, goli nyaaŋa, niriba daa kuli nyɛla ban to ayirimo zaɣisi nɛma dabu tumaduri din daa nyɛ tiŋduyanima ni su shɛli, ka di nyɛla Nii Kwabena Bonnne n-daa be di tooni silimiingoli January 26, yuuni 1948. Ayirimo ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa niŋ hali ni goli saha ka ban daa be ayirimo ŋɔ tooni mini gɔmnanti ni tuma duri ŋo gbaari saawaranima din ni sɔŋ ka nɛma maa dahi boogi - Association of West African Merchants (AWAM). Sooja kura gba daa kuli nyɛla ban zaɣisi ka [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ni Dr. Joseph Boakye Danquah daa nyɛ ban daa di ba alizama rally ni ankara silimiingoli February 20 yuuni 1948. Bɛ daa zaŋ gbaŋ din wuhiri bɛ yɛl'muɣisira ni bɛ zaŋ ti Governor.<ref>{{Citation|last=Fay|first=Robert|title=Danquah, Joseph Kwame Kyeretwi Boakye|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.40948|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Nii Kwabena Bonne ayirimo ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa gbaagi ni bɛ booi nɛma dahi, ka lala ŋɔ daa simsi ni di pili li silimiingoli February 28, yuuni 1948 ka ayirimo shɛli bɛ ni daa to ni bɛ zaɣisi tiŋduya nɛma dabu ŋɔ daa biri zali shɛli soli. Lala dabisili ŋɔ, February 28, sooja kura ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban kuli yina m-maachi chaŋ Christiansborg Castle ni bɛ ti zaŋ bɛ yɛl'muɣisira n-sɔŋ gɔmnanti. Bɛ daa nyɛla British officer ŋun yuli daa booni Superintendent Colin Imray ni daa che ka pirinsi gu shɛba soli. Di ni daa niŋ ka sooja kura ŋɔ zaɣisi zanibu, Imray daa nyɛla ŋun bahi pirinsi ŋɔ noli ni bɛ luhimi ba buɣum. Linjimanima ban kalinli daa yiɣisi niriba ata, bana n-daa nyɛ – Sergeant Adjetey, Private Odartey Lamptey ni Corporal Attipoe – daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku shɛba ka niriba pam gba daa deegi dansi din daa saɣi dansi. Zabili ŋɔ lahibali daa nyɛla din chaŋ nti to niriba ban suhuri daa pun nyɛ din yiɣisi zaŋ kpa nɛma daa dubu maa ni. Binshɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ pa tiŋduya daabihi ni bana n-kuli be nɛma dahi pahibu ŋɔ nyaaŋa. Shitɔri ni tumaduri din daa nyɛ tiŋduyanima dina zaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpari shɛŋa zali ka saɣim saɣim bɛ nɛma maa shɛŋa. Fitiina ŋɔ daa nyɛla din yi ankara n-kpe tiŋ shɛŋa gba. Di ni daa niŋ ka fitina ŋɔ kuli nyɛ din yɛligiri maa zuɣu, Governor Sir Gerald Creasy, daa nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni tiŋgbani be muɣisigu ni. Executive committee zaŋ ti UGCC nima daa nyɛla ban tim tuumba na A. Creech Jones sani, ŋun daa nyɛ British gbaŋŋmara n-ti State of Colonies m-bɔri toondaan' gahindili Gold Coast tiŋgbani ni, ŋun yaa daa naan tooi saɣi ni o boli Constituent Assembly. UGCC kpamba - J. B. Danquah, [[William Ofori Atta|Ofori Atta]], [[Edward Akufo-Addo|Akufo Addo]], Ako Adjei, [[Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey|Obetsebi Lamptey]] ni [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]], bɛ ni daa ti pa mi shɛba The Big Six la daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbahi shɛba n-zaŋ ba tahi tudu yaɣili luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa kuli gbib ba dakulo ayɔbu, poi ka daa naan yi ti zaŋ ba tahi [[Ankara|Accra]] ni bɛ zani comittee shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa ni bɛ vihi ba la tooni din daa nyɛ Governor ni daa kpa shɛli ka di kuɣulana daa nyɛ Aiken Watson Q.C. Bɛ ni daa vihi ba naagi, Watson comissioners ŋɔ daa yɛliya ni [[Kwame Nkrumah]] n-kuli nyɛ ninvuɣ' so ŋun su galimi yala maa zaa puuni. Bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni wuhiya ni U.G.C.C nima daa pala ban pili tuma, bɛ tuma ŋɔ daa nyɛla din pili saha shɛli [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ni daa paana tiŋgbani maa ni silimiingoli December 16, yuuni 1947"<ref name="Howe 1966 13–15">{{Cite journal|last=Howe|first=Russell Warren|date=1966|title=Did Nkrumah Favour Pan-Africanism?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1966_6_27/page/13|journal=Transition|issue=27|pages=13–15|doi=10.2307/2934195|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934195}}</ref> Bɛ daa nyɛla ban kuli lihi kadama Nkrumah ni daa bɔri shɛm siyaasa polo maa daa nyɛla din gari o tabi' maa zaa dina. Bɛ daa yɛliya ni bɛ sabi zalikpamipala ka di zani zaɣ'kurili la zaani, di ni daa mi shɛli Burns constitution la zaani. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, Silimiingoli December 1948, Governor daa kpala committee ni bɛ lihi zalikpana ŋɔ sabbu ni, ka di kuɣulana daa nyɛ Mr. Justice Coussey. UGCC kpamba daa nyɛla ban galim ka feegi [[Kwame Nkrumah]] fitiina shɛli din daa niŋ maa zuɣu, bɛ ninvuɣ' shɛba kamani Obestebi-Lamptey ni William Ofori-Atta, daa nyɛla ban daa ŋme n-kpe Nkrumah yiŋa ni bɛ ti nya shɛhira. Lala saha ŋɔ, di daa pa do palo ni kadama [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o niriba maa ni daa ka nangbanyini ŋɔ zuɣu, bɛ laɣim tum tuma daa niŋla tom ti ba. UGCC kpamba daa nyɛla niriba ni mi shɛba pam, dama bɛ ni daa gbahi ba kpari la zuɣu, lala ŋɔ daa lahi tahila nuhi tiribu na bɛ maŋmaŋ sunsuuni na ka di zuɣu daa ti che ka bɛ woli taba. Tab' wolibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla intelligentsia of the UGCC ban daa yɛli ni bɛ doli bela bela nti deegi maŋ sulinsi ni radical "Veranda Boys", ban gba daa kuli wumdi [[Kwame Nkrumah]] noli. Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ piigi UGCC nima, nti pahi [[J. B. Danquah]] ni bɛ pahi Justice Coussey's "Committee on Constitutional Reform" la ni, daa che ka Nkrumah tooi kpa bipola laɣingu. UGCC ŋɔ ni daa kuli jɛndi shɛli ka looyanima ban mini silimiinsi gɔmnanti daa nyɛ nyaɣisim ni be shɛb' sunsuuni daa nyɛ bɛ ni zaŋ shɛba m-pahi Coussey committee laɣingu maa ni.<ref name="Rahman 2007 143–182">{{Citation|last=Rahman|first=Ahmad A.|title=The Watson Commission and the Coussey Committee|date=2007|work=The Regime Change of Kwame Nkrumah|pages=143–182|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1057/9780230603486_7|isbn=978-1-349-52903-2}}</ref> Silimiingoli August yuuni 1948, "Commitee on Youth orzanizations" daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli ka [[Komla Agbeli Gbedemah|K. A. Gbedemah]] nyɛ kuɣulana, nti pahi Kojo Botsio ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ gbaŋŋmara la. [[J. B. Danquah|J.B Danquah]] mini o taba daa nyɛla dabiɛm ni daa kuli gbahi shɛba zaŋ chaŋ bɛ yaɣili maa niriba ni daa pa saɣi doli [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o toontali shɛm.<ref name="Asiedu-Acquah">{{Citation|last=Asiedu-Acquah|first=Emmanuel|title=Botsio, Kojo|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48456|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Bɛ daa bi saɣi ti o ni o kpa Committee on Youth Organisation (CYO) din daa nyɛ bipola laɣingu la, ka daa yɛli ni di nyɛla laɣingu shɛli [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ni kpa ni o di valiŋ deegi maŋsulinsi. CYO ŋɔ taachi daa nyɛla "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ", ka UGCC taachi nyɛ "Maŋsulinsi saha biɛla din kanna ni". Dabiɛm daa mali ba mi kadama bɛ daa tɛhirimi ni [[Kwame Nkrumah]] zalisi bee o tumanima ŋɔ ni tooi lahi tahi fitiina na din ni tooi che ka bɛ lahi kpɛhi ba sarika yaha. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla UGCC Working Committee ni daa boli so nti darigi o tibili, tib'darigibo ŋɔ nyɛmi kadama bɛ daa na deegi o gbaŋŋmaritali zaashee maa ka che o, ka di daliri nyɛmi ni o daa zoomi ka o yari yɛltɔɣili " Comrade" o yi ti diri niriba alizama, yaha ni o mini West African National Secretariat din be London la pɔha daa yoori la taba.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1980-09-01|title=Address by His Excellency Mr. Shridath Ramphal, Commonwealth Secretary-General|doi=10.14217/9781848593091-9-en|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> UGCC kpamba daa kuli nyɛla ban niŋ nimmɔhi ni bɛ yihi Nkrumah ka o lahi pa bɛ gbaŋŋmara. Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ daa tuui zaŋ [[Ankara|Accra]] Evening News wuhi salo yuuni 1948, din daa nyɛ [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ni pili shɛli, ka K. A. Gbedemah mi daa nyɛ ŋun lihiri ka sabbu maa sabiri dooni viɛnyɛla. UGCC laɣidibo yaɣili kpema bɛ ni daa kuli mi so Paa Grant la daa yina ti yɛli ni bɛ yihi [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] o gbaŋŋmaritali ni.<ref>{{Citation|last=Biney|first=Ama|title=Nkrumah's Politics, 1958–1966|date=2011|work=The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah|pages=81–98|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1057/9780230118645_6|isbn=978-1-349-29513-5}}</ref> UGCC kpamba daa laɣimla tiŋ yuli booni Saltpond, ka bɛ daa kari ninvuɣ' so ŋun daa nyɛ gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti Nkrumah ka daa labisi Nkrumah mi nyaaŋa ni o ti leegi bɛ laɣisɔŋda. O daa nyɛla ŋun zaɣisi li tuuli, ka daa ti leei lahi saɣi ti li silimiingoli November yuuni 1948. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o niriba daa nyɛla ban nyenyɔnigu daa kpaŋsi pam dama UGCC daa bi tooi chani viɛnyɛla yuuni 1949 saha, di ni daa niŋ ka niriba pam di bahi bahindi bipola daa za o nyaaŋa la zuɣu. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o taba daa pa kuli zami ni bɛ mini UGCC yɛn wolimi ka bɛ ti kpa paati palli.<ref name="Amoh">{{Cite thesis|title=Kwame Nkrumah, His Afro-American Network and the Pursuit of an African Personality|publisher=Illinois State University|first=Emmanuella|last=Amoh|year=2019|doi=10.30707/etd2019.amoh.e|doi-access=free}}</ref> == CPP Dɔɣim == Di ni daa niŋ ka CYO daa ʒini dabaata ʒinahigu silimiingoli June, yuuni 1949, [[Tarkwa]], bɛ yaɣi yini din daa nyɛ [[Komla Agbeli Gbedemah|K. A. Gbedemah]] mini Kojo Botsio ni daa be shɛb' tooni la daa yɛliya ni bɛ mini UGCC wolima, ka yaɣi shɛli ban toondana daa nyɛ Kofi Baako la gba daa kuli zaya ni bɛ labisi Nkrumah o gbaŋŋmaritali ni zaŋ ti UGCC din yɛn che ka bu ni tooi nyɛri lahibaya di puuni. Bi zaa daa ti pa laɣim gbaagi ni bɛ kpami paati palli ka kuli che m-booni li"Convention" <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Magliocca|first=Gerard N.|date=2019-07-10|title=A Faction of One: Revisiting Madison's Notes on the Constitutional Convention|url=http://osf.io/4vqdw/|doi=10.31228/osf.io/4vqdw|s2cid=241605702}}</ref> Silimiingoli June 11, yuuni 1949, Working Committee zaŋ ti UGCC daa nyɛla ban yina n-ti yɛli ni di ku tooi niŋ ka niri yɛn be CYO ka lahi be UGCC. Di zuɣu bɛ daa yɛlimi ni Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun birigi paati zaligu ka di zaya ni bɛ darigi o tibili, ni di ni daa kuli lahi niŋ ka o daa sabi sabbu wuhi salo ''Accra Evening News'', la ni o daa nyɛla ŋun bi ti Working Committee maa jilima ka lahi nyɛ ŋun zu bɛ haŋkali.<ref>{{Citation|title=5.28 On the Work Experience of the Party Committee of the Shchekino Chemical Combine with Respect to Mobilizing its Collective of Working People to Expand the Volume of Production by Increasing Labour Productivity 6 October 1969|date=1974-12-31|work=Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Volume 5|pages=143–166|editor-last=Schwartz|editor-first=Donald|place=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|doi=10.3138/9781487599539-009|isbn=978-1-4875-9953-9}}</ref> Dabisili nyaaŋa, silimiingoli June 12 yuuni 1949, niriba ban kalinli daa yiɣisi kamani 60,000 daa nyɛla ban laɣisi Old Polo Ground, Nkrumah daa nyɛla ŋun sɔŋ o daalikalimi tiŋa ni o ku lahi nyɛ gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti UGCC ka daa lahi nyɛ ŋun niŋ CPP suuna lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni. O daa yɛliya ni CYO daa nyɛla ban gbaagi ni bɛ yihi bɛ maŋ ka che UGCC ka gba leegi bɛ dintoli paati, [[Convention People's Party]] (CPP).<ref>{{Citation|last=Biney|first=Ama|title=From Activist to Leader of the CPP, 1945–1951|date=2011|work=The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah|pages=29–45|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1057/9780230118645_3|isbn=978-1-349-29513-5}}</ref> Kojo Botsio daa nyɛla ŋun sabi n-ti UGCC Working Committee n-yɛli ba bɛ ni kpa CPP paati shɛm ka [[Kwame Nkrumah]] nyɛ bɛ zuɣulana. Ni bɛ mi daliri nyɛmi ni bɛ bɔrila "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ zaŋ ti Gold Coast nanima mini bɛ niriba, democratiya gɔmnanti ni biɛhisuŋ zaŋ ti niriba". UGCC<ref name="Asiedu-Acquah2" /> Working Committee gba daa sabila gbaŋ silimingoli June 15 yuuni 1949, n-yɛri niriba ni bɛ nuu ka CPP paati palli shɛli bɛ ni yoli kpa maa ni. Bɛ sabbu ŋɔ daa lahi yɛli ni Paa Grant na kuli nyɛla ŋun mali tamaha ni UGCC nima zantuhi ba. Yaha ni paati palli shɛli bɛ ni kpa ŋɔ pala binshɛli din yɛn sɔŋ tiŋgbani maa pahila di yɛn labisi li mi nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Citation|title=New Members, Old Motives? Comparing Scottish Green Party Members 1990 and 2002|date=2017-05-15|work=Understanding Political Participation|pages=188–203|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315235394-8|isbn=978-1-315-23539-4}}</ref> Tɛhizilimanima ban daa be UGCC daa nya barina shɛli din be tooni ha, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bo maligu n-ti yɛltɔɣa maa. Silimiingoli June 26, yuuni 1949, bɛ daa piigi ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ni bɛ lihi m-bo maligu lala yaɣa a yi ŋɔ sunsuuni, ka bɛ daa kuli boli UGCC laɣingu palimpalim, bipola laɣinsi ni CPP ka bɛ zaa daa laɣim Saltpond.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=David|first1=Scorey|last2=Richard|first2=Geddes|last3=Chris|first3=Harris|date=2018-02-15|title=Part III Dispute Resolution Under the Bermuda Form, 24 The Arbitrators' Ethical Duties|journal=The Bermuda Form|doi=10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0024}}</ref> Saha daa pun nyɛla din chaŋ pam zaŋ kpa maligu ŋɔ bɔbu ni, dama CPP nima daa kuli yihila bɛ maŋa ka che UGCC di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ bi tooi nyɛ luɣ'yini doni, ka dama bɛ piimi Working Committee palli saha shɛli Nkrumah ni daa saɣi ni o labi leegi gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti UGCC ka CPP lahi leei din kani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D'Alessandro|first=Roberta|date=2017-05-16|title=When you have too many features: Auxiliaries, agreement and critics in Italian varieties|journal=Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics|volume=2|issue=1|pages=50|doi=10.5334/gjgl.102|issn=2397-1835|doi-access=free}}</ref> CPP kpabu daa nyɛla yɛlikpani [[Ghana]] taarihi ni, dama di daa sɔŋsiya ka tiŋgbani maa deegi maŋsulinsi silimiingoli March 6, yuuni 1957.<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence, Coups, and the Republic, 1957–Present|work=The Ghana Reader|pages=299–300|year=2016|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/9780822374961-060|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref> === CPP colours, motto, symbol and structure === CPP paati ŋɔ tuuta daa nyɛla ; zaɣ'ʒee, zaɣ'piɛlli nti pahi zaɣ' vacahali. Paati tuuta nahingbana ŋɔ daa puli puli mi dɔya,  ka zaɣ' ʒee be zuɣusaa,  ka zaɣ' piɛlli be sunsuuni ka naan yi che zaɣ' vakahili ka di mi be gbunni. Paati maa salima n-daa nyɛ <nowiki>''</nowiki>Tooni chandi sahakam nyaangi labibu kavuni<nowiki>''</nowiki> ka Anashaara zinli zuɣu di nyɛ <nowiki>''</nowiki>FORWARD EVER BACKWARD NEVER.<nowiki>''</nowiki> CPP paati daa kpuɣila nianima ni bɛ che ka paati maa chaŋ fɔndi kam, ni tinkpaŋ kam ŋan be [[Ghana]] tiŋgbani yaangi zuɣu. Paati ŋɔ kpamba nianima daa nyɛmi ni bɛ che ka paati maa nyɛ sokam paati. Ka tiŋkpaŋ kam bee fɔŋ kam di mali bɛ paati kpamba. == Kpeen' shɛba bɛ ni daa kpa paati maa ka tuui pii ba n-nyɛ: == [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] (Chairman) Kojo Botsio (Secretary) K. A. Gbedemah N. A. Welbeck Kwesi Plange Kofi Baako Krobo Edusei Dzenkle Dzewu Ashie Nikoi B.E. Dwira <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Citation|last=Asiedu-Acquah|first=Emmanuel|title=Edusei, Krobo|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48680|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> === Positive Action === Yuŋ lahibali churi n-daa pa leegi paati maa ni doli so' shɛŋa n-tiri lahibaya ni di ni daa kuli niŋ ka di nyɛ so' shɛli din duhiri bɛ yee maŋsulinsi bɔbu ni la daa chɛmi ka salo pam mi li. Bɛ ni daa kuli zoogi ka bɛ yɛri yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa n-daa nyɛ;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rose|first=Nancy L.|title=Economic Regulation and Its Reform|url=https://archive.org/details/economicregulati0000unse_b1d3|date=2014|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-13802-2|doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226138169.001.0001}}</ref> Ti gba mali so ni ti be ka dabba la Ti ni paɣi barina kam din yɛn niŋdi zaŋ chaŋ ti maŋsulinsi deebu shee n-gari ti ni be shɛba sulinsi ni ŋɔ. Ti mali yiko, yaa ni haŋkali shɛli din ni tooi gbibi ti maŋa. 'We have a right to live as men We prefer self-government with danger to servitude in tranquility We have the right to govern ourselves' Di ni daa niŋ ka yuŋ lahibali churi karimbu nyɛ naba zanI naai, [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa lahi nyɛla ŋun mini Kwame Afriyie daa pili Morning Telegraph Sekondi, ka Kwame Afriyie ŋɔ daa nyɛ ŋun daa ti pa leegi paati maa gbaŋŋmara. [[Cape Coast]] Daily Mail Kofi Boakye ni daa lihiri shɛli n-daa nyɛ din doli di nyaanga. Yaha, B.E Dwira daa nyɛla ŋun kpa Freedom Press and Publishing Company [[Kumasi]], [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti region]] ka daa nyɛ ŋun che ka Ashanti Sentinel news paper paari salo ka di taachi daa nyɛ " Ti yɛrila yɛlimaŋli ka bɛ zɔri dabiɛm'. Lala lahibali takaranima ŋɔ daa nyɛla din kuli pahiri [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] haŋkali ni o ni bɔri ni [[Ghana]] mini gbansabila tiŋgbana lɛbigi shɛm. B. E. Dwira n-daa nyɛ tuuli CPP kuɣulana zaŋ ti Kambonsi yaɣili [[Ghana]] tiŋgbani poi ka bɛ daa naan yi yihi Brong Ahafo Region silimiingoli April 1959, ŋuna n-daa lahi nyɛ kuɣulana tuuli zaŋ ti [[Kumasi]] City Council (di ni pa mi shɛli Mayor of Kumasi la)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-01|title=Davies, Sir William, (7 Oct. 1863–17 March 1935), editor Western Mail (Daily), Evening Express and Weekly Mail, Cardiff, 1901–31|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u208381}}</ref> CPP nima daa nyɛla ban zilisi ni gbanpiɛla gɔmnanti mini Gold Coast exstablishent daa bɔri ni bɛ zaŋ Coussey Committee on Constitutional Reform n-darigi maŋsulinsi bɔbu soli. Bɛ ni daa lihiri kamani Coussey committee ŋɔ ni yɛn tum tuun' shɛli maa bi yɛn mali ba anfaani la, bɛ daa pun gbaagi zaŋ kpa Positive Action, ka Nkrumah daa nyɛ ŋun sabi wuhi yuuni 1949 " What I mean by Positive Action".<ref name="Rahman 2007 143–1822" /> O daa sabi wuhi ni binshɛŋa din be positive action ŋɔ ni n-nyɛ: * Legitimate political agitation * lahibaya wuligibu * Di bahigu daa yɛn nyɛmi ka bɛ doli zalikpana n-to ayirimo shɛŋa din bi doli fitiina soya. * Di kpalinkpaa ŋɔ nyɛla so' shɛli bɛ ni yɛn doli di yi ti niŋ ka soli kam bɛ ni ni tooi doli deegi maŋsulinsi kpari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Jeffrey|date=1995|title=Absolute rescue: Absolutism, defensive action and the resort to force|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorism-and-political-violence_autumn-1995_7_3/page/128|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|volume=7|issue=3|pages=128–163|doi=10.1080/09546559508427309|issn=0954-6553}}</ref> Kamani bɛ ni daa kuli tɛhi shɛm maa, Coussey Committee gbaabu maa ni daa kuli nyɛla din daa kuli ti gbansabila soli bela gɔmnanti ni, ka Nkrumah daa yɛli ni fɔmbilim be dini. Silimiinsi gɔmnanti maa daa lahi bɔrila soya ni bɛ zaɣisi committee maa ni daa yɛli ni Executive Council (dini mi shɛli cabinet la) malimi African Legislative Council saawara.<ref>{{Citation|title=Legislative Proposals|work=President Obama|pages=28–56|year=2018|publisher=University Press of Kansas|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3f8pqm.6|isbn=978-0-7006-2686-1}}</ref> Bɛ daa sabi gbaŋ n-guhiri committee ŋɔ ni yɛn yɛli shɛm, bɛ gbaŋ ŋɔ puuni bɛ daa yɛliya ni saawara laɣim gbaagi nyɛla binshɛli din ni tooi niŋ di yi ti niŋ ka maŋsulinsi deegi zaazaa, amaa pa saha shɛli silimiinsi gɔmnanti ni na beni .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114696|title=Report and Recommendations for the Montana State Park System a report to Governor Judy Martz and the 58th Legislature / State Parks Futures Committee II.|date=2002|publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks|volume=2002|location=Helena, Mont.|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.29825}}</ref> Di bahi bahindi UGCC mini CPP zaa daa beni maa yoli, silimiisi gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla ban ŋme nangbani kpeeni n-yɛli ni siyaasa paatinima nyɛla din ka Gold Coast ni di zuɣu "ni di ni be gala ni H.M.G ti Gold Coast maŋsulinsi din gari gbaŋ sabila tingbani shɛli bɛ ni boli Jamaica luɣ' shɛli paatinima ni beni"<ref>{{Citation|title=2. Political Parties|work=Massachusetts State Government|year=1970|place=Cambridge, MA and London, England|publisher=Harvard University Press|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674864092.c5|isbn=978-0-674-86409-2}}</ref> Coussey Committee daa nyɛla ban bahi bɛ yeltɔɣa maa silimiingoli October 1949, to amaa di daa pun kuli nɛmi doya kamani bɛ ni bɔri shɛm maa mini CPP ni daa bɔri shɛm maa "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ" daa woliya ka che taba. Ka daa lahi kuli nyɛ din kpaŋsi CPP nima ni daa pun tɛhi kamani dee silimiinsi gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa bɔrimi ni bɛ naɣisi bɛ maŋsulinsi bɔbu maa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ward|first=John Manning|title=Responsible Government in Britain|date=1976|work=Colonial Self-Government|pages=172–208|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-02712-5_6|isbn=978-1-349-02714-9}}</ref> CPP ni Trades Union Congress daa nyɛla ban laɣisi tuma duri din kalinli daa naan paagi pihinu, ka bɛ daa yi yaɣa kamani pukparilim, baŋsim bɔbu, bipola, paɣiba ni din pahi pahi ka bɛ ti kpa laɣingu shɛli ka bɛ daa pii yuli boli "Ghana Representative Assembly". UGCC ni Aborigines' Rights Protection Society daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa gahi nuu boli shɛba amaa ka bɛ daa lee zaɣisi bɛ boligu maa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Trade Unions, Democratic Transition and OrganisationalChallenge: The Ghana Trades Union Congress, 1989–2009 145|work=Trade Unions in West Africa|year=2011|publisher=Peter Lang|doi=10.3726/978-3-0353-0166-3/8|isbn=978-3-0343-0117-6}}</ref> Assembly maa daa gbaaya ni : "Ni British Gɔmnanti ti Gold Coast nima maŋsulinsi. Bɛ che ka tingbani ŋɔ sulinsi zaa labi tingbani ŋɔ niriba ni nanima sani"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1955|title=A nascent dominion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_round-table_1955-03_45_178/page/149|journal=The Round Table|volume=45|issue=178|pages=149–155|doi=10.1080/00358535508451929|issn=0035-8533}}</ref> Lala resolution ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa pii shɛŋa n-ti ban daa kuli be gɔmnanti ni, kamani Governor, Colonial secretary, Legislative Council ni Territorial Council of chiefs dibaata din daa kuli be tingbani maa ni, di zaa yoli bɛ daa bi niŋ zaɣa niŋ bɛ ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1954-07-01|title=Procedure in Colonial Legislative Councils|journal=Parliamentary Affairs|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a053072|issn=1460-2482}}</ref> Lala saha maa yaha, tumtumdiba daa nyɛla ban kɔŋ ʒiya ka daa yina ti yɛli ni bɛ labisim meterological service tumtumdiba shɛb' bɛ ni daa kari la ka di daliri nyɛmi ni bɛ daa to la ayirimo silimiingoli 5, October yuuni 1949, ka daa lahi yɛli ni bɛ yi bi niŋ bɛ ni bɔri shɛm maa bɛ zaa nyɛla ban yɛn yina n-ti to ayirimo maa. CPP toondaamba daa nyɛla ban kuli gili tingbani maa bɔba ni di yaɣa n-laɣisiri niriba ni sɔŋdi Positive Action. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban zali gɔmnanti dabisili ni bɛ labisi meteorological tumtumdiba na tuma ni poi ni silimiingoli 7 january 1950.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016|title=Junior doctors call off January strike action|journal=The Pharmaceutical Journal|doi=10.1211/pj.2016.20200519|issn=2053-6186}}</ref> Silimiingoli December, CPP kpamba daa nyɛla ban yɛli Governor, Sir Charles Arden Clark, ni di yi pala niriba maa ni bɔri shɛli maa niŋmi, ni CPP nyɛla ban yɛn piligi Positive Action. Bɛ daa ti la Governor maa bakoi dibaayi ni o saɣi ti CPP ka boli Constituent Assembly. .<ref>{{Citation|title=Narasimha Sarma, Rao Bahadur Sir Bayya, (1867–8 Dec. 1932), President, Railway Rates Advisory Committee, Calcutta; late Member Governor-General's Executive Council|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u214620}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla ŋun chaŋ n-ti paagi Colonial Secretary, ni bɛ ni daa kuli bahi noli ni CPP yɛltɔɣa nyɛla zalisi maliniŋ committee nima maa ni yɛn zaŋ shɛli pahi jina ni, o daa saɣiya ni o mini paati kpamba nyɛla ban yɛn di alizama ka labi lihi Positve Action la zuɣu. Dr. JB Danquah daa nyɛla ŋun daa yina n-ti galim ka feegi Nkrumah ni, "O dihi tingbani maa vi, di ni niŋ ka o che positive action saha shɛli gɔmnanti ni lo alikawule kuma la<nowiki>''</nowiki>.<ref name="auto">{{Citation|title=Nkrumah, Dr Kwame, (21 Sept. 1909–27 April 1972)|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u158013}}</ref> Bɛ mini gɔmnanti ni daa ʒini bushɛm zuɣu, di daa wuhiya ni bɛ ni daa bɔri constituent assembly maa daa pala binshɛli gɔmnanti ni lihiri shɛli zuɣu nti pahi tuuntumdiba shɛb' bɛ ni daa kari maa. Silimiingoli 8 January yuuni 1950, CPP niriba daa mali laɣingu [[Ankara|Accra]], ka Nkrumah daa yɛli ni bɛ pilimi positive action.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1950-05-01|title=The New York Meeting, January 25, 1950|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=31|issue=5|pages=168–171|bibcode=1950BAMS...31..168.|doi=10.1175/1520-0477-31.5.168|issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}</ref> O daa nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni tuntumdiba zaa zaŋmi bɛ tuma nɛma sɔŋ gbaai yihi ban daa kuli be ashibitinima ni, kom tuma duri ni ban tuma yi n-gahim . Shitɔri daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpari shɛŋa zali. Pala ni ziligi tuma zaa daa nyɛla di ni che shɛŋa. O daa go n-chaŋ Sekondi, Cape Coast ni Takoradi nti yɛliba ni positive action nyɛla din pili. <ref>{{Citation|title=The railway and harbour workers of Sekondi-Takoradi: a sociological profile|date=1978-11-02|work=Class, Power and Ideology in Ghana|pages=9–23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511558863.002|isbn=978-0-521-21806-1}}</ref> Silimiinsi gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ban garigi yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ silimiingoli January 10, ka daa yɛli ni tingbani maa be muɣisigu ni. Bɛ daa che ka daŋduu kpɛbu daa pili ka gɔmnanti tuma tingbani ŋɔ yaɣa shɛŋa daa nyɛ bɛ ni che shɛli. CPP lahibaya tuma duri daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋme n-saɣim shɛŋa ka kpari li zali. .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sidley|first=P.|date=1997-12-06|title=Researchers' offices raided over banned AIDS drug|journal=BMJ|volume=315|issue=7121|pages=1485–1488|doi=10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1485c|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2127921|pmid=9420486}}</ref> CPP ni TUC toondaannima, Bankole Awoonor Renner, Tommy Hutton Mills, Pobee Binney, Kojo Botsio ni Anthony Woode daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbahi shɛbi nti kpari. CPP lahibaya wuligibu tuma duri ayi - The Accra Evening ni Cape Coast Daily Mail daa nyɛla bɛ ni yɛli ni bɛ di lahi tum tuma tingbani ŋɔ ni ka daa gbahi ban be tooni ka lahibaya maa sabiri viɛnyɛla maa n-kpari. Bɛ shɛbi n-daa nyɛ; J. Markham ni Kofi Baako .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sherwood|first=Marika|title=African American Studies Center|date=2017-06-30|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1|chapter=Awoonor-Renner, Bankole|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.73486}}</ref> Silimiingoli January 19, di ni daa niŋ ka Legislative Council daa ʒini, gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ŋun zali zalisi ata- Sedition Bill, zaligu din yɛn wuhi ti lahibali wuligibu tuma duu ni yɛn doli so' shɛŋa ka naan yi pili tuma, ni zaligu din yɛn che ka Govenor tooi che ka daŋduu kpɛbu niŋ tingbani maa yaɣili kam ka di bi zaya ni o mali saawara. Silimiingoli 21 January, [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbaai so ka o taali daa nyɛmi ni o pilila fitiina ka lahi che ka tumtumdiba che tuma, din nyɛ binshɛli din bi tam kalinli zuɣu tingbani maa zalisi ni. O sariya daa nyɛmi ni o yɛn niŋla yuma ata sarika ni. Tumtumdiba pam daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛba bɛ tuma shɛhi ka niriba pam gba daa kuli kɔŋ anfaani shɛli bɛ ni yɛn di di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ che tuma .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=Bill|date=1979|title=APA Briefly: January Council Meeting|doi=10.1037/e303052005-026}}</ref> CPP daa wuhiya ni niriba yi niŋ nangbanyini, bɛ ni tooi nya bɛ ni bɔri binshɛli, ka di shɛhira nyɛ Positive Action shɛli bɛ ni daa tooi niŋ maa. Bɛ wuhiya ni kuli mali wara, bɛ ku saɣi deei li dama ni di ka bukaata ni bɛ tuhi gɔmnanti ŋun yaa gari bɛ di ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bross|first=Kristina|date=2017-08-24|title=Would India had beene never knowne|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190665135.003.0006}}</ref> === Ghana's Republic === Maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ nyaaŋa, silimiingoli March yuuni 1960, bɛ daa tɛhiya ni di tu ni tiŋgbani zalisi nam. Ka bɛ daa ʒini laɣingu silimiingoli April ni, ka lahibali daa yina wuhi ni Ghananima bɔri zalikpana, ka salo pam daa saɣi ti ni [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ni niŋ tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana.<ref>{{Citation|title=Appendix Ii. The Republican Constitution of Ghana. Government Proposals for a Republican Constitution. Selected Legislation|date=1966-12-31|work=Law and Social Change in Ghana|pages=390–448|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400875580-012|isbn=978-1-4008-7558-0}}</ref> Silimiingoli July dahinyini dali yuuni 1960, Ghana daa niŋ tiŋgbani shɛli di saɣi ti piibupiibu gɔmnanti. Kpɛma ŋun yuli daa booni Lord Listowel, daa tum o tuma bahigu. Tiŋgbani ŋɔ zalisi ŋɔ din daa gahim n-nyɛ: "Ghana maŋsulinsitali bi tu ni ti lahi kani dahinshɛli ka di nyɛla nagbanyini ko ka bɛ kuli yɛn gbibi, so di gaŋ paɣa bee doo, zuliya, adiini, paati, dihitabili, ni ka Ghana nama dibu na kuli beni. Bɛ daa lahi wuhiya ni yalivuhi mini suhuyurilim na kuli nyɛla din yɛn beni".<ref>{{Citation|title=Sarkodee-Adoo, Julius, (18 Sept. 1908–31 Dec. 1971), Chief Justice, Republic of Ghana, 1964–66 (Judge, Supreme Court, Republic of Ghana, 1960; Puisne Judge, Ghana, 1956)|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u159327}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa niŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana State House silimiingoli July dahinyini dali yuuni 1960. Lala dabisili ŋɔ yaha, tiŋgbani zuɣulaan palo maa, President Sekou Toure ŋun daa nyɛ Guinea tiŋgbani zuɣulana la daa doli o mini Gbansabila tinsi kpamba shɛba, ka bɛ wuligi suhudoo gbansabila tinsi ni. Dinbɔŋɔ daa wuhirila CPP gɔmnanti tuɣibu, Pan-African nimmɔhi zaŋ chaŋ suhudoo bɔbu polo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Marah|first=John Karefah|title=From Toussaint L'Ouverture to President Kwame Nkrumah|date=2017-08-09|work=Pan-African Education|pages=128–159|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315162232-9|isbn=978-1-315-16223-2}}</ref> Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣili din pahi buyi ka CPP gɔmnanti daa zaŋ na n-nyɛ "Tuma mini Suhupiɛlli", yuuni 1962 bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli na ni di wuhi yumaa ayɔpɔin lɛbiginsim shɛli nyɛ bɛ ni mali. Bɛ daa bɔrimi ni bɛ ʒi bɛrisuŋ na, ka che ka Ghana Gbansabila yaa sheei.<ref>{{Citation|title=APPENDIX III. The Second Five Year Plan|date=2015-12-31|work=Tanzania: Party Transformation and Economic Development|pages=474–478|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400867356-024|isbn=978-1-4008-6735-6}}</ref> Silimiingoli March yuuni 1964, bɛ ni daa yɛn mɛ n-tam nia shɛŋa bɛ ni pun mali zuɣu, yuma ayɔpɔin nia la daa nyɛla din tam kalinli zuɣu. Di yɛli zuɣuru n-daa nyɛ: 1. Tiŋgbani maa bɔmma ni nyamma zoobu. 2.Bɛrisuŋ bɔ n-niŋ bɔmma ni nyamma ni, ni tiŋgbani lɛbigibu mini laɣim tum yaɣa. 3.Ka nyɛhi bɔmma ni nyamma dabilim.<ref name="Cheng 135–163">{{Citation|last=Cheng|first=Chu-yuan|title=Socialist Transformation of the Urban Economy|date=2019-03-13|work=China's Economic Development|pages=135–163|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429051975-5|isbn=978-0-429-05197-5|s2cid=195520931}}</ref> Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣ'bɔbigu daa yɛn beni mi, ka di mali zangama yaɣa din yɛn tumdi tariga. Lala saha ŋɔ, gɔmnanti mini daabiligu yaɣa din laɣindi tumdi yɛn zoomi, di bahi bahindi sochibisi, bɔmma yaɣa din mali yaa. Talahi, pɔi ka lala nia ŋɔ ti yɛn naai, bɔmma ni nyamma ni zani di naba zuɣu ka adalichi be biɛhigu puuni.<ref name="Cheng 135–163" /> Lala sochibiga ŋɔ daa chanimi ni "CPP's Program of Work and Happiness" din daa ʒi n-kana paati maa laɣingu ni silimiingoli July, yuuni 1962. Liɣiri din kalinli daa nyɛ £1016.0 million sterling ka bɛ daa buɣisi ni di zaŋ tu tuma maa ka Ghana gɔmnanti daa yɛn ti £G475.5 million ka tooi yɔri £G68.0 million yuuni kam; 37.3% daa yɛn kpɛrila pukparilim ni tuma du'zuɣuri ni; 62.7% daa yɛn kpɛrila "Social Services and Infrastructure".<ref name="Cheng 135–163" /> Din daa tooi niŋ lala saha maa sunsuuni n-nyɛ din dɔya ŋɔ: * Bɛ daa mali "atomic reactor" din be Kwabenya la. * Aluminium Smelter din be [[Tema]] gba la. * Glass Manufacturing Corporation din be Aboso la. * Cement works din be Tema la. * Government Electronics Industry din be Tema la * Cocoa Processing Factories ([[Takoradi]] mini Tema) * Ghana Publishing Corporation * Ghana Textile Corporation * Rattan Factory din be Asamankese ka daa ti pili tuma silimiingoli January yuuni 1966; tuma du'zuɣuri anu din be Nkawkaw, Enyiresi, Oppon Valley, Asanwinso ni Bobikuma din daa yɛn pili tuma yuuni 1966 * "Coir Fibre Factories" dibaa ayi din yaa daa saɣi 990,000 lb. Coir Fibre mini din gari 1000 lb. dunɔya mini tiŋa sona; Tuma du'zuɣu din be Axim ni baŋsim lɛbu shee din be Rattan, Bamboo, Coir mini dari tuma * Bamboo tuma du'zuɣuri din daa zali silimiingoli January yuuni 1966 ka be Manso-Amenfi, Assin Foso mini Axim ni di maani bamboo kopu nima * Malibu din yɛn pili yuuni 1966 tuma du'zuɣuri ŋɔ ni: * Corned beef factory din be [[Bolgatanga]] la. * Sugar Factory din be Akuse la. * Television Assembly Plant din be Tema (Ghana gɔmnanti mini Sanyo ni laɣim niŋ shɛli ka di daa pili tuma silimiingoli March, yuuni 1966) * Volta River Project din be Akosombo tuma pilibu silimiingoli January biɛɣu pishi ni ata dali yuuni 1966 * 52 State Enterprises din pili tuma<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baston|first1=G. D.|last2=Miller|first2=R. L.|date=1966-12-31|title=Unusual operation, KE Reactor, January 16--January 20, 1966|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1386852/|doi=10.2172/10175048}}</ref> '''Development of industries in all regions''': * Silos For Food and crop preservation * Tomato and Mango Factory, Wenchi, Brong-Ahafo Region * Match Factory, Kade, Eastern Region * Pwalugu Tomato Factory; Upper Region * Ghana Glass Factory, Aboso and Tarkwa, Western Region * Akasanoma Radio Factory, Greater-Accra Region * Gold Processing Factory, Prestea, Western Region * Meat Processing Factory, Bolgatanga, Upper Region * Dairy Farm at Amrahia and Avatime * Paper Processing Factory, Takoradi, Western Region * Pomadze Poultry Farm, Central Region * Ghana Cement Factory, Takoradi, Western Region * Ghana Household Utilities Manufacture, Sekondi, Western Region * Tema Steel Company, Greater-Accra Region * Nsawam Fruit Cannery – Greater-Accra Region '''State hotels''': * Continental, Star, Meridian, Ambassador, Greater-Accra Region * Atlantic Hotel, Western Region * City Hotel, Ashanti Region * Catering Rest Houses, Regional Capitals * Ghana Black Star Line with almost fifteen ships, Takoradi and Tema * Ghana Distilleries, Greater-Accra Region * Ghana Shoe Factory Kumasi, Ashanti Region * Ghana Jute Factory, Kumasi, Ashanti Region * Tema Food Complex, Greater-Accra Region '''Infrastructure''': * Ghana Atomic Energy Commission * Tema Harbour and Tema Township * Akosombo Dam (Ghana paid half of the £70 million) * Accra -Tema Motorway (originally meant to go through Kumasi to Paga) * Accra International Airport -Refurbishment * Peduasi Lodge for conferences * Farmers Council * Workers Brigade * National Management and Productivity Institute * New Army Headquarters in Ho, Sunyani, Bolgatanga, and Takoradi '''National institutions''': * Ghana Film Industries Accra * Ghana Airways Corporation * Ghana National Trading Corporation * Cocoa Purchasing Company * Bank of Ghana * National Investment Banks * Ghana Commercial Bank * Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Bank (later, Agricultural Development Bank) ===Steps towards African unification=== 1. Ghana-Guinea Union, silimiingoli November yuuni 1958 Dinbɔŋɔ daa nyɛla piligu zaŋ ti tiŋgbani laɣinsi kpabu ni so ka o ni bɔri ni o kpe di ni saha shɛli. CPP mini PDG (Parti Democratique de Guinee) daa malila Pan-African nia yini, ka doli biɛhigu ni bɔmman mini nyamma so' yini.<ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite journal|date=1962|title=Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (Union of African States)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-organization_spring-1962_16_2/page/443|journal=International Organization|volume=16|issue=2|pages=443–444|doi=10.1017/s0020818300011206|s2cid=249407946 |issn=0020-8183}}</ref> 2. Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, silimiingoli April yuuni 1961 Dinbɔŋɔ gba daa kpala saha shɛli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Modibo Keita zaŋ ti Mali ni daa pahi tiŋgbani zuɣulana Sekou Toure zaŋ ti Guinea mini tiŋgbani zuɣulana Nkrumah ŋun daa be Accra ni daa gbaai ni bɛ kpa Union of African States (UAS) ka soli daa beni ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa tooi pahi bɛ zuɣu. UAS daa lahi saɣi ti ni African Common Market gba kpa.<ref name="ReferenceE"/> 3. Ghana-Congo Agreement, silimiingoli August yuuni 1960 Lahibaya din daa yina ashiloni laɣingu din daa ʒini Accra, Nkrumah mini Patrice Lumumba sunsuuni, din saha Prime Minister zaŋ ti Congo. Bɛ daa gbaaya ni bɛ kpa siyaasa laɣingu, zaligu din yɛn mali tarisi. Ka di tiŋ'zuɣu yɛn nyɛ Kinshasa (din saha din daa nyɛ Leopoldville). Gbaabu ŋɔ daa bi tooi niŋ tabata ka di nyɛla Lumumba gɔmnanti ni daa lu ka bɛ daa lahi ku o la.<ref>{{Citation|title=8. Africans against Lumumba|date=2015-12-31|work=Death in the Congo|pages=122–134|publisher=Harvard University Press|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674735729.c11|isbn=978-0-674-73572-9}}</ref> CPP gɔmnanti, kuli zaŋ hali ka bɛ ti yi nam ni, daa bo la nangbanyini niŋ bɛ mini tingbana pam sunsuuni, bala, kaya ni taada mini tuma du'zuɣuri.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chapter 4: Political Institutions: Provincial And Central Government|date=2018-12-31|work=Culture and Power in Traditional Siamese Government|pages=55–82|place=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|doi=10.7591/9781501719110-006|isbn=978-1-5017-1911-0|s2cid=228495789}}</ref> Kamani [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ni yɛli shɛm: ‘Binshɛli din laɣindi ti bela ti puuni, ka gari din waligiri ti. Ka ti daa na be sulinsi ni la n-kuli nyɛ li, bee ti ni mali tɛhi shɛŋa ka di nyɛ yim la. Di nyɛla binshɛli din kpe puuni. N ni tooi yɛli ni ti zaa nyɛla zaɣ' yini dama ti zaa nyɛla gbansabila’<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oppy|first=Graham|date=2004-02-12|title=Can we Describe Possible Circumstances in which we would have Most Reason to Believe that Time is Two-dimensional?|journal=Ratio|volume=17|issue=1|pages=68–83|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9329.2004.00237.x|s2cid=144264145 |issn=0034-0006|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/2004246}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Higgins|first=E. Tory|title=How We Get Along|date=2019-08-01|work=Shared Reality|pages=251–276|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190948054.003.0012|isbn=978-0-19-094805-4}}</ref> ===The Organisation of African Unity (OAU), May 1963=== OAU pilibu nyabili nyɛla CPP gɔmanti tɛha din daa nyɛ ni di kpa laɣingu din yɛn laɣim Africa zaa. OAU gbana zuɣu nuu dihibu daa niŋla Addis Ababa silimiingoli May biɛɣu pishi ni anu dali yuuni 1963, tiŋgbani zuɣulaannima mini kpamba ban daa yina maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana pihita ni ayi ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1993|journal=African Yearbook of International Law Online |volume=1|issue=1|pages=295–309|doi=10.1163/221161793x00152|issn=1380-7412|title=African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (Adopted by the Twenty-Sixth Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Governments of the OAU - July, 1990, Addis Abeba)}}</ref> Di mini ban daa dihi bɛ nuhi gbana ni maa zaa daa saɣi ti gbansabila zaa taba laɣimbu maa. Bɔhisi daa beni zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm mini suhuyurilim polo. Shɛba ni daa zaya ni bɛ kuli mɔm belabela lala, shɛba daa piila daabiligu, kaya ni taada ni tingbana yaɣa pubu, Ghana ni daa su yaɣ' shɛli n-daa nyɛ din zaŋ siyaasa bɔ nangbani yini.<ref>{{Citation|last=Adum-Kyeremeh|first=Kwame|title=Political action in sports development during the National Liberation Council Era in Ghana|date=2019-04-01|work=Sports in African History, Politics, and Identity Formation|pages=59–72|location=Abingdon, Oxon|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429508110-5|isbn=978-0-429-50811-0|s2cid=159449288}}</ref> Paati maa zaa daa ʒimi ni Gbansabila zaa yi laɣim taba bɛ aʒia nima ni tooi tum tuma.<ref>{{Citation|title=Natural Resources in Africa|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42656|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Lala waliginsim nima ŋɔ mini gbaabu ni daa bi zani ti All-African High Command yaa bɔ n-ti OAU wuhiya ni di gbaabu zaa daa kpalim la puuni ka bɛ zaŋ tu tuma. Bahigu ha, OAU Summit Conferences gba daa bi saɣi ni siyaasa tum tuma.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sesay|first1=Amadu|title=The OAU and African Conflicts|date=2019-07-15|work=The OAU After Twenty Years|pages=35–62|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-31326-4|last2=Ojo|first2=Olusola|last3=Fasehun|first3=Orobola|doi=10.4324/9780429313264-3|s2cid=211396443}}</ref> Bahigu OAU Summit din daa niŋ CPP gɔmnanti ni daa niŋla [[Ankara|Accra]] yuuni 1965. Paati ma daa mɔya ni di kpa OAU Executive Council din kuli yɛn beni amaa ka ban daa saɣi ti li maa bi galisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-04-01|title=Conference paper. Special OAU/UNHCR meeting of government and non-government technical experts on the 30th anniversary of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention: report of the meeting held in Conakry, 27-29 March 2000|journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly|volume=20|issue=1|pages=3–29|doi=10.1093/rsq/20.1.3|issn=1020-4067|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa buɣisiya ni Gbansabila ni kɔŋ taba laɣimbu ŋɔ nyɛ ‘furili, gabbu ni din yɛn kɔŋ yim zanibu, ka tiŋ'duyanima kuli ni tooi gabi gbansabila alaha’. O daa kpahi zuɣuni ni maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana nyɛla bɛ ni yɛn deei shɛli 'yimyim'. O ni daa diri fiila yuuni 1965: "Suhukpeeni ka ti kɔŋ."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beermann|first=Jack Michael|date=2013|title=The New Constitution of the United States: Do We Need One and How Would We Get One?|journal=SSRN Working Paper Series|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2353376|issn=1556-5068|url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=faculty_scholarship}}</ref> ===African Personality=== Africa nima ninsalisili nyɛla din kpa talahi CPP tɛha ni. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] buɣisi li mi "labi neei tɛhiwaɣila zaŋ ti Africa nima mini binshɛli din laɣindi ba. Ti taarihi din gari, ti kaya ni taada, ti ni mi shɛli mini ti dahinshɛli nianima". CPP daa kahigila dinbɔŋɔ ni: 1. Africa nima laɣim wuri dabitali mini ninsalisili biɛhigu, linjimanima mini pirinsi. Ka nyɛhi "dabilim tɛha". Di daa bi doli yaɣili yaɣili. Saamba daa nyɛla bɛ ni deei shɛba ni suhudoo ni bɛ tum Ghana din deei yi daa niŋ ka bɛ saɣi ti CPP nianima.<ref>{{Citation|date=1944-12-31|work=British Colonial Theories 1570-1850|pages=126–152|editor-last=Innis|editor-first=Harold|place=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|doi=10.3138/9781487589394-006|isbn=978-1-4875-8939-4|title=Iv. The Old Colonial System: Basic Objectives, Conceptions, Policies}}</ref> 2. Bureau of African Affairs din daa be Accra da kpuɣila nia ni bɛ saɣi ti ban zabiri Gbansabila suhuyubu zuɣu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Exhibition Set-up in Accra and Model-making in Vienna|date=2017-01-23|work=[APPLIED] FOREIGN AFFAIRS|editor-last=Mueller|editor-first=Baerbel|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783035608786-089|isbn=978-3-0356-0878-6}}</ref> 3. Institute of African Studies din daa yooi yuuni 1963 m-pahi University of Ghana ni. Di mini shikuru ŋɔ n-daa laɣim nyɛ "School of Performing Arts". Wawariba laɣingu mini tiŋgbani binkumda nyɛla bɛ ni daa yina ni shɛli ni ti zani ti saha ŋɔ mini saha shɛli kaya ni taada.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nii-Dortey|first1=MN|last2=Arhine|first2=A|date=2010-07-26|title=The Performing Arts and the Post-Colonial Ghanaian Experience: The Ghana National Symphony Orchestra in Perspective|journal=Research Review of the Institute of African Studies|volume=26|issue=1|doi=10.4314/rrias.v26i1.56954|issn=0855-4412}}</ref> 4. Tuuli "Africanist Conference" din daa niŋ [[Ankara|Accra]] yuuni 1962 ni bɛ gbaai bɛ ni yɛn doli so' shɛli n-niŋ vihigu din jɛndi Gbansabila, kaya ni taada, tɛha mini ninsalisili aʒia nima. Ka zaŋ lahibali shɛli bɛ ni nya zaŋ niŋ pɔhim zuɣu yaɣili din nyɛ "Encyclopedia Africana". Eminent US baŋdiba Dr W. E. B. DuBois mini Dr W. Alphaeus Hunton daa pun malila nia ni bɛ niŋ lala vihigu ŋɔ Ghana pɔi ka lala laɣingu ŋɔ daa naan yi laɣim.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lash|first1=John S.|last2=DuBois|first2=W. E. B.|date=1957|title=Thought, Research, Action: Dr. DuBois and History|journal=The Phylon Quarterly|volume=18|issue=2|pages=184|doi=10.2307/273196|jstor=273196|issn=0885-6826}}</ref> 5. Saawara gbaabu zaŋ chaŋ gbansabila ban daa pun gari saha waɣila, Ghana daa buɣisila CPP gɔmnanti ni di ni nyɛ ‘Pan-Africanism zuɣu’. (Malcolm X ni daa go n-kana Ghana nyaaŋa yuuni 1964) 6. George Padmore Research Library din jɛndi African Affairs din daa yooi Accra yuuni 1961<ref>{{Citation|last=Lake|first=Obiagele|title=Toward a Pan-African Identity|work=The Ghana Reader|year=2016|pages=369–373|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/9780822374961-078|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref> ==African Voice in World Affairs== Gbansabila yee duhibu daa nyɛla yɛl'palli ni tiŋ'duya biɛhigu ni kpebu. Di daa lahi nyɛla CPP ni daa zaŋ shɛli na maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, ka di daa zaŋ lɛbiginsim pam na zaŋ ti Africa ni di niriba yɛligibu. Africa daa bi lahi fahiri ʒiini dunia yɛla ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Napier|first=C.J.|date=October 2016|title=African Independence; How Africa shapes the world|journal=South African Journal of International Affairs|volume=23|issue=4|pages=545–546|doi=10.1080/10220461.2016.1266963|s2cid=157249330|issn=1022-0461}}</ref> ==Non-Aligned Movement== Ghana mini Africa tinsi daa nyɛla ban deei maŋsulinsi saha shɛli bɛ ni daa kpe siyaasa ni "tɔbu mahili" din daa niŋ US mini USSR din daa zooi tiŋ'duya yɛla ni. Di daa nyɛla din mali yaa. Di daa ŋmanila tɔbu n-yɛn ŋme dunia. "Non-Aligned Movement" daa zaŋla tahima din jɛndi "Third Force" gbubbu din yɛn gu ka taɣi tɔbu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bluth|first=Christoph|title=Russian Strategic Arms Policy after the Cold War|date=2019-07-16|work=The Nuclear Challenge|pages=41–70|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315194325-3|isbn=978-1-315-19432-5|s2cid=211381143}}</ref> Lala siyaasa tali ŋɔ ni, maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana [[Afrika|Africa]] mini Asia daa bi piigi yaɣili. Kpamba ban daa be Non-Aligned Movement shɛba n-daa nyɛ Nkrumah ŋun daa zani ti CPP gɔmnanti, tiŋgbani zuɣulana Jawaharlal Nehru zaŋ ti [[India]], Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Abdul Nasser zaŋ ti [[Egypt]], Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Tito zaŋ ti Yugoslavia ni Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Sukarno zaŋ ti Indonesia.<ref>{{Citation|date=2016-12-31|work=Myanmar's Foreign Policy under President U Thein Sein: Non-aligned and Diversified|pages=12–15|place=Singapore|publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute Singapore|doi=10.1355/9789814762267-005|isbn=978-981-4762-26-7|title=Relations with India}}</ref> ==Relationships with Asia and Latin America== Silimiingoli May yuuni 1965, CPP daa laɣim 4th Afro-Asian Solidarity Conference ʒia. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] yɛltɔɣa zaa daa jɛndila Africa ninsalinima mini aʒia nima zaa ni yɛn be shɛm di yi niŋ ka di laɣim taba tiŋgbani gɔnantinima laɣi?ngu ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Robert|date=2009|title=By How Much Does GDP Rise if the Government Buys More Output?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w15496|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]], Ben Barka, Morocco nima yaɣ' shɛli ban paati daa ka nam ni nira, ni Fidel Castro n-daa nyɛ ban zani ka Organisation of Solidarity laɣingu kpa n-ti Africa, Asia ni Latin America (OSPAAL) nima din daa yɛn guli maŋsulinsi USSR mini China. Lala saha maa, biɛhigu din daa be Chinanima mini USSR nima sunsuuni daa mali yaa pam.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1976|title=Middle East — Africa — Latin America — Asia — USSR|journal=International Review of the Red Cross|volume=16|issue=186|pages=468–475|doi=10.1017/s0020860400012110|issn=0020-8604}}</ref> ==Yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu == Silimiingoli June yuuni 1952, gbaŋsabira palli zaŋ ti tiŋgbani maa Colonies Oliver Lyttleton daa chaŋ Gold Coast n-ti saɣi n-ti ni o ʒini ni Nanima mini niriba ka bɛ niŋ taɣibu ni tiŋgbani maa zalikpana buku. Din daa niŋ ka o ʒini ni Nanima ŋɔ, laɣinsi, paati shɛŋa din daa ka nam ni, daabiligu laɣingu, gɔmnanti daa yina n-ti zaŋ lahibali wuhi salo din daa jɛndi tiŋgbani ŋɔ zalikpana buku taɣibu silimiingoli June biɛɣ' pishi yini ka dali yuuni 1953 ka bɛ daa saɣi n-ti li ka di daa leei maŋsulinsi deebu piligu silimiingoli December yuuni 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=State Department, Report, Substance of Discussions of State - Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting, June 27, 1957|journal=Weapons of Mass Destruction|doi=10.1163/9789004346673.wmdo-04_183}}</ref> Lala yɛltɔɣili ŋɔ piligu, CPP gɔmnanti daa piligi la laɣa yɔra niŋ Legislative Assembly silimiingoli July biɛɣ' pia dali yuuni 1953. Ka di nyɛ din daa yina zaawuni yuŋ lahibali churi ni ka daa nyɛ "Motion of Destiny". Gbaŋpiɛlla nima nyɛla ban daa boli ba n-ti yɛliba ni bɛ malimi shili deei bɛ maŋsulinsi. Di daa nyɛla din bɔri ni bɛ piiri ninvuɣ' shɛba ban be Assembly ni piibu-piibu n-ti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba ban be Cabinet. Bɛ daa yɛli gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ ni bɛ tim ba dihitabili ka wuhibu dabisili shɛli maŋsulinsi ŋɔ ni yɛn deei. Gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti bɛ yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ka daa leei na bɔra ni bɛ niŋ piibu-piibu shɛli yaha.<ref>{{Citation|last=Theaker|first=Martin|title=Britain and the Limits of Atomic Independence, 1945–1953|date=2018|work=Britain, Europe and Civil Nuclear Energy, 1945–62|pages=25–66|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73927-4_2|isbn=978-3-319-73926-7}}</ref> Di tuuli piibu-piibu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa niŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ taarihi puuni silimiingoli June biɛɣ' pishi yini ka dali yuuni 1954. Ka CPP daa di jintɔri kuɣisi din kalinli daa yiɣisi pisopɔin ni ayi jintɔri kuɣisi kɔbigi ni anahi puuni. GCP (bahigu paati zaŋ n-ti UGCC) daa di la jintɔri kuɣu zaɣ' yini, Northern People's Party (NPP) daa di la jintɔri kuɣisi pia ni ayi. Dr J. B. Danquah mini Mr. William Ofori-Atta zaa nyɛla ban daa kɔŋ bɛ jintɔri kuɣisi ka Dr K. A. Busia nyɛ ŋun daa di o jintɔri kuɣu ni kalinli pia ni yini woligimsim. Yɛltɔɣa shɛli nasara ŋɔ nyɛbu ni daa chani ka ʒiri taɣibu taɣibu nima mini suhudoo kalinsi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni ka lala ŋɔ pala din na min niŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni.<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Allen, Frederick Lewis|title=Since Yesterday : the 1930s in America, September 3, 1929--September 3, 1939.|date=26 May 2015|publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=978-1-5040-1138-9|oclc=906704745}}</ref> ===The violent years: 1954–1956=== Silimiingoli March yuuni 1954, pɔi ni silimiingoli June piibu-piibu, gɔmnanti daa mali nia ni o zali kookoo da £3.12 shillings ni di lunzahim Seers mini Ross din yɛn che ka tiŋgbani maa laɣu zuɣu jilima bi booi . Di taarihi puuni, CPP daa bi gbaai tiŋgbani maa alikawuli ni bɛ ni pahi puzuri nima daa di yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu mini silimiingoli August yuuni 1954. Mr. K. A. Gbedemah ŋun daa nyɛ liɣiri deebu polo minista daa piligi Cocoa tuma mini Development funds liɣii yɔbu jinaduu silimiingoli March ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woodfield|first=F.W.|date=1954-03-31|title=Chemical development unit progress report, March 1954|doi=10.2172/10128451|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1318491/}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa yɛn zaŋ lahibali ŋɔ wuhi jinaaduu, Gbedemah daa ŋmɛ li nangbankpeeni ni o bɔrimi niŋdi Gold Coast bɔmma ni nyamma ni daa be shɛm kamani Seers mini Ross ni daa yɛli li shɛm. Din daa niŋ ka kookoo daa kuli diri di baŋ dunia dahi puuni yuuni 1954, niriba pam ban daa lihiri kantiŋa daa nya ka lala ŋɔ bi niŋ viɛnyɛla (din daa niŋ ka di dabu liɣiri daa paai £500 per ton yuuni 1954 zaŋ hali ni £200 yuuni 1956), lala ŋɔ zuɣu pukpariba daa bi niŋ suhipiɛlii ni di daa maa ni duri ka siɣiri shɛm maa ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bɔrimi ni kookoo ŋɔ mali da'yini.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 8. Export commodity prices have turned down recently|doi=10.1787/888932782850}}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ kari doliba ti yaɣi bɛ daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋ ni bɛ yɛligi bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣa shɛŋa din daa pahi maa. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu daa che ka pukpari shɛba ban daa bɔri ni bɛ kɔhiri bɛ puzuri laɣa kara maa daa bi niŋ suhupiɛlli ni lala zaligu maa ka daa yɛli ni bɛ labi lihi lala zaligu ŋɔ zuɣu yaha. Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣa ŋɔ shɛŋa daa nyɛla siyaasa niŋdiba mini kpamba shɛba ni daa zaŋ bɛ nuu pa shɛŋa zuɣu ka bɛ daa yina n-ti yɛli jintɔri kuɣisi ni daa di shɛm Legislative Assembly yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=Survey result: EPA scientists unhappy about political meddling|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/pt.5.022162|issn=1945-0699}}</ref> B. F. Kusi, ŋun daa kpaɣiri m-bo jintɔriztali ka daa kpe jinaduu pɔi ni maŋsulinsi mini maŋsulinsi nyaaŋa nyɛla niriba pam ni daa mi so. O daa yɛliya ni: "Ashanti nima nyɛla tiŋgbani …salo kalinli bi wuhiri tiŋgbani "?<ref>{{Citation|title=Appendix A|work=Democracy, Parliament and Electoral Systems|year=2015|pages=151–158|publisher=Pluto Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt18fs53z.24|isbn=978-1-84964-220-0}}</ref> Nintiɣibo nyɛla din daa kani Cocoa Purchasing Company maa ni, dama niriba daa yɛliya ni bɛ daa zaŋ la kookoo liɣiri ŋɔ sɔŋ CPP yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu ka pirigi liɣiri ŋɔ shɛli n-ti CPP ninvuɣ' shɛba ban daa kɔŋ nasara yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu ka yɛli ba ni bɛ zanimi bɛ gama zuɣu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gull, Sir Rupert (William Cameron), (born 14 July 1954), company director|date=2007-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.18408}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=De Cruz, Gerald|title=Colliding worlds : memoirs of a Singapore maverick|date=15 April 2009|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte |isbn=978-981-4634-91-5|oclc=893682654}}</ref> Pirimla bɛ ni daa bɔri ni bɛ niŋ ka kookoo daa nyɛ yim zuɣu daa che ka pukpariba pam daa bi niŋ suhupiɛlli ka lala zuɣu daa che ka shɛba daa yɛli ni gɔmnanti so bɛ ni daa piigi ŋɔ yimi nam ni ka lala yɛltɔɣili ŋɔ daa che ka paɣiba, dabba n-ti pahi bihibihi pam daa koŋ bɛ nyɛvuya.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2006|title=Hundreds of Utah Children Hurt Needlessly in Car Crashes: Studies Show Booster Seats Could Save Many Lives|doi=10.1037/e548192009-001}}</ref> National Liberation Movement (NLM) nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli silimiingoli September yuuni 1954 ka ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ toondana nyɛ chief linguist zaŋ n-ti Ashantehene. Baffour Osei Akoto nyɛla ŋun daa kana n-ti pahi lala laɣingu ŋɔ zuɣu. Asanteman Council mini Asantehene nyɛla ban daa tabi sɔŋ NLM ka bɛ nia pala bɛ piigi gɔmnanti kɔŋko amaa bɛ kpaŋsi Ashanti tooni chandi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aliyu|first=Musa Adamu|date=2018-12-24|title=Safeguarding Democratically Elected Local Government Councils In Nigeria From Abuse|series=The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences|pages=201–208|publisher=Cognitive-Crcs|doi=10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.03.18|doi-access=free}}</ref> NLM nyɛla din daa zali CPP wɔfiisi Ashanti ka nyɛ din daa tuhiri kariti gadama Ashanti ka nyɛ ban daa yɛra ni "yeate ye ho".<ref name="Thompson 1995 12–50">{{Citation|last=Thompson|first=Larry|title=Ashanti soll geheilt werden|date=1995|work=Der Fall Ashanti|pages=12–50|place=Basel|publisher=Birkhäuser Basel|doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-6006-2_1|isbn=978-3-0348-6007-9}}</ref> == Yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu == Tiŋgbani maa binshɛɣu kam nyɛla din daa zali gohiri maŋsulinsi deebu amaa ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban daa na ŋmɛri li nangban kpeeni dama bɛ daa lihiri la Ghana maŋsulinsi gomnanti tali ni yɛn be shɛm. Mr K. A. Gbedemah nyɛ ŋun daa be CPP siyaasa gili niŋ tooni ka daa bi saɣi n-ti NLM's "federal constitution" ka daa ti bɛ daliri ni nyɛ shɛli:, "[w]hat they [NLM] daliri shɛli bɛ ni daa bori ni bɛ yɛli amaa ka daa na ʒin yɛli salo nyɛ ni di to ni bɛ mali ɔfici amaa ka C.P.P.".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Thomas G.|date=2009-01-24|title=Once Again Never Again?|journal=Amsterdam Law Forum|volume=1|issue=2|pages=29|doi=10.37974/alf.56|s2cid=155045474|issn=1876-8156|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pirinla NLM's nyɛla ban daa yɛli ni "federalism" n-daa nyɛ so shɛli bɛ ni tooi doli laɣim Ghana's regional mini balla laɣimbu din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya soli ni bɛ zali zalikpana buku palli yuuni 1969. NLM's piligu gadama siyaasa niŋ gili ŋɔ nyɛla din daa ka daliri amaa Gbedemah nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni di daliri nyɛla bɛ jɛlinsi zaŋ n -ti CPP mini Nkrumah.<ref>{{Citation|last=Chester|first=Lucy P.|title=Nobody had been paying any attention to the case|date=2017-03-01|work=Borders and conflict in South Asia|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7765/9781526117632.00014|isbn=978-1-5261-1763-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Puzzle task examples.|doi=10.7554/elife.28974.005|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yuuni 1956 siyaasa gili niŋ puuni, Gbedemah nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni di yi niŋ ka CPP koŋ nasara yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu din daa kani na maa ni di nyɛla din yɛn niŋ suhipiɛlli nyɛ loyal opposition zaŋ n-ti NLM gomnanti ka daa yɛli ni toondan zaŋ n-ti NLM, Dr Busia gba gbaami lala alikawli ŋɔ. Bɛ ni daa lihiri biɛhi shɛli ni bɛ ni yɛn be di yi niŋ ka bɛ koŋ nasara lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, Dr. Busia nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni NLM nyɛla "din yɛn niŋ kam zaŋ n-ti Legislative Assembly" yihi CPP nam ni ka daa buɣisi li "evil".<ref name="ReferenceD"/> CPP piibu-piibu maʒini nyɛla din daa piligi tuma ka daa mali niya ni di ni nya nasara. Kamani piibu-piibu shɛŋa din gari maa, paati maa lahabaya yi kuli nyɛla zaɣ'ŋmaa ka ŋmari li jia bachi dibaa ayopɔin ni: M-bori maŋsulinsi biɛhigu? bee m-borimi ni n-labi sarika biɛhigu ni ?’ biɛhigu din nyɛ "federalism" zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani kamani Ghana pala din viɛla.<ref>{{Citation|last1=George-Graves|first1=Nadine|title=What do Women Want, My God, What do they Want?|date=2015-08-01|work=The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Theater|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-991749-5|last2=Miranda|first2=Krista K.|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917495.013.26}}</ref> Silimiin goli June yuuni 1956, CPP daa lahi nya nasara ni jintɔri kuɣisi pisopɔin ni yini, din nyɛ jintɔri kuɣisi pihinahi ni anahi din be Colony n-ti pahi jintɔri kuɣisi dibaa ani jintɔri kuɣisi pishi ni yini din be Ashanti puuni. NLM daa bi tooi di jintɔri kuɣu yini gba luɣ'shɛli pahi Ashanti zuɣu. Bɛ suhi ni daa kuli yu Ashanti nationalism zaa maa yoli, CPP daa di la kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinahi ni ata Ashanti ka di daa wuhiri ni NLM daa nyɛla paati zaŋ n-ti Ashanti amaa ka Ashanti nima zaa nyɛ ban be NLM .<ref name="Thompson 1995 12–50"/> Yaha, Dr J. B. Danquah nyɛla ŋun daa bi tooi lahi di o jintɔri kuɣu : NLM nyɛla ban daa lahi zaɣisi yɛlimahimaŋa piibu-piibu. Shɛba nyɛla ban daa yina n-ti yɛli ni yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu ŋɔ wuhiya ni tiŋgbani maa nyɛla din bori "federal constitution' dama CPP daa bi nya nasara pam Ashanti bee Tuduu tiŋgbani yaɣa.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chipp, T. F. (Thomas Ford)|title=The forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories|date=1922|publisher=Published for the Government of the Gold Coast by the Crown Agents for the Colonies|oclc=9676100}}</ref> ==Defeating the NLM separatists and threats of partition== Din daa niŋ ka piibu-piibu ŋɔ daa naai nyaaŋa, Nkrumah daa zaŋ lahabali niŋ teebuli ni zaŋ n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu silimiin goli August dabaa ata dali yuuni 1956 amaa ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be NLM zaŋ n-ti Assembly, Dr K. A. Busia, Mr Joe Appiah mini Mr R. R. Amponsah nyɛla ban daa chaŋ yi ni ayirimo ka lala lahabali ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛli 72-0. Kamani Richard Rathbone ni daa zaŋ li sɔŋ shɛm: "Ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be NLM paati ni ka nyɛ bɛ ni daa na yoli piigi shɛba nyɛba ban daa bɛ saɣi n-ti dizuɣu ka bɛ daa chaŋ yi Legislative Assembly. NLM nyɛla ban daa lahi niŋdi kam ni bɛ zaɣisi maŋsulinsi ŋɔ deebu . … NLM nyɛla ban daa na kuli zaya ni bɛ ku nyɛ "loyal opposition"…"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=J. Barry|date=1999|title=The First Welsh National Assembly Election|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=34|issue=3|pages=323–332|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1999.tb00484.x|s2cid=143996304 |issn=0017-257X}}</ref> Kamani Dr K. A. Busia ni daa gbaai alikawli shɛli siyaasa tali chaŋ gili niŋ saha. Din daa niŋ ka CPP gomnanti daa piligi soya zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu,, Asante Youth Association (AYA) ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa sabi gbaŋ zaŋ n-ti Secretary of State ni bɛ zaa gbaami zaɣa yini silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pinaata dali yuuni 1956 ka daa yɛli ni "dama C.P.P. Gomnanti ŋɔ nyɛla ban yɛli ni bɛ ku lahi zaŋ saawara zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu yɛltɔɣa maa."<ref>{{Citation|last=Busia|first=K. A.|title=The Ashanti Confederacy Council|date=2018-08-16|work=The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti|pages=165–195|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781351030823-8|isbn=978-1-351-03082-3|s2cid=217156642}}</ref> Pirinla bɛ daa ku koŋ nasara lala piibu-piibu maa ni zaa yoli, NLM paati nima nyɛla ban daa na kuli bori federal union ka tim niriba gbaŋsabira zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani ŋɔ. Lala saha ŋɔ British Gomnanti ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa zaɣisi ni o ku lahi tirisi maŋsulinsi deebu dabisili maa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Declaration of Independence Rejected Slavery Clause (28 June 1776)|date=2009-09-30|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33576|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Silimiin goli September biɛɣ'pinaayopɔin dali yuuni1956, gbaŋ shɛli CPP nima ni daa sabi zaŋ n-ti British gbaŋsabira ni bɛ zali maŋsulinsi deebu dabisili, Governor ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa yɛlli Nkrumah ni bɛ gbaai la silimiin goli March dabaa ayobu dali yuuni 1957. Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun daa wuligi lahabali ŋɔ zaŋ n-ti Assembly silimiin goli September biɛɣ'pishi ayi ka dali yuuni 1956 ka dari ŋɔ n-daa ku deei ʒi zaa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-05-17|journal=Camden |series=Fifth Series|volume=57|pages=139–156|doi=10.1017/s0960116319000150|issn=0960-1163|title=X: Secretary of State for Burma Until Independence: 1947–1948|s2cid=233336955 }}</ref> Ban daa bi galisi jinaduu nyɛla ban daa lihi bɛ zaashee ŋɔ ka yɛli ni bɛ bori la zaligu shɛli din wuhiri ni ŋaribu bɛn be luɣ'shɛŋa tiŋgbani maa ni. Gbaŋsabira zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa suhi CPP ni bɛ che ka gbaari suŋ be bɛ mini ban daa bɛ galisi jinaduu ŋɔ ni, Asanteman mini territorial Councils, CPP nyɛla ban daa zaŋ zalikpana lahabali shɛli bɛ ni daa boli Revised Constitutional Proposals zaŋ n-ti Gold Coast wuhi salo silimiin goli November dabaa anii dali yuuni 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodhart|first=C. A. E.|date=2002|title=The Constitutional Position of an Independent Central Bank|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=37|issue=2|pages=190–210|doi=10.1111/1477-7053.00094|s2cid=143386652|issn=0017-257X}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa zaŋ lala zalikpana lahabali ŋɔ wuhi salo nyaaŋa, AYA nyɛla ŋun daa sabi lahabali zaŋ n-ti NLM bin din gbaai sillimiin goli November dabaa awɔi zaŋ hali ni o biɛɣ'pinaanu dali yuuni 1956 ka di daa wuhiri ni "ASHANTI MINI N.T.’S ŊƆ NYƐLA BAN YI GHANA".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Apiors|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Suzuki|first2=Aya|date=2018-05-03|title=Mobile Money, Individuals' Payments, Remittances, and Investments: Evidence from the Ashanti Region, Ghana|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=5|pages=1409|doi=10.3390/su10051409|issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free}}</ref> Silimiin goli November biɛɣ'pishi ayi ka dali yuuni 1956, NLM paati ban daa bɛ galisi ŋɔ mini Northern People's Party nyɛla ban daa zaŋ maligu lahabali zaŋ n-ti gbansabira n-ti tiŋgbani maa wuhiri ni bɛ saɣi n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chipp|first=Thomas Ford|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45233|title=Forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories.|date=1922|publisher=Waterlow & sons limited|location=London [etc.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.45233}}</ref> Asanteman Council nyɛla ban daa niŋ kam ni United Kingdom nima waligi n-ti Asante mini Northern Territories maŋsulinsi silimiin goli March dabaa ayobu dali yuuni 1957. Ban daa bɛ galisi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa chaŋ n-ti paai London alikaali nima ni bɛ ti ba kundi shɛŋa din yɛn che ka bɛ tooi kpɛ United Nations ka daa mali niya ni bɛ miɛ £500,000 House of Parliament zali Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walling|first=Carrie Booth|title=All Necessary Measures|url=https://archive.org/details/allnecessarymeas0000wall|date=2013-07-01|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|doi=10.9783/9780812208474|isbn=978-0-8122-0847-4}}</ref> CPP nyɛla ban daa mi ni NLM nyɛla ban daa kuli niŋdi ŋɔ maa zaa ni maŋsulinsi deebu maa yuugi, bɛ daa lihi yɛltɔɣa zaŋ jandi Gaana zalikpana buku suhibiɛɣuni ka daa yɛli ni jintɔriba nyɛla ban ni tooi taɣi li.<ref>{{Citation|title=Amendments to the Constitution|date=2009-11-15|work=The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence|pages=219–308|publisher=Harvard University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctvjk2xzn.7|hdl=2027/hvd.32044103234373|isbn=978-0-674-05447-9|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==Independence== Yuŋtisuɣu silimiin goli March dabaa anu bee ayobu dali yuuni 1957, Nkrumah daa yɛli Gaana maŋsulinsi deebu Polo Ground din be Ankara, o daa chɛhimi FREEDOM! FREEDOM! FREEDOM! ka bɛ daa siɣisi British tuuta ka daa wuɣi ʒiɛɣu, baŋkom salima tuuta zaŋ n-ti Gaana zuɣusaa. Maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ CPP nima siyaasa gili niŋ lahabali kpeeni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Appendix B: Journalism Freedom: 1980 to 2008 (Country Ratings from Freedom House) - Ghana|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Journalism|year=2009|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412972048.n512|isbn=9780761929574}}</ref> Yɛligu din daa yina Nkrumah nolini n-daa nyɛ: "Bahigu tɔbu naai. Ka Gaana, yi suhiyubu tiŋgbani yi leei bilichini nima kuli mali wara." Amaa tɔbiri nyɛla din be tooni pɔi ka Gaana zani di naba ayi zuɣu ka yi nya Pan- African niya nima. Bomma mini nyamma n-ti pahi yɛlivuhi maŋsulinsi deebu nyɛla din na piligira.<ref>{{Citation|title=Appendix B: Journalism Freedom: 1980 to 2008 Country Ratings from Freedom House Ghana|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Journalism|date=2009 |location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412972048.n512|isbn=9780761929574}}</ref> ===Continued threats to national security=== Hali maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, NLM nyɛla ban na kuli mali gadama Kumahi ka shɛhira daa nyɛ din be ni wuhiri niriba ni yiri tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Salo kalnli din daa gari 5,000 nyɛla ban daa yi Ashanti ka di daliri daa nyɛ NLM nima gadama maa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Heitz|first=Kathrin|title=Recollections from the times of Independence. Talks with elderly people in western Ivory Coast|date=2013|work=Les indépendances en Afrique|pages=421–435|publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes|doi=10.4000/books.pur.112349|isbn=978-2-7535-2749-2}}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka bɛ maani sheeli zaŋ n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu, nyaandoliba zaŋ n-ti Togoland Congress nyɛla ban daa kuli niŋ ninmoh bɔhindi sooja tali Alavanyo ka di daa nyɛla NLM nima niriba n-daa bala ni bɛ niŋ maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ gadama. Pirinsi nyɛela ban daa chaŋ n-ti kari ba ka gadama daa niŋ ka niriba ata daa kpi. Jinaduu niriba ayi – S. G. Antor mini Mr. Kojo Ayeke – nyɛla ban nuu daa be di ni ka bɛ daa kpɛhi ba sarika yuma ayobu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffery|first1=Bob|last2=Tufail|first2=Waqas|date=2014-01-01|title=The Riots Were Where the Police Were|journal=Contention|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.3167/cont.2014.020204|issn=2572-7184|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Level of disclosure of private interests by ministers of cabinet members|doi=10.1787/888932709966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=jchr-news-release-jchr-has-noted-reports-in-the-media-which-indicated-that-several-independent-candidates-were-prevented-from-being-nominated-by-crowds-of-jamaica-labour-party-supporters-dec-2-1983-2-pp|journal=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0560-0084}}</ref> Di daa na bi paai yuuni maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa ka ban da ka nam ni ŋɔ toondana daa yɛli ni bɛ yiɣisim gomnanti maa.Silimiin goli December piligu yuuni 1957, toondan zaŋ n-ti NLM. Dr K. A Busia nyɛla ŋun daa suɣiri deeri liɣiri United States gomnanti sani ni bɛ yihi gomnanti so bɛ ni daa piigi o maŋmaŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ maa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=guatemalan-opposition-leader-accuses-government-of-destabilizing-the-country-aug-4-1980-2-pp|journal=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1224-0092}}</ref> Lahabali din yina Mr Wilson Flake wuhiya ni US Ambassador zaŋ n-ti Ghana (lihimi Foreign Relations, 1955–1957, Volume XVIII, pages 387–388), toondan zaŋ n-ti zuɣubiili nima mini jintɔra nyɛla ŋun daa suhi m-bo $25,0000 ni bɛ da loora nima ka nya paati tun tumdiba ni bɛ zaŋ n-ti CPP nyaandoliba ban ka liɣiri pam. Lala biɛhigu ŋɔ pala di ni tooi deegi tiŋgbani kam puuni.<ref name="ReferenceD" /> ==CPP – Independent Ghana's first government== Maŋsulinsi ni kana, CPP gɔmnanti daa pa nyɛla siyaasa yaa din yɛn sɔŋba ka bɛ mali Ghana bomma ni nyamma ni bɛrisuŋ zali dede ka di pa niŋ ʒaamani dini, tootibo tiŋgbani. Paati maa daa kpuɣila bomma ni nyamma soya din yɛn che ka bɛ tabi sɔŋ tiŋ'duya. Shikuru, alaafee mini salo yɛl'bɔra din pahi, ka di nyɛla bɛ daa pili la "CPP's First Development Plan (1951-6)", amaa ka na bi paai luɣ'shɛli CPP tɛha ni daa kpa. Di pam na nyɛla din yɛn niŋ.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Nketiah-Amponsah|first1=Edward|title=State of Ghana's Infrastructure and its Implications for Economic Development|date=2017-02-16|work=The Economy of Ghana Sixty Years after Independence|pages=223–241|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-875343-8|last2=Aidam|first2=Patricia Woedem|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753438.003.0014}}</ref> ==Pan-Africanism== CPP's Pan-African yɛltɔɣa nyɛla din daa yina Nkrumah fiila puuni o yuŋtisuɣu maŋsulinsi lahabali bahigu. ‘Maŋsulinsi deebu zaŋ n-ti Gaana nyɛla din ka gbinni naɣila di mali la saawara ni African continent’<ref>{{Citation|last=Nkrumah|first=Kwame|title=Independence Speech|date=2016-02-04|work=The Ghana Reader|pages=301–302|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref> Ni maŋsulinsi, paati maa nyɛla din daa niŋdi kam ni di nya Pan-Africanism. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din daa chani ni Gbaŋsabila maŋsulinsi zabiriba ka daa nyɛ din kpaŋsi nangban yini tali Gbaŋsabila sunsuun.<ref>{{Citation|last=Martin|first=Guy|title=Pan-Africanism and African unity|date=2020-04-30|work=Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism|pages=527–535|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429020193-36|isbn=978-0-429-02019-3|s2cid=242635538}}</ref> Yuuni 1957, maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana dibaa anii koŋko n-daa be African states. Lala tiŋgbana maa n-daa nyɛ Ghana, Ethiopia, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Liberia n-ti pahi Sudan. Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ŋɔ pirigi li nyɛla din daa na mora ni di deei di maŋsulinsi. Pan-African laɣingu bahigu nyɛla din daa niŋ Manchester, England yuuni 1945.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Sixth Pan-African Congress of Manchester in 1945|date=2015-09-23|work=Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance|pages=57–270|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9vvnj.8|isbn=978-9956-762-20-0}}</ref> CPP gomnanti nyɛla ban daa mali niya ni bɛ labi neei Pan-African Movement Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbani. Bɛ daa piligi di tuma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Otu|first1=Akaninyene|last2=Elston|first2=James|last3=Nsutebu|first3=Emmanuel|date=2015|title=Sepsis in Africa: practical steps to stem the tide|journal=Pan African Medical Journal|volume=21|page=323|doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.21.323.6462|pmid=26587170|pmc=4633776|s2cid=18046438|issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free}}</ref> 1. Silimiin goli April yuuni 1958 laɣingu zaŋ n-ti African Independent States nyɛla din daa niŋ Accra. Lala tiŋgbana dibaa anii ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa gbaai viɛligi bomma ni nyamma, kpaŋnsi fiila dibu, taɣi taba kaya ni taada mini shikuru baŋsim lahabaya, sɔŋ tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi maa maŋsulinsi deebu n-ti pahi bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ka sokam niŋdi piibu-piibu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mohamed Salih|first=M.A.|title=Varieties of African liberation movement governments|date=2017-09-08|work=National Liberation Movements as Government in Africa|pages=17–32|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315101361-2|isbn=978-1-315-10136-1}}</ref> 2. Silimiin goli December yuuni 1958, gban-sabila nangbanyini laɣingu nyɛla din daa niŋ Accra. Ban daa be laɣingu ŋɔ ni nyɛ Africa's freedom fighters, tiŋgbani kam paati nima, trade unions n-ti pahi bipola laɣinsi din be Africa. Din bɔŋɔ n-daa nyɛ tuuli freedom fighters ban yinaEuropean colonies mini white-minority kana laɣingu ni. Taarihi nyɛla din daa zali laɣingu ŋɔ ni din daa niŋ ka bɛ yɛli tiŋgbani kam ban na bi deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ni bɛ ni tooi doli soli kam din pa gadama soli deei bɛ maŋsulinsi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mironova|first=Vera|date=2019-06-20|title=From Freedom Fighters to Jihadists|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190939755.001.0001|isbn=9780190939755}}</ref> Ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be laɣingu ŋɔ ni shɛba nyɛ Patrice Lumumba, Kenneth Kaunda, Kanyama Chiume, Tom Mboya, Oginga Odinga, Joshua Nkomo ni ban kam daa pahi nyɛ siysaasa toodan nima. Sokama daa labi o tiŋgbani bahindila bɛ ni daa gbaai gbaari yini nyaaŋa. Di daa niŋ ba nyaɣisim pam ka dihi CPP gomnanti tabili ni Pan-African mɔbu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Of the Many Who Returned and Yet Were Dead'|work=The Philosophy of War and Exile|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137351227.0010|isbn=978-1-137-35122-7}}</ref> 1.Laɣinsi shɛŋa din daa nya sɔŋsim mini baŋsibu Ghana CPP gomnanti tali saha nyɛ: * ANC (African National Congress) * PAC (Pan Africanist Congress) * ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union) * ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union) * MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) * SWAPO (South West African People's Organisation * FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique)<ref>{{Citation|last=Young|first=Eric|title=Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42973|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref><br /> == The CPP and the United Nations Organisation (UNO) == African kukoya yaɣa din du bɔba, UN, nyɛla din pili CPP gɔmnanti saha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Olmstead|first1=Sheila M|last2=Stavins|first2=Robert N|date=2007-01-21|title=A Meaningful Second Commitment Period for the Kyoto Protocol|journal=The Economists' Voice|volume=4|issue=3|doi=10.2202/1553-3832.1230|issn=1553-3832|s2cid=155632523}}</ref> Ghana gɔmnanti daa ʒila suhudoo zaŋbu na nyaaŋa UN din daa be Congo bini din gbaai yuuni 1960 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1964. Ghana linjimanima daa pahila UN lala tuma ŋɔ ni Lumumba yuuni 1960 kuŋ ŋme m-bɔ linjimanima sɔŋsim, Moise Tshombe daa moliya ni Katanga ni beni. Amaa bɛ ni daa sɔŋ UN, Ghana linimanima daa nyɛ ka bɛ bela UN linjimanima ni ka di zuɣu daa che ka bɛ tuhi nyaŋ Lumumba, kpema ŋun daa bɔri UN nima sɔŋsim. Din bɔŋɔ daa zaŋla dihitabili niŋ CPP niya din nyɛ ni Africa yɛlimuɣisira malibu tumi ni di baŋ Africa yɛlimuɣisira.<ref>{{Citation|last=Briscoe|first=Neil|title=The UN Operation in the Congo, 1960–64|date=2003|work=Britain and UN Peacekeeping|pages=94–131|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1057/9780230005730_5|isbn=978-1-349-51202-7}}</ref> Yuuni 1963, Ghana kpamba ban daa be UN daa gbaai shaawaara ni Africa Group zaŋ chaŋ Africa linjimanima zaa zaŋ tahi Congo. All-African High Com¬mand kpabu din yɛn tahi suhudoo na Africa ka di lahi pa bɛ yɛn zaŋla bɛ yaa zaa dalim sambani polo nima kamani UN bee NATO, di ni n daa nyɛ paati maa niya kpeŋ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-12-31|title=UN and African peace operations|journal=Africa Renewal|volume=24|issue=4|pages=15|doi=10.18356/6e97a2dc-en|issn=2517-9829}}</ref> ==The CPP and the Commonwealth== Ghana daa kuli nyɛla din be Commonwealth kuli zaŋ hali ka CPP gɔmnanti tali daa ti naai, ka di kpaŋmaŋa daa zooi Commonwealth Conferences di daa yi ti niŋ ka bɛ yɛn gbaai shaawara ti Gbansabila tinsi. Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla din neei doni ti muɣisigu din daa be Rhodesia di ni daa niŋ ka di neei yuuni 1964 ni gɔmnanti gbaarila shaawara zaŋ chaŋ unilateral declaration of independence (UDI).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=When Superconductivity Became Clear (to Some)|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/pt.5.021825|issn=1945-0699}}</ref> Yuuni 1965 Commonwealth Conference din daa niŋ London ni, Africa mini Asian daa gbaai shaawara zdin nyɛ yim ni bɛ zaɣisi UDI ŋɔ. Din bɔŋɔ kpaŋmaŋa pirigili daa tamla Nkrumah zuɣu. Lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni gbaabu daa gbaaya ni ninvuɣ'yino kam tu ni o vooti vootibu yim Rhodesia tiŋgbani ni, ka di doli salo pam ni saɣiti shɛli.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=C. W.|date=1997-09-06|title=Common criteria for providing powered wheelchairs should be agreed by wheelchair service centres|journal=BMJ|volume=315|issue=7108|pages=605–606|doi=10.1136/bmj.315.7108.605a|pmid=9302976|pmc=2127397|issn=0959-8138}}</ref> Yuuni 1965 UDI zaligu ni daa zani, CPP gɔmnanti daa yina ni nangban'yini tɛha ni Africa laɣim ŋme n-yiɣisi Ian Smith ʒaamani, ka soŋ Africa tiŋgbani kam lirigu ni liri. Din lahi pahi, Ghana daa lahi yina ti yɛli bɛ ni mali niya shɛli zaŋ chaŋ Commonwealth yibu ni.<ref>{{Citation|last=King|first=Tiffany|title=Settler Colonialism and African Americans|date=2019-05-29|work=African American Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/obo/9780190280024-0071|isbn=978-0-19-028002-4}}</ref> Ghana jilima daa lahi nyɛla din yi polo Nkrumah kpaŋmaŋa ni, [[South Africa]] gaŋbu zaligu daa nyɛla din mirisili yihi Commonwealth ni. Ghana daa naan ku lahi tooi be gaŋbu tiŋgbana din pɔri laɣingu ni South Africa. Ka di daa ʒiya ni British gɔmnanti piigi Ghana mini South Africa sunsuuni. Britain daa piigi Ghana. Di daa wuhila CPP gɔmnanti ni banzani shɛm. Britain daa mi ni Ghana yi zo Commonwealth ni, Africa tiŋgbana pam ni doli Ghana yi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ababio|first1=Ernest Peprah|title=A Comparative Analysis of Local Government in Ghana and South Africa|date=2017-09-25|work=Public Administration in Africa|pages=187–207|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-08932-4|last2=Asmah-Andoh|first2=Kwame|doi=10.4324/9781315089324-10}}</ref> ==Attempts to destabilize the CPP Government== Yuuni 1961 bahigu, chiribihi nyaaŋa ban daa ka nam ni ni ziligi palli zuɣu Taawwaye, Accra daa di shɛhira ni bompi shɛŋa Lome nima ni daa laɣisi. Lala bompi nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla jilimalana Queen Elizabeth II puhibu nyaaŋa yuuni 1962, ka di daa wuhiri ni Ghana daa ka suhu ʒii ni lala puhigu ŋɔ nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ionescu|first=Ghiţa|date=1993-01-01|title=Her Majesty the Queen|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=28|issue=1|pages=3–10|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1993.tb01302.x|s2cid=24523426 |issn=0017-257X}}</ref> Kulungugu bomb din yuli pa du ŋɔ daa kamina Anashaara goli August yuuni 1962, ka daa ku bipuɣinga ŋun daa ʒiri fulaawaasi ni no ti ti Nkrumah, din ni ka ban ka nam ni daa bahi bompi. Kulungugu bompi ŋɔ bahibu nyaaŋa, lirigu balibu daa liri Accra, din pam daa tamla bipola ban daa miri "Princess Marie Louise Children's" ashibiti la.<ref>{{Citation|last=Young|first=Ken|title=Borrowing the bomb|date=2016-07-22|work=The American bomb in Britain|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7765/9781526100658.00015|isbn=978-1-5261-0065-8}}</ref> Ban daa ka namni jintɔra R. B. Ochere mini UP ye'duhira Yaw Manu daa saɣiya ni bɛ nuu be Kulungugu bompi ŋɔ ni, kamani Dennis Austin daa yɛliya "Ghana siyaasa ni yuuni 1946 – 1960" din daa yina salo ni yuuni 1964: "Ni [Kulungugu bompi shɛŋa dabam] nari nyɛla din be Lome mini luɣ'shɛŋa ka nyɛ ban daa ka namni jintɔri kuro –bɛ ni mi so Obetsebi Lamptey – nyɛla din daa yi polo".<ref>{{Citation|last=Austin|first=Dennis|title=Opposition in Ghana: 1947–67|date=1971|work=Studies in Opposition|pages=248–266|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-01158-2_14|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |isbn=978-1-349-01160-5}}</ref> Anashaara goli January goli yuuni 1964, Nkrumah kubu nari shɛli Constable Ametewee ŋun daa mali shili ka daa be tuma ni Flagstaff House nyɛla din daa di Superintendent Salifu Dargati. Ban ka namni lala bompi nima ŋɔ bahibu ŋɔ, Ghananima kpibu daa yiɣisila kalinli pihita, dobba, paɣaba ni bihi, daa nyɛla dansi kɔbigu polo din dalimba biɛhigu ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dumas|first=Agnes|date=2018-07-01|title=Gender Inequalities in Health Over the Life Course. Attitudes Towards III-Health in Men and Women Treated for Childhood Cancer|journal=Swiss Journal of Sociology|volume=44|issue=2|pages=281–300|doi=10.1515/sjs-2018-0013|s2cid=81525126|issn=2297-8348|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lala bompi nima ŋɔ zaa bahibu daa nyɛla din kuli bɔri ni di wurim CPP gɔmnanti ka lahi tahi CPP gɔmnanti ŋme n-yiɣisi Anashaara goli February yuuni 1966.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dupuy|first=Alex|title=The Lavalas Government and Its Overthrow: February to September 1991|date=2019-04-18|work=Haiti in the New World Order|pages=115–135|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429039447-6|isbn=978-0-429-03944-7|s2cid=197831074}}</ref> ===24 February 1966=== O ni daa nyɛ British Commonwealth kpɛma ka daa kpuɣi napɔŋ ni o bɔ maligu n-ti Vietnam yɛlimuɣisira, CPP gɔmnanti nyɛla soja gɔmnanti ni daa ŋme n-yiɣisi shɛli ka Ghana Pirinsi mɔ tum yuuni 1964, tumdi ni Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) zaŋ ti United States ni bɛ zaŋ gɔmnanti taɣibu na.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chapman, Maj. Gen. Clive, (Chip), (born 27 March 1959), Senior British Military Advisor, United States Central Command, 2010–12; Consultant, Skarbek Associates, since 2013|date=2010-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u251014}}</ref> Hawa dibaa ashɛm zuɣuni, ban daa guli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Flagstaff House daa mɔya, amaa ka yaa daa nyaŋ ba. Bɛ daa bɛ mi ban niŋ lala ŋme m-paai gɔmnanti ŋɔ. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clarke|first=John|date=2013-05-10|title=In Search of Ordinary People: The Problematic Politics of Popular Participation|journal=Communication, Culture & Critique|volume=6|issue=2|pages=208–226|doi=10.1111/cccr.12011|issn=1753-9129}}</ref> Ban daa niŋ lala lirigu ŋɔ daa naai la noli ni Dr. K. A. Busia, ŋun daa be ban daa niŋ lala liribu ŋɔ komitii ni, ka Mr. Victor Owusu, ŋun daa niŋ lala linjima nima ŋɔ kpema. "Preventive Detention Act" daa nyɛla Preventive Custody Degree ni daa labi neei shɛli ni yaɣa buyi: (1) bɛ ni taɣi shɛba sɔŋ ka suhibu ni (2)binshɛɣu daa kani wuhiri din che ka bi gbahiba.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1999|title=Guinea-Bissau - Military Junta: Agreement between Te Government of Guinea-Bissau and the Self-Proclaimed Military Junta|journal=International Legal Materials|volume=38|issue=1|pages=28–29|doi=10.1017/s0020782900012857|s2cid=249000430 |issn=0020-7829}}</ref> Laɣinsi mini Pirinsi daa gbahi CPP niriba zaŋba chaŋ ti yo duu. Ka bɛ daa gbahi paati maa kpamba ban daa be tiŋgbani yaɣa maa zaa. Ban daa pahi n-daa nyɛ "cabinet ministers", jintɔriba, CPP tumtumdiba ni ban kuri ariziki niŋdi din ni, bɛ mini ban laɣindi tumdi kamani daabihi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1937-03-01|title=The Visit of An All-Party Group of Members Of Parliament to Spain: Report|journal=International Affairs|doi=10.1093/ia/16.2.305a|issn=1468-2346}}</ref> Ka daa gbaai Nkrumah yi tiŋgbani maa ni chaŋ Vietnam ni suhudoo lahabali, ka yɛltɔɣa kpana din daa be Accra doni tiŋa, ka gbahi CPP kpamba, faabu din daa yɛn niŋ yom daa bi kpe din ni. Linjimanima ban niŋ lala lirigu ŋɔ daa pii kpema ʒili, ka daa yɛli ni CPP daa yi namni ka lahi ka gbana ni. CPP niriba daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa mɔŋ shɛba ni bɛ di lahi tum siyaasa tuma kuli zaŋ hali ni yuun pia ni ata yuuni 1979.<ref>{{Citation|title=Introduction: Political Criticism and the Party-State|date=2019-06-15|work=Speaking Out in Vietnam|pages=1–11|place=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|doi=10.7591/9781501736391-004|isbn=978-1-5017-3639-1|s2cid=238086797}}</ref> ==CPP Overseas== Laɣinsi ʒinibu puuni, buɣisibu, ʒihi din tiri saɣisigu, ni bɛ lahabali ŋmahi puuni, Parti maa niraba ban be London kuli nyɛla ban gbubi CPP ni adalichi, ka bɛ saɣiti soja gɔmnanti ni daa bɔri ni di kpihim. CPP. kpamba daa yihila lahabali dabisi shɛli ŋme fa gɔmnanti tali ni daa niŋ (Anashaara goli February biɛɣu pishi dali yuuni 1966), ka gbariri linjimanima niŋsim ŋɔ ka bɔri tiŋgbani zalisi zaŋ kpa di polo. ==External Nkrumah groupings== Yuuni 1966 zaŋ kana, Nkrumaists ban be Britain, Europe, Africa yaɣa zaa pkala laɣingu zaŋ ti Nkrumah. Ka di zaa mali nyɔɣu ŋmebu ni di nyɛla kukoli zaŋ ti "Nkrumaism". Amaa bɛ zaa malila gbunni konkɔba n-ti lala bachi ŋɔ, Di ni nyɛ shɛm, ni so'doli shɛŋ di ni yɛn doli. Bɛ yɛrimi ti "Nkrumaism" amaa ka CPP. Nkrumaist nima ŋɔ nangbani konkɔba nyɛla haŋkali neei ti kalinsi. Gabbu zaŋ chaŋ Nkrumaist paatinima din be Ghana yuun bɔŋ gba daa nyɛla din ʒi nangbani yini kalinsi na.<ref>{{Citation|last=Grilli|first=Matteo|title=Between Diplomacy and Revolution (1963–1966)|date=2018|work=Nkrumaism and African Nationalism|pages=261–331|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91325-4_6|isbn=978-3-319-91324-7}}</ref> ==The Death of Kwame Nkrumah== ‘Gbansabila ninsali kuɣinli’, bachi shɛŋa Sekou Toure ni daa yɛli ni bɛ sabi pa Nkrumah kum adaka zuɣu, ŋun daa kpi 8:45 am Anashaara goli April biɛɣu pihi ata ka dali yuuni 1972, tiŋa yuli booni Bucharest, Romania. O ni daa bi niŋ o nyaɣisim ka di yuui amaa ka o daa zaɣis ni o yi Guinea chaŋ bo alaafee Anashaara goli August yuuni 1971. Anashaara goli April biɛɣu pihita dali, dabaa ata din daa gari pɔi ka o naan yi kpi, Kwame Nkrumah daa labi Africa. Guinea daa malila shili ni bɛ zali ningbuna maa, n-zaŋli niŋ kum adaka din gahim ni ka zaŋli niŋ aleepile ni chaŋ Conakry. Di dabaa ayi, Anashaarab goli May biɛɣu pia ni ata dali mini biɛɣu pia ni anahi dali yuuni 1972, kuli maa shili malibu laɣingu daa niŋ Conakry, ka ban daa chaŋ li nyɛ "liberation movements", gɔmnantinima, paati kpamba ni ban daa yi gbansabila tinsi na ni luɣ'shɛŋa.<ref name="auto"/> Anashaara goli July dabaa ayopɔin dali yuuni 1972, bakoi ddibaa ashɛm sunsuuni Guinea gɔmnanti mini Ghana soja gɔmnanti ni daa gbaai shaawara naai, bɛ daa zaŋ Kwame Nkrumah kum adaka niŋ aleepile ni chaŋ Accra. Bɛ daa duhirila tuuta nima zuɣusaa kum adaka ŋɔ ni daa be State House ka yɛla teebu laɣingu daa laɣim. Ka Anashaara goli July dabaa awɔi dali ka bɛ daa zaŋli chaŋ Nkroful luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋli niŋ gballi ni, luɣ'shɛli din daa miri bɛ nio daa dɔɣi o shɛli.<ref name="auto2"/> "Gbansabili kuɣinli" ŋun daa kpa Convention People's Party vuhim bahigu sheei, nyɛ kuɣili binkura biɛhigu sheei din viɛli ka be Memorial Park ka be Polo Ground din be Accra, luɣ'shɛli Kwame Nkrumah ni daa mɔli Ghana maŋsulinsi Anashaara goli March dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 1957. O labi sɔɣi daa niŋla Anashaara goli July dahin yini dali yuuni 1992, Republic of Ghana yuma ata chuɣu labi puhi ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elias|first=T. O.|date=1957|title=Ghana: Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|journal=African Affairs|volume=56|issue=224|pages=238–239|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094495|issn=1468-2621}}</ref> ==1979–1981: Back in Government== Di mini General Akuffo soja gɔmnanti daa ti soli ni bɛ niŋ piibu yuuni 1970s naabu ni, Bɛ daa na bi ti CPP ka di yuli mini di dalinli ku tooi zaŋ ku bukaata. CPP daa labi kpa People's National Party (P.N.P.) ka Alhaji Imoru Egala daa be di tooni, ŋun daa niŋ paati maa ba. Amaa o daa na ka soli ni kpaɣiri yuuni 1979 ka di nyɛla National Liberation Council din daa ŋme m-paai CPP yuuni 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arian|first1=Asher|last2=Shamir|first2=Michal|date=2008|title=A Decade Later, the World Had Changed, the Cleavage Structure Remained|journal=Party Politics|volume=14|issue=6|pages=685–705|doi=10.1177/1354068808093406|s2cid=144231226|issn=1354-0688}}</ref> O zaashee maa, Dr. Hilla Limann ka bɛ daa piigi ni o zani n kpaɣiri bɔ tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali, ka Egala daa mɔ ni o nyahi o yuli. P.N.P. daa di yuuni 1979 piibu piibu maa ka Dr. Hilla Limann niŋ Ghana tiŋgbani zuɣulana. Amaa, Anashaara goli December piɛɣu pihita ni yini dali yuuni 1981, jilimalana Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings daa ŋme m-paagi o, ka daa niŋ tuuli nira ŋun daa gbubi tiŋgbani maa ni soja gɔmnanti Provisional National Defence Council (P.N.D.C.) saha ni tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana ŋun daa zani n-ti National Democratic Party (N.D.C.) paati shɛli o ni daa kpa o gɔmnanti ŋɔ saha.<ref>{{Citation|title=Limann, Dr Hilla, (1934–23 Jan. 1998), President of Ghana, 1979–81|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u180007}}</ref> ==The Fourth Republic== Bɛ ni daa lahi ti soli ni bɛ niŋ piibu piibu yuuni 1992, CPP daa bɛ tooi nya bɛ ni yɛn piigi so ka o gari bɛ tooni ka bɛ doli o. Imoru Egala daa kpimi, ka, although Dr. Hilla Limann daa na be o nyɛvuli ni, bɛ daa bɛ zaŋ toondaan tali zaashee ti o paati maa ni.<ref>{{Citation|last=Musella|first=Fortunato|title=Leader and Party: Still an Oxymoron?|work=Political Leaders Beyond Party Politics|year=2018|pages=1–29|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59348-7_1|isbn=978-3-319-59347-0}}</ref> Laɣinsi pam daa yina, n-ti tabili People's National Convention (PNC), D. Hilla Limann daa nyɛ di toondana, National Convention Party (NCP), ka Nkensen Arkaah nyɛ di toondana, ŋun daa ti niŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa zaŋ ti jilimalana Rawlings, People's Heritage Party ni paati shɛŋa din pahi ka kpamba kamani Minister for Education kuro Mr Kwaku Boateng daa gbubi. Lala paatinima ŋɔ zaa daa yina ti bɔ yuuni 1992 piibu piibu ka daa lu yiriŋ.<ref>{{Citation|title=Obote, Dr (Apollo) Milton, (28 Dec. 1924–10 Oct. 2005), President of Uganda and Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1980–85; former Leader, Uganda People's Congress Party|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u28679}}</ref> Bɛ daa lahi labi mali shili pɔi ni yuuni 1996 piibu piibu, amaa gbaa yihi PNC, D. Edward Mahama ni pa nyɛ shɛli toondana, Nkrumaist paati nima maa pam daa kpela ‘Grand Alliance’ ka taba sɔŋ [[New Patriotic Party]] nira ŋun daa yina ti bɔ tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali, John Agyekum Kufour.<ref>{{Citation|work=Party over Section|pages=86–102|publisher=University Press of Kansas|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1x76czw.8|isbn=978-0-7006-2538-3|title=The Work to be Done|year=2017}}</ref> Anashaara goli August biɛɣu pishi ni ayi dali yuuni 2020, Ivor Greenstreet ka bɛ daa piigi toondana ni o zani ti yuuni 2020 piibu piibu. O daa nyɛla vooti kalinli kɔbishii ni pia ni ata ka ban kpalim ka daa kpaɣintiri o mi gba piri din kpalim ti taba. Bright Akwetey daa nyɛla vooti kalinli pihita ata kani ka Divine Ayivor deei vooti pia ni anahi. Ivor Kobina Greenstreet n daa zani ti paati maa yuuni 2016 piibu piibu ni ka di daa niŋ o buyi zani ti paati ŋɔ ni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nyabor|first=Jonas|date=22 August 2020|title=Ivor Greenstreet gets landslide victory to become 2020 CPP flagbearer|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/ivor-greenstreet-gets-landslide-victory-to-become-2020-cpp-flagbearer/|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> ===Campaign to lift the ban on the CPP=== Din daa niŋ ka bɛ kari CPP dabisa tum silimiin goli February yuuni 1966 ŋmɛ deei CPP gomnanti nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi so nam ni ka daa zaɣisi o siyaasa tali niŋsim kam. Yuuni gbaliŋ ka sooja gmnanti daa be nam ni ka daa zaya ni shee bɛ yihi lala siyaasa tali niŋsim nima ŋɔ. Di nyaaŋa din daa niŋ ka bɛ ti siyaasa niŋsim soya bɛ daa yihi CPP siyaasa tali niŋsim shɛŋa. Lala yɛli ŋɔ nyɛla Ghana judiciary ni daa suhi shɛli zuɣu ni bɛ di yihi li amaa ka daa leei bɛ nya nasara.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bourne|first=Angela K.|title=Ban regimes and banned parties in Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany|date=2018-07-11|work=Democratic Dilemmas|pages=40–53|location=Abingdon, Oxon|publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy|doi=10.4324/9781315708836-3|isbn=978-1-315-70883-6|s2cid=158923121}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ameriks|first=Karl|title=Once Again|date=2019-11-07|work=Kantian Subjects|pages=71–86|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198841852.003.0005|isbn=978-0-19-884185-2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Kraus|first=Jon|editor2-first=Peter H|editor2-last=Merkl|editor1-first=Kay|editor1-last=Lawson|title=EIGHTEEN. Political Party Failures and Political Responses in Ghana|date=1988-12-31|work=When Parties Fail|pages=464–502|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400859498.464|isbn=978-1-4008-5949-8}}</ref> The Convention Party (CP) Yuuni 1998, jintɔri tali mini gomnanti tali piibu-piibu nyɛla din daa niŋ silimiin goli December yuuni 2000, di daa kuli nyɛla alaha ni niri piligi paati ka saha dibu ka din ni. Di yi niŋ ka "C.P.P." bi pahi din ŋuna din miri li ka bɛ yɛn piigi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2000-01-01|title=The Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Mozambique, 3–5 December 1999|journal=Commonwealth Election Reports|doi=10.14217/9781848597174-en|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |isbn=9781848597174|issn=2310-1512}}</ref> Convention Paati ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa labi neei shɛli silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pin'yini dali yuuni 1998 din daa niŋ ka paati maa deei di bahigu shɛhira gbaŋ piibu-piibu tuma duu nima sani. Yɛligu din yina Nkrumaist sani wuhiya ni: "The C.P. nyɛ C.P.P.". Paati shɛŋa din daa pahi nyɛ PHP, NIP, PPDD, NCP n-ti pahi PNC. Paati maa nyɛla din daa labi deei no'lɔɣu shɛhiri n-ti pahi di taachi: FORWARD EVER, BACKWARD NEVER. CPP veteran, Comrade Koko Botsio nyɛla bɛ ni daa piigi so Interim Chairman zaŋ n-ti paati ŋɔ.<ref>{{Citation|title=Party Organisation – Cave Or Caucus?|date=2012|work=The Liberal Unionist Party|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.|doi=10.5040/9780755622931.ch-004|isbn=978-1-84885-917-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Jason|date=2019-12-24|title=The Apollo Conundrum: The Moon Clearly Had a Magma Ocean. Did Earth?|doi=10.1002/essoar.10501480.1|s2cid=214136354}}</ref> CPP nyɛla bɛ ni yihi paati shɛli karibu puuni pɔi ni yuuni 2000 piibu-piibu, tum lala saha ŋɔ CPP nyɛla din daa kpaɣiri yuuni 2000 mini yuuni 2004 piibu-piibu. Dabisa din mali yaa paati maa taarihi puuni Tiŋgbani kam taarihi puuni, di mali la dabisi shɛŋa din wuhiri lala dabisa talahi tali ni nyɛ shɛli. Dabisi kpɛma Ghana taarihi puuni nyɛla din jandi CPP. 12 JUNE 1949 Birth of the CPP 6 March 1957 Independence 1 July 1960 Republic Day 24 February 1966 Re-Dedication Day 12 June 1999 50th birthday of the CPP Party Calendar 24 February Re-Dedication Day 6 March Independence Day 27 April Founder's death 12 June Party's anniversary 1 July Republic Day 21 September Founder's birthday Years of Publication 1945 – Towards Colonial Freedom 1957 – Autobiography To my Mother’ 1961 – I Speak of Freedom ‘Dedicated to Patrice Lumumba, late Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo, and to all those who are engaged in the struggle for the political unification of Africa’. 1963 – Africa Must Unite ‘Dedicated to George Padmore (1900-1959), and to the African that must be ‘. 1964 – Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for Decolonisation 1965 – Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (This book is dedicated to the Freedom Fighters of Africa living and dead). 1966 – Challenge of the Congo: A Case Study of Foreign pressures in an Independence State ‘A Ahmed Sekou Toure Mon Frere de Combat Au Bureau Politique national du Parti Democratique de Guinee, et au Vaillant Peuples de Guinee, Aux Peuples Africains et aux Courageux Militants pour la Cause Secree du progress African dans la Liberte et La Liberte et l’Unite du Continent’. 1966 – Axioms: Freedom Fighters Edition 1967 – Voice from Conakry 1968 -Dark Days in Ghana "To Major General Barwah, Lieutenant S. Arthur and Lieutenant M. Yeboah and all Ghanaians killed and injured resisting the traitors of the 24th February 1966". 1968 – Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare: A Guide to the Armed Phase of the African Revolution ‘To the African guerrilla’. 1968 – Ghana: The Way Out (Pamphlet); The Spectre of Black Power (Pamphlet); The Struggle Continues (Pamphlet) 1969 – Two Myths (Pamphlet); The Big Lie (Pamphlet) 1970 – Revised edition of Consciencism<ref>{{Citation|title=4. THE CONGO CRISIS AND ITS REPERCUSSIONS, July 1960–February 1961|date=1969-12-31|work=Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957-1966|pages=115–161|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400876303-008|isbn=978-1-4008-7630-3}}</ref> Ghana Piibu-piibu din daa niŋ silimiin goli December dabaa ayopɔin dali yuuni 2004, paati maa daa di la jintɔri kuɣisi dibaa ata jintɔri kuɣisi din kalinli yiɣisi kɔbishii ni pihita puuni. Di ŋun daa m-bori gomnanti tali piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni George Aggudey daa nyɛla kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1.0% ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa niŋ lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni. Yuuni 2008 gomnanti tali mini jintɔri tali piibu-piibu ni, paati maa di la jintɔri kuɣu zaɣ'yini zaŋ n-ti Kwame Nkrumah's bia ŋun nyɛ paɣa [[Samia Nkrumah]], Jomoro piibu-piibu yaɣili. Ŋun daa m-bori gomnanti tali, Paa Kwesi Nduom daa nya la kalinli shɛba o ni daa tɛhiri ni o ni nya gari ka di daa zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1.4% ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa niŋ lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Holian|first1=David B.|title=Candidate Character Traits in Presidential Elections|date=2014-10-03|pages=1–21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-76908-0|last2=Prysby|first2=Charles L.|doi=10.4324/9781315769080-1}}</ref> Silimiin goli June yuuni 2018 paati maa nyɛla din daa kpɛ Socialist International.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=2555|title=Socialist International - Progressive Politics For A Fairer World|website=socialistinternational.org|access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref> Silimiin goli December yuuni 2023 National Executive Committee daa niŋ laɣingu ni paati komitii nima din be tiŋgbani maa ni bɔba ni yaɣa ka di daa lihiri daa nyɛla bɛ borimi ni bɛ yihi paati toondan nima pirinla bɛ mali la dihitabili ni diri la liɣiri yiriŋyiriŋ, ka yaa din ni tooi gbubi paati maa n-ti pahi din daa niŋ ka bɛ kuhi paati maa lahabali zaŋ n-ti [[Alan John Kyerematen]]'s Movement for Change pɔi ni yuuni 2024 piibu-piibu. NEC n- daa nyɛ laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni kpa ni bɛ lihiri paati maa hali ka bɛ ti piigi toondan palla zaŋ n-ti paati maa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DGN Online |date=December 12, 2023 |title=CPP dissolves national leadership amidst damning allegations |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1278148/cpp-dissolves-national-leadership-amidst-damning.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> General Secretary, National Treasurer, National Organizer, National Organizer for Women n-ti pahi National Organizer zaŋ n-ti bipola nyɛla ban daa che tuma ka paati maa ʒiba Nana Akosua Frimpomaa Sarpong-Kumankumah daa bi saɣi n-ti lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ka daa zaɣisi ni o ku che tuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=December 11, 2023 |title=Nana Frimpomaa still Chair and Leader of CPP – Concerned NEC Members |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1279153/nana-frimpomaa-still-chair-and-leader-of-cpp.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> yɛltɔɣa din daa be paati ŋɔ ni nyɛla din daa wuligi ka Elder Council mini National Executive Committee daa saɣiti n-ti Chair Nana Frimpomaa ni zaɣisi ni ku che tuma maa dama di nyɛla din birigi paati maa zalikpana,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donker |first=Isaac |date=December 20, 2023 |title=Forcing our chairperson out of office unconstitutional — CPP Council of Elders |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1281194/forcing-our-chairperson-out-of-office-unconstituti.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> ka paati kpamba ban be Ashanti mini Northern Region daa saɣi n-ti NEC interim toondan tali ka daa yina n-ti yɛli ni bɛ ni darigi ninvuɣ so ŋun be paati ŋɔ ka be bɛ yaɣa ŋɔ tibili di yi niŋ ka so tumdi ni lala toondan kura ŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akonnor |first=Enock |date=January 12, 2024 |title=CPP Executives threaten sanctions against members engaged illegalities with former National Chairperson |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1285100/cpp-executives-threaten-sanction-against-members.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acquah II |first=Osei Kofi |date=January 12, 2024 |title=We recognize decision of NEC, fully support stepping aside of former national executives — CPP Northern Region |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1285102/we-recognize-the-decision-of-nec-and-fully-support.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Paati ŋɔ toondan tali nangban kpeeni maa zaa yoli, paati nyɛla din mali dihitabili ni di pala din yɛn dam paati piibu-piibu shɛli din kanna ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=December 8, 2023 |title=Resignation of our national officers won't affect 2024 preparations – CPP |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1278696/resignation-of-our-national-officers-wont-affect.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> ==Yuuni 1951 Piibu piibu== CCP zuɣulannima ŋɔ gbaai kpari ŋɔ daa chɛ ka toontali di puuni daa lu ka di saha ŋun daa su gomnanti fukumsi (Govenor) din saha maa daa nyɛ soli n yɛli ni o ni ŋari siyaasa toondali boɣishɛŋa din gbi maa ka zinchili kani. O daa zaŋ o yaa jɛndi la ban daa mali tɛha ni bɛ kpa tiŋgbani zalisi kundi poi kamani dini daa nyɛ shɛm Coussey mini Nanima kpɛma ŋun daa su gomnanti fukumsi repooti ni shɛm ka o niya daa nyɛla o chilim li hali ka paati shɛli din mali yaa ni yɛɛ ka ni tooi tuhi gbarigi CPP paati maa ti yi polo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Thomsen|first=Danielle M.|title=Ideology, Attitude, and Political Ambition|work=Opting Out of Congress|year=2017|pages=65–80|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781316872055.004|isbn=978-1-316-87205-5}}</ref> Lala saha maa puuni, bihi bapiri K.A Gbedemah bɛ ni daa yihi so sarika ni ka di nyɛla bɛ daa kpɛhi o mi October goli ni yuuni 1949, daa nyɛla ŋun kuli che ka paati maa tuma kuli chana ka daa kuli be saawara ni ni Nkrumah ŋun daa be James Fort jariyaari ni ka di nyɛla binnyɛhiri gbana zuɣu ka be soɣiri sabiri lahabaya n yiri chani paati maa duzuɣu ni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Rodgers, George, (7 Nov. 1925–15 Feb. 2000), Library Officer, Labour Party Headquarters, 1988–90, retired|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u181557}}</ref> Nkrumah daa nyɛla ŋun nyari sɔŋsim o yilikperilana ŋun daa nyɛ sarika gula ka tooi soɣiri ʒiri lahabaya chani paati maa tuma duzuɣu ni ka CPP paati tuma kuli tuɣi chana. CPP paati tuntumsa piibupiibu lahabali (manifesto) daa nyɛla bɛ ni sabi shɛli pa binnyɛhiri gbaŋ zuɣu ka soɣi zaŋli tahi n ti ti paati maa tuma duzuɣu. CPP paati piibupiibu lahabali kundinima (manifestos) daa kuli nyɛla yɛltɔɣa ŋmahi ka lee nɛ nini ka mali nintiɣibɔ zanchaŋ piibupiibu niŋdiba sani ka dama CPP paati ni tum tuma di yi niŋ ka bɛ di nasara. Bɛ niya daa kuli lumi n zahim niribi maa ni bori shɛli. Kamani yuuni 1951 piibupiibu maa ni daa nyɛ shɛm, CPP paati daa kuli ŋmɛmi gbaai tingbani maa zaa ni bori shɛm ni achiika.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|title=After CPP Election Win, Promises to Solve Cambodia's Land Grabs Fade Again|journal=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9983-20180064}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|date=2007-11-15|work=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|pages=74–90|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.10|isbn=978-9988-647-81-0|title=Birth of the CPP}}</ref> Yuuni 1950 Municipal piibupiibu din daa niŋ tiŋ kara ni kamani Ankara yaɣili (April goli ni), Cape Coast yaɣili (June goli ni) n-ti pahi Kumahi yaɣili (November goli ni) CPP daa nyɛla din koli vaai di zaa n yaɣi niriba ni daa tɛhiri li shɛm. Kumahi yaɣili, CPP daa dila di kuɣisi maa zaa ka paati shɛli din ka namni daa bori ni yɛli ni CPP zaŋla varisigu n-kpe di ni amaa ka lahabali sabiribi niriba ayi ban daa nyɛ gbanpiɛla ka lihi piibupiibu maa niŋbu daa yɛli ni pa yelimaŋli n-nyɛli.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Asante|first=Lewis|date=2017|title=Regeneration of Urban Market Space in Ghana: A Case of Kotokuraba Market (Cape Coast) and Kumasi Central Market (Kumasi)|journal=24th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference|publisher=European Real Estate Society|doi=10.15396/eres2017_510|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gomnanti fukumsilana daa zaŋ lahabali n-ti Colonial ofiisi ni November goli biɛri ayi ka daa sabi: "I am informed that the reason for the sweeping success of CPP in obtaining all contested seats was due to real organizing capacity and that the debacle of the opposition was due to apathy and not to intimidation"<ref>{{Citation|last1=Gerner|first1=Mathias|title=Accounting for Real Options in the Due Diligence Process|date=2017-11-22|work=Value in Due Diligence|pages=29–43|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-14344-8|last2=Hommel|first2=Ulrich|doi=10.4324/9781351143448-3}}</ref> Gbanpiɛla sulinsi gomnanti fukumsilana (colonial government) daa pa dihiri mi n tabindi ka dama ŋun nya la CPP nasara ŋɔ ka di nyɛla ninneesim pam ka bɛ daa wuhi din nye piibupiibu dini amaa pa ni kinkansi. Di ni daa niŋ ka shili bi zaŋ chaŋ zaligu-zaaniba piibupiibu la, CPP daa niŋ niŋsim shɛli Gbanpiɛla sulinsi gomnanti fukumsilana Arden Clarke ni daa ti boli shɛli "decisive stroke" n daa zaŋ Kwame Nkrumah, ŋun daa na be James Fort jariyaari ni la zali ni o bo Ankara sunsuuni kuɣu la ti ni pa mi shɛli Odododiodoo yaɣili la. Kun pun luhiri ni pori o ba la zuɣu CPP daa lahi di nasara din ka zaŋ buɣisi February goli ni 1951 Gold Coast legislative election. Yuuni 1951 piibupiibu taachi daa kuli jahi mi n-lee bachi dibaa ata: Maŋ-Sulinsi Pumpɔŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=J.B.C.|date=1953|title=Standing Orders of the Legislative Assembly of the Gold Coast (Amended up to October, 1952). (Accra, Gold Coast: Government Printing Dept.1952. Pp. 23.)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_1953-09_47_3/page/904|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=47|issue=3|pages=904|doi=10.1017/s000305540030123x|issn=0003-0554}}</ref> Paati maa daa di fondi maa ni kuɣisi maa zaa ʒii bu pia zuɣu n gari ban daa kpaɣiri Nkrumah maa zaa yi daa laɣim taba. Nkrumah daa nyɛla kalinli tuhipishi ni ayi ni kobisiyopɔin ni pihinii (22,780) kalinli tuhi pishi ni ata ni kobigi ni pishi ni ayi (23,122) puuni Ankara sunsuuni kuɣu maa piibupiibu maa ni.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{Citation|title=Basic Laws of Party Seats and Votes – and Application to Deviation from Proportionality|work=Votes from Seats|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108261128.010|isbn=978-1-108-26112-8}}</ref> Tiŋkpansi kuɣusi din daa yiɣisi pihita ni ata maa mi puuni CPP daa di la kuɣusi pihita ayi ka ka UGCC mi nya kuɣusi ata ko. Piibupiibu yaɣishɛli din daa nye niribi a yi gbubbu, Akim Abuakwa yaɣili Dr. J. B. Danquah mini William Ofori Atta daa moniya n nya kuɣusi din galisi din nyɛ pia ka ŋuni mi nya anahi bɛ tiŋ doɣira puuni kuɣusi. Dr K. A. Busia ŋun daa luya.<ref>{{Citation|title=Winners Plus One: How We Get Votes from Seats|work=Votes from Seats|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108261128.009|isbn=978-1-108-26112-8}}</ref> Saha biɛla piibupiibu maa nyaaŋa, CPP daa ŋma gbaŋ nti gomnanti fukumsilana n bo soli ni bɛ gbaai saawara ka bɛ yihi Kwame Nkrumah jariyaari ni na. O daa bɛ bori ni di ti ŋmanila bɛ mirisi o mi ka o yihi o ka daa naɣisi Kwame Nkrumah yihibu maa hali ka bi ti naai Territorial Council piibupiibu di bakoi maa bahigu nyaaŋa atanidali kurugu yini ka o daa yihi o ka di ŋmanila o zo o la namboɣu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sayeed|first1=Khalid Bin|last2=Nkrumah|first2=Kwame|date=1959|title=The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal_autumn-1959_14_4/page/324|journal=International Journal|volume=14|issue=4|pages=324|doi=10.2307/40198684|jstor=40198684|issn=0020-7020}}</ref> 1979–1981: Back in Government Zaa yoli di ni daa niŋ ka General Akuffo  sooje Gomdanti gun  daa be nam ni yuma 1970s daa pa ti chihi mi shiɛli din daa piri paati nim ka bɛ ka bɛ yubu la, CPP paati ŋɔ din daa na be la bandini  lala saha hali ka paati maa yuli ni di tuuta ti pahi di binshiɛɣu kam daa ku tooi lan yina sambanni yaha. CPP paati ŋɔ nim daa zala bɛ maŋ ti pahi People's National Party (P.N.P.) zuɣu sahashiɛli  Alhaji Imoru Egala ni daa nyɛ (P.N.P.) paati ŋɔ toon dana ni di daantaliga. O daa kuli ka suhidoo chaŋ yuuni 1979 piibu piibu shiɛli din daa kan na , di ni daa ti  niŋ ka o lihi tu National Liberation Council (N.L.C) din daa di n yihi CPP nam ni yuuni 1966 la.<ref group="(50)(51)(53)">Abieku Santana </ref> A yi lihi PNP polo maa, Dr . Hilla Limann ka bɛ daa pii ni o gari zani tooni n zaŋ NPN paati maa n di nasara ka Egala ŋun daa kuli mondimi ni o mali yuli bee n yihi o buŋnaba  naba chini. P.N.P. paati ŋɔ daa nyɛ nasara yuuni  1979 piibu piibu maa ni, lala zuɣu, Dr. Hilla Limann leegi o tuuli Tingban zuɣu lana Ghana tingban ni. Tɔ naawuni ni daa bi yu Dr. Hilla Liman sham n nyɛ, Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings, n daa ŋme m paagi o silimgoli December 31st , 1981 yuuni. Rawlings n daa nyɛ tuuli sooje ŋun daa be Provisional National Defence Council (P.N.D.C.) laɣingu puuni ni tuuli Gomdanti (fourth republic ) puuni ŋun daa nyɛ ( National Democratic Party ) (N.D.C.) paati nyabili bee dantaliga saha shiɛli o n daa na be Sooje Gomdanti puuni.[208] ==National Executives== Convention People's Party laɣindila yuma anahi kam m-piiri bɛ kpamba ban yɛn be tooni. Bɛ ni yoli niŋ piibu piibu shɛli daa niŋla Eastern region Anashaara goli August biɛɣu pishi ni ay dali yuuni 2020 ni bɛ piigi paati toondana mini kpamba ban yɛn gbubi paati maa.<ref name=":0" /> Yuya din doli ŋɔ na nyɛla bɛ ni daa yoli piigi shɛba: {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! National Position ! Officer/s |- |'''Chair''' |Nana Akosua Frimpomaa Sarpong–Kumankumah <small>(Disputed)</small> |- |rowspan=3|'''Vice Chair''' |Onsy Kwame Nkrumah <small>(First)</small> |- |Emmanuel Ogborjor <small>(Second)</small> |- |J.B. Daniels <small>(Third)</small> |- |'''General Secretary''' |Nana Yaa Akyimpim Jantuah <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |- |'''Treasurer''' |Emmanuel Opare Oduro <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |- |'''National Organizer''' |Moses Ambing Yirimbo <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |- |'''National Organizer for Women''' |Hajia Aisha Sulley <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |- |'''National Organizer for Youth''' |Osei Kofi Aquah <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |} == Piibu piibu taarihi == ===Tiŋgbani zuɣulaannima piibu piibu=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Election ! Party candidate !Running mate ! Votes ! % !Result |- | align="center" | [[1960 Ghanaian presidential election|1960]] | rowspan="2" align="center" | [[Kwame Nkrumah]] | | align="center" | 1,016,076 | align="center" | 89.07% |'''Elected''' {{Y}} |- | align="center" |[[1964 Ghanaian constitutional referendum|1964]] {{small|(referendum)}} | | align="center" |2,773,920 | align="center" |99.91% |'''Elected''' {{Y}} |- | align="center" |[[2000 Ghanaian general election|2000]] | align="center" |[[George Hagan (politician)|George Hagan]] |Alhaji Ibrahim Mahama | align="center" |115,641 | align="center" |1.78% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2004 Ghanaian general election|2004]] | align="center" |[[George Aggudey]] |Bright Kwame Ameyaw | align="center" |85,968 | align="center" |1.00% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2008 Ghanaian general election|2008]] | align="center" |[[Paa Kwesi Nduom]] | | align="center" |113,494 | align="center" |1.34% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2012 Ghanaian general election|2012]] | align="center" | [[Michael Abu Sakara Foster]] |Nana Akosua Frimpomaa | align="center" | 20,323 | align="center" | 0.18% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2016 Ghanaian general election|2016]] | rowspan="2" align="center" | [[Ivor Greenstreet]] |[[Gabby Nsiah Nketiah]] | align="center" | 25,552 | align="center" | 0.24% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2020 Ghanaian general election|2020]] |Emmanuel Bobobe | align="center" | 12,200 | align="center" | 0.09% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |} === Parliamentary elections === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Election ! colspan="2" |Votes ! % !Seats !+/– !Position !'''Result''' |- | rowspan="2" |[[1951 Gold Coast legislative election|1951]] |Urban areas |58,585 |91.31% | rowspan="2" |{{Composition bar|34|38|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} | rowspan="2" |{{increase}} 34 | rowspan="2" |{{increase}} 1st | rowspan="2" {{yes2|Supermajority government}} |- |Rural areas |1,950 |71.88% |- |[[1954 Gold Coast legislative election|1954]] | colspan="2" |391,817 |55.44% |{{Composition bar|72|104|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{increase}} 38 |{{steady}} 1st |{{yes2|Supermajority government}} |- |[[1956 Gold Coast legislative election|1956]] | colspan="2" |398,141 |57.10% |{{Composition bar|71|104|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}} 1 |{{steady}} 1st |{{yes2|Supermajority government}} |- |[[1965 Ghanaian parliamentary election|1965]] | colspan="2" | | |{{Composition bar|198 |198 |hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{increase}} 121 |{{steady}} 1st |{{yes2|Sole legal party}} |- ! colspan="8" |Banned 1966 refounded 29 January 1996. |- |[[2000 Ghanaian parliamentary election|2000]] | colspan="2" |285,643 |4.37% |{{Composition bar|1|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}} 5 |{{steady}} 3rd |{{no2|Opposition}} |- |[[2004 Ghanaian parliamentary election|2004]] | colspan="2" |247,753 |2.88% |{{Composition bar|3|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{increase}} 2 |{{steady}} 3rd |{{no2|Opposition}} |- |[[2008 Ghanaian parliamentary election|2008]] | colspan="2" |252,266 |2.95% |{{Composition bar|1|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}} 2 |{{steady}} 3rd |{{no2|Opposition}} |- |[[2012 Ghanaian general election|2012]] | colspan="2" |81,009 |0.73% |{{Composition bar|1|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{steady}} |{{steady}} 3rd |{{no2|Opposition}} |- |[[2016 Ghanaian general election|2016]] | colspan="2" |69,346 |0.64% |{{Composition bar|0|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}} 1 |{{decrease}} 4th |{{eliminated|Extra-parliamentary}} |- |[[2020 Ghanaian general election|2020]] | colspan="2" |11,105 |0.08% |{{Composition bar|0|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{steady}} |{{decrease}} 6th |{{eliminated|Extra-parliamentary}} |} == Kundivihira == <references /> [[Pubu:Ghana]] [[Pubu:Paati]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] <references group="1968 – Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare: A Guide to the Armed Phase of the African Revolution ‘To the African guerrilla’." /> <references group="1968 – Ghana: The Way Out (Pamphlet); The Spectre of Black Power (Pamphlet); The Struggle" /> 3fcy4sp3uhdkuwshxvar9dgrbbv13kw Culture 0 12171 146212 145807 2026-08-10T23:32:53Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{multiple image|border=thumb|perrow=1/2|total_width=320|image1=9 Bisonte Magdaleniense polícromo.jpg|alt1=|image2=Singapore. Sri Mariamman. Gopuram. South East-19.JPG|alt2=|image3=Volksfestumzug in Vilshofen a.d. Donau 2012 (3).JPG|alt3=|image4=El chef en personne.jpg|alt4=|image5=Ernest Hemingway Writing at Campsite in Kenya - NARA - 192655.jpg|alt5=|caption1=[[Symbol]]ic expression developed as prehistoric humans reached [[behavioral modernity]]|caption2=[[Religion]] and expressive [[art]] are important aspects of human culture|caption3=Germans marching during a [[folk culture]] celebration|caption4=[[Food]] and the [[culinary arts]] are an important part of culture, showing [[Tunisian cuisine]]|caption5=[[Writing]]s often create a sense of [[cultural identity]], [[Ernest Hemingway]] writing}}''' '''Kali''' nyɛla bini shɛli din be biɛhigu, ni din nyɛ ninsalnima ni be ni taba shɛm, ni biɛh' shɛli ni bɛ ni be, ni bɛ ni saɣi n-ti zal'shaŋa, ni bɛ baŋsim, ni bɛ ni dihi binshɛŋa n-tabli, ni bɛ ni maani binshɛŋa, ni bɛ zalisi, ni bɛ ni yiɣisina m-paagi binshɛŋa ka niŋdi li, ni bɛ ni tiɛhiri sham, ni bɛ biɛhigu ni nyɛ shɛli saha kam.<ref name= tyor1871 >Tylor, Edward. (1871). ''Primitive Culture''. Vol 1. New York: J. P. Putnam's Son</ref> Kali nyɛla bin shɛli din tooi zooi ka di be tiŋ' yini nima sani. Kali tooi kpɛri nisalinima biɛhigu ni ka di nyɛla bɛ bɔhindi li mi bee bɛ ʒiʒiinitali ka bɛ nya li. dina n-che ka tiŋa kam ni sokam mali o kali. tiŋa kam nima nyɛla ban mali biɛhi yini ka sokam saɣi n-ti li. Di nyala din wuhiri ninsalnim bɛ biɛhigu, bɛ neen' yɛra, bɛ bala nti pahi hali shali puuni bɛ ni be di yi ti niŋ ka yali shɛli kana n ti zani ba, ka pala lahiʒibu n-ti ninsali kam. Di yi ti niŋ ka tiŋ yini nima gbubi bin yini, di nyala din ni tooi tahi barina n ti ba.<ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203</ref> Lingimanima biɛhigu puuni, be zaŋla ninvuɣ' kpɛm tali m bahi tooni, ka lahi nye ban tumdi bɛ tuma di ni tu sham ka lahi tiri taba jilma, ka lahi gbubi adalchi. Dini n nye bin'shɛŋa bɛ ni saɣi n deegi bɛ biɛhigu puuni.adiini yaɣili, di tooi zooya ka a nya ka ban be adiini yaɣi yini ka be biɛhigu kperi tab ni. Kali taɣibu nyɛla kali yɛltɔɣa labi mali zali tiŋgbanni. tiŋgbani kam ninsalinima nyɛla ban pu yaɣa ayi di yi ti kana kali polo, bana n nyɛ ban bori ni di taɣi kaman bi pola ban yiɣisirina ni ban bori ni di kuli za luɣi yini kaman ninkura. Kali nima taɣibu yirila sambanni na (kaman tiŋ'shɛli nima yi gori pam nimaani bɛ biɛhisi ni tooi taɣi) == Buɣisibu == [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| [[Pygmy music]] has been [[polyphonic]] well before their discovery by non-African explorers of the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]], [[Aka people|Aka]], [[Efé people|Efe]], and other foragers of the Central African forests, in the 1200s, which is at least 200 years before polyphony developed in Europe. Note the multiple lines of singers and dancers. The motifs are independent, with theme and variation interweaving.<ref name="obert">Michael Obert (2013) [[Song from the Forest]]</ref> This type of music is thought to be the first expression of polyphony in world music.]] Kali nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ zali yɛltɔɣa kpeeni din bɛ "anthropology", be ni tahi n zal doli biɛhigu bohambu din bɛ ninsalisili societies. [[Cultural universals]] be daa nyɛli mi ninsalnim biɛhigu nima shɛɛ. ŋanima din yihirili polo kamani buhambu, yila, waa, laɣ' tim, adiini, ni , duɣibu, biɛgu shee, ni niɛma. Kali shɛli din nyɛ tani ŋɔ pilindila zahama kahigibu ti kali puuni, dina n-nyɛ technology, mɛnsinima ni malibu malibu, amaa din pa tani yaɣili ti kali puuni n-nyɛ zalikpana shɛŋa din be biɛhigu ni laɣingu (pahila siyaasa tuma ni biɛhisi shee), "mythology", "philosophy", litiricha (sabbu mini yɛltɔɣa dini), ni s"cience" laɣimla din bi nyara ti kali puuni din be fɔŋni.<ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book |title=Sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci |last1=Macionis |first1=John J. |last2=Gerber |first2=Linda Marie |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |oclc=652430995 |isbn=978-0-13-700161-3 |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]}}</ref> Ti ninsalisili puuni, yambahanga din be kali ŋɔ n-nyɛ din be daadama biɛhigu nyɛla din tahiri ŋanima bi kɔbu yaɣili of sophistication ni be malibu malibu, sciences, [[education|baŋsim buhambu]], bee jilima tibu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society |publisher=Fontana |year=1988 |page=87}}</ref> Yaɣ' shɛli malila saha shɛŋa beni zaŋ yihi tiŋ bihi zaŋ yi fɔŋ bihi ni .<ref>{{cite book |last=Childe |first=V. Gordon |title=Man Makes Himself |publisher=Mentor |year=1951 |page=150}}</ref> kali gba yirina duri din be viɛnyɛla m-be a kal'titali ni biɛhigu nima [[elite]] ni a kali din bi yɔli, kali din yina poloni, bee kali din bi yɔli biɛhigu ni, yinami n-ti [[cultural capital]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourdieu |first=Pierre |title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste |publisher=Routledge |year=1984 |page=1}}</ref> Din yɔli yaɣili, kali nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ dolisi binshɛŋa to the symbolic markers used by [[ethnic groups|bala laɣingu ni bɛ yihi bɛ maŋa polo ni zaŋ yi taba puuni na]] , kamani ningbuna maalibu, niɛma bee salima ningokɔrigu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Stuart |title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices |publisher=Sage |year=1997 |page=17}}</ref> [[Mass culture|Puhamzuɣu kali nyɛla din yirina puha zuɣu ni]] mass-mediated forms of [[consumer culture]] that emerged in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Storey |first=John |title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |page=50}}</ref> shikuru shaŋa of philosophy, kamani [[Marxism]] ni bini din mali yaa, mali nangban kpeeni ni kali maani tooi be piibupiibu puuni n-nyɛ tool of the elites to manipulate the [[proletariat]] ka mali a [[false consciousness]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Eagleton |first=Terry |title=Literary Theory: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5 |publisher=Blackwell |year=1983 |page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> kamani nyɛla din yɔli ni zaɣ' maŋli biɛhigu bohambu puuni .<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |title=Culture and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil |publisher=Chatto & Windus |year=1958 |page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Biɛhigu yalinli bohambu ni , gbibila daadama kali ŋmahimbu n kpuɣi yina zaligu ninsalinima biɛhigu puuni , ni kali bihi din yina .<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Marvin |title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich |publisher=Random House |year=1979 |page=2}}</ref> Din niŋ kadi zaŋ kalibu bachi , a "kali" buɣjamdiba, ni nyintɣili zaŋ ti fɔnsi bee tinsi , kamani an ethnic group bee tiŋgbani, ni hankali din yina zaŋ chaŋ saha.<ref>{{cite book |last=Geertz |first=Clifford |title=The Interpretation of Cultures |url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer |publisher=Basic Books |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/n100 89]}}</ref> Hankali ŋɔniIn , [[multiculturalism]] n-tiligi nangbanyini din kani puuni ni jilima din be kali yaɣili din nyɛ balibu balibu <ref>{{cite book |last=Kymlicka |first=Will |title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Sahashaŋa "kali" gba buɣisi din gahim niŋsim din be laɣngu yaɣ' shɛli fɔŋniis , kali yaɣ' shɛli (e.g., "[[bro culture]]"), or a [[counterculture]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hebdige |first=Dick |title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style |publisher=Routledge |year=1979 |page=5}}</ref> Within [[cultural anthropology]], gbibila kaya ka kutooi dama shɛli zaŋkpa tibgibu kali din boŋɔ.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boas |first=Franz |title=Race, Language, and Culture |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1940 |page=212}}</ref> == Etymology == "Culture" bee ti ni mi sheli kali la nyala yu'sheli din yina kpeen so ŋun daa mali baŋsim zaŋ kpa nisalnim beihigu yaɣili polo ka o yuli daa booni Cicero,lala yuli ŋo daa nyala o ni daa boli sheli o buku din yuli daa booni ''Tusculanae Disputationes'', puuni ,lala buku ŋo puuni o daa nyala ŋun sabi "cultivation of the soul or ''cultura animi"<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273 |title=Tusculanes |author=Marcus Tullius Cicero |translator-last=Bouhier |translator-first=Jean |date=1812 |publisher=J. Gaude |location=Nismes |oclc=457735057 |page=273 |language=fr |access-date=March 3, 2018 |archive-date=September 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273 |url-status=live}}</ref> '' ka di daa wuhiri ti, ni ninsalinim kali zoobu bi hankaya puuni mini puzuri zoobu nyala yim.Samuel von Pufendorf ŋun gba daa nye sasabira daa yina n ti kpuɣi o yaltɔɣa maa amaa ka daa lee bi saɣi n-ti di zaa,o kahigibu puuni, o daa yalya, ni ka ninsal tehi n yaɣi n nye o leegi ninsal'maŋli.Lala oyaltɔɣa ŋo, n ti pahi sasabri shaba dina daa che ka ninsalinim yi teha shaŋa ni bi ni daa be ka leegi ninsal'maŋa Edward S. Casey nyela ŋun gba buɣisi kali silimiinsili puuni ni di ŋmahinli be mi kaman niri ni yi mali o kolini ni o ko la bee n zaŋ be zaɣa n niŋ be kobu puuni bee jama kaman adiini yaɣili.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273 |title=Tusculanes |author=Marcus Tullius Cicero |translator-last=Bouhier |translator-first=Jean |date=1812 |publisher=J. Gaude |location=Nismes |oclc=457735057 |page=273 |language=fr |access-date=March 3, 2018 |archive-date=September 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kali gbubbu wuhirimi ni ka a zaŋ a zaɣa n niŋ dinni ka lahi niŋ di dini wuhi ni a niŋ sham.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sorrells |first1=Kathryn |title=Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice |date=2015 |publisher=Sage |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-4129-2744-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/interculturalcom0000sorr}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}<!-- Ref provided is based purely on ASIN from earlier, incomplete, citation. NEEDS Verification --></ref> Richard Velkley: gba ni buɣisi kali sham.<ref name=velkley/> Niriba ni daa lihiri kali nin yini maa lan pa lala,. yuuni "18th-century" [yuun'kobsita nyaanga] sasabriba daa nyela ban yina m bo kahigibu n zaŋ tili. Rousseau's ŋun daa nye sasabra daa nyala ŋun buɣisi teiha ni mali o sham n zaŋ n kpa niriba ni pa buɣisiri kali n kpari shali maa ni di nyala din wuhuri ni ninsalnim pa nyala ban yan zaŋ be zaɣa n niŋ maʒina puuni. Baŋdi so ŋun yuli daa booni E. B. Tylor, gba yaltɔɣa puuni daa wuhiya, ni kali nyala binshaɣ'shali ti ni bohim ti daŋ mini ti zonim sani ti ni yiɣsirina kaman baŋsim, dihitabli, "art",bihaŋa din tuhi milinsi, zalisi, ni ti ni yari neen'shaŋa bee ti ni puhiri niriba sham.Saha ŋo ti ni pa mili sham n nye, kali nyala ti ni bohindi binshaŋa, ni ti ni salindi salin'shaŋa ni ti diemdi deen'shaŋa,din nye din taɣiri saha shalini amaa saha shalini mi di bi taɣira.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719 |title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability |last1=James |first1=Paul |last2=Magee |first2=Liam |last3=Scerri |first3=Andy |last4=Steger |first4=Manfred |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-02572-1 |oclc=942553107 |page=53 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |access-date=May 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_ |archive-date=June 26, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Cambridge English Dictionary'' puuni wuhiya,ni kali nyala bieh'sheli di bahi bahindi kaya ni taada nti pahi dihi tabli zaŋ n-ti ninvuɣu shaba saha yini puuni.<ref name="dict_cult">{{Cite dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/culture|title=culture|dictionary=Cambridge English Dictionary|access-date=July 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815114957/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/culture|archive-date=August 15, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Terror management theory gba buɣisi kali ni binshaŋa din be dunya ni ka tiri ninsal suhudoo din wuhiri ni ninsali n nyɛ o bee ŋun gari binshaɣu kam duniya yaanga zuɣu.Ka lahi che ka be kpuɣiri be maŋ biɛhigu puuni din yan che ka bɛ walgika che binkɔbri biehigu ni kpibu shali nisala ni baŋdi di yala di yi ti niŋ ka o hankali ziligina.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory |volume=52 |last1=Pyszczynski |first1=Tom |last2=Solomon |first2=Sheldon |last3=Greenberg |first3=Jeff |pages=1–70 |doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001 |series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802247-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ |title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology |last1=Greenberg |first1=Jeff |last2=Koole |first2=Sander L. |last3=Pyszczynski |first3=Tom |year=2013 |publisher=Guilford Publications |isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3 |access-date=June 1, 2016 |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> kali gbunni ni tooi zooi shali n nye hankali zaŋ n kpahim biehigu ka zaŋ n ku bukaata.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mellars |first=Paul |title=Archaeology and the origins of modern human behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2005-02_46_1/page/n64 |journal=Current Anthropology |year=2005 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=15–60 |doi=10.1086/426050|arxiv=astro-ph/0406390 }}</ref>Ninsal'nim nina ni daa nehiri saha sheli maa daa nyala din pili yuun tuhi kobsinu ( 50,000) nyaanga, ka sokam teha puuni nyami ni ninsal'nim ko n nye ban mali baŋsim.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mellars |first=Paul |title=Archaeology and the origins of modern human behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2005-02_46_1/page/n64 |journal=Current Anthropology |year=2005 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=15–60 |doi=10.1086/426050|arxiv=astro-ph/0406390 }}</ref> Binkɔbri gba tooi nyala ban yuuni bi zaɣ'kura bee behigu puuni yaltɔɣ'shaŋa din beni ka mali li n tumdi tuma sah'shalini.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Laland |first=Kevin N. |last2=Williams |first2=Kimberly |title=The evolution of social learning and social cognition |journal=Animal Behaviour |year=2007 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=571–581 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.004}}</ref> Ti nisalnim tooi zooya ka ti baŋdi taba kaya di yi ti niŋ ka ti kpɛri taba bee n diri alizama n tiri taba.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tylor |first=Edward Burnett |title=Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom |publisher=John Murray |year=1871}}</ref> . <blockquote>... . Punpɔŋɔ bɛ ni boli binshɛɣu kali maa nyɛla din doli ni yi bee bɛ ni daa ancient Roman orator Cicero nima bɛ ''Tusculanae Disputationes'', shɛli polo bɛ ni daa sabi nyɛvuya kpuɣibu maa bee ''cultura animi''[[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| [[Pygmy music]] has been [[polyphonic]] well before their discovery by non-African explorers of the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]], [[Aka people|Aka]], [[Efé people|Efe]], and other foragers of the Central African forests, in the 1200s, which is at least 200 years before polyphony developed in Europe. Note the multiple lines of singers and dancers. The motifs are independent, with theme and variation interweaving.<ref name="obert">Michael Obert (2013) [[Song from the Forest]]</ref> This type of music is thought to be the first expression of polyphony in world music.]] [[File:Beatles ad 1965 just the beatles crop.jpg|thumb|[[The Beatles]] exemplified changing cultural dynamics, not only in music, but fashion and lifestyle. Six decades after their emergence, they continue to have a [[Cultural impact of the Beatles|worldwide cultural impact]].]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|19th-century engraving shows [[Indigenous Australians]] opposing the arrival of [[James Cook]] in 1770]] ==Taɣibu== {{main|Culture change}} [[File:Beatles ad 1965 just the beatles crop.jpg|thumb|[[The Beatles]] n-ŋmahindi taɣiri kali din nyɛ sokam dini, din pa yila nim ko puuni, amaa dimaŋa ni biɛhigu maligu. Niriba ayɔbu daa kuli naami bi kpibu nyaaŋa , bi daa tuɣimi mali duniya zaa kali nɔri.]] [[Raimon Panikkar]] m-baŋ pihita yini ka soya ni din nyɛ kali taɣibu ni tooi zaŋ kpa, n-paɣiri zoosim, yaligimsim, gilisim, [[Involution (esoterism)|involution]], renovation, [[reconception]], labi mali, labi niŋ, revivalism, gilibu, [[mutation]], tooni chandi, niɛligibu, yɛligibu, suhubu, [[eclecticism]], [[syncretism]],binpala, [[indigenization]], ni taɣibu.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Religious Pluralism: An Indian Christian Perspective |last=Panikkar |first=Raimon |editor-last=Pathil |editor-first=Kuncheria |date=1991 |publisher=[[ISPCK]] |isbn=978-81-7214-005-2 |oclc=25410539 |pages=252–299}}</ref> lahibali ŋɔ puuni, binpala ni tooi yihi n taɣiri deeri ni neeri dihitabili kura ni bohimbu, kamani [[SCIENCES|science]], dede lana, binyɛra malibu shee, commerce, democracy, ni the notion of n-chaŋ tooni. [[Rein Raud]], malibu din be tuma nim ni of [[Umberto Eco]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]] and [[Jeffrey C. Alexander]], mali ni yihi bi' palli kali taɣibu din be claims and bids, din zaa mali be hankali zilinli puuni ni shahira bee din pa shahira n-zaŋ ti tiŋ maligu zaŋ kpa kali fɔŋ buhigu.<ref name="meaning-in-action" /> [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|19th-century engraving wuhiri [[Indigenous Australians|bin kura Australians]] opposing the paabu na of [[James Cook|James duhibu]] in 1770]] Kali niŋbu mali kana ti wuhi n taɣi mali binshɛli din bɛni din nyɛ bin palli ni n-nyɛ bukaata malinda n-ti laɣingu ni niriba ni ni wuhi bi biɛhigu nim puuni, amaa dina n-nyɛ binshɛɣu din kani zaŋ ti binshɛŋa din nyara.Ninsalisili nyɛla din be duniya "n gilindi kali taɣibu saha ," duhibu din yalimma of international commerce, puham zuɣu yɛltɔɣa, ni dinkam biɛni, ninsalinima kalinli n yihiri polo, zaŋ kpa tuun' shɛŋa polo. [[Culture change|Kali repositioning]] gbunni n-nyɛ ni labiri malinda kali maa ninneesim din be fonsi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chigbu |first=Uchendu Eugene |date=July 3, 2015 |title=Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community |journal=Community, Work & Family |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=334–350 |doi=10.1080/13668803.2014.981506 |s2cid=144448501 |issn=1366-8803}}</ref> Kaya nyɛla din pun biɛni zaŋ gbaa dizaa lingimanima kpansiri taɣibu ni lingimanima zaɣisiri taɣibu taɣibu. Lingimanima nima ŋɔ nyɛla ban niŋ ningbuna ti biɛhigu bin maana mini binmaŋa ni ka paɣi perpetuating kali hankaya ni niŋsim din be punpɔŋɔ bin maana, din nyɛ bi maŋmaŋa ni nye taɣibu maa zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm |title=Culture Change: Processes of Change |last=O'Neil |first=Dennis |date=2006 |website=Culture Change |publisher=Palomar College |access-date=October 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027181934/http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Biɛhigu zaba ni toontibo din be bini maana puuni ni tooi zaŋ taɣibu taɣibu na fɔŋ ni by altering biɛhigu din yɔli ni binpala yihibu na ti kali ŋɔ puuni ni spurring bee enabling generative niŋsim.Biɛhigu ŋɔ maa taɣibu ni tooi biɛli tiɛɣibu viɛnyɛla taɣibu ni balibu shɛŋa din nyɛ kali taɣibu. Ŋmahinli, the paɣiba chandi chandi gba be niŋsim pala ni din taɣi taɣibu na paɣiba mini dabba biɛhigu , altering paɣa mini doo ni economic structures. Sambana nima biɛhigu gba ni tooi kpe bin kara ni . Kamani, after tropical muɣa labina zaŋ chaŋ di naabu di nyaaŋa[[ice age|dinkpaŋ yuma]], Binwala din nyaɣisa zaŋ ti yiŋnima din yɔli, ni gariti tooni to the invention of [[agriculture]], which taɣibu ni zaŋdi na binyɛra pam kali ni ni labiri maana ni saɣisibu din be biɛhigu shɛli sokam ni tooi biɛni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Heather |date=November 20, 1998 |title=The Slow Birth of Agriculture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-11-20_282_5393/page/1446 |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5393 |page=1446 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5393.1446 |s2cid=128522781 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> [[File:Gorskii 04412u.jpg|thumb|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|[[Turkmens|Turkmen]] paɣaba, n-be soŋ zuɣu duu noli ni to a [[yurt]],di be kali nema yabu puuni . Hankali zaŋ ti saha gba be kali puuni.Dini ni nyɛ 1913 photo, amaa din tooi niŋ tom n zaŋ ti yihibu, din niŋ kadi nyɛla kali soya ka di puuni.]] Kaya nyɛla din be sambana ni n tabiliri niriba fonsi nim ni, din gba ni tooi taɣi which—bee inhibit—biɛhigu nima saɣisibu ni taɣibu din be kaya niŋsim puuni.zaba bee kpabu kpabu zaŋ kpa laɣiri polo ni tooi kpe bini maana din yaligi bee biɛhigu din nyɛ sokam bini. Din pahi, kaya hankaya ni tooi zaŋ chaŋ fɔŋ n-ti kpa fɔŋ, zaŋ chaŋ niɛligibu bee acculturation. Niɛligibu puuni,nyabu zaŋ kpa binshɛɣu polo (din pa talahi di baŋbu polo) chanimi yiri kali ni kpɛri kali shɛli puuni. Kotomsi, Tiŋ puuni baa bindira ni culinary brands sparked curiosity ni ni gba niŋdi Chinese kamani China ni yooi di daa dibu n-ti daa bihi ban nyɛ tiŋ maa ni nima m be yuuni ha 20th-century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eater.com/2018/3/20/16973532/mcdonalds-starbucks-kfc-china-pizza-hut-growth-sales |title=Why China Loves American Chain Restaurants So Much |author-link=Clarissa Wei |last=Wei |first=Clarissa |date=March 20, 2018 |website=Eater |access-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330023616/https://www.eater.com/2018/3/20/16973532/mcdonalds-starbucks-kfc-china-pizza-hut-growth-sales |url-status=live}}</ref> "Stimulus niɛligibu" (hankaya tɔɣibu) nyɛla to an element of zaɣ yini kali tooni garibu zaŋ ti invention bee propagation ni tiri taba. "Paŋbu din yi polo", din be yaɣili ŋɔ gba nyɛla nuwa, lɛbigibu ni tiri binyɛra malibu bee din nyɛra niɛligibu kadi yi kali shɛli puuni n kpe shɛli ni . Niɛligibu din taɣiri maani bin pala theory pumpɔŋɔ lɛhigu din be malibu ni din nyɛ bo zuɣu ni din niŋ ka niriba ni kaya taɣi dee hankali pala, niŋsim, ni din yɛn zaŋ binshɛna na.<ref name= wolfram2017>[https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2017/05/a-new-kind-of-science-a-15-year-view/ Stephen Wolfram (May 16, 2017) A New Kind of Science: A 15-Year View] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228032350/https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2017/05/a-new-kind-of-science-a-15-year-view/ |date=February 28, 2021 }} As applied to the computational universe</ref> [[Acculturation]] malila baŋbu paya paya. Kakuli zaya, karimbu ŋɔ puuni, di nyɛla ni zaŋ ti of traits din nyɛ kali zaŋ ti kali shɛli , dini ni nyɛ binshɛɣu din niŋ zaŋ ti timalana gbaŋ piɛla bala ni pam din nyɛ zaɣ' kura niriba ni yaɣi duniya yaɣa shɛli din niŋ[[colonization]]. Ni tabili soya m be ninsala ni paai shɛm gba be[[cultural assimilation|assimilation]]<!-- Already explained in short description and lead --> ni [[transculturation]].tiŋ bia taɣibu zɔra kali din mali diɛma din nyɛ zaɣ' karili yaɣili ni laɣimda kaya balibu balibu ni tibu tiɛha, hankaya, ni dihitabili. == Tuuli Niriba Nin neesim == "'''German Romanticism"''' Immanuel Kant (yuuni 1724 mini yuuni 1804 sunsuuni) nyala ŋun ti o dahalali buɣsibu zaŋ kpa baŋsim bohimbu polo ka di chani n ti ŋmahindi ninsal mali o biehigu. Bansim bohimbu nyala ka ninsala pili n tiehiri o maŋmaŋ zuɣu viɛnyala.<ref>Kant, Immanuel. 1784. "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" ({{langx|de|Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?}}) {{lang|de|Berlinische Monatsschrift}}, December (Berlin Monthly)</ref> == Antropology == [[File:Gorskii 04412u.jpg|thumb|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing andjewelry|[[Turkmens|Turkmen]] woman, on a carpet at the entrance to a [[yurt]], in traditional clothing. Sense of time is dependent on culture. This is a 1913 photo, but it can be difficult to date for a viewer, due to the absence of cultural cues.]] [[File:Matthew Arnold - Project Gutenberg eText 16745.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|British poet and critic [[Matthew Arnold]] viewed "culture" as the cultivation of the humanist ideal.]] [[File:Gobustan ancient Azerbaycan full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Petroglyphs in modern-day [[Gobustan State Reserve|Gobustan]], Azerbaijan, dating to 10,000&nbsp;BCE and indicating a thriving culture]] == Sociology == [[File: Johann gottfried herder.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Johann Herder]] called attention to national cultures.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb|An example of folkloric dancing in [[Colombia]]]] [[File:Restauration cercueil-egyptien Mbalyon (12).jpg|thumb|Restoration of an [[ancient Egypt]]ian monument]] == Psychology == [[File:Adolf Bastian.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Adolf Bastian]] developed a universal model of culture.]] [[File: Edward Burnett Tylor.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|British anthropologist [[Edward Tylor]] was one of the first English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense.]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb|[[Nowruz]] is a good sample of popular and [[folklore]] culture that is celebrated by people in more than 22 countries with different nations and religions, at the 1st day of spring. It has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 7,000 years.]] [[File:Metropolitan Museum 1 (4675714481).jpg|thumb|The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[Manhattan]]. [[Visual art]] can be one expression of [[high culture]].]] {{multiple image | border = thumb | perrow = 2 | total_width = 400 | image1 = NYC Pride 2019 05.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Boulier1.JPG | al2 = | caption1 = The [[NYC Pride March]] is the [[List of largest LGBT events|world's largest LGBT event]]. Regional variation exists with respect to [[toleration|tolerance]] in different parts of the world. | caption2 = Cognitive tools suggest a way for people from certain culture to deal with real-life problems, like ''[[Suanpan]]'' for mathematical calculation. }} [[File:Manifestation Défense du service public et de la culture Nantes - 5 décembre 2024 (54185059095).jpg|thumb|[[Anarchist]] poster reading "No Culture, No Future!", 5 December 2024]] == Kundivihira == == Kundivihira == t01vvo1n1wk59t3hrchpz1szagi9mif Oregon 0 13237 146121 145675 2026-08-10T20:57:02Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{C-Class}} '''Oregon''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Oregon.ogg|ˈ|ɒr|ɪ|ɡ|ən|,_|-|g|ɒ|n}} {{respell|ORR|ih|ghən}}, {{respell|-|gon}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Oregon|accessdate=2024-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> nyɛla tiŋ'karili din be [[Pacific Northwest]] yaɣili United States. Oregon bela [[Western U.S.]] yaɣili, ka [[Columbia River]] waligiri di yaɣa pam ka chɛri Oregon tuduu polo tarisi ni [[Washington (state)|Washington]], ka [[Snake River]] waligiri di east polo tarisi ni [[Idaho]]. [[42nd parallel north|42° north parallel]] waligilimi ka che south tarisi ni [[California]] mini [[Nevada]]. West polo tarisi nyɛla [[Pacific Ocean]] ni buɣisi shɛli. Oregon nyɛla biɛhigu shee n-ti niriba yuun' tuhi gbaliŋ. Europe tuuli daabihi, ban gɔri ginda vihira, daa pilila Oregon go'baŋ Pacific coast bini din gbaai 16th century sunsuuni. Kamani 1564 piligu ha, [[Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest|Spanish]] daa pilila "vessels" zaŋ chaŋ northeast zaŋ yi [[Philippines]], ka bari saha [[Kuroshio Current]] doli soli din gɔŋ niŋ zaɣ'kpulli yi Pacific maa tuduu polo. Yuuni 1592, [[Juan de Fuca]] daa nyɛla ŋun bɔhim mɔɣa yɛltɔɣa zaŋ yi Pacific Northwest, n-ti tabili Oregon coast n-ti tabili "[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|strait]]" din pa mali o yuli ŋɔ. [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] daa gɔngili Oregon 1800s piligu, ka tuuli Europe duri din daa zani Oregon nyɛ daabihi ni daa mɛ shɛli. Yuuni 1843, maŋsulinsi gɔmnanti daa kpaya [[Oregon Country]], ka [[Oregon Territory|Oregon]] yaɣa daa nam yuuni 1848. Oregon n-nyɛ tiŋgbani din daa pahi pihita ni ata U.S. Anashaara goli February biɛɣu pia ni anahi dali, yuuni 1859. Zuŋɔ, niriba yaɣi 4.2 miliyɔŋ m-be polo din nyɛ {{convert|98000|sqmi|km2}}, Oregon n-nyɛ tiŋa din dɔ pishi yini ka galisim polo ka dɔ pihita ata kani ninsali biɛlim galisim polo U.S. state. Di tiŋ'zuɣu, [[Salem, Oregon|Salem]], n-nyɛ tiŋa din dɔ buta ninsali biɛlim galisim polo. Oregon, malila ninvuɣ'biɛlim 175,535.<ref name="Census2021Salem">{{cite web|author=United States Census Bureau|date=July 1, 2022|title=Census QuickFacts: Salem, Oregon, United States|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/salemcityoregon,US/PST045222|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606182233/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/salemcityoregon,US/PST045222|archive-date=Jun 6, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023|website=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Salem city, Oregon; United States|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], malila ninvuɣ'biɛlim 652,503, ka dɔ pishi ni ayɔnu U.S. tiŋ'kara ni. [[Portland metropolitan area]], din gbaai tinsi din baɣi Washington, n-nyɛ "metro area" din dɔ pishi ni anu tiŋgbani maa ni, ka di daadam biɛlim galisim yiɣisi 2,512,859. Oregon n-nyɛ tiŋ shɛli din mali tiŋgbani yaɣa balibu pam U.S.,{{Sfn|Jewell|McRae|2014|p=4}} ka mali "volcanoes", ko' dɔhi shɛhi, tihi, n-ti "[[High Desert (Oregon)|high deserts]]" tuturi yaɣa. Kamani {{convert|11249|ft|m}}, [[Mount Hood]] n-nyɛ tiŋa maa luɣ' shɛli din du pam. Oregon paaki din nyɛ di ko, [[Crater Lake National Park]], laɣim la [[caldera]] din gili [[Crater Lake]], U.S mɔɣili din zilima. Nimaani ka dunia zaa binneen' titali, ''[[Armillaria ostoyae]] be'', binniɛŋ ŋun guuri doli {{convert|8.9|km2|acre|abbr=on|order=flip}} zaŋ ti [[Malheur National Forest]].<ref name="ABCfungus">{{cite web|author=Beale, Bob|date=April 10, 2003|title=Humungous fungus: world's largest organism?|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231042044/http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htm|archive-date=December 31, 2006|access-date=December 9, 2016|series=Environment & Nature News|publisher=ABC}}</ref> Oregon' taarihi nyɛla pukparilim ni kpaŋsi shɛli, zahim gbahibu, taabonima malibu, ni niɣilim buɣim. Oregon n-nyɛ "[[lumber]]" malibu shee zaŋ ti [[contiguous U.S.]], ka lala yaɣili ŋɔ daa nyɛ daabiligu yaɣili din gali 20th&nbsp;century. Tabiibi n-lahi nyɛ Oregon daabiligu yaɣili din mali yaa, din daa pili yuuni 1970s ka "[[Silicon Forest]]" daa pili ni [[Tektronix]] mini [[Intel]] yɛligibu. "Sportswear" kompini din nyɛ [[Nike, Inc.]], ka di tuma du' zuɣu be [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]], n-nyɛ gɔmnanti tuma yaɣili din galisi ka yihiri liɣiri kamani $46.7&nbsp;billion yuuni puli ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=2022 Shareholder Letter for Nike, Inc.|url=https://s1.q4cdn.com/806093406/files/doc_downloads/2022/399556(1)_27_Nike-Inc._NPS_Combo_CEO-Letter_WR.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209055550/https://s1.q4cdn.com/806093406/files/doc_downloads/2022/399556(1)_27_Nike-Inc._NPS_Combo_CEO-Letter_WR.pdf|archive-date=February 9, 2023|access-date=February 13, 2023|publisher=[[Nike, Inc.]]}}</ref> ==Etymology== {{Main|Etymology of Oregon}} [[File:2014-07-06 14 49 35 View north along Harney County Route 201 (Fields-Denio Road) at the end of Nevada State Route 292 (Denio Road) at the Oregon border in Denio, Nevada.JPG|thumb|Oregon border [[welcome sign]] at [[Denio, Nevada]]|left]] Oregon faŋ-jaɣu din be United State tingbani yaangi zuɣu ŋɔ pilli yɛla ka baŋbu bee bi nɛ n-doya. Piligu piligu ha, Oregon din daa beni daa sabiri la <nowiki>''</nowiki>Orejon<nowiki>''</nowiki> din gbunni daa nyɛ (Tibi titali)  daa be la tiŋ yuli booni  Spanish tingbani taarihi kundi din yuli  daa nyɛ (Relación de la Alta y Baja California (1598)),{{Sfn|Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes|1988|p=149}} ka di sasabiri yuli booni (Rodrigo Montezuma)  gun daa be (New Spain). Bachikɔbili "j" din be Spanish yɛltɔɣ' ŋmasɔɣu "El Orejón" daa ti bahi taɣimi n-ti  "g".{{Sfn| Johnson |1904 | p=51}} Lahibali din lahi pahi zaŋ jɛndi {{lang|es|[[oregano]]}}, bachi ŋɔ maa pilli nyɛla, Spanish nima mali bɛ bachi shɛli ka di gba lahi sabiri ( oregano) din gbunni nyɛ yuli zaŋ ti ti shɛba ban be Spain tingbani maa wulinluhili polo. Di ni tooi lahi niŋ ka lala yaɣili ŋɔ be Columbia River nyɛla bɛ ni daa boli shɛli kulibɔŋ din be [[Spain]] ka bɛ booni li "Arroyo del Oregón" ka nyɛ din dɔ [[Ciudad Real]]. Yaha, bɛ ni daa lahi daŋ zaŋ lala yuli ŋɔ tum tuun' shɛŋa n-nyɛ bɛ daa sabi li mi ''Ouragon ka ŋun daa sabi li ŋɔ nyɛ'' [[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]] yuuni 1765 din daa niŋ ka o sabi o noli ni lahibali zaŋ n-ti [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. Lala bachi ŋɔ gbunni lala saha maa daa nyɛla mythical River zaŋ n-ti ( Columbia River wulimpuhili). Bin din gbaai yuuni 1778, bɛ daa labi sabi la bachi ŋɔ ''Oregon''.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/almanac/m-n.aspx |title = Oregon Blue Book: Oregon Almanac: Mountains to National Wildlife Refuges |access-date = October 23, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073600/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/almanac/m-n.aspx |archive-date = October 24, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref> Rogers nyɛ ŋun daa labi sabi li : <blockquote>...{{nbsp}}bin din gbaai Great Lakeszaŋ chaŋ Mississippi ka din gbaai ni zaŋ chaŋ kulibɔŋ ni nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛli Indians Ouragon{{nbsp}}...<ref>[https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/almanac/m-n.aspx Where does the name "Oregon" come from?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073600/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/almanac/m-n.aspx|date=October 24, 2018}} from the online edition of the ''[[Oregon Blue Book]]''.</ref></blockquote> Buɣisiri shɛli din lahi be ni nyɛ lala yuli ŋɔ nyɛla din yina French bachi ni {{lang|fr|ouragan}} ("windstorm" bee "hurricane") ka di daa zaŋ n-ti kulibɔŋ maa, America bilichinnima yɛliya [[Chinook wind]]s ni mali yaa shɛm zaŋ chaŋ Columbia River. Lala saha maa, kulibɔŋ zaŋ n-ti lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din daa be Minnesota wulinpuhili zaŋ chaŋ Great Plains.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Elliott |first = T.C. |date = June 1921 |title = The Origin of the Name Oregon |journal = Oregon Historical Quarterly |volume = XXIII |issue = 2 |issn = 0030-4727 |oclc = 1714620 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P-oXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA99 |pages = 99–100 |via = Google Books |access-date = June 27, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905225448/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-oXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA99 |archive-date = September 5, 2015 |url-status = live }} {{Open access}}</ref> Buɣisiri shɛli nyɛla din lahi yina [[Joaquin Miller]], ŋun daa sabi [[Sunset (magazine)|''Sunset'' magazine]] yuuni 1904: <blockquote>Yuli din nyɛ Oregon, nyɛla "rounded down phonetically" bin din gbaai ''Ouve água''—Oragua, Or-a-gon, Oregon—ka lala Portuguese ŋɔ ni ti shɛli ka daa boli Farallones din daa niŋ ka o tuuli saha o nam ni daa paai nyaaŋa ka di gbunni nyɛ: "Wummi koma maa (Hear the waters)." Chami Columbia n-ti wum ko' gbana kumsim zaŋ n-ti [[Mount Hood]] ka baŋ yuli din nyɛ ''Ouve a água'', Oregon gbunni.<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://archive.org/details/sunset01deptgoog/page/n418/mode/2up |author = Miller, Joaquin |title = The Sea of Silence |journal = Sunset |volume = XIII |number = 5 |date = September 1904 |pages = 395–396 |via = Internet Archive }} {{Open access}}</ref></blockquote> Lahibali din yina [[Oregon Tourism Commission]] wuhiya ni saha ŋɔ Oregonians {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɒr|ᵻ|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|n|i|ə|n|z}}<ref name="mw">{{cite web |url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oregon |title = Oregon |access-date = September 14, 2006 |publisher = Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081122085117/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Oregon |archive-date = November 22, 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref> nyɛla din booni tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ yuli "or-uh-gun, never or-ee-gone".<ref name=traveloregon>{{cite web |url = http://traveloregon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=23&item=33 |title = Oregon Fast Facts |publisher = Travel Oregon |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120323154339/http://traveloregon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=23&item=33 |archive-date = March 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka [[Detroit Lions]] kari li yuuni 2002, r [[Oregon Ducks]] kuro nyɛla ŋun daa labina ni [[Joey Harrington]] n-ti zaŋ "Orygun" bintabindili zaŋ n-ti lahibali tiriba wuhiriba bɛ ni yɛn booni tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ shɛm.<ref>Banks, Don (April 21, 2002). [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/inside_game/don_banks/news/2002/04/21/harrington_intro/ "Harrington confident about Detroit QB challenge".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907215259/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/inside_game/don_banks/news/2002/04/21/harrington_intro |date=September 7, 2008 }} ''Sports Illustrated''.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Bellamy |first = Ron |title = See no evil, hear no evil |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MFFWAAAAIBAJ&dq=Joey%20Harrington%20scoffs%20at%20criticism%20as%20he%20struggles%20to%20right%20the%20Lions&pg=3329%2C1524986 |access-date = June 1, 2011 |newspaper = The Register-Guard |date = October 6, 2003 |archive-date = February 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153258/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MFFWAAAAIBAJ&dq=Joey+Harrington+scoffs+at+criticism+as+he+struggles+to+right+the+Lions&pg=3329%2C1524986 |url-status = live }}</ref> Ban daa kɔhiri lala bintabinda ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ [[University of Oregon Bookstore]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Yellow/Green ORYGUN Block Letter Outside Decal |url = http://spiritduck.uoduckstore.com/Yellow_Green_ORYGUN_Block_Letter_Outside_Decal_p/76386407024.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101208035244/http://spiritduck.uoduckstore.com/Yellow_Green_ORYGUN_Block_Letter_Outside_Decal_p/76386407024.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date = December 8, 2010 |publisher = UO Duck Store |access-date = August 3, 2011 }}</ref> == Taarihi == ===Tuuli ban daa be ni=== {{See also|Native American peoples of Oregon|Kennewick Man}} [[File:Paul Shoaway, Umatilla Indian, in ceremonial dress, Washington (4951753872).jpg|thumb|Paul Shoaway of the [[Umatilla people|Umatilla]] tribe, 1899|left]] Di mini shɛhira din yi polo wuhiya ni [[Paleo-Indians]] be lala yaɣili ŋɔ la, tuuli shɛhira din yi polo ni ban daa tuui be Oregon nyɛla ban daa be [[Fort Rock Cave]] ni [[Paisley Caves]] din be [[Lake County, Oregon|Lake County]]. Binkura baŋda, [[Luther Cressman]] lahibali din yina Fort Rock sabbu wuhila 13,200 yuma din gari ni,{{Sfn|Robbins|2005}} ka shɛhira beni wuhiri ni niriba be ni kamani 15,000 di yi kuli bi yuui.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712 |website = The Los Angeles Times |title = Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents |date = July 12, 2012 |author = Maugh II, Thomas H. |access-date = November 8, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221153403/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712 |archive-date = December 21, 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> Zaŋ chaŋ 8000 BC, ya' nima daa be nimaani luɣilikam, ka niriba beni zaŋ chaŋ Columbia River, din be western valleys, ni zaŋ chaŋ coastal estuaries. Tuuli taarihi saha, [[Willamette Valley]] kom daa kpela lala yaɣili ŋɔ di ni daa niŋ ka [[Lake Missoula]] kpe kom ka cheei, din be di pa yɛn leei [[Montana]] ŋɔ. Lala ko' kpɛri ŋɔ pam daa niŋdi la "[[last glacial period]]" saha ka kperi ni kamani ziliŋ din nyɛ {{convert|300|to|400|ft|m}} kom kpebu.{{Sfn|Allen|Burns|Sargent|2009|pages=175–189}} Zaŋ chaŋ 16th century, Oregon daa nyɛla biɛhigu shee n-ti America tiŋ'bihi balibu, n-ti pahi [[Chinookan peoples|Chinook]], [[Coquille people|Coquille]] (Ko-Kwell), [[Bannock people|Bannock]], [[Kalapuya]], [[Klamath people|Klamath]], [[Klickitat people|Klickitat]], [[Molala]], [[Nez Perce]], [[Shasta people|Shasta]], [[Takelma]], [[Umatilla people|Umatilla]], ni [[Umpqua people|Umpqua]].<ref name="BBGreatBasin">{{cite web |title = Oregon History: Great Basin |website = Oregon Blue Book |publisher = Oregon State Archives |access-date = September 2, 2007 |url = https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/history/pre-great-basin.aspx |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035513/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/history/pre-great-basin.aspx |archive-date = October 24, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BBNWCoast">{{cite web |title = Oregon History: Northwest Coast |website = Oregon Blue Book |publisher = Oregon State Archives |access-date = September 2, 2007 |url = https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/history/pre-northwest.aspx |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035531/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/history/pre-northwest.aspx |archive-date = October 24, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BBColumbiaPlateau">{{cite web |title = Oregon History: Columbia Plateau |website = Oregon Blue Book |publisher = Oregon State Archives |access-date = September 2, 2007 |url = https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/history/pre-columbia.aspx |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035507/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/history/pre-columbia.aspx |archive-date = October 24, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Carey|1922|p=47}} ===Statehood=== Dab' tali nyɛla din mali yaa Oregon's taarihi puuni. Lala daba ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa suhiri m-bɔri bɛ maŋmaŋ tiŋgbani yaɣili ka bɛ daa lihi lala yɛltɔɣili ŋɔ bushɛm ka niriba pam ban be Congress daa bɛ saɣi n-ti li ka daa yɛli ni bɛ kpaɣimi ba "bilichini" bee "daba" state. Siyaasa niriba nyɛla ban be South nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti Oregon ni di kpe "bilichininima" tiŋgbani.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Mahoney |first = Barbara |title = Oregon Voices: Oregon Democracy: Asahel Bush, Slavery, and the Statehood Debate |journal = Oregon Historical Quarterly |volume = 110 |number = 2 |date = July 1, 2009 |page = 202 |doi = 10.1353/ohq.2009.0099 |s2cid = 159872966 |issn = 0030-4727 }}</ref> Oregon nyɛla din daa kpe [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] silimiingoli February biɛɣ' pia ni anahi dali yuuni 1859, amaa Oregon so daa bi mi li hali ni silimiingoli March biɛɣ' pia ni anu dali.<ref name="Brother Jonathan (ship)">{{cite web |title=Brother Jonathan (ship) |url=https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/brother_jonathan_ship_/#.X6Ls0y2z0q8 |website=The Oregon Encyclopedia |access-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126070647/https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/brother_jonathan_ship_/#.X6Ls0y2z0q8 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Sfn|McLagan|1980|p=28}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ortiz|first=Jorge L.|date=July 22, 2020|title=A 'very dark history': Oregon's racist past fuels protests against injustice in Portland|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/07/21/portland-protests-fueled-oregons-very-dark-history-racism/5483884002/|access-date=July 23, 2020|work=USA TODAY|language=en-US|archive-date=July 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723075730/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/07/21/portland-protests-fueled-oregons-very-dark-history-racism/5483884002/|url-status=live}}</ref> === European and pioneer settlement === {{Main|Oregon Country|Oregon pioneer history|Columbia District|Provisional Government of Oregon|Organic act#List of organic acts|Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest}} [[File:Monument near Coos Bay, Oregon, of Francis Drake's first North American Encounter.jpg|thumb|right|Monument near Coos Bay, Oregon, of Francis Drake's first North American Encounter. Plaque by Oregon State Parks and [[Oregon Historical Society]].]] Tuuli Europea nima ban daa chaŋ Oregon n-daa nyɛ Spanish ka ŋun daa be bɛ tooni n-daa nyɛ [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] ŋun daa kpalim southern Oregon zaŋ chaŋ Pacific coast yuuni 1543 la.{{Sfn|Hemming|2008|pages=140–141}} Bɛ ni daa yi Central America chaŋ ''[[Golden Hind]]'' yuuni 1579 n-ti vihi m-bo [[Strait of Anian]] o [[Francis Drake's circumnavigation|circumnavigation of the Earth]], Silimiinsili baŋda mini Sir [[Francis Drake]] nyɛla ban daa kpalim [[Cape Arago State Park|South Cove, Cape Arago]] din be [[Coos Bay, Oregon|Coos Bay]] pɔi ka daa chaŋ bɛ ni pa mi shɛli California saha ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Drake's First Landfall |journal= Pacific Discovery, California Academy of Sciences|author-link1=Edward Von der Porten |first=Edward |last=Von der Porten |volume=28 |issue=1 |date= January 1975 |pages=28–30}}</ref>{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|p=39}} [[Martín de Aguilar]] nyɛla ŋun daa kuli tuɣi waligiri o maŋ ka chari [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] chani California, o daa paai [[Cape Blanco (Oregon)|Cape Blanco]] hali n-daa ti paai Coos Bay yuuni 1603.<ref name="Cogswell">{{cite book|last=Cogswell|first=Philip Jr.|title=Capitol Names: Individuals Woven Into Oregon's History|url=https://archive.org/details/capitolnamesindi0000cogs|publisher=[[Oregon Historical Society]]|year=1977|location=Portland, OR|pages=[https://archive.org/details/capitolnamesindi0000cogs/page/9 9]–10}}</ref><ref name="OE">{{cite web|last=LaLande|first=Jeff|title=Cape Blanco|url=http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/cape_blanco/|access-date=April 28, 2014|publisher=[[The Oregon Encyclopedia]]|archive-date=May 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520233116/http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/cape_blanco/|url-status=live}}</ref> O daa lahi tuɣi o chandi yuuni 1774 ni [[Juan José Pérez Hernández]]. Yuuni 1778, British kpɛma [[James Cook]] gba daa chaŋ lala chani ŋɔ.{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|pages=64–65}} [[French Canadians]], [[Scottish people|Scots]], [[Métis]] mini o mabihi ban be (ŋmahinli. [[Iroquois]]) nyɛla ban daa paai 18th naabu mini 19th centuries piligu ka ban daa doli ba nyɛ Catholic clergy. Shɛba nyɛla ban daa chaŋ chandi ŋɔ ka nyɛ ban be [[Lewis and Clark Expedition|Lewis and Clark]]. Niriba bela nyɛla ban daa kpalim zaaza ka nyɛ Étienne Lussier ka bɛ tooi booni ba tuuli "European" pukpara zaŋ n-ti Oregon tiŋgbani yaɣili. Shɛhira zaŋ n-ti French Canadian benibu nyɛla din be yuya zaŋ n-ti French piligu kamani [[Malheur Lake]], [[Malheur River|Malheur]], [[Grande Ronde River|Grande Ronde]] n-ti pahi [[Deschutes River (Oregon)|Deschutes Rivers]] ni tiŋa zaŋ n-ti [[La Grande, Oregon|La Grande]]. [[File:Franchere fort astoria 1813.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fort Astoria]], as established by [[John Jacob Astor]] in 1813]] Lewis mini Clark Expedition daa chaŋ northern Oregon ni bɛ ti vihi m-bo [[Northwest Passage]]. Bɛ daa miɛ bɛ winter fort yuuni 1805–1806 [[Fort Clatsop]] ka di daa miri Columbia River ka daa be ni bin din gbaai silimiingoli December zaŋ hali ni silimiingoli March.{{Sfn|Ambrose|1997|p=326}} British [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] gba daa niŋ chandi vihigu. Yuuni 1811 din daa niŋ ka o tumdi n-tiri North West Company, Thompson daa leei tuuli European ŋun gbubi Columbia River zaa.{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|pages=145–146}} Din daa niŋ ka o zani so' chira zaŋ n-ti Snake River, o daa sabiya din wuhiri ni ŋun su lala yaɣili maa zaŋ n-ti [[Great Britain]] mini North West Company.{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|p=146}} Yaha, yuuni 1811, New Yorker [[John Jacob Astor]] daa deei laɣa dibo zaŋ n-ti [[Fort Astoria]] ka nangbankpaŋ zaŋ n-ti Columbia River daa leei o [[Pacific Fur Company]];{{Sfn|Loy|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001|pages=12–13}} Dimbɔŋɔ n-daa nyɛ tuuli European ʒini zaaza Oregon. [[War of 1812|Tɔbu zaŋ n -ti yuuni 1812]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] nyɛla ban daa deei Pacific Fur Company sulinsi zaa. [[Treaty of 1818]] daa piligi British mini American laɣim beni biɛhigu yaɣili zaŋ n-ti Rocky Mountains zaŋ chaŋ Pacific Ocean. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1820s mini yuuni 1830s, Hudson's Bay Company n-daa kuuni Pacific Northwest zaŋ chaŋ [[Columbia District]] tuma duzuɣu din be [[Fort Vancouver]] (bɛ daa miɛ li la yuuni 1825 ka ŋun daa miɛ li ŋɔ nyɛ chief factor, [[John McLoughlin]]).{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|p=207}} {{Sfn|Johnson|1904|p=226}} Yaha, yuuni 1841, Sir [[George Simpson (HBC administrator)|George Simpson]], governor zaŋ n-ti Hudson's Bay Company, daa labisi Hudson's Bay Company's waɣalim.{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|p=215}} O daa wuhiya ni [[Red River Colony]] kɔbishii shɛŋa ni bɛ labisi li HBC kobu shee din miri Fort Vancouver, ( [[James Sinclair (fur trapper)|James Sinclair]] ) daa wolisiya ni o gbubi Columbia District. Yuuni 1842 piligu zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1843, [[Oregon Trail]] daa zaŋ American ninvuɣ' palla pam na Oregon Country. [[Oregon boundary dispute|Oregon's boundaries were disputed]], di daa che ka zuɣizuɣi niŋ U.K. mini U.S. sunsuuni amaa bɛ daa wuhiya ni tiŋtariga ŋɔ nyɛla din mahi bom yuuni 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]]. Tiŋtariga din be U.S. mini [[British North America]] sunsuun nyɛla bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛli [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]].{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|p=273}} [[Oregon Territory]] nyɛla bɛ ni daa laɣim shɛli silimiingoli August biɛɣ' pia ni ata dali yuuni 1848.{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|p=285}} ===Black exclusion laws=== Silimiingoli December yuuni 1844, Oregon daa zali di tuuli zaligu [[Oregon black exclusion laws|black exclusion law]] ka di mɔŋdi [[African Americans]] tiŋgbani ŋɔ kpɛbu na ka nyɛ din lahi mɔŋ sahakam [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]]. Ninvuɣ' shɛba ban su daba nyɛ ban zaŋ daba kpɛhi tiŋgbani ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti shɛba yuma ata pɔi ka bɛ naanyi zaŋ yaa yihi ba tiŋgbani maa ni. African American ninsali kam ŋun daa be lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣili ŋɔ pɔi ka bɛ daa zali lala zaligu nyɛla bɛ ni daa mirisi shɛba yihi tiŋgbani maa ni ka ninvuɣ' shɛba ban daa zaɣisi bɛ noli ŋɔ wumbu nyɛla bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba m-bu ba viɛnyɛla. Bɛ daa nya fiɛbisi kalinli din gari pishi ka daa leei bi gari pihinahi yini ka bɛ yaansi zuɣu. Lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa kuli niŋdi shɛli hali ni chira ayɔbu.<ref>{{cite journal |author = McClintock, Thomas C. |title = James Saules, Peter Burnett, and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844 |url = https://archive.org/details/pacific-northwest-quarterly_summer-1995_86_3/page/122 |journal = The Pacific Northwest Quarterly |volume = 86 |number = 3 |date = July 1, 1995 |page = 122 }}</ref> ===Post-Reconstruction=== Yuuni 1880s piligu, tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣili soya nyɛla bɛ ni daa pahi shɛli [[lumber]], [[wheat]] n-ti pahi pukparilim daabiligu ni lala tiŋgbani yaɣili salo kalinli pahibu.<ref name="engemanohs">{{cite web |title = Architectural Fashions and Industrial Pragmatism, 1865–1900 |url = http://oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/wooden-beams-and-railroad-ties-the-history-of-oregons-built-environment/architectural-fashions-and-industrial-pragmatism-1865-1900/architectural-fashions/ |author = Engeman, Richard H. |year = 2005 |website = The Oregon History Project |publisher = Oregon Historical Society |access-date = June 17, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160827135141/https://oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/wooden-beams-and-railroad-ties-the-history-of-oregons-built-environment/architectural-fashions-and-industrial-pragmatism-1865-1900/architectural-fashions/ |archive-date = August 27, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Pirinla tihi mini ko' soya nyɛla din be Willamette River, Portland daa leei tiŋgbani yaɣa shɛli din galisi. Di nyɛla din mali yupaa di ni n-nyɛ "Stumptown",<ref>{{cite web |publisher = End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center |title = From Robin's Nest to Stumptown |url = http://www.historicoregoncity.org/index.php/widgetkit/oregon-trail-history/item/early-towns-and-cities |date = February 1, 2013 |access-date = March 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130512161747/http://www.historicoregoncity.org/index.php/widgetkit/oregon-trail-history/item/early-towns-and-cities |archive-date = May 12, 2013 }}</ref> ka nyɛ din yɛn leei United States tiŋgbani yaɣa shɛli din tumdi tuma din bi tamdi kalinli zuɣu 20th&nbsp;century.<ref name="kennedy">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/unitedstates/oregon/portland/fdrs_feat_121_5.html?n=Top%2FFeatures%2FTravel%2FDestinations%2FUnited+States%2FOregon%2FPortland |work = The New York Times |title = The Shanghai Tunnels |author = Kennedy, Sarah |access-date = September 26, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150205070729/http://www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/unitedstates/oregon/portland/fdrs_feat_121_5.html?n=Top%2FFeatures%2FTravel%2FDestinations%2FUnited+States%2FOregon%2FPortland |archive-date = February 5, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> Yuuni 1902, Oregon daa piligi [[Direct Legislation League|direct legislation]] ka ban daa piligi li ŋɔ nyɛ tiŋgbani maa bilichinnima ka daa boli [[Direct Legislation League|Oregon System]].{{Sfn|Evans|1966| p=156}} Silimiingoli May dabaa anu dali yuuni 1945, soojanima niriba ayɔbu nyɛla [[Fu-Go balloon bomb|Japanese balloon bomb]] ni daa ku shɛba ka daa chaŋ paai [[Gearhart Mountain]] din miri [[Bly, Oregon|Bly]].<ref name="findingdulcinea.com">{{cite web |url = http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Japanese-WWII--Balloon-Bomb--Kills-Six-in-Oregon.html |title = On This Day: Japanese WWII Balloon Bomb Kills 6 in Oregon |website = Finding Dulcinea |date = May 5, 2011 |access-date = April 9, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170419203227/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/May-June-08/On-this-Day--Japanese-WWII--Balloon-Bomb--Kills-Six-in-Oregon.html |archive-date = April 19, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Mitchell_Monument">{{cite web |url = http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/fremont-winema/recarea/?recid=59797 |website = US Department of Agriculture Forest Service |title = Mitchell Monument Historic Site |access-date = December 9, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525073933/https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/fremont-winema/recarea/?recid=59797 |archive-date = May 25, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Ban nyɛ ninvuɣ' shɛba ban be America tiŋgbani yaɣili ka daa nyɛ ban kpi ka di daliri nyɛ enemy balloon bomb [[World War II]]. Tuma du' zuɣuri yɛligibu pili la yuma din gbaai 1933–1937 [[Bonneville Dam]] gbibu ni zaŋ dolisi Columbia River. Niɣilim buɣum, bindiri, Oregon tumtusa ni sɔŋdi West lɛbiginsim, amaa U.S. ni bi za yim la nyɛla din damdi tiŋgbani. Amaa bɔmma ni nyamma. Portland nyɛla din salo du zuɣusaa yuuni 1900 mini 1930, ka di zoobu kpɛri yɔɣu; World War II gba nyɛla din daa che ka northwest yaɣili tuma du' zuɣuri gba chaŋ tooni, luɣ' shɛli bɛ ni daa maani [[Liberty ship]]s mini aleepilenima.<ref name="ohs2003toll">{{cite web |title = Home Front Boom |first = William |last = Toll |year = 2003 |url = http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/narratives/subtopic.cfm?subtopic_ID=213 |publisher = [[Oregon Historical Society]] |access-date = October 30, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110609021755/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/narratives/subtopic.cfm?subtopic_ID=213 |archive-date = June 9, 2011 }}</ref> Yuuni 1970s, Pacific Northwest nyɛla yuuni "[[1973 oil crisis]]" ni daa dam shɛli, ka Oregon biɛhigu daa labi nyaaŋa.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/07/america-in-the-1970s-the-pacific-northwest/100561/ |website = The Atlantic |title = America in the 1970s: The Pacific Northwest |author = Taylor, Alan |date = July 26, 2013 |access-date = November 8, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161109220822/http://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/07/america-in-the-1970s-the-pacific-northwest/100561/ |archive-date = November 9, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Yuuni 1972, "Oregon Beverage Container Act of 1971",<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon's Beverage Container Act (SB 707) &#124; Northwest Product Stewardship Council|url=http://productstewardship.net/legislation/oregon/oregons-beverage-container-act|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613052014/http://productstewardship.net/legislation/oregon/oregons-beverage-container-act|archive-date=June 13, 2021|access-date=June 13, 2021|website=Northwest Product Stewardship Council}}</ref> bɛ ni zooi ka bɛ booni shɛli Bottle Bill, n-daa nyɛ tuuli lala tatabo zaligu din zali United States. Bottle Bill zaligu ŋɔ zalibu Oregon daa zalimi ni di gu ka taɣi saɣiri bahibu yiriŋyiriŋ. Di ni pili, di kpaŋsila binkura zaŋ labi mali binpala, ka labi zaŋ kubukaata, bɛ saɣindi la binkura maa ka labi mali li m-maani binpala. Tiŋgbana pia m-mali lala zalisi maa tatabo saha ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Beverage Container Deposit Laws|url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/state-beverage-container-laws.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614060036/https://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/state-beverage-container-laws.aspx|archive-date=June 14, 2021|access-date=June 13, 2021|website=National Conference of State Legislatures}}</ref> Yuuni 1994, Oregon n-daa nyɛ U.S. tiŋgbani din saɣi ti "[[Assisted suicide|physician-assisted suicide]]" zaŋ dalim [[Oregon Death with Dignity Act]]. Vari zaŋ mali binsuma Oregon tiŋgbani ni gba daa nyɛla din saɣi ti silimiingoli November dabaa anahi dali, yuuni 2014, ka di zuɣu che ka Oregon lahi nyɛ tiŋgbani din daa pahi buyi saɣi ti paɣa mini paɣa ni doo mini doo taba bɔbu, "physician-assisted suicide", ni vari zaŋ ku bukaata.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mapes, Jeff|date=May 8, 2014|title=Gay marriage, marijuana legalization measures show strong support in new Oregon poll|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/05/gay_marriage_marijuana_legaliz.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413125130/http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2014/05/gay_marriage_marijuana_legaliz.html|archive-date=April 13, 2017|access-date=April 9, 2017|website=The Oregonian}}</ref> === Gasoline pump law === Maŋmaŋ "gasoline" nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛli Oregon bin din gbaai yuuni 1951 zaŋ hali ni silimiingoli August yuuni 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Jayati |date=June 21, 2023 |title=Oregon's self-serve gas ban voted out by lawmakers after decades |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/2023/06/oregon-lawmakers-vote-to-allow-self-serve-gas-statewide-ending-decades-long-ban.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=oregonlive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Andy |date=August 6, 2023 |title=Oregon drivers are now allowed to pump their own fuel after the state lifted a ban dating back to 1951 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/06/us/oregon-drivers-pump-own-fuel-law/index.html |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Bɛ pa nyɛla ban ti maŋmaŋ niŋbu nyɛla bɛ ni pa ti shɛli soli Oregon, pɔhim zalibu shɛhi nyɛla bɛ ni bi saɣi n-ti shɛli.<ref>{{cite web |last=Macuk |first=Anthony |date=August 4, 2023 |title=No, Oregon drivers do not have a right to self-service gas if a station doesn't offer it |url=https://www.kgw.com/article/news/verify/oregon-gas-stations-not-required-offer-self-service/283-5e2f87ff-389a-480d-a74e-f5fcf26dcabd |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=KGW |language=en-US}}</ref> New Jersey nyɛla luɣ' shɛli bɛ ni na bi saɣi n-ti ni pɔhim zalibu shɛhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyersohn |first=Nathaniel |date=August 9, 2023 |title=There's only one state left where it's illegal to pump your own gas |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/09/business/new-jersey-gas-station-self-service-ban/index.html |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ==Geography== {{See also|List of regions of Oregon}} [[File:Crater Lake - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Crater Lake]]]] Oregon nyɛla maali {{convert|295|mi|km|0}} north zaŋ chaŋ south waɣilim, ka nyɛ maali {{convert|395|mi|km|0}} east zaŋ chaŋ west. Di tiŋgbani galisim nyɛla {{convert|98381|sqmi|km2}}, Oregon gari [[United Kingdom]]<nowiki/>galisim bela. Di ni n-nyɛ tiŋa din dɔ buwɔi zuɣu U.S tiŋgbani ni. <ref>[http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/GCTPH1R.US01PR Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density (geographies ranked by total population).] U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 11, 2013.</ref> Oregon dum zaŋ chaŋ "Mount Hood", nyɛla {{convert|11249|ft|m|0}}, ni di tiŋa siibu ni Pacific Ocean zaŋ dolisi Oregon Coast.<ref name=usgs>{{cite web |date = April 29, 2005 |url = http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title = Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher = U.S. Geological Survey |access-date = November 7, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date = October 15, 2011 }}</ref> Oregon' zuɣusaa dum nyɛla {{convert|3300|ft|m|0}}. [[Crater Lake National Park]], din kuli nyɛ tiŋgbani maa paaki, n-nyɛ bɛ kulibɔŋ ŋɔ yaɣili din zilim pam U.S. nyɛla {{convert|1943|ft|m|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |title = Crater Lake National Park |publisher = [[U.S. National Park Service]] |url = http://www.nps.gov/crla/index.htm |access-date = November 22, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150702015100/http://www.nps.gov/crla/index.htm |archive-date = July 2, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon nyami ka [[D River]] nyɛ kulibɔŋ din ji dunia zaa,<ref name="driver">{{cite web |url = http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_214.php |title = D River State Recreation Site |website = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department |access-date = May 11, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070418091225/http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_214.php |archive-date = April 18, 2007 |url-status = live }}</ref> amaa Montana gba ʒimi ni bɛ kulibɔŋ din ji n-nyɛ [[Roe River]].<ref name="roeriver">{{cite web |url = http://montanakids.com/db_engine/presentations/presentation.asp?pid=192 |title = World's Shortest River |website = Travel Montana |access-date = May 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702003456/http://montanakids.com/db_engine/presentations/presentation.asp?pid=192 |archive-date = July 2, 2007 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Oregon nyɛ yiŋa zaŋ ti [[Mill Ends Park]] (din be Portland),<ref name="pp&r">{{cite web |url = http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/finder/index.cfm?PropertyID=265&action=ViewPark |title = Mill Ends Park |website = Portland Parks and Recreation |access-date = May 11, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120515141102/http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/finder/index.cfm?PropertyID=265&action=ViewPark |archive-date = May 15, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> paaki din pɔri dunia ka nyɛ {{convert|452|sqin|m2|2}}. Oregon pula tiŋgbani yaɣa dibaa anii. [[Western Oregon]] polo: [[Oregon Coast]] (west zaŋ chaŋ [[Oregon Coast Range|Coast Range]]), Willamette Valley, [[Rogue Valley]], [[Cascade Range]] ni [[Klamath Mountains]]; n-ti pahi [[Central Oregon|Central]] mini [[Eastern Oregon]]: [[Columbia Plateau]], [[High Desert (Oregon)|High Desert]], ni [[Blue Mountains (ecoregion)|Blue Mountains]]. Oregon saha dɔlila yaɣa dibaa ayi. [[Malheur County, Oregon|Malheur County]] tiŋsi pam doli "[[Mountain Time Zone]]", ka di kpalima zaa dɔ "[[Pacific Time Zone]]". ===Geology and terrain=== {{See also|Geology of Oregon|List of rivers in Oregon|List of Oregon mountain ranges|List of Oregon state parks}} [[File:Mt. Hood (8081466807).jpg|thumb|left|[[Mount Hood]] is the highest peak in Oregon.]] Western Oregon zoya ni galisi yaɣ'shɛli polo, "[[List of the most prominent summits of the United States|mountain peaks of the U.S.]]" din yuya du pam ni be shɛli n-ti pahi Mount Hood, nyɛla "[[volcanic]]" tumtumsa ni daa nam shɛli [[Juan de Fuca Plate]], [[Plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] din mali pɔhili ti volcanic tumtumsa mini tiŋgbani damli zaŋ ti lala yaɣili ŋɔ. Saha ŋɔ na binshɛli din yoli niŋ n-nyɛ [[1700 Cascadia earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A Major Earthquake in the Pacific Northwest Looks Even Likelier |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/08/a-major-earthquake-in-the-pacific-northwest-just-got-more-likely/495407/ |work=The Atlantic |date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902173553/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/08/a-major-earthquake-in-the-pacific-northwest-just-got-more-likely/495407/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Washington (state)|Washington]]'s [[Mount St. Helens]] [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens|erupted in 1980]], binshɛli din daa niŋ Oregon ka daa niŋ tabili tiŋgbani shɛŋa.<ref>{{cite news |title = Oregon volcano may be warming up for an eruption |work = Christian Science Monitor |date = March 27, 1980 |author = Ray, Dewey |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0327/032754.html |access-date = October 31, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120629144823/http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0327/032754.html |archive-date = June 29, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> ===Tihi ni binkɔbiri=== {{Main|Fauna of Oregon}} Western state polo, Oregon nyɛla biɛhigu sheei n-ti mɔɣuni binkɔbiri pam. Kamani bugisibu vaabu pihiyɔbu n-nyɛ tihi,<ref name=forestfacts /> ka tiŋgbani Cascades west polo zooi tihi, ka di deei vaabu pihinii. Vaabu pihiyɔbu ka Oregon tihi ka be "federal land".<ref name=forestfacts>{{cite web |url = https://www.oregon.gov/ODF/Documents/AboutODF/ForestryFactsFigures.pdf |website = Oregon.gov |title = Oregon's Forests: Some Facts and Figures |series = Forest Figures |date = September 2009 |access-date = May 30, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170819094338/http://www.oregon.gov/ODF/Documents/AboutODF/ForestryFactsFigures.pdf |archive-date = August 19, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon n-nyɛ luɣ's~heli din maani taabonima n-tiri tinsi pihinu ayi ka.<ref name="Forest Land Protection Program">{{cite web |title = Forest Land Protection Program |url = http://www.oregon.gov/LCD/pages/forlandprot.aspx |publisher = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |access-date = November 7, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074609/https://www.oregon.gov/LCD/pages/forlandprot.aspx |archive-date = July 8, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Oregon is top timber producer in worst year">{{cite news |title = Oregon is top timber producer in worst year |url = http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100917/NEWS/9170329/-1/biz |newspaper = Mail Tribune |access-date = September 17, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140302033227/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20100917%2FNEWS%2F9170329%2F-1%2Fbiz |archive-date = March 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> * Tihi balibu shɛŋa din be ni n-nyɛ [[Douglas fir]] ([[List of Oregon state symbols|state tree]]), ni [[Sequoia (genus)|redwood]], [[ponderosa pine]], [[western red cedar]], ni [[Tsuga|hemlock]].<ref name="Trees of Oregon's forests">{{cite web |title = Trees of Oregon's forests |url = http://oregonforests.org/content/tree-variety |website = Tree Variety |publisher = Oregon Forest Resources Institute |access-date = December 28, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161205020419/http://oregonforests.org/content/tree-variety |archive-date = December 5, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Ponderosa pine nyɛla ban zooi Blue Mountains din be east yaɣili tiŋgbani maa ni ka "firs" mi galisi di west polo. [[File:Antilocapra americana.jpg|thumb|right|''Antilocapra americana'' ([[pronghorn]])]] * Binkɔbiri pam bela nimaani, bɛ shɛba n-nyɛ opossums, shrews, moles, [[Little pocket mouse|little pocket mice]], [[Great Basin pocket mouse|great basin pocket mice]], [[dark kangaroo mouse]], [[California kangaroo rat]], [[chisel-toothed kangaroo rat]], [[ord's kangaroo rat]],<ref>{{cite web |series = Oregon Wildlife Species |url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/species/mammals/pocket_kangaroo_rats_mice.asp#Top |website = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |access-date = November 7, 2016 |title = Mammals: Pocket Mice, Kangaroo Rats and Kangaroo Mouse |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161103001446/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/species/mammals/pocket_kangaroo_rats_mice.asp#Top |archive-date = November 3, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> zɔna, soonsi, [[American pika|pikas]], [[mountain beaver]]s, [[chipmunk]]s, sashirisi, [[yellow-bellied marmot]]s, beavers ([[List of Oregon state symbols|state mammal]]), [[porcupine]]s, [[coyote]]s, [[Wolf|wolves]], [[fox]]es<ref>{{cite web |series = Oregon Wildlife Species |title = Mammals: Coyotes, wolves and foxes |url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/species/mammals/coyotes_wolves_foxes.asp#Top |website = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |access-date = November 8, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161024234949/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/species/mammals/coyotes_wolves_foxes.asp#Top |archive-date = October 24, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> black bears, raccoons, badgers, skunks, [[Pronghorn|antelopes]], [[cougar]]s, [[bobcat]]s, [[lynx]]es, deer, elk, ni moose. * Kom ni binnɛma shɛba n-nyɛ [[Pinniped|seals]], [[sea lion]]s, [[humpback whale]]s, [[killer whale]]s, [[gray whale]]s, [[blue whale]]s, [[sperm whale]]s, pacific white-sided [[dolphin]]s, ni [[bottlenose dolphin]]s.<ref>{{cite web |series = Oregon Wildlife Species |title = Mammals: Whale, dolphin and porpoise |website = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/species/mammals/whale_dolphin_porpois.asp |access-date = November 7, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161118033917/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/species/mammals/whale_dolphin_porpois.asp |archive-date = November 18, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> * Noonsi shɛba gba n-nyɛ [[American widgeon]]s, [[mallard duck]]s, [[great blue heron]]s, [[bald eagle]]s, [[golden eagle]]s, [[western meadowlark]]s (the [[List of Oregon state symbols|state bird]]), [[barn owl]]s, [[great horned owl]]s, [[rufous hummingbird]]s, [[pileated woodpecker]]s, wrens, [[towhee]]s, sparrows, ni [[bunting (bird)|buntings]].<ref name="Oregon Wildlife Species">{{cite web |title = Oregon Wildlife Species |url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/species/index.asp |publisher = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |access-date = February 22, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140314070855/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/species/index.asp |archive-date = March 14, 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Moose]] na ʒin be ni amaa ka daa kana Oregon yuma din gbaai 1960s; [[Wallowa Valley]] herd kalinli daa nyɛla kamani pihiyɔbu bini din gbaai yuuni 2013.<ref name="Oregon's only moose herd thriving">{{cite news|title=Oregon's only moose herd thriving, up to about 60|newspaper=The Oregonian|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2013/09/oregons_only_moose_herd_thrivi.html|url-status=live|access-date=September 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904080632/http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2013/09/oregons_only_moose_herd_thrivi.html|archive-date=September 4, 2013}}</ref> [[Gray wolves]] nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba Oregon ŋɔ ni bini din gbaai yuuni 1930 amaa din nyaaŋa ka bɛ lahi bɔ soli labina bɛ tɔli; bɛ zaa bela northeast Oregon, ka paaki dibaa ayi be south-central polo ka chɛ lala dini ŋɔ.<ref name="Wolves in Oregon">{{cite web|title=Wolves in Oregon|url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/wolves/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301041045/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/wolves/|archive-date=March 1, 2014|access-date=February 4, 2014|publisher=ODFW}}</ref> Di mini bɛ Oregon ni biɛhigu ka dihitabili maa zaa yoli, [[Grizzly bear|grizzly bears]] lahabaya nyɛla din na yirina, ka bɛ shɛba na tooi yɛn eastern Oregon ka di nyɛla bɛ yirimina Idaho.<ref name="Moose enter Oregon, so are grizzlies next?">{{cite web|title=Moose enter Oregon, so are grizzlies next?|url=http://www.tri-cityherald.com/2008/11/01/369722/moose-enter-oregon-so-are-grizzlies.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706062635/http://www.tri-cityherald.com/2008/11/01/369722/moose-enter-oregon-so-are-grizzlies.html|archive-date=July 6, 2014|access-date=November 1, 2008|publisher=Tri City Herald|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Oregon nyɛla biɛhigu sheei n-ti bɛ ni zilisi ka binneen so galisi dunia zaa, ''[[Armillaria solidipes]]'' [[fungus]] ŋun be [[Malheur National Forest]] gbunni eastern Oregon yaɣili.<ref name="ABCfungus2">{{cite web|author=Beale, Bob|date=April 10, 2003|title=Humungous fungus: world's largest organism?|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231042044/http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_828525.htm|archive-date=December 31, 2006|access-date=December 9, 2016|series=Environment & Nature News|publisher=ABC}}</ref> Oregon mali [[List of areas in the United States National Park System|National Park System sites]] bɔbigu, di shɛŋ n-nyɛ [[Crater Lake National Park]] din be Cascades south polo, [[John Day Fossil Beds National Monument]] east zaŋ chaŋ Cascades, [[Lewis and Clark National Historical Park]] din be north coast polo, ni [[Oregon Caves National Monument]] din baɣi di south coast.{{cn|date=June 2024}} Luɣ'shɛŋa daa lahi beni ka bɛ yihi di polo ni di niŋ paakinima 20th century ka di shɛŋa nyɛ southern Oregon Coast, Mount Hood, ni Hells Canyon zaŋ chaŋ di east.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hale|first=Jamie|date=July 26, 2016|title=3 national parks in Oregon that never happened|work=The Oregonian|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/travel/2016/07/3_national_parks_in_oregon_tha.html|accessdate=June 27, 2024}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate of Oregon}} [[File:Oregon Köppen.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] in Oregon]] Yaɣa pirigili din be Oregon nyɛla baalim tiŋgbani taɣibu amaa ninvuɣ shɛba gba nyɛla ban yɛli ni pa lala nyɛ li lala tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ zaa.<ref>{{cite book|title= Oregon|author=Hamilton, John|page=14|publisher=ABDO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-680-77443-6}}</ref> Lala yaɣili ŋɔ western region ( [[Cascade Range]]) nyɛla din mali [[oceanic climate]] ka [[Temperate rainforest|evergreen]] nyɛ din deei li zaa ka gabi ni tihi. Western Oregon's tiŋgbani taɣibu nyɛla din yirina Pacific Ocean; zɔbuŋa zaŋ n-ti Oregon nyɛla din maha wuuni.<ref name=dri /> Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nudirigu polo, balleei [[Rogue Valley]] nyɛla din mali [[Mediterranean climate]] ka nyɛ din bi nyari saa bee mahili ni wuntaŋ pam kamani [[Northern California]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://extension.oregonstate.edu/josephine/sites/default/files/weather_joco_2013_0.pdf |website = Oregon State University |title = Rogue Valley Weather and Climate |author = Jones, Gregory V. |access-date = December 9, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120357/http://extension.oregonstate.edu/josephine/sites/default/files/weather_joco_2013_0.pdf |archive-date = December 20, 2016 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Oregon's nuzaa polo nyɛla din mali [[steppe climate]] ka di yaɣa shɛŋa nyɛ din mali [[subarctic climate]]. Kamani [[Western Europe]], Oregon mini Pacific Northwest nyɛla luɣ'shɛŋa din mali tulim ka yaɣa shɛŋa din be North America kamani [[Upper Midwest]], [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]] n-ti pahi [[New England]] nyari saa bela bela.<ref name=dri>{{cite web |url = http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |website = Desert Research Institute |title = Climate of Oregon |access-date = December 10, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222524/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/OREGON.htm |archive-date = December 21, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Din pahira, lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni piigi maai pahiri anu tiŋgbani maa ni bahindi la Maine, Idaho, Wyoming n-ti pahi Alaska.<ref>{{cite web|website=Current Results|author=Osborn, Liz|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/coldest-states.php|access-date=December 23, 2017|title=Coldest States in America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223161002/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/coldest-states.php|archive-date=December 23, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Wulimpuhili zaŋ n-ti Oregon nyɛla [[semi-arid|desert]] ka nyɛ luɣ'shɛli be nyari saa ka kuui. Wulimpuhili yaɣili ŋɔ tooi zooi la [[Great Basin]]<nowiki/>amaa [[Blue Mountains (Pacific Northwest)|Blue Mountains]] nyɛla din maha ni tooi sɔŋ tibɔŋ. Oregon yaɣili pirigili nyɛla din nyari saa muhimuhi Willamette Valley ni ka lala tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ salo kalinli kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihiyobu be,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/ |title = Ground-Water Hydrology of the Willamette Basin, Oregon |publisher = U.S. Geological Survey |website = Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5168 |author1 = Conlon T.D. |author2 = Wozniak, K.C. |author3 = Woodcock, D. |author4 = Herrera, N.B. |author5 = Fisher, B.J. |author6 = Morgan, D.S. |author7 = Lee, K.K. |author8 = Hinkle, S.R. |name-list-style = amp |year = 2005 |access-date = February 19, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150220044838/http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/ |archive-date = February 20, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> di kuli nyɛla din nyari saa bela bela ka tooi zooi la sa'muhimuhi.<ref name=dri /> Oregon's tuulim taarihi puuni nyɛla {{convert|119|F|C}}, di daa niŋ la [[Prineville, Oregon|Prineville]] silimiin goli July biɛɣ'pihita yini ka dali yuuni 1898 ka daa lahi niŋ [[Pendleton, Oregon|Pendleton]] silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pia dali yuuni 1898 n-ti pahi [[Pelton Dam]] silimiin goli June biɛɣ'pihita yini ka dali yuuni 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hasenstab |first=Alex |date=February 10, 2022 |title=Oregon's 2021 heat dome notches another record |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2022/02/10/oregons-2021-heat-dome-notches-another-record/ |publisher=[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]] |accessdate=July 13, 2023}}</ref> Di tuuli bela taarihi puuni nyɛla {{convert|-54|F|C}} din daa niŋ ka bɛ niŋ li [[Seneca, Oregon|Seneca]] silimiin goli February biɛɣ'pia dali yuuni 1933.{{Sfn|Boone|2004|p=9}} ===Cities and towns=== {{further|List of cities and unincorporated communities in Oregon}} Oregon sal'biɛlim pam bela Willamette Valley, di darigi yi [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] din be south ([[University of Oregon]] ni be shɛli) zaŋ yi [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]] ([[Oregon State University]] ni be shɛli) ni[[Salem, Oregon|Salem]] (tiŋ'zuɣu) zaŋ chaŋ Portland (Oregon tiŋ'karili).<ref name="2010 US Census">{{cite web |url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |title = 2010 Census Redistricting Data |access-date = March 15, 2011 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034521/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |archive-date = July 21, 2011 }}</ref> [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]], bela Columbia River nolini, ka daa nyɛ tuuli tiŋgbani din tɔɣisiri silimiinsili west zaŋ chaŋ [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] din pa nyɛ U.S. [[Oregon City, Oregon|Oregon City]] saha ŋɔ, Oregon Trail naabu ni, ka daa nyɛ Oregon tinisi din laɣim taba puuni yini, ka daa nyɛ tuuli tiŋ'zuɣu yuuni 1848 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1852, ka tiŋ'zuɣu maa daa naan yi labi Salem. [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]],din baɣi tiŋgbani maa sunsuuni, tinisi pia din zoori pam U.S tiŋgbani ni puuni yini m-bal.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb07-51.html 50 Fastest-Growing Metro Areas Concentrated in West and South.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401102533/http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb07-51.html |date=April 1, 2013 }} U.S. Census Bureau 2005. Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2017}}Southern Oregon polo, [[Medford, Oregon|Medford]] n-nyɛ tiŋ'shɛli din zoori pam ka nyɛ luɣ'shɛli [[Rogue Valley International–Medford Airport]] ni be, tiŋgbani aleepile paaki nima ni kpɛri niraba pam yini. Zaŋ chaŋ south, ka baɣi California tariga, n-nyɛ tiŋ'kari zaŋ ti [[Ashland, Oregon|Ashland]]. [[Eastern Oregon]] nyɛla din mali salo yiriŋ, amaa ka nyɛ luɣ'shɛli [[Hermiston, Oregon|Hermiston]] ni be, ka mali salo galisim kamani 18,000 ka nyɛ tiŋ'shɛli din zoori yom lala yaɣili ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pdx.edu/prc/population-reports-estimates|title=Portland State University Population Research Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718040535/https://www.pdx.edu/prc/population-reports-estimates|archive-date=July 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Largest cities | country = Oregon | stat_ref = Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bendcityoregon,hillsborocityoregon,greshamcityoregon,salemcityoregon,eugenecityoregon,portlandcityoregon/PST045222|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Portland, Eugene, Salem, Gresham, Hillsboro & Bend|website=census.gov|access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref> | list_by_pop = List of cities in Oregon | div_name = | div_link = Counties of Oregon{{!}}County | city_1 = Portland, Oregon{{!}}Portland | div_1 = Multnomah County, Oregon{{!}}Multnomah | pop_1 = 635,067 | img_1 = Portland, Oregon skyline from the Ross Island Bridge.jpg | city_2 = Eugene, Oregon{{!}}Eugene | div_2 = Lane County, Oregon{{!}}Lane | pop_2 = 177,923 | img_2 = Eugene Oregon from Skinner Butte.JPG | city_3 = Salem, Oregon{{!}}Salem | div_3 = Marion County, Oregon{{!}}Marion | pop_3 = 177,487 | img_3 = Salem Oregon aerial.jpg | city_4 = Gresham, Oregon{{!}}Gresham | div_4 = Multnomah County, Oregon{{!}}Multnomah | pop_4 = 111,621 | img_4 = Gresham Carnegie Library-1.jpg | city_5 = Hillsboro, Oregon{{!}}Hillsboro | div_5 = Washington County, Oregon{{!}}Washington | pop_5 = 107,299 | img_5 = | city_6 = Bend, Oregon{{!}}Bend | div_6 = Deschutes County, Oregon{{!}}Deschutes | pop_6 = 103,254 | img_6 = | city_7 = Beaverton, Oregon{{!}}Beaverton | div_7 = Washington County, Oregon{{!}}Washington | pop_7 = 97,053 | img_7 = | city_8 = Medford, Oregon{{!}}Medford | div_8 = Jackson County, Oregon{{!}}Jackson | pop_8 = 85,556 | img_8 = | city_9 = Springfield, Oregon{{!}}Springfield | div_9 = Lane County, Oregon{{!}}Lane | pop_9 = 61,400 | img_9 = | city_10 = Corvallis, Oregon{{!}}Corvallis | div_10 = Benton County, Oregon{{!}}Benton | pop_10 = 60,956 | img_10 = }} == Demographics/ninsali biɛlim kalibu baŋsim bɔhimbu == ===Population=== [[File:Oregon population growth.png|thumb|left|upright=1.218|Graph of Oregon's population growth from 1850 to 2010<ref name="historical census data">{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/dmd/www/resapport/states/oregon.pdf |title = Oregon |date = December 27, 2000 |website = Resident Population and Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau |access-date = August 28, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090831064733/http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/resapport/states/oregon.pdf |archive-date = August 31, 2009 |url-status = live }}</ref>]] {{US Census population | 1850 = 12093 | 1860 = 52465 | 1870 = 90923 | 1880 = 174768 | 1890 = 317704 | 1900 = 413536 | 1910 = 672765 | 1920 = 783389 | 1930 = 953786 | 1940 = 1089684 | 1950 = 1521341 | 1960 = 1768687 | 1970 = 2091385 | 1980 = 2633105 | 1990 = 2842321 | 2000 = 3421399 | 2010 = 3831074 | 2020 = 4237256 | estimate = 4233358 | estyear = 2023 | align-fn = center | footnote = Sources: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} [[File:Ethnic origins in Oregon.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Oregon]] [[File:OregonPop12.jpg|thumb|Oregon population by county using 2012 estimates<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdx.edu/prc/sites/www.pdx.edu.prc/files/2012%20CertEst_State_Co.pdf|title=Certified Population Estimates for Oregon and Its Counties|publisher=[[Portland State University]] Population Research Center|access-date=October 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102040143/http://www.pdx.edu/prc/sites/www.pdx.edu.prc/files/2012%20CertEst_State_Co.pdf|archive-date=November 2, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>]] Yuuni [[2020 U.S. census]] (daadam biɛli kalibu) daa wuhiya ni Oregon daadam biɛlim kalinli daa nyɛla 4,237,256 yuuni 2020, vaabu 10.60% pahibu ni yuuni "[[2010 United States census|2010 census]]".(daadama kalibu)<ref name=2020census/> Oregon n daa nyɛ tiŋgbani maa "ni lihiri tuuri ni di paai luɣ'shɛli" yuuni 2014, ka daŋ ni tooi paai buyi kpe ni yuni kam di yi kuli niŋ ka so yi ( vaabu 66.4% zaŋ chaŋ bvaabu 33.6%).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.unitedvanlines.com/about-united/news/movers-study-2014 |title = 2014 National Movers Study |publisher = United Van Lines |date = January 2, 2015 |access-date = January 14, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150108062922/http://www.unitedvanlines.com/about-united/news/movers-study-2014 |archive-date = January 8, 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Oregon gba n daa nyɛ tiŋa din zoori yuuni 2013,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.unitedvanlines.com/about-united/news/united-van-lines-2013-migration-study/index.html |title = 2013 United Van Lines Migration Study |publisher = United Van Lines |date = January 2, 2014 |access-date = January 14, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150108093319/http://www.unitedvanlines.com/about-united/news/united-van-lines-2013-migration-study/index.html |archive-date = January 8, 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref> ka daa nyɛ niriba ni laɣim shɛli pam yuuni 2010 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.unitedvanlines.com/about-united/news/united-van-lines-2012-migration-study/index.html |title = United Van Lines 2012 Migration Study Reveals Northeastern U.S. Exodus |publisher = United Van Lines |date = January 2, 2013 |access-date = January 14, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414001656/http://www.unitedvanlines.com/about-united/news/united-van-lines-2012-migration-study/index.html |archive-date = April 14, 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.unitedvanlines.com/about-united/news/united-van-lines-2011-migration-study/index.html |title = 2011 United Van Lines Migration Study |quote = The Western United States is also represented on the high-inbound list with Oregon (60.8%) and Nevada (56.9%) both making the list. Oregon is number two for inbound migration for the second year in a row. |publisher = United Van Lines |date = January 3, 2012 |access-date = January 14, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414002636/http://www.unitedvanlines.com/about-united/news/united-van-lines-2011-migration-study/index.html |archive-date = April 14, 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Yuuni 2020 niriba kalibu ni, Oregon daadam biɛligu daa nyɛla 4,237,256. Dobba pubu daa nyɛla vaabu 49.5% ka paɣaba nyɛ vaabu 50.5% . Vaabu 20.5% n daa be yuun pia ni anii zaŋ siɣi tiŋa; vaabu 60.8% n daa be yuun pia ni anii zaŋ chaŋ 64; ka vaabu 18.8% nyɛ yuun pihiyɔbu ni anu bee n-gari.<ref name="2020DP1">{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US41 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Oregon |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 17, 2024}}</ref> U.S. [[Department of Housing and Urban Development]] 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]] wuhiya, ni niriba 17,959 n daa ka biɛhigu sheei Oregon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf|title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Oregon racial composition |- ! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census" /> !! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date = July 25, 2008 |title = Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |df = mdy-all }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web |url = http://censusviewer.com/city/OR |title = Population of Oregon: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>!! 2010<ref name=Census2010>{{cite web |title = 2010 Demographic Profile Data |url = https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0400000US41 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20200213005255/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0400000US41 |url-status = dead |archive-date = February 13, 2020 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref> !! 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.statesmanjournal.com/census/total-population/not-hispanic-white/oregon/040-41/|title=Oregon Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census|first=Statesman|last=Journal|website=Statesman Journal}}</ref> |- | [[White Americans|White]] including White Hispanics || 97.2% || 92.8% || 86.6% || 83.6% || 74.8% |- | [[African Americans|Black or African American]] || 1.3% || 1.6% || 1.6% || 1.8% || 2% |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian and Alaska Native]] || 0.6% || 1.4% || 1.3% || 1.4% || 1.5% |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] || 0.7% || 2.4% || 3.0% || 3.7% || 4.6% |- | [[Pacific Islander Americans|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || 0.2% || 0.3% || 0.5% |- | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] || 0.2% || 1.8% || 4.2% || 5.3% || 6.3% |- | [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] || – || – || 3.1% || 3.8% || 10.5% |- | [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]] || 95.8% || - || - || - || 71.7% |} Yuuni 2020 salo kalibu wuhiya, ni vaabu 13.9% Oregon salo kalinli daa nyɛla ba pilli nyɛ [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (di yi kuli nyɛ bali sɛli) ka vaabu 71.7% ban bi tabi [[Non-Hispanic whites|Hispanic White]], ka vaabu 2.0% mi nyɛ [[African Americans|African American]], ka vaabu 1.5% nyɛ bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba , ka vaabu 4.6% mi nyɛ [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 1.5% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]], ka vaabu 10.5% balli dibaaayi bee n-gari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/racial-and-ethnic-diversity-in-the-united-states-2010-and-2020-census.html|title=Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 11, 2021|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829185707/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/racial-and-ethnic-diversity-in-the-united-states-2010-and-2020-census.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 2016 [[American Community Survey]] vihigu ni wuhi shɛm, vaabu 12.4% din nyɛ Oregon niriba daa nyɛla [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] nima (di yi kuli nyɛ balishɛli): ka [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] nyɛ vaabu(10.4%), ka [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] nyɛ vaabu (0.3%), [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]] nyɛ vaabu (0.1%), ka Hispanic bee Latino niriba ban pahi nyɛ (1.5%).<ref name="ACS2016DEMO">{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US41 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005712/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US41 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oregon gbanpiɛla pubu bunu n daa nyɛ: [[German Americans|German]] (19.1%), [[Irish Americans|Irish]] (11.7%), [[English Americans|English]] (11.3%), [[American ancestry|American]] (5.3%), ni [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian]] (3.8%).<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US41 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005612/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US41 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tiŋgbani zuliya din galisi pam, ban pa "[[Non-Hispanic whites|Hispanic Whites]]", daa yila vaabu 95.8% siɣi tiŋgbani ni yuuni 1970 zaŋ chaŋ vaabu 71.7% yuuni 2020, amaa din nyɛla din pahira.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/41 |title = Oregon QuickFacts |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205210900/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/41 |archive-date = February 5, 2017 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Oregon—Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau |url = https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date = July 25, 2008 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> {{as of|2011}}, 38.7% of Oregon's children under one year of age belonged to [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|minority groups]], meaning they had at least one parent who was not a non-Hispanic White.<ref>"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age{{nbsp}}1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|date=July 14, 2016}}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref> Of the state's total population, 22.6% was under the age 18, and 77.4% were 18 or older. The [[center of population]] of Oregon is located in [[Linn County, Oregon|Linn County]], in the city of [[Lyons, Oregon|Lyons]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Population and Population Centers by State: 2000 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau |url = https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |access-date = November 23, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100223204810/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date = February 23, 2010 }}</ref> Around 60% of Oregon's population resides within the [[Portland metropolitan area]].<ref>According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon's population as of 2017 is 4,190,713; with the MSA being 2,453,168, this leaves 59%~ of Oregon's population residing within the metro.</ref> Zaŋ kana yuuni 2009, Oregon salo kalinli da nyɛla 361,393, bɛ nin dɔɣi shɛba tiŋ'duya.<ref name=cnu>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov |website = U.S. Census Bureau |title = Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007–2009: 2007–2009 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates (Oregon) |access-date = December 9, 2016 |df = mdy-all |archive-date = December 27, 1996 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status = live }}</ref>Bɛ ni daa dɔɣi shɛba tiŋ'duya ŋɔ, bala pubu balibu buta din galisi pam yimi na: Latin America (47.8%), Asia (27.4%), ni Europe (16.5%).<ref name=cnu /> [[Mexico]], [[Vietnam]], [[China]], [[India]] ni [[Philippines]] n daa nyɛ tiŋ'si di dɔ zuɣusaa Oregon saamba ban daa kpe ni yuuni 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_oregon.pdf|title=Immigrants in Oregon}}</ref> [[Romani people|Roma]] ftuuli paabu Oregon daa nyɛla 1890s. Roma niriba shɛba be Willamette Valley ni zaŋ chaŋ Portland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ijpr.org/show/as-it-was/2019-02-18/as-it-was-roma-also-known-as-gypsies-reach-oregon-in-1890s|title=As It Was: Roma, Also Known as Gypsies, Reach Oregon in 1890s|website=Jefferson Public Radio|access-date=June 19, 2021|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201148/https://www.ijpr.org/show/as-it-was/2019-02-18/as-it-was-roma-also-known-as-gypsies-reach-oregon-in-1890s|url-status=live}}</ref> Oregon' salo pam pam nyɛ gbanpiɛla (European) yaannima nyɛla America dɔɣibu. Kamani vaabu yim pia puuni Oregonsalo ban nyɛ Hispanics. Asian ima salo bela gba be ni, Bɛ ni dɔɣi shɛba America, ni ni Gbansabila mini Gbanpiɛla ban be tiŋgbani maa ni.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oregon-state/Climate#ref79304 | title=Oregon - Climate, Rainfall, Coast &#124; Britannica }}</ref> === Bala === {| class="wikitable" |+Bala ni paa Silimiinsi yɛlibu pɔri ni doli taba shɛm yuuni 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Most Common Languages in Each County |url=https://www.oregon.gov/languages/Pages/most-common-state-language.aspx |website=Oregon.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Most Common Languages in Each County |url=https://www.oregon.gov/languages/Pages/common-language-county.aspx |website=Oregon.gov}}</ref> !Rank !Language !Number of Speakers |- |1 |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] |128,303 |- |2 |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] |16,292 |- |3 |[[Chinese language|Chinese]] |15,816 |- |4 |[[Russian language|Russian]] |8,559 |- |5 |[[Korean language|Korean]] |4,903 |- |6 |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |2,534 |- |7 |[[Arabic]] |1,480 |- |8 |[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] |447 |- |9 |[[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] |336 |- |10 |[[Japanese language|Japanese]] |333 |- |11 |[[Thai language|Thai]] |169 |- |12 |[[French language|French]] |142 |- |13 |[[German language|German]] |139 |} ===Religious and secular communities=== {{See also|Religion in Oregon|Religion in the United States}} {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = Religious self-identification in Oregon, per ''[[Public Religion Research Institute|PRRI American Values Atlas]]'' (2022){{efn|Racial subdemographics for religious traditions are added together. Note: there is a glitch surrounding the display of Oregon's religious tradition data on ''Public Religion Research Institute''. Click the "list" option if results show "N/A". Do not remove pie chart.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-OR | title=PRRI – American Values Atlas}}</ref> | label1 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]] | value1 = 42 | color1 = White | label2 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] | value2 = 35 | color2 = DarkBlue | label3 = [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]] | value3 = 14 | color3 = Purple | label4 = [[Mormonism]] | value4 = 2 | color4 = Pink | label5 = [[American Jews|Judaism]] | value5 = 2 | color5 = Green | label6 = [[New Age]] | value6 = 2 | color6 = Brown | label7 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]] | value7 = 1 | color7 = Orange | label8 = [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhist]] | value8 = 1 | color8 = Yellow}} Vihigu wuhiya ni Oregon tinsi nyɛla Adiini ni di ka yaa shɛli polo zaŋ ŋmahindi U.S. tiŋ;kara din pahi.<ref>{{cite magazine |url = http://time.com/4294/these-are-the-most-godless-states-in-america/ |magazine = Time |title = These Are The Most Godless States in America |author = Nicks, Denver |date = February 3, 2014 |access-date = December 30, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170203213914/http://time.com/4294/these-are-the-most-godless-states-in-america/ |archive-date = February 3, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/02/oregon_not_quite_most_unchurch.html |website = The Oregonian |title = Oregon not quite most 'unchurched' state—but close, new survey finds |date = February 13, 2013 |access-date = June 9, 2017 |author = Mapes, Jeff |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170817130241/http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/02/oregon_not_quite_most_unchurch.html |archive-date = August 17, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Yuuni 2009 [[Gallup poll]] lahabali wuhiya, Oregon daa laɣimi ni [[Vermont]] ka di niŋ "Adiini ni pɔri" tiŋgbani shɛŋa U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.scienceandreligiontoday.com/2009/08/10/oregon-and-vermont-are-most-nonreligious-states/ |website = Science and Religion Today |title = Oregon and Vermont Are Least Religious States |date = August 10, 2009 |access-date = June 17, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010113504/http://www.scienceandreligiontoday.com/2009/08/10/oregon-and-vermont-are-most-nonreligious-states/ |archive-date = October 10, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Lala yuuni 2009 ŋɔ Gallup poll daa lahi wuhiya, ni vaabu 69% ban nyɛ Oregon nima n-zaŋ bɛ maŋ niŋ Dolodolo nima.<ref>Newport, Frank (August 7, 2009). [http://www.gallup.com/poll/122075/Religious-Identity-States-Differ-Widely.aspx#2 "Religious identity: States differ widely".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010114559/http://news.gallup.com/poll/122075/Religious-Identity-States-Differ-Widely.aspx#2 |date=October 10, 2017 }} Gallup. Retrieved December 23, 2009.</ref> Dolodolo yaɣ'shɛli din zooi pam Oregon yuuni 2010 daa nyɛla [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholic Church]] ni niriba kalinli din yiɣisi 398,738; [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] mi malila kalinli din yiɣisi 147,965; ka [[Assemblies of God USA|Assemblies of God]] mali niriba kalinli din yiɣisi 45,492.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url = http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/41/rcms2010_41_state_adh_2010.asp |website = The Association of Religion Data Archives |title = State Membership Report |access-date = December 5, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093651/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/41/rcms2010_41_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date = February 2, 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon lahi nyɛla "Russian [[Old Believers]]" ni zooi shɛli ka be U.S.<ref>Binus, Joshua. [http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=764E6BED-FFC4-C034-9A5563F41CE37080 "The Oregon History Project: Russian Old Believers".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020182444/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=764E6BED-FFC4-C034-9A5563F41CE37080|date=October 20, 2008}} [[Oregon Historical Society]]. Retrieved March 14, 2008.</ref> Judaism n-nyɛ Adiini din galisi pam ka pa Dolodolo Adiini din be Oregon ka mali nyaandoliba kamani 50,000 , bɛ ni niriba kalinli 47,000 bela Portland tiŋgbani ni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/81110/bridgetown|title=How the Jewish Population of Portland, Ore., Doubled Overnight|date=October 19, 2011|website=Tablet Magazine|language=en|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206043527/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/81110/bridgetown|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishportland.org/ourcommunity/new-to-portland|title=New to Portland {{!}} Jewish Federation of Greater Portland|website=jewishportland.org|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206043022/https://www.jewishportland.org/ourcommunity/new-to-portland|url-status=live}}</ref> Saha ŋɔ ni, kosher bindiri pala mini Jewish mini shikuru sɔŋsim nyɛla din pahi Portland Orthodox Jewish daadam biɛlim kalinli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/faith/2015/10/orthodox_judaism_growth.html|title=Orthodox Jews streaming into Portland, thanks to new infrastructure|last=Oregonian/OregonLive|first=Melissa Binder {{!}} The|date=October 21, 2015|website=oregonlive|language=en|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206043119/https://www.oregonlive.com/faith/2015/10/orthodox_judaism_growth.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association n-nyɛ di tuma du'zuɣu din be Portland. Musulinma galisim buɣisimi kamani 6,000 zaŋ chaŋ 10,000 Oregon tiŋgbani, ka bɛ pirigili be Portland.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Met PDX |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031029021946/http://www.metpdx.org/resources/ |archive-date = October 29, 2003 |url = http://www.metpdx.org/resources/ |title = Islam in Oregon and America—The Facts |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Salo ban kpalim maa ka bɛ ni be Adiini shɛŋa ni; yuuni 2008 [[American Religious Identification Survey]] daa kalila Oregon pahi din tabi Nevada ka dɔ bunu zuɣu U.S. ban mali salo pam ka kali bɛ maŋa pahi "ban ka Adiini ni", vaabu 24&nbsp;%.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Kosmin |first1 = Barry A |last2 = Keysar |first2 = Ariela |url = http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf |title = American Religious Identification Survey |place = Hartford |publisher = Trinity College |date = December 23, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071431/http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf |archive-date = July 17, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Kosmin |first1 = Barry A |last2 = Keysar |first2 = Ariela |last3 = Cragun |first3 = Ryan |last4 = Navarro-Rivera |first4 = Juhem |url = http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf |title = American nones: The profile of the no religion population |place = Hartford |publisher = Trinity College |access-date = December 23, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007012422/http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf |archive-date = October 7, 2009 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Laɣinsi din beni n-nyɛ [[Center for Inquiry]], Humanists of Greater Portland, n-ti pahi United States Atheists. Saha din gbaai 1990s, Asorinima shɛba daa laɣim kpa [[Oregon Citizens Alliance]], ka daa mɔ ni bɛ zali zalisi zaŋ chaŋ "pa~a mini paɣa bee doo mini doo taba bɔbu baŋsim" lɛbu gɔmnanti shikuruti ni mini di anfaani ka daa bi nya nasara.<ref>Wentz, Patty (February 11, 1998). [http://wweek.com/html/cover021198.html "He's back"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918144227/http://wweek.com/html/cover021198.html|date=September 18, 2008}} ''[[Willamette Week]]''. Retrieved March 14, 2008.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother |- ! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]] ! 2013<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |journal = National Vital Statistics Reports |volume = 64 |number = 4 |title = Births: Final Data for 2013 |author = Martin, Joyce A. |display-authors=etal |date = January 15, 2015 |pages = 1–65 |pmid = 25603115 |access-date = June 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date = September 11, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> ! 2014<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |journal = National Vital Statistics Reports |volume = 64 |number = 12 |title = Births: Final Data for 2014 |date = December 23, 2015 |author = Hamilton, Brady E. |display-authors=etal |pages = 1–64 |pmid = 26727629 |access-date = June 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date = February 14, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> ! 2015<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |journal = National Vital Statistics Reports |volume = 66 |number = 1 |title = Births: Final Data for 2015 |date = January 5, 2017 |author = Martin, Joyce A. |display-authors=etal |page = 1 |pmid = 28135188 |access-date = June 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date = August 31, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> ! 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=Births: Final Data 2016 |access-date=November 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=Births: Final Data 2017 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ! 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623200707/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ! 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210175206/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/NVSR70-17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ! 2021<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> ! 2022<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref> |- | [[White Americans|White]] | 40,219 (89.1%) | 40,634 (89.2%) | 40,484 (88.7%) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |- | > [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]] | 31,998 (70.8%) | 32,338 (71.0%) | 32,147 (70.4%) | 31,057 (68.2%) | 29,232 (67.0%) | 28,265 (67.0%) | 27,639 (66.0%) | 26,256 (65.9%) | 26,662 (65.2%) | 23,034 (58.3%) |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] | 2,696 (6.0%) | 2,811 (6.2%) | 2,895 (6.3%) | 2,354 (5.2%) | 2,376 (5.4%) | 2,260 (5.4%) | 2,376 (5.7%) | 2,112 (5.3%) | 2,106 (5.1%) | 2,151 (5.4%) |- | [[African Americans|Black]] | 1,331 (2.9%) | 1,333 (2.9%) | 1,463 (3.2%) | 944 (2.1%) | 994 (2.3%) | 959 (2.3%) | 1,007 (2.4%) | 973 (2.4%) | 1,065 (2.6%) | 1,007 (2.5%) |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] | 909 (2.0%) | 778 (1.7%) | 813 (1.8%) | 427 (0.9%) | 429 (1.0%) | 388 (0.9%) | 402 (1.0%) | 378 (0.9%) | 378 (0.9%) | 370 (0.9%) |- | [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]] | ... | ... | ... | 315 (0.7%) | 300 (0.7%) | 309 (0.7%) | 341 (0.8%) | 278 (0.7%) | 337 (0.8%) | 374 (0.9%) |- | ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race) | ''8,448'' (18.7%) | ''8,524'' (18.7%) | ''8,518'' (18.6%) | ''8,467'' (18.6%) | ''8,275'' (19.0%) | ''7,993'' (18.9%) | ''8,180'' (19.5%) | ''7,923'' (19.9%) | ''8,334'' (20.4%) | ''8,510'' (21.5%) |- | '''Total''' | '''45,155''' (100%) | '''45,556''' (100%) | '''45,655''' (100%) | '''45,535''' (100%) | '''43,631''' (100%) | '''42,188''' (100%) | '''41,858''' (100%) | '''39,820''' (100%) | '''40,914''' (100%) | '''39,493''' (100%) |} * Tum yuuni 2016, lahabali zaŋ ti [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] bi deei, amaa ka leei be ''Hispanic'' pubu ni; niriba ban yina Hispanic ni tooi tabi shɛba. * Dɔɣim din be teebuli ni ŋɔ bi laɣi yiɣisi kɔbiga 100% dama Hispanics kaani mi doli bɛ zuliya ni bɛ ni tabi yaɣ'shɛli. {| class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" style="margin-left:1em" |+ style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in Oregon (2014)<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/oregon/ |work = The Pew Forum |title = Religious Landscape Study—Oregon |access-date = September 12, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150910060106/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/oregon/ |archive-date = September 10, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> |- ! Affiliation ! colspan="2"|% of Oregon population |- | [[Christianity]] |align=right| {{bartable|59||2||background:darkblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Protestant]] |align=right| {{bartable|43||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]] |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Mainline Protestant]] |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Black church|Black Protestant]] |align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Catholicism|Catholic]] |align=right| {{bartable|12||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Mormons|Mormon]] |align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] |align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Christianity |align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}} |- | [[Judaism]] |align=right| {{bartable|2||2||background:darkgreen}} |- | [[Islam]] |align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:darkgreen}} |- | [[Buddhism]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:darkgreen}} |- | [[Hinduism]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:darkgreen}} |- | Other faiths |align=right| {{bartable|3||2||background:darkgreen}} |- | [[Irreligion|No religion]] |align=right| {{bartable|31||2||background:purple}} |- | Agnostic |align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:purple}} |- | '''Total''' || {{bartable|100||2||background:grey}} |} ===Sohabiɛɣu tɛhi gbaai=== U.S. Census Bureau tɛha chaŋmi ti gbaa ni Oregon salo zoobu yɛn chaŋla 4,833,918 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2030, pahibu din nyɛ vaabu 41.3% zaŋ ŋmahindi salo maa kalinli din daa nyɛ 3,421,399 yuuni 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/population/projections/SummaryTabA1.pdf |title = Interim Projections of the Total Population for the United States and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2030 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau |date = April 21, 2005 |access-date = August 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100615135140/http://www.census.gov/population/projections/SummaryTabA1.pdf |archive-date = June 15, 2010 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Tiŋa maa nima tɛha nyɛla bɛ sal'biɛlim kalinli ni paai 5,425,408 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2040.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oregon.gov/DAS/OEA/docs/demographic/pop_components.xls |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040517045848/http://www.oregon.gov/DAS/OEA/docs/demographic/pop_components.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date = May 17, 2004 |title = State and County Population Forecasts and Components of Change, 2000 to 2040 |publisher = [[Oregon Department of Administrative Services]], Office of Economic Analysis |date = April 2004 |access-date = August 25, 2010 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> == Bomma ni nyamma soya/Economy == Yuuni 2015, Oregon n daa nye pia ni ayopɔn lahabali dundɔŋ din yihi laɣiri na ka mani $60,834.<ref name="kff" /> Oregon GDP yuuni 2013 daa nyɛla $219.6&nbsp;biliyɔŋ, kobigi puuuni vaabu buyi ni chɛnji (2.7%) dubu zaŋ yina yuuni 2012; Oregon n-nye tiŋ pishi n-pahi tiŋ pishi ni amu nye arizichi tiŋgbani di yi kani di GDP polo. Yuuni 2003, Oregon n-daa do pihita ayi'ka zuɣu U.S. zaŋ di GDP polo. Tiŋ ŋɔ ariʒichi nyamma din nya [[Per capita personal income in the United States|per capita personal income]] (PCPI) yuuni 2013 daa nyɛla $39,848, kobigi puuni vaabu yim ni chɛnji dubu 1.5% zaŋ yi yuuni 2012 ni na. Oregon n-nye din do pihita ni ata zuɣu U.S. di yi kana PCPI polo, di yin zaŋ maɣisi pihita ni yini yuuni 2003. Yuuni 2013 PCPI daa nyɛla $44,765.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/action.cfm?geoType=3&fips=41000&areatype=41000 |title = BEARFACTS: Oregon |publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis |year = 2014 |access-date = February 27, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172746/http://www.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/action.cfm?geoType=3&fips=41000&areatype=41000 |archive-date = April 2, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon tuma kalinsi daa nyɛla vaabu bunu ni pirigili kobigi puuni silimin goli (5.5%) September 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2016/10/school_hiring_fuels_oregon_job.html |title = School hiring fuels Oregon job growth in September |agency = Associated Press |date = October 18, 2016 |access-date = October 21, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161020193754/http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2016/10/school_hiring_fuels_oregon_job.html |archive-date = October 20, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> ka U.S. mi tuma kalinsi nye vaabu bunu (5.0%) kobigi puuni lala goli maa ni.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey |publisher = Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date = October 21, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090214/https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |archive-date = April 28, 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon n-nyɛ tiŋ shɛli din mali salo ban zooi bindirigu sitampubu (kobigi puuni vaabu pishi ni yini (21%) tiŋ ŋɔ salo zaa).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2013/08/09/food-stamp-use-rises-some-15-of-u-s-gets-benefits/tab/interactive/ |title = Food-Stamp Use Rises; Some 15% Get Benefits |website = [[The Wall Street Journal]] |date = August 9, 2013 |access-date = April 9, 2017 |author = Izzo, Phil |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170313030315/http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2013/08/09/food-stamp-use-rises-some-15-of-u-s-gets-benefits/tab/interactive/ |archive-date = March 13, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> ===Kparilim=== [[File:Shirley Gamble and Haroldine DeBord, 1946 (5836929896).jpg|thumb|Teenagers harvesting berries in [[Boring, Oregon|Boring]], 1946]] Oregon tiŋgbani ŋɔ nahingbana chɛ mi ka pukparilim balli kam ni tooi niŋ dini. Tiŋgbani shɛli din be Willamette Valley yiri la [[Missoula Floods]] na, ka di kpaari soŋdi kuliga nɛma din yiri na [[Glacial Lake Missoula]], western Montana ti soŋdi voli ŋɔ tiŋgbanni.<ref name="chapter24">McNab, W. Henry; Avers, Peter E (July 1994). [http://www.fs.fed.us/land/pubs/ecoregions/ ''Ecological Subregions of the United States''. Chapter 24.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222002704/http://www.fs.fed.us/land/pubs/ecoregions/ |date=February 22, 2007 }} U.S. Forest Service and Dept. of Agriculture.</ref> Yuuni 2016, Willamette Valley ŋɔ daa nyɛla din yihi [[blueberries]] miliyɔŋ kobiga mali chana.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/09/11/oregon-blueberry-yield-topples-records-expands-overseas/89917262/ |website = Statesman Journal |title = Oregon blueberry yield topples records, expands overseas |author = Hogen, Junnelle |date = September 11, 2016 |access-date = November 5, 2016 }}</ref> Kparilim yaɣali ŋɔ nyɛla din fukumsi be [[Oregon Department of Agriculture]].<ref name="DOA">{{cite web | title=Home | website=State of Oregon: [[Oregon Department of Agriculture]] | date=July 11, 2022 | url=https://www.oregon.gov/oda/Pages/default.aspx | access-date=July 11, 2022}}</ref> Oregon lahi nyɛla dunia hazelnut (''[[Corylus avellana]]'') kara din zoori yaɣa zaɣ'yini ka nyɛ din kpaɣiri kamani kɔbigu puuni vaabu pihiwɔi ni anu zaŋ n-ti hazelnuts yiŋa din be United States. Ka taarihi zaŋ n-ti [[Oregon wine|wine production in Oregon]] nyɛ din piligi pɔi ka bɛ daa [[Prohibition]], di daa leei tuma shee din mali kpaŋmaŋ yuuni 1970s piligu. Yuuni 2005, Oregonnyɛla din daa dɔni buta zuɣu U.S. states ni 303 wineries.<ref>{{cite web |title = Industry Facts |publisher = Oregon Winegrowers Association |url = http://oregonwine.org/press/StateWineFacts2005.pdf |access-date = November 23, 2006 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pirinla di yaɣa nyɛla din ŋmani taba tiŋgbani taɣibu mini [[soil|tam]] zuɣu, grɛp shɛŋa bɛ kuri Oregon nyɛla yim ni din be French tiŋgbani yaɣili zaŋ n-ti [[Alsace wine|Alsace]] mini [[Burgundy wine|Burgundy]]. Yuuni 2014, 71 wineries nyɛla bɛ ni daa yoogi shɛli tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ. Kalinli din yiɣisi 676 saha ŋɔ nyɛ din zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pinaayi yuuni 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/oregon-vineyards-draw-out-of-state-buyers-1444917070 |title = Oregon Vineyards Draw Out-of-State Buyers |website = The Wall Street Journal |author = Keates, Nancy |date = October 15, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005185134/http://www.wsj.com/articles/oregon-vineyards-draw-out-of-state-buyers-1444917070 |archive-date = October 5, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Nudirigu zuɣu Oregon coast, nyɛla bɛ ni kɔri cranberries ka di zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu ayopɔin zaŋ n-ti U.S. kɔ'kpaɣi ni ka cranberry nyɛ din daa dɔni pishi ni ata Oregon's binkɔra din dɔ zuɣusaa pihinu puuni. Cranberry kɔbu Oregon nyɛla din yunsiri polo kamani {{convert|27000|acre|km2|abbr=off|sp=us}} [[Coos County, Oregon|Coos]] nudirigu zuɣu min [[Curry County, Oregon|Curry]] counties nuzaa zuɣu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.capitalpress.com/Oregon/20140701/oregon-farmers-kick-off-wheat-harvest |website = Capital Press |title = Oregon farmers kick off wheat harvest |author = Weaver, Matthew |date = July 1, 2014 |access-date = November 8, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153010/http://www.capitalpress.com/Oregon/20140701/oregon-farmers-kick-off-wheat-harvest |archive-date = November 9, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon [[farmer|pukpariba]] lahi nyɛla ban wumsiri [[cattle|niɣi]] , [[sheep|piɛri]] niŋdi bihim neema, gala n-ti pahi [[poultry]]. [[Caneberries]] (''Rubus'') nyɛla ban kɔri kpɛŋɔ.<ref name="Ellis-et-al-eds-1991">{{cite book | editor-last1=Ellis | editor-first1=Michael A. | editor-first2=Richard H. | editor-last2=Converse | editor-first3=Roger N. | editor-last3=Williams | editor-first4=Brian | editor-last4=Williamson | title=Compendium of Raspberry and Blackberry Diseases and Insects | url=https://archive.org/details/compendiumofrasp0000unse | publisher=[[APS Press]] (American Phytopathological Society) | publication-place=[[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, Minn.]], US | date=1991 | isbn=0-89054-121-3 | oclc=24875558 | lccn=91-76318 | pages=vi+100}}</ref>{{rp|page=25}} [[Stamen blight]] (''Hapalosphaeria deformans'') nyɛla din kpa talahi zaŋ n-ti [[Pacific Northwest|PNW]].<ref name="Ellis-et-al-eds-1991" />{{rp|page=25}} Kpɛŋɔ di nyɛla bɛ ni kɔri shɛli kɔhiri [[dewberries]].<ref name="Ellis-et-al-eds-1991" />{{rp|page=25}} {{visible anchor|Phytophthora ramorum|text=''[[Phytophthora ramorum]]''}} nyɛ tuuli bɛ ni daa baŋ shɛli yala yuuni 1990s [[California Central Coast]]<ref name="Anderson-et-al-2004">{{cite journal | last1=Anderson | first1=Pamela K. | last2=Cunningham | first2=Andrew A. | last3=Patel | first3=Nikkita G. | last4=Morales | first4=Francisco J. | last5=Epstein | first5=Paul R. | last6=Daszak | first6=Peter | title=Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers | journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | volume=19 | issue=10 | year=2004 | issn=0169-5347 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.021 | pages=535–544 | pmid=16701319 | s2cid=12006626}}</ref> ka daa niŋ yomyom baŋ kpɛŋɔ gba.<ref name="Rizzo-et-al-2005">{{cite journal | last1=Rizzo | first1=David M. | last2=Garbelotto | first2=Matteo | last3=Hansen | first3=Everett M. | title=''Phytophthora ramorum'': Integrative Research and Management of an Emerging Pathogen in California and Oregon Forests | journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=43 | issue=1 | date=September 1, 2005 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140418 | pages=309–335 | s2cid=33214324 | pmid=16078887}}</ref> ''P. ramorum'' nyɛla bomma ni nyamma soli din yina ''Rubus'' mini ''[[Vaccinium]]'' spp. (din nyɛ [[cranberry]] mini [[blueberry]]).<ref name="Rizzo-et-al-2005" /> {{visible anchor|Peach|Nectarine}}es nyɛla din zooi [[Willamette Valley]] ka nyɛ bɛ ni tooi kuhiri shɛli ka bɛ mali chani katiŋa dahi ni ti kuhira.<ref name="Olsen-2002">{{cite web | last=Olsen | first=Jeff L. | title=Selecting Peach and Nectarine Varieties for the Willamette Valley | website=[[Oregon State University Extension Service]] | date=June 1, 2002 | url=http://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/ec1181 | access-date=June 18, 2022 | id=EC 1181}}<!--- Reviewed January 2020. ---></ref> [[Oregon State University Extension Service|OSU Extension]] nyɛla din mali dihitabili ni [[Peach cultivar|peach]] mini [[Nectarine cultivar|nectarine]] kɔbu zaŋ n-ti Willamette.<ref name="Olsen-2002" /> ===Forestry and fisheries=== {{lahi nyɛma|List of freshwater fishes of Oregon}} [[File:Fish Ladder, Bonneville Dam-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fish ladder]] at [[Bonneville Dam]], [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]]]] [[File:Lumber Sled Elsie, Oregon.jpg|thumb|right|Historic Lumber Sled at Camp 18 in [[Elsie, Oregon|Elsie]]]] Tihi balibu che ka Oregon lee taarihi ni tiŋ' shɛli U.S tiŋsi din yihi taabo di, amaa tihi nyobu (ka mani [[Tillamook Burn]]), ŋma nti yaŋa, zalisi zaŋ tihi ŋɔ gbubbu polo che ka di taabo yihibu pa baligi. Zaŋ yi yuuni 1989 ni 2011 sunsuuni, taabo kalli din ŋma Oregon tiŋgbani ni nyɛla din baligi ka mani vaabu pihiwɔi kobiga puuni, amaa taabo ŋmabo zangama politi ni nyɛla din na kuli chani viɛnyɛla.<ref>{{cite web |title = Oregon Forest Facts & Figures 2013 |publisher = Oregon Forest Resources Institute |url = http://oregonforests.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/OR_Forest_Facts_and_Figures_2013.pdf |page = 3 |access-date = May 31, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140712050626/http://oregonforests.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/OR_Forest_Facts_and_Figures_2013.pdf |archive-date = July 12, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Hali zaɣasim ni pa yiri taabo nɛma ka mani gbana ni mɛbu niɛma bi che ka taabo tuma yaɣali koba choɣasi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Gbarigibu sababiiya nim n-nye [[Weyerhaeuser]] ni daa deei Portland-based [[Willamette Industries]] silimin goli January 2002, [[Louisiana-Pacific]] biɛhigu shee taɣabu Portland zaŋ chaŋ [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], ni gbarigibu tihi ŋmabu tiŋsi ni ka mani [[Gilchrist, Oregon|Gilchrist]]. Di mini taɣabu nim ŋɔ maa zaa yoli, Oregon n-na kuli be U.S tooni zaŋ yi taabo bala bɔɣabu ni; yuuni 2011, taabo miliyɔŋ tusaanahi ni kobiga ni pihita ni anahi (4134) n- daa bɔɣi Oregon tiŋgbanni, di yi zaŋ maɣasi taabo miliyɔŋ tusaata ni kobisiyobu ni pihinii ni anu {{convert|3685|e6board feet}} din daa bɔɣi Washington, {{convert|1914|e6board feet}}, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], ni taabo {{convert|1708|e6board feet}}, [[Mississippi]] yiŋa.<ref>"Oregon Forest Facts & Figures 2013", p. 12</ref> Taabo bɔɣabu ni tihi ŋmabu gbarigibu ŋɔ che tuma.kalinsi pa zooi tiŋ-kpansi.<ref name="referencedesk">{{cite web |url = http://www.e-referencedesk.com/resources/state-economy/oregon.html |title = Oregon Economy |publisher = e-ReferenceDesk |access-date = November 5, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928213611/http://www.e-referencedesk.com/resources/state-economy/oregon.html |archive-date = September 28, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Oregon nyɛla din mali zahim gbahibo ni di tuma din galisi anduniya zaa, amaa kuli kara ni zahim gbahibu nyɛla din baligi mɔɣa zahima yuma din gari ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/fishing/salmon_steelhead.asp |website = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |title = Salmon and Steelhead Fishing |access-date = November 7, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161109104323/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/fishing/salmon_steelhead.asp |archive-date = November 9, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Di ni niŋ ka kom galisi tiŋ ŋɔ ni ŋɔ, di che mi ka di lahi nye tiŋ shɛli din tooi lahi zooi niɣilim buɣim tibu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=OR |title = State Energy Profiles—Oregon |author = [[Energy Information Administration]] |publisher = [[United States Department of Energy]] |date = April 29, 2010 |access-date = December 10, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100502132552/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=OR |archive-date = May 2, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Silimin goli June 30, 2022, an [[emerald ash borer]] doro daa nyɛla bɛ ni nya shɛli [[Forest Grove, Oregon|Forest Grove]] yuuni 2022, tuuli zaŋ ti [[Western North America]].<ref name="ODF-EAB-bulletin">{{cite web | access-date=July 21, 2022 | date=July 11, 2022 | url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/ORFORESTRY/bulletins/3202aba | title=ODF NEWS - The forest pest emerald ash borer is found in Oregon for first time | website=[[Oregon Department of Forestry]]}}</ref><ref name="response-plan-EAB-Oregon">{{cite web | access-date=July 11, 2022 | date=June 8, 2018 | website=Oregon Invasive Species Council | url=https://www.oregoninvasivespeciescouncil.org/eab | title=Emerald Ash Borer Readiness and Response Plan for Oregon}}</ref><ref name="survey-DOA-EAB">{{cite web | access-date=July 11, 2022 | date=July 11, 2022 | website=[[Government of Oregon|State of Oregon]]: Survey and Treatment Projects | url=https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/IPPM/SurveyTreatment/Pages/EmeraldAshBorer.aspx | title=Emerald Ash Borer}}</ref><ref name="2022-06-30-EAB">{{cite web | access-date=July 11, 2022 | language=en, es | date=July 11, 2022 | website=[[Oregon Department of Agriculture]] News | url=https://odanews.wpengine.com/oregon-dad-spots-the-first-emerald-ash-borers-on-the-west-coast-during-summer-camp-pickup-in-forest-grove/ | title=Oregon dad spots the first emerald ash borers on the West Coast during summer camp pickup in Forest Grove}}</ref> === Farisi mini liɣiri dibu laasabu === Oregon yuma ayi kam laɣidibɔ, $2.6&nbsp;billion yuuni 2017, chanimi ni [[Fund accounting|General Funds]], [[Federal funds|Federal Funds]], Lottery Funds, ni din pahi pahi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon Governor's Budget|url=https://www.oregon.gov/das/Financial/Documents/2017-19_gb.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010125428/http://www.oregon.gov/das/Financial/Documents/2017-19_gb.pdf|archive-date=October 10, 2017|website=State of Oregon}}</ref> Oregon nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛli din pahi tiŋgbana dibaa anu shɛli din bi deeri kɔhimma farigu.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 1, 2008|title=State Sales Tax Rates|url=http://www.taxadmin.org/FTA/rate/sales.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226220158/http://www.taxadmin.org/FTA/rate/sales.html|archive-date=December 26, 2004|access-date=April 2, 2008|publisher=Federation of Tax Administrators}}</ref> Oregon piibu piibu niŋdiba nyɛla ban bi saɣiti kɔhimma farigu, ka vooti luhi buwɔi zuɣu sahakam bɛ yi zaŋli na.<ref>{{cite web|year=1993|title=25th Anniversary Issue|url=http://www.wweek.com/html/25-1993.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230164724/http://www.wweek.com/html/25-1993.html|archive-date=December 30, 2006|access-date=June 11, 2007|website=Willamette Week|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Piibu piibu din daa niŋ bahigu, zaŋ ti yuuni 1993's Measure 1, daa lumi ni vaabu 75–25% galisim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1988–1995|url=https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/elections/history-introduction.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073610/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/elections/history-introduction.aspx|archive-date=October 24, 2018|access-date=June 11, 2007|website=Oregon Blue Book|publisher=State of Oregon}}</ref> Tiŋgbani maa lahi mali farigu din nyɛ $150 ko yuuni kam,<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon Revised Statutes 317.090 Minimum tax|url=https://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/317.090|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807234647/https://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/317.090|archive-date=August 7, 2017|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> ka tɔhibu daa yiɣisi vaabu 5.6% General Fund maa puuni yuuni 2005–07 ; Baŋ niŋdi daabiligu ni yori shɛli bi yi polo ti salo.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sheketoff|first=Charles|date=March 27, 2007|title=As Maryland Goes, So Should Oregon|work=Salem News|url=http://salem-news.com/articles/march272007/oregon_mrlnd_32707.php|url-status=live|access-date=June 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051331/http://salem-news.com/articles/march272007/oregon_mrlnd_32707.php|archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2017}} Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, tiŋgbani maa zaŋla di yaa zaa niŋ aʒianima mini nyɔri din yirina tiŋ'duya tumdi tuma. Oregon n-nyɛ din dɔ bunu zuɣu tiŋgban puuni zaŋ chaŋ maŋmaŋa liɣiri kalinli polo. U.S. Census Bureau lahabali wuhiya, Oregon dola pihinahi ni yini tiŋgban pihinu din farigu zaa yi laɣim tam ka du zuɣusaa yuuni 2005 ka di yobu din be sunsuuni nyɛ 1,791.45.<ref name="percapita2">{{cite news|date=March 31, 2006|title=Oregon ranks 41st in taxes per capita|newspaper=[[Portland Business Journal]]|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2006/03/27/daily28.html|url-status=live|access-date=June 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520094941/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2006/03/27/daily28.html|archive-date=May 20, 2006}}</ref> Gɔmnanti tumtumdiba bela n-yɔri kohimma farigu: Ashland, kamani shɛhira, deerila farigu vaabu 5% din yirina bindirigu kɔhibu ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Food and Beverage Tax|url=http://www.ashland.or.us/Page.asp?NavID=9180|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804022952/http://www.ashland.or.us/Page.asp?NavID=9180|archive-date=August 4, 2007|access-date=June 10, 2007|publisher=City of Ashland}}</ref> Portland tiŋgbani ni bɛ zaani la Arts Education and Access farigu zaŋti ban be ni baka gari yuun pishi ayi kani —ni farigu di kuli za $35 shɛli bɛ ni deeri ban nyari liɣiri paari $1,000 bee n-gari yuuni puli ni ka be yili shɛŋa ban nyari liɣiri gari faralaannima liɣiri tariga lala tiŋa ŋɔ ni. Ban dahi Portland shikuruti karimbanima farigu zuɣu, ni nuuni tuumbaŋsim yaa dahila laɣinsi din niya bi kpa nyɔri bɔbu zuɣu Portland tiŋgbani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arts Tax|url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/revenue/60076|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201143533/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/revenue/60076|archive-date=December 1, 2016|access-date=November 30, 2016|website=The City of Portland, Oregon}}</ref> Oregon tiŋgbani ni lahi ti di tiŋgbani yaɣa soya ka bɛ deeri farigu ban ʒiri luɣ'shɛŋa nɛma kperina mini ban mali bɛ maŋmaŋa tuma. Saha ŋɔ tiŋgbani maa n-deeri [[TriMet]] mini [[Lane Transit District]] farigu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon Transit Self-Employment Taxes|url=http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/forms/FormsPubs/oregon-transit-self-employment-taxes-brochure_500-406_2015.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120738/http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/forms/FormsPubs/oregon-transit-self-employment-taxes-brochure_500-406_2015.pdf|archive-date=October 3, 2016|access-date=November 30, 2016|website=Oregon.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon Employer's Guide|url=http://sos.oregon.gov/business/documents/business-guides/employer-guide.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081433/http://sos.oregon.gov/business/documents/business-guides/employer-guide.pdf|archive-date=December 1, 2016|access-date=November 30, 2016|website=Oregon.gov}}</ref> Oregon pahilla tiŋgbana dibaa ayɔbu din mali di nyɔri deebu tariga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon's 2% Kicker|url=http://www.leg.state.or.us/comm/lro/rr02-07.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614111339/http://www.leg.state.or.us/comm/lro/rr02-07.pdf|archive-date=June 14, 2007|access-date=June 10, 2007|website=Oregon State Leglislative Review Office|df=mdy-all}}</ref> "[[Kicker (Oregon tax rebate)|kicker law]]" wuhimi ni bɛ yi ti deei farigu ka di galisi gari liɣiri yaɣili baŋdiba ni buɣisili zali vaabu buyi zuɣu, din pani maa zaa tu ni bɛ labisili n-ti ban yori farigu maa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Brad|date=March 2, 2006|title=Kicker tax rebate eyed to help school and state budgets|publisher=KATU}}</ref> Tum lala zaligu ŋɔ ni zani yuuni 1979, yuma ayopɔin ka lala farigu labisigu niŋ tabata yuma din gari ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=2 Percent Surplus Refund (Kicker) History|url=http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/NEWS/docs/kicker.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216020013/http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/NEWS/docs/kicker.pdf|archive-date=February 16, 2008|access-date=June 10, 2007|publisher=State of Oregon}}</ref> Yuuni 2000, Ballot Measure 86 daa tiligila "kicker" zaligu din ka taɣibu ti "[[Oregon Constitution]]", ka daa taɣi di dooshɛhi shɛŋa. Farigu din daa yo n-ti gɔmnantinima ni di zani ti taabonima farigu tiŋgbani maa tihi ni daa nyɛla zalisi ni gbaai shɛli yuuni 1990s, ka mɔ ni di che lala dini ŋɔ yuun gbaliŋ. Lala yɛlisim ŋɔ nyɛla din gbubi tinkpansi pam sohabiɛɣu farigu, ka di yobu kana ti du n-tam tuunshɛŋa farigu zuɣu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Matt|date=March 9, 2007|title=County may scrub income tax|work=[[The Register-Guard]]|url=http://www2.registerguard.com/cms/index.php/static/search/archive/?q=County+may+scrub+income+tax|url-status=dead|access-date=March 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721052058/http://www2.registerguard.com/cms/index.php/static/search/archive/?q=County+may+scrub+income+tax|archive-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref> Farigu maa vaabu 55% din yirina tiŋgbana maa ni nyɛla bɛ ni kuri shɛli niŋdi shikiru ni, vaabu 23% ka bɛ diri niŋdi ninsalisi ni (bihi gubu, Alaafee tima tibu, ni din pahi pahi), vaabu 17% mi gurim ka taɣiri salo, ka vaabu 5% mi diri niŋdi din pahipahi ni.<ref>[http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/PERTAX/docs/2006Forms/101-043-06.pdf "2006 Oregon full-year resident tax form instructions".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227154309/http://www.oregon.gov/DOR/PERTAX/docs/2006Forms/101-043-06.pdf|date=February 27, 2007}} (PDF) Oregon.Gov.</ref> Oregon malila chechenima farigu $15 zaŋti cheche palli kam din liɣiri gari $200 tum yuuni 2018. Oregon ko n-nyɛ tiŋgbani shɛli din mali chechenima farigu ŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-28|title=Will Oregon Start Taxing Children's Bikes?|url=https://www.bicycling.com/news/a20049064/oregon-bike-tax-kids-bikes/|access-date=2023-08-15|website=Bicycling|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kunkle|first=Fredrick|date=2021-10-28|title=Analysis {{!}} Bicyclists fear Oregon's controversial bike tax could spread|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/tripping/wp/2017/07/20/bicyclists-fear-that-oregons-controversial-bike-tax-could-spread/|access-date=2023-08-15|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ===Healthcare=== {{Main|List of hospitals in Oregon}} Alaafee yaɣili, bin din gbaai yuuni 2018 [[Cambia Health Solutions]] nyɛla din mali daabiligu din gaŋdu ka mali kɔbigi puuni vaabu 21% ka din doli nyɛ [[Providence Health & Services|Providence Health]].<ref name="ama-assn.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/competition-health-insurance-research|title=Competition in health insurance research|website=American Medical Association|language=en|access-date=June 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618001323/https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/competition-health-insurance-research|archive-date=June 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Portland region, [[Kaiser Permanente]] nyɛ din dɔ tuuli .<ref name="ama-assn.org" /> Providence mini Kaiser nyɛla [[integrated delivery system]]s ka nyɛ din mali ashibiti nima m-bori alaafee n-tiri ninsalinima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150404/MAGAZINE/304049981/more-health-systems-launch-insurance-plans-despite-caveats|title=More health systems launch insurance plans despite caveats|date=April 4, 2015|website=Modern Healthcare|language=en|access-date=June 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527104152/https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150404/MAGAZINE/304049981/more-health-systems-launch-insurance-plans-despite-caveats|archive-date=May 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Gbaai yihi Providence mini Kaiser, ashibiti shɛŋa din daa be Oregon nyɛ [[Legacy Health]] ka nyɛ din be Portland, [[Samaritan Health Services]] ni ashibiti dibaa anu zaŋ n -ti tiŋgbani maa n-ti pahi [[Tuality Healthcare]] nyɛla din be western Portland metropolitan yaɣili. [[Southern Oregon]], Asante nyɛla din mali ashibiti nima di shɛli nyɛ [[Rogue Regional Medical Center]]. Ashibiti nima ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛla din tumdi "multi-state organizations" kamani [[PeaceHealth]] n-ti pahi [[CommonSpirit Health]]. Ashibiti nima ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛla din za di gama kamani [[Salem Hospital (Oregon)|Salem Hospital]]. [[Oregon Health & Science University]] nyɛla Portland tilaa shikuru din mali ashibiti nima ayi mini clinics. [[Oregon Health Plan]] nyɛ tiŋgbani maa [[Medicaid managed care]] ka niriba pam mi li ka di nyɛla di taɣiri pala zuɣu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20170110.058188/full/|title=Oregon's High-Risk, High-Reward Gamble On Medicaid Expansion {{!}} Health Affairs|journal=Health Affairs Forefront|year=2017|doi=10.1377/forefront.20170110.058188|access-date=March 29, 2022|archive-date=March 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327141803/https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20170110.058188/full/|url-status=live|last1=Goldsmith |first1=Jeff C. |last2=Henderson |first2=Bruce }}</ref> == Shikuru == === Elementary, middle, and high school === Shikuru yuma din gbaai 2013–2014, tiŋgbani ŋɔ daa malila shikurubihi ban kalinli yiɣisi 567,000 ka bɛ be gɔmnanti shikuruti ni.<ref name="facts">{{cite web|title=Oregon Almanac: Native Americans to shoes, oldest|url=https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/almanac/n-s.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035421/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/almanac/n-s.aspx|archive-date=October 24, 2018|access-date=November 6, 2016|website=Oregon Blue Book}}</ref> Shikuruti kɔbisita ata kani n daa be tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣa, ka shikuru tuma yaɣa pia ni awɔi lihiri di zuɣu.<ref name="facts" /> Yuuni 2016, shikuru kara din daa be lala yaɣa ŋɔ n daa nyɛ:<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Largest School Districts in Oregon|url=https://k12.niche.com/rankings/public-school-districts/largest-enrollment/s/oregon/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326214048/https://k12.niche.com/rankings/public-school-districts/largest-enrollment/s/oregon/|archive-date=March 26, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2016|website=Niche}}</ref> [[Portland Public Schools (Oregon)|Portland Public Schools]], ka di mali shikurubihi ban kalinli daa yiɣisi 47,323; [[Salem-Keizer School District]], ka di shikuru bihi kalinli daa yiɣisi 40,565; [[Beaverton School District]], ka di shikurubihi kalinli yiɣisi 39,625 ; [[Hillsboro School District]], ka di shikurubihi kalinli yiɣisi 21,118 ; ni [[North Clackamas School District]], ka di shikurubihi kalinli yiɣisi 17,053. Di yi kuli yɛn buɣisi kamani vaabu 90.5% Oregon haai shikurubihi ban karim siɣisi, sɔŋdila tiŋgbani maa kamani vaabu 88.3% yuuni [[2010 U.S. Census|2010 U.S. census]] zahimbu ni wuhi shɛm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?q=Oregon&g=0400000US41|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615130000/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?q=Oregon&g=0400000US41|archive-date=June 15, 2020|access-date=June 15, 2020|website=Oregon Profile|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> Anashaara goli May daa anii da, yuuni 2019, karimbanima ban zaa be lala yaɣili ŋɔ daa bɔri la shikurubihi filimbu shikuru duri ni, karimbanima pam kpuɣibu, kamani ban yɛn tiri saɣisigu shikuruti ni, buku duri baŋdiba, ni awurabanima, ni bɔmbu labi tam kali zuɣu, binkumda,ni kɔba ni dahimbu yaɣili. Lala ŋɔ daa nyɛla din che ka bɛ kpari shikuruti ay zali, ka di mini shikuruti kalinli din yiɣisi kɔbisiyɔbu tiŋgbani maa ni zaa ni saɣi.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 8, 2019|title=Oregon teachers are walking out, forcing 600 schools to close. But they're not demanding raises|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/08/us/oregon-teachers-walkout/index.html|access-date=February 15, 2023|website=CNN.com}}</ref> ===Colleges and universities=== {{See also|List of colleges and universities in Oregon|Oregon Office of University Coordination}} [[File:Memorial Union at Oregon State University.jpg|thumb|left|The Memorial Union at [[Oregon State University]]]] Di bahi bahindi yuuni 1990 sochibisi dibaa anu zalibu ni, din daa zali tarisi ni aʒianima farigu yɔbu, Oregon nyɛla ban niŋ kpaŋ maŋa ni bɛ ku ariki zniŋ shikuruti din nyɛ bikura shikuruti ni. Tum din saha, Oregon ŋmaaila bɛ bikura shikuru laɣ dibo ka pa dɔni kɔbisinahi ni phiyɔbu tiŋgbani maa liɣiri di n-niŋ shikurubili yino kam ni. Amaa, yuuni 2007 zalisi daa ti shikuru ma liɣiri gari gɔmnanti ni tiriba shɛm amaa ka bɛ na bɔri pahibu 3% yuuni kam.<ref>{{cite news |title = Higher education gets higher priority |url = http://www.dailyemerald.com/2007/06/29/higher-education-gets-higher-priority/ |access-date = February 5, 2016 |work = Daily Emerald |date = June 29, 2007 |location = Eugene, OR |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205120706/http://www.dailyemerald.com/2007/06/29/higher-education-gets-higher-priority/ |archive-date = February 5, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon tabiri sɔŋdi Universiy nima dibaa ayɔpɔin mini di kpari bɔɣiri. Vihibu vihibu University nima dibaa ata m-be din ni: University of Oregon (UO) din be Eugene ni Oregon State University (OSU) din be [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], ka di zaa nyɛ University nima din niŋdi vihigu ka niŋdili yaɣa din kpa talahi, no [[Portland State University]] din gbaa nyɛ vihigu vihigu University din niŋdi di vihigu dalinli yɛltɔɣa kpɛma.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/ |title = New Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education Website Coming in January 2015 |publisher = [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] |date = October 8, 2014 |access-date = November 22, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120919181822/http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/ |archive-date = September 19, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Johnson Hall, University of Oregon (2014).JPG|thumb|right|Johnson Hall at the [[University of Oregon]]]] UO n-nyɛ tiŋgbani maa zaa University shɛli bɛ ni piigi<ref>{{cite web |url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/or?_sort=acceptance-rate&_sort-direction=asc&_mode=list |website = U.S. News & World Report |title = Colleges in Oregon |access-date = December 7, 2016 |archive-date = February 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210220151438/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/or?_sort=acceptance-rate&_sort-direction=asc&_mode=list |url-status = live }}</ref> gɔmnanti Universty, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' mini ''[[Forbes Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges|Forbes]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-oregon-3223 |website = U.S. News & World Report |title = University of Oregon |access-date = December 8, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161010150815/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-oregon-3223 |archive-date = October 10, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> OSU ko n-nyɛ University shɛli tiŋgbani maa ni ti polo, ka mali shikuru bihi pam ban yi tiŋgbani maa ni na yuuni 2014,<ref>{{cite news |title = Enrollment: UO falls, OSU gains |url = http://registerguard.com/rg/news/local/32403986-75/osu-student-enrollment-climbs-uos-drops-slightly.html.csp |newspaper = Register-Guard |author = Dietz, Diane |date = November 11, 2014 |access-date = December 30, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181207170611/https://www.registerguard.com/rg/news/local/32403986-75/osu-student-enrollment-climbs-uos-drops-slightly.html.csp |archive-date = December 7, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref> ka lahi nyɛ tiŋgbani maa University din du zuɣusaa kamani ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'', ''[[Washington Monthly]]'', n-ti pahi ''[[QS World University Rankings]] ni puli shɛm ni''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.arwu.org/ |title = Top 500 World Universities |access-date = October 3, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120214142516/http://www.arwu.org/ |archive-date = February 14, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> OSU n-deeri liɣiri din yɛn niŋ vihi shikuruti ni gari Oregon University nima zaa yi laɣim taba.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://oregonstate.edu/admissions/sites/default/files/transfer_poster.pdf |title = Oregon State University |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151022230915/http://oregonstate.edu/admissions/sites/default/files/transfer_poster.pdf |archive-date = October 22, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Tiŋ'titali ŋɔ Portland State University n-nyɛ Oregon shikuru din mali salo pam pahi buyi. Tiŋgbani maa malila University nima ata n-ti di yaɣyaɣa: [[Western Oregon University]] din be [[Monmouth, Oregon|Monmouth]], [[Southern Oregon University]] din be Ashland, ni [[Eastern Oregon University]] din be [[La Grande, Oregon|La Grande]]. [[Oregon Institute of Technology]] malila di shikuru duri [[Klamath Falls, Oregon|Klamath Falls]]. "Quasi-public [[Oregon Health & Science University]] (OHSU) includes medical, dental, and nursing schools, and graduate programs" din jendi tabiibi yaɣili Portland mini tabiibi shikuru Hillsboro. Tiŋgbani maa lahi tabiri sɔŋdi Kolɛji ni pishi ayi kani. [[File:Winter storm, January 2017, southeast Portland, Oregon - 26.jpg|thumb|right|Eliot Hall at [[Reed College]]]] Oregon nyɛla ʒingama shikuruti pam ni be, di pam bela Portland yaɣili. [[University of Portland]], din nyɛ Catholic university, nyɛla din tumdi ni [[Congregation of Holy Cross]]. [[Reed College]], Koleji din be Portland, ''[[Forbes]]'' daa pulimi sɔŋ Kolejinima din kpaŋdi di maŋa yuuni 2015 ni.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.forbes.com/colleges/reed-college/ |website = Forbes |title = Reed College |access-date = September 11, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150911204607/http://www.forbes.com/colleges/reed-college/ |archive-date = September 11, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> Ʒingamazuɣu shikuruti din pahi be Portland n-nyɛ [[Lewis & Clark College]]; [[Multnomah University]]; [[Portland Bible College]]; [[Warner Pacific College]]; [[Cascade College]];[[National University of Natural Medicine]]; ni [[Western Seminary]], adiini shikuru. [[Pacific University]] bela Portland tiŋgbani yaɣa zaŋ ti [[Forest Grove, Oregon|Forest Grove]]. Ʒingamazuɣu shikuruti lahi be south polo Willamette Valley. McMinnville ka [[Linfield College]] be, ka Newberg mi gba nyɛ luɣ'shɛli [[George Fox University]] ni be. Salem ka ʒingamzuɣu shikuiruti ayi be: [[Willamette University]] (tingbani maa ni kpa shɛli ka di yuui) n-ti pahi [[Corban University]]. Din gba lahi be Salem n-nyɛ [[Mount Angel Abbey|Mount Angel Seminary]], Amerika Roman Catholic kara puuni yini. Tiŋgbani maa alaafee bɔbu yaɣili shikuru din pahiri ayi, [[College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest]], bela Lebanon. Eugene malila ʒingamazuɣu Koleji dibaa ata: [[Bushnell University]], [[New Hope Christian College]], n-ti pahi [[Gutenberg College]]. ===Tourism and entertainment=== {{lahi nyɛma|Tourist attractions near Portland, Oregon|l1=Tourism near Portland|Tourism in Portland, Oregon|l2=Tourism in Portland}} [[File:OSF Elizabethan Stage.jpg|thumb|right|Elizabethan stage at the [[Oregon Shakespeare Festival]] in [[Ashland, Oregon|Ashland]]]] [[File:Hells Canyon Panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.45|Hells Canyon is one of the largest canyons in the United States.]] Gongili nya Naawuni namtɛri lahi nyɛla kpɛm pam tiŋ ŋɔ ni. Gongili nya Naawuni namtɛri nyɛla din duntam tiŋ ŋɔ tiŋgbani Naawuni namtɛri - zoya, tihi, kulisi, bahi, kom duɣibu shɛhi ni mɔɣa, nti pahi [[Crater Lake National Park]], [[Multnomah Falls]],[[Painted Hills]], Deschutes River, ni [[Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve|Oregon Caves]]. Mount Hood mini [[Mount Bachelor]] gba nyɛla din tooi nyari niriba yuuni kam.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2015/03/7_wonders_of_oregon_begins_sec.html |website = The Oregonian |date = March 1, 2015 |author = Richard, Terry |title = 7 Wonders of Oregon begin second Travel Oregon ad campaign season on TV, at movies |access-date = November 7, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153107/http://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2015/03/7_wonders_of_oregon_begins_sec.html |archive-date = November 9, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Aquarium tunnel.jpg|thumb|left|[[Oceanarium]] at the [[Oregon Coast Aquarium]]]] Portland gba lahi nyɛla yiŋ ti [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]], [[Portland Art Museum]], ni [[Oregon Zoo]], din nya binkɔbiri biɛhigu sheei kurili n-be [[Mississippi River]] nuzaa polo.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oregonzoo.org/about/about-oregon-zoo/history |title = History <nowiki>[of Oregon Zoo]</nowiki> |publisher = Oregon Zoo |access-date = April 11, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120420061452/http://www.oregonzoo.org/about/about-oregon-zoo/history |archive-date = April 20, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[International Rose Test Garden]] lahi nyɛla luɣishɛli din gba vori niriba tiŋ ŋɔ ni. Portland lahi nyɛla bɛ ni kahim ka di du n-gari tiŋsi zaa anduniya din be sabiri bɔbigu ni, nti pahi ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' mini [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite web |title = World's Best Street Food |url = http://travel.usnews.com/features/Worlds_Best_Street_Food/ |publisher = U.S. News |access-date = November 9, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120719090515/http://travel.usnews.com/features/Worlds_Best_Street_Food/ |archive-date = July 19, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = World's Best Street Food |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/07/19/worlds.best.street.food/ |publisher = CNN Travel |date = July 19, 2010 |access-date = November 9, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092603/http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/07/19/worlds.best.street.food/ |archive-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon n-nyɛ yiŋ zaŋ n-ti da' duɣiriba, ka Portland m-mali da' duɣiriba ban zooi anduniya zaa.<ref>{{cite web |title = Oregon's Beer Week gets under way |publisher = Knight-Ridder Tribune News Service |url = http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-242714/Oregon-s-Beer-Week-gets.html |date = July 5, 2005 |access-date = October 22, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071209004334/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-242714/Oregon-s-Beer-Week-gets.html |archive-date = December 9, 2007 |url-status = live }}</ref> Tiŋ ŋɔ yaɣa din be kulisi polo gba lahi nyɛla niriba ni tooi gori chani ti kaari shɛŋa.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://traveloregon.com/cities-regions/oregon-coast/ |website = Travel Oregon |title = Oregon Coast Information |access-date = December 10, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161125165721/http://traveloregon.com/cities-regions/oregon-coast/ |archive-date = November 25, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Oregon Coast Aquarium]] nyɛla din paai {{convert|23|acre}} zaŋ doli [[Yaquina Bay]] din be [[Newport, Oregon|Newport]], ka lahi nya yiŋ nti [[Keiko (orca)|Keiko]] orca zahim.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2008-05-06-oregon-coast_N.htm |title = Oregon's coast is easy and affordable to see by car |author = Frazier, Joseph B. |date = May 6, 2008 |website = USA Today |access-date = March 9, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081106111452/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2008-05-06-oregon-coast_N.htm |archive-date = November 6, 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref> Di pahi aquariums pia din be North America.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.coastalliving.com/travel/top-10/top-10-aquariums-00400000000285/ |title = Top 10 Aquariums |publisher = Coastal Living |access-date = March 9, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100303163714/http://www.coastalliving.com/travel/top-10/top-10-aquariums-00400000000285/ |archive-date = March 3, 2010 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Fort Clatsop]] din be [[Warrenton, Oregon|Warrenton]] nyɛla din pahi [[Lewis and Clark Expedition|Lewis and Clark]] taɣabu ni goŋbu din be Columbia moɣali noli ni yuuni 1805. [[Sea Lion Caves]] ŋan be [[Florence, Oregon|Florence]] n-nye teeinku caverns ŋan galisi U.S., ka lahi nya din vori saanba na pam.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sealioncaves.com/cave.php |website = Sea Lion Caves |title = Information |access-date = December 10, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170115015750/http://www.sealioncaves.com/cave.php |archive-date = January 15, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon wulin luhili polo, [[Oregon Shakespeare Festival]], din daa niŋ [[Ashland, Oregon|Ashland]], gba nyɛla din vori niriba na, ka mani [[Oregon Vortex]] ni [[Wolf Creek Inn State Heritage Site]], taarihi yaɣali shɛli polo [[Jack London]] ni daa sabi o yuuni 1913 novili ''[[The Valley of the Moon (novel)|Valley of the Moon]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://offbeatoregon.com/H1004aa_WolfCreekTav.html |website = Offbeat Oregon |title = Wolf Creek Inn was writing retreat for Jack London |author = John, Finn J.D. |date = April 4, 2010 |access-date = November 8, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161117033616/http://offbeatoregon.com/H1004aa_WolfCreekTav.html |archive-date = November 17, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon lahi tiŋ shɛli din mali yuli zaŋ chaŋ siniinim ŋmaabu polo ka di nyɛla di tiŋgbani ŋɔ biɛhigu zuɣu, ni di [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] ŋmanibu polo.<ref name="ORfilm">{{cite web |url = http://oregonfilm.org/docs/Oregon_Filmography.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140814050842/http://www.oregonfilm.org/docs/Oregon_Filmography.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date = August 14, 2014 |title = Filmed in Oregon 1908–2015 |website = Oregon Film Council |access-date = December 27, 2015 }}</ref> sinii shɛŋa din ŋmaai Oregon n-nye: ''[[National Lampoon's Animal House|Animal House]]'', ''[[Free Willy]]'', ''[[The General (1927 film)|The General]]'', ''[[The Goonies]]'', ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'', ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'', ni ''[[Stand by Me (film)|Stand By Me]]''. Oregon dahalali [[Matt Groening]], ŋun nam ''[[The Simpsons]]'', nyɛla ya din be Portland n-ŋmaai siniinima din ŋmɛri TV zuɣu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=12392 |title = Matt Groening's Portland |first = Don |last = Hamilton |website = The Portland Tribune |date = July 19, 2002 |access-date = March 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070224031814/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=12392 |archive-date = February 24, 2007 |url-status = live }}</ref> Din pahi, TV purogaami nim pam nyɛla bɛ ni ŋmaai shɛŋa tiŋ ŋɔ, ka di shɛŋa n-nye ''[[Portlandia]]'', ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'', ''[[Bates Motel (TV series)|Bates Motel]]'', ni ''[[Leverage (American TV series)|Leverage]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://oregonfilm.org/oregon-film-history/|title=Oregon Film History|date=May 17, 2016|website=Welcome to Oregon Film|language=en-US|access-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530044050/https://oregonfilm.org/oregon-film-history/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Oregon Film Museum]] nyɛla din be Clatsop County Jail kurili din be [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]]. Yaɣa, [[Blockbuster (Bend, Oregon)|last remaining Blockbuster store]] nyɛla din be Bend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.today.com/news/blockbuster-bend-oregon-now-last-one-world-t149962|title=This Blockbuster in Oregon is now the last one in the world|last=Stump|first=Scott|date=March 7, 2019|website=[[Today.com|Today]]|access-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> ===Technology=== Tabibi yaɣali du kara din be [[Silicon Forest]] n-nye din kpuɣi tuma pam tum yuma 1970. [[Tektronix]] n-daa nye zangama tuma din kpuɣi tuma Oregon hali yuma 1980. [[Intel Corporation|Intel]] nambu ni di yaligi [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington County]] toondini polo daa tuɣi zooi Tektronix ni daa piligi shɛm maa. Intel, tiŋ ŋɔ zangama tuma duu din rkpuɣi tuma di<ref name="oreg-2013jul17">{{cite news |last = Rogoway |first = Mike |title = Intel offers downbeat outlook as PC sales slump |newspaper = The Oregonian |date = July 17, 2013 |url = http://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/index.ssf/2013/07/intel_releases_second-quarter.html |access-date = October 7, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131026053728/http://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/index.ssf/2013/07/intel_releases_second-quarter.html |archive-date = October 26, 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="OPB-Intel-2022">{{cite web |last1=Davidson |first1=Kate |title=Oregon's largest private employer, Intel, announces plans to expand in Europe |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2022/03/15/intel-expands-europe-plans-build-fab-facilities-diversify-chip-industry/ |publisher=[[OPB]] |access-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316162157/https://www.opb.org/article/2022/03/15/intel-expands-europe-plans-build-fab-facilities-diversify-chip-industry/ |archive-date=March 16, 2022 |date=March 15, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> tumdila yaɣa anahi, ni Ronler Acres, Jones Farm ni Hawthorn Farm, din zaa be [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/01/intel_profits_slide_company_un.html |title = Intel profits slide, company uncertain about outlook |last = Rogoway |first = Mike |date = January 15, 2009 |work = The Oregonian |access-date = January 16, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116050123/http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/01/intel_profits_slide_company_un.html |archive-date = January 16, 2009 |url-status = live }}</ref> Lala tuma duri ayi ŋɔ ni daa piligi shɛm ŋɔ n-ti su Silicon Forest kpabu. Di nyuubu ni [[Dot-com bubble|dot-com bust of 2001]] daa tɔ yaɣali ŋɔ pam; tabibi tuma yaɣa bɔbigu daa booi bɛ tuun' tumdiba bee ka bɛ zali tuma. [[Open Source Development Labs]] daa yina lahabali ni yuuni 2004 din daa niŋ ka bɛ haayi [[Linus Torvalds]], ŋun daa nam [[Linux kernel]]. Yuuni 2010, [[biotechnology]] gɔni [[Genentech]] daa yooi$400&nbsp;million tuma duzuɣu [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]] ni di kpaŋsi bɛ tuma.<ref name="genentech expansion">{{cite news |last = Rogoway |first = Mike |title = Genentech opens in Hillsboro, fueling Oregon's biotech aspirations |url = http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2010/04/genentech_opens_in_hillsboro_f.html |access-date = October 7, 2013 |newspaper = The Oregonian |date = April 5, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212182444/http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2010/04/genentech_opens_in_hillsboro_f.html |archive-date = December 12, 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon nyɛla yiŋ ti [[Data center|datacenters]] pam din kpuɣi niɣilim buɣim soochi ni tiŋgbani ŋɔ biɛhigu n-zaŋ booi bɛ daa. [[Google]] nyɛla din mali datacenter karili [[The Dalles, Oregon|The Dalles]], ka [[Facebook]] mɛ datacenter karili miri [[Prineville, Oregon|Prineville]] yuuni 2010. [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] daa yooi datacenter miri [[Boardman, Oregon|Boardman]] yuuni 2011, ni alikawuli palibu shee [[Troutdale, Oregon|Troutdale]] yuuni 2018.<ref name="amazon data center">{{cite news |last = Rogoway |first = Mike |title = Amazon confirms its data center near Boardman has begun operating |url = http://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/index.ssf/2011/11/amazon_confirms_its_data_cente.html |access-date = October 7, 2013 |newspaper = The Oregonian |date = November 9, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212181810/http://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/index.ssf/2011/11/amazon_confirms_its_data_cente.html |archive-date = December 12, 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2018/08/amazon_begins_hiring_for_1500.html |title = Amazon begins hiring for 1,500 Troutdale warehouse jobs |last = Rogoway |first = Mike |date = August 7, 2018 |work = The Oregonian |access-date = October 4, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225835/https://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2018/08/amazon_begins_hiring_for_1500.html |archive-date = October 4, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref> ===Corporate headquarters=== [[File:Nike Headquarters Oregon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] headquarters near [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]]]] Oregon lahi nyɛla yiŋ' zaŋ nti tuma duzuɣu kara. [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] anduniya zaa tuma duzuɣu nyɛla din miri [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]]. Medford tiŋ' n-nye [[Harry and David]], ka di kohiri pini tibo niɛma balibu balibu. Medford n-lahi nye [[Lithia Motors]] tuma duzuɣu ni be. Portland lahi nyɛla yiŋ' ti West tuma duzuɣu karili din zaŋdi kundunim wuhiri salo yiya, [[Graphic Arts Center Publishing]]. Oregon lahi nyɛla yiŋ ti [[Mentor Graphics|Mentor Graphics Corporation]], anduniya zaa ban be niɣilim buɣim kpatɔɣa malibu tooni, ka di be [[Wilsonville, Oregon|Wilsonville]] ka tooi kpuɣi tuun' tumdiba kalli ka mani tusaanahi ni kobisinu anduniya. [[Adidas|Adidas Corporations]] American tuma duzuɣu be la Portland ka kpuɣi niriba kalli ka mani kobisiwɔi (900) tuma ni di duzuɣu ŋan be Portland .<ref>{{cite web |url = https://careers.adidas-group.com/locations/headquarters/portland |website = Adidas |title = Portland–Adidas Group |access-date = April 17, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170417071218/https://careers.adidas-group.com/locations/headquarters/portland |archive-date = April 17, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Nike, din ne Beaverton, kpuɣi niriba kallli ka mani tusaanu (5,000) tuma ni di duzuɣu din be {{convert|200|acre|ha|adj=on}}. Nike Beaverton di ni la nyɛla saha kam din be tooni tuma kpuɣibu polo Portland yaɣali ŋɔ ni nyintahi Adidas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nikeinc.com/pages/locations |title = Nike Locations |website = Nike |access-date = March 27, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140327003030/http://nikeinc.com/pages/locations |archive-date = March 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> [[Intel|Intel Corporation]] kpuɣi niriba tuhipishi ni ayi (22,000) tuma ni Oregon<ref name="OPB-Intel-2022" /> ka ban zooi bɛ ni nyɛla ban be tuma ŋɔ duzuɣu ŋan be Hillsboro ka di waɣilim ni Portland nye minti pihita chandi. Intel n-nye din kpuɣi tuma di Oregon tum yuuni 1974.<ref>{{cite web |website = Corporate Responsibility |title = Intel in Oregon |publisher = Intel |url = http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/corporate-responsibility/intel-in-oregon.html |access-date = May 3, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627022827/http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/corporate-responsibility/intel-in-oregon.html |archive-date = June 27, 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Largest [[Public company|Public Corporations]] Headquartered in Oregon (December 2016)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nasdaq.com/screening/companies-by-region.aspx?region=North+America&country=United%20States&state=OR&sortname=marketcap&sorttype=1 |website = NASDAQ |title = Companies in Oregon |access-date = December 30, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170417072058/http://www.nasdaq.com/screening/companies-by-region.aspx?region=North+America&country=United%20States&state=OR&sortname=marketcap&sorttype=1 |archive-date = April 17, 2017 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> |- ! # !! Corporation || Headquarters || [[Market capitalization|Market cap]] (billions US$) |- | 1. || [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]||[[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]]||91.35 |- | 2. || [[FLIR Systems]]||[[Wilsonville, Oregon|Wilsonville]]|| 4.77 |- | 3. || [[Portland General Electric Company|Portland General Electric]] || [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] || 4.05 |- | 4. || [[Columbia Sportswear]]|| Beaverton||4.03 |- | 5. || [[Umpqua Holdings Corporation]] || Portland || 3.68 |- | 6. || [[Lithia Motors]]|| [[Medford, Oregon|Medford]] ||2.06 |- | 7. || [[NW Natural|Northwest Natural Gas]]||Portland||1.7 |- | 8. || [[The Greenbrier Companies]]||[[Lake Oswego]]||1.25 |} U.S. Federal Government mini Providence alaafee yaɣa n-nye ban kpaɣari tuma kpuɣibu polo Oregon ka di kalli yiɣisi tuhipia ni ayi (12,000) federal tuun' tumdiba ni tuhipia ni anahi (14,000) Providence alaafee tuun' tumdiba. Yuuni 2015, kompinnim ka mani diba apɔin din duzuɣuri be Oregon daa pahi [[Fortune 1000]]: ka Nike be 106; [[Precision Castparts Corp.]] 302; Lithia Motors, 482; [[StanCorp Financial Group]] at 804; [[Schnitzer Steel Industries]], 853; [[The Greenbrier Companies]], 948; ni [[Columbia Sportswear]], 982.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/2015/06/oregon-lands-7-companies-on-fortune-1000-up-from-5.html |website = Portland Business Journal |title = Oregon lands 7 companies on Fortune 1000, up from 5 last year |author = Walker, Mason |date = June 4, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152851/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/2015/06/oregon-lands-7-companies-on-fortune-1000-up-from-5.html |archive-date = November 9, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> == Zalikpana mini gɔmnanti == {{See also|Government of Oregon}} [[File:OregonCapitolTop.jpg|thumb|upright|Golden Pioneer atop the [[Oregon State Capitol]]]] Sabi sabira ŋun be [[Oregon Country]] buku din yuli booni book ''A Pacific Republic nyɛla o ni daa sabi shɛli yuuni'' 1839, ka daa buɣisi ni "territory" nyɛla din yɛn leei maŋsulinsi tiŋgbani. Yuma anahi nyaaŋa, yuuni 1843, ninvuɣ shɛba ban be Willamette Valleynyɛla ban daa piigi pam zaŋ n-ti republican biɛhigu zaŋ n-ti gomnanti.<ref>Allen, Cain (2006). [http://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/a-pacific-republic/ "A Pacific Republic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827132454/https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/a-pacific-republic/ |date=August 27, 2016 }}. ''The Oregon History Project''. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved June 17, 2016.</ref> Oregon Country nyɛla din daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋ lala hali ni silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pinaata dali yuuni 1848, din daa niŋ ka U.S. territorial gomnanti daa piligi biɛhigu ni taba. Oregon nyɛla din daa kuli na gbubi territorial government hali ni silimiin goli February biɛɣ'pinaanahi dali yuuni 1859 din daa niŋ ka bɛ ti li [[U.S. state|statehood]].{{Sfn|Johnson|1904|p=296}} ===Structure=== Oregon tiŋgbani yaɣili gomnanti nyɛla din mali [[separation of powers]] ka di ŋmani [[federal government of the United States|federal government]] yaɣa dibaa ata: * [[legislature|legislative branch]] ( [[bicameral]] [[Oregon Legislative Assembly]]), * [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] ka di puuni nyɛ "administrative department" mini [[Governor of Oregon|Oregon's governor]] nyɛ chief executive, n-ti pahi * [[Judiciary|judicial branch]], ŋun nyɛ di kpɛma nyɛ [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] zaŋ n-ti [[Oregon Supreme Court]]. Governors din be Oregon nyɛla yuma anahi saha ka di tariga nyɛ buyi m-bo pani taba amaa ka ni tooi m-bo li kalinli ka. Oregon nyɛla din ka [[Lieutenant governor (United States)|lieutenant governor]]; di yi ti niŋ ka zaashee zaŋ n-ti governor lu Article{{nbsp}}V, Section 8a zaŋ n-ti [[Oregon Constitution]] wuhiya ni [[Oregon Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] nyɛ ŋun yɛn deei.<ref name="articlev">{{cite web |title = Constitution of Oregon (Article V) |year = 2007 |website = Oregon Blue Book |publisher = State of Oregon |url = https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state-constitution.aspx |access-date = March 12, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073529/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state-constitution.aspx |archive-date = October 24, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref> Ninvuɣ shɛba ban gba ni tooi deei li nyɛ [[Oregon State Treasurer|Treasurer]], [[Oregon Attorney General|Attorney General]] n-ti pahi [[Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries|Labor Commissioner]]. {| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 22em" |+ Federally recognized tribes in Oregon |- |{{unbulleted list| * [[Burns Paiute Tribe]] * [[Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians]] * [[Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde]] * [[Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians]] * [[Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs]] * [[Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation]] * [[Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians]] * [[Klamath Tribes]] * [[Coquille Indian Tribe]] }} |} === Ballot measures === Oregon zalikpana kundu nyɛla ti soli ni ban niŋdi piibupiibu piiri piibupiibu gbanchehi ni tu ni di niŋ shɛ. Yuuni 2002 piibu piibu ni, Oregon piibu piibu niŋdiba daa saɣiti "[[Oregon Ballot Measure 25 (2002)|ballot measure]]" ni di kpaŋsi tiŋa maa tuuntumdiba yori, bɛ ni mali [[consumer price index]] (CPI) buɣisiri shɛli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ors 653.025|url=https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors653.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053355/https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors653.html|archive-date=January 30, 2019|access-date=January 29, 2019|website=State of Oregon}}</ref> Yuuni 2004 piibupiibu ni, Oregon piibu piibu niŋdiba daa yina ti zaɣisipaɣa mini paɣa bee doo mini doo taba bɔbu<ref>{{cite web|title=November 2, 2004, General Election Abstract of Votes: STATE MEASURE NO. 36|url=https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Pages/electionhistory.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211011959/http://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Pages/electionhistory.aspx|archive-date=December 11, 2013|access-date=November 17, 2008|publisher=[[Oregon Secretary of State]]|format=PDF}}</ref> ni tiŋgbani zaŋ ku bukaata zalisi zaɣisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bradbury|first=Bill|author-link=Bill Bradbury|date=November 6, 2007|title=Official Results—November 6, 2007 Special Election|url=https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Pages/electionhistory.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211011959/http://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Pages/electionhistory.aspx|archive-date=December 11, 2013|access-date=December 27, 2008|website=Elections Division|publisher=[[Oregon Secretary of State]]}}</ref> Yuuni 2006 piibu piibu ni, daa lahi zaɣisi "[[Oregon Ballot Measure 39 (2006)|eminent domain]]" zalisi ka daa yɛligi tiŋgbani maa tima dabu.<ref>{{cite web|title=November 7, 2006, general election abstracts of votes: state measure no. 39|url=https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Pages/electionhistory.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211011959/http://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Pages/electionhistory.aspx|archive-date=December 11, 2013|access-date=March 12, 2011|publisher=State of Oregon|format=PDF}}</ref> Yuuni 2020 piibu piibu ni, Oregon piibu piibu niŋdiba daa saɣiti [[2020 Oregon Ballot Measure 110|ballot measure]] ka daa bi saɣiti pala zuɣu tima din bi galisi bi'betali kamani tima din gbaai cocaine mini heroin, ka nyɛ tiŋgbani din niŋ tuuli niŋ lala bini ŋɔ bɛ ni daa mɔŋ lala tima ŋɔ zaŋ tum tumma lala tinsi ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Levin|first1=Sam|date=November 4, 2020|title=Oregon becomes first US state to decriminalize possession of hard drugs|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/03/oregon-drugs-decriminalize-arizona-new-jersey-marijuana|url-status=live|access-date=November 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104074027/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/03/oregon-drugs-decriminalize-arizona-new-jersey-marijuana|archive-date=November 4, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli ka di nasara gabi yuma ata nyaaŋa di ni zali,ka ŋmeri kuŋ bɔri taɣibu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oregon cities join police, prosecutors in push to recriminalize drug possession|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2023/11/02/oregon-cities-police-prosecutors-pushs-recriminalize-drug-possession/|access-date=2024-02-02|website=opb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Kim|first=E. Tammy|date=2024-01-15|title=A Drug-Decriminalization Fight Erupts in Oregon|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/01/22/a-new-drug-war-in-oregon|access-date=2024-02-02|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Ka tima nyubu yiriŋ yiriŋ niriba kubu kpaŋsi, zaŋ ŋmahindi tiŋgbani din pahi pahi ka taɣibu bi tooi kana zaŋ ti lala baina nima ŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-19|title=Oregon's Drug Decriminalization Law Faces Growing Pushback Amid Fentanyl Crisis|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/oregon-s-drug-decriminalization-law-faces-growing-pushback-amid-fentanyl-crisis-/7361234.html|access-date=2024-02-06|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-02|title=Three years after decriminalization, Oregon frets over drug use|url=https://news.yahoo.com/three-years-decriminalization-oregon-frets-012720089.html|access-date=2024-02-06|website=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref> Yuuni 2024, Governor Kotek daa yina ti lahi dihi gbana ni, ni lala tima ŋɔ nyɛla bi'belim ka daa lahi bɔ liɣiri sɔŋsi alaafee kpaŋsibu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Conrad|date=April 1, 2024|title=Oregon governor signs bill criminalizing drug possession|work=Oregon Public Broadcasting|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2024/04/01/drug-possession-oregon-kotek-sign-bill/|access-date=June 18, 2024}}</ref> Yuuni 2020 tiŋgbani maa gba daa lahi saɣiti "[[2020 Oregon Ballot Measure 109|a ballot measure]]" ni di nam "[[psilocybin]]" din mali adlichi zaŋ ti tima zaŋ tum tuma, ka di niŋ tuuli tiŋgbani din saɣiti lala tim ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite news|last=Acker|first=Lizzy|date=November 3, 2020|title=Oregon becomes first state to legalize psychedelic mushrooms|work=The Oregonian|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2020/11/oregon-becomes-first-state-to-legalize-psychedelic-mushrooms.html|access-date=July 29, 2024}}</ref> ===Federal representation=== Kamani U.S. tiŋ'kara zaa, [[United States Senate|senators]] dibaa ayi n zani ti Oregon. Yuuni [[1980 United States census|1980 census]] ni wuhi shɛm, Oregon malila [[Oregon's congressional districts|congressional districts]] yaɣa dibaa anu. Oregon ni daa kpe la laɣingu ŋɔ ni, ninvuɣi yino ka bɛ daa zaŋ tu ka o zani ti lala laɣingu ŋo ni House of Representatives ([[La Fayette Grover]], ŋun daa tum ti [[35th U.S. Congress]] ka daa leei bi paai goli din ni). [[United States congressional apportionment|Congressional apportionment]] daa pahila salo kalinli yuma din gbaai [[1890 United States Census|1890]], [[1910 United States Census|1910]], [[1940 United States Census|1940]], ni yuuni 1980. Yuuni [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] ni, Oregon daa nyɛla ʒi'shɛhi dibaa ayɔbu. Bɛ daa pali yuuni [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections|2022 Congressional Elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/04/26/oregon-6th-seat-congress-us-census/|title=Oregon to get 6th seat in Congress|first=Dirk|last=VanderHart|publisher=[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]]|access-date=April 30, 2021|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429040600/https://www.opb.org/article/2021/04/26/oregon-6th-seat-congress-us-census/|url-status=live}}</ref> Orego sahashɛli mini saha ŋɔ lalalaɣingu ŋɔ ni ʒia taarihi beni. [[U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon]] chani la kootu tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Kootu maa malila kootu duri [[Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse|Portland]], [[Wayne L. Morse United States Courthouse|Eugene]], Medford, ni Pendleton. Yaha, di lahi mali shɛli Portland , ka lahi mali kparibɔɣu shɛli din be Eugene.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.orb.uscourts.gov/ |title = United States Bankruptcy Court, District of Oregon |publisher = U.S. Courts |access-date = December 14, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19991129005743/http://www.orb.uscourts.gov/ |archive-date = November 29, 1999 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon (kamani western tiŋgbana din pahi) n-nyɛ [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Court of Appeals]]. Luɣ'shɛŋa laɣinsi maa ni ʒiini shɛli n-nyɛ [[Pioneer Courthouse]] din be Portland sirigili, [[National Historic Landmark]] shɛli din me yuuni 1869. ===Siyaasa tali=== {{Main|Politics of Oregon}} {{See also|Political party strength in Oregon}} [[File:United States presidential election in Oregon, 2016.svg|thumb|right|[[Treemap]] of the popular vote by county (2016 presidential election)]] [[File:Oregon voter reg 1950-2006.png|thumb|right|Party registration in Oregon, 1950–2006 {{legend-col|thumb size=narrow |{{legend|purple|Total}} |{{legend|red|Democratic Party}} |{{legend|yellow|Republican Party}} |{{legend|green|Non-affiliated or other}} }} ]] [[File:Party registration by Oregon county.svg|thumb|Party registration by Oregon county (February 2023) {{legend-col|thumb size=narrow |{{legend|#d3e7ff|2=Democrat ≥ 30%}} |{{legend|#b9d7ff|2=Democrat ≥ 40%}} |{{legend|#86b6f2|2=Democrat ≥ 50%}} |{{legend|#ffccd0|2=Republican ≥ 30%}} |{{legend|#f2b3be|2=Republican ≥ 40%}} |{{legend|#e27f90|2=Republican ≥ 50%}} |{{legend|#aaffaa|2=Unaffiliated ≥ 30%}} |{{legend|#aade87|2=Unaffiliated ≥ 40%}} }} ]] Siyaasa tali Oregon nyɛla din wali wali niŋdi [[Cascade Range]], [[Western Oregon]], [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] n-ti pahi [[Eastern Oregon]] ka di nyɛ [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/05/politics_of_place_in_northeast.html |website = The Oregonian |title = Politics of Place: In northeastern Oregon, politics revolve around natural resources |author = Kost, Ryan |date = May 5, 2012 |access-date = April 17, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525074216/http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/05/politics_of_place_in_northeast.html |archive-date = May 25, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Yuuni 2008 vihigu niŋbu zaŋ jandi yuuni 2004 gomnanti tali piibu-piibu, siyaasa baŋda yɛliya ni lahabali din yina [[Likert scale]], Oregon nyɛla ban yɛli ni ban mali liberal Kerry ninvuɣ shɛba ban niŋdi piibu-piibu pam ka di zuɣu che ka lala yaɣili ŋɔ siyaasa niŋbu yaɣili tiŋgbani maa ni.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2008/05/oregon-swing-state-or-latte-drinking.html |agency = FiveThirtyEight.com |first = Nate |last = Silver |author-link = Nate Silver |title = Oregon: Swing state or latte-drinking, Prius-driving lesbian commune? |date = May 17, 2008 |access-date = February 24, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100307020113/http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2008/05/oregon-swing-state-or-latte-drinking.html |archive-date = March 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Yɛlimahimaŋ piligu sɔŋsim nyɛla din be urban centers zaŋ n-ti Willamette Valley. Kalinli kamani dibaa ata puuni dibaa ayi nyɛla Cascade Mountains nyɛla ban piiri Republican; Yuuni 2000 mini yuuni [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], [[George W. Bush]] nyɛla ŋun daa zaŋ yaɣili kam din be tiŋgbani maa ni tooi piiri paati shɛli wuhi salo. Yuuni 2008, Republican Senate ŋun daa na be nam ni [[Gordon H. Smith]] daa koŋ nasara amaa ka leei nya nasara [[2008 United States Senate election in Oregon|yaɣa dibaa anii ni]] . O Democratic ninvuɣ so ŋun daa kpaɣiri o , Jeff Merkley, daa di la Multnomah County ni kalinli din yiɣisi 142,000 ka di nyɛ din gari ʒiʒibuyi o ni daa ni daa nya kalinli shɛli. Oregonians nyɛla ban daa niŋdi bɛ piibu-piibu zaŋ n-ti [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] gomnanti tali bora piibu-piibu kam puuni tum yuuni 1988. Yuuni 2004 mini yuuni 2006, Democrats daa nya nasara zaŋ n-ti State Senate. Tum yuuni 2023, Oregon nyɛla ban mali Democrats niriba anahi mini [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] niriba ayi [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Tum yuuni 2009, tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali had two Democratic U.S. senators nima ayi, [[Ron Wyden]] mini [[Jeff Merkley]]. Oregon piibu-piibu niŋdiba nyɛla ban piiri Democratic governors piibu-piibu kam puuni tum yuuni 1986, na yolimi piigi [[Tina Kotek]] ka che Republican [[Christine Drazan]] mini ŋun daa zani o gama [[Betsy Johnson]] yuuni 2022 piibu-piibu ni. Oregon's taarihi puuni, di nyɛla din kpaɣi piibu-piibu tuma taɣibu [[Progressive Era]] ka di nyɛla [[William Simon U'Ren|William S. U'Ren]] mini o [[Direct Legislation League]] kpaŋmaŋ ni. O toondan tali ni, yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din daa saɣi n-ti "ballot measure" yuuni 1902 ka di daa che ka bɛ nam [[Popular initiative|initiative]] mini [[referendum]] zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani maa bilichini nima ka di daa che ka Oregon tuuli tiŋgbani maa yaɣ'shɛli din daa piligi li. Zuŋɔ,U.S. tiŋgbani yaɣa pam nyɛla ban niŋdi li.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.iandrinstitute.org/statewide_i&r.htm |publisher = State Initiative & Referendum Institute at USC |title = State Initiative and Referendum Summary |access-date = November 27, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160211180917/http://www.iandrinstitute.org/statewide_i%26r.htm |archive-date = February 11, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Eighth Annual Report on Oregon's Death with Dignity Act |publisher = Oregon Department of Human Services |date = March 9, 2006 |url = http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/docs/year8.pdf |access-date = June 11, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070614111336/http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/docs/year8.pdf |archive-date = June 14, 2007 |url-status = live }}</ref> Yuuni 1994, Oregon nyɛla ban daa piligi Oregon Health Plan ka di che ka alaafee m-bo n-ti tiŋgbani maa bilichini nima niŋ alaha .<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.oregon.gov/oha/healthplan/DataReportsDocs/Oregon%20Health%20Plan%20-%20An%20historical%20overview.pdf |website = Oregon Department of Human Services |title = Oregon Health Plan: An Historical Review |access-date = December 28, 2016 |date = July 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525082628/https://www.oregon.gov/oha/healthplan/DataReportsDocs/Oregon%20Health%20Plan%20-%20An%20historical%20overview.pdf |archive-date = May 25, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Oregon koŋko nyɛ tiŋgbani maa yaɣ'shɛli din na bi yihi bɛ toondanima nam ka bɛ saha na bi paa n-ti pahi governor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=GARY A. WARNER Oregon Capital |title=Threat of impeachment works in New York, but not in Oregon |url=https://www.oregoncapitalinsider.com/news/threat-of-impeachment-works-in-new-york-but-not-in-oregon/article_1a44aaf0-fbe5-11eb-9cd2-6b2999a4d24a.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Oregon Capital Insider |date=August 12, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513045217/https://www.oregoncapitalinsider.com/news/threat-of-impeachment-works-in-new-york-but-not-in-oregon/article_1a44aaf0-fbe5-11eb-9cd2-6b2999a4d24a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di yi niŋ ka bɛ yihi kpɛma nam ni bɛ yɛn labimi niŋ piibu-piibu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=GARY A. WARNER Oregon Capital |title=Quirks of 19th century constitution upend 21st century legislature |url=https://www.oregoncapitalinsider.com/news/quirks-of-19th-century-constitution-upend-21st-century-legislature/article_5a4443a6-e9f8-11ed-ab30-63a9f5e7479d.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Oregon Capital Insider |date=May 4, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513045213/https://www.oregoncapitalinsider.com/news/quirks-of-19th-century-constitution-upend-21st-century-legislature/article_5a4443a6-e9f8-11ed-ab30-63a9f5e7479d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di nyɛla din be tiŋgbani yaɣ'shɛŋa din ka lieutenant governor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=GARY A. WARNER Oregon Capital |title=Anniversary for oddly Oregon |url=https://www.oregoncapitalinsider.com/news/anniversary-for-oddly-oregon/article_009defc8-ac45-11ed-a329-63ae4a96aec8.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Oregon Capital Insider |date=February 14, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513045214/https://www.oregoncapitalinsider.com/news/anniversary-for-oddly-oregon/article_009defc8-ac45-11ed-a329-63ae4a96aec8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gbaŋsabira zaŋ n-ti yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ tuuli ninvuɣ so ŋun yɛn deei governor di yi ti niŋ ka o che tuma . Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din daa niŋ yuuni 2015 din daa niŋ ka Gov. [[John Kitzhaber]] daa yina n-ti yɛli ni o che tuma ka gbaŋsabira zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ [[Kate Brown]] daa leei governor. Brown daa di piibu-piibu din daa niŋ yuuni 2016 n-daa labi deei zaashee ŋɔ ka daa di yuma anahi saha yuuni 2018. Democratic ŋun daa na be nam ni [[Barack Obama]] daa di yaɣili ŋɔ ni waliginsim din yiɣisi kɔbigi puuni vaabu pinaayi ka walinginsim ŋɔ nyɛ din daa gari kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ni anahi yuuni 2012. Yuuni 2016 piibu-piibu, [[Hillary Clinton]] nyɛla ŋun daa di Oregon ni kɔbigi puuni punchɛ pin'yini .<ref>{{cite news |title = Oregon Presidential Race Results: Hillary Clinton Wins |url = https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/oregon-president-clinton-trump |access-date = February 21, 2017 |work = The New York Times |date = December 13, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170131014029/http://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/oregon-president-clinton-trump |archive-date = January 31, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Yuuni [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]], [[Joe Biden]] daa di Oregon ni kɔbigi puuni punchɛ pinaayobu n-daa gari [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="Leip, David">{{cite web |url = http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ |title = General Election Results—Oregon |publisher = United States Election Atlas |access-date = November 18, 2016 |author = Leip, David |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180709214827/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ |archive-date = July 9, 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref> Yuuni 2020 vihigu daa wuhiya ni Oregon nyɛla bɛ ni daa piigi luɣ'shɛli piibu-piibu ni niŋ alaha zaŋ n-ti bilichininima ni piibu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Oregon nyɛla din labi nya [[Capital punishment|death penalty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state|title=State by State &#124; Death Penalty Information Center}}</ref> ==Dɛma ni yiɣijam== {{See also|Sports in Portland, Oregon}} [[File:Portland Trail Blazers, Dec. 26, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Rose Garden (arena)|Moda Center]] (formerly the Rose Garden) during a [[Portland Trail Blazers]] game]] Oregon nyɛla tiŋ'shɛli dɛma ni yiɣijam dundɔna dibaa ata ni be: [[Portland Trail Blazers]] zaŋ ti [[National Basketball Association|NBA]], [[Portland Thorns FC]] zaŋ ti [[National Women's Soccer League|NWSL]] ni [[Portland Timbers]] zaŋ ti [[Major League Soccer|MLS]].<ref name=timbers>[http://portlandtimbers.com/newsroom/headlines/index.html?article_id=1108 "MLS awards team to Portland for 2011"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327150624/http://portlandtimbers.com/newsroom/headlines/index.html?article_id=1108 |date=March 27, 2009 }} Portland Timbers, March 20, 2009.</ref> Zaŋ na ni yuuni 2011, Oregon dɛma ni yiɣijam dundɔŋ din daa beni daa nyɛla Portland Trail Blazers zaŋ ti National Basketball Association. Bini din gbaai 1970s zaŋ chaŋ 1990s, Blazers dɛma ni yiɣijam din zani di naba zuɣu NBA ni zaŋ kana nasara ni lubu polo.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1755418-ranking-the-top-25-players-in-portland-trail-blazers-history |website = Bleacher Report |title = Ranking the Top 25 Players in Portland Trail Blazers History |author = Wieranga, Jay |date = August 31, 2013 |access-date = December 28, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161217074403/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1755418-ranking-the-top-25-players-in-portland-trail-blazers-history |archive-date = December 17, 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> 21st&nbsp;century piligu, dɛma ni yiɣijam ŋɔ daa pili nyaaŋa labbu ka di nyɛ laɣ'pooli mini niriba kalinsi, amaa ka daa labi neei sahashɛli bol'ŋmɛri shɛban yɛla tɔ mini ban daa kpena ni kamani [[Brandon Roy]] mini [[LaMarcus Aldridge]], n-ti pahi ŋun yuli daa booni [[Damian Lillard]]. ka na kuli nyɛ lala yuli ŋɔ <ref name= samsmith>{{cite web |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15321476/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061028083440/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15321476/ |url-status = dead |archive-date = October 28, 2006 |title = Blazers stalled until bad apples go |last = Smith |first = Sam |date = October 18, 2006 |access-date = January 15, 2008 |publisher = MSN |website = MSNBC }}</ref><ref name=mejia>{{cite news |url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/sportsline/main10406427.shtml |title = Oden's loss hurts, but team in good hands |access-date = January 15, 2008 |publisher = CBS |work = News |last = Mejia |first = Tony |date = October 13, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081206103536/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/sportsline/main10406427.shtml |archive-date = December 6, 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref> TBlazers daa ŋmeka [[Moda Center]] din be Portland's Lloyd District, din ŋma nyɛ [[Portland Winterhawks]] zaŋ ti [[junior ice hockey|junior]] [[Western Hockey League]] yiŋa.<ref name=rosequarter>{{cite web |url = http://www.rosequarter.com/RoseQuarter/Venues/tabid/84/ |title = Venues |access-date = January 15, 2008 |publisher = Rose Quarter |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313112817/http://www.rosequarter.com/RoseQuarter/Venues/tabid/84/ |archive-date = March 13, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Portland Timbers daa ŋmela [[Providence Park]], Portland west sirigili polo. Timbers nyɛla ban mali nyaadɔliba pam, ka bɛ tooi zooi ka bɛ kɔhiri bɛ dɛma.<ref name="Wahl">{{cite web |last = Wahl |first = Grant |url = http://soccer.si.com/2014/03/14/2014-mls-ambition-rankings-toronto-fc-leiweke-bradley-defoe-dempsey/ |title = 2014 MLS Ambition Rankings: Toronto FC rises to No. 1 &#124; Planet Futbol—SI.com |publisher = Soccer.si.com |date = March 14, 2014 |access-date = April 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182713/http://soccer.si.com/2014/03/14/2014-mls-ambition-rankings-toronto-fc-leiweke-bradley-defoe-dempsey/ |archive-date = March 21, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Timbers daa labbi zaŋ paaki din daa dɛmdi deenbɔbigu lee naba ni ko bolli paaki yuuni 2010 naabu ni, ka daa pahi binʒihi di puuni.<ref name=pgepark>{{cite web |url = http://www.pgepark.com/stadium/events/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060719200728/http://www.pgepark.com/stadium/events/ |url-status=dead |archive-date = July 19, 2006 |title = Teams and Events |access-date = January 15, 2008 |publisher = PGE Park }}</ref> Timbers operate Portland Thorns FC, paɣa bol'ŋmeri yili din ŋme [[National Women's Soccer League]] tum lala liiki ŋɔ piligu ni yuuni 2013. Thorns, ban lahi ŋme Providence Park, kpuɣila liiki jaashee dibaa ayi, di piligu yuuni [[2013 National Women's Soccer League season|2013 season]] ni yuuni [[2017 National Women's Soccer League season|2017]], ka nyɛ NWSL's kpamba ban chani li yuuni kam. [[File:Portland Thorns 2017-04-15 10.jpg|thumb|right|Providence Park during a [[Portland Thorns FC]] match]] Eugene mini Hillsboro mali bol'ŋmɛri dɛma din dii bi galisi: [[Eugene Emeralds]] mini [[Hillsboro Hops]] ban zaa ŋmɛri [[High-A]] [[High-A West]].<ref name="High A">{{cite web |title=Get to know the teams in the High-A West |url=https://www.milb.com/news/get-to-know-the-minor-league-teams-in-the-high-a-west |website=MiLB.com |publisher=Minor League Baseball |access-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-date=November 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129011723/https://www.milb.com/news/get-to-know-the-minor-league-teams-in-the-high-a-west |url-status=live }}</ref> Portland daa mali bol'ŋmɛri yili bihi saha shɛli, n-ti pahi [[Portland Beavers]] mini [[Portland Rockies]], ban yoli ŋme Providence Park bɛ ni daa na booni li PGE Park. Salem gba daa malila [[Class A Short Season]] [[Northwest League]] bol'ŋmɛri yili, [[Salem-Keizer Volcanoes]] din daa bi pahi [[Minor League Baseball#Reorganization of 2021|2021 Minor League Baseball reorganization]] ni. Ban su Volcanoes daa ti kpa [[Mavericks Independent Baseball League]], din yaa zaa kuli be Salem.<ref name="mavsleague">{{Cite news |last=Rawlings |first=Matt |date=January 26, 2021 |title=Volcanoes creating four-team independent league |work=Keizer Times |url=https://www.keizertimes.com/posts/2437/volcanoes-creating-four-team-independent-league |access-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007032214/https://www.keizertimes.com/posts/2437/volcanoes-creating-four-team-independent-league |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Oregon State Beavers]] mini University of Oregon Ducks bol'ŋmɛri yiya zaŋ ti [[Pac-12 Conference]] laɣindi la[[Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry]] yuuni kam. Bɛ zaa nyɛla ban yoli di nasara lala dɛma ni yiɣijam ŋɔ ni: Oregon State dimi ka lahi labi di [[College World Series|college baseball championships]] yuuni 2006 mini yuuni 2007,<ref>Beseda, Jim (August 12, 2010). [http://blog.oregonlive.com/behindbeaversbeat/2010/08/oregon_state_baseball_coach_pa_2.html "Oregon State baseball: Coach Pat Casey praises ex-Beaver Darwin Barney"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915133127/http://blog.oregonlive.com/behindbeaversbeat/2010/08/oregon_state_baseball_coach_pa_2.html |date=September 15, 2010 }}. ''The Oregonian'' (Portland, OR). Retrieved October 8, 2010.</ref> ka daa di buta zuɣu yuuni 2018;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ncaa.com/news/baseball/article/2018-06-28/oregon-state-baseball-closes-out-unfinished-business-2018-college|title=Oregon State baseball closes out unfinished business with 2018 College World Series championship|date=June 28, 2018|work=NCAA.com|access-date=July 4, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204503/https://www.ncaa.com/news/baseball/article/2018-06-28/oregon-state-baseball-closes-out-unfinished-business-2018-college|archive-date=July 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ni University of Oregon gba daa di ya ka lahi labi di [[NCAA Men's Cross Country Championship|NCAA men's cross country championships]] yuuni 2007 mini yuuni 2008.<ref>{{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = January 8, 2009 |url = https://www.espn.com/college-sports/news/story?id=3723958 |title = Oregon men, Washington women win titles |publisher = ESPN |access-date = October 8, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110615004846/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=3723958 |archive-date = June 15, 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref> ==Di mini tinsi yaɣa di baɣi taba== * [[Fujian]] Province, {{flagu|People's Republic of China}}<ref name=legbrief>{{cite web |last = Van Winkle |first = Teresa |date = June 2008 |url = http://www.leg.state.or.us/comm/commsrvs/background_briefs2008/briefs/EconomyBusinessLabor/InternationalTrade.pdf |title = Background brief on international trade |publisher = Oregon Legislature |access-date = July 21, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080909234156/http://www.leg.state.or.us/comm/commsrvs/background_briefs2008/briefs/EconomyBusinessLabor/InternationalTrade.pdf |archive-date = September 9, 2008 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> * [[Taiwan Province (Republic of China)|Taiwan Province]], {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]<ref name=legbrief /> * [[Toyama Prefecture]], {{flagu|Japan}}<ref name=legbrief /><ref name=sisters>{{cite web |url = https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/archivedwebsites/index.aspx |title = Governor's mission to Asia will stress trade and cultural ties |publisher = Secretary of State |date = October 24, 1995 |access-date = April 2, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120707095500/http://archivedwebsites.sos.state.or.us/Governor_Kitzhaber_2003/governor/press/p951024.htm |archive-date = July 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> * [[Jeollanam-do]] Province, {{flagdeco|ROK}} Republic of Korea (South Korea)<ref name=legbrief /><ref name=sisters /> * [[Iraqi Kurdistan]], {{flagu|Iraq}}<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Oregon Legislature |url = http://www.leg.state.or.us/05orlaws/sessresmem.dir/scr0003ses.htm |website = Senate Concurrent Resolution |title = Oregon Laws |year = 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611110639/http://www.leg.state.or.us/05orlaws/sessresmem.dir/scr0003ses.htm |archive-date = June 11, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> ==Lihi pahi== {{portal|Oregon|United States}} * [[Outline of Oregon]] (organized list of topics about Oregon) * [[Index of Oregon-related articles]] * [[Bibliography of Oregon history]] * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Pacific Northwest}}</small>''''' ==Noosi== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Oregon}} * {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Oregon}} * ''[https://oregonencyclopedia.org/ Oregon Encyclopedia]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504084132/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Oregon Oregon State Databases] at the [[American Library Association]] ===Government=== * [http://www.oregon.gov/ State of Oregon] * [https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/ Oregon State Legislature] * [https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/Pages/OrConst.aspx Oregon Constitution] ===Niliha lihibu shɛhi mini vuhim=== * [http://www.traveloregon.com/ TravelOregon.com] an official website of the [[Oregon Tourism Commission]] * [http://oregonstateparks.org/ Oregon State Parks] * [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=41&StateName=Oregon#.U8BOUvldUeo Oregon State Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824213017/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=41&StateName=Oregon#.U8BOUvldUeo |date=2016-08-24 }} from the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] ===Taarihi ni kaya ni taɣada=== * [http://www.ohs.org/ Oregon Historical Society] * [https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/default.aspx Oregon Blue Book], the online version of the [[Oregon Blue Book|state's official directory and fact book]] ===Maps and geology=== * [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=OR Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Oregon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209112639/https://www2.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=OR |date=December 9, 2016 }} from the [[United States Geological Survey]] * {{osmrelation-inline|165476}} {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Minnesota]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]|years=Admitted on February 14, 1859 (33rd)}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kansas]]}} {{s-end}} {{Geographic Location (8-way) | Northwest = | North = {{flag|Washington}} | Northeast = | West = Pacific Ocean | Centre = {{flag|Oregon}}: [[Outline of Oregon|Outline]] • [[Index of Oregon-related articles|Index]] | East = {{flag|Idaho}} | Southwest = Pacific Ocean<br />{{flag|Hawaii}} | South = {{flag|California}} and {{flag|Nevada}} | Southeast = }} {{Navboxes |title = <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Oregon</span><br />''Beaver State'' |list = {{Oregon|expanded}} {{Protected areas of Oregon}} {{Western United States}} {{United States political divisions}} |state=expanded}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|44|-121|dim:300000_region:US-OR_type:adm1st|name=State of Oregon|display=title}} == Kundivihira == [[Category:Oregon| ]] [[Category:1859 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Geography of the Pacific Northwest]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1859]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[Category:States of the West Coast of the United States]] [[Category:Contiguous United States]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Oregon|*]] <references /> so2h9v5fhh0dx6er3cfswj8xluy3hmk Málaga 0 16076 146082 52932 2026-08-10T19:10:47Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Málaga''' nyɛla gbampiɛla tiŋ' titali, din nyɛ din be [[Spain]]. Málaga nyɛla Spain tiŋa, ka lahi nyɛ Málaga Province namda. Di be Andalusia yaɣili din yiɣisi maŋa puuni. Yuuni 2024, niriba kalinli daa nyɛ 592,346. Di nyɛla Andalusia tiim din pahiri 2nd galisim, ka lahi nyɛ Spain zaa tiim din pahiri 6th. Di be Southern Iberia polo, Costa del Sol - di gb meaning "Wuntizɔba Kom Yaɣili" - Mediterranean teeku polo. Di pam be Guadalhorce kɔɣu apalana. Tiŋa maa tuuli daa pili Gibralfaro Hill mini Guadalmedina sunsuuni.[7] TAARIIHI Málaga taarihi paai yuun' 2,800. Di nyɛla Western Europe tiim din be hali zuŋɔ din daŋi pam. Scholars pam yɛliya ni Phoenicians nima n-daa piligi li yuun' 770 BC Tyre na ka boli li Malaka. Yuun' 6th BC piligu, Ancient Carthage nima daa di li, ka yuuni 218 BC piligu Romans nima daa deei li. Saha maa bɛ daa mali daabiligu pam dama bɛ daa mɛri garum - kɔɣu bindirigu yaɣili. Yuuni 8th century, Visigoths ni Byzantines ni daa be nyaaŋa, Musulinsi nima daa di li. Yuuni 1487, Crown of Castile daa di li Granada War saha. 19th century puuni, tiŋa maa daa nya kompɛnisi yɛligu. Amma century maa bahigu, di daa chɛ ka bɛ niŋbu zaa kpa.[8][9] TUMA MINI DAABILIGU Tuma din galisi Málaga: Tourism - niriba niŋdibu teeku zuɣu Construction - yiŋa mɛbu Technology services - komputa ni tɛknɔlɔji tuma Tuma shɛŋa gba niŋdi yɛligu: transportation ni logistics. Málaga nyɛla tech hub saha ŋɔ, ka kompɛnisi pam be Málaga TechPark - Technology Park of Andalusia puuni. Di lahi mali Unicaja - Andalusia bank din galisi headquarters. Spain tiim puuni, di nyɛ 4th din mali daabiligu pam.[11][12] JINGBILIM Málaga–Costa del Sol Airport - bɛ ni dii so chaŋ teeku yaɣili Port of Málaga - bɔɣu dɔɣim shee High-speed train - bɛ daa zaŋ li miri tiŋa maa yuuni 2007 == Taarihi/History == == Geography/Joografi/tiŋgbani baŋsim bɔhimbu == * == Demographics/ninsali biɛlim kalibu baŋsim bɔhimbu == == Bomma ni nyamma soya/Economy == == Zalikpana mini Gɔmnanti tali/Law and Government == == Baŋsim Bɔbu/Education == == Kaya ni taɣada/Culture == == Lahabali churi/Media == == Binkpɛra/Transportation == == Kundivihira == [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Jaen tinsi]] [[Pubu:Spain tinsi]] [[Pubu:Tinsi]] [[Pubu:Tiŋa]] kvqwt3ytq7vq99skohd30br2e9ipgz5 146083 146082 2026-08-10T19:15:32Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Málaga''' nyɛla gbampiɛla tiŋ' titali, din nyɛ din be [[Spain]]. Málaga nyɛla Spain tiŋa, ka lahi nyɛ Málaga Province namda. Di be Andalusia yaɣili din yiɣisi maŋa puuni. Yuuni 2024, niriba kalinli daa nyɛ 592,346. Di nyɛla Andalusia tiim din pahiri 2nd galisim, ka lahi nyɛ Spain zaa tiim din pahiri 6th. Di be Southern Iberia polo, Costa del Sol - di gb meaning "Wuntizɔba Kom Yaɣili" - Mediterranean teeku polo. Di pam be Guadalhorce kɔɣu apalana. Tiŋa maa tuuli daa pili Gibralfaro Hill mini Guadalmedina sunsuuni.[7] TAARIIHI Málaga taarihi paai yuun' 2,800. Di nyɛla Western Europe tiim din be hali zuŋɔ din daŋi pam. Scholars pam yɛliya ni Phoenicians nima n-daa piligi li yuun' 770 BC Tyre na ka boli li Malaka. Yuun' 6th BC piligu, Ancient Carthage nima daa di li, ka yuuni 218 BC piligu Romans nima daa deei li. Saha maa bɛ daa mali daabiligu pam dama bɛ daa mɛri garum - kɔɣu bindirigu yaɣili. Yuuni 8th century, Visigoths ni Byzantines ni daa be nyaaŋa, Musulinsi nima daa di li. Yuuni 1487, Crown of Castile daa di li Granada War saha. 19th century puuni, tiŋa maa daa nya kompɛnisi yɛligu. Amma century maa bahigu, di daa chɛ ka bɛ niŋbu zaa kpa.[8][9] TUMA MINI DAABILIGU Tuma din galisi Málaga: Tourism - niriba niŋdibu teeku zuɣu Construction - yiŋa mɛbu Technology services - komputa ni tɛknɔlɔji tuma Tuma shɛŋa gba niŋdi yɛligu: transportation ni logistics. Málaga nyɛla tech hub saha ŋɔ, ka kompɛnisi pam be Málaga TechPark - Technology Park of Andalusia puuni. Di lahi mali Unicaja - Andalusia bank din galisi headquarters. Spain tiim puuni, di nyɛ 4th din mali daabiligu pam.[11][12] JINGBILIM Málaga–Costa del Sol Airport - bɛ ni dii so chaŋ teeku yaɣili Port of Málaga - bɔɣu dɔɣim shee High-speed train - bɛ daa zaŋ li miri tiŋa maa yuuni 2007 == Taarihi/History == '''Phoenicians Saha''' Bɛ daa pili '''Malake''' kolɔni yuun' '''770 BC''' ''(Punic: 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀, mlkʾ)''. Tiŋa maa daa nyɛla shee din daa kpaŋsi ''Guadalmedina'' kɔɣu kom kpebu, ka lahi nyɛ chani shee ''Phoenicia'' ni ''Gibraltar'' teeku sunsuuni daabiligu ni. Phoenicians kolɔni shɛŋa kamani, ''Carthaginians'' nima daa di li yuun' 6th bee 5th BC. Phoenicians nima ni Romans nima ni daa mɛ tiŋa maa daa nyɛla din pili ''Gibralfaro Hill'' ka chani ''Malaca flumen'' - ''Guadalmedina'' - naabu polo.[13][14] '''Romans Saha''' ''Punic Wars'' nyaaŋa, ''Roman Republic'' daa deei tiŋa maa ka boli li '''Malaca'''. Yuun' 1st BC, ''Strabo'' daa yɛli ni di mali Phoenician yɛla, ka di gari ''Mainake'' din be di sani din daa mali Greek yɛla. Bɛ daa leei li "confederated city" ka mali yɛligu yuli '''Lex Flavia Malacitana'''. Saha maa ka bɛ daa mɛ ''Roman theatre''.[15][16] '''Visigoths, Byzantines ni Musulinsi Nima Saha''' ''Western Roman Empire'' ni daa chɛ nyaaŋa, ''Visigoths'' nima daa di li tuuli. Yuun' '''552''' bɔti, ''Byzantine Empire'' daa deei li; ''Malaca'' bee ''Carthago Nova'' daa leei ''Spania'' yaɣili namda. Byzantines nima daa labisi ni yɛli bɔɣu dɔɣim shee, ka kpaŋsi kɔɣu ni daabiligu din daa be hali na. ''Visigoth King Sisebut'' daa labi di li yuuni '''615'''. Yuuni '''711''' bee '''713''', ''Arab'' ni ''Berber'' tobu nima daa di li - bɛ daa boli li '''مالقة - Mālaqah'''. Emiral piligu saha, tiŋa maa yɛla daa kpa. Amma Muhammad I ni daa zali li kamani ''medina'' nyaaŋa, Islam daa yɛli pam tiŋa maa puuni yuuni maa bahigu.[17][18][19][20][21] '''Islamic Málaga - Malaqah''' ''19th century picha: Islamic Malaqah labu'' Yuuni '''930''' nyaaŋa ''(Córdoba Caliphate)'', tiŋa maa yɛla daa labi na. ''Archidona'' yɛla daa kpa, ka Málaga daa leei ''Rayya kura'' namda. 10th century piligu, ''Aḥmad al-Rāzī'' daa sabi ni Málaga mali guli din ga, ka di dabina ti fura ka yiɣisi. 11th century, ''Umayyad'' namda ni daa chɛ nyaaŋa, ''Hammudids'' nima daa leei li bɛ nam shee. Bɛ daa pili ''taifa of Málaga'' - namdinbiligu, ka mali ''Ceuta'' gba Gibraltar apalana. ''Granadan Zirids'' nima daa deei li ''Hammudids'' ni yuuni 1056/1057, ka ''Sevillian Abbadids'' daa di li yuma shɛŋa 1066, ka lahi labina Zirids ni. 11th century bahigu, ''North African Almoravids'' daa di li Zirids ni.[22][23][24][25][26] '''Ibn Battuta Yɛltɔɣa - 1325''' Chani nira ''Ibn Battuta'' daa yɛli yuuni 1325: "Di nyɛla Andalusia tiim din galisi ni din galisi. Di mali teeku ni tiŋa bindirigu zaa. Di mali bindirigu pam." O daa yɛli ni di mali guli, tibili, ni ''almond''. "Di ''Murcian pomegranates'' din nyɛ yaɣim nyɛla din ka taɣada dunia zaa." Bɛ lahi daa diri li ''gilded pottery'' din ga. Tiŋa maa masjid daa galisi, ka di yiŋa puuni mali ''orange tiim'' din yɛligi pam.[27] '''Nasrid Kingdom of Granada Saha''' Yuuni 13th century ''Nasrid Kingdom of Granada'' ni daa pili nyaaŋa, Málaga daa kpe di ni. Bɛ daa diri daabiligu pam teeku polo: silik bachi, guli kɔŋa - dabina ti fura, ''almond'', ''Rayya tibili'' - bɛ ni daa tooi dii li hali China, wine, sɔɣili, kpɛrɛ, ni ''lustreware'' din du.[28] 15th century, Málaga daa nyɛ Nasrid bɔɣu dɔɣim shee din galisi - ''Almería'' n-daa doli. ''Genoese'' daabilam nima pam daa be di ni. Di daa nyɛla chani shee ''Atlantic'' ni ''Mediterranean'' sunsuuni, ka lahi nyɛ Granada namda daabiligu yaɣili. Nasrid bahigu, niriba kalinli daa nyɛ kamani '''15,000'''.[29][30][31][32] '''Christian Nima Diibu - 1487''' ''Christian'' tobu nima daa di Málaga '''18th August 1487''', bɛ ni daa ŋmɛ li goli 3 ni dabisili 11 nyaaŋa. Di daa nyɛ ''Granada War'' tɔbu din galisi pam. Musulinsi nima daa kpaŋsi bɛ maŋa, amma kom ni bindirigu ni daa kpi nyaaŋa, bɛ daa chɛ li. Niriba kamani '''11,000''' daa leei tobu ninsali ka bɛ dii ba ''Andalusia, Valencia'' ni ''Barcelona''. ''Jewish'' nima gba bɛ daa gba ba ka zaŋ ba ''Carmona'', ka boli ba kom. ''Alí Dordux'' mini niriba '''50''' n-daa nya ni bɛ be tiŋa maa.[33][34][35][36][38] '''Christian Saha nyaaŋa''' Musulinsi nima daa leei ''Catholic''. ''Christian'' niriba yi Iberian Peninsula yaɣa pam daa na ka tiŋa maa labi. Málaga daa labi leei Andalusia daabiligu yaɣili dama di daa mali sochili ''Antequera'' ni ''Córdoba'' sunsuuni, n-dama niriba daa labi pam. Amma ''typhus'' yimda daa nyɛ li pam ''Crown of Castile'' ni daa deei li nyaaŋa.[38][39][40] Yuuni '''1516''' ''Ferdinand'' kpibu nyaaŋa, niriba daa zaŋ tobu dama ''Admiral of Castile'' daa zaŋ namda kura na. Hali '''2nd December 1530''' ka bɛ daa chɛ ''Admiralty'' niŋbu, ka saɣi ''Catholic Monarchs'' ni daa ti ba shɛli.[41][42] == Geography/Joografi/tiŋgbani baŋsim bɔhimbu == * == Demographics/ninsali biɛlim kalibu baŋsim bɔhimbu == == Bomma ni nyamma soya/Economy == == Zalikpana mini Gɔmnanti tali/Law and Government == == Baŋsim Bɔbu/Education == == Kaya ni taɣada/Culture == == Lahabali churi/Media == == Binkpɛra/Transportation == == Kundivihira == [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Jaen tinsi]] [[Pubu:Spain tinsi]] [[Pubu:Tinsi]] [[Pubu:Tiŋa]] gko6pd4ub2hun0o9t6jci57waiupspd Elche 0 16251 146076 53308 2026-08-10T16:20:45Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Elche''' nyɛla gbampiɛla tiŋ'titali, din nyɛ din be [[Spain]],[[Valencia]] tingbani yaɣili polo. == Taarihi/History == == Geography/Joografi/tiŋgbani baŋsim bɔhimbu == Tiŋa maa nyɛla din mali Palmeral de Elche din nyɛ UNESCO World Heritage Site. Di nyɛla dabina yaɣili tuuli din be Europe ka di yila North Africa, ka lahi nyɛ din galisi pam continent maa puuni.   Palm Grove maa gba nyɛla din be tiŋgbana zaa northern polo, ka lahi paai dabina yaɣa din galisi dunia ŋɔ puuni.   Saha ŋɔ, Elche tiŋa puuni mali orchards 97, ka di puuni mali dabina ti 70,000. Di zaa be Vinalopó kɔɣu apalana polo.   Elche tiŋa yaɣa polo, bɛ mali plantations din galisi ka di mali dabina ti kamani 130,000.   Zaa gbaai, Elche mini di zaa yaɣili mali dabina ti 200,000.   Palm Grove maa galisim nyɛ 3.5 km², ka di puuni 1.5 km² be Elche tiŋa puuni.   Palm Grove of Elche puuni ka bɛ mali: National Artistic Garden, Palm Grove Museum, Route of El Palmeral, ni Municipal Park. Date fruit din yi dabina ti National Artistic Garden puuni Di malila yaɣa din doli li: Santa Pola, Guardamar del Segura, San Fulgencio, Dolores, Catral, Crevillent, Aspe, Monforte del Cid ni Alicante. Kɔɣu shɛli din yɛligi pam nyɛ Vinalopó River. Spanish Statistical Institute sɔŋsim puuni, tiŋa maa puuni mali tiŋsi 20, tuma tiŋa maa paai.   Yuuni 2019, tuma tiŋa maa niriba kalinli daa nyɛ 190,821. Tiŋsi shɛŋa din pahi maa niriba daa paai 41,821 saha maa. Tiŋsi shɛŋa mini bɛ niriba:   Algoda: 2,650   Algorós: 638   Altabix: 2,829   El Altet: 5,750   Atsavares: 1,328   Asprella: 403   Las Bayas: 2,975   Carrús: 1,300   Daimés: 1,190   El Derramador: 419   La Foia: 2,804   Jubalcoi: 1,215   El Pla de Sant Josep: 2,411   Maitino: 890   La Marina: 2,008   La Perleta: 1,376   Puçol: 900   Torrellano: 7,480   Vallverda: 1,767   Los Arenales del Sol: 2,019   Tiŋa maa namdiba lahi zaŋ Matola pahi - ka di be Algoda ni, Penya de les Àguiles - ka di be El Pla de Sant Josep ni, ni Santa Anna - amma Statistical Institute ku saɣi li. --- CLIMATE - TEMA NI SAƔITI Elche mali hot semi-arid climate - di gb meaning kum din kpe ka kom ku tooi yɛri pam. Di be desert climate sani gba. Di wintaa nyɛla din be ni, ka kum ku tooi yɛri, ka di summer gba nyɛla kum ni kpe ka kom ku yɛri.   Bɛ ŋmani wuntizɔba 2,900 hali ni 3,000 saɣiŋgu yuuni puuni, ka saawara nyɛla din kpi ni. Elche yuuni zaa temperature maa paai 18°C ni pahi.   Kum din gahi pam bɛ ni daa nya 12th July 2021 daa nyɛ 43.2°C.   Kum din be ni pam bɛ ni daa nya 12th February 1956 daa nyɛ -5.0°C. * == Demographics/ninsali biɛlim kalibu baŋsim bɔhimbu == == Bomma ni nyamma soya/Economy == == Zalikpana mini Gɔmnanti tali/Law and Government == == Baŋsim Bɔbu/Education == == Kaya ni taɣada/Culture == == Lahabali churi/Media == == Binkpɛra/Transportation == == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Spain tinsi]] [[Pubu:Valencia tinsi]] [[Pubu:Tinsi]] [[Pubu:Tiŋa]] fv7y7b7ebujrkt25du4y4kfq357486b 146077 146076 2026-08-10T16:27:21Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Elche''' nyɛla gbampiɛla tiŋ'titali, din nyɛ din be [[Spain]],[[Valencia]] tingbani yaɣili polo. == Taarihi/History == Elche - Spain tiŋa din be Alicante yaɣili, Valencia Saha Kɔŋkɔŋ - Ancient Times Ninvuɣu shɛba n-tuum pili Elche nyɛla Iberians nima. Bɛ daa boli tiŋa maa Ilici yuun' 500 BC.   Nyaaŋa Romans nima daa na ka di leei bɛ tiŋa din galisi. Bɛ daa boli li Colonia Iulia Ilici Augusta. Di daa nyɛla daabiligu mini tuma yaɣili dama di daa be Vinalopó kɔɣu sani. Romans nima nyaaŋa, Visigoths nima daa di li. Di nyaaŋa Muslims bee Arabs nima daa na yuuni 8th century. Saha maa ka bɛ daa pili dabina ti mɛbu - Palmeral de Elche. Bɛ daa yi North Africa na ka naai dabina ti maa. Di nyɛla tiŋa maa yuli din du hali zuŋɔ. Middle Ages - Tuma Saha Muslim nima saha, Elche daa nyɛla tiŋa din mali alaafee ni daabiligu. Bɛ daa mali kom yaɣa ni bɛ tooi wari dabina ti maa.   Yuuni 1265, Castile namda King Alfonso X daa di li yi Muslim nima ni. Nyaaŋa Crown of Aragon nima daa deei li.   Saha maa ka bɛ daa pili Misteri d'Elx - di nyɛla bɔbigu din jɛndi Maryam. Hali zuŋɔ bɛ lahi ŋmɛri li August yuuni zaa. UNESCO daa zaŋ li pahi "Intangible Heritage" yuuni 2001. 19th mini 20th Century - Tuma Yɛligu 19th century naabu ni 20th century piligu, Elche daa leei shoe tiŋa. Bɛ daa pili dii sabata ni kpɛrɛɛ pam. Hali zuŋɔ Elche nyɛla Europe shoe mɛbu yaɣili din galisi.   Yuuni 20th century sunsuuni, niriba pam daa kpe na ti tum shoe kompɛnisi nima ni. Saha Ŋɔ - Today Saha ŋɔ Elche nyɛla tiŋa din mali niriba 230,000 ni pahi. Di nyɛla din daŋdi pam dama di mali:   Palmeral de Elche - Dabina ti yaɣili din galisi Europe. UNESCO World Heritage Site yuuni 2000. Di mali dabina ti 200,000.   Shoe Industry - Tiŋa maa tuma kpɛma. Bɛ diri shoe mɛbu duunima pam.   Misteri d'Elx - Chiŋa bɔbigu din yɛligi dunia zaa. Elche daŋkuli nyɛla di ni mali taarihi wɔbigu: Iberian, Roman, Muslim, Christian zaa daa be di puuni. Di nyɛla "tiŋa din be dabina ti sunsuuni". --- Tiri yɛltɔɣa 3 din che ka Elche du:   Palmeral - dabina ti 200,000, din yina Arabs nima saha   Shoe Capital - Spain shoe 40% yi di ni na   Misteri d'Elx - bɔbigu din mali yuun' 600 ni pahi == Geography/Joografi/tiŋgbani baŋsim bɔhimbu == Tiŋa maa nyɛla din mali Palmeral de Elche din nyɛ UNESCO World Heritage Site. Di nyɛla dabina yaɣili tuuli din be Europe ka di yila North Africa, ka lahi nyɛ din galisi pam continent maa puuni.   Palm Grove maa gba nyɛla din be tiŋgbana zaa northern polo, ka lahi paai dabina yaɣa din galisi dunia ŋɔ puuni.   Saha ŋɔ, Elche tiŋa puuni mali orchards 97, ka di puuni mali dabina ti 70,000. Di zaa be Vinalopó kɔɣu apalana polo.   Elche tiŋa yaɣa polo, bɛ mali plantations din galisi ka di mali dabina ti kamani 130,000.   Zaa gbaai, Elche mini di zaa yaɣili mali dabina ti 200,000.   Palm Grove maa galisim nyɛ 3.5 km², ka di puuni 1.5 km² be Elche tiŋa puuni.   Palm Grove of Elche puuni ka bɛ mali: National Artistic Garden, Palm Grove Museum, Route of El Palmeral, ni Municipal Park. Date fruit din yi dabina ti National Artistic Garden puuni Di malila yaɣa din doli li: Santa Pola, Guardamar del Segura, San Fulgencio, Dolores, Catral, Crevillent, Aspe, Monforte del Cid ni Alicante. Kɔɣu shɛli din yɛligi pam nyɛ Vinalopó River. Spanish Statistical Institute sɔŋsim puuni, tiŋa maa puuni mali tiŋsi 20, tuma tiŋa maa paai.   Yuuni 2019, tuma tiŋa maa niriba kalinli daa nyɛ 190,821. Tiŋsi shɛŋa din pahi maa niriba daa paai 41,821 saha maa. Tiŋsi shɛŋa mini bɛ niriba:   Algoda: 2,650   Algorós: 638   Altabix: 2,829   El Altet: 5,750   Atsavares: 1,328   Asprella: 403   Las Bayas: 2,975   Carrús: 1,300   Daimés: 1,190   El Derramador: 419   La Foia: 2,804   Jubalcoi: 1,215   El Pla de Sant Josep: 2,411   Maitino: 890   La Marina: 2,008   La Perleta: 1,376   Puçol: 900   Torrellano: 7,480   Vallverda: 1,767   Los Arenales del Sol: 2,019   Tiŋa maa namdiba lahi zaŋ Matola pahi - ka di be Algoda ni, Penya de les Àguiles - ka di be El Pla de Sant Josep ni, ni Santa Anna - amma Statistical Institute ku saɣi li. --- CLIMATE - TEMA NI SAƔITI Elche mali hot semi-arid climate - di gb meaning kum din kpe ka kom ku tooi yɛri pam. Di be desert climate sani gba. Di wintaa nyɛla din be ni, ka kum ku tooi yɛri, ka di summer gba nyɛla kum ni kpe ka kom ku yɛri.   Bɛ ŋmani wuntizɔba 2,900 hali ni 3,000 saɣiŋgu yuuni puuni, ka saawara nyɛla din kpi ni. Elche yuuni zaa temperature maa paai 18°C ni pahi.   Kum din gahi pam bɛ ni daa nya 12th July 2021 daa nyɛ 43.2°C.   Kum din be ni pam bɛ ni daa nya 12th February 1956 daa nyɛ -5.0°C. * == Demographics/ninsali biɛlim kalibu baŋsim bɔhimbu == == Bomma ni nyamma soya/Economy == == Zalikpana mini Gɔmnanti tali/Law and Government == == Baŋsim Bɔbu/Education == == Kaya ni taɣada/Culture == == Lahabali churi/Media == == Binkpɛra/Transportation == == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Spain tinsi]] [[Pubu:Valencia tinsi]] [[Pubu:Tinsi]] [[Pubu:Tiŋa]] swqkdtfb9cm9miqda5u6ovmal60q14k Garamba National Park 0 16307 146177 77141 2026-08-10T22:26:02Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Garamba National Park''' Nyɛla paaki din waɣilim paai 2000 square-mili ( 5,200 km2) ka di be north-eastern [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Di nyɛla din pahi Africa's paaki kura zuɣu, ka di daa nyɛ World Heritage Site UNESCO nima ni daa mɛ shɛli yuuni 1980 di kpaŋmaŋa zaŋ jɛndi di gu ka taɣi di puuni binnɛma zaŋ ti northern white rhinoceroses, wɔbiri, ŋama, ni mɔlfunima.<ref>http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/136</ref> Garamba nyɛla African Parks nima ni yuuni shɛli zuɣu nti pahi Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) nangbanyini, tum yuuni 2005. ==Di yɛtɔɣ’ ŋmaa== Garamba National paaki daa nyɛla bɛ ni nam shɛli 1938 yuuni. Ka di pili polo nyɛ kamani 4,900 km2 (1,900 sq mi) ka be northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. ka Gangala-na-Bodio Hunting Reserve yaɣ' shɛli din nyɛ, Nudirigu, Nuzaa nti tabili Wulinluɣili ni gili shɛli n-naɣi South Sudan wulinluɣili ni wulinpuɣili. Di paɣila Sudano–Guinean savanna yaɣali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Merode|first=E.|last2=Hillman-Smith|first2=K.|last3=Nicholas|first3=A.|last4=Ndey|first4=A.|last5=Likango|first5=M.|date=2000-01|title=The spatial correlates of wildlife distribution around Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01431160050110223|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|language=en|volume=21|issue=13-14|pages=2665–2683|doi=10.1080/01431160050110223|issn=0143-1161}}</ref><ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/05/wildlife-watch-360-videos-the-protectors-garamba-poaching/</ref> Paaki ŋɔ nyɛla Africa paaki kura la yini bɛ ni min guli shɛŋa la yaɣali.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2012-09-04|title=Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/world/africa/africas-elephants-are-being-slaughtered-in-poaching-frenzy.html|access-date=2022-12-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Di dola lɛbigimsim yaɣali between  two centres of endemism:Guinea-Congolian mini Guinean-Sudanese savanna. Lala bikɔbiri gulibu yaɣ' ayi ŋɔ sɔŋya zaŋ jɛndi binkɔb' kara balibu pam yulibu, ka daa ti lu pam zaŋ jɛndi bikɔbiri ŋɔ nyaanlabɔ yuun gbaliŋ nyaanŋa ka di daliri daa nyɛla poaching.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Nast|first=Condé|date=2016-05-04|title=Shootout in Garamba|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/shootout-in-garamba|access-date=2022-12-07|website=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}</ref> Garamba National Paaki biɛla nonprofit conservation organization African Parks sulinsi ni ka mali laɣingu ni Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN), Bini din gbaai yuuni 2005.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-09|title=DRC’s Garamba National Park: The last giraffes of the Congo|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/drcs-garamba-national-park-the-last-giraffes-of-the-congo/|access-date=2022-12-07|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref> ICCN rangers mini augmented ni linjima nima zaŋ ti Congo republic linjima nima yaɣili tumdi ni bɛ gu ka taɣi Garamba ka chɛ poachers  mini ban tuhiri gɔmnanti.<ref name=":0" /> ==Taarihi== #WHD [[Ŋun su:Yakubu Fadilatu|Yakubu Fadilatu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Yakubu Fadilatu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:06, 6 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT) National paaki karili ŋɔ daa malila yuuni 1938<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|access-date=2022-12-06|website=www.nytimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Avant|first=Deborah D.|url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=TJ3CzP2MiZUC&pg=PA205&redir_esc=y|title=The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security|last2=Avant|first2=Deborah D.|date=2005-08-04|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85026-1|language=en}}</ref> World Heritage site ŋɔ daa nyɛla UNESCO nima ni mali shɛli yuuni 1980. Lala tiŋ' zaa paaki ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli yuuni 1938. Paaki ŋɔ daa nyɛla UNESCO ni daa boli shɛli World Heritage Site yuuni 1980, ka daa pahi special agency's yuya din daa laɣim World Heritage in Danger din gbaai yuuni 1984 zaŋ chaŋ 1992.<ref>{{Citation|title=Garamba National Park|date=2022-09-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garamba_National_Park&oldid=1109584821|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Garamba National Park|date=2022-09-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garamba_National_Park&oldid=1109584821|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref>Yuuni 1991 mini 1993 sunsuuni, Sudan refugees tuhi pihinu daa nyɛla ban be Garamba ŋɔ sambani ni din daa niŋ ka Sudan People's Liberation nima daa taɣiba biɛhigu shee, ka di daa kpaŋsi tayiɣisigu. Lahibali wuhiya ni zabili kɔbiga ni pishi ni yini ka be daa di shɛhira ka di zabi tayiɣisi ŋɔ mini ban yuuni paaki maa sunsuuni din gbaai yuuni 1993 zaŋ chaŋ 1995 ka tɔbu tuhiri nɛma daa yiɣisi kɔbisi wɔi ka bɛ daa nya li niriba sani din gbaai 1991 mini 1996 sunsuuni.<ref name=":1" /> Flaawasi mini International Rhino Foundation daa bola laɣiri ti ni bɛ da kpaŋ niŋ bɛ bin kpɛra maa puuni yuuni 1994, ni bɛ tuma yɔri yuuni 1995 puli ni. Silimiin goli February, yuuni 1994, rhinos nihiba ayi- dabba ayi, Bawesi mini Juliet, ni paɣipuulana daa nyɛla bɛ ni ku shɛba.<ref name=":1" /> Garamba daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli pahi barina yuya maa puuni yuuni 1996 ka bɛ daliri daa nyɛla northern white rhinoceros poaching maa zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-03-15|title=Prince William in plan to tackle wildlife trafficking|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35814135|access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heale|first=Jay|url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=9nxFwxF7nCsC&pg=PA67&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Democratic Republic of the Congo|last2=Yong|first2=Jui Lin|date=2009-09|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-4478-7|language=en}}</ref> Bindaa doli luri be ni daa lu tuuli Congo tɔbu maa ni maa, ni Sundan tɔbu di pahiri ayi maa puuni maa, di daa kpa talahi ni bɛ vihi vihiri gahindili, Uganda nima ban daa be WNBF ni UNRF (II) puuni daa kpuɣila rifigi baa daa be Garamba National Park yuuni 1997 maa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fafraf%2farticle-abstract%2f103%2f412%2f359%2f81797%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext%26login%3dfalse|access-date=2022-12-09|website=academic.oup.com}}</ref> Laɣisi kamani Frankfurt Zoological society, International Union for Conservation of Nature, ni World Wildlife Fund daa tumya ni yalikadizani nima ni bɛ labi gu ka taɣi Garamba maa.<ref name=":1" /> Garamba nyɛla Africa paaki nima ni yuuni shɛli zuɣu ka di pahi laɣim gbubi shɛli ICCN ni mali tum yuuni 2005 la. Africa paaki nima zubu taɣibu kpaŋmaŋa zuɣu chɛmi ka bɛ diriba shɛhira viɛlli ka dama bɛ di nasara ka di filim bunkɔbiri kpibu.<ref name=":3" /> BBE yɛliya ni Garamba nyɛla ban nyari bɛ laɣiri dira European Union ni ban kuli paɣi bɛ suhu ka tabiri sɔŋdiba surigu ni.Ban tooi lahi tɔhiri pahiri n-nyɛ United States Agency for International Development, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildcat Foundation ni World Bank,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 2004) Garamba National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3137/|access-date=2022-12-09|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> kamani Africa paaki nima ni yɛli shɛm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Partners|url=https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/garamba/partners|access-date=2022-12-09|website=www.africanparks.org|language=en}}</ref> Tum yuuni 2005 hali zuŋɔ, kuɣu shɛli bɛ ni gu ka taɣi maa yuli kuli booni la Gbuɣinli biɛhigu shee nti pahi Domaine Chasse Bill Uere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=J.L.|date=1981-01|title=The re-establishment and management of a lion Panthera leo population in Zululand, South Africa|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(81)90046-x|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=19|issue=2|pages=107–117|doi=10.1016/0006-3207(81)90046-x|issn=0006-3207}}</ref> Ba zuri daa kula kamani paaki guliba ninvuɣu pishi ni yini yuumpia din gari la pɔi ni yuuni 2017, ka fukumsi buɣubahi kpaŋmaŋa daa chɛ ka mooi nini ti Garamba ka daa mo bɛ yaa tariga n-daa kpa bɛ dahalali ninyuya yulibu shee biɛhigu.<ref name=":4" /> Joseph Keny Lords Residence Army nyɛla ban zaŋ paaki maa di anfaani tum yuun' kɔbiga din garila puuni.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-16|title=Kony 2013: U.S. Quietly Intensifies Effort to Help African Troops Capture Infamous Warlord (Posted 2013-10-29 16:43:39) ; Special Operations Forces "Pushing on All Fronts" in Their Assistance to African Troops, Commander Says - The Washington Post {{!}} HighBeam Research|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35308526.html|access-date=2022-12-09|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2015-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116101149/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35308526.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuuni 2009, guerrilla laɣingu nima daa nyɛla ban liri Garamba Nagero station, n-daa kamani niriba anii laasabu, nti pahi paaki guliba ayi zuɣu ka daa ti kamani ninvuɣu pia ni ata dansi. Lala niriba ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla ban zu bindira ni kpama din niŋdi lɔra puuni, ka daa wurim ka saɣim paaki maa duri ni mɛri shɛŋa be ni kuli me m-me n-zali.<ref name=":3" /> Tayiɣisi ŋɔ daa lahi kula niriba anu ban daa nyɛ paaki guliba ŋɔ ni niriba ata ban mi daa nyɛ Congo linjima nima ban daa kuli nyɛ tuuntumdi shɛba ban be nimaani maa ka di nyɛla shintɔni dibaa ata din daa niŋ yuuni 2015 puuni la.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Dasgupta|first=Shreya|date=2017-04-25|title=Two wildlife rangers killed by poachers in DRC|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/apr/25/two-wildlife-rangers-killed-democratic-republic-congo-elephants|access-date=2022-12-09|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Niriba pam daa nyɛla be ni daa ku shɛba Silimiin goli October puuni lala yuuni maa ni.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-09|title=Four rangers killed by poachers in Congo national park|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-10/four-rangers-killed-by-poachers-in-garamba-national-park-congo/6843414|access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> Silimiin goli April 2016, tayiɣisi daa ŋmɛmi n-ku bunkɔbi' guliba niriba ata, ka daa ti shɛba mi dansi pam (hali nti pahi Garamba manager ŋun na nyɛli lala saha maa),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-26|title=Elephant poachers have killed three rangers at a wildlife park|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/elephant-poachers-kill-three-rangers-at-a-wildlife-park-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-a7002606.html|access-date=2022-12-09|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Armed poachers killing rangers who defend elephants in Congo park|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fatal-firefights-plague-congo-park-where-poachers-hunt-elephants/|access-date=2022-12-09|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=African park ranger hits out at Hong Kong ivory trade|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2017/06/06/african-park-ranger-hits-out-at-hong-kong-ivory-trade|access-date=2022-12-09|website=The Star|language=en}}</ref> ka niriba ayi gba daa nyɛla bɛ ni ku shɛba ka ban daa kuba maa daa nyɛla wabi' zuriba ban gba daa kana ni bɛ ti zu wabiri Silimiin goli April puuni yuuni 2017.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Kate Brooks ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun gɔri yaari anfooni nima la daa nyɛla yaari ninyula kpanjɔri Garamba ni o zaŋ ni o daaʒia sabbu puuni bee gbabbu puuni daa yɛliya ni bahigu bunkɔbiri maa, ni banguli paaki maa ninvuɣu pia ni ata daa nyɛla ban taɣi Garamba bɛ yaa tariga din gbaai silimiin goli January yuuni 2015 ni silimiin goli April yuuni 2017 sunsuuni.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Brooks|first=Kate|date=2017-05-13|title=Where Terrorism and the Ivory Trade Collide|language=en|work=The Daily Beast|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/05/13/where-terrorism-and-the-ivory-trade-collide|access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> Yuuni 2017 puuni, National Geographic Documentary Films daa yihila ban daa gu ka taɣi maa: bɛ daa chani ni binkɔbi' gulibo nanda nima ŋɔ, ni shɛhira ŋmaa din daa kuli do polo ni yaai sɔŋ din nyɛ Kathryn Bigelow ni yaai shɛli zaŋ kpa paaki guliba maa polo ni bɛ kpaŋmaŋa zaŋ chaŋ bɛ gubu ni taɣiri shɛli bɛ ni daa guri ka taɣiri Garamba binkɔbi kpɛma ŋɔ maa.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-13|title=Kathryn Bigelow on VR: 'I Love It' - Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL) {{!}} HighBeam Research|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-490519689.html|access-date=2022-12-09|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2018-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043303/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-490519689.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tribeca Film Festival zaŋ ban lahi kani pini n-zaŋ ti bunkɔbi guliba ban daa kɔŋ bɛ nyɛvuya ka di daa nyɛla bɛ daa gurimi ka taɣiri Garamba  maa "ni bɛ yaa ni bɛ kpaŋmaŋa shɛba be ni daa zaŋ taɣi wabiri maa ban be Garamba maa puuni maa", silimiin goli April yuuni 2017 puuni.<ref name=":7" /> === Works cited === *{{Cite journal |title = Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986–99) |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2004-07_103_412/page/359 |last= Prunier |first= Gérard |date = July 2004 |journal = African Affairs |doi = 10.1093/afraf/adh050 |issue = 412 |volume = 103 |pages = 359–383 |jstor = 3518562 }} ==Further reading== * {{Cite journal|title= The spatial correlates of wildlife distribution around Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo|first1=E.|last1=De Merode|first2=K|last2=Hillman-Smith|first3=A.|last3=Nicholas|first4=A.|last4=Ndey|first5=M.|last5=Likango|pages=2,665–2,683|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|volume=21|date=2000|issue=13–14|doi= 10.1080/01431160050110223|citeseerx = 10.1.1.631.7533|s2cid=3495760}} Note: Published online 25 November 2010. * {{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2016-02-wildlife-miracle-congo-garamba.html|title=Saving the wildlife 'miracle' of Congo's Garamba park|website=[[Phys.org]]|date=18 February 2016|first=Tristan|last=Mcconnell}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2097441/why-hong-kong-should-say-no-ivory-chopsticks|title= Why Hong Kong should say no to ivory chopsticks: African park warden shot trying to stop elephant poaching appeals to city|first=Tessa|last=Chan|date=9 June 2017|work=[[South China Morning Post]]}} ==External links== *{{Cite web|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/garamba |title=Garamba |publisher=[[African Parks Network|African Parks]]}} *{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6062 |author=BirdLife International |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Garamba National Park}} * {{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/136|title=Garamba National Park|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}} * {{Cite web|url=https://africageographic.com/blog/9-things-you-didnt-know-about-garamba/ |title=9 things you didn't know about Garamba |website=Africa Geographic|via=African Parks|date=6 May 2015}} ==Kundivihira== [[Pubu:Lahabay zaa]] [[pubu:Africa tinsi]] [[Pubu:WHD]] <references group=" 2017. &quot;Nearly 70 elephants slaughtered by poachers at national park in Africa: officials&quot;. New York Daily News. Tronc. 13 June 2014. OCLC 9541172. Retrieved 6 October 2017. Min, Ariel (13 June 2014). &quot;68 elephants killed in the last two months at African wildlife refuge&quot;. PBS. Retrieved 6 October 2017. Starkey, Jerome (16 January 2016). &quot;Congo giraffes near to extinction&quot;. The Times. London: News UK. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 6 October 2017. Hinckley, Story (28 February 2016). &quot;Why Is This Rare Giraffe Almost Extinct?&quot;. The Christian Science Monitor. Christian Science Publishing Society. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2017 – via HighBeam Research. &quot;KORDOFAN GIRAFFE CONSERVATION IN DRC&quot;. Giraffe Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 16 December 2020. Sieff, Kevin (17 June 2015). &quot;Lumbering into Extinction&quot;. The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 2269358. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2017 – via HighBeam Research. Bisset, Susan (10 October 2003). &quot;Congolese rebel troops push rare white rhino toward extinction&quot;. Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group. ISSN 1553-8478. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2017. &quot;Warning over loss of white rhino&quot;. The Irish Times. 21 May 2004. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2017 – via HighBeam Research" /> igynwd12krku1znz0uxnuwsj0p73suw Old City of Hebron 0 16330 146165 140397 2026-08-10T22:08:11Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Old City of Hebron''' (Hebrew: עיר העתיקה של חברון Arabic: البلدة القديمة الخليل) nyɛla tiŋ'kuri titali din be [[Hebron]] nuzaa wulinluhili duli polo. ==Taarihi== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:1940s_Survey_of_Palestine_map_of_Hebron.png|left|thumb|1940s [[Survey of Palestine]] map of the city]] Greek nima n-daa ʒi ti pumpɔŋɔ tiŋ'kura maa ni bee saha shɛli tam ni pili.<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-11-19|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1122689160|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-11-19|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1122689160|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-08}}</ref> Di daa ʒela zoya lɔŋ ni Tel Rumeida polo, di ni n-daa nyɛ bibilical Hebrew sunsuuni. Di daa pa, naɣila Abbasit caliphate ni daa pili ka pumpɔŋɔ tiŋ'zuɣu ŋɔ naan yi nyɛ Hebrew sunsuuni m-miɛri gindi vo shɛli be ni booni Cave of the patriarchs.<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-11-19|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1122689160|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-08}}</ref> Hebrew ya'kura maa zaa mini mamluk saha nyɛla saha yinsi, di kuli bela lala di bi taɣi. Ya maa pam nyɛla uthman saha ya zaŋ gbaai eighteeth century zaŋ na ti gbaai Mamluk ya pirigili. Di laɣim la ya kamani koteesi nima ka ya bihi n-ŋɔ be di sunsuuni din wuhiri ya maa tarisi ni taba ka ma li dundo' dahi din yiri pali dahi maa zuɣu<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-11-19|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1122689160|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-08}}</ref>. Di sɔŋdi maa galisim nyɛla kɔbiga puuni vaabu pishi kpulli ni dibaayɔbu (20.6) tingbani acre pihinu ni ayi ya mini ninsali biɛlim m-be dinni. [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Humanitarian_impact_of_Israeli_settlements_in_Hebron_city_(2019).jpg|thumb|2019 map by the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]], showing the humanitarian impact of Israeli settlements in Hebron city. The Old City is mostly in the "Restricted Area"]] Di ni n- daa pahi World Heritage site ata m-be palestine tingbani puuni yuuni 2007, ka daa kali pahi World Heritage site din gba be gamo ni. ==Tiŋgbani Tarisi== Hebron tin' kpan'kurili nyɛla din be 19th century maps dibaayi ni, 20th century aerial photograph din nyɛ palim palim, ni 21st century map of Israeli restrictions din be Palestinian nima freedom of movement. Yuuni 1898 map nima n-nyɛ din kali dɔ gbuni <ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>: 1. Tomb of the Patriarchs; 2. The Castle, partly ruined; 3. Pool; 4. Pool; 5. Old well; 6. Old well; 7. Bijurd mosque; 8. Aly Bukka mosque "the second chief building in Hebron"; A. Sheikh 'Aly Bakka quarter Arabic: حارة الشيخ علي البكا; B. Zawiya quarter (Haret ez Zawieh) Arabic: حارة باب الزاوية; C. Glassmakers quarter (Haret Kezazin) Arabic: حارة القزازين (see Hebron glass); D. el Akkabeh (quarter of the ascent) Arabic: حارة العقّابة; E. Haram quarter Arabic: حارة الحرم; F. Muheisin quarter (name of a family); G. Cotton quarter (Haret Kotton) Arabic: حارة قيطون; H. the eastern quarter (Haret Mesherky) Arabic: حارة المشارقة; I. The new quarter Arabic<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref> ==Jema Shɛhi== == Landmarks == {{multiple image|perrow=2|align=right|image1=Khalil er Rahman (Hebron) by Louis Félicien de Saulcy.jpg|image2=1898 map of the Old City of Hebron.png|image3=1918 aerial view of Hebron in Palestine.jpg|image4=Hebron H2 area 2011-ochaopt.jpg|width1=140|width2=288|width3=208|width4=220|caption1=1863 ([[Louis Félicien de Saulcy|de Saulcy]])|caption2=1898 ([[Conrad Schick|Schick]])|caption3=1918 ([[Luftstreitkräfte]])|caption4=2011 ([[OCHAoPt]])|footer=The Old City of Hebron in two 19th century maps, an early 20th century aerial photograph, and 21st century map of Israeli restrictions on [[Palestinian freedom of movement]]. The 1898 map includes a legend as follows:<br> 1. Tomb of the Patriarchs;<br> 2. The Castle, partly ruined;<br> 3. Pool;<br> 4. Pool;<br> 5. Old well;<br> 6. Old well;<br> 7. Bijurd mosque;<br> 8. Aly Bukka mosque "the second chief building in Hebron";<br> A. Sheikh 'Aly Bakka quarter {{lang-ar| حارة الشيخ علي البكا}};<br> B. [[Zawiya (institution)|Zawiya]] quarter (Haret ez Zawieh) {{lang-ar| حارة باب الزاوية}};<br> C. Glassmakers quarter (Haret Kezazin) {{lang-ar| حارة القزازين}} (see [[Hebron glass]]);<br> D. el Akkabeh (quarter of the ascent) {{lang-ar| حارة العقّابة}};<br> E. Haram quarter {{lang-ar| حارة الحرم}};<br> F. Muheisin quarter (name of a family);<br> G. Cotton quarter (Haret Kotton) {{lang-ar| حارة قيطون}};<br> H. the eastern quarter (Haret Mesherky) {{lang-ar| حارة المشارقة}};<br> I. The new quarter {{lang-ar| حارة الجديد}}}} === Jɛma shɛhi === * [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], n ti pahi [[Al-Jawali Mosque]], [[:ar:مسجد ابن عثمان (الخليل)|Uthman ibn Affan mosque]] ni [[:ar:التكية الإبراهيمية|Ibrahim hospice]] * [[Sheikh Ali al-Bakka Mosque]] * Qazzazin Mosque * [[Avraham Avinu Synagogue]] * [[Cave of the Patriarchs]], ni [[Al-Jawali Mosque]], n ti pahi [[:ar: مسجد ابن عثمان (الخليل)|Uthman ibn Affan mosque]] ni [[:ar: التكية الإبراهيمية|Ibrahim hospice]] * [[Sheikh Ali al-Bakka Mosque]] * Qazzazin Mosque *[[Avraham Avinu Synagogue]] ==Museums== * [[:ar: متحف الخليل|Old City Museum]] ==Districts and subdivitions== 19th century maa naabu nyaaŋa, tiŋa kurili maa daa nyɛla din mali quarters dibaawei, dini n-nyɛ; * Sheikh 'Aly Bakka quarter Arabic: حارة الشيخ علي البكا; * Zawiya quarter (Haret ez Zawieh) Arabic: حارة باب الزاوية; * Glassmakers quarter (Haret Kezazin) Arabic: حارة القزازين (see Hebron glass); * el Akkabeh (quarter of the ascent) Arabic: حارة العقّابة; * Haram quarter Arabic: حارة الحرم; * Muheisin quarter (name of a family); * Cotton quarter (Haret Kotton) Arabic: حارة قيطون; * The eastern quarter (Haret Mesherky) Arabic: حارة المشارقة; * The new quarter Arabic: حارة الجديد; Tiŋa maa daa nyɛla din mali Israel tinsi ata din be di periphery – Beit Hadassah, Beit Romano, and Avraham Avinu – bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli ni forming a "loosely contiguous Jewish neighbourhood"<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref> bee "Jewish Quarter". Jewish maa yaɣili 19th century maa bahigu daa nyɛla din be Glassmakers quarter (Haret Kezazin). * * * * * * * * * ==Niɛma Dabu/Shopping== * Palestinians are barred from using [[Al-Shuhada Street]], a principal commercial thoroughfare.<ref name=hebron-wp>{{cite news|author=Janine Zacharia|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html|title=Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130323220130/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/mar/22/hope-hebron/ ''Hope in Hebron'']. David Shulman, New York Review of Books, 22 March 2013:<br />''″Those who still live on Shuhada Street can’t enter their own homes from the street. Some use the rooftops to go in and out, climbing from one roof to another before issuing into adjacent homes or alleys. Some have cut gaping holes in the walls connecting their homes to other (often deserted) houses and thus pass through these buildings until they can exit into a lane outside or up a flight of stairs to a passageway on top of the old casba market. According to a survey conducted by the human-rights organization B’Tselem in 2007, 42 per cent of the Palestinian population in the city center of Hebron (area H2)—some 1,014 families—have abandoned their homes and moved out, most of them to area H1, now under Palestinian control.″''</ref> ==UNESCO nomination== U.S nima ka laɣ' shɛli n-tiri UNESCO nima tum Palestine ni daa saɣi ni o nyɛla bɛ ni yino yuuni 2011. <ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>Obama ni daa nyɛ Gɔmnanti saha shɛli maa, o daa nyɛla zaŋ zali shɛli din na mini pun biɛni din daa zaɣisi ni bɛ di ti tiŋ'shɛŋa ban nyɛ UN niriba bee di kpari bɔɣiri di zaŋdi laɣiri tiri niriba ban nyɛ non-states,<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref> din daa niŋ Palestine nima ni sabbi ti UNESCO mini WHO ni bɛ bɔri mi ni bɛ be bɛ ni April puuni yuuni 1989 ni<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>. USA mini Israel daa nyɛla din pahi kula tinsi pia ni anahi n-yi tinsi tuhuli ni pihiwɔi ni anahi ban daa niŋ piibupiibu n-zaɣisi palestinian nima deebu yuuni 2011<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>. Executive summary maa, Nomination Text, Annexes mini maps( di zaa faalinima be kpe) n-daa nyɛ Palestine nima ni zaŋ gbaŋ shɛŋa ti World Heritage center nima January gɔli puuni, <ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>2017 yuuni ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bɔrila sɔŋsim Maa gɔli biɛɣu pishi ni yini dali yuuni 2017. Internationl Council on Monoments and site nima (ICOMOS) nima bɛla bɛla daa ti nyɛla sɔli ni bɛ kpe Old City din be Hebron, amaa ka Isreal nima daa zaɣisi ba sɔli tibu, dama, so'chibi'shɛŋa bɛ ni mali mini zali shɛŋa bɛ ni mali zuɣu, Isreal tingbani nyɛla din ku pahi ka ku saɣi ka Palestine nima nima zali shɛŋa din nyɛ siyaasatali napɔŋ kpuɣira n-zaŋ li dɔlisi bɛ kali mini bɛ Heritage yɛltɔɣa<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>. Lahabali zaŋ jɛndi ICOMOS nima lahabali, ''Jerusalem nima daa pun mimi ni'' " Hebron nangbanyini laɣingu nti pahi Jewish mini tinsi ban daa nyɛ dolodolo Issah nyaandoliba daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa tiri shɛba jilima, ni Tell Rumeida [an area of Biblical Hebron] nti pahi yaɣ' shɛŋa n-daa nyɛ din bi pahi boundaries maa ni" ka lala ŋɔ zuɣu "PA maa daa naan kpaŋ di maŋa, din mali timeline din yɛlima ni tingbani din yɛlima ka be tiŋa maa ni, din daa naa tooi yɛli di daafaani zaŋ chaŋ lɛbiginsim din be yaɣa ata din be monotheistic religions din piligiri 2200 BCE zaŋ chana." O ni daa sabiri lala " Field visit maa ni daa kani, nti pahi palestinians maa lahabaya din dii bi galisi lahabali daa wuhi mi ni ICOMOS "daa bi tooi eveluati li viɛnyɛla " yɛltɔɣa maa daa wuhi mi ni yaɣili maa daa nyɛla din mali binshɛɣu kam insciption ni bɔra zaŋ chaŋ di inscriptibu polo." Ka lala ŋɔ zuɣu " lahabali maa gbunni ni daa wuhi shɛm zaŋ chaŋ di gbaabu polo daa yɛrimi ni ICOMOS daa bi tooi eveluati yaɣili maa viɛnyɛla domini bɛ daa bi chaŋ ti nya bee n-kaai yaɣili maa." Ka varisigu mini zabili din daa beni nti pahi siyaasatali yɛltɔɣa din kpɛma din bɔri siyaasatali labisibu .<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref> Professor mini author Lynn Meskell daa nyɛla ban zaŋ negotiations maa m-ŋmahim ti Hebron mini di yɛltɔɣa nti pahi Battir yɛltɔɣa, din wuhiri ni Palestine daa sabila acts of vandalism n-sɔŋ, saɣimbu din niŋ yaɣili maa nti pahi lirigu din niŋ zaŋ chaŋ bɛ daaʒia polo ka di zuɣu daa che ka Palestinians nima bɔhi gbaŋ ŋmari'tumayilinima danger listing yɛla din yɛn kpaŋsi ka gu ka taɣi bin' shɛŋa ti ni guri ka taɣiri zaani dahinshɛli<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>. Orly Noy, ŋun sabiri tiri +972 Magazine, yɛli mi ni UNESCO nyɛla din kɔnsiidiri (considers ) hali yaɣili maa yi saɣi ni di zaŋ li pahi bɛ yuya maa ni nti pahi di ni lu tiŋ' shɛli yuli ni, ni di zuɣu ni rezolushin maa (resolution ) bɛ mɔŋdi Jewish ni bɛ mali connection n-ti Hebron bee tiŋa yuli booni "the Tomb of the Patriarchs" ni di zuɣu ni rezolushin maa zaŋ kpa Hebron polo nyɛla din wuhi tiŋa maa ni nyɛ tiŋa shɛli din mali jilima ti Judaism, Christianity, mini Islam;<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>[undue weight? – discuss] amaa Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu[undue weight? – discuss] daa yɛli mi ni Jewish connection shɛli zaŋ chaŋ yaɣili maa polo nyɛla bɛ ni zaɣisi shɛli<ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Old City of Hebron|date=2022-12-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=1126451987|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>. Bɛ ni daa yihi Palestinian nima piibu maa (nomination), February puuni 2010 yuuni Israeli gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ŋun tɔhigu National Heritage Sites project din nima n-nyɛ; the Cave of the Patriarchs nti pahi as Palestinian yaɣ'shɛŋa din pahi; lala niŋsim ŋɔ daa nyɛla Obama administration ni galim shɛli, ka di buɣisi li ni "ignor[ing] kaya ni taada yaɣa pam din be tingbani maa ni nyɛla din ku tooi zaŋ bɔli Jewish nima dini. Yuuni 2017puuni, U.S. nima daa nyɛla ban mɔli ni bɛ yiri la UNESCO, ka yɛri anti-Israel bias mini Israel ban dɔli suit maa. Ŋɔ daa nyɛla din dɔli resolutions din daa niŋ Jerusalem puuni 2016yuuni nti pahi the listing subject zaŋ ti sabbu ŋɔ maa. Washington's arrearsinima lala saha maa daa udin gari $500 million. Bɛ yiɣisibu daa nyɛla din niŋ 2018 yuuni naabu polo. Di ni daa niŋ ka Daniel Marwecki naai li yuuni 2019 analysinima ban yi na why the U.S mini Israel zaa nyɛla ban zo ka che UNESCO, yɛltɔɣa shɛli din pa be diplomatic drama puuni zaŋ chaŋ Israel–Palestine nima ni yɛn zaŋ bɛ zabili yihi na polo zaŋ kpa UNESCO nima ni tu bɛ nyari bɛ taarihi yɛltɔɣa nti pahi America nima ni taɣiri bɛ so'chibisi mini di tactical outlook zaŋ chaŋ UN polo. U.S nima ka laɣ' shɛli n-tiri UNESCO nima tum Palestine ni daa saɣi ni o nyɛla bɛ ni yino yuuni 2011. Obama ni daa nyɛ Gɔmnanti saha shɛli maa, o daa nyɛla zaŋ zali shɛli din na mini pun biɛni din daa zaɣisi ni bɛ di ti tiŋ'shɛŋa ban nyɛ UN niriba bee di kpari bɔɣiri di zaŋdi laɣiri tiri niriba ban nyɛ non-states, din daa niŋ Palestine nima ni sabbi ti UNESCO mini WHO ni bɛ bɔri mi ni bɛ be bɛ ni April puuni yuuni 1989 ni. ==Anfooni nima== <gallery> File:Hebron March 18th 1839 - David Roberts, R.A. LCCN2002717500.tif|1839 print from ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]'' File:View of Hebron LOC matpc.06763.tif|c.1910 File:MACCOUN(1899) p039 HEBRON.jpg|1899, Townsend Maccoun File:Hebron (El-Khalil). General view of Hebron LOC matpc.07523.tif|early 20th century File:Southern Palestine, Hebron, Beersheba and Gaza area. Hebron, the town. II Sam. 2-3- 4 LOC matpc.22871.tif|Colorized photo, early 20th century File:Hebron circa 1910.jpg|The Old City in 1910 File:Hebron073.JPG|A barrier dividing sections of the Old City File:HebronOldCityTrash.jpg|A net installed in the Old City to prevent garbage dropped by Israeli settlers into a Palestinian area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Hazel |date=May 23, 2011 |title=West Bank B&B in Hebron's Old City fully booked |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/news/west-bank-bb-in-hebrons-old-city-fully-booked/story-e6frg8ro-1226061421155 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.ph/0dLz |archive-date=2012-09-12 |access-date=November 18, 2022 |website=[[The Australian]]}}</ref> </gallery> ==Lihi pahi/See also== *[[Tourism in Palestine]] *[[World Heritage Sites in Danger]] *[[List of World Heritage Sites in the State of Palestine]] *[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron]] *[[Occupied Palestine Resolution]] ==Karim Pahi/ Further Reading== * {{cite book|last=Gish|first=Arthur G.|title=Hebron Journal: Stories of Nonviolent Peacemaking|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7qCDwAAQBAJ|date=20 December 2018|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-5326-6213-3}} * {{cite book|first=Wael|last=Shaheen|editor=G Passerini|title=Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art II|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggxmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|date=18 July 2018|publisher=WIT Press|isbn=978-1-78466-251-6|chapter=Israeli Settlements in the Old City of Hebron}} * {{cite book|first=Tamara|last=Neuman|title=Settling Hebron: Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zstVDwAAQBAJ|date=June 2018|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4995-8}} * {{cite book|author=Menachem Klein|title=Lives in Common: Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8KHCwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-939626-9}} * {{cite journal|title= People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_fall-2003_33_1/page/68|last=Vitullo|first=Anita|year=2003|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=33|issue=1|pages=68–83|doi=10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68|jstor=10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68}} * Conrad Schick (1898) [https://zenodo.org/record/2021487#.Xk5djC2cbOQ Hebron and its Neighbourhood], Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 30:4, 232-238, DOI: 10.1179/peq.1898.30.4.232 * {{cite book|last=Dumper|first=Michael|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA166|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|chapter=Hebron|pages=164–167}} * {{Cite book |title = Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38|last = Jericke|first = Detlef|publisher = BRILL|year = 2003|isbn = 978-90-04-12939-9|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=67Q3uY4opoAC|access-date = 26 July 2011}} *{{citation|title=UNESCO Nomination Document of Al-Khalil - Hebron Old Town|volume=Book 1|first1= Alaa|last1= Shahin| last2=Bert Geith|first2= Sandrine|date=2017|url= https://whc.unesco.org/document/159613}} *{{cite book|last=Sharon|first = Moshe|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Five: H-I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1uNAgAAQBAJ|date=13 December 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25481-7}}</ref> Gish, Arthur G. (20 December 2018). Hebron Journal: Stories of Nonviolent Peacemaking. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-6213-3. Shaheen, Wael (18 July 2018). "Israeli Settlements in the Old City of Hebron". In G Passerini (ed.). Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art II. WIT Press. ISBN 978-1-78466-251-6. Neuman, Tamara (June 2018). Settling Hebron: Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4995-8. Menachem Klein (2014). Lives in Common: Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-939626-9. Vitullo, Anita (2003). "People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City". Journal of Palestine Studies 33 (1): 68–83. DOI:10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68. Conrad Schick (1898) Hebron and its Neighbourhood, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 30:4, 232-238, DOI: 10.1179/peq.1898.30.4.232 Dumper, Michael (2007). "Hebron". Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–167. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. Jericke, Detlef (2003). Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12939-9. Retrieved 26 July 2011. Shahin, Alaa; Bert Geith, Sandrine (2017), UNESCO Nomination Document of Al-Khalil - Hebron Old Town, Book 1 Sharon, Moshe (13 December 2013). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Five: H-I. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25481-7.</ref> ==External Links== *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3864 UNESCO, State of Conservation Reporting] *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1565/ Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town] *[http://www.hebronrc.ps/index.php/en/old-city Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, Old City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816093515/http://www.hebronrc.ps/index.php/en/old-city |date=2021-08-16 }} *[http://www.hebron-city.ps/page.aspx?id=R9kic9a929862681aR9kic9 Khaled Osaily, Background to Nomination] *[https://time.com/4980034/unesco-trump-us-leaving-history/ The U.S. Has Left UNESCO Before] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207213205/https://time.com/4980034/unesco-trump-us-leaving-history/ |date=2022-12-07 }} ==Kunduvihira== # [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron#CITEREFJericke2003 Jericke 2003], p. 17: "Spätestens in römischer Zeit ist die Ansiedlung im Tal beim heutigen Stadtzentrum zu finden Zwischen beiden Fundstellen, am Ostfuß des Gebel erRuméde, liegt die für die Wasserversorgung der Stadt wichtige Quelle Ain el-Guděde" # Achim Lichtenberger, [https://www.academia.edu/32989704/Juden_Idum%C3%A4er_und_Heiden_._Die_herodianischen_Bauten_in_Hebron_und_Mamre_in_L.-_M._G%C3%BCnther_ed._Herodes_und_Rom_Stuttgart_2007_59-78 Juden, Idumäer und „Heiden“. Die herodianischen Bauten in Hebron und Mamre] in: L.- M. Günther (ed.), Herodes und Rom (Stuttgart 2007), p.59: "Die hellenistisch-römische Stadt lag im Tal dazwischen" # [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron#CITEREFShahinBert_Geith2017 Shahin & Bert Geith 2017,] p. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron#CITEREFShahinBert_Geith2017 54] # [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron#CITEREFShahinBert_Geith2017 Shahin & Bert Geith 2017], p. 19: "Soon after the first Islamic Period (Umayyad Period), Al-Ibrahimi Mosque/The Tomb of Patriarchs became the focal point around which the town was built and strongly influenced its development, similar to the Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem. Today, the historic town centre is dominated by the Mamluk architecture style built between 1250 and 1517... Mamluk architecture is predominant in Hebron/Al-Khalil’s historic centre. The urban fabric (street network and quarters), the ahwash (living units), the public buildings, the souks and the traditional way of life still retain the original spirit of the town. Most of the public and religious buildings that are still intact date back to this period. They are lavishly decorated with ornamental motifs such as muqarnas (stalactites or alveoles), ablaq (inlaid coloured marble panels), monumental inscriptions, etc." # UNESCO Nomination Executive Summary: "The existing urban structure dates back to the Mamluk period... The boundaries of the proposed site correspond to the boundaries of the continuous fabric of Hebron/Al-Khalil Town during the Mamluk Period... Since the Mamluk era, the morphological configration of the old town and the spatial organisation of the urban fabric have remained mostly- unchanged, and the main distinctive attributes have been retained." # [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron#CITEREFVitullo2003 Vitullo 2003], p. 68 # PEF Survey, volume III, p.305 # [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/07/world/middleeast/unesco-hebron-world-heritage-site-israel-palestinians.html Unesco Declares Hebron’s Core as Palestinian World Heritage Site] # [https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6925 Decision : 41 COM 8C.1 Update of the List of World Heritage in Danger (Inscribed Properties)] # [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024142822/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?opendocument "Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron"] ''United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine''. Non-UN document. January 17, 1997. Archived from [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?OpenDocument the original] on October 24, 2007 # "Israeli NGO issues damning report on situation in Hebron" Agence France-Presse. ReliefWeb. August 19, 2003. Archived from [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a17e4c9ace4785bac1256d87004bca62 the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021152734/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a17e4c9ace4785bac1256d87004bca62 |date=2007-10-21 }} on 2007-10-21. # [http://www.btselem.org/Download/200308_Hebron_Area_H2_Eng.pdf "Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians"] (PDF). B'Tselem. August 2003. "In total, 169 families lived on the three streets in September 2000, when the intifada began. Since then, seventy-three families—forty-three percent—have left their homes." # [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061017225650/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/YAOI-6UN95C?OpenDocument "Palestine Refugees: a challenge for the International Community"] ''Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East''. ReliefWeb. October 10, 2006. Archived from [http://www2.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/YAOI-6UN95C?OpenDocument the original] on October 17, 2006. "Settler violence has forced out over half the Palestinian population in some neighborhoods in the downtown area of Hebron. This once bustling community is now eerily deserted, and presents a harrowing existence for those few Palestinians who dare to remain or who are too deep in poverty to move elsewhere." # [http://www.btselem.org/english/Publications/Summaries/200705_Hebron.asp "Ghost Town: Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Center of Hebron"] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27Tselem B'Tselem]. May 2007 # [https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/29/hebron-old-city-west-bank-palestinian-ghost-city-revived-transformation A ghost city revived: the remarkable transformation of Hebron] # [https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191221-israeli-police-report-reveals-truth-about-expulsion-of-observers-in-hebron/ "Israeli police report reveals truth about expulsion of observers in Hebron"] MEMO. December 21, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2020 # [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-confidential-report-claims-israel-regularly-breaks-international-law-in-hebron-1.6747523 "Confidential 20-year monitoring report: Israel regularly breaks int'l law in Hebron"] ''haaretz.com''. 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2018-12-17. # Auerbach, Jerold S. (16 July 2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC&pg=PA110 Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel] Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 110–. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6617-0 ISBN <bdi>978-0-7425-6617-0</bdi>.]'' # [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron#CITEREFDumper2007 Dumper 2007], pp. 164–167 # Schick, 1898, p.238 # Auerbach, Jerold S. (16 July 2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC&pg=PA110 Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel] Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 110–. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6617-0 ISBN 978-0-7425-6617-0.]'' # [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Hebron#CITEREFDumper2007 Neuman 2018] p. 3. # [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine PEF Survey of Palestine], volume III, p.306: "The place is divided into three principal divisions: 1st, including the Haret el Haram (or el Kulah) and Haret Bab er Zawieh, the main part, with the Haram in the centre; 2nd, Haret esh Sheikh, so called from the mosque of Sheikh 'Aly Bukka, which is in it ; 3rd, Haret el Mesherky, which is towards the east, on the west side of the main road. The town extends for 3/4 mile parallel to the valley. The houses are well built of stone, with flat roofs having domes in the middle. The most prominent object is the Haram enclosure, standing over the houses. The mosque within and the upper portion of the great enclosing wall were newly whitewashed in 1874, and presented a very dazzling appearance. Since 1875 the town has grown, so that these various quarters are almost connected, and the Jews' quarter especially has been enlarged. To the four quarters named above must be added six others, viz., Haret el Kezazin, the Jews' quarter, north-west of the Haram ; Haret Beni Dar, just west of the Haram; Haret el 'Akkabeh and Haret el Kerad, on the hill behind the Haram ; Haret el Muhtcsbin, south-east of the Haram and of the great pool; and Haret es Suwakineh, north of the Haram, east of the Jews' quarter." # [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine Biblical Researches in Palestine], volume II, p.446: "The Jewish dwellings are in the N.W. part of the main quarter of the town". # Janine Zacharia (March 8, 2010). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html "Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife"] ''The Washington Post'' # [https://web.archive.org/web/20130323220130/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/mar/22/hope-hebron/ Hope in Hebron] David Shulman, New York Review of Books, 22 March 2013: ''″Those who still live on Shuhada Street can’t enter their own homes from the street. Some use the rooftops to go in and out, climbing from one roof to another before issuing into adjacent homes or alleys. Some have cut gaping holes in the walls connecting their homes to other (often deserted) houses and thus pass through these buildings until they can exit into a lane outside or up a flight of stairs to a passageway on top of the old casba market. According to a survey conducted by the human-rights organization B’Tselem in 2007, 42 per cent of the Palestinian population in the city center of Hebron (area H2)—some 1,014 families—have abandoned their homes and moved out, most of them to area H1, now under Palestinian control.″'' # The laws originated in [https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/house-bill/2145 H.R. 2145] and [https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/senate-bill/875 S. 875] for further details see committee discussions at: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations (1989). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989] . The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: [https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/house-bill/3743 H.R. 3743] (which produced [https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/101/246 Pub.L. 101–246] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307170826/https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/101/246 |date=2023-03-07 }} [https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5368 H.R. 5368] [https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/2295 H.R. 2295] and finally [https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/2333 H.R. 2333] (which produced [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States) <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 103–236] See also: Beattie, Kirk (3 May 2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287 Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East] Seven Stories Press. p. 287 online. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ISBN 978-1-60980-562-3]. ...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kasten Robert Kasten, Jr.] (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lantos Tom Lantos] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the "offending" UN body under these laws. (I'll just note in passing that it was Sen. Kasten who was to be a major recipient of campaign funds that [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIPAC AIPAC]'s President [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steiner_(AIPAC) David Steiner] was soliciting from one Haim Katz. Katz surreptitiously taped and released to the public the conversation, much to AIPAC's embarrassment. The conversation can be found on-line and makes for an interesting read.) #[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031 "U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote"] Reuters. October 31, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2020. #Shadi Sakran (26 November 2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks] Taylor & Francis. pp. 64–. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ISBN 978-1-00-076357-7.] # #[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State] UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989 #[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO "U.S., Israel quit U.N. heritage agency citing bias"] Reuters. October 12, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2020. #[https://web.archive.org/web/20201110081431/http://www.arabcp.org/page/837 "Palestine: UNESCO Votes the Old City of Hebron a World Heritage Site"] ARCP. July 2017. Archived from [http://www.arabcp.org/page/837 the origin] on November 10, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020 #[https://www.timesofisrael.com/ahead-of-unesco-vote-on-hebron-israel-bars-fact-finding-mission-from-city/ "U.S., Israel quit U.N. heritage agency citing bias"] Times of Israel. June 25, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2020. #[https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/UNESCO-experts-Hebron-heritage-request-too-focused-on-Muslim-history-498519 "UNESCO experts: Hebron heritage request too focused on Muslim history"]Jerusalem Post. July 2, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2020 #Lynn Meskell (1 June 2018). A [https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/UNESCO-experts-Hebron-heritage-request-too-focused-on-Muslim-history-498519 Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace] Oxford University Press. pp. 196–. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ISBN 978-0-19-064836-7]. #ICOMOS: Hebron/Al-Khalil Old town (Palestine) No 1565, page 10 #https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_e3fbd099-269a-433d-994d-84b71c739c1f?_=248900eng.pdf&to=56&from=1#pdfjs.action=download Section 30.III, "Reaffirms that the two concerned sites located in Al-Khalil/Hebron and in Bethlehem are an integral part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and shares the conviction affirmed by the international community that the two sites are of religious significance for Judaism, Christianity and Islam;" #[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1565/documents/ 2017 Nomination Text] p.19: "As a pilgrimage site for the three monotheistic religions – Judaism, Christianity and Islam"; p.25: "The quarters defined by the community’s religion, such as the Christian quarter (harat al-Nasara, mentioned by Mujir al-Din) and the Jewish quarter (harat al-Yahud, mentioned in the 16th century Ottoman tax registers and by the Jewish travellers dur- ing the same period), or the bothare, which is no longer existing."; p.59: "Jewish families living in Hebron left the city after the eruption of violence in 1929 and mainly after 1948 war." #https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_e3fbd099-269a-433d-994d-84b71c739c1f?_=248900eng.pdf&to=56&from=1#pdfjs.action=download #Ahren, Raphael; Agencies. [http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-votes-to-declare-hebron-an-endangered-site/ "At stormy meet, UNESCO declares Hebron an endangered Palestinian site"] Times of Israel. Retrieved 2020-02-25. #Rosenfeld, Alvin H. (2019-01-09). [https://books.google.com/books?id=EYuFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA329 Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization] Indiana University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-253-03872-2</nowiki>. #[http://www.haaretz.com/news/u-s-slams-israel-over-designating-heritage-sites-1.263737 "US slams Israel over designating heritage sites"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724065737/http://www.haaretz.com/news/u-s-slams-israel-over-designating-heritage-sites-1.263737 |date=2017-07-24 }} Haaretz. 2010-02-25. #Gori, Maja. (2013). "The Stones of Contention: The Role of Archaeological Heritage in Israeli–Palestinian Conflict." Archaeologies. 9. 10.1007/s11759-013-9222-7. p.222 #[https://www.e-ir.info/2019/02/14/why-did-the-u-s-and-israel-leave-unesco/ "Why Did the U.S. And Israel Leave UNESCO?"] E-International Relations. February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2020 #Ward, Hazel (May 23, 2011). [https://archive.ph/0dLz "West Bank B&B in Hebron's Old City fully booked"] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian The Australian]. Archived from [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/news/west-bank-bb-in-hebrons-old-city-fully-booked/story-e6frg8ro-1226061421155 the original] on 2012-09-12. Retrieved November 18, 2022 # # # # # and S. 875; for further details see committee discussions at: # # and S. 875; for further details see commi 8. # PEF Survey, volume III, p.305 # '''^''' Unesco Declares Hebron’s Core as Palestinian World Heritage Site # '''^''' Decision : 41 COM 8C.1 Update of the List of World Heritage in Danger (Inscribed Properties) # '''^''' # ^ <sup>'''''a'''''</sup> <sup>'''''b'''''</sup> # '''^'''  "In total, 169 families lived on the three streets in September 2000, when the intifada began. Since then, seventy-three families—forty-three percent—have left their homes." # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' A ghost city revived: the remarkable transformation of Hebron # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' Dumper 2007, pp. 164–167. # '''^''' Schick, 1898, p.238 # '''^''' # '''^''' Neuman 2018, p. 3. In # '''^''' PEF Survey of Palestine, volume III, p.306: "The place is divided into three principal divisions: 1st, including the Haret el Haram (or el Kulah) and Haret Bab er Zawieh, the main part, with the Haram in the centre; 2nd, Haret esh Sheikh, so called from the mosque of Sheikh 'Aly Bukka, which is in it ; 3rd, Haret el Mesherky, which is towards the east, on the west side of the main road. The town extends for 3/4 mile parallel to the valley. The houses are well built of stone, with flat roofs having domes in the middle. The most prominent object is the Haram enclosure, standing over the houses. The mosque within and the upper portion of the great enclosing wall were newly whitewashed in 1874, and presented a very dazzling appearance. Since 1875 the town has grown, so that these various quarters are almost connected, and the Jews' quarter especially has been enlarged. To the four quarters named above must be added six others, viz., Haret el Kezazin, the Jews' quarter, north-west of the Haram ; Haret Beni Dar, just west of the Haram; Haret el 'Akkabeh and Haret el Kerad, on the hill behind the Haram ; Haret el Muhtcsbin, south-east of the Haram and of the great pool; and Haret es Suwakineh, north of the Haram, east of the Jews' quarter." ## II, p.446: "The Jewish dwellings are in the N.W. part of the main quarter of the town". ## '''^''' ## '''^''' ''Hope in Hebron''. David Shulman, New York Review of Books, 22 March 2013: ''″Those who still live on Shuhada Street can’t enter their own homes from the street. Some use the rooftops to go in and out, climbing from one roof to another before issuing into adjacent homes or alleys. Some have cut gaping holes in the walls connecting their homes to other (often deserted) houses and thus pass through these buildings until they can exit into a lane outside or up a flight of stairs to a passageway on top of the old casba market. According to a survey conducted by the human-rights organization B’Tselem in 2007, 42 per cent of the Palestinian population in the city center of Hebron (area H2)—some 1,014 families—have abandoned their homes and moved out, most of them to area H1, now under Palestinian control.″'' ## '''^''' The laws originated in H.R. 2145 and S. 875; for further details see committee discussions at: . The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: H.R. 3743 (which produced <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 101–246), H.R. 5368, H.R. 2295 and finally H.R. 2333 (which produced <abbr>Pub.L.</abbr> 103–236). See also: [[Pubu:World Heritage Sites in Danger]] [[Pubu:Historic sites in the State of Palestine]] [[Pubu:Buildings and structures in Hebron]] [[Pubu:Mamluk architecture in the State of Palestine]] [[Pubu:Arabic architecture]] [[Pubu:Architecture of the State of Palestine]] [[Pubu:WHD]] lloh25jylb7zt4ian89x0e0ktccf03b Paramecium bursaria 0 16472 146238 135979 2026-08-11T00:33:01Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Paramecium bursaria''' nyɛla binniɛbila balishɛli ŋun ŋmani shiyuɣu kamali kɔbiri,ka be ko biɛri ni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Paramecium bursaria (Ehrenberg) Focker, 1836|url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426754|access-date=2022-12-23|website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> O nyɛla binniɛŋ ŋun mali o maŋ tabindi binniɛn balishɛli siliminsi ni boli '''algae''' la ni yino ka bɛ boli ba ''[[Zoochlorella]]''. O bela binniɛbila so siliminsi ni boli [[paramecium]] la puuni,ka soŋdi lala binniɛŋ ŋɔ ni bindirigu ka o mi gba soŋdi o ni chandi mini gubu polo. P. bursaria waɣilim paai 80-150 μm,ka mali [[oral groove]] din yɛlima, ni [[contractile vacuoles]], n ti pahi [[micronucleus]] zaɣi yini ni [[macronucleus]] zaɣi yini. P. bursaria ko n nyɛ paramecium balishɛli ŋun mali biɛhigu ni binniɛma dibaa ayi,ka bɛ tooi mali o tiri ŋmahili kariŋ zona ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dohra|first=Hideo|last2=Fujishima|first2=Masahiro|last3=Suzuki|first3=Haruo|date=2015-10-07|title=Analysis of amino acid and codon usage in Paramecium bursaria|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.033|journal=FEBS Letters|language=en|volume=589|issue=20PartB|pages=3113–3118|doi=10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.033}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" style="float:left;"> File:Paramecium bursaria.jpg| ''Paramecium bursaria'' with green [[zoochlorellae]] living inside [[endosymbiotic]]ally File:20090719_062218_ParameciumBursaria.jpg| A ''Paramecium bursaria'' about 100&nbsp;µm long </gallery> ==Further reading== *{{cite journal|last1=Blanc|first1=Guillaume|last2=Mozar|first2=Michael|last3=Agarkova|first3=Irina V.|title=Deep RNA Sequencing Reveals Hidden Features and Dynamics of Early Gene Transcription in ''Paramecium bursaria'' Chlorella Virus 1|journal=PLOS ONE|date=7 March 2014|volume=9|issue=3|pages=e90989|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0090989|pmid=24608750|pmc=3946568|bibcode=2014PLoSO...990989B|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal|last1=Greczek-Stachura|first1=Magdalena|last2=Potekhin|first2=Alexey|last3=Przybos|first3=Ewa|last4=Rautian|first4=Maria|last5=Skoblo|first5=Inna|last6=Tarcz|first6=Sebastian|title=Identification of ''Paramecium bursaria'' Syngens through Molecular Markers – Comparative Analysis of Three Loci in the Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA|url=https://archive.org/details/protist_2012-09_163_5/page/671|journal=Protist|date=September 2012|volume=163|issue=5|pages=671–685|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2011.10.009|pmid=22154394 }} ==External links== *[http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Ciliophora/Paramecium/bursaria/sample_4.html Pictures of ''P. bursaria'' as well as a short description]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==Kundivihira== * [[Category:Oligohymenophorea]] [[Category:Species described in 1831]] [[Category:Endosymbiotic events]] j1fxgjicm21vbs4so0tbqihq8x9f934 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 0 17181 146190 145776 2026-08-10T22:46:34Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Kwame_nkrumah.jpg|right|thumb|Osagyefo Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]], the first President of the Republic of Ghana]] '''Kumasi College of Technology''' daa yoola 22 January 1952 ni shikuru bihi kɔbshii bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba Achimota college din be Accra la n-tahi din ni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Woets|first=Rhoda|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-135-00035-6|chapter=Achimota School|doi=10.4324/9781135000356-rem751-1}}</ref> Slimiin goli October yuuni 1952, bɔhimbu yaɣi shɛli bɛ ni booni "Engineering" bini "Department Commerce" daa nyɛla din daa kana shikuru maani ka bɛ daa kpuɣi shikuru bihi ban gba daa yɛn bɔhim li daa niŋ shikuru maa ni. Ka bɔhimbu yaɣi shɛli bɛ ni booni "Pharmacy Department" gba daa nyɛla din kana shikuru maani Silimiin goli January yuuni 1953, ka di nyɛla bɛ daa zaŋla shikuru shɛli bɛ ni daa booni School of Pharmacy din daa be Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, [[Accra]], la n-kana shikuru maa ni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=About us – Brief History|url=https://kbth.gov.gh/brief-history/|access-date=2023-01-28|website=Government of Ghana|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128090931/https://kbth.gov.gh/brief-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lala ban daa be lala faamasi bɔhimbu yaɣili maa daa nyɛla ban wuhi lala yaɣili maa yuma ayi ka daa ti shikuru bihi ŋɔ bɛ shɛhira gbana lala yuma ayi ŋɔ bɔhimbu ŋɔ nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Garritano|first=Carmela|title=African video movies and global desires : a Ghanaian history|url=https://archive.org/details/africanvideomovi0000garr|date=2013|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-89680-484-5|oclc=824733582}}</ref> "Department of Agriculture" gba daa yooya lala yuuni maa yaha.Lala ka "Department of General Studies" bɔhimbu gba daa kana shikuru maa ni, ni di ti wumsi shikuru bihi ŋɔ n guli shɛhira gbaŋ kara tooni ha bɛ bɔhimbu shɛhi bɛ ni mi shɛli "Higher School Certificate Examinations in Science and Arts" bɔhimbu, ka lahi wuhi bɔhimbu sɔya n-ti bɔhimbu yaɣ'shɛŋa din gba daa bɔri sɔŋsim.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A general index of the agricultural reports of the Patent Office, for twenty-five years, from 1837 to 1861; and of the Department of Agriculture, for fifteen years, from 1862 to 1876|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924014529105|date=1879|publisher=Govt. Print. Off.|doi=10.5479/sil.1048544.39088002284578}}</ref> Yuuni 1952 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1955, bɔhimbu yaɣi shɛli bɛ ni mi [https://coe.knust.edu.gh/ School of Engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604034836/https://coe.knust.edu.gh/ |date=2024-06-04 }}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} College of Engineering, KNUST|url=https://coe.knust.edu.gh/|access-date=2023-06-13|website=Knust Ghana|archive-date=2024-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604034836/https://coe.knust.edu.gh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> daa nyɛla din wumsiri bihi zaŋkpa baŋsim bɔbu koŋko yaɣili. Lala n-nyɛli yuuni 1955 KNUST shikuru ŋɔ daa nyɛla din kpuɣi sochibiga ka bɛ niya nyɛmi ni bɛ wuhiri shikuru bihi ŋɔ bɔhimbu yaɣi shɛŋa shikuru bihi ŋɔ ni ni tooi zaŋ n-chaŋ [[University of London]] "Bachelor of Engineering External Degree Examinations".<ref name="KNUST – FIANDAD GHANA LIMITED">{{Cite web|title=KNUST – FIANDAD GHANA LIMITED|url=https://www.fiandadghanalimited.com/knust/|access-date=2020-05-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314042516/https://www.fiandadghanalimited.com/knust/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuuni 1957, bɔhimbu yaɣi shɛŋa bɛ ni booni "School of Architecture, Town Planning and Building" gba daa nyɛla din nyɛ naba zani shikuru ŋɔ ni. Shikuru bihi shɛba bɛ ni daa kpuɣi tuuli ni bɛ bɔhim lala bɔhimbu yaɣili ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpuɣi shɛba Silimin goli January ni yuuni 1958, ni bɛ bɔhim baŋsim.<ref name="official">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-22|title=Kumasi College of Technology, KNUST officially opened in 1952|url=https://ghanaianmuseum.com/kumasi-college-of-technology-now-kwame-nkrumah-university-of-science-and-technology-was-officially-opened/|access-date=2023-01-28|website=Ghanaian Museum|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128091040/https://ghanaianmuseum.com/kumasi-college-of-technology-now-kwame-nkrumah-university-of-science-and-technology-was-officially-opened/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Din ni ka shikuru ŋɔ zoobu kuli kpɛri yɔɣu, di daa gbaai ya ni di zaŋ Kumasi College of Technology n-lɛbigi tabiibi mini tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma konko shikuru .<ref name="official" /> Bɛ lala tɛha ŋɔ ni daa niŋ tabata, shikuru bihi ban daa bɔhimdi chicha tali yaɣili ko la daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛba tahi Winneba Training College Silimingoli January yuuni 1958. Yuuni 1959 bɛ ni daa mi shɛba "Commerce Department" la daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛba gba tahi Achimota ni bɛ ti zaŋ nam shikuru shɛli bɛ ni mi University of Ghana, Legon zuŋɔ la.<ref name="KNUST – FIANDAD GHANA LIMITED" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2020|title=Today marks 68 years since KNUST was officially opened {{!}} GhHeadlines Total News Total Information|url=http://www.ghheadlines.com/agency/ghana-web-/20200122/133726508/today-marks-68-years-since-knust-was-officially-opened|access-date=2020-05-30|website=Ghana Headlines|language=en-US}}</ref> Silimiin goli December yuuni 1960, Ghana Gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ŋun piigi bee n-kpa University Commission ni bɛ che ka University shikuru bɔhimbu ti tooni. Ni bɛ ni lan yan kpuɣi sochib' shɛŋa ka di ni tooi sɔŋba n-che ka University College of Ghana mini Kumasi College of Technology nyɛ shikuru shɛŋa din ʒi di gama zuɣu n-nyɛ University of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nanyele|first1=Stephen|last2=Kuranchie|first2=Alfred|last3=Owusu-Addo|first3=Augustine|date=2018-10-30|title=Classroom management practices and student disruptive behavior|journal=Integrity Journal of Education and Training|volume=2|issue=2|pages=6–14|doi=10.31248/ijet2018.021|issn=2636-5995|doi-access=free}}</ref> Di ni daa niŋ ka gɔmnanti saɣiti laɣingu maa yɛltɔɣa yuuni 1961 piligu ha, Gɔmnanti daa kpuɣi nia ni o yoogi University shikuruti dibaayi din yɛn ʒi di gama zuɣu, Kumasi mini Legon Ankara tingban ni.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite journal|last1=Appiah|first1=CA|last2=Samwini|first2=AM|last3=Brown|first3=PK|last4=Hayford|first4=FEA|last5=Asamoah-Boakye|first5=O|date=2020-05-12|title=Proximate composition and serving sizes of selected composite Ghanaian soups|journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development|volume=20|issue=3|pages=15898–15918|doi=10.18697/ajfand.91.18055|issn=1684-5374|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free|hdl=10394/34922}}</ref> Kumasi College of Technology daa nyɛla bɛ ni taɣi shɛli n-kuli leei University za,a jilima lana R. P. Baffour, yuligu puuni. ,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Institute Of Architects – Ghana Institute Of Architects|url=https://gia.com.gh/|access-date=2020-05-31|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316010054/http://gia.org.gh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ka daa lahi niŋli suuna m-bɔli '''Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology''' di ni daa kpe Ghana jina duu n yina Silimiin goli August biɛɣu pishi ni ayi yuuni 1961. Shikuru ŋɔ yuli ŋɔ daa nyɛla din paɣiri [[Kwame Nkrumah]], Ghana tuuli tingbani zuɣulana.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Silimiin goli January yuuni 1966, Marr Grounds, ŋun daa nyɛ America/Australia yiliyiina ŋun daa be [[California]] la, daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa piigi so karimba ka o be binyɛra mɛbu yaɣili yuma ayi, pɔi ka o daa naan yi kpuɣi napɔŋ n-chaŋ University of Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning yuuni 1968.<ref name="interview2015" /> Shikuru ŋo yuli ŋɔ daa ti taɣi m booni University of Science and Technology saha shɛli soja gɔmnanti ni daa niŋ Anashaara goli [[National Liberation Council#1966 coup|February]] biɛɣu pishi ni anahi dali yuuni 1966 naai. Lala yuli ŋɔ, University of Science and Technology daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa pa niŋ shɛli kpalinkpaa suuna Alaaba dabisili Silimiin goli November biɛɣu pishi, yuuni 1961. Lala ŋɔ nyaaŋa, Ghana jinaduu (Act 559 of 1998) daa lahi taɣi shikuru ŋɔ yuli n-labisi di yu kuri shɛli bɛ ni daa pun booni li Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi la.<ref name="KNUST_History">{{cite web|title=Our History|url=http://knust.edu.gh/hospital/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=14&sid=94&id=115|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305164113/http://knust.edu.gh/hospital/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=14&sid=94&id=115|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=29 October 2009|work=Official Website|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == KNUST ni be Ghana bɔbishɛŋa == === Kumasi Yaɣili === [[Kumasi|KNUST]] kparibɔɣu din be Kumasi maa n-nyɛ di yaɣi zuɣu. Di tingbani yɛliŋ kuli ni paai maali dibaayopɔin ni kamani maali dibaa anii zaŋ kpa kumasi nudirigu polo. Ni maani ka shikuru ŋɔ ɔfisi zuɣu mini bɛ anfaani du'shɛŋa lahi be.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-09|title=KNUST: Fresh students enjoy stress-free moments on arrival|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/knust-fresh-students-enjoy-stress-free-moments-on-arrival/2024/|access-date=2024-05-28|publisher=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|language=en-US}}</ref> === Obuasi Yaɣili === [[Obuasi|KNUST]] shikuru ŋɔ yaɣili din be Obuasi la nyɛla bɛ ni daa yooi shɛli Silimin goli [[November]] dabaa ayi dali yuuni 2020 . Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhibu jendi yaɣa pia ni anu zuɣu, dini n-nyɛ ;"15 Engineering programmes" dibaayɔpoin , "Business Administration programmes" dibaa anahi, "Allied Health Sciences programmes" dibaa ata n-ti pahi Tabiibi bɔhimbu zaɣi yini .<ref>{{Cite web|title=KNUST Obuasi campus {{!}} Sustainable Development Report 2019 {{!}} AngloGold Ashanti|url=https://www.aga-reports.com/19/sr/stories/obuasi-knust|access-date=2024-05-28|website=www.aga-reports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Obuasi Campus {{!}} Obuasi Campus, KNUST|url=https://obuasicampus.knust.edu.gh/about-us/about-obuasi-campus|access-date=2024-05-28|website=obuasicampus.knust.edu.gh}}</ref> == Organization And Administration == === Principal officers === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:KNUST_main_entrance_with_Kwame_Nkrumah_Memorial_Park.jpg|thumb|Main entrance of KNUST, Kumasi, and the Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park with a statue of the first [[President of Ghana|president]] of the [[Ghana|Republic of Ghana]] and the founder of the university with five smaller figures in national attire playing drums]] Shikuru ŋɔ danbolo ŋɔ tuma duri shikuru ŋɔ ni n nyɛ din gbai; chancellor, chairman of the University Council and vice-chancellor. Yuuni 2018 polo, Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II n daa nyɛ ŋun gbubi shikuru ŋɔ chancellor tali kpamli maa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=Hindmarsh, Irene|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.20250}}</ref> === Governing body === University Council n-nyɛ laɣingu shɛli din su zalisi yɛltɔɣa shikuru ŋɔ ni, n-ti tabili Academic Board, ka bɛ zaa tuma nyɛ:<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fig. 2. Sites on which empirical testing was carried out.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-78092019268-76-9768|journal=Dx|doi=10.31857/s0869-78092019268-76-9768}}</ref> * Shikuru maa karachi tali yaɣili zalisi zalibu<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hillfirst=Jennifer|title=An inventory optimization model with Markov-modulated commodity prices|date=2004|oclc=841572938}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2017|title=Formulating Policy Solutions|journal=Handbook of Policy Formulation|pages=353–354|doi=10.4337/9781784719326.00030|isbn=9781784719326}}</ref> * Bɔhimbu yaɣa nambu mini bɔhimbu, ni vihi vihigu zuɣu lihibu<ref>{{Cite book|last=Avgerinos|first=Yannis V.|title=Regulating and Supervising Investment Services in the European Union|date=2003|isbn=978-1-349-51091-7|doi=10.1057/9780230286870}}</ref> * Baŋsim zahimbu zuɣu lihibu ni "degree" shɛhira gbana tibu, "diploma" ni shɛhiragbana din pahi<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pedley|first=F.H.|title=A Parent's Guide to Examinations|date=1964|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-201473-7|pages=123–132|chapter=University Degrees and Diplomas|doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-201473-7.50012-9}}</ref> * Saɣisigu zaŋti University Council zaŋ chaŋ shikuru bihi kpuɣibu ni sɔŋsim tibu polo<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simuls|first=Brandy|title=Roads Less Traveled and Other Perspectives on Nationally Competitive Scholarships|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-61075-623-5|pages=121–134|chapter=Belonging, Impostor Phenomenon, and Advising Students from Underrepresented Backgrounds|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1qv5rbm.15}}</ref> * Lahabali shɛŋa University Council ni ti soya wuligibu<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=Wilks, (Margaret) Ann, (born 11 May 1943), Secretary, Financial Reporting Council, and Financial Reporting Review Panel, 1998–2004|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.42201}}</ref> === Student participation in university administration<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology#cite_note-40</ref> === Shikuru bihi ban be KNUST shikuru bihi laɣingu beni ka bɛ pii yuli boli li ; KNUST Students' Representative Council (KNUST SRC) nyɛla ban timdi nuu shikuru ŋɔ gbubbu ni tooni ka di nyɛla bɛ ni ti ba yiko ka bɛ nyɛ ban zani ti shikuru bihi maa zaa zaani la. Ni bɛ lahi ti ba yiko ka bɛ ni tim nuu zaŋ chaŋ University Council, Academic Board, Welfare Services Board, Faculty ni Departmental Boards, Residence Committee, Library Committee n-ti lahi pahi bɛ shikuru ŋɔ ni shikuri yiya bee biɛhisi zaa tooni .<ref name="KNUST_SRC">{{cite web|title=KNUST Students' Representative Council|url=http://src.knust.edu.gh/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827124806/http://src.knust.edu.gh/|archive-date=27 August 2009|access-date=29 October 2009|work=Official Website|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New members joining 'old' KNUST Council to be sworn in today|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/new-members-of-knust-council-to-be-sworn-in-today.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Shikuru bihi lala laɣingu ŋɔ nyɛla ban tumdi bɛ ni pun kali tuun shɛŋa ni bɛ ni mali sɔŋsim shɛŋa ka di daliri kuli nyɛla bɛ ni bɛ laɣiri toto pɔŋ ni ka bɛ mali tumda. Amaa lala laɣ'shɛli shikuru bihi ŋɔ ni mali bɛ toto pɔŋ ŋɔ ni nyɛla bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli n-lahi laɣindi laɣinsi n-ti pahi shikuru bihi ni tumdi tuun shɛŋa n-zaani shikuru ŋɔ ni. Ka di ni niŋ ka di ko n-kuli nyɛ shɛkuru bihi ŋɔ ni doli shɛli n che ka bɛ yee yirina la, KNUST shikuru bihi nangban'yini laɣingu nyɛla ban tiri shikuru bihi ŋɔ kamani laɣinsi din yɛn duhi bɛ yee ka zani shikuru bihi ŋɔ zaa zaani.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-20|title=KNUST SRC petitions Akufo-Addo over conversion of halls|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/KNUST-SRC-petitions-Akufo-Addo-over-conversion-of-halls-678047|access-date=2021-07-27|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-20|title=KNUST SRC petitions President over hall conversion|url=https://adrdaily.com/knust-src-petitions-president-over-hall-conversion/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ADRDAILY.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118045112/https://adrdaily.com/knust-src-petitions-president-over-hall-conversion/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Collegiate system === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:College_of_Engineering,_KNUST_Auditorium.JPG|thumb|[[College of Engineering (KNUST)|College of Engineering]], KNUST [[auditorium]]]] KNUST shikuru ŋɔ zɔŋɔ zaŋ labi , silimiin goli January yuuni 2005, nyɛla din taɣi di biɛɣu din daa nyɛ centralized system of administration m pa nyɛ decentralized collegiate university. Lala taɣiri palli ŋɔ ni, bɛ wuhibu yaɣa pa nyɛla bɛ ni pa taɣi shɛŋa ka di leei collagɛ nim di baa yɔbu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=System of Ghosts|publisher=University of Iowa Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-60938-402-9|pages=33|chapter=Michigan Central Station Has Been Closed Since 1988|doi=10.2307/j.ctt20q1s9h.20}}</ref> Shikuru ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni pa punpu shɛli ka booni li faculty-based system zaŋchaŋ wuhibu polo. Lala pubupubu ŋɔ nyɛ din lee nahingu n ti bɛ ni nayoli pu shiɛŋɔ, ka di daliri nyɛla, puri pala ŋɔ ni yan niŋ shɛm paagi bɛ ni daa pun pu shɛŋa maa ka di minli dɔli nyɛla din nyɛ muɣisigu pam zaŋ ti shikuru bihi ŋɔ mini bɛ karim banima . Poi ka lala yɛli muɣisirili ŋɔ ti tooi tuhi nyaŋ, bɛ daa nyɛla ban zaŋ collegiate system shikuru ŋɔ ni silimingoli November bɛɣupishi ni awai dali yuuni 2004. Silimingoli dabaanu dali yuuni 2005, bɛ ni booni shɛli pioneering provosts gba daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shiɛli na shikuru ŋɔ ni, ka di daa labila Ofiisi shɛŋa din daa nyɛ Great Hall of the KNUST.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeansonne|first=Glen|title=What if the American Political System Were Different?|date=2015-02-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-69821-2|pages=165–190|chapter=What if There Had Been No Slavery?|doi=10.4324/9781315698212-7}}</ref> Kolejinima ŋɔ nyɛla din nyɛ semi-autonomous, din gbunni nyɛ, bɛ mali yiko ni yaa din ni tooi tumdi ka lihiri bɛ maŋmaŋ tuma ka di pali bɛ lihirila central administration nini zaŋ chaŋ laɣiri sɔŋsim polo. A yi lihi, collagɛ "registrar", laɣiri ɔfisa n ti pahi librarian n nyɛ ban sɔŋ gbubi provosts maa. Bɛ tun tumsa yaɣa shɛŋa n nyɛ faculties, centres n ti pahi kariŋ zɔna, din kpambi nyɛ "dean" nima mini daretanima. Kamani koleji maa kpema, "provosts" maa tila "academic" mini "administrative" kpamtali yiko zaŋ chaŋ collagɛ maa lihibu zaŋ gbaai anfaani tuma kam koleji maa puuni.<ref name="KNUST_VCs_Report_2009">{{Citation|title=The Vice-Chancellor's Report|date=June 2009|location=Kumasi|publisher=University Press - KNUST}}.</ref> == Duri mini biɛhisi sheei == Biɛhisi shee din be KNUST shikuru ŋɔ ni ka di nyɛ bɛ ni saɣi n-ti shɛli ni shikuru bihi ŋɔ be shɛŋa ni nyɛla din galisi pam, din tooi zooi nyɛla din kuli miri shikuru ŋɔ dundɔŋ karili maani. Shikuru bihi shɛba zuɣu di ni so nyɛla ban bo bɛ mamaŋa biɛhisi shee m-beni ka yɔri di zuɣu ka chani shikuru ŋɔ ni .<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-10-17|title=Court rules school must provide student's approved accommodation|journal=Campus Legal Advisor|volume=18|issue=3|pages=9|doi=10.1002/cala.30670|issn=1531-3999}}</ref> Shikuru bihi maa biɛhisi shee yiya din be Kumasi yaɣili ni maani nyɛla dibaa ayɔbu. Ban lihiri lala biɛhisi shee ŋɔ n-nyɛ "hall council" nima kamani siiniyanima mini jiiniyanima. Shikuru bihi yili gbera din kuli be shikuru ŋɔ dundɔŋ ni mamaŋa shɛŋa n-nyɛ; GUSSS hostels, Brunei, n-ti pahi Tek credit hostel. Ban nyɛ lala yiya ŋɔ kpamba zuɣulaannima n-nyɛ duri karimbanima, ban timdi nuu pahiri n-nyɛ karimba kpamba. Di lah mali hall "bursar" mini karimbanima ban tabiri sɔŋda.<ref name="KNUST_Halls">{{cite web|title=Halls of Residence|url=https://www.knust.edu.gh/students/housing/halls|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618221801/http://www.knust.edu.gh/students/housing/halls|archive-date=18 June 2013|access-date=29 October 2009|work=Official Website|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Scienhostel tice and Technology}}</ref> === Halls of residence === * University Hall (Katanga)<ref name="ReferenceB2" /> * Unity Hall (Conti)<ref name="ReferenceB2" /> * Independence Hall<ref name="ReferenceB2" /><ref name="Herz">{{Cite book|title=African modernism : the architecture of independence: Ghana, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Zambia|date=2015|publisher=Park Books|others=Baan, Iwan; Webster, Alexia (photographers)|isbn=978-3-906027-74-6|editor1-last=Herz|editor1-first=Manuel|oclc=925511791|editor2-last=Focketyn|editor2-first=Hans|editor3-last=Schröder|editor3-first=Ingrid|editor4-last=Jamrozik|editor4-first=Julia}}</ref> * Queens Hall<ref>{{Cite book|title=Royal periscope|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|oclc=1125968298}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB2" /> * Republic Hall<ref name="ReferenceB2" /> * Africa Hall<ref name="ReferenceD2" /><ref name="Herz" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-06|title=KNUST halls and their history|url=https://blog.getrooms.co/blog/knust-halls-and-their-history/|access-date=2019-11-02|website=GetRooms Blog|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Hostels === Shikuru bihi ŋɔ Kɔbigi puuni, vaabu pihi yɔbu nyɛ ban bɛhisi shee ka shikuru ŋɔ dundɔŋ puuni. Piraaviti biɛhisi shehi nyɛla din kuli kon gili shikuru ŋɔ luɣilikam ni Kumasi timpuuni n zaŋti shikuru bihi shɛbi ban kpaŋ maŋ puuni di nan tooi chaŋ shikuru ŋɔ amaa biɛhigu shee kalinsi shikuru ŋɔ dundɔŋni ni tooi be lala yiya ŋɔ ni ka chani shikuru ŋɔ.<ref name="KNUST_Hostel Tips for Students">{{cite web|title=Hostel Tips for students|url=https://www.knust.edu.gh/students/housing/housing-tips|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618221644/http://www.knust.edu.gh/students/housing/housing-tips|archive-date=18 June 2013|access-date=29 October 2009|work=Official Website|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Biɛhisi shee lan beni shikuru ŋɔ n ti ban ka du gbera shikuru ŋɔ dundɔŋ ni mamaŋa , ka bɛ ni tooi ʒiini din ni n vuhira saha shɛli bɛ ni be shikuru ŋɔ ni ni bɛ bɔhim, poi ka bi nan yi nai ka kuli bɛ biɛhisi shɛhi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutton|first=Jim|date=2017-12-18|title=Prepare students before sending them to earthquake-prone study abroad locations|journal=Campus Security Report|volume=14|issue=9|pages=1–6|doi=10.1002/casr.30332|issn=1551-2800}}</ref> Silimingoli January yuuni 2014, jaranbiisa shikuru bihi yili shɛli bɛ ni booni Crystal Rose Hostel zuɣu saa tambu maa <ref>{{cite web|author=Felix A. Baidoo|date=11 January 2014|title=Investigations begin into KNUST hostel fire|url=http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/15543-investigations-begin-into-knust-hostel-fire.html|access-date=11 January 2014|work=Daily Graphic}}</ref> daa nyɛla buɣim ni tai shɛli , lala saha ŋɔ, shikuru bihi ŋɔ pam daa nyɛla ban ka shikuru ka di nyɛla bɛ na bahimi ka kuli. Hali ni zɔŋɔ, so na bi mi din daa tahi lala buɣim mo maa na.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fire engulfs KNUST hostel|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/January-9th/fire-engulfs-knust-hostel.php|access-date=10 January 2014|publisher=www.myjoyonline.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Tinduyani Shikuru bihi ban be KNUST === Shikuru ŋɔ bɛhigu ni di kpam maŋ zaŋ chaŋ wuhibu polo ŋɔ chemi ka shikuru bihi ban yiri tinduya ni n kani ni na KNUST shikuru ŋɔ ni nyɛla ban kalinli galisi pam. Shikuru bihi ban yiri tinduya ni ŋɔ na nyɛla ban mali bɛ laɣingu ka bolli ni international student association ka di tuma kuli nyɛla di lihiri shikuru bihi ban yi tinduya ŋɔ ni na bɛhisi zaŋ kpa bɛ accommodation, orientation n ti pahi campus tours shikuru ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Students - Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|url=https://www.knust.edu.gh/students/international|access-date=9 April 2018|website=www.knust.edu.gh}}</ref> == Academics == Yuuni 2010 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2011, Koleegi nim baa shɛbi daa tumdimi ni Two -Tier system ka shɛbi me na kuli gbubu bɛ Three Tier system. === Koleegi din wuhiri pukparilim ni naawuni nam tiɛri (College of Agriculture and Natural Resources CANR) === * Yaɣi shɛli din wuhiri Pukparilim yaɣili polo di mali; ** Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness mini Extension<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scroggs|first=Claud L.|date=December 1975|title=The Relevance of University Research and Extension Activities in Agricultural Economics to Agribusiness Firms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-agricultural-economics_1975-12_57_5/page/883|journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics|volume=57|issue=5|pages=883–888|doi=10.2307/1239098|issn=0002-9092|jstor=1239098}}</ref> ** Department of Animal Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-03|title=Deduako residents, pets benefit from health screening by KNUST Health Sciences Students Association - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/deduako-residents-pets-benefit-from-health-screening-by-knust-health-sciences-students-association/|access-date=2023-01-28|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> ** Department of Crop mini Soil Sciences<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Quee|first1=Dan David|title=Assessment of Weed Management Strategies on Growth and Yield of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Ghana.|last2=Sarkodie-Addo|first2=Joseph|last3=Conteh|first3=Abdul Rahman|last4=Tarawali|first4=Abdul Rahman|date=2016-01-21|publisher=Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers|oclc=942772318}}</ref> ** Department of Horticulture<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-08|title=NSA signs MoU with KNUST to aid sports development - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/nsa-signs-mou-with-knust-to-aid-sports-development/|access-date=2023-01-28|website=MyJoyOnline|language=en-US}}</ref> * Yaɣi shɛli din wuhiri Naawuni nam tɛri din ka naabu polo di mali; ** Department of Agroforestry{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} ** Department of Fisheries mini Watershed Management ** Department of Silviculture mini Forest Management ** Department of Wildlife and Range Management ** Department of Wood Science mini Technology * Yaɣi shiɛli din wuhiri Naawuni nam tɛri din chaŋ ti gbai gi tihi mini tabiibi yɛltɔɣa baŋsim di mali; ** Department of Ecotourism mini Forest Recreation ** Department of Land Reclamation mini Rehabilitation ** Department of Social Forestry ** Department of Wood Processing mini Marketing === Koleegi din wuhiri alaa fee bɔmma ni tabiibi baŋsim === * Yaɣi shɛli din wuhiri sali daa laa fee, di mali;; ** Department of Medical Diagnostics ** Department of Medical Imaging ** Department of Physiotherapy and Sports Science * Yaɣi shɛli din wuhiri Pharmacy mini Pharmaceutical Sciences bɛni kamani; ** Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ** Department of Pharmacology ** Department of Pharmacognosy ** Department of Pharmacy Practice ** Department of Pharmaceutics ** Department of Herbal Medicine * School of Dentistry * School of Medical Sciences * School of Veterinary Medicine * School of Nursing mini Midwifery === Koleegi din wuhiri ninsalinim biɛhigu ni bɛ ningbuna ni taba ʒilɛli puuni, yuhiri yaɣa kamani; === * Faculty of Law<ref name="KNUST_Faculty of Law">{{cite web|title=KNUST - Faculty of Law|url=http://law.knust.edu.gh/|access-date=30 October 2009|work=|publisher=KNUST Faculty of Law}}</ref> * Faculty of Social Sciences ** Department of Economics ** Department of English ** Department of Geography mini Rural Development ** Department of History mini Political Studies ** Department of Modern Languages punpɔŋɔ bɛ ni pa mi shɛli ni department of Language mini Communication Sciences la . ** Department of Religious Studies ** Department of Sociology mini Social Work * School of Business<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colleges|url=https://knust.edu.gh/academics/colleges|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616041803/http://www.knust.edu.gh/academics/colleges|archive-date=2013-06-16|access-date=14 May 2018|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology}}</ref> Colleges under the two-tier system (Provost/Head of Department): === Koleegi din wuhiri Art Built Environment === {{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|header=|width=350|image2=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) – Side view of the College of Architecture and Planning.JPG|alt2=|caption2=The College of Art and Built Environment|image3=College of Engineering, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.JPG|alt3=|caption3=[[Laboratory|Lab]]/[[Office buildings|office block]] of the [[College of Engineering]]|image4=Solar panels, KNUST.jpg|alt4=|caption4=[[Solar panel]]s on a roof in the [[College of Engineering (KNUST)|College of Engineering]]}} : Koleegi din wuhiri Art mini Built Environment bɛ ni lahi mi shɛli ni Architecture mini Planning la nyɛla din daa kana KNUST silimingoli January ni yuuni 2005 , ka di nyɛla di pahila sochibi shɛŋa bɛ ni daa kpuɣi ni bɛ labi taɣi shikuru maa biɛhigu ka de lee Collegiate System la. Bɛ ni daa yan labi taɣi Faculty of Environmental mini Development studies (FEDS) ni Institute of Land Management mini Development (ILMAD) daa nyɛla bɛ ni kabi shɛŋa zaa n laɣin tabi n lee bɔhimbu yaɣi yini. Lala FEDS ŋɔ nyɛla din chaŋ ti gbai bɔhimbu yaɣa di baaata. Di nin nyɛ; Department of Architecture, department of Building Technology ni Department of Housing mini Planning Research. ILMAD ŋɔ gba chaŋ mi ti gbai bɔhimbu yaɣa dibaayi din gba ŋa n nyɛ, Department of Land Economy mini Land Resources Centre. Saha ŋɔ, Koleegi maa nyɛla din mali faculty nima ayi, ni teaching departments pia n ti pahi research institute zaɣi yini: :* Department of Communication Design :* Department of General Art Studies :* Department of Painting mini Sculpture :* Department of Integrated Rural Art/Industry :* Department of Industrial Art :* Department of Educational Innovations in Science mini Technology :* Department of Publishing Studies :* Department of Architecture :* Department of Building Technology :* Department of Land Economy :* Department of Planning :* Centre for Settlements Studies :* Centre for Land Studies === Koleegi yaɣi shɛŋa din wuhiri Engineering === :* Department of Agricultural Engineering :* Department of Aerospace Engineering :* Department of Chemical Engineering :* Department of Civil Engineering :* Department of Computer Engineering :* Department of Electrical Engineering/Electronic Engineering & Telecommunication Engineering :* Department of Geological Engineering :* Department of Geodetic Engineering :* Department of Geomatic Engineering :* Department of Materials Engineering :* Department of Mechanical Engineering :* Department of Petroleum Engineering : === Koleegi yaɣi shɛŋa din wuhiri Science<ref name=":0" /> === :* Department of Biochemistry mini Biotechnology :* Department of Chemistry :* Department of Computer Science :* Department of Environmental Science :* Department of Food Science mini Technology :* Department of [[Mathematics]]<ref name=":1" /> :* Department of Optometry and Visual Science :* Department of Physics :* Department of Theoretical mini Applied Biology :* Department of Statistics mini Actuarial Sciences :* Department of Meteorology mini Climate Science === Institute of Distance Learning === Yuuni 2005, KNUST daa nyɛla din zaŋ Distance Learning yaɣili n kana shikuru maa ni , ni di pahi face-to-face system of education. Lala gbaabu ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli na ka di ni tooi che ka ban pun tumdi tuma ka lee bɔri ni bɛ chaŋ KNUST shikuru ŋɔ ni n ti tuɣi bɛ bɔhimbu ka na kuli be bɛ tuma shee ka di kaba yɛli muɣisirili gba ni tooi chaŋ.<ref name="KNUST_VCs_Report_20092" /><ref name="KNUST_CANR_About">{{cite web|author=Erastus Asare Donkor|date=24 November 2005|title=KNUST Inaugurates Faculty of Distance Learning|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/90811/1/knust-inaugurates-faculty-of-distance-learning.html|access-date=30 October 2009|publisher=Modern Ghana, Regional News}}</ref> Silimingoli October ni yuuni 2007, KNUST shikuru ŋɔ Academic Board daa nyɛla ban taɣi Faculty of Distance Learning n-ti Distance Learning.<ref name="KNUST_VCs_Report_20092" /> Library and digital resources KNUST Library ŋɔ nyɛla din tiri shikuru bihi mini chichanim lahibali pɔhinzuɣu mini gbana zuɣu , ka di daliri kuli nyɛla di yan sɔŋsila wuhibu , bɔhimbu nti lahi pahi lahibaya lihi bɔ pɔhinzuɣu ni tabiibi baɣisim .zaa bɔbu sɔya shikuru ŋɔ ni. KNUST Library ŋɔ nyɛla luɣishɛli lahibali kam din daa niŋ ni din na niŋdi Ghana tingban ni , ni tinduyani shikuruti ni, ni tuma duri kamani World Bank ni United Nations Agencies lahi baya zaa.<ref name="KNUST_Library">{{cite web|title=KNUST Library|url=http://library.knust.edu.gh/|access-date=29 October 2009|work=|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology}}</ref> Kompiuta tuma nim zaa nyɛla din biɛni n zaŋ gbai Open Educational Resource (OER) n ti pahi DSpace repository zaa nyɛla Library ŋɔ ni mali sɔŋsim zaŋ kpa yaɣi shɛŋa zaa.<ref>[http://dspace.knust.edu.gh:8080/jspui/ DSpace repository] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126230911/http://dspace.knust.edu.gh:8080/jspui/|date=26 November 2011}}</ref> * Open educational resources (OER)<ref name="KNUST_OER">{{cite web|title=Open Educational Resources (OER)|url=http://web.knust.edu.gh/oer/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013053620/http://web.knust.edu.gh/oer/|archive-date=13 October 2009|access-date=29 October 2009|work=Official Website|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|df=dmy-all}}</ref> din be Kwame Nkrumah University of Science mini Technology nyɛla din zaŋ di kpalanzuli gbuni yaɣa nim ŋɔ shikuru ŋɔ ni ; curricula, course materials, ni content; generates connections between disciplines, chicha nim mini shikuru bihi di lan kpaŋ educational materials zaŋ tum tuma ni nimɔhi .<ref name="KNUST_Digital Library Services">{{cite web|title=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology - Digital Library Services|url=http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=15&sid=86|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012121958/http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=15&sid=86|archive-date=12 October 2009|access-date=29 October 2009|work=Official Website|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * KNUST puhinzuɣu Repository<ref name="KNUST Online Repository (DSPACE)">{{cite web|title=Online Repository (KNUST DPSACE)|url=http://dspace.knust.edu.gh/|access-date=29 October 2009|work=|publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology}}</ref> nyɛla university's digital repository. Data for the repository na nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli pahira. === Affiliated institutions === * [[Accra Institute of Technology]] * Akim State University College<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akim State University College &#124; Asuc &#124; Ghana|url=https://www.asuc.edu.gh/|website=asuc|access-date=2024-08-13|archive-date=2024-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707233942/https://asuc.edu.gh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * All Nations University College * Central University College * [[KAAF University College|Kaaf University College]] * DataLink University College(DLUC) * [[Garden City University College]] * Ghana Telecom University College * Ho Polytechnic * Osei Tutu II Institute for Advanced ICT Studies * Regent University College * Spiritan Institute / Spiritan University College<ref>[http://www.spiritanuc.edu.gh/ Spiritan University College] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422134413/http://www.spiritanuc.edu.gh/|date=22 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Institutions affiliated to KNUST">{{Cite web|date=12 October 2009|title=Affiliated Institutions|url=http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=15&sid=123|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012121619/http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=15&sid=123|archive-date=12 October 2009|website=KNUST}}</ref> Silimiingoli December yuuni 2019, alikawule daa nyɛ tinduli yuli booni Gambia Gomdanti mini Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology shikuru ŋɔ ni daa lo taba ni bɛ yoogi Science, Technology ni Engineering University Gambia tingbanni. Bɛ nia maa ni, administrative mini teaching faculties din yan kpa ka di nyɛla shikuru shɛŋa ban zaŋ bɛ maŋ ti KNUST n yan lihiri di zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=KNUST to establish Science, Technology University in The Gambia|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-to-establish-science-technology-university-in-the-gambia.html|access-date=2019-12-17|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> === Research centres === * Bureau of Integrated Research and Development * Centre for Biodiversity Utilisation and Development (CBUD) * Centre for Cultural and African Studies * Centre for Human Studies * Dairy/Beef Research Station * The Brew-Hammond Energy Centre, College Of Engineering<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Energy Center|url=http://energycenter.knust.edu.gh/pages/index.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013054038/http://energycenter.knust.edu.gh/pages/index.php|archive-date=13 October 2009}}</ref> * Kumasi Center For Collaborative Research(KCCR) in collaboration with the German Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine<ref>{{Cite web|title=KCCR 20th Anniversary Durbar – KCCR|url=https://kccr-ghana.org/kccr-20th-anniversary-durbar/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918064601/http://kccr-ghana.org/kccr/|archive-date=18 September 2009|website=Kccr Ghana}}</ref> * National Institute for Mathematical Sciences (NIMS) * Technology Consultancy Centre (TCC) * Laboratory For Interdisciplinary Statistical Analysis (LISA) == Media == === Radio === Focus FM (94.3 FM) n nyɛ university ŋɔ official walinsi duu . Bɛ ni tumdi tuun shɛŋɔ FM duu ŋɔ shɛŋa n nyɛ; ''Morning Show'', ''Drive Time'', ''Teknokrat'' ni ''Community Watch''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Kaja|date=September 29, 2005|title=Don't Leave Out Focus FM|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhheheC8n4MC|journal=Graphic Showbiz|publisher=Sat Prachar Press|issue=394|pages=2|access-date=July 4, 2020|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==== Focus FM Lahibali ==== Focus FM nyɛ puhinzuɣu walinsi duu n be Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi tingban ni. Bɛ daa zalilila yuuni 2000 A.D. Ban tabiri sɔŋdi FM duu ŋɔ tuma n nyɛ ; UNIVERSIT ŋɔ, Student Representative Counsel n ti pahi shikuru ŋɔ shikuru bihi kura nangban yini laɣingu bɛ ni mi shɛli Graduate Student Association of Ghana la. FM duu ŋɔ niya nim kuli nyɛla di che ka lahibaya wuligiri shikuru ŋɔ, di niya lan nyɛla di wuhiri salo n ti pahi bɛ zaŋdiɛma ni yiɣijam na . FM duu ŋɔ laɣiri dibu sɔya nyɛla shikuru bihi ŋɔ ni tɔhira din kuli yan niŋ ka yuli dura ka bin shɛgu bi poori dinni.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ofori|first=Evans|date=2020-11-10|title=Know More About Your Presenters! Notable Media Personalities who passed through Focus FM - KNUST|url=https://mediafillasgh.com/know-more-about-your-presenters-notable-media-personalities-who-passed-through-focus-fm-knust/|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Media fills Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204053618/https://mediafillasgh.com/know-more-about-your-presenters-notable-media-personalities-who-passed-through-focus-fm-knust/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Focus FM To Host This Year's Face Of SHS Show|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/focus-fm-to-host-this-years-face-of-shs-show/|access-date=2021-10-12|website=newsghana.com.gh/|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== How Focus FM Biɛhiŋu ==== Focus FM nyɛla di niŋ zaɣa zanchaŋ di ni kuli yan niŋ sham ka di be shikuru ŋɔ yɛla malibuni amaa ka tinŋpuuni nim ko zuɣu. Di lala biɛhigu ŋɔ zuɣu n che ka di yi di ko che commercial mini state radio – bɛ di ti yɛri di suhi public participation, gbai yihila di yi ti niŋ talahi pam n ti ba. Focus FM nyɛla din ti so kam soli ka o ni ʒini n tɔɣisi o yɛltɔɣa ni nyɛ shɛli n ti solo. ==== Finance ==== Focus Fm pala FM din zali ka di nyɛ laɣiri yiribu na zuɣu ka bɛ zalili . Di ni nyɛri di laɣiri luɣu shɛli n nyɛ Focus FM Development Fund, a form of commercial Sponsorship focused at serving the community, ni range of community / listener supported fundraisers. ==== Ghanaian Journalists Who Trained At Focus FM ==== * Nana Kwadwo Jantuah * Edward Oppong Marfo * Kwame Adinkra * Kojo Akoto Boateng * Louis Kwame Sakyiamah (Lexis Bill) * Anita Kuma * Kojo Akoto Boateng === Television === TEK TV ko n nyɛ ninyula kpandɔɣu duu din be KNUST shikuru ŋɔ ni .<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gbagbo|first=Julitta|date=15 June 2016|title=KNUST To Launch TV Station Called TEK TV - Kuulpeeps - Ghana Campus News and Lifestyle Site by Students|url=https://kuulpeeps.com/2016/06/knust-to-launch-tv-station-called-tek-tv/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Kuulpeeps|language=en-US}}</ref> == Awards and recognition == Silimingoli November Yuuni 2019, KNUST daa nyɛla din di university suŋ din gahim ka che tabi maa pini [[Ghana]] Ghana tingbani mini West Africa zaa, ''U.S. News & World Report daa nyɛla ba ti lala lahi bali ŋɔ pɔhinzuɣu. Bani daa kuli lan gbubi lala jaashee maa yuuni'' 2020 yaha..<ref name="usnews1">{{Cite web|date=11 November 2019|title=KNUST ranked best university in West Africa|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/KNUST-ranked-best-university-in-West-Africa-798357|access-date=2020-01-11|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> Di daa lan nyɛla din dɔni bu pinaanahi zuɣu gban sabila tinsini University nim ni,ni bu kɔbisiyɔpoin ni ayɔbu duniya zaa University nim ni..<ref name="usnews2">{{Cite web|title=KNUST Ranking|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/kwame-nkrumah-university-science-technology-529441|website=Us news}}</ref> KNUST n daa nyɛ tuuli university gban sabila tingban nuzaa zuɣu din di yuma 2018, 2019 n ti pahi 2020 Pan African Universities Debate Championship n pataba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KNUST wins Pan-African Universities Debate Championship for second time|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/December-17th/knust-wins-pan-african-universities-debate-championship-for-second-time.php|access-date=2020-01-17|website=MyJoyOnline.}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Effah|first=K.|date=2018-12-13|title=KNUST wins Pan African Universities debate contest|url=https://yen.com.gh/120028-knust-wins-pan-african-universities-debate.html|access-date=2020-01-17|website=Yen - Ghana news.|language=en|archive-date=2023-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812171708/https://yen.com.gh/120028-knust-wins-pan-african-universities-debate.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> KNUST n lan nyɛ tuuli university [[Ghana]] tingbanni din di Ghana national rounds of the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition kpaŋmaŋ jaashee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2017|title=KNUST Law Faculty wins Jessup Moot Court Competition|url=https://www.legonconnect.com/knust-law-faculty-wins-jessup-moot-court-competition/|website=Legon Connect|access-date=16 August 2024|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420225005/https://legonconnect.com/knust-law-faculty-wins-jessup-moot-court-competition/|url-status=dead}}</ref>University ŋɔ la nyɛla din di Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition n pa tabi buta zuɣu s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KNUST wins Moot Court Competition|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-wins-moot-court-competition.html|website=Graphic Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2019|title=KNUST represents Ghana at 2019 Philip c. Jessup int'l law moot court competition|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/04/knust-represents-ghana-at-2019-philip-c-jessup-intl-law-moot-court-competition/|website=StarrFm|access-date=16 August 2024|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814233044/https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/04/knust-represents-ghana-at-2019-philip-c-jessup-intl-law-moot-court-competition/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Silimingoli December ni, yuuni 2020 KNUST daa nyɛla din lee tuuli din di Pan African Universities Debating Championship gbansabila tigbani yangizuɣu n pa tabi buta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-20|title=KNUST Wins 2020 Pan-African Universities Debate Championship|url=https://hypercitigh.com/campus-news/knust-updates/2020-paudc/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Hypercitigh.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122053301/https://hypercitigh.com/campus-news/knust-updates/2020-paudc/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-20|title=Breaking! KNUST makes history as first in Africa to win PAUDC for the 3 Consecutive times before any other university|url=https://focusnewsroom.com/2020/12/20/breaking-knust-makes-history-as-first-in-africa-to-win-paudc-for-the-3-consecutive-times-before-any-other-university/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Focus Fm KNUST|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220205848/https://focusnewsroom.com/2020/12/20/breaking-knust-makes-history-as-first-in-africa-to-win-paudc-for-the-3-consecutive-times-before-any-other-university/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Notable people == === Notable alumni === {{main|List of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Alumni}}{{Category see also|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni}} * UN Secretary-General and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate [[Kofi Annan]] nyɛla ŋun chaŋ o shikuru yaɣishɛli KNUST * Kwaku Aning mini Hackman Owusu-Agyeman nyɛla diplomats shɛbi ba gba nai KNUST shikuru ŋɔ ni. * [[Aliu Mahama]] Vice-president of [[Ghana]] chaŋ la KNUST zaŋ gbai Yuuni 2001 zaŋ ni yuuni 2008, * Edward Kwame Wiredu, former Chief Justice of Ghana, gba daa nyɛla KNUST shikuru ŋɔ ni shikuru bila. * Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings, former [[First Lady of Ghana|first lady of Ghana]], nyɛla alumna * [[Samira Bawumia]], current second lady of [[Ghana]], gba zaa nyɛla alumna * Thomas Mensah, former CEO of GNPC ni chemical engineer chaŋ la KNUST College of Engineering * Alex Mould, CEO of Ghana Gas * Benjamin Asante * Charles Darku, former CEO of Tullow Ghana Limited * [[Amma Darko]], the novelist attended KNUST * [[Chris Attoh]], actor attended KNUST * Nana Otuo Siriboe, the Juabenhene ŋun lan nyɛ Chairman n ti Council of State la . * Ernest Aryeetey, [[economist]]<nowiki/>ni Vice Chancellor kurɔ n -ti University of Ghana gba nyɛla ŋun chaŋ KNUST shikuru ŋɔ. * [[Yaw Osafo-Maafo]], Senior Minister chaŋ la KNUST. * Pamela Mbabazi, Chairperson of the Uganda Planning Author gba zaa daa nyɛla ŋun nai KNUST. === Notable academics === {{Main category|Academic staff of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology}} * Francis Allotey, mathematician * Aba Andam, physicist * [[Ablade Glover]], artist * Marr Grounds, American / Australian artist mini lecturer in architecture yuuni 1966–7<ref name="interview20152">{{cite interview|first=Marr|last=Grounds|title=Interview with Marr Grounds|date=30 March 2015|interviewer-first=Deborah|interviewer-last=Edwards|url=https://www.datocms-assets.com/42890/1614405141-groundsmarrinterviewv2018-12-11.pdf|format=transcript|series=Art Gallery of New South Wales Archive: Balnaves Foundation Australian Sculpture Archive Project|others=[[Balnaves Foundation]]|publisher=[[Art Gallery of NSW]]|quote=This is an edited transcript of a recorded interview.|access-date=2024-08-14|archive-date=2023-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131031532/https://www.datocms-assets.com/42890/1614405141-groundsmarrinterviewv2018-12-11.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Thomas Mensah, chemical engineer * Letitia Obeng, research scientist * Maxwell Arhin, physical geographer and researcher == Shikuru bihi nama == === Student Representative Council. === Yvonne Osei Adobea nyɛla ŋun daa di SRC zuɣu laantali piibupiibu Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) shikuru ŋɔ ni, Silimingoli July bɛɣu pishinaa yɔbu dali ,yuuni 2023. O lala nasara ŋɔ nyɛla din nyɛ wulɛɣu, di ni niŋ ka o daa nyɛl tuili bipuginga ŋun di lala pkamli ŋɔ..Lala niŋimŋɔ 71-year history.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Larnyoh|first=Magdalene|date=2023-07-27|title="A woman of many firsts": Records set by the first female SRC President of KNUST|url=https://yen.com.gh/education/238461-yvonne-osei-addobea-records-set-by-elected-female-src-president-knust/|access-date=2023-08-09|website=Yen - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref> === College associations. === Shikuru bihi ban be KNUST nyɛla ban zan ti management yaɣili luɣilikam shikuru ŋɔ ni. Gbaai yihi Student Representative din nyɛ ultimate student representative body, di lan mali laɣinsi college in KNUST College of Science is represented by the Science Students' Association. The College of Engineering is represented by Ghana Association of Engineering Students. == Recognitions and awards == Silimingoli June dahinyini dali 2023, yuuni 2023 Times Higher Education Impact Rankings daa yina ti yihi hɛli ni KNUST nyɛla bɛ ni kpuɣi shɛli ka di lee university nim zaa ba duniya yaanki zuɣu delivering quality education (SDG 4).<ref>{{Cite web|title=KNUST Tops Times Higher Education 2023 Impact Ranking for Quality Education (SDG 4) {{!}} Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|url=https://www.knust.edu.gh/index.php/news/news-items/knust-tops-times-higher-education-2023-impact-ranking-quality-education-sdg-4|access-date=2023-08-09|website=Knust Ghana}}</ref> == Kundivihira == 1tq2jh2u2roxsah1idrjwptkjlghy4o Ghana tuuta nima 0 18063 146229 144650 2026-08-11T00:20:44Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|None}} Din doli ŋɔ nanyɛla tuuta nima din kuri bukaata [[Ghana]]. A yi bori lahabali pam zaŋ jɛndi tuuta nyini lihimi, [[Ghana tuuta]]. == National Flag == {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:110px;" |Flag ! style="width:100px;" |Date ! style="width:250px;" |Use ! style="width:250px;" |Description |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|border|150x150px]] |1966-Present |Flag of Ghana |A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with a black star in the centre.<ref>{{Citation|title=Flag sequence (flag, FLAG, FLAG tag)|date=2015-12-18|work=The Dictionary of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics|pages=1|place=Weinheim, Germany|publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA|doi=10.1002/9783527678679.dg04454|isbn=978-3-527-67867-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=190|access-date=2020-08-19|website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>[http://africancelebs.com/theodosia-okoh-the-woman-who-designed-the-ghanaian-flag/ "Mrs Theodosia Okoh: The Woman Who Designed The Ghanaian Flag"], African Celebs.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=190 Theodosia Salome Okoh Profile] at GhanaWeb.</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Rich|first=Jeremy|title=Okoh, Theodosia Salome|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49700|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Aikins|first1=Ama de-Graft|title=Health and Healthcare in Ghana, 1957–2017|date=2017-02-16|work=The Economy of Ghana Sixty Years after Independence|pages=365–384|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753438.003.0022|isbn=978-0-19-875343-8|last2=Koram|first2=Kwadwo}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Andrew|first=Geoff|title=Three Colours: Red|date=1998|work=The ‘Three Colours’ Trilogy|pages=52–66|publisher=British Film Institute|doi=10.5040/9781838712389.ch-005|isbn=978-1-83871-238-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Flag|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/flag.php|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Peacock|first=Steven|title=Three Colours: White|date=2019-01-04|work=Colour|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7765/9781526141279.00009|isbn=978-1-5261-4127-9|s2cid=188410642}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} == Gɔmnanti tuuta == {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:110px;" |Flag ! style="width:100px;" |Date ! style="width:250px;" |Use ! style="width:250px;" |Description |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Presidential_Standard_of_Ghana.svg|border|150x150px]] |1966-Present |Flag of The [[President of Ghana]] |A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with a black star in the centre with a gold rim. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Standard_of_the_President_of_Ghana_(original).svg|border|150x150px]] |1964-1966 |Flag of The President of Ghana |A Electric Blue Field with The Government Emblem in the centre. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Standard_of_the_President_of_Ghana.svg|border|150x150px]] |1966-Present |Flag of The President of Ghana |A Navy Blue Field with The Government Emblem in the centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana: President|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh_pres.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} == Zuliya nima tuuta nima == {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:110px;" |Flag ! style="width:100px;" |Date ! style="width:250px;" |Use ! style="width:250px;" |Description |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag of Ashanti.svg|border|150x150px]] |1935-Present |Flag of The [[Ashanti people]] |A horizontal tricolour of gold, black, green and white with the Golden Stool stationed in the middle of flag.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashanti people (Ghana)|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh_asa.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Ewe_people.svg|border|150x150px]] | ?-Present |Flag of The [[Ewe people]] |A horizontal tricolour of green (top), red and green with 3 golden stars in the red stripe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ewe (Togo)|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/tg%7Dewe.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Hausa_people.svg|border|150x150px]] | ?-Present |Flag of The [[Hausa people]] |A White Field with The Dagin Arewa Star in the centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethnic minorities|url=http://eh.lenin.ru/english/4af/ethnic/hau-fe.htm|access-date=2022-04-01|website=eh.lenin.ru}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Yoruba_people.svg|border|150x150px]] | ?-Present |Flag of The [[Yoruba people]] |A Blue field with a white disc off-centred toward the hoist and 2 green rings and a golden spear inside the disc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Yoruba People (Nigeria)|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/ng%7Dyorub.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} == Siyaasa paati tuuta nima == {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:110px;" |Flag ! style="width:100px;" |Date ! style="width:250px;" |Use ! style="width:250px;" |Description |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_National_Democratic_Congress_(Ghana).svg|border|150x150px]] |1992-Present |Flag of The [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|Ghanan National Democratic Congress]] |4 horizontal stripes of black, red, white and green with the emblem in the centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghanaian political flags|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh%7D.html#ndc|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Convention_People's_Party_(political_party).png|border|150x150px]] |1966-Present |Flag of The [[Convention People's Party]] | |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Western_Togoland.svg|border|150x150px]] |2017-Present |Flag of [[Western Togoland]] | |- | style="text-align:center;" |[[:Lahabali kɔligu:Pnc-ghana flag.gif|Link to file]]<!-- Do NOT display a non-free flag image here. See talk page for more information --> |1992-Present |Flag of The [[People's National Convention (Ghana)|People's National Convention]] | |- | style="text-align:center;" |[[:Lahabali kɔligu:DFP logo.JPG|Link to file]]<!-- Do NOT display a non-free flag image here. See talk page for more information --> |2006-2012 |Flag of the [[Democratic Freedom Party]] | |} == Linjima nima tuuta Mina == {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:110px;" |Flag ! style="width:100px;" |Date ! style="width:250px;" |Use ! style="width:250px;" |Description |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana_(1964–1966).svg|border|150x150px]] |1964-1966 |Civil Ensign of Ghana |A red field with the national flag, fimbriated in black, in the canton. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg|border|150x150px]] |1966-Present |Civil Ensign of Ghana |A red field with the national flag, fimbriated in black, in the canton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh.html#civ|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana_(1964–1966).svg|border|150x150px]] |1964-1966 |Naval Ensign of Ghana |Red St. George's Cross on white centrrensign, with the national flag in canton. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg|border|150x150px]] |1966-Present |Naval Ensign of Ghana |Red St. George's Cross on white centrrensign, with the national flag in canton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghanaian Navy|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh~nav.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana_(1964–1966).svg|border|150x150px]] |1964-1966 |Air Force Ensign of Ghana |A light-blue field with the national flag in canton charged in the fly with a red, white and green roundel. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg|border|150x150px]] |1966-Present |Air Force Ensign of Ghana |A light-blue field with the national flag in canton charged in the fly with a red, yellow and green roundel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghanaian Air Force|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh%5Eaf.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana_(1964–1966).svg|border|150x150px]] |1964-1966 |Civil Air Ensign of Ghana |A light-blue field with the national flag in canton charged in the fly with a black five-pointed star. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg|border|150x150px]] |1966-Present |Civil Air Ensign of Ghana |A light-blue field with the national flag in canton charged in the fly with a black five-pointed star.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh.html#civair|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} == Tuuta nima din buɣisi == {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:110px;" |Flag ! style="width:100px;" |Date ! style="width:250px;" |Use ! style="width:250px;" |Description |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Emmanuel_Enoch_Agbozo's_Ghana_Flag_Proposal.svg|border|150x150px]] |2002 |Emmanuel Enoch Agbozo's Proposal | |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Deutsch-Togo.svg|border|150x150px]] |1914 |Proposed Flag of [[German Togoland]] |A tricolour, made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), white, and red (bottom) with The emblem of Togoland in the centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colonial Flags 1914 (Germany)|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/de_col14.html#tog|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |} == taarihi tuuta nima == {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:110px;" |Flag ! style="width:100px;" |Date ! style="width:250px;" |Use ! style="width:250px;" |Description |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:PortugueseFlag1385.svg|border|150x150px]] |1482-1485 |Flag of The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] ([[Portuguese Gold Coast]]) |Five blue escutcheons each charged with an undetermined number of bezants on a white field. Border: red with yellow castles and a green cross of the Order of Aviz. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:PortugueseFlag1485.svg|border|150x150px]] |1485-1495 |Flag of The Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) |Five blue escutcheons each charged with 5 bezants on a white field. Border: red with 7 yellow castles. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Portugal_(1495).svg|border|150x150px]] |1495-1521 |Flag of The Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) |A White Field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Portugal_(1521).svg|border|150x150px]] |1521-1578 |Flag of The Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) |A White Field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Portugal_(1578).svg|border|150x150px]] |1578-1640 |Flag of The Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) |A White Field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Prinsenvlag.svg|border|150x150px]] |1612-1795 |[[Prince's Flag|The Prince's Flag]] of The [[Dutch Republic]] ([[Dutch Gold Coast]]) |A Horizontal Tricolour of orange, white and blue. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Portugal_(1616).svg|border|150x150px]] |1616-1640 |Flag of The Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) (Putative Flag) |A White Field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_England.svg|border|150x150px]] |1631-1637<br />1663-1700 |Flag of The [[Kingdom of England]] (English Gold Coast) |A white field with centred red cross. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Portugal_(1640).svg|border|150x150px]] |1640-1642 |Flag of The Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) |A White Field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Naval ensign of Sweden.svg|border|150x150px]] |1650–1658<br />1660–1663 |Flag of The [[Sweden|Kingdom of Sweden]] ([[Swedish Gold Coast]]) |Blue with a yellow Nordic cross that extends to the edges of the flag. Overall ratio, including the tails. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Statenvlag.svg|border|150x150px]] |1652–1672 |[[Statenvlag|States Flag]] of The Dutch Republic (Dutch Gold Coast) |A Horizontal Tricolour of red, white and blue. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Denmark.svg|border|150x150px]] |1658–1850 |Flag of The [[Denmark–Norway]] and The [[Denmark|Kingdom of Denmark]] ([[Danish Gold Coast]]) |A red field charged with a white Nordic cross that extends to the edges; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Royal_African_Company_Flag.svg|border|150x150px]] |1663-1700 |Flag of The [[Royal African Company]] |A white field with centred red cross with a chess themed border.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rijksmuseum|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-MC-1889-83-8/catalogue-entry|access-date=2022-04-01|website=Rijksmuseum|language=en}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1430-1806).svg|border|150x150px]] |1682-1721 |Flag of The [[Holy Roman Empire]] ([[Brandenburger Gold Coast|Brandenburger/Prussian Gold Coast]]). |A black [[double-headed eagle]] with haloes on a yellow field. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Brandenburg_(1660–1750).svg|border|150x150px]] |1682-1701 |Flag of The [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] (Brandenburger Gold Coast). |7 horizontal stripes alternating black and white; with a red eagle off-centred toward the hoist. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Pabellon_de_Brandeburgo_(c._1684).svg|border|150x150px]] |1684-1701 |Flag of The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Brandenburger Gold Coast). |A White Field with a red crowned eagle off-centred toward the hoist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Electorate of Brandenburg 1356-1701 (Germany)|url=http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/de-br_hi.html#1750|access-date=2022-04-01|website=fotw.fivestarflags.com|archive-date=2022-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518062249/http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/de-br_hi.html#1750|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_(1701-1750).svg|border|150x150px]] |1701-1721 |Flag of The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (Prussian Gold Coast). |A black eagle holding a sword and rod on a white field, a crown on top. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707–1800).svg|border|150x150px]] |1750-1801 |Flag of The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] |A superimposition of the flags of [[England]] and [[Scotland]] |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_France_(1794–1815,_1830–1974,_2020–present).svg|border|150x150px]] |1795–1813 |Flag of The [[French First Republic]] and The [[First French Empire]] (French occupied Dutch Gold Coast) |A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Batavian_Republic.svg|border|150x150px]] |1795–1806 |[[Flag of the Batavian Republic]] |A horizontal triband of red, white and blue with the Republic’s emblem in the canton. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|border|150x150px]] |1801-1960 |Flag of The [[United Kingdom]] |A superimposition of the flags of England and Scotland with the [[Saint Patrick's Saltire]] (representing [[Ireland]]). |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg|border|150x150px]] |1806-1872 |Flag of The [[Kingdom of Holland]], The [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands]], The [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] and The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] (Dutch Gold Coast) |A Horizontal Tricolour of red, white and blue. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_British_West_Africa_Settlements_(1870–1888).svg|border|150x150px]] |1870-1877 |Flag of The [[British West Africa]] |A blue ensign defaced with the emblem of The West African Settlements.<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Africa Settlements|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-wafrs.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_(1877–1957).svg|border|150x150px]] |1877-1957 |Flag of The [[Gold Coast (British colony)|British Gold Coast]] |A blue ensign defaced with the emblem of The Gold Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Coast (Ghana under British rule, -1957)|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh_col.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Germany_(1867–1918).svg|border|150x150px]] |1884-1916 |Flag of The [[German Empire]] ([[German Togoland]]) |A tricolour, made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), white, and red (bottom) |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Reichskolonialflagge.svg|border|150x150px]] |1884-1916 |Colonial Flag of The German Empire |A tricolour, made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), white, and red (bottom) with The [[Reichsadler]] in the centre. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Ashanti_Flag.jpg|border|150x150px]] |1935-1957 |Flag of The [[Ashanti Empire]] |A horizontal tricolour of gold, black, green and white with the Golden Stool stationed in the middle of flag. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|border|150x150px]] |1957-1964 |Flag of The [[Dominion of Ghana]] and 1st Flag of Ghana |A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with a black star in the centre.<ref>{{Citation|title=The New Union Flag Project|date=2020-07-28|work=Bad English|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7765/9781526108852.00005|isbn=978-1-5261-0885-2|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_(1958-1961).svg|border|150x150px]] |1958-1961 |Flag of The [[Union of African States]] |A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with 2 black stars on the yellow band.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Union of African States|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/int-uas.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_(1961–1962).svg|border|150x150px]] |1961-1962 |Flag of The Union of African States |A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with 3 black stars on the yellow band. |- |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Flag_of_Ghana_(1964–1966).svg|border|150x150px]] |1964-1966 |2nd Flag of Ghana |A horizontal triband of red, white, and green, charged with a black star in the centre.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Kenneth|date=1957|title=Ghana. The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1957-07_33_3/page/383|journal=International Affairs|volume=33|issue=3|pages=383|doi=10.2307/2605549|issn=1468-2346|jstor=2605549}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana 1964-1966|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh_1964.html|access-date=2022-04-01|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} == Lihimi m-pahi == {{Commons category|Flags of Ghana}} * [[Flag of Ghana]] * [[Coat of arms of Ghana]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} {{Ghana topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Lists of flags}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghana}} [[Pubu:Lists and galleries of flags]] [[Pubu:Ghana-related lists|Flags]] fc1sljpwxc5l73giekdpl1gohb798ax Ghana Bar Association 0 18667 146182 137467 2026-08-10T22:31:29Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ghana Bar Association (GBA)''' nyɛla ''[[Ghana]]'' alikaali mini looyanima laɣiŋgu, nti pahi ti ni daa mi shaba "''solicitors''" mini "''barristers''" la, amaa saha ŋɔ ti pa booni ba la " legal practitioners" nti pahi "magistrates<nowiki>''</nowiki> zuɣu. looya kam zaa bɛ ni kpuɣi ''Ghana'' ni o tum tuma nyɛla ŋun leegi lala laɣingu ŋɔ niriba puuni yino.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=David Andreas Hesse, Hesse & Hesse|title=Ghana: Ethics and practicalities|url=http://whichlawyer.practicallaw.com/which/ethicsPracticalitiesInJurisdiction.do?docId=:28090387&jurisdictionId=:22305|access-date=26 September 2011|work=Practical Law Company}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Ghana bar association'' nyɛla din yina ''Gold Coast Bar Association'' puuni,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gocking|first=Roger|date=April 1996|title=Ghana's public tribunals: an experiment in revolutionary justice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1996-04_95_379/page/197|journal=[[African Affairs]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=95|issue=379|pages=197–223|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007717}}</ref> din tuuli zuɣulana daa nyɛ [[Sierra leone|Sierra Leonean]] lawyer Frans Dove.<ref>[[Audrey Gadzekpo|Gadzekpo, Audrey]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=nGfMAgAAQBAJ&dq=frans+dove+sierra+leone+mabel+dove&pg=PA371 "Dove-danquah, Mabel (1905–84)"], in Eugene Benson, L. W. Conolly (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English'' (1994), 2nd edition, Routledge, 2005, p. 341.</ref> ''Ghana Bar Association'' nyɛla ban daa ʒini n gbaai bɛ soya ni zalisi yuuni 1958 din nyaaŋa di yi ti pa yaltɔɣ'kpeeni kaman "siyaasa daliri" bɛ nyɛla ban ban ʒiini yuuni kam n gbaari saawara ka piiri bɛ kpamba ban yan niŋ yuuni ko, yuuni maa nyaaŋa kpambi maa mali soli ni tooi lahi zani piibupiibu maa ni. Ghana Bar Association nyala ban dihi tabli ni ni bɛ niŋsim maa nyɛla din che ka ''Ghana'' zaa bana n nyɛ laɣingu sheli ban mali "democracy" n nyaŋ sokam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Bar Association|url=https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/ghana_bar_association_2/|access-date=2023-07-19|website=Commonwealth of Nations|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709000458/https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/ghana_bar_association_2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Ghana Bar Association'' nyala ban mali "lawyer" bima, zalisi ni saɣi n ti shaba ni be tum "lawyer" tuma Ghana tiŋgbani puuni == Di Pilli == Lala yuli ŋo"bar" ŋo gbunni wuhiya ni di gbunni nyɛla "lawyer" nim zaa nangbanyini zlgu ni piigi shaba ka bi yina silimiinsi taɣada puuni. Saha sheli ha, "16th century" saha "lawyer" nim biehigu shee daa nyala din pirigi buyi. Shikuru bihi daa nyala ban be yaɣ'yini, ka bɛ karimbanima bee bɛ kpamba mi be yaɣa dini maa. di yi daa ti niŋ ka shikuru bia naaigi o shikuru, o nyɛla ŋun yan yi o shikurubihi taba maa sani n chaŋ n ti pahi kpamba maa zuɣu.<ref name="etymologyonline">{{cite web|title=Etymology: Bar|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110041845/https://www.etymonline.com/word/bar|archive-date=10 January 2021|access-date=11 December 2006|publisher=EtymologyOnline.com}}</ref> Nyaanga na, bɛ daa ti ku kpuɣi li mi ka di nyɛla [taabo] din chihira ba ni zaŋ n waligiri pol'shɛli di gili alikaale nim maa ʒishɛɛ kootu maa ni, luɣi shɛli dansarika nim ni zaandi ka bɛ kariti ba sariya ni luɣishɛli ''barrister'' nim ni zaandi n suhiri noli. Saha ŋɔ kootu duri puuni, lala taabo daɣu din taɣi ba == Taarihi mini di benibu == ''British'' jintɔriba daa kpa la ''Supreme Court of Judicature'' n ti ''[[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]'' sulinsi nim 1876 yuuni, ka ti ba alikaale kpɛma ni alikaale bihi ban kalinli bɛ gari diba anahi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About Us – Ghana Bar Association|url=https://ghanabar.org/about-us/|access-date=2025-12-13|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Text of Address by Secretary-General, U Thant, to International Bar Association, Dublin, 12 July 1968|date=1968|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4694-6_3|work=Twelfth Conference of the International Bar Association|pages=6–14|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-017-4549-9|access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref> 1887 yuuni, ''John Mensah Sarbah'' n daa nyɛ tuuli ''[[Ghana]]'' ninvuɣiso ''Lincol's Inn'' bɔŋ la nim ni daa boli alikaale tali tuma maa ni.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ulzen|first=Thaddeus|date=2017-09-04|title=September 4, 1887: Arrival of John Mensah Sarbah, first Ghanaian called to the English Bar|url=https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/sept-4-sarbah|access-date=2025-12-13|website=Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Bɛ zalkpana maa daa doli la ''[[England]]'' nim dini, shɛli ni ''solicitor'' nim tiri zalisi saɣisigu ka lahi namdi zalisi gbana, ka ''barrister'' nim mi nyɛ ban zandi sariya diriba zaani kootu puuni. Amaa bɛ daa nyami ka ''Ghana'' nim bɛ zaŋdi lala pirigibu ŋɔ maa n tumdi tuma, ka 1960 yuuni la jintɔriba zalisi la daa kana n ti nyahi lala pirigibu maa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Bar Association|url=http://ghanabar.org/about-us/est-supreme-court.html|access-date=2025-12-13|website=ghanabar.org|archive-date=2011-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003224751/http://ghanabar.org/about-us/est-supreme-court.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Naɣila bɛ ni daa yihi ''Ghana School of Law'' la na yuuni 1958, bɛ daa wuhi la bɛ zaa alikaale tuma maa tiŋduya,  bɛ ban daa ka ''Inns of Court'' din be ''[[England]]'' maa daa bɛ yaɣilala. 2011 yuuni la saha zaa, alikaale bihi ban na deeri baŋsim daa nyɛla kamani ninvuɣ tusa ayi ni kobisinu 2,500, amaa ka bɛ zaa ka bɛ daa na kpuɣi ''Bar Association'' maa puuni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Bar Association|url=http://ghanabar.org/about-us/training-ghanaian-lawyers.html|access-date=2025-12-13|website=ghanabar.org|archive-date=2011-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003224756/http://ghanabar.org/about-us/training-ghanaian-lawyers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amaa ti ni tooi dɔli zalkpana baŋsim tuun'shɛli din be ''[[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]'' (punpoŋo Ghana) ŋɔ naba n labi 1846 yuma la saha, ''Ghana Bar Association'' maa ni daa laɣim n nam bɛ tuuli ''constitution'' 1958 yuuni la ni.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Ghana Bar Association breaks new grounds|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-bar-association-breaks-new-grounds.html|access-date=2025-12-14|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> ''Ghana Bar Association'' daa mali zuɣulan nim pam, amaa gbai yihi bɛ niriba biɛla ban jilima daa yi di ko, kamani Frans Dove,  ban daa gbubi di kpamli maa yuya daa bɛ sabi n dɔya, naɣila 1957 yuuni,<ref name=":0" /> saha shaŋa ''Bar Association'' maa ni daa yi pa mali gomnanti, ŋun sabira, ŋun sɔŋdi be daaʒia, ni bɛ ni daa laɣim n piigi ninvuɣ'shaba n  dɔli Bar Association maa constitution.<ref>{{Citation|title=Figure 5.2: AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION MODEL CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY|date=2014-07-22|url=https://doi.org/10.1201/9781498710510-19|work=Ethics in Quality|pages=92–92|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-429-06804-1|access-date=2025-12-14}}</ref> Saha ŋɔ ''GBA'' maa zuɣu lana n nyɛ Efua Ghartey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-11|title=Efua Ghartey elected president of Ghana Bar Association|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/efua-ghartey-elected-as-first-female-president-of-ghana-bar-association.html|access-date=2025-12-14|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ŋuna n nyɛ piligu paɣa so ŋun di ''Ghana Bar Association'' zuɣulana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ph.D|first=Maame Efua Addadzi-Koom|date=2024-09-11|title=History Made! Two Women Elected to Lead the Ghana Bar Association|url=https://www.africanwil.org/post/two-women-at-a-go-a-historic-milestone-for-the-ghana-bar-association-leadership|access-date=2025-12-14|website=Institute for African Women in Law|language=en}}</ref> '''Zuɣulan shɛba ban pun gari GBA puuni n nyɛ:''' * Robert Samuel Blay (yuuni 1957 hali ni yuuni 1959 ) n-ti pahi ni ( yuuni 1960 ni hali ni yuuni 1962) * [[Archie Casely-Hayford]] (yuuni 1959 ni hali ni yuuni 1960) * [[Joseph Boakye Danquah|J. B. Danquah]] (yuuni 1962 ni hali ni yuuni 1963) * [[Victor Owusu]] (acting 1963–1965) and (1965–1966) * [[William Ofori Atta|William Ofori-Atta]] (yuuni 1966 ni hali ni yuuni 1967) * [[Joe Appiah]] (yuuni 1967 ni hali ni yuuni 1970 puuni )<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richards|first=Yevette|url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=kHVD3fs652EC&dq=past+president+of+the+Ghana+bar+association+1980&pg=PA152&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=past%20president%20of%20the%20Ghana%20bar%20association%201980&f=false|title=Conversations With Maida Springer: A Personal History Of Labor, Race, and International Relations|date=2014-06-26|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7083-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dogbevi|first=Emmanuel|date=2012-02-24|title=Obama presents 2011 National Humanities Medal to Ghanaian-born Prof. Anthony Appiah|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/02/24/obama-presents-2011-national-humanities-medal-to-ghanaian-born-prof-anthony-appiah/|access-date=2025-12-13|website=Ghana Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Joe Reindorf]] (yuuni 1970 ni hali ni yuuni 1971) * Edward Nathaniel Moore (yuuni 1971 ni hali ni yuuni 1972 puuni ) * J. B. Quashie-Idun (yuuni 1972 ni hali ni yuuni 1976 puuni ) * J. K. F. Adadevoh (yuuni 1976 ni hali ni yuuni 1979 ni ) * W. A. N. Adumoah-Bossman (yuuni 1979 ni hali ni yuuni 1981)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Galloper Deal Stinks {{!}} Politics {{!}} Peacefmonline.com|url=https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201207/122667.php|access-date=2025-12-13|website=m.peacefmonline.com|archive-date=2023-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011021937/https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201207/122667.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * E. D. Kom (yuuni 1981 ni hali ni yuuni 1982 puuni ) * J. K. Agyemang (yuuni 1982 ni hali ni yuuni 1985 puuni ) * [[Peter Ala Adjetey]] (yuuni 1985 ni hali ni yuuni 1989 ni ) * Anthony K. Mmieh (yuuni 1989 ni hali ni yuuni 1992 ni?) * Nutifafa Kuenyehia (yuuni 1992 ni hali ni 1995 puuni ),<ref>{{Cite web|title=worldipcomgroup.com - worldipcomgroup Resources and Information.|url=http://www.worldipcomgroup.com/globalleadersreview/profile7.html|access-date=2025-12-13|website=www.worldipcomgroup.com|language=en|archive-date=2023-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011021937/http://www.worldipcomgroup.com/globalleadersreview/profile7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Sam Okudzeto]](yuuni 1995 ni hali ni yuuni 1998)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sam Okudzeto|url=http://www.designbydinnie.com/samokudzetoandassociates/sam-okudzeto.html|access-date=2025-12-13|website=www.designbydinnie.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812200039/http://www.designbydinnie.com/samokudzetoandassociates/sam-okudzeto.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Joseph Ebow Quashie (yuuni 1998 ni hali ni yuuni 2001)<ref>{{Cite news|date=-001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00|title=Ghana bar Association advises ex–President Rawlings|language=en-US|work=GhanaWeb|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-bar-Association-advises-ex-8211-President-Rawlings-15824|access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref> * Paul Adu-Gyamfi (yuuni 2001 ni ?)<ref>{{Cite web|title=New President of Bar Association: Adu-Gyamfi is|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/17278/new-president-of-bar-association-adu-gyamfi-is.html|access-date=2025-12-13|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> * Solomon Kwame Tetteh<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Bar Association retains executives|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/87132/ghana-bar-association-retains-executives.html|access-date=2025-12-13|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> * Nii Osah Mills (yuuni 2007 ni hali ni yuuni 2008)<ref>{{Cite news|date=-001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00|title=Nii Osah Mills is GBA national president|language=en-US|work=GhanaWeb|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Nii-Osah-Mills-is-GBA-national-president-131792|access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ghananewsagency.org|url=https://forsale.godaddy.com/forsale/ghananewsagency.org?utm_source=TDFS_BINNS2&utm_medium=parkedpages&utm_campaign=x_corp_tdfs-binns2_base&traffic_type=TDFS_BINNS2&traffic_id=binns2&oref=https://en.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-12-13|website=forsale.godaddy.com|archive-date=2025-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222225926/https://forsale.godaddy.com/forsale/ghananewsagency.org?utm_source=TDFS_BINNS2&utm_medium=parkedpages&utm_campaign=x_corp_tdfs-binns2_base&traffic_type=TDFS_BINNS2&traffic_id=binns2&oref=https://en.wikipedia.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Frank Beecham (yuuni 2009 ni hali ni yuuni 2012)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stories|first=Samuel Duodu's|date=2009-10-11|title=SAMUEL DUODU'S STORIES: BEECHAM ELECTED PRESIDENT OF GBA (OCT 2, SPREAD)|url=https://samuuelduodu.blogspot.com/2009/10/beecham-elected-president-of-gba-oct-2.html|access-date=2025-12-13|website=SAMUEL DUODU'S STORIES}}</ref> * Nene A. O. Amegatcher (yuuni 2012 ni hali ni yuuni 2015 ni) * Benson Nutsukpui (yuuni 2015 ni hali ni yuuni 2018)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-09-18|title=Benson Ntsukpui is new President of Ghana Bar Association|language=en-US|work=GhanaWeb|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Benson-Ntsukpui-is-new-President-of-Ghana-Bar-Association-382684|access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref> * Tony Forson Jnr. (Yuuni 2019 ni hali ni yuuni 2021) * Yaw Acheampong Boafo (yuuni 2021 ni hali ni yuuni 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ullo|first=Sixtus Dong|date=2021-09-15|title=Yaw Boafo elected new national President of Ghana Bar Association|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/09/yaw-boafo-elected-new-national-president-of-ghana-bar-association/|access-date=2025-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref> * Efua Ghartey (yuuni * 2024- )<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-11|title=Efua Ghartey elected first female President of GBA|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/09/efua-ghartey-elected-first-female-president-of-gba/|access-date=2025-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref> Ghana Bar Association nyɛla din pahi International Bar Association din nye andunia yaangi zuɣu lahingu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibanet.org/barassociations/BIC_Africa.aspx |title=IBA Member Organisations in Africa |publisher=International Bar Association |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive- url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208154059/http://www.ibanet.org/barassociations/BIC_Africa.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208154059/http://www.ibanet.org/barassociations/BIC_Africa.aspx }}</ref> == Nangbankpema == Silimin gɔli October 2010 yuuni, lala saha maa "GBA" zuɣulan'paa (Vice President), ''Mr. Justice Kusi-Minkah Premo'', daa nyala ŋun yali "Chief Justice" mini kpamba ni bɛ sɔŋ ka bɛ tuhi n ku jaaji nima n taɣiri bɛ zalisi ka di pala di tamla kalinli zuɣu, ni be gu'bieri dibu n ti pahi bieh'yoya shaŋa puuni be ni be.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2009-09|title=Ultrasound Quarterly CME Examination September 2009|url=https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ruq.0000360339.31507.a9|journal=Ultrasound Quarterly|volume=25|issue=3|pages=163–166|doi=10.1097/01.ruq.0000360339.31507.a9|issn=0894-8771}}</ref> Silimiin gɔli April 2011 yuuni, ŋun daa nye bɛ zuɣulana (''National President'') lala saha maa ''Frank W. K. Beecham'' daa di fiila n daa gu ka taɣi ''Mr Justice E. K. Ayebi'', jaaji niribi suhi ni daa yiɣisi m bahi o zuɣu ka di nya la o yihila ninvuɣ' pia ni anahi shaba niriba ni daa zilsi zaŋ kpa nyevuli dibo polo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sarkodee-Adoo, Julius, (18 Sept. 1908–31 Dec. 1971), Chief Justice, Republic of Ghana, 1964–66 (Judge, Supreme Court, Republic of Ghana, 1960; Puisne Judge, Ghana, 1956)|date=2007-12-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u159327|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Asare|first=Joseph|last2=Owusu-Akomeah|first2=Michael Nana|last3=Kumah|first3=Emmanuel Atta|last4=Afriyie|first4=Stephen Owusu|last5=Ampong|first5=George Oppong|date=2023-12-25|title=The financial sector of emerging markets based on digital technology evolution in the banking sector - The Ghanaian experience|url=https://doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v14nu03/art-11|journal=The Business and Management Review|volume=14|issue=03|doi=10.24052/bmr/v14nu03/art-11|issn=2047-2862}}</ref> Silimiin goli july, 2011 yuuni "''lawyer''" nima diba anahi daa nyala ban yali, ni jaajinim pam nyala ban diri gu bieri. "GBA" daa nyala ban galim ka fee "lawyer" nima diba anahi ŋo ka yaliba, ni be di yari yaltɔɣa din ka shahira, bi daa lahi yalba, ni bi bolimi jaaji shsba ban diri gu bieri ŋo yuya. "Lawyer" so nyala ŋun daa yali,ni o nyala ninvuɣ'so jaaji ni na min di o gu'bieri. "GBA daa nyɛla ban yali ni shee di doli soya ni zalsi ni wuhi sham n gbaai lala jaaji ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2011/07/15/ghana-bar-association-condemns-conduct-of-five-lawyers/ |title=Ghana Bar Association condemns conduct of five lawyers |date=15 July 2011 |work=Ghana Business News |agency=GNA |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> lala "lawyer" nima diba anahi ŋo daa nyala bɛ ni yihi shaba laɣimgu din yuli booni "''Association of Magistrates and Judges''" puuni. Lala looyanima ŋɔ n-ti pahi shaba dabam daa nyɛla ban zaŋ bɛ kpalanzuya gbuni taba ni bɛ ni bɛ kpa bɛ maŋa laɣingu din ŋmani li..<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Blacklisted-lawyers-threaten-break-away-from-GBA-213793 |title=Blacklisted lawyers threaten break away from GBA |date=15 July 2011 |work=GhanaWeb |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022919/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Blacklisted-lawyers-threaten-break-away-from-GBA-213793 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ghana Bar Association maa daa nyɛla ban ʒini bɛ yuuni yuuni ʒia [[Cape Coast]] silimiin-goli September 2011 yuuni, bɛ ni daa yihi bɛ zalizaaniba ("magistrates") ayi ban daa bɔri ni bɛ di gubiɛri la nyaaŋa di daa bɛ yuui. GBA zuɣulana lala saha maa Frank Beecham daa yɛliya ni laɣingu maa nyɛla din yɛn zabi kɔrifɔhili ni di balli kam. GBA ni kpa yaɣili din yɛn wumda bee n-deeri lahibaya bee tuuntumsa din jɛndi gubiɛri bee kɔrinfɔhili polo, ka kpaŋ di maŋa ka di darigi ŋun kam tum birigi zaligu taali.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201109/73229.php |title=GBA declares war on corruption in judiciary |newspaper=Daily Graphic |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> == Lahi nyama == * General Legal Council == External links == * Official website == Kundivihira == et59t3f95v3dlg39m097ldgmc7ofa16 Climate of Nottingham 0 19251 146097 132332 2026-08-10T20:20:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{climate chart | [[Nottingham, United Kingdom]] |1.65|6.91|59.06 |1.67|7.66|49.82 |2.96|10.06|45.51 |4.75|13.19|47.63 |7.45|16.38|49.84 |10.38|19.18|66.68 |12.39|21.49|65.20 |12.30|21.09|63.65 |10.22|18.12|57.35 |7.43|13.90|71.73 |4.24|9.78|69.49 |1.99|7.17|69.61 |float=right |clear=none |source=[[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages1">{{cite web |url= https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrje93b8 |title= Nottingham 1991–2020 averages |access-date=7 September 2020|publisher=Met Office}}</ref>}} [[File:University Park MMB «B7 Trent Building.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|230px|[[University of Nottingham#University Park Campus|University Park Campus]] after snowfall in January 2013.]] '''Climate of [[Nottingham]]''' chaŋ mi ti gohi "[[Temperate climate|temperate]] [[maritime climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'')" ni maasim bɛla, ni tulim din saɣisi mini saa mibu pam yuuni puli ni. Tum 1960, saa mibu mini tulim bee maasim taarihi nyɛla din be [[Nottingham Weather Centre]] din be[[Watnall]]. "[[Sutton Bonington weather station|Weather station]]" shɛli lahi bɛni tumdi ka be [[University of Nottingham|University of Nottingham's]] pukparilim baŋsim bɔhimbu din be [[Sutton Bonington]]. Tum bɛ ni pili di taarihi sabi soŋ, tulim pam din na niŋ Nottingham nyɛla {{convert|39.8|C|F}} silimiin goli 19 July 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=03354&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2022&mes=7&day=19&hora=18 |title=Synop Report Summary 19/07/2022 Watnall |website=Ogimet |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> ka din mi na pɔri pam mi nyɛ {{convert|-13.3|C|F}} silimiin goli 13 January 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1987&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118|title=January 1987|website=Ecs.knmi.nl|access-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200152/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1987&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ni silimin goli 23 January 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1963&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118|title=January 1963|website=Ecs.knmi.nl|access-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110509/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/indicesmapdetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1963&indexid=TNn&stationid=2118|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Amaa yuuni 1947 maasim saha, tulim din nyɛ {{convert|-17.8|C|F}} ka bɛ daa nya Sutton Bonington silimin goli 24 February 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/wheres-snow-truth-whether-really-2494991|title=Where's our snow? The truth about whether we really get less of the white stuff than the rest of the country|website=nottinghampost.com|access-date=2 February 2019|date=February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201141633/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/wheres-snow-truth-whether-really-2494991|archive-date=1 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Pubu pubu== [[File:Arboretum Nottingham Autumn 3.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|230px|[[The Arboretum, Nottingham]] in Autumn.]] {{Schemebox |city = Nottingham | source_k =<ref>{{cite web |title=Nottingham, England Köppen Climate Classification |url= https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/nottingham-128/ |website=Climate-Data.org|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> | initial_k ={{KoppenClimate|Cfb}} | description_k =[[Oceanic climate]]{{Efn|Also called marine west coast.|name=|group=}} | source_t =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|title=Trewartha maps|website=kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> | initial_t ={{TrewarthaClimate|Do}} | description_t =Temperate [[oceanic climate]] | source_a =<ref>{{Citation|last=Cmapm|first=Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work|title=Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову.|date=2011-06-16|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alisov%27s_classification_of_climate_ru.jpg|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> | initial_a ={{n/a}} | description_a =[[Temperate climate]]{{Efn|Mid-latitude temperate maritime climate|name=|group=}} | source_s =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/16/b8/c516b8c463fa99df0da778f768c85965.jpg|title=World Strahler Climate Map|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> | initial_s = {{n/a}} | description_s =[[Oceanic climate|Marine west-coast]] | source_tw =<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feddema|first=Johannes J.|date=January 2005|title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification|url=https://archive.org/details/physical-geography_november-december-2005_26_6/page/442|journal=Physical Geography|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=442–466|doi=10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442|issn=0272-3646}}</ref> | initial_tw ={{center|''C2 B'1''}} | description_tw =Moist subhumid | source_n =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/klimaklassifikation/4159|title=Klimaklassifikation|website=www.spektrum.de|language=de|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> | initial_n ={{n/a}} | description_n =West side/maritime climate }} ==Tulim bee maasim== Tulim din galisi Nottingham nyɛla {{convert|13.8|C|F}} ka di din pɔri yuuni puli ni mi nyɛ {{convert|6.5|C|F}}. Dabisili puli ni mi dini nyɛla {{convert|10.1|C|F}}. Tulim bee maasim balibu zaa nyɛla bɛ ni sabiri shɛli n-niŋdi Nottingham Weather Centre in Watnall. ===Averages=== {{Weather box |location = [[Nottingham Watnall]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|5.6|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Nottingham city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|117|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals | collapsed = | metric first = y | single line = y | Jan high C = 6.9 | Feb high C = 7.7 | Mar high C = 10.1 | Apr high C = 13.2 | May high C = 16.4 | Jun high C = 19.2 | Jul high C = 21.5 | Aug high C = 21.1 | Sep high C = 18.1 | Oct high C = 13.9 | Nov high C = 9.8 | Dec high C = 7.2 | year high C = 13.8 | Jan mean C = 4.3 | Feb mean C = 4.7 | Mar mean C = 6.5 | Apr mean C = 9.0 | May mean C = 11.9 | Jun mean C = 14.8 | Jul mean C = 16.9 | Aug mean C = 16.7 | Sep mean C = 14.2 | Oct mean C = 10.7 | Nov mean C = 7.0 | Dec mean C = 4.6 | year mean C = 10.1 | Jan low C = 1.7 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 3.0 | Apr low C = 4.8 | May low C = 7.5 | Jun low C = 10.4 | Jul low C = 12.4 | Aug low C = 12.3 | Sep low C = 10.2 | Oct low C = 7.4 | Nov low C = 4.2 | Dec low C = 2.0 | year low C = 6.5 | source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages1"/> }} {{Weather box |location = [[Nottingham Watnall]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|5.6|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Nottingham city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|117|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1961–1990 normals | collapsed = y | metric first = y | single line = y | Jan high C = 5.9 | Feb high C = 6.1 | Mar high C = 8.8 | Apr high C = 11.6 | May high C = 15.6 | Jun high C = 18.7 | Jul high C = 20.4 | Aug high C = 20.2 | Sep high C = 17.5 | Oct high C = 13.7 | Nov high C = 8.9 | Dec high C = 6.7 | year high C = 12.9 | Jan mean C = 3.2 | Feb mean C = 3.2 | Mar mean C = 5.3 | Apr mean C = 7.6 | May mean C = 11.0 | Jun mean C = 14.1 | Jul mean C = 15.9 | Aug mean C = 15.7 | Sep mean C = 13.4 | Oct mean C = 10.2 | Nov mean C = 6.0 | Dec mean C = 4.1 | year mean C = 9.2 | Jan low C = 0.6 | Feb low C = 0.4 | Mar low C = 1.8 | Apr low C = 3.6 | May low C = 6.4 | Jun low C = 9.4 | Jul low C = 11.3 | Aug low C = 11.2 | Sep low C = 9.3 | Oct low C = 6.8 | Nov low C = 3.1 | Dec low C = 1.5 | year low C = 5.5 | source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrje93b8 |title= Nottingham 1961–1990 averages |access-date=7 September 2020|publisher=Met Office}}</ref>}} ===Highest daily temperatures=== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- !Period !Record temperature<ref name="KNMI">{{cite web| url = https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php| title = Indices Data – Nottingham Weather Centre STAID 2118| access-date = 2 March 2020| publisher = [[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]]| archive-date = 9 July 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php| url-status = dead}}</ref> !Date |- | {{Date table sorting|January}} |{{convert|14.5|C|F}} || 9 Jan 2015 |- | {{Date table sorting|February}} |{{convert|18.6|C|F}} || 26 Feb 2019 |- | {{Date table sorting|March}} |{{convert|22.8|C|F}} || 29 Mar 1965 |- | {{Date table sorting|April}} |{{convert|25.9|C|F}} || 19 Apr 2018 |- | {{Date table sorting|May}} |{{convert|27.6|C|F}} || 14 May 1965 |- | {{Date table sorting|June}} |{{convert|31.2|C|F}} || 30 Jun 1995 |- | {{Date table sorting|July}} |{{convert|39.8|C|F}} || 19 Jul 2022 |- | {{Date table sorting|August}} |{{convert|34.6|C|F}} || 3 Aug 1990 |- | {{Date table sorting|September}} |{{convert|29.6|C|F}} || 7 Sep 2021 |- | {{Date table sorting|October}} |{{convert|28.4|C|F}} || 1 Oct 2011 |- | {{Date table sorting|November}} |{{convert|17.9|C|F}} || 2 Nov 2005 |- | {{Date table sorting|December}} |{{convert|15.0|C|F}} || data-sort-value="19 Dec 2015"|19 Dec 2015<br/>7 Dec 2015 |} {{col-2}} ===Lowest daily temperatures=== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- !Period !Record temperature<ref name="KNMI"/> !Date |- | {{Date table sorting|January}} |{{convert|-13.3|C|F}} || data-sort-value="13 Jan 1987"|13 Jan 1987<br/>23 Jan 1963 |- | {{Date table sorting|February}} |{{convert|-11.1|C|F}} || 10 Feb 1986 |- | {{Date table sorting|March}} |{{convert|-10.6|C|F}} || 3 Mar 1965 |- | {{Date table sorting|April}} |{{convert|-4.6|C|F}} || 9 Apr 1973 |- | {{Date table sorting|May}} |{{convert|-2.1|C|F}} || 3 May 1967 |- | {{Date table sorting|June}} |{{convert|1.0|C|F}} || 1 Jun 1962 |- | {{Date table sorting|July}} |{{convert|4.4|C|F}} || data-sort-value="Jul 1972"|July 1972<br/>4 Jul 1965<br/> |- | {{Date table sorting|August}} |{{convert|4.5|C|F}} || 20 Aug 1964 |- | {{Date table sorting|September}} |{{convert|0.9|C|F}} || 16 Sep 1975 |- | {{Date table sorting|October}} |{{convert|-3.1|C|F}} || 29 Oct 1997 |- | {{Date table sorting|November}} |{{convert|-9.2|C|F}} || 28 Nov 2010 |- | {{Date table sorting|December}} |{{convert|-12.0|C|F}} || 7 Dec 2010 |} {{col-end}} ===Daily record warm minima=== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- !Period !Record temperature<ref name="KNMI"/> !Date |- | {{Date table sorting|January}} |{{convert|10.2|C|F}} || 1993 |- | {{Date table sorting|February}} |{{convert|11.6|C|F}} || 2004 |- | {{Date table sorting|March}} |{{convert|11.9|C|F}} || 2017 |- | {{Date table sorting|April}} |{{convert|13.2|C|F}} || 2007 |- | {{Date table sorting|May}} |{{convert|14.7|C|F}} || 2001 |- | {{Date table sorting|June}} |{{convert|18.0|C|F}} || 2006 |- | {{Date table sorting|July}} |{{convert|19.6|C|F}} || 2006 |- | {{Date table sorting|August}} |{{convert|19.9|C|F}} || 2004 |- | {{Date table sorting|September}} |{{convert|18.1|C|F}} || 2016 |- | {{Date table sorting|October}} |{{convert|16.0|C|F}} || 2011 |- | {{Date table sorting|November}} |{{convert|13.6|C|F}} || 1969 |- | {{Date table sorting|December}} |{{convert|11.9|C|F}} || 1986 |} {{col-2}} ===Daily record cold maxima=== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- !Period !Record temperature<ref name="KNMI"/> !Date |- | {{Date table sorting|January}} |{{convert|-6.3|C|F}} || 1963 |- | {{Date table sorting|February}} |{{convert|-2.5|C|F}} || 1979 |- | {{Date table sorting|March}} |{{convert|-0.5|C|F}} || 2018 |- | {{Date table sorting|April}} |{{convert|1.6|C|F}} || data-sort-value="1981"|1981<br/>1978<br/> |- | {{Date table sorting|May}} |{{convert|6.4|C|F}} || 1978 |- | {{Date table sorting|June}} |{{convert|9.2|C|F}} || 1985 |- | {{Date table sorting|July}} |{{convert|11.7|C|F}} || 2004 |- | {{Date table sorting|August}} |{{convert|12.4|C|F}} || 1964 |- | {{Date table sorting|September}} |{{convert|7.5|C|F}} || 1974 |- | {{Date table sorting|October}} |{{convert|5.3|C|F}} || 2008 |- | {{Date table sorting|November}} |{{convert|-0.7|C|F}} || 1969 |- | {{Date table sorting|December}} |{{convert|-4.6|C|F}} || 1961 |} {{col-end}} ===Highest averages=== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- !Period !Record mean !Year |- |Year |{{convert|10.8|C|F}}|| 2006 |- | Spring (March–May) |{{convert|10.5|C|F}}|| 2011 |- | Summer (June–August) |{{convert|17.5|C|F}}|| 1976 |- | Autumn (September–November) |{{convert|12.4|C|F}}|| 2006 |- | Winter (December–February) |{{convert|6.5|C|F}}|| 2006–2007 |- | January |{{convert|6.5|C|F}}|| 2007 |- | February |{{convert|7.5|C|F}}|| 1998 |- | March |{{convert|8.5|C|F}}|| 2012 |- | April |{{convert|11.9|C|F}}|| 2011 |- | May |{{convert|13.6|C|F}}|| 2018 |- | June |{{convert|17.1|C|F}}|| 1976 |- | July |{{convert|20.2|C|F}}|| 2006 |- | August |{{convert|19.3|C|F}}|| 1975 |- | September |{{convert|16.7|C|F}}|| 2006 |- | October |{{convert|13.1|C|F}}|| 2001 |- | November |{{convert|8.9|C|F}}|| 1994 |- | December |{{convert|9.0|C|F}}|| 2015 |} {{col-2}} === Lowest averages === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- !Period !Record mean !Year |- |Year |{{convert|8.0|C|F}}|| 1963 |- | Spring (March–May) |{{convert|6.4|C|F}}|| 1962 |- | Summer (June–August) |{{convert|14.0|C|F}}|| 1972 |- | Autumn (September–November) |{{convert|8.1|C|F}}|| 1993 |- | Winter (December–February) |{{convert|-0.7|C|F}}|| 1962–1963 |- | January |{{convert|-2.2|C|F}}|| 1963 |- | February |{{convert|-1.8|C|F}}|| 1986 |- | March |{{convert|2.3|C|F}}|| 1962 |- | April |{{convert|5.7|C|F}}|| 1986 |- | May |{{convert|8.9|C|F}}|| 1996 |- | June |{{convert|11.8|C|F}}|| 1972 |- | July |{{convert|13.5|C|F}}|| 1965 |- | August |{{convert|13.4|C|F}}|| 1986 |- | September |{{convert|11.3|C|F}}|| 1986 |- | October |{{convert|7.3|C|F}}|| 1992 |- | November |{{convert|3.5|C|F}}|| 1985 |- | December |{{convert|-0.7|C|F}}|| 2010 |} {{col-end}} ==Precipitation== [[File:Wollaton Hall Nov2010.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|230px|Snow at [[Wollaton Hall]] during the winter of 2010.]] Kamani di "oceanic climate", Nottingham tooi zooya ka maligim luri ni saha kam yuuni puli ni, ka di pa ni mahili saha bee maasim saha. Di tooi luri mi na ka saa la,kamani {{convert|709.4|mm|in}} yuuni. October n-nyɛ goli shɛli ni mahili ni be, ka February mi nyɛ tinkuŋ saha. Nottingham gba lahi nyari maligim, kamani maasim saha, amaa di dii bi tooi zooi ka maligim lu pam. ===Averages=== {{Weather box |location = [[Nottingham Watnall]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|5.6|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Nottingham city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|117|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals | collapsed = | metric first = y | single line = y | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 59.1 | Feb precipitation mm = 49.8 | Mar precipitation mm = 45.5 | Apr precipitation mm = 47.6 | May precipitation mm = 49.8 | Jun precipitation mm = 66.7 | Jul precipitation mm = 65.2 | Aug precipitation mm = 63.7 | Sep precipitation mm = 57.4 | Oct precipitation mm = 71.7 | Nov precipitation mm = 69.5 | Dec precipitation mm = 69.6 | year precipitation mm = 715.6 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 11.6 | Feb precipitation days = 10.9 | Mar precipitation days = 10.1 | Apr precipitation days = 9.4 | May precipitation days = 9.0 | Jun precipitation days = 9.8 | Jul precipitation days = 9.4 | Aug precipitation days = 9.5 | Sep precipitation days = 9.8 | Oct precipitation days = 11.2 | Nov precipitation days = 12.7 | Dec precipitation days = 12.3 | year precipitation days = 125.9 | Jan snow mm = 10 | Feb snow mm = 19 | Mar snow mm = 5 | Apr snow mm = 1 | May snow mm = 0 | Jun snow mm = 0 | Jul snow mm = 0 | Aug snow mm = 0 | Sep snow mm = 0 | Oct snow mm = 0 | Nov snow mm = 2 | Dec snow mm = 5 | Jan snow days = 2.7 | Feb snow days = 3.8 | Mar snow days = 1.3 | Apr snow days = 0.2 | May snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0 | Oct snow days = 0.0 | Nov snow days = 0.3 | Dec snow days = 1.5 | year snow days = | source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages1"/> | source 2 = WeatherAtlas<ref name="Weather-Atlas1">{{cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/nottingham-climate|title=Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Nottingham, United Kingdom|access-date=22 February 2022|publisher=Weather Atlas|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222172725/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/nottingham-climate|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} ===Extremes=== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ==== Lowest ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- !Period !Record rainfall !Year |- |Year |align="right"|{{convert|448.8|mm|in}}|| 2011 |- | Spring (March–May) |{{convert|48.9|mm|in}}|| 1990 |- | Summer (June–August) |{{convert|22.2|mm|in}}|| 1995 |- | Autumn (September–November) |{{convert|88.0|mm|in}}|| 1964 |- | Winter (December–February) |{{convert|59.6|mm|in}}|| 1963–1964 |- | January |{{convert|16.5|mm|in}}|| 1981 |- | February |{{convert|10.5|mm|in}}|| 1993 |- | March |{{convert|5.8|mm|in}}|| 1961 |- | April |{{convert|3.2|mm|in}}|| 2011 |- | May |{{convert|10.7|mm|in}}|| 1991 |- | June |{{convert|5.2|mm|in}}|| 1995 |- | July |{{convert|11.1|mm|in}}|| 1982 |- | August |{{convert|5.6|mm|in}}|| 1995 |- | September |{{convert|8.7|mm|in}}|| 1986 |- | October |{{convert|9.6|mm|in}}|| 1978 |- | November |{{convert|25.3|mm|in}}|| 1973 |- | December |{{convert|18.8|mm|in}}|| 1963 |} {{col-2}} ==== Highest ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- !Period !Record rainfall !Year |- |Year |{{convert|949.2|mm|in}}|| 2012 |- | Spring (March–May) |{{convert|285.5|mm|in}}|| 1979 |- | Summer (June–August) |{{convert|341.6|mm|in}}|| 2007 |- | Autumn (September–November) |{{convert|339.7|mm|in}}|| 1960 |- | Winter (December–February) |{{convert|364.9|mm|in}}|| 1965–1966 |- | January |{{convert|127.1|mm|in}}|| 1960 |- | February |{{convert|198.4|mm|in}}|| 1977 |- | March |{{convert|114.2|mm|in}}|| 1964 |- | April |{{convert|140.2|mm|in}}|| 2012 |- | May |{{convert|135.0|mm|in}}|| 1969 |- | June |{{convert|175.2|mm|in}}|| 2007 |- | July |{{convert|147.4|mm|in}}|| 1973 |- | August |{{convert|152.4|mm|in}}|| 2004 |- | September |{{convert|143.0|mm|in}}|| 1965 |- | October |{{convert|143.5|mm|in}}|| 2005 |- | November |{{convert|131.9|mm|in}}|| 1970 |- | December |{{convert|179.6|mm|in}}|| 1965 |} {{col-end}} ==Other phenomena== ===Sunshine, UV and daylight=== Kamani UK yaɣa pam, Nottingham tooi nyɛla sagbana ni zibigiri shɛli pam pirim la di "oceanic" zaŋ chaŋ tiŋgbani biɛhigu taɣibu ti pahi "latitude" din duzuɣusaa. {{Weather box |location = [[Nottingham Watnall]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|5.6|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Nottingham city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|117|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals | collapsed = | metric first = y | single line = y | Jan sun = 56.0 | Feb sun = 77.7 | Mar sun = 116.2 | Apr sun = 152.3 | May sun = 191.5 | Jun sun = 170.5 | Jul sun = 191.5 | Aug sun = 177.6 | Sep sun = 137.5 | Oct sun = 96.9 | Nov sun = 64.1 | Dec sun = 55.3 | year sun = 1487.0 | Jan light = 8.2 | Feb light = 9.9 | Mar light = 11.9 | Apr light = 14.0 | May light = 15.9 | Jun light = 16.8 | Jul light = 16.3 | Aug light = 14.7 | Sep light = 12.7 | Oct light = 10.6 | Nov light = 8.7 | Dec light = 7.7 | Jan uv = 2 | Feb uv = 2 | Mar uv = 3 | Apr uv = 3 | May uv = 4 | Jun uv = 4 | Jul uv = 4 | Aug uv = 4 | Sep uv = 4 | Oct uv = 3 | Nov uv = 2 | Dec uv = 2 | source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages1"/> | source 2 = WeatherAtlas<ref name="Weather-Atlas1"/> }} ===Wind=== Di pɔhim ʒɛbu 10m din be Nottingham nyɛla {{Convert|7.0|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}}. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" !Period !Mean wind speed at 10m<ref name="Met Averages1"/> |- |Annual |{{Convert|8.0|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |January |{{Convert|8.1|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |February |{{Convert|7.9|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |March |{{Convert|7.2|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |April |{{Convert|6.9|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |May |{{Convert|6.3|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |June |{{Convert|6.0|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |July |{{Convert|6.0|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |August |{{Convert|6.0|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |September |{{Convert|6.2|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |October |{{Convert|6.9|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |November |{{Convert|7.2|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |- |December |{{Convert|7.5|kn|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} |} ==Station Data== {{Nottingham weatherbox}} ==Noosi== {{notelist}} ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nottingham}} [[Category:Climate of England]] [[Category:Climate by city]] gcir2e6m8g2fituwzxxgupu4pumb0uv United States tiŋgbani zuɣulan'nima 0 20502 146200 145962 2026-08-10T23:12:16Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146200 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tiŋgbani zuɣulan'nima == {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center; |+ {{sronly|List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.}} ! scope=col | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes [[Acting President of the United States|acting president]] under the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]] to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.<!-- Citation not required; general note about the table. -->}} ! scope=col class=unsortable | Portrait ! scope=col | Name<br>{{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! scope=col class=unsortable | Term{{Sfnmp|1a1=LOC|2a1=whitehouse.gov}} ! scope=col colspan=2 | Party{{efn|Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.<!-- Citation not required; general note about the table. -->}}{{Sfnp|''Guide to U.S. Elections''|2010|pp=257–258}} ! scope=col class=unsortable | Election ! scope=col class=unsortable | Vice President{{Sfnp|LOC}} |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of George Washington|1]] | [[File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of George Washington]] | data-sort-value="Washington, George" | '''[[George Washington]]'''<br>{{Small|(1732–1799)}}<br>{{Sfnp|McDonald|2000}} | {{dts|April 30, 1789}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1797}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" | | ''Unaffiliated'' | class=nowrap | [[1788–1789 United States presidential election|1788–1789]] ---- [[1792 United States presidential election|1792]] | [[John Adams]]{{efn|Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the [[Federalist Party]]. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.{{Sfnmp|''Guide to U.S. Elections''|2010|1pp=197, 272|Nardulli|1992|2p=179}}}} |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of John Adams|2]] | [[File:John Adams, Gilbert Stuart, c1800 1815.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of John Adams]] | data-sort-value="Adams, John" | '''[[John Adams]]'''<br>{{Small|(1735–1826)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Pencak|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1797}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1801}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Federalist Party}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[1796 United States presidential election|1796]] | [[Thomas Jefferson]]{{efn|The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.{{Sfnp|''Guide to U.S. Elections''|2010|p=274}}}} |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Thomas Jefferson|3]] | [[File:Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of Thomas Jefferson]] | data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1743–1826)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Peterson|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1801}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1809}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br/>Republican]] | [[1800 United States presidential election|1800]]<br/> ---- [[1804 United States presidential election|1804]] | [[Aaron Burr]] ---- [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] |- ! scope=row| [[Presidency of James Madison|4]] | [[File:James Madison.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of James Madison]] | data-sort-value="Madison, James" | '''[[James Madison]]'''<br>{{Small|(1751–1836)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Banning|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1809}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1817}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br/>Republican]] | [[1808 United States presidential election|1808]] ---- [[1812 United States presidential election|1812]] | [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]]{{efn|name=diedintraterm|Died in office{{Sfnp|Neale|2004|p=22}}}} ---- ''Vacant&nbsp;after<br/>April 20, 1812'' ---- [[Elbridge Gerry]]{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} ---- ''Vacant&nbsp;after<br/>November 23, 1814'' |- ! scope=row| [[Presidency of James Monroe|5]] | [[File:James Monroe White House portrait 1819.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of James Monroe]] | data-sort-value="Monroe, James" | '''[[James Monroe]]'''<br>{{Small|(1758–1831)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Ammon|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1817}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1825}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br/>Republican]] | [[1816 United States presidential election|1816]] ---- [[1820 United States presidential election|1820]] | [[Daniel D. Tompkins]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of John Quincy Adams|6]] | [[File:John Quincy Adams by Charles Osgood.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of John Quincy Adams]] | data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy" | '''[[John Quincy Adams]]'''<br>{{Small|(1767–1848)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Hargreaves|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1825}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1829}} | style="background: linear-gradient({{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}} 50%, {{party color|National Republican Party}} 50%);" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{efn|name="JQAdams"|Early during John Quincy Adams' term the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When [[Andrew Jackson]] became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]], and organized themselves as the [[National Republican Party]].{{Sfnmp|1a1=''Guide to U.S. Elections''|1y=2010|1p=228|2a1=Goldman|2y=1951|2p=159}}}} ---- [[National Republican Party|National Republican]] | [[1824 United States presidential election|1824]] | [[John C. Calhoun]]{{efn|John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the [[Nullifier Party]] in 1828 to oppose the [[Tariff of Abominations|Tariff of 1828]] and advance the cause of [[states' rights]], but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.{{Sfnmp|1a1=''Guide to U.S. Elections''|1y=2010|1p=892|2a1=Houpt|2y=2010|2pp=26, 280}}}} |- ! scope=row| [[Presidency of Andrew Jackson|7]] | [[File:Andrew jackson head.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of Andrew Jackson]] | data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" | '''[[Andrew Jackson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1767–1845)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Remini|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1829}}<br />–<br />{{dts|March 4, 1837}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1828 United States presidential election|1828]] ---- [[1832 United States presidential election|1832]] |[[John C. Calhoun]]{{efn|name=resignedintraterm|Resigned from office{{Sfnp|Neale|2004|p=22}}}} ---- ''Vacant&nbsp;after<br/>December 28, 1832 ---- [[Martin Van Buren]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Martin Van Buren|8]] | [[File:Martin Van Buren circa 1837 crop.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of Martin Van Buren]] | data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin" | '''[[Martin Van Buren]]'''<br>{{Small|(1782–1862)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Cole|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1837}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1841}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1836 United States presidential election|1836]] | [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of William Henry Harrison|9]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison by James Reid Lambdin, 1835 crop.jpg|160px|alt=Painting of William Henry Harrison]] | data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry" | '''[[William Henry Harrison]]'''<br>{{Small|(1773–1841)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Gutzman|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1841}}<br />–<br />{{dts|April 4, 1841}}{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[1840 United States presidential election|1840]] | [[John Tyler]] |- ! scope=row| [[Presidency of John Tyler|10]] | [[File:John Tyler, Jr.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of John Tyler]] | data-sort-value="Tyler, John" |'''[[John Tyler]]'''<br>{{Small|(1790–1862)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Shade|2000}} | <span class=date style=white-space:nowrap;>April 4, 1841{{efn|John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.{{Sfnp|Abbott|2013|p=23}}}}<br>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1845}}</span> | style="background: linear-gradient({{party color|Whig Party (United States)}} 50%, {{party color|Independent (politician)}} 50%);" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{efn|name="JTyler"|John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.{{sfnp|Cash|2018|pp=34–36}}}} ---- ''Unaffiliated'' | {{gray|{{endash}}}} |''Vacant&nbsp;throughout<br/>presidency'' |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of James K. Polk|11]] | [[File:JKP.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of James K. Polk]] | data-sort-value="Polk, James K" | '''[[James K. Polk]]'''<br>{{Small|(1795–1849)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Rawley|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1845}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1849}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1844 United States presidential election|1844]] | [[George M. Dallas]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Zachary Taylor|12]] | [[File:Zachary Taylor restored and cropped.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Zachary Taylor]] | data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | '''[[Zachary Taylor]]'''<br>{{Small|(1784–1850)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Smith|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1849}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|July 9, 1850}}{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[1848 United States presidential election|1848]] | [[Millard Fillmore]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Millard Fillmore|13]] | [[File:Fillmore.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Millard Fillmore]] | data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | '''[[Millard Fillmore]]'''<br>{{Small|(1800–1874)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Anbinder|2000}} | {{dts|July 9, 1850}}{{efn|Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.{{Sfnp|Abbott|2005|p=639}}}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1853}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | {{gray|{{endash}}}} | ''Vacant&nbsp;throughout<br/>presidency'' |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Franklin Pierce|14]] | [[File:Mathew Brady - Franklin Pierce - alternate crop (cropped).jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Franklin Pierce]] | data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" | '''[[Franklin Pierce]]'''<br>{{Small|(1804–1869)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Gara|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1853}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1857}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1852 United States presidential election|1852]] | [[William R. King]]{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} ---- ''Vacant&nbsp;after<br/>April 18, 1853'' |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of James Buchanan|15]] | [[File:James Buchanan.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of James Buchanan]] | data-sort-value="Buchanan, James" | '''[[James Buchanan]]'''<br>{{Small|(1791–1868)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Gienapp|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1857}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1861}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1856 United States presidential election|1856]] |[[John C. Breckinridge]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|16]] |[[File:Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Abraham Lincoln]] | data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham" | '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]'''<br>{{Small|(1809–1865)}}<br>{{Sfnp|McPherson (b)|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1861}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|April 15, 1865}}{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} | style="background: linear-gradient({{party color|Republican Party (United States)}} 50%, {{party color|National Union Party (United States)}} 50%);" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] ---- [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]]{{efn|name="ALincoln"|When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan [[electoral alliance]] with [[War Democrat]]s by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] ticket.{{Sfnp|McSeveney|1986|p=139}}}} | [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]] ---- [[1864 United States presidential election|1864]] | [[Hannibal Hamlin]] ---- [[Andrew Johnson]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Andrew Johnson|17]] |[[File:Andrew Johnson photo portrait head and shoulders, c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Andrew Johnson]] | data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | '''[[Andrew Johnson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1808–1875)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Trefousse|2000}} | {{dts|April 15, 1865}}{{efn|Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.{{Sfnp|Trefousse|2000}}}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1869}} | style="background: linear-gradient({{party color|National Union Party (United States)}} 50%, {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}} 50%);" | | [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]]{{efn|name="AJohnson"|While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.{{Sfnp|Trefousse|2000}}}} ---- [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | {{gray|{{endash}}}} | ''Vacant&nbsp;throughout<br/>presidency'' |- ! scope=row| [[Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant|18]] | [[File:Ulysses S Grant by Brady c1870-restored.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Ulysses S. Grant]] | data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S" | '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]'''<br>{{Small|(1822–1885)}}<br>{{Sfnp|McPherson (a)|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1869}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1877}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1868 United States presidential election|1868]] ---- [[1872 United States presidential election|1872]] | [[Schuyler Colfax]] ---- [[Henry Wilson]]{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} ---- ''Vacant&nbsp;after<br/>November 22, 1875'' |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes|19]] | [[File:President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes]] | data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B." | '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]'''<br>{{Small|(1822–1893)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Hoogenboom|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1877}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1881}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1876 United States presidential election|1876]] | [[William A. Wheeler]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of James A. Garfield|20]] | [[File:James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of James A. Garfield]] | data-sort-value="Garfield, James A" | '''[[James A. Garfield]]'''<br>{{Small|(1831–1881)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Peskin|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1881}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|September 19, 1881}}{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1880 United States presidential election|1880]] | [[Chester A. Arthur]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Chester A. Arthur|21]] | [[File:Chester Alan Arthur.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Chester A. Arthur]] | data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A." | '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]'''<br>{{Small|(1829–1886)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Reeves|2000}} | {{dts|September 19, 1881}}{{efn|Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.{{Sfnp|Greenberger|2017|pp=174–175}}}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1885}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | {{gray|{{endash}}}} | ''Vacant&nbsp;throughout<br/>presidency'' |- ! scope=row | [[Presidencies of Grover Cleveland|22]] | [[File:Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Grover Cleveland]] | data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover, 1" | '''[[Grover Cleveland]]'''<br>{{Small|(1837–1908)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Campbell|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1885}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1889}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1884 United States presidential election|1884]] | [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} ---- ''Vacant&nbsp;after<br/>November 25, 1885'' |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Benjamin Harrison|23]] | [[File:Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Benjamin Harrison]] | data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin" | '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]'''<br>{{Small|(1833–1901)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Spetter|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1889}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1893}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]] | [[Levi P. Morton]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidencies of Grover Cleveland|24]] | [[File:Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Grover Cleveland]] | data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover, 2" | '''[[Grover Cleveland]]'''<br>{{Small|(1837–1908)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Campbell|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1893}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1897}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1892 United States presidential election|1892]] | [[Adlai Stevenson&nbsp;I]] |- ! scope=row| [[Presidency of William McKinley|25]] | [[File:Mckinley.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of William McKinley|]] | data-sort-value="McKinley, William" | '''[[William McKinley]]'''<br>{{Small|(1843–1901)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Gould (a)|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1897}}<br />–<br />{{dts|September 14, 1901}}{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]] ---- [[1900 United States presidential election|1900]] | [[Garret Hobart]]{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} ---- ''Vacant&nbsp;after<br/>November 21, 1899'' ---- [[Theodore Roosevelt]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt|26]] | [[File:Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Theodore Roosevelt]] | data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]'''<br>{{Small|(1858–1919)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Harbaugh|2000}} | {{dts|September 14, 1901}}{{efn|Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.{{Sfnp|Abbott|2005|p=639–640}}}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1909}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | {{gray|{{endash}}}} ---- [[1904 United States presidential election|1904]] | ''Vacant&nbsp;through<br/>March 4, 1905'' ---- [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of William Howard Taft|27]] | [[File:William Howard Taft - Harris and Ewing.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of William Howard Taft]] | data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard" | '''[[William Howard Taft]]'''<br>{{Small|(1857–1930)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Gould (b)|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1909}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1913}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1908 United States presidential election|1908]] | [[James S. Sherman]]{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} ---- ''Vacant&nbsp;after<br/>October 30, 1912'' |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Woodrow Wilson|28]] | [[File:Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919.jpg|160px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Woodrow Wilson]] | data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1856–1924)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Ambrosius|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1913}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1921}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1912 United States presidential election|1912]] ---- [[1916 United States presidential election|1916]] | [[Thomas R. Marshall]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Warren G. Harding|29]] | [[File:Colorized portrait of Warren Harding.jpeg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Warren G. Harding]] | data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G." | '''[[Warren G. Harding]]'''<br>{{Small|(1865–1923)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Hawley|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1921}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|August 2, 1923}}{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1920 United States presidential election|1920]] | [[Calvin Coolidge]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Calvin Coolidge|30]] | [[File:Colorized portrait of Calvin Cooldige.jpeg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Calvin Coolidge]] | data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]'''<br>{{Small|(1872–1933)}}<br>{{Sfnp|McCoy|2000}} | {{dts|August 2, 1923}}{{efn|Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.{{Sfnp|Senate}}}}<br />–<br/>{{dts|March 4, 1929}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | {{gray|{{endash}}}} ---- [[1924 United States presidential election|1924]] | ''Vacant&nbsp;through<br/>March 4, 1925'' ---- [[Charles G. Dawes]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Herbert Hoover|31]] | [[File:Colorized portrait of Herbert Hoover.jpeg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Herbert Hoover]] | data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | '''[[Herbert Hoover]]'''<br>{{Small|(1874–1964)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Hoff (a)|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1929}}<br />–<br />{{dts|March 4, 1933}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1928 United States presidential election|1928]] | [[Charles Curtis]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|32]] | [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D" | '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'''<br>{{Small|(1882–1945)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Brinkley|2000}} | {{dts|March 4, 1933}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|April 12, 1945}}{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]] ---- [[1936 United States presidential election|1936]] ---- [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]] ---- [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]] | [[John Nance Garner]] ---- [[Henry A. Wallace]] ---- [[Harry S. Truman]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|33]] | [[File:TRUMAN 58-766-06 (cropped).jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Harry S. Truman]] | data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | '''[[Harry S. Truman]]'''<br>{{Small|(1884–1972)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Hamby|2000}} | {{dts|April 12, 1945}}{{efn|Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.{{Sfnp|Abbott|2005|p=636}}}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 1953}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | {{gray|{{endash}}}} ---- [[1948 United States presidential election|1948]] | ''Vacant&nbsp;through<br/>January 20, 1949'' ---- [[Alben W. Barkley]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|34]] | [[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29, 1959.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower]] | data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D" | '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'''<br>{{Small|(1890–1969)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Ambrose|2000}} | {{dts|January 20, 1953}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 1961}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1952 United States presidential election|1952]] ---- [[1956 United States presidential election|1956]] | [[Richard Nixon]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy|35]] | [[File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of John F. Kennedy]] | data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | '''[[John F. Kennedy]]'''<br>{{Small|(1917–1963)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Parmet|2000}} | {{dts|January 20, 1961}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|November 22, 1963}}{{efn|name=diedintraterm}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]] | [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] |- ! scope=row| [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|36]] | [[File:37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson]] | data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B" | '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1908–1973)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Gardner|2000}} | {{dts|November 22, 1963}}{{efn|Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.{{Sfnp|Abbott|2005|p=633}}}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 1969}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | {{gray|{{endash}}}} ---- [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] | ''Vacant&nbsp;through<br/>January 20, 1965'' ---- [[Hubert Humphrey]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|37]] | [[File:Richard Nixon presidential portrait (1).jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Richard Nixon|]] | data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | '''[[Richard Nixon]]'''<br>{{Small|(1913–1994)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Hoff (b)|2000}} | {{dts|January 20, 1969}}<br />–<br />{{dts|August 9, 1974}}{{efn|name=resignedintraterm}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]] ---- [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]] | [[Spiro Agnew]]{{efn|name=resignedintraterm}} ---- ''Vacant:<br />October 10{{snd}}December 6, 1973'' ---- [[Gerald Ford]]{{efn|name=VP25th|Appointed as vice president under terms of the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]], Section 2{{Sfnp|Neale|2004|p=22}}}} |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Gerald Ford|38]] |[[File:Gerald Ford presidential portrait (cropped 3).jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Gerald Ford]] | data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald" | '''[[Gerald Ford]]'''<br>{{Small|(1913–2006)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Greene|2013}} | {{dts|August 9, 1974}}{{efn|Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon.{{Sfnp|Greene|2013}}}}<br />–<br />{{dts|January 20, 1977}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | {{gray|{{endash}}}} | ''Vacant&nbsp;through<br/>December 19, 1974'' ---- [[Nelson Rockefeller]]{{efn|name=VP25th}} |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|39]] | [[File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Jimmy Carter]] | data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | '''[[Jimmy Carter]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1924)}}<br>{{Sfnp|whitehouse.gov (a)}} | {{dts|January 20, 1977}}<br />–<br />{{dts|January 20, 1981}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1976 United States presidential election|1976]] | [[Walter Mondale]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|40]] | [[File:Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Ronald Reagan]] | data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | '''[[Ronald Reagan]]'''<br>{{Small|(1911–2004)}}<br>{{Sfnp|Schaller|2004}} | {{dts|January 20, 1981}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 1989}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1980 United States presidential election|1980]] ---- [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]] | [[George H. W. Bush]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of George H. W. Bush|41]] | [[File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of George H. W. Bush]] | data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W." | '''[[George H. W. Bush]]'''<br>{{Small|(1924–2018)}}<br>{{Sfnp|whitehouse.gov (b)}} | {{dts|January 20, 1989}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 1993}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]] | [[Dan Quayle]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|42]] | [[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Bill Clinton]] | data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | '''[[Bill Clinton]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1946)}}<br>{{Sfnp|whitehouse.gov (c)}} | {{dts|January 20, 1993}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 2001}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}"| | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[1992 United States presidential election|1992]] ---- [[1996 United States presidential election|1996]] | [[Al Gore]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of George W. Bush|43]] | [[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of George W. Bush]] | data-sort-value="Bush, George W." | '''[[George W. Bush]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1946)}}<br>{{Sfnp|whitehouse.gov (d)}} | {{dts|January 20, 2001}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 2009}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}"| | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]] ---- [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]] | [[Dick Cheney]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Barack Obama|44]] |[[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Barack Obama]] | data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" |'''[[Barack Obama]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1961)}}<br>{{Sfnp|whitehouse.gov (e)}} | {{dts|January 20, 2009}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 2017}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]] ---- [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]] | [[Joe Biden]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Donald Trump|45]] | [[File:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Donald Trump]] | data-sort-value="Trump, Donald" | '''[[Donald Trump]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1946)}}<br>{{Sfnp|whitehouse.gov (f)}} | {{dts|January 20, 2017}}<br/>–<br/>{{dts|January 20, 2021}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]] | [[Mike Pence]] |- ! scope=row | [[Presidency of Joe Biden|46]] | [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|160px|alt=Photographic portrait of Joe Biden]] | data-sort-value="Biden, Joe" | '''[[Joe Biden]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1942)}}<br>{{Sfnp|whitehouse.gov (g)}} | {{dts|January 20, 2021}}<br/>–<br/>''Incumbent'' | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] | [[Kamala Harris]] |} <!----DO NOT CHANGE ANY PRESIDENTIAL PORTRAITS WITHOUT FIRST PROPOSING ON TALK PAGE AND SEEKING CONSENSUS - PER RfC 04/2018 (see archive pg 12)----> == Lihim mpahi == * [[Acting President of the United States]] * [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] * [[President of the Continental Congress]] == Noosi == {{Notelist}} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist|20em}} == Tuma din piigi == {{Refbegin|2}} '''General''' * {{cite book|title=Guide to U.S. Elections |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60426-536-1 |ref={{sfnRef|''Guide to U.S. Elections''|2010}} }} * {{cite web |title=Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/057_chron.html |access-date=February 20, 2020 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|ref={{sfnRef|LOC}} }} * {{cite web |title=Presidents |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |ref={{sfnRef|whitehouse.gov}} |archive-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201032051/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnadams/ |url-status=dead }} '''Expert studies''' * {{cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Abbott (academic) |date=2005 |title=Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_2005-12_35_4/page/627 |journal=[[Presidential Studies Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=627–645 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x |issn=0360-4918 |jstor=27552721 }} * {{cite book |last=Abbott |first=Philip |title=Bad Presidents. The Evolving American Presidency Series |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-349-45513-3 |chapter=The First Bad President?: John Tyler |pages=23–42 |doi=10.1057/9781137306593_2 }} * {{cite journal |last=Cash |first=Jordan T. |date=2018 |title=The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322606308 |journal=[[American Political Thought]] |volume=7 |pages=26–56 |doi=10.1086/695644 |s2cid=158133180 |via=[[ResearchGate]] }} * {{cite journal |last=Dinnerstein |first=Leonard |date=1962 |title=The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography_1962-10_70_4/page/447 |journal=Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |publisher=[[Virginia Historical Society]] |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=447–458 |jstor=4246893 }} * {{cite journal |last=Epstein |first=Richard A. |date=2005 |title=Executive Power, the Commander in Chief, and the Militia Clause |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2384&context=hlr |journal=[[Hofstra Law Review]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |issn=0091-4029 }} * {{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Ralph Morris |year=1951 |title=Party Chairmen and Party Faction, 1789–1900: A Theory of Executive Responsibility and Conflict Resolution |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |oclc=1243718246 }} * {{cite magazine |last=Houpt |first=David W. |date=2010 |title=Securing a Legacy |magazine=[[The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography]] |publisher=[[Virginia Historical Society]] |volume=118 |issue=1 |id={{ProQuest|195929787}} }} * {{cite book |last=Matuz |first=Roger |title=Complete American Presidents Sourcebook |url=https://archive.org/details/completeamerican00matu_1 |publisher=UXL |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7876-4842-8 |lccn=00056794 |ol=24722725M }} * {{cite journal |last1=McHugh |first1=Jane |last2=Mackowiak |first2=Philip A. |date=2014 |title=Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia |journal=[[Clinical Infectious Diseases]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=990–995 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciu470 |jstor=24032403 |pmid=24962997 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=McSeveney |first=Samuel T. |date=1986 |title=Re-electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_1986-05_32_2/page/139 |journal=[[Civil War History]] |publisher=[[Kent State University Press]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=139–158 |doi=10.1353/cwh.1986.0032 }} * {{cite book |title=The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionamer0000unse_o4g5 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-252-01787-2 |editor-last=Nardulli |editor-first=Peter F. }} * {{cite web |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=2004 |title=Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31761.pdf |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2020-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173057/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31761.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |last1=Peabody |first1=Bruce G. |last2=Gant |first2=Scott E. |date=1999 |title=The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment |url=https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1908&context=mlr |journal=[[Minnesota Law Review]] |volume=83 |issue=565 |issn=0026-5535 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rossiter |first=Clinton |date=1962 |title=Powers of the United States President and Congress |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pakistan-horizon_1962_15_2/page/85 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=15 |publisher=[[Pakistan Institute of International Affairs]] |issue=2 |pages=85–92 |jstor=41392704 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Schaller |first1=Thomas F. |author-link1=Thomas Schaller |last2=Williams |first2=Thomas W. |date=2003 |title='The Contemporary Presidency': Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern Era |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_2003-03_33_1/page/188 |journal=[[Presidential Studies Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=188–200 |jstor=27552468 }} * {{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew S. |date=2004 |title=Elections': The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_2004-09_34_3/page/632 |journal=[[Presidential Studies Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=632–655 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00216.x |jstor=27552617 }} * {{cite journal |last=Skau |first=George H. |date=1974 |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-history_1974-06_66_394/page/246 |journal=[[Current History]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |volume=66 |issue=394 |pages=246–275 |doi=10.1525/curh.1974.66.394.246 |jstor=45313079 |s2cid=248394036 }} '''Presidential biographies''' * {{cite web |last=Ambrose |first=Stephen E. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Eisenhower, Dwight David |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0700094 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700094 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Ambrosius |first=Lloyd E. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Wilson, Woodrow |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0600726 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600726 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Ammon |first=Harry |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Monroe, James |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0300338 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300338 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Anbinder |first=Tyler |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Fillmore, Millard |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0400374 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Banning |first=Lance |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Madison, James |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0300303 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Brinkley |first=Alan |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Roosevelt, Franklin Delano |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0600567 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600567 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Ballard C. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Cleveland, Grover |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0500144 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500144 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Cole |first=Donald B. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Van Buren, Martin |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0300507 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300507 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Gara |first=Larry |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Pierce, Franklin |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0400788 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400788 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Gardner |first=Lloyd |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Johnson, Lyndon Baines |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0700147 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700147 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Gienapp |first=William E. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Buchanan, James |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0400170 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400170 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Gould |first=Lewis L. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=McKinley, William |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0500507 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500507 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Gould (a)|2000}}}} * {{cite web |last=Gould |first=Lewis L. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Taft, William Howard |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0600642 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600642 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Gould (b)|2000}}}} * {{cite book |last=Greenberger |first=Scott S. |title=The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/unexpectedpresid00scot |date=2017 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-82390-9 }} * {{cite web |last=Greene |first=John Robert |date=2013 |title=Ford, Gerald R., Jr. |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1501345 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501345 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Gutzman |first=K. R. Constantine |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Harrison, William Henry |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0300211 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300211 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Hamby |first=Alonzo L. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Truman, Harry S. |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0700307 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700307 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Harbaugh |first=William H. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Roosevelt, Theodore |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0600569 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600569 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Hargreaves |first=Mary W. M. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Adams, John Quincy |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0300002 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300002 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Hawley |first=Ellis W. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Harding, Warren Gamaliel |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0600253 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600253 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Hoff |first=Joan |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Hoover, Herbert Clark |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0600287 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600287 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Hoff (a)|2000}}}} * {{cite web |last=Hoff |first=Joan |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Nixon, Richard Milhous |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0700684 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700684 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Hoff (b)|2000}}}} * {{cite web |last=Hoogenboom |first=Ari |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Hayes, Rutherford Birchard |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0500331 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500331 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=McCoy |first=Donald R. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Coolidge, Calvin |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0600109 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600109 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=McDonald |first=Forrest |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Washington, George |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0200332 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200332 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=McPherson |first=James M. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Grant, Ulysses S. |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0500291 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500291 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 |ref={{sfnRef|McPherson (a)|2000}}}} * {{cite web |last=McPherson |first=James M. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Lincoln, Abraham |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0400631 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 |ref={{sfnRef|McPherson (b)|2000}}}} * {{cite web |last=Parmet |first=1917–22 November 1963) |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Kennedy, John Fitzgerald |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0700152 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700152 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Pencak |first=William |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Adams, John |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0100007 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100007 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Peskin |first=Allan |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Garfield, James Abram |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0500264 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500264 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Peterson |first=Merrill D. |date=2000 |title=Jefferson, Thomas |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0200196 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200196 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Rawley |first=James A. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Polk, James Knox |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0400795 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400795 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Reeves |first=Thomas C. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Arthur, Chester Alan |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0500033 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500033 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Jackson, Andrew |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0300238 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300238 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Schaller |first=Michael |date=2004 |title=Reagan, Ronald Wilson |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0700791 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700791 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Shade |first=William G. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Tyler, John |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0401004 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0401004 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Smith |first=Elbert B. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Taylor, Zachary |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0400978 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400978 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Spetter |first=Allan Burton |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Harrison, Benjamin |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0500320 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500320 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |last=Trefousse |first=Hans L. |date=2000 |orig-date=1999 |title=Johnson, Andrew |url=https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0400566 |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=[[American National Biography]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400566 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }} * {{cite web |title=James Carter |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-carter/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |ref={{sfnRef|whitehouse.gov (a)}} |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921060713/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-carter/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=George H. W. Bush |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-h-w-bush/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |ref={{sfnRef|whitehouse.gov (b)}} }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |title=William J. Clinton |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/william-j-clinton/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |ref={{sfnRef|whitehouse.gov (c)}} |archive-date=September 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908213839/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/william-j-clinton/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=George W. Bush |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-w-bush/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |ref={{sfnRef|whitehouse.gov (d)}} |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728190637/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-w-bush/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=Barack Obama |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |ref={{sfnRef|whitehouse.gov (e)}} |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514111356/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=Donald Trump |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/donald-j-trump/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |ref={{sfnRef|whitehouse.gov (f)}} |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519072258/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/donald-j-trump/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=Joe Biden |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-biden/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |ref={{sfnRef|whitehouse.gov (g)}} |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094010/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-biden/ |url-status=dead }} '''Online sources''' * {{cite news |last=Jamison |first=Dennis |date=December 31, 2014 |title=George Washington' Views on Political Parties in America |newspaper=[[The Washington Times]] |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/31/george-washingtons-views-political-parties-america/ | access-date=February 20, 2020 }} * {{cite web |title=Creating the United States: Formation of Political Parties |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/formation-of-political-parties.html |access-date=July 31, 2022 |ref={{sfnRef|LOC (2)}} }} * {{cite web |title=President's Swearing-in Ceremony |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |url=https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/presidents-swearing-in-ceremony/ |access-date=July 31, 2022 |ref={{sfnRef|Senate}} }} {{Refend}} == External links == * {{Commons inline|Category:Presidents of the United States|President of the United States}} * {{Wikiquote inline|List of presidents of the United States}} {{-}} {{US Presidents}} {{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}} {{US Chief Executives}} {{Portal bar|Biography|United States|Politics}} [[Category:Lists of national presidents|United States]] [[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency|*]] [[Category:Presidents of the United States|*]] kma7elabangr9c05epgj1qfg0ua03gj Tuuta nima din be Ghana 0 23879 146110 144653 2026-08-10T20:44:05Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|None}} Din doli ŋɔ na nyɛla tuuta nima din tab' [[Ghana]]. A yi bɔri lahibaya pam zaŋ kpa tiŋgbani tuuta polo nyini, lihimi [[flag of Ghana]]. ==Tiŋgbani tuuta== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:110px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Date!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="width:250px;"|Description |- | [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|border|150px]] || 1966-present || Flag of Ghana || A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with a black star in the centre.<ref>{{Citation|title=Flag sequence (flag, FLAG, FLAG tag)|date=2015-12-18|work=The Dictionary of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics|pages=1|place=Weinheim, Germany|publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA|doi=10.1002/9783527678679.dg04454|isbn=978-3-527-67867-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=190|access-date=2020-08-19|website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>[http://africancelebs.com/theodosia-okoh-the-woman-who-designed-the-ghanaian-flag/ "Mrs Theodosia Okoh: The Woman Who Designed The Ghanaian Flag"], African Celebs.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=190 Theodosia Salome Okoh Profile] at GhanaWeb.</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Rich|first=Jeremy|title=Okoh, Theodosia Salome|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49700|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Aikins|first1=Ama de-Graft|title=Health and Healthcare in Ghana, 1957–2017|date=2017-02-16|work=The Economy of Ghana Sixty Years after Independence|pages=365–384|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-875343-8|last2=Koram|first2=Kwadwo|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753438.003.0022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Andrew|first=Geoff|title=Three Colours: Red|date=1998|work=The ‘Three Colours’ Trilogy|pages=52–66|publisher=British Film Institute|doi=10.5040/9781838712389.ch-005|isbn=978-1-83871-238-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Flag|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/flag.php|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Peacock|first=Steven|title=Three Colours: White|date=2019-01-04|work=Colour|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7765/9781526141279.00009|isbn=978-1-5261-4127-9|s2cid=188410642}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} ==Gɔmnanti tuuta== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:110px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Date!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="width:250px;"|Description |- | [[File:Presidential Standard of Ghana.svg|border|150px]] || 1966-present || Flag of the [[president of Ghana]] || A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with a black star in the centre with a gold rim. |- | [[File:Standard of the President of Ghana (original).svg|border|150px]] || 1964-1966 || Flag of the president of Ghana || A electric blue field with the government emblem in the centre. |- | [[File:Standard of the President of Ghana.svg|border|150px]] || 1966-present || Flag of the president of Ghana || A navy blue field with the government emblem in the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana: President |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh_pres.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} ==Zuliyanima tuuta== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:110px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Date!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="width:250px;"|Description |- | [[File:Flag of Ashanti.svg|border|150px]] || 1935-present || Flag of the [[Ashanti people]] || A horizontal tricolour of gold, black, green and white with the Golden Stool stationed in the middle of flag.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashanti people (Ghana) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh_asa.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of the Ewe people.svg|border|150px]] || ?-present || Flag of the [[Ewe people]] || A horizontal tricolour of green (top), red and green with 3 golden stars in the red stripe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ewe (Togo) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/tg%7Dewe.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of the Hausa people.svg|border|150px]] || ?-present || Flag of the [[Hausa people]] || A white field with the Dagin Arewa star in the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic minorities |url=http://eh.lenin.ru/english/4af/ethnic/hau-fe.htm |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=eh.lenin.ru}}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of the Yoruba people.svg|border|150px]] || ?-present || Flag of the [[Yoruba people]] || A blue field with a white disc off-centre toward the hoist and 2 green rings and a golden spear inside the disc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Yoruba People (Nigeria) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/ng%7Dyorub.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} ==Siyaasa tuutanima== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:110px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Date!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="width:250px;"|Description |- | [[File:Flag of the National Democratic Congress (Ghana).svg|border|150px]] || 1992-present || Flag of the [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|Ghanan National Democratic Congress]] || 4 horizontal stripes of black, red, white and green with the emblem in the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian political flags |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh%7D.html#ndc |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- | [[File:Convention People's Party (political party).png|border|150px]] || 1966-present || Flag of the [[Convention People's Party]] || |- | [[File:Flag of Western Togoland.svg|border|150px]] || 2017-present || Flag of [[Western Togoland]] || |- | style="text-align:center;" | [[:File:Pnc-ghana flag.gif|Link to file]]<!-- Do NOT display a non-free flag image here. See talk page for more information --> || 1992-present || Flag of the [[People's National Convention (Ghana)|People's National Convention]] || |- | style="text-align:center;" | [[:File:DFP logo.JPG|Link to file]]<!-- Do NOT display a non-free flag image here. See talk page for more information --> || 2006-2012 || Flag of the [[Democratic Freedom Party]] || |} ==Linjin tuma tuutanima== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:110px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Date!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="width:250px;"|Description |- | [[File:Civil Ensign of Ghana (1964–1966).svg|border|150px]] || 1964-1966 || Civil ensign of Ghana || A red field with the national flag, fimbriated in black, in the canton. |- | [[File:Civil Ensign of Ghana.svg|border|150px]] || 1966-present || Civil ensign of Ghana || A red field with the national flag, fimbriated in black, in the canton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh.html#civ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- | [[File:Naval Ensign of Ghana (1964–1966).svg|border|150px]] || 1964-1966 || Naval ensign of Ghana || Red St. George's Cross on white centrrensign, with the national flag in canton. |- | [[File:Naval Ensign of Ghana.svg|border|150px]] || 1966-present || Naval ensign of Ghana || Red St. George's Cross on white centrrensign, with the national flag in canton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian Navy |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh~nav.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- | [[File:Air Force Ensign of Ghana (1964–1966).svg|border|150px]] || 1964-1966 || Air Force ensign of Ghana || A light-blue field with the national flag in canton charged in the fly with a red, white and green roundel. |- | [[File:Air Force Ensign of Ghana.svg|border|150px]] || 1966-present || Air Force ensign of Ghana || A light-blue field with the national flag in canton charged in the fly with a red, yellow and green roundel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian Air Force |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh%5Eaf.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- | [[File:Civil Air Ensign of Ghana (1964–1966).svg|border|150px]] || 1964-1966 || Civil Air ensign of Ghana || A light-blue field with the national flag in canton charged in the fly with a black five-pointed star. |- | [[File:Civil Air Ensign of Ghana.svg|border|150px]] || 1966-present || Civil Air ensign of Ghana || A light-blue field with the national flag in canton charged in the fly with a black five-pointed star.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh.html#civair |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} ==Proposed flags== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:110px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Date!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="width:250px;"|Description |- | [[File:Emmanuel Enoch Agbozo's Ghana Flag Proposal.svg|border|150px]] || 2002 || Emmanuel Enoch Agbozo's proposal || |- | [[File:Flag of Deutsch-Togo.svg|border|150px]] || 1914 || Proposed flag of [[German Togoland]] || A tricolour, made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), white, and red (bottom) with the emblem of Togoland in the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonial Flags 1914 (Germany) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/de_col14.html#tog |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- |} ==Taarihi tuutanima== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:110px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Date!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="width:250px;"|Description |- | [[File:PortugueseFlag1385.svg|border|150px]] || 1482-1485 || Flag of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] ([[Portuguese Gold Coast]]) || Five blue escutcheons each charged with an undetermined number of bezants on a white field. Border: red with yellow castles and a green cross of the Order of Aviz. |- | [[File:PortugueseFlag1485.svg|border|150px]] || 1485-1495 || Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) || Five blue escutcheons each charged with 5 bezants on a white field. Border: red with 7 yellow castles. |- | [[File:Flag of Portugal (1495).svg|border|150px]] || 1495-1521 || Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) || A white field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- | [[File:Flag of Portugal (1521).svg|border|150px]] || 1521-1578 || Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) || A white field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- | [[File:Flag of Portugal (1578).svg|border|150px]] || 1578-1640 || Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) || A white field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- | [[File:Prinsenvlag.svg|border|150px]] || 1612-1795 || [[Prince's Flag|The Prince's Flag]] of the [[Dutch Republic]] ([[Dutch Gold Coast]]) || A horizontal tricolour of orange, white and blue. |- | [[File:Flag of Portugal (1616).svg|border|150px]] || 1616-1640 || Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) (Putative Flag) || A white field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- | [[File:Flag of England.svg|border|150px]] || 1631-1637<br/>1663-1700 || Flag of the [[Kingdom of England]] (English Gold Coast) || A white field with centred red cross. |- | [[File:Flag of Portugal (1640).svg|border|150px]] || 1640-1642 || Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese Gold Coast) || A white field with the Portuguese coat of arms in the centre. |- | [[File:Naval ensign of Sweden.svg|border|150px]] || 1650–1658<br/>1660–1663 || Flag of the [[Sweden|Kingdom of Sweden]] ([[Swedish Gold Coast]]) || Blue with a yellow Nordic cross that extends to the edges of the flag. Overall ratio, including the tails. |- | [[File:Statenvlag.svg|border|150px]] || 1652–1672 || [[Statenvlag|States Flag]] of the Dutch Republic (Dutch Gold Coast) || A horizontal tricolour of red, white and blue. |- | [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|border|150px]] || 1658–1850 || Flag of [[Denmark–Norway]] and the [[Denmark|Kingdom of Denmark]] ([[Danish Gold Coast]]) || A red field charged with a white Nordic cross that extends to the edges; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side. |- | [[File:Royal African Company Flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1663-1700 || Flag of the [[Royal African Company]] || A white field with centred red cross with a chess themed border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rijksmuseum |url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-MC-1889-83-8/catalogue-entry |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Rijksmuseum |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[File:Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1430-1806).svg|border|150px]] || 1682-1721 || Flag of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] ([[Brandenburger Gold Coast|Brandenburger/Prussian Gold Coast]]). || A black [[double-headed eagle]] with haloes on a yellow field. |- | [[File:Flag of Brandenburg (1660–1750).svg|border|150px]] || 1682-1701 || Flag of the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] (Brandenburger Gold Coast). || 7 horizontal stripes alternating black and white; with a red eagle off-centred toward the hoist. |- | [[File:Pabellon de Brandeburgo (c. 1684).svg|border|150px]] || 1684-1701 || Flag of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (Brandenburger Gold Coast). || A white field with a red crowned eagle off-centred toward the hoist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electorate of Brandenburg 1356-1701 (Germany) |url=http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/de-br_hi.html#1750 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=fotw.fivestarflags.com |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518062249/http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/de-br_hi.html#1750 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1750).svg|border|150px]] || 1701-1721 || Flag of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (Prussian Gold Coast). || A black eagle holding a sword and rod on a white field, a crown on top. |- | [[File:Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg|border|150px]] || 1750-1801 || Flag of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] || A superimposition of the flags of [[England]] and [[Scotland]] |- | [[File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg|border|150px]] || 1795–1813 || Flag of the [[French First Republic]] and the [[First French Empire]] (French occupied Dutch Gold Coast) || A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red. |- | [[File:Flag of the Batavian Republic.svg|border|150px]] || 1795–1806 || [[Flag of the Batavian Republic]] || A horizontal triband of red, white and blue with the Republic’s emblem in the canton. |- | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|border|150px]] || 1801-1960 || Flag of the [[United Kingdom]] || A superimposition of the flags of England and Scotland with the [[Saint Patrick's Saltire]] (representing [[Ireland]]). |- | [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|border|150px]] || 1806-1872 || Flag of the [[Kingdom of Holland]], the [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands]], the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] and the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] (Dutch Gold Coast) || A horizontal tricolour of red, white and blue. |- | [[File:Flag of the British West Africa Settlements (1870–1888).svg|border|150px]] || 1870-1877 || Flag of the [[British West Africa]] || A blue ensign defaced with the emblem of the West African Settlements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Africa Settlements |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-wafrs.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of the Gold Coast (1877–1957).svg|border|150px]] || 1877-1957 || Flag of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|British Gold Coast]] || A blue ensign defaced with the emblem of the Gold Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Coast (Ghana under British rule, -1957) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh_col.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of Germany (1867–1918).svg|border|150px]] || 1884-1916 || Flag of the [[German Empire]] ([[German Togoland]]) || A tricolour, made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), white, and red (bottom) |- | [[File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg|border|150px]] || 1884-1916 || Colonial flag of the German Empire || A tricolour, made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), white, and red (bottom) with the [[Reichsadler]] in the centre. |- | || 1935-1957 || Flag of the [[Ashanti Empire]] || A horizontal tricolour of gold, black, green and white with the Golden Stool stationed in the middle of flag. |- | [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|border|150px]] || 1957-1964 || Flag of the [[Dominion of Ghana]] and 1st Flag of Ghana || A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with a black star in the centre.<ref>{{Citation|title=The New Union Flag Project|date=2020-07-28|work=Bad English|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7765/9781526108852.00005|isbn=978-1-5261-0885-2|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of the Union of African States (1958-1961).svg|border|150px]] || 1958-1961 || Flag of the [[Union of African States]] || A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with 2 black stars on the yellow band.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union of African States |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/int-uas.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of the Union of African States (1961–1962).svg|border|150px]] || 1961-1962 || Flag of the Union of African States || A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with 3 black stars on the yellow band. |- | [[File:Flag of Ghana (1964–1966).svg|border|150px]] || 1964-1966 || 2nd flag of Ghana || A horizontal triband of red, white, and green, charged with a black star in the centre.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Kenneth|date=1957|title=Ghana. The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1957-07_33_3/page/383|journal=International Affairs|volume=33|issue=3|pages=383|doi=10.2307/2605549|jstor=2605549|issn=1468-2346}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana 1964-1966 |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gh_1964.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.fotw.info}}</ref> |} == Lihimi mpahi == {{Commons category|Flags of Ghana}} * [[Flag of Ghana]] * [[Coat of arms of Ghana]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} {{Ghana topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Lists of flags}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghana}} [[Category:Lists and galleries of flags]] [[Category:Ghana-related lists|Flags]] bbaugwmh5lhtlpmxayk25sc87in3s1v Menora (dance) 0 26257 146145 82171 2026-08-10T21:36:03Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{lang|th|Menora}}''' bee '''{{lang|th|Manora}}''' ({{lang|th|มโนราห์}}; {{IPA-th|mā.nōː.rāː|pron}}), saha shɛŋa ka bɛ ŋmaali jia booni li '''{{lang|th|Nora}}''' ({{lang|th|โนรา}}; {{IPA-th|nōː.rāː}}) nyɛla "[[Culture of Thailand|traditional Siamese]] theatrical", binkumda, mini waa wabu din pili [[Southern Thailand|southern regions of Thailand]].<ref name="ICH" /> Ka mali nahingbana din yina Jataka salima din ''[[Manohara]] dini'', lala niŋsim ŋɔ chaŋmi ti ŋmani {{lang|th|[[Lakhon chatri]]}} (ละครชาตรี), "Siamese arts" shɛli dabam din pili [[central Thailand]]. Yuun kɔbisinu nyaaŋa, {{lang|th|Nora}} nyɛla din niŋdi Thailand tiŋkpansi laɣimbu sheei mini kaya ni taɣada wuhibu shɛhi, ban mali di baŋsim yinsi ni m-mali di li wuhiri ban pahi, tiŋpuuni laɣinsi mini baŋsim lɛbu shɛhi.<ref name="ICH" /> Malaysia tiŋgbani ni, {{lang|th|Menora}} nyɛla din dii lahi ka yaa, tum [[Kelantan]] gɔmnanti ni daa yina ti na kari li, ka di nyɛla din niŋla "''[[haram]]"'' ({{lit}} ‘forbidden’)<ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |author-link=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |title=The Laws of Islam |date=26 March 2016 |publisher=Enlight Press |isbn=978-0994240989 |url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |ref=Modarresi |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> bee din chihiri ni nira jamdi binbɔbigu.<ref>{{cite web |author=New Straits Times |title=Kelantan has no plans to lift ban on Menora|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/560086/kelantan-has-no-plans-lift-ban-menora|publisher=New Straits Times|date=26 January 2020}}</ref> Yuuni 2021, {{lang|th|Nora}} daa nyɛla [[UNESCO]] (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) ni daa kali shɛli pahi "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" ni.<ref name="ICH">{{cite web|title=Nora, dance drama in southern Thailand|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nora-dance-drama-in-southern-thailand-01587|year=2021|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}}</ref> ==Kundivihira == {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite journal |last1=Ginsburg |first1=Henry D. |title=The Menora dance-drama: an introduction |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=60 |issue=2 |year=1972 |pages=169–181 |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1972/03/JSS_060_2h_Ginsburg_ManoraDanceDrama.pdf }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hemmet |first1=Christine |title=Le Nora du sud de la Thaïlande: un culte aux ancêtres |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |date=1992 |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=261–282 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1992.1881 |jstor=43731384 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kershaw |first1=Roger |title=A Little Drama of Ethnicity: Some Sociological Aspects of the Kelantan Manora |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science |date=1982 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=69–95 |doi=10.1163/156853182X00056 |jstor=24490909 }} * {{cite journal |title=CORRIGENDA: A Little Drama of Ethnicity: Some Sociological Aspects of the Kelantan Manora |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science |date=1982 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=118 |doi=10.1163/156853182X00191 |jstor=24490818 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Plowright |first1=Poh Sim |title=The Art of Manora: an Ancient Tale of Feminine Power Preserved in South-East Asian Theatre |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-theatre-quarterly_1998-11_14_56/page/373 |journal=New Theatre Quarterly |date=November 1998 |volume=14 |issue=56 |pages=373–394 |doi=10.1017/S0266464X00012458 |s2cid=193245274 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sheppard |first1=Mubin |title=MANORA in KELANTAN |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1973 |volume=46 |issue=1 (223) |pages=160–170 |jstor=41492072 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=E. H. S. |title='Mahōrasop' in a Thai Manōrā Manuscript |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1967 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=391–403 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00062297 |jstor=611002 |s2cid=177913499 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=E. H. S. |title='Mahōrasop' II: The Thai National Library Manuscript |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1971_34_1/page/119 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1971 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=119–131 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00141618 |jstor=614627 |s2cid=162819400 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sooi-Beng |first1=Tan |title=The Thai 'Menora' in Malaysia: Adapting to the Penang Chinese Community |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |date=1988 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=19–34 |doi=10.2307/1178249 |jstor=1178249 }} {{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Malay Peninsula]] [[Category:Peninsular Malaysia]] [[Category:Thai dance]] [[Category:Thai culture]] [[Category:Southern Thailand]] [[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] 3zm757x79vb0ibxphm5zncf5d995dzq Sega (genre) 0 26261 146130 81766 2026-08-10T21:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Music genre of Mauritius and Reunion island}} {{for|the video game company|Sega}} {{other uses|Sega (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox music genre | name = Sega (Folkloric Performance Art) | stylistic_origins = [[Music of Africa|African]] music (most notable [[Malagasy music]]) | cultural_origins = [[Mauritius]], [[Réunion]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journals-openedition-org.elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/cm/122|title=SSO – Université de la Réunion|url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Madagascar]] | derivatives = | fusiongenres = [[Santé engagé]], [[seggae]], | subgenrelist = | subgenres = | regional_scenes = [[Mauritius]], [[Rodrigues]], [[Réunion]], [[Seychelles]] | other_topics = [[Maloya]], [[Moutya]] {{Infobox intangible heritage | Image = Sega.drumdancer.jpg | Caption = Group performing the sega at Pointe-aux-Piments, [[Mauritius]] | ICH = Traditional Mauritian Sega | State Party = | Domains = Performing arts (music, dance) | Criteria = | ID = | Region = Worldwide | Year = 2019 | Session = 14th | List = Representative | Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-mauritian-sega-01003 | Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]] | Note = }} }} '''Sega''' ({{lang-fr|Séga}}) nyɛla [[music genre]] nim puuni zaɣa yini din mali yaa zaŋ n-ti [[Mauritius]] mini [[Réunion]]. Di kuli nyɛla waa baŋsim yaɣili, din mali binkumda, salima salimbu n-ti pahi kaya ni taada wahi. Di di din niŋ bayana be Mauritius nyɛ [[fusion genre]] [[Seggae]] mini bhojpuri variations, ka Réunion mi mali [[maloya]] pahi, di nyaaŋa be daa ti zaŋ li miri zaɣakurili maa, binkumda daa nyɛla din piligi tiŋgbani yuli booni Madagascar. Sega balibu nyɛla din yina balli koŋkoba din kalinli galisi pam zaŋ n-ti Mauritius. Sega ([[Traditional Mauritian Sega]], [[Sega tambour Chagos]], [[Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island]]) nyɛla binshɛli din pahi [[UNESCO]]'s Intangible Cultural Heritage [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|yuya ni]]. Sega nyɛla binshɛli din nya di pili li binkumda zaŋ n-ti dabba ([[slave]]s) n-ti pahi bɛ ninvuɣ shɛba ban kpi ni ka nyɛ [[Mauritian Creole people]] ka nyɛ bɛn yiinda shɛli [[Mauritian Creole]] bee [[Réunionese Creole]]. Sega lahi nyɛla din niŋ bayana islands zaŋ n-ti [[Agaléga]] mini [[Rodrigues]] n-ti pahi [[Music of Seychelles|Seychelles]], amaa binkumda mini waa ŋɔ nyɛla binshɛli din mali waliginsim ka nyɛ bɛn yiinda shɛli islands' respective [[creole language]]s. Yuun shɛŋa din gari maa, Sega binkumda daa nyɛla din jɛndi kaya ni taada nima nim kamani [[ravanne]] mini [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]], di daa nyɛla yili shɛli bɛn yiinda wuhiri adalichɛ kalinsi Mauritian, Sega yili ŋɔ nyɛ [[Santé engagé]]. ==Buɣisibu== Binkumda ŋɔ zaŋ jɛndi kaya ni taada nyɛla binshɛli bɛn daa [[improvisation|improvised]] ka daa kpaŋsi li pam pahi.<ref name="malaisecreole">{{cite book |title=Le malaise créole: ethnic identity in Mauritius |last=Boswell |first=Rosabelle |year=2006 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781845450755 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN9Kc6685BQC&q=.+Le+malaise+cr%C3%A9ole:+ethnic+identity+in+Mauritius |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref> Di daa na tumi nyɛ binkumda mini waa koŋko amaa bɛ daa lahi zaŋ li ka di nyɛ [[dirge]]s ka nyɛ din be traditional [[exorcism]]s. ===Binkumda nima(Instruments)=== Kaya ni taada binkumda nima nyɛ:<ref name="lonelyplanet">{{cite book |title=Mauritius, Réunion & Seychelles |first1=Tom |last1=Masters |first2=Jan |last2=Dodd |first3=Jean-Bernard |last3=Carillet |year=2007 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781741047271 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmaur00tomm/page/45 45] |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmaur00tomm |url-access=registration |quote=origin sega music. |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Hawkins|title=The Other Hybrid Archipelago: Introduction to the Literatures and Cultures of the Francophone Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sa8MVme3hjsC&pg=PA109|year=2007|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1676-0|pages=109–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Iain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx1nEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |title=Across the Waves: Strategies of Belonging in Indian Ocean Island Societies |last2=Fouéré |first2=Marie-Aude |date=2022-03-28 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51010-4 |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref> *the ''maravanne'' (rattle) *''moutia'' (hand drum) *the goatskin drum ''[[ravanne]]'' *[[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]] *and the ''[[bobre]]'' ([[bow (musical instrument)|bow]]). Tantam gba nyɛla din be ni, din nyɛ binkumda niini ka nyɛ "stringed instrument" ka ŋmɛri li doli binkumda maa.<ref name="thisismauritius">{{cite book |title=This is Mauritius |first1=Alan |last1=Mountain |first2=Alan |last2=Proust |year=2002 |publisher=Struik |isbn=9781843303015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2tp6oQWHIjIC&q=sega+music |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref> Pumpɔŋ, [[electric guitar]]s mini [[keyboard instrument|keyboard]]s nyɛ mali shɛli niŋdi binkumda ŋɔ.<ref name="thisismauritius"/> ===Lyrics=== Lyrics zaŋ n-ti saha ŋɔ sega binkumda nyɛla din jɛndi "inhabitants"; di pa din jɛndi ninvuɣ shɛba ban ŋmɛ yila ŋɔ.<ref name="alpers">{{Cite journal | last = Alpers | first = Edward | title = Recollecting Africa: Diasporic Memory in the Indian Ocean World | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_2000-04_43_1/page/83 | journal = African Studies Review | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–99 | publisher = African Studies Association | date = April 2000 | jstor = 524722| doi = 10.2307/524722 | s2cid = 145422743 }}</ref> ===Dance=== Sega nyɛla waa shɛli din wara ka napɔŋ ŋɔ bi wɔɣiri ka chɛri tiŋgbani.<ref name="lonelyplanet"/> Amaa, niŋgbina maa zaa nyɛla din damda. Paɣa nyɛla ban mali nii kara, colourful, circular skirts ka ni di yɛn chɛ ka bɛ tooi damdi bɛ maŋ viɛnyɛla. Kali puuni, dabba nyɛla ban yɛri nima din mali kom ni jinjam ŋmahi. ==Taarihi == ===Di pili=== Sega binkumda nyɛla din piligi "slave populations" zaŋ n-ti [[Mauritius]] mini [[Réunion]] di nyaaŋa ka nyɛ din waligi gili [[Seychelles]]. Di tuui nyɛla 6/8 meter ka mali di waa.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of contemporary French culture |first1=Alex |last1=Hughes |first2=Keith |last2=Reader |year=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415263542 |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrhClZg65EsC&dq=baster+reunion&pg=PA225 |access-date=2010-06-15}}</ref> Sega's pili zaŋ n-ti ninvuɣ shɛba ban pa islands nyɛla din bi mi.<ref name="africandiasporainindianocean">{{cite book |title=The African diaspora in the Indian Ocean |first1=Shihan |last1=de S. Jayasuriya |first2=Richard |last2=Pankhurst |year=2003 |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=9780865439801 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-F5AAAAMAAJ&q=origin+sega+music |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref> Amaa niriba nyɛla ban saɣiti ni di mali Afro-[[Malagasy culture|Malagasy]] pili ka nyɛ din laɣim African bee Malagasy yila ni European music.<ref name="africandiasporainindianocean"/> European yaɣili nyɛ folk [[dance music]] kamani [[polka]], [[waltz]] n-ti pahi [[quadrille]]s.<ref name=lonelyplanet/> Gatan Benoit nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni sega nyɛla yina [[Madagascar]] ka Boswell lahabali wuhiri ni sega mini famadihana nyɛla din ŋmani taba, [[Merina]] "death ritual".<ref name="malaisecreole"/> Arago nyɛla ŋun baŋ li ni (t)chéga ka yɛli ni di yina la [[Mozambique]].<ref name="malaisecreole"/> O yɛliya ni di ŋmani la [[fandango]] mini [[chica (dance)]] din yina Brazil ka di pili nyɛ [[African music]] ka yina [[Mozambique]] mini [[Angola]].<ref name="malaisecreole"/> Di yuli n-daa booni "African" by sega musician Jacques Cantin.<ref name="africandiasporainindianocean"/> ===Place in society=== Taarihi puuni, Sega nyɛla niriba ni daa bɛ lihi nyɛ waa shɛli dama di daa nyɛla dabba yila.<ref name="africandiaspora">{{cite journal |title=African diaspora |journal=African Diaspora |last=de S. Jayasuriya |first=Shihan |year=2003 |publisher=BRILL |issn=1872-5457 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/afdi/2008/00000001/F0020001/art00007 |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref> [[Catholic Church]] nim nyɛla ban daa ji Sega dama di daa nyɛla din jɛndi [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] mini [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sega: the Mauritian folk dance |last=K. Lee |first=Jacques |year=1990 |location=Indiana University |isbn=9780951129616 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-F5AAAAMAAJ&q=origin+sega+music |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref> Hali ka Mauritian yili yiinda Ti Frère daa ti lɛbi ninvuɣ so salo pam ni baŋ yuuni 1960s, sega nyɛla bɛn daa na ŋmɛri shɛli soɣasim ni.<ref name="malaisecreole"/> Din daa yi polo ni dahin shɛli nyɛ o ni daa zaŋ li duu akpaaku zuɣu yuŋ dahin shɛli Sega at Mount [[Le Morne]] silimin gɔli October biɛɣ'pihita dali yuuni 1964.<ref name="africandiaspora"/> Di pa nyɛla Mauritius tiŋgbani nim yila.<ref name="africandiaspora"/> ==Modern varieties== Sega nyɛla din pa niŋ bayana gili islands zaŋ n-ti [[Mauritius]], [[Réunion]], [[Seychelles]], [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]] n-ti pahi [[Rodrigues]], ni [[Madagascar]]. Pumpɔŋ, sega nyɛla bɛn zaŋ shɛli pahi [[jazz]], [[Zouk (musical movement)|zouk]], n-ti pahi [[fusion genre]] ni [[reggae]] ka bɛ mi li [[Seggae]].<ref name="canada"/> [[African music]] nim nyɛla ban zaŋ sega pahi tum yuuni 1980s.<ref name="malaisecreole"/> ===Santé engagé=== {{Main|Santé engagé}} Santé engagé nyɛla yila zaŋ n-ti [[music of Mauritius|Mauritian music]] din nyɛ yili shɛli din yiinda wuhiri adaliche kalinsi. Di nyɛla yili shɛli din yiinda wuhiri adalichɛ kalinsi yila puuni. Yili ŋɔ nyɛla bɛn ŋmɛri shɛli laɣindi Mauritian [[sega music|sega]]. ===Seggae=== {{Main|Seggae}} Seggae nyɛla yili shɛli din laɣim ni sega mini [[reggae]], din nyɛ [[music of Jamaica|Jamaican popular music]] balli shɛli ka nyɛ din niŋ bayana zaŋ n-ti sega's range. Seggae yili yiindiba nyɛ [[Ras Natty Baby]], [[Sonny Morgan]] ka lala doo ŋɔ nyɛ ŋun pili li, [[Kaya (Mauritian musician)|Kaya]]. Kaya, ŋun yuli booni Joseph Reginald Topize, nyɛ ninvuɣ so ŋun daa tabiri sɔŋdi o yuuni [[1999 Mauritian riots]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vellien |first=Clifford |date=1999-02-25 |title=Rioting in Mauritius set off by jail death of singer |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/feb/25/7 |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Kaya's yila nyɛla, niriba ni daa kuli bori shɛli ka nyɛ din kpaŋsiri yili yiindiba ni kpaŋsi Seggae genre. ==Regional varieties== ===Réunion=== {{Main|Maloya}} Réunion, sega nyɛla binshɛli din ka yaa, ka nyɛ waa shɛli paɣa mini o yidana ni wara ka nyɛ ninvuɣ shɛba ban bɛ yina Mauritius. Nangban kpeeni nyɛla din be bachi nim ŋɔ maloya mini sega zaŋ tum tuma.<ref name="canada">{{Cite journal | last = des Rosiers | first = Brigette | title = Ile de la Réunion: musiques et identité | journal = Canadian Journal for Traditional Music | year = 1992 | url = http://cjtm.icaap.org/content/20/v20art7.html | access-date = 2009-12-17}}</ref> Bɛ daa na booni li la sega in historical accounts yuun shɛŋa din gari maa ka di ŋmani saha ŋɔ bɛn booni shɛli maloya.<ref name="canada"/> Bachi ŋɔ "sega", yaɣa shɛli nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli buɣisiri [[fusion genre]] zaŋ n-ti Afro-Malagasy ni European.<ref name="canada"/> ===Rodrigues=== {{Main|Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island}} Kali Rodriguan sega nyɛla [[Sega tambour]], luɣ'shɛli binkumda ni niŋ bayana.<ref name="lonelyplanet"/> Sega tambour nyɛla binshɛli bɛn mali dihitabili ni din nyɛ sega than Mauritian sega pili li, ka di daliri nyɛ "Rodrigue's geographical isolation".<ref name="bradt">{{cite book |title=Mauritius: Rodrigues, Réunion |first1=Alexandra |last1=Richards |first2=Royston |last2=Ellis |first3=Derek |last3=Schuurman |year=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841621517 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mauritiusrodrigu0000rich_g7d6/page/198 198] |url=https://archive.org/details/mauritiusrodrigu0000rich_g7d6 |url-access=registration |quote=polka sega. |access-date=2009-12-17}}</ref> [[Accordion]] laɣingu shɛŋa zaŋ n-ti Rodrigues, ''segakordeon'', nyɛ European [[Dance music#Folk dance music|folk dance music]] kamani [[polka]]s, [[quadrille]]s, [[waltz]]es n-ti pahi [[Scottish music|Scottish]] [[Reel (dance)|reel]]s. Rodrigue yila nyɛla din nyaɣisa gari yili shɛŋa din pahi maa. Sega tambours nyɛla yili shɛli paɣaba ni tooi yiinda ka wari ka kpahiri bɛ nuhi ===Seychelles=== {{Main|Moutya}} Seychellois sega balli shɛli nyɛ [[Moutya]] ka di ŋmani Réunionnais sega. Seychellois yila nyɛla yili shɛli Western [[ballad]]s nim ni yiinda shɛli ka di nyɛ bɛ [[country music]]. Din pahi nyɛ, Reggae, Rock, hip hop, jazz, electronic dance music, house music n-ti pahi pop style Seychellois yila. ===Chagos Islands=== {{Main|Sega tambour Chagos}} [[Chagos Islander]]s gba nyɛla din mali sega balli shɛli pɔi ka di daa kpɛ islands n-ti lɛbi soli zaŋ n-ti American [[military base]] [[Diego Garcia]].<ref name="africandiaspora"/> ==Lihimi m-pahi== * [[Music of Mauritius]] * [[Seggae]] * [[Santé engagé]] ==Kundivihira == {{reflist}} {{Genres of African popular music}} {{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR}} [[Category:Sega (genre)| ]] [[Category:Mauritian Creole]] ojfna4rvdlc98uo9lhzpqrxh5ihzpda Căluşari 0 26268 146156 82581 2026-08-10T21:53:13Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Călușari''' maa (Romanian: Călușarii, Romanian bɔlibu: [kəluˈʃarʲ]; Bulgarian: Калушари or Русалии; Macedonian: Русалии, zaɣ'gaŋa: Călușar) nyɛla ban yina  fraternal secret society puuni ban maani bɛ buɣa ni  acrobatic dance, shɛli bɛ ni mi ni  căluș la. Romanian maŋmaŋa, lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyɛla din daa pa ti gili paai Bulgaria mini North Macedonia. Di piinila  Easter yi di bakɔi dibaata nyaaŋa naɣila  Pentecost saha, dini bɔli shɛli ni   Rusalii din be  Romanian, bakɔi dibaayi sunsuuni, bɛ nyɛla ban gɔ gili bɛ tin' kpan'bihi maa zaa nti luɣ' shɛŋa bɛ ni yɛn wa waa maa, nti pahi gonjenima ashɛm n-ŋɔ.[1] ==Bibliography== == wahi din gmani taba== Trilișești mini  Țânțăroiul din yina  Moldavia mini Bărbătescul ni  De sărit din yina Maramureș nyɛla din mali nahingbana din yɔli  ka  De bâtă, Haidău, mini Fecioreasca of Transylvania  nyɛ din miri Călușari maa, nti lahi zaŋ complex later developments m-pahi.[7] The English Morris dance  nyɛla din  choreography ŋmani taba, nti pahi  ritualistic sword dance maa gbunni ni bɛ neen'yɛra zaa ŋmani la taba. Din tooi lahi nyɛ  European folk dance din yala bi tɔ, dinzuɣu di mini   common folk kpini ta == Military Elements== Bɛ waa puuni,   Călușari maa nyɛlaban ʒiri club nima ni sua nti pahi bɛ tuuta ni wooden horsehead. Bɛ yɛn pɔmi n-ti bɛ tuuta maa ni ka dama de bɛ nyɛla ban yɛn gbubi taba ka daŋ n-nyɛ ba la,  ni ka ti to Călușari zalisi jilima ni ka bi gabisi bɛ maŋa dabaa awɔi. [5] Bɛ yi labi ma yiŋa , bɛ tuuta maa nyɛla bɛ ni yɛn zaŋ shɛli sɔŋ tiŋa, ka bɛ mi yino durili ka kuhira pam pam ” tɔbu, n simnima , tɔbu"" ====== == wahi din gmani taba== ====== == Association with fairies== Romanian historian Mircea Eliade yɛliya, ni , Călușari nima ni niriba daa mi ba mi ka bɛ niŋsim ŋmaila bɛ ni tooi yiɣi zuɣusaa "[5] ka o dihitabili ni bana n-nyɛ galloping of a horse mini  the dancing of the fairies (zîne). Yɛlimaŋli, laɣingu maa toondana n-daa nyɛ  "Queen of the Fairies" (Doamna Zânelor), bɛ ni daa lahi mi Irodiada mini  Arada, ninvuɣ' so  Eliade ni daa zaŋ milisi the folkloric figure Diana.[6] Călușari  maa daa nyɛla niriba ni dihitabili shɛli ni di ni tooi tibi ban mali  fairies dɔriti.[1 ==Căluș dance== căluș  maa nyɛla dabba waa laɣingu, amaa vihigu wuhiya zaŋ jemdi bɛ kali din yina  Oltenia region ni bi'puɣimbil' yino chani ayi namini be di puuni,  pumpɔŋɔ bɛ pa yila bɛ ko.  Bɛ yɛn piila paɣa tin' kpaŋa kam bɛ mi gari , bɛ yɛn piigi o mi n-doli o waa milinsi bee o waa baŋsim. Paɣ'palo maa yɛn pɔla saha shɛli o ni pahi ka bɛ wari bɛ waa maa, yuun'muna ata. Wa'wariba maa yɛn sɔla jinjam piɛla nti pahi liiga piɛl'bɔɣuŋmahi, ka di kɔm nyɛ din ne ka yirina nŋbɛ zipiliti ni. Dawulenima nyɛla bɛ ni yɛn zaŋ shɛli lɔ bɛ napɔn'chehi ni , ka wahi maa nyɛ ni bɛ zaŋ silimiinsi ni bɔli bin'shɛɣu ni   ornate sticks  la n-gbubi li zuɣusaa ka wari waa maa  bee ka di sa tiŋa  din yɛn sɔŋ ba ka bɛ bi lu. Waa maa maŋmaŋ nyɛla  acrobatic, din kuli nyɛ yiɣibu, di ku ŋmanila  Ceili dance. Kamani Morris dance nima pam puuni, kaya pam puuni  Călușari dancers nyɛla jarigu , din gbunni nyɛ  "nebun", bee ŋun ka alaafee  ("crazy" ). Wahi maa n-nyɛ din dɔ gbunni ŋɔ;[4] • The starting figure of walking (plimbări), bee waa napɔŋ shɛli din wari gindi sayaalooni . • More complex figures (mișcare) Di nyɛla din wari  kamani a chani mi la • Figures are formed from combinations of elements, often have a beginning-middle-end structure. ==Taarihi== '''Călușari  pilli , so bɛ mi li, amaa di tuuli sabbu zaŋ jɛndi li nyɛla din pili  17th-century musical notations of Ioan Căianu.[citation needed]''' '''Romanian historian of religion Mircea Eliade  yɛliya ni " ni pɔri shɛli din pɔ maa nyɛla din pɔ ni Naawuni yuli, mythico-ritual scenario calusari  ni pili shɛli mini dolodolo daadiini bɛ kpini taba" ni tɔ amaa,  19th century puuni , ni sabbu daa dii ka bɛ laɣingu maa ni  ka bɛ niriba maa daa nyɛ ban lahi ka nu'timbo  zaŋ jɛndi yɛltɔɣa gbaabu puuni yuma ata lala yaɣili maa.''' ==ETYMOLOGY== Mircea Eliade dihitabili ni  Călușari bachi ŋɔ pilli nyɛla  Romanian bachi  shɛli bɛ ni booni wahu ( horse,),cal,  din yina   Latin caballus puuni.[2] Sokam saɣi dee Căluș nyɛla din yina Latin zaɣ'kurili buyi zuɣu  "collusium, collusii", din gbunni nyɛ"waa laɣingu"  nti pahi  "ashili ʒilɛli ni", dinzuɣu, di gbunni shɛŋa  nyɛla bɛ ni  yɛli.  Romanian bachi din nyɛ căluș gbunni gba lahi nyɛla  " dabil'shɛli di ni zaŋ niŋ nira noli ni ka o ku tooi yɛli yɛltɔɣa", ka lala bachi ŋɔ ni yina shɛli mali tabbu din yina the presence of the mute figure m-be laɣin'shɛŋa ni, nti pahi  the ritual silence shɛli laɣingu maa zaa ni yi niŋda. Shɛba nya la căluș ka di nyɛ wahu ŋun nyɛ zaɣ' bila (cal "horse"), din gba zaa yina  Latin caballus puuni, ka lahi yɛri tiri horse's mythical associations ni yaa mini tɔbu, nti pahi  imitation of horses din be  Căluș dances shɛŋa ni, amaa lala waa ŋɔ dii ka nua timbu lala buɣili maligu ŋɔ puuni . Zal'shɛli gba nyɛla din din yina Another "Coli-Salii" puuni,  Roman priests maa nyɛla ŋun jamda Mars.[3] ==Di Buɣisbu== Kali puuni, ,  Călușari laɣingu ŋɔ nyɛla din nyɛ ashili bini, din nyɛ dabba kɔ (male-only society associated ) nti pahi spring rite, nti pahi pahi tɔb'tuhiriba ʒilɛya ban guui. Laɣingu maa toondana  (ŋun nyɛ do'ninkurigu) m-bɔri  acolytenima , ban ʒim na tula sahakam,  zaɣ' kura bɛ ni piigi bɛ yaa zuɣusingle. Niriba ban be laɣingu maa ni nyɛla ban po ashili pɔri, di saha n-nyɛ bɛ pahi tum di ni tu ni bɛ tum shɛ ka bɛ wuhi ba wahi maa balibu zaa. The groups of Călușari laɣinsi nyɛla ban gɔ n-gili tiŋ'maani  spring-time saha, n-gili kaai tin'kpam'bihi ka pahi wa bɛ  week-end dances – hora maa. == Lihi pahi == * [[Green week]] * [[Hobby horse]] * [[Weapon dance]] * [[Sântoaderi]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist|2}} === Bibliography === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Kligman |first=Gail |title=Căluș: Symbolic Transformation in Romanian Ritual |publisher=Chicago University Press |year=1977 |location=Chicago}} * {{Cite journal |last=Eliade |first=Mircea |author-link=Mircea Eliade |year=1973 |title=Notes on the Călușari |journal=Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University |volume=5 |issue=The Gaster Festschrift}} * {{Cite journal |last=Eliade |first=Mircea |author-link=Mircea Eliade |year=1975 |title=Some Observations on European Witchcraft |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-religions_1975-02_14_3/page/149 |journal=History of Religions |volume=14 |issue=3|pages=149–172 |doi=10.1086/462721 |s2cid=161503454 }} * {{Cite web |year=2018 |orig-date=1 March 2018 |editor-last=Mellish |editor-first=Liz |editor2-last=Green |editor2-first=Nick |title=Ceată de feciori – men's group dances |url=https://eliznik.org.uk/traditions-in-romania/traditional-dance/ceata-mens-group-dances/ |publisher=Eliznik}} * {{Cite web |year=2020a |orig-date=23 July 2020 |editor-last=Mellish |editor-first=Liz |editor2-last=Green |editor2-first=Nick |title=Lower Danubian Călușari |url=https://eliznik.org.uk/traditions-in-romania/traditional-dance/ceata-mens-group-dances/ritual-stick-dances/southern-romanian-calusari/ |publisher=Eliznik}} {{refend}} ==Karim pahi== * {{Citation |last=Mellish |first=Liz |title=The Romanian Căluș tradition and its changing symbolism as it travels from the village to the global platform |url=http://mainweb.hgo.se/Inst/ks.nsf/0/7B686428CCFA46CBC125713F003D0109/$FILE/Mellish%202006%20Calus.pdf?openelement |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032135/http://mainweb.hgo.se/Inst/ks.nsf/0/7B686428CCFA46CBC125713F003D0109/$FILE/Mellish%202006%20Calus.pdf?openelement |publisher=Uppsala University |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web |year=2020b |orig-date=23 June 2020 |editor-last=Mellish |editor-first=Liz |editor2-last=Green |editor2-first=Nick |title=Transylvanian Călușeri |url=https://eliznik.org.uk/traditions-in-romania/traditional-dance/ceata-mens-group-dances/ritual-stick-dances/transylvanian-caluseri/ |publisher=Eliznik}} == External links == * [http://www.angelfire.com/folk/hora/ The history of sacred dances: Choros, Hora, Calusul and Morris dance] * [http://vancouvermm.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/0/3/25034121/calusari.pdf Vancouver Morris Men's account of dancing with Canada's Regina Călușari in 1997] * [http://www.folktrax-archive.org/menus/cassprogs/4404calusari.htm The Romanian Călușari] * [http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/34eur_uk.htm Proclamation of the Oral and Intagible Heritage of Humanity: The Calus Tradition] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927022121/http://www.dunav.org.il/dance_histories/romania_calusari.html Călușari dance history and background] from the Dunav website {{UNESCO Oral and Intangible Eastern Europe}} {{Pentecost}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Calusari}} [[Category:Romanian folk dances]] [[Category:Moldovan folk dances]] [[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] [[Category:Moldovan traditions]] [[Category:Romanian folklore]] [[Category:Bulgarian traditions]] [[Category:Macedonian traditions]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Ritual dances]] [[Category:Group dances]] [[Category:Pentecost]] [[Pubu:Wiki World Heritage Intangible Contest 2023]] dauyrt578881qjsflf0lnwrq9gagcca Iznik pottery 0 26310 146169 145742 2026-08-10T22:14:20Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Type of decorated ceramic}} [[File:Turkey; Iznik - Two Tiles - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|300px|Two tiles, circa 1560, fritware, painted in blue, turquoise, red, green, and black under a transparent glaze, [[Art Institute of Chicago]] ([[Chicago]], USA)]] [[File:Cypress_Tree_Decorated_Ottoman_Pottery_P1000591.JPG|thumb|300px|Dish with foliate rim decorated with flowers and a cypress tree, with a [[dollar pattern]] border, {{circa|1575}}]] '''Iznik pottery''', bee '''Iznik ware''', nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ tiŋa yuli booni [[İznik]] ka be [[Anatolia]] yuli m-boli shɛli, ni ka bɛ maani li. Di nyɛla parante shɛli bɛ ni daa mali 15th century ni daa pirigi zaŋ hali ni 17th century naabu ni. Turkish sitaaya ŋmanila Chinese Porcelain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Denny |first=Walter B. |title=Blue-and-White Islamic Pottery on Chinese Themes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4171598?searchText=Iznik+pottery&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DIznik%2Bpottery&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Aeea6c35cf409d0b7971480e8063e0879&seq=13 |journal=JSTOR |volume=72}}</ref> İznik n daa nyɛ luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa maani "[[earthenware]]" duɣiri ni "[[underglaze]]" nachintɛri, di ni daa niŋ ka, 15th century naabu ni ha,ka baŋdiba pili duɣi maŋa malibu ni "[[fritware]]" ka di ningbuŋgbaŋ peenti ni "[[cobalt blue]]". Di dizaai laɣim la "Ottoman [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|arabesque]]" kali dizaai mini "Chinese elements". Di taɣibu maa daliri daa nyɛla palli [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] kootu palli shɛli bɛ ni daa mɛ [[Istanbul]] ni daa da li ka daa niŋ nintiɣili li "[[Blue and white porcelain|Chinese blue-and-white porcelain]]". 16th century nachintɛri sitaaya da nyɛla din taɣi. Nahigbaŋ pala daa nyɛla din pahi. Piligu "turquoise" mini "cobalt blue" din mali shilinshiya ti pahi "piney green" din mali shilinshia ni "pale purple" gba daa nyɛla bɛ ni pahi shɛli <ref>{{Cite web |title=https://delcat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=01UDEL_INST:01UDEL_INST&search_scope=LD_CDI_WC&tab=Everything&docid=alma991012288909707701 |url=https://delcat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=01UDEL_INST:01UDEL_INST&search_scope=LD_CDI_WC&tab=Everything&docid=alma991012288909707701 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=delcat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com |language=en}}</ref>. Di ni daa chaŋ tooni ha, Iznik parante maaniba daa pa maani la "underglazed tiles" pam pam ni bɛ dizaani yanima dizaan shɛli [[Mimar Sinan]] ŋun daa mɛri tandi ni daa niŋ. "Tiles" maa malibu ni bɛ daa pahi nahingbana kamani"bole red " ni di zani n-ti "purple n-ti tabili "emerald green" din daa nyɛlisiri a gba daa nyɛla din zani n-ti "sage green". Zaŋ chaŋ yuma maa bahigu di zaɣi maŋa malibu daa nyɛla din dɔni tiŋa amaa ka bɛ daa tuɣi malibu 17th century, ka dizaai maa da leei bi chaŋ viɛnyɛla. Bɛ ni zaŋ lala "tiles" maa dihi du'shɛli nachiinsi bahi Iznik n daa nyɛ [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] (Blue Mosque) din be Istanbul ka di mɛbu tuma daa naai 1616. [[Topkapi Museum#Porcelain and celadon collection|Ceramic collection of the Topkapı Palace]] mali gari 10,0000 "Chinese porcelain" amaa ka di pam nyɛ Iznik malibu. "Iznik vessels" nima pam din na beni nyɛla din be binkura biɛhigu sheei din ka Turkey yiŋa, amaa tiŋgbani maa "tile" nima malibu shɛhira nyɛla din be tiŋ'si pam ni Turkey yaɣili polo, kamani [[Istanbul]], [[Bursa]], [[Edirne]] ni [[Adana]]. Istanbul tiŋgbani ni, Iznik "tile" nima zaŋ tum tuma tooi zooi la jiŋa ni, gbala, bukunima biɛhigu sheei mini nanima yiŋsi, kamani [[Rüstem Pasha Mosque]], [[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga)|Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque]], Selim II gballi din be [[Hagia Sophia]] complex, n-ti tabili Topkapı Palace complex kamani [[Topkapı Palace#Circumcision Room|Circumcision room]] mini [[Topkapı Palace#Baghdad Kiosk|Baghdad Kiosk]]. == Overview: role of Chinese porcelain == {{multiple image|align=right|direction=horizontal|header=|header_align=left/right/center|footer=Left: Ming dynasty porcelain dish with grape design, [[Jingdezhen]], China, 1403–1424.<br> Right: [[Fritware]] dish with grape design, [[Iznik]], Turkey, 1550–1570.|footer_align=left|image1=Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi.jpg|width1=172|caption1=|image2=Stone paste dish Iznik Turkey 1550 1570.JPG|width2=175|caption2=}} [[Ottoman Empire]] ni daa pili 14th century,piligu Iznik pkalo[[Seljuk Empire|S]]<nowiki/>nima malibu daa chanimi n doli "[[Seljuk Empire|eljuk Empire]] antecedents." Lala saha ŋɔ nyaaŋa, "Iznik vessels" nyɛla [[Chinese porcelain]] ni daa niŋ nintiɣili ni shɛli, ka [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultans daa duhi di daa zuɣusaa. Di ni daa niŋ ka ban maani li maa kɔŋ [[porcelain]] makibu, bɛ ni daa maani shɛli daa nyɛla "[[fritware]]", din daa mali [[silica]] mini [[Glass|kalo]]. Thnemaani ki maa zaɣi maŋ tali daa chami ka bɛ buɣisi originazaɣiemaŋ tali nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli ni ti nyɛla bɛ piili mi amaa ka di pa bɛ tɔɣisi li mi has been dekalonimaanyɛla niriba ni yu shɛli, ka musulinima mali li n kuri bukaata .{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=32}} Di bahi bahindi "Ottoman court" puuni mini "[[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] court" din be [[Iran|Persia]] din mali "Chinese blue-and-white porcelain". Lala "Chinese porcelains" malila nuu timbu ni Safavid kalonima ka nyɛ din sɔŋdi "Iznik ware".<ref>{{Cite web|title=LACMA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art|url=http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/lia.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205130848/http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/lia.htm|archive-date=2011-12-05|access-date=2007-10-11}}</ref> Zaŋ chaŋ 16th century sunsuuni, Iznik malila di maŋmaŋa [[Turkish people|Turkish]] bachinima ni fulaawaasi anfooni nima mini "palette" dizaai nima. Nachintɛri chaŋmi ti gbaai "pure symmetry" mini "subtle rhythms". ==Provenance of Iznik pottery== 19th century pirigili zaŋ hali ni 1930s gabbu daa paai Europea nima ban dari kalonima zaŋ chaŋ Iznik kalo nima sitaaya balibu ka bɛ daa kpuɣi ni di nyɛla maani kɔŋkɔba. Amaa saha ŋɔ dihitabili kana ni kalonima maa zaa daa maani la Iznik (bee [[Kütahya]], lihimi din doli ŋɔ na) bɛ ni daa tuui booni lala sitaaya nima ŋɔ yu shɛŋa nyɛla bɛ ni na kuli booni shɛli . 19th century zaŋ hali ni 1860s Musulinsi kalo nima daa nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli 'Persian' ware.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=71}} Amaa, yuuni 1865 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1872, [[Musée de Cluny]] din be Paris daa laɣisi polychrome fritware kalonima din dizaani ni 'sealing-wax red'.{{efn|The collection of 532 items is now housed in the [http://www.musee-renaissance.fr/homes/home_id20392_u1l2.htm Musée National de la Renaissance] in [[Écouen]] near Paris.<!--Wikipedia doesn't yet have an article on the museum. The museum hasn't an online database-->}} Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ ni laɣisi shɛli maa zaa daa yina [[Rhodes]] kosunsuuni tiŋgbani li la, bɛ daa kpuɣimi ni kalo nima maa nyɛla bɛ ni maani shɛli lala kosunsuuni tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. European kalo dariba ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla ban da kalo nima din dihi nachiinsi ni "blue, turquoise, sage green" ti pahi "pale purple" bɛ ni daa mali dihitabili ni shɛli pili la [[Damascus]] din be Syria ka bɛ booni li Damascus' ware. Nuɣiso mini zaɣi piɛlli "fritware" kalonimanyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli Abraham of Kutahia ware' ka di daliri.nyɛla di nachiinsai daa chaŋmi ti ŋmani "ewer" bila din daa na min' be [[Frederick DuCane Godman|Frederick Du Cane Godman]] ka pa be British Museum.<ref name="BritMus">{{ cite web | title='Abraham of Kütahya' ewer. Inventory number: G.1 | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=236618&partid=1 | publisher=British Museum, London | access-date=16 November 2018 }}</ref> Lala m "ewer" nyɛla dn be i[[Armenian alphabet|Armenian script]] ni ka be di gbunni ka wuhiri ni di malimi ni di teeri Abraham yɛla, Naawuni dabili, zaŋ ti K'ot'ay [Kütahya]. Yuuni 959 [AD 1510]".{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=46}}{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=72}} Yuma din gbaai 1905–1907, bɛ ni da mɛri "post office" palli [[Sirkeci]] district din be Istanbul ka baɣi [[Golden Horn]], bɛ daa kurigi kalonima din mali dizaai kpula ka di maŋmaŋa nyɛ zaɣi piɛla. Ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ booni kalonima din mali lala dizaai maa 'Golden Horn ware'.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=72}} 1930s polo ka taarihi baŋdiba baŋ ni kalonima din daa mali dizaai kɔnkɔba daa naan tooi nyɛ Iznik malibu.{{sfn|Lane|1957a|p=247}} Yuuni 1957, Arthur Lane, ŋun daa guli [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], daa yina ni lahabaya din wuhiri bee n teeri kalonima malibu taarihi lala yaɣili maa ka buɣisi dabisi shɛŋa .{{sfn|Lane|1957a}} O daa yina ni tɛha ni 'Abraham of Kütahya' ware nyɛla din daa mali yuuni 1490 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1525, 'Damascus' mini 'Golden Horn ware' daa malila yuuni 1525 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1555 ka 'Rhodian' ware mi mali yuuni 1555 zaŋ hali ni Iznik kalonima malibu du'zuɣuri kpihimbu nyaaŋa 18th century piligu. Lala buɣisibu ŋɔ nyɛla sokam ni saɣiti shɛli.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=74}} ===İznik and Kütahya=== [[File:The 'Abraham of Kütahya' ewer dated 1510.jpg|thumb|right|'Abraham of Kutahia' ewer, probably made in Kütahya, dated 1510]] 'Abraham of Kutahia' ewer din daa mali yuuni 1510 nyɛla kalo shɛli din yɛn mali balibu [[Kütahya]]. Ko'nyuri kalo din saɣim ka bɛ zaŋli dihi nachiinsi pa 'Golden Horn' sitaaya zuɣu malila "[[underglaze]]" sabbu [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian script]] ni; yini, din dabisili nyɛ 1529, wuhiri la ŋun pili ki malibu, Bishop Ter Martiros, ka dibala maa wuhiri "vessel" din yina ni "an object of K'ot'ays" zaŋ ti "monastery".{{sfn|Carswell|2006|pp=46–47}} Lane daa ŋmɛ nangbankpeeni ni di bi ŋmani 'Abraham of Kutahia' ewer bee kom kalo maa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli Kütahya.{{sfn|Lane|1957a|p=271}} Amaa, tooni ha binkura kurigibu Kütahya nyɛla bɛ ni kurigi duɣu kaba din mali nuɣiso mini zaɣipiɛlli din nyɛ Iznik dizaan din saɣim di malibu sheei ('wasters') ka yina ni shɛhira ni "fritware" kalonima daa nyɛla bɛ.ni maani shɛli tiŋa maa ni .{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=48}} Dizaan nima, binyɛr'shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ mali li mini bɛ ni mali li shɛm ŋmani la İznik. Kütahya daa nyɛla din yina Istanbul ka dii bi kperi di tiŋa zuɣu maa ni ka di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla kalonima bela bela malibu sheei n daa nyɛ nima ni 16th century.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=48}} Yaha, di lahi ŋmani la saha ŋɔ kalonima din sabi 'Iznik' daa nyɛla Kütahya malibu. "Art" taarihi baŋda, Julian Raby sabi ya: "Saha shɛli ti ni daa ka piibu pahila ti boli "Ottoman glazed" kalonima din yina 16th mini 17th centuries ni sabbu 'Iznik', ka mali tahama ni saha kani na ka ti ni baŋ 'Kütahya ware' nahingbana."{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=74}} ===Imperial workshops in Istanbul=== 16th century piligu polo "underglaze" kalo nuɣiso mini zaɣi piɛla din peenti daa nyɛla bɛ.ni maani shɛli Istanbul. Laasabu malibu buku yuuni 1526 din daa wuhiri "Ottoman court" ni yori bɛ ni kpuɣi shɛba ka maani kalonima shɛm, kali la "tiles" malibu [[Tabriz]] ni ban sɔŋdi ba ninvuɣi pia.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=96}}{{sfn|Necipoğlu|1990|p=139}} Lala "tile" maani ŋɔ daa naan tooi nyɛ baŋdi so bɛ ni ʒina Istanbul [[Selim I]] ni daa sabi shɛli niŋ Tabriz yuuni 1514 nyaaŋa. "Tile" nima maa tuma duri daa be la Tekfur Sarayı tiŋa shɛli din baɣi [[Palace of the Porphyrogenitus]].{{sfn|Necipoğlu|1990|p=139}} Dihitabili daa bɛnimi wuhiri ni baŋdiba ŋɔ n daa mali "tile" shɛŋa din daa tabili. "imperial buildings" pɔi ka bɛ naan yi ti mɛ [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] din daa mɛ 1550s.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=96}} "Tile" nima pam daa nyɛla din daa dizaani ni ''[[cuerda seca]]'' (dry cord) nahingbaŋ, amaa "tiles" shɛŋa daa nyɛla din "underglaze" din peenti "cobalt blue" mini "turquoise". Lala "underglaze tiles" daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli n tabili Holy Mantle Pavilion (Privy Chamber) din be [[Topkapı Palace]] mini [[Çoban Mustafa Pasha]] (d. 1529) din be [[Gebze]].{{sfn|Necipoğlu|1990|pp=143–145}}{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=102, Fig. 129}} Di shɛhira nima balibu nyɛla "tiles" mɔrimɔri dibaa anu, {{convert|1.25|m|ft|abbr=on}} waɣilim, din pahi be "façade of the [[Topkapı Palace#Circumcision Room|Circumcision Room (Sünnet Odası)]]" din be Topkapı Palace. Di mini la du ŋɔ mɛbusaha nyɛla yuuni 1641, dihitabili bɛni ni lala "tiles" maa daa pun be la duu din daa mɛ 1527–1528. Lala "tiles" kara ŋɔ nyɛla din mali dizaan gahinda.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|1990|pp=148–152}}{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=102}}{{sfn|Denny|2004|p=72}} Amaa taarihi kani n wuhiri di tuun tumdiba maa ni daa mali li shɛm tariga, di ni tooi lahi niŋ ka di nyɛla kalo maaniba maa ban daa maani "tiles" din peenti nuɣiso mini zaɣi piɛla daa lahi mali binyɛri shɛŋa pahi kootu maa.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|1990|p=145}} {{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=102, Figs. 305–306}}{{efn|The hanging mosque ornament is on display at the [[Walters Art Museum]] in [[Baltimore]] ([http://art.thewalters.org/detail/27801/iznik-fritware-mosque-sphere/ Inv. no. 48.1022]). The mosque lamp is displayed at the [[Tiled Kiosk]] (Çinili Köşk) in Istanbul.}} Bɛ ni daa kpuɣi shɛba ka bɛ maani "tiles maa kalinli daa kuli boori mi ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1566 niriba ata ko daa kpalim. Süleymaniye Mosque, mɛbu ni, Iznik daa niŋ luɣishɛli "underglaze tiles" malibu yaa ni be.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|1990|p=156}} ==Miletus ware (15th century)== [[File:Blue and white Miletus ware.jpg|thumb|right|Fragmentary blue and white Miletus ware bowl]] {{main|Miletus ware}} Binkura gbibu ni İznik, Oktay Aslanapa ni daa gari tooni ka shɛli niŋ 1960s daa wuhiya ni tiŋa maa daa nyɛla luɣishɛli bɛ ni daa maani "earthenware" kalonima pɔi ka naan yi ti pili "blue-and-white fritware" malibu.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=82}} Bɛ daa lahi kurigi bɛ ni booni shɛli 'Miletus ware'. "kiln-wasters" daa nyɛla din daa zaŋ dihitabili na ni kalonima maa nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛli kali ni. Di yuli maa yimi na "[[sherd]]s" nyabu ni sahashɛli German binkura baŋda, [[Friedrich Sarre]] ŋun daa be [[Miletus]], [[Anatolia]] teeku noli polo 1930s piligu. Di ni niŋ ka Miletus taarihi waɣinli di di kalonima malibu la, bɛ daa kpuɣili ni bɛ daa maani la kalonima maa bɛ maŋmaŋa ka boli li 'Miletus ware'. Dihitabili pa bɛni ni İznik n daa be luɣishɛli bɛ ni maani 'Miletus ware' ka bɛ leei maani ki bela bela [[Kütahya]] mini Akçaalan.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=82}} Binkura ŋɔ kurigibu dii bi wuhi kalonima malibu ni pili sahashɛli amaa bɛ kpuɣi ni di saha kuli nyɛla 15th century. Dihitabili lahi yina Turkey wuhiri ni Miletus ware nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛŋa pam pam m-piiri chani luɣ'shɛŋa.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=83}} Miletus ware ningbuŋgbaŋ daa nyɛla yaɣ'ʒee ni "white slip" ka bɛ peenti li ni dizaai nima din nyɛ "alkaline lead glaze" ka nɛ. Dizaai nima maa daa tooi zooi la "cobalt blue" din daɣi amaa saha shɛŋa ka di nyɛ "turquoise, purple" ni vakahili. Parante nima pam malila "central rosette" ka "[[gadroon]]s" pɛ n gili li.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=29}}{{sfn|Lane|1957b|pp=40–41}} ==Fritware== [[File:Iznik glazed pottery 1490.jpg|thumb|left|Large dish (charger) with foliate rim. Design reserved on a dark cobalt ground, ca. 1480]] Bini din gbaai 15th century naabu ni ha, Iznik daa pili kalo shɛŋa bɛ ni daa mali [[cobalt blue]] dihiri nachiinsi ka di ningbungbaŋ nyɛ [[fritware]]. Bɛ ni daa maani li shɛm daa nyɛla din yi di ko ka che Miletus ware shɛŋa bɛ ni daa pun' maana. Fritware nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛli [[Near East]] bini din gbaai 13th century, amaa Iznik fritware, din ningbuŋgbaŋ daa nyɛ zaɣi piɛlli nyɛla bɛ ni daa pili shɛli malibu.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=30}} Fritware (bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli [[Islamic stone-paste|stonepaste]]) nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ "quartz sand" mini "ground glass" baligu (bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli [[frit]]) mini yaɣiri laɣim taba mali shɛli. Bɛ yi niŋ buɣim niŋ li, "Frit" kalo maa nyɛligirimi ka che ka binyɛra din pahi maa laɣim taba. 13th century saha tiŋa din yuli booni [[Kashan]] ka be Iran n daa nyɛ luɣishɛli fritware malibu ya ni be.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=50}} Abū'l-Qāsim, ŋun daa yina "tiles maaniba zuliya ni lala tiŋa ŋɔ ni, daa nyɛla ŋun sabi sabbu m-pa kuɣili zuɣu yuuni 1301 ka fritware ni maani shɛm be din ni.{{sfn|Allan|1973}} O sabbu maa daa jɛndi la fritware din mali "[[silicon dioxide|silica]]" yaɣili pia mini "glass frit" yaɣ'yini mini yaɣiri gba yaɣ'yini. Sabbu din jɛndi Iznik kalo nima malibu din kani, amaa vihigu wuhiya ni İznik gba maani la lala malibu ŋɔ. Kashan tiŋgbani ni "frit" malibu daa nyɛla bɛ malila quartz mini [[Sodium carbonate|soda]] din leeri [[Ceramic flux|flux]] ka bɛ yɛn zaŋ laɣim taba mali li. Ka bɛ naan yi zaŋ niŋ kiln puuni n duɣi li. Iznik gba , quartz mini soda, [[lead(II) oxide|lead oxide]] ka bɛ daa mai gabiri "frit" ni.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=51}} Di daliri nyɛla "fritware" bi nyɔɣri taba ka di zaŋ tum tuma tɔ. Ka di daa naan tooi niŋ gba ka bɛ mali shɛli tibyɛn naai ka di bi niŋ bɛ ni di bɔri ni di be shɛm.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=57}}{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=58}} [[File:Iznik ware 1500 1510.jpg|thumb|Large dish (charger), 1500–1510]] Bɛ daa niŋdi la bin piɛla pari "fritware" zuɣu. Binyɛr' shɛŋa din mali "fritware" ka bɛ lahi mali tiri li nahingbaŋ, amaa bɛ leei niŋdi li sariyasariya, din yɛn che ka di bi gabisi zaɣ'piɛlli. Bɛ daa lahi pahiri shɛli ka di zaani n-tiri [[tragacanth gum]].{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=58}} Amaa Abū'l-Qāsim sabbu maa daa nyɛla din ti pahigu ni "fritware vessels" nyɛla bɛ ni deeni shɛli ka di kuuri pɔi ka bɛ naan yi dihiri li nachiinsi.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=58}}{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=57, 59–60}} Piligu ha "cobalt blue" ko ka bɛ daa mali dihiri kalonima nachiinsi. Di daa naan tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla bɛ daa nyarila "cobalt ore" tiŋkpaŋ din yuli booni [[Qamsar]] ka miri [[Kashan]] din be central Iran.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=58, 67}} Qamsar nyɛla cobalt ni be shɛli saha waɣila, ka Abū'l-Qāsim Qamsarin yɛli di yɛla o sabbu ni.{{sfn|Allan|1973}} Bini din gbaai yuuni 1520 sabbu ([[Copper(II) oxide|copper oxide]]) nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli pahiri "palette" ni. Din daa pahi nyɛla "purple ([[Manganese(II) oxide|manganese oxide]]), green, grey and black". "Bright bole red" din yi di ko nyɛla din daa yina yuuni 1560.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=221,228}} {{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=237}}<!--there may be a more explicit statement--><!---could describe outlining here---> Kalonima daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kɔŋdi shɛŋa ni "lead-[[alkaline]]-tin glaze", ka bɛ ni daa zaŋ binyɛr' shɛŋa mali li nyɛ bɛ ni nya ka shɛli nyɛ [[lead(II) oxide|lead oxide]] vaabu 25-30 kɔbigukɔbigu, [[silica]] vaabu 45–55 kɔbigu puuni, [[sodium oxide]] vaabu 8–14 kɔbigu mini [[tin oxide]] vaabu 4–7 kɔbigu puuni<ref>Henderson, Julian, "İznik pottery, a technical examination" in {{harvnb|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=67}}.</ref> Tin oxide.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=60, 67}} Abū'l-Qāsim daa buɣisila "earthenware [[Saggar fired pottery|saggars]]" ni linsi din saɣisi li.{{sfn|Allan|1973}} {{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=62}} ==Blue-and-white ware (1480–1520)== [[File:Iznik mosque lamp ca 1510.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Mosque lamp]] with lotuses c. 1510. Similar to four lamps that hung in the mausoleum of [[Bayezid II]] in Istanbul]] {{further|Blue and white porcelain}} 15th century naabu ni, Iznik kalo maaniba daa pili la "blue-and-white fritware" kalonima malibu ka di mali dizaan shɛŋa Ottoman court din be Istanbul nima ni daa zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ. Shɛhira din yi polo kani n wuhiri lala ŋɔ ni daa pili shɛm. {{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=30}} Binyɛra din dabisa yi pol nyɛla "blue-and-white border tiles" din dihi mausoleum (''[[türbe]]'') din be [[Bursa]] nachiinsi, Şehzade Mahmud nachiinsi, ŋun nyɛ [[Bayezid II]] bidibisi ni puuni yino , ŋun daa kpi 1506–1507.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=90}}{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=38}} Yɛltɔɣa ŋmaa din nyɛ 'Abraham of Kütahya ware' nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli booni "blue-and-white" Iznik kalonima din nyɛ 'Abraham of Kütahya' ewer, ka di dabisa nyɛ 1510, ko n-nyɛ din sabi sɔŋ. "Art" taarihi baŋda, Julian Raby daa yɛliya ni lala bachi ŋɔ nyɛla din mali gabbu ka yɛli n on bɛ ni tooi booni li 'Baba Nakkaş ware'.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=76–79}} Tuuli Iznik fritware binyɛra din niŋ nyɛvuli, ka di saha nyɛ kamani yuuni 1480, ka bɛ dihi tabili ni di nyɛla "vessels" shɛŋa din peenti "dark cobalt blue" ka di gbunni nachiinsi din nyɛ zaɣi piɛlli mini nuɣiso. "Vessels" din nyɛ "Ottoman arabesque and Chinese" fulaawaasi dizaan. Bɛ booni la lala sitaaya dibaa ayi laɣimbu ŋɔ ''Rumi-Hatayi'' ka ''Rumi'' wuhiri "Ottoman arabesque patterns" mini ''Hatayi,'' Chinese fulaawaasi niɣima.{{sfn|Lane|1957a|p=262}} {{sfn|Lane|1957a|p=256}}{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=79, 81}} Amaa Chinese porcelain n da maani kalonima din daa yina [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] mini [[Ming dynasty|Ming]], Tuuli Iznik fritware daa nyɛla din yi di ko ka che Chinese dizaan. Di shɛŋa kamani [[Tiled Kiosk|Çinili Koşk Museum]] din be Istanbul, malila Ottoman ''Rumi'' dizaan nima ko.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=77, 79}} 16th century yuun pishi ni taɣibu bela din daa nyɛ nuɣiso din nyɛlisiri daa kana, ka kpaŋsi fulaawasi.nima anfooni pam zaŋ tum tuma.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=90, 98}} Lala saha binyɛra n-nyɛ [[mosque lamp]]s din yina mausoleum, Sultan [[Bayezid II]] din be Istanbul ka daa mɛ yuuni 1512–13.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=100, Figs. 105–109, 293–296}}{{sfn|Carswell|2006|pp=39–41, Fig. 23}}<ref>{{ cite web | title=Mosque lamp. Inventory number: 1878,1230.520 | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=239212&partid=1 | publisher=British Museum, London | access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Lala kalonima jiŋli binkpula ŋɔ malila nahingbana din ŋmani [[Mamluk]] kalo binkpula.13th century di daa niŋla kali ka bɛ tabindi jiŋa lala kalonima ŋɔ. {{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=41, 94}} {{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=100, Figs. 105–109, 293–296}}<gallery> File:Iznik jar ca 1480.jpg|Jar with reserved decoration on a dark cobalt ground, c. 1480 File:Iznik blue-and-white tile fragment.jpg|Fragmentary tile similar to those in mausoleum of Şehzade Mahmud in [[Bursa]], 1506–1507 File:Iznik mosque lamp chain ca 1510.jpg|[[Mosque lamp]], c. 1510 File:Iznik candle holder ca 1525.jpg|Candlestick, c. 1525 File:Wallpaper group-cmm-6.jpg|Rimless deep bowl, c. 1525–1530 </gallery> == Form of Blue-and-white ware == Kalonima ŋɔ nahingbana din yoli nyɛla nuɣiso mini zaɣ'piɛli, di nyɛ "Chinese art". Nahingbaŋ din nyɛ zaɣi piɛlli maa be la gbunni ka nuɣiso maa mi dihi li nachiinsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iznik ware {{!}} Facts, History, & Examples {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Iznik-ware |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Patronage by the Ottoman court: Süleyman the Magnificent == [[File:Fruit sellers carrying ceramic jars in front of Sultan Murad III circa 1582.jpg|thumb|Fruit sellers carrying ceramic jars in front of Sultan [[Murad III]], c. 1582.]] [[Constantinople]] ni da kpe ni yuuni 1453, [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultans daa pili la du'titali mɛbu. Lala duri ŋɔ ni, di bahi bahindi Süleyman ni daa pili shɛli, o paɣa [[Hürrem]] ([[Roxelana]]) mini o "Grand Vizier [[Rüstem Pasha]]", "tiles" din bara. [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] din be Istanbul ( "Blue Mosque") ka malila 20,000 "tiles". [[Rüstem Pasha Mosque]] nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ "tiles" pam daa ka sɔŋ shɛli, di be la [[Topkapı Palace]]. Dini daa dari pam maa zuɣu, "tiles" daa n daa du Iznik kalonima ni. [[Süleyman the Magnificent]] (1520–66) sulinsi saha, Iznik dabu daa nyɛla din du zuɣusaa. Kopu nima,parante nima, ni ŋmana nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛli. Ŋmana pam daa yina ka di dizaan nima dii bi viɛla,ka mali pɛri, binkɔbiri ni tihi,n-ti pahi fulaawaasi.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=55}} 1520s dizaai nima shɛŋa n-nyɛ [[Saz style|''saz'' style]], din mali "serrated ''saz'' (reed) leaf" waɣinli. 16th century pirigibu ni "''quatre fleurs'' style" gba nyɛla bɛ ni daa pili shɛli. Bɛ daa malila "tulips, carnations, roses and hyacinths" n niŋdi dizaai nima. Kara Memi (Kara Mehmed Çelebi) daa kpaŋsi li, yuuni 1557/8 Sultan Süleyman's court kalo maaniba naa.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2005|pp=221-222}} == 'Golden Horn ware' (c. 1530 – c. 1550) == Bɛ ni kuli booni shɛli 'Golden Horn ware' ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ nuɣiso mini zaɣ'piɛlli n dihi shɛli nachiinsi balishɛli din daa mali yuli pam 1520s zaŋ chaŋ 1550s.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=108, 113}} Golden Horn ware daa nyɛla yuli ŋɔ ka di bi yi shɛli pahila bɛ daa kurigi la kalo ŋmama [[Golden Horn]] yaɣili din be Istanbul.{{efn|A bowl excavated at Sirkenci in Istanbul is now in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London ([https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O205764/bowl/ Inv. No. 790–1905])}} Bɛ daa ti baŋ ya ni bɛ daa malila lala kalonima ŋɔ İznik dini daa niŋ ka anfooni shɛŋa din daa pa di zuɣu ŋmani din nuɣiso mini zaɣ'piɛlli din daa pa Iznik kalonima zuɣu.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=108}} Di nachiinsi maa lahi malila va baligu. Di dizaan maa ŋmanila dizaan din be Sultan [[Suleyman the Magnificent|Suleyman]]'s ''[[Tuğra]]'', bee imperial monogram dizaan gbunni ni. Julian Raby n daa yina ni yuli din nyɛ '''Tuğrakeş'' spiral ware' di ni daa niŋ ka ''tuğrakeş'' nyɛ "specialist calligraphers" m-be "Ottoman court".{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=108}} Tuuli kalo daa peenti mi ni "cobalt blue" ka din doli nyaaŋa daa pahi "turquoise", "olive-green" ni zaɣ'sabinli.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=110}} Parante shɛŋa bɛ ni mali lala saha wuhirila Italy kalonima ni mali pahiri shɛli. Ŋman bihi mini din galisi ka yɛlim ŋmanila [[maiolica]] ''tondino ŋmana din daa mali yuli'' Italy bini din gbaai yuuni 1500 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1530.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iznik Pottery: Evolution 1520-1550|url=https://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Iznik/evolves.htm|access-date=2023-12-06|website=islamicceramics.ashmolean.org|archive-date=2023-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206223226/https://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Iznik/evolves.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=104}}{{sfn|Lane|1957a|p=268}}<gallery> Lahabali_kɔligu:Iznik_Kutahya_flask_dated_1529.jpg|Cut down water bottle, probably made in [[Kütahya]], dated 1529 Lahabali_kɔligu:Iznik_dish_golden_horn_ca_1530.jpg|Deep dish with foliate rim, c. 1530 Lahabali_kɔligu:Iznik_water_bottle_golden_horn_ca_1530-1535.jpg|Water bottle, c. 1530–1535 Lahabali_kɔligu:Tondino_spirals_Iznik_MBA_Lyon_D167-1.jpg|''Tondino'' dish, c. 1530–1540 Lahabali_kɔligu:Plate_foliated_edge_Iznik_MBA_Lyon_D298.jpg|Deep dish with foliate rim, c. 1530–1540 Lahabali_kɔligu:Ewer,_Golden_Horn_ware,_Turkey,_probably_Iznik,_Ottoman_period,_c._1530-1540,_earthenware_with_underglaze_painting_in_cobalt_blue_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04087.JPG|Ewer, c. 1530–1540 </gallery> ==Polychrome ceramics (1560–1600)== [[File:Courtyard of the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey 004.jpg |thumb|right|upright=1.2|Tiled [[lunette]] panel decorated with bole red on the [[Süleymaniye Mosque]], Istanbul, c. 1557]] [[File:DSC04138 Istanbul - Rüstem Pasha camii - Foto G. Dall'Orto 26-5-2006.jpg|thumb|right|Tiled panel under the portico of the [[Rüstem Pasha Mosque]] in Istanbul, c. 1561]] ===Tiles=== 16th century piligu ha, kalomaaniba ban daa be Iznik daa piligi "fritware tiles" din mali nahingbana balibu ni bɛ zaŋ n dihi [[Mimar Sinan]] ni daa dizaani du shɛŋa nachiinsi.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=218-219}} Bɛ ni daa kpuɣi lala niya ŋɔ saha shɛli nyɛla din bi yi polo, amaa Sinan ŋun daa nyɛ tan mɛra daa nyɛla ŋun zaŋ o nuu niŋ "tile" malibu tuma ni, n-ti pahi tan mɛriba.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=219}} "Tiles" gbali ka bɛ da bɔra. Yuuni 1550s mini 1560s piligu, kalo maaniba ban be Iznik daa mali "tiles" n-ti [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] din be Istanbul,{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2005|p=208}} [[Hurrem Sultan|Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana)]]Mausoleum (daa naai la yuuni 1558),{{sfn|Goodwin|2003|p=237}} [[Great Mosque (Adana)|Great Mosque]] din be [[Adana]] (daa naai la kamani yuuni 1560),{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=228}}{{efn|The Great Mosque in Adana was an existing building and was not designed by Sinan.{{sfn|Denny|1976}}}}[[Rüstem Pasha Mosque]] din be Istanbul (daa naai la kamani yuuni 1563),{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2005|pp=321-322}} ka Süleyman I mausoleum (naai yuuni 1567).{{sfn|Goodwin|2003|pp=237-238}} Süleyman I mausoleums mini o paɣa Hurrem Sultan zaa nyɛla ban be Süleymaniye Mosque tiŋgbani din be Istanbul.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2005|pp=219-220}} Lala bɛ ni daa taɣi zaŋ bɛ haŋkali labisi "tiles" malibu ni ŋɔ daa nyɛla "aesthetics" din niŋ talahi.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2005|p=219}} Lala nahingbaŋ din nyɛlisiri ŋɔ nyɛla "iron" din mali "bole" ni daa ʒi shɛli malibu na. Nahingbaŋ ʒee maa nyɛla din yɛn niŋ bayana Iznik "tiles" mini kalonima malibu ni.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=221}} Tuuli du shɛli bɛ ni tabili "tiles" ka di mali nahingbaŋ ʒee daa nyɛla [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] din be Istanbul ka [[Mimar Sinan]] ŋun nyɛ ta mɛra daa dizaani li ka di daa naai yuuni 1557.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2005|p=208}} "Tile" nima ŋɔ nachiinsi dihibu jiŋli ŋɔ ni daa nyɛla din be ''[[mihrab]]'' zaŋ chaŋ ''[[qibla]]'' dikpuni polo ko. Fulaawaasi nima dizaa din be din ni nyɛla nuɣisi amaa "turquoise",zaɣi piɛlli mini zaɣi ʒee.{{sfn|Denny|2004|pp=86, 209}} {{sfn|Necipoğlu|2005|p=217}} "Tiles" "monument" shɛli Sinan ni daa dizaani daa be la [[Rüstem Pasha Mosque]]<nowiki/>ka bɛ daa mɛli naai yuuni 1563. Zaŋ maɣisi [[Süleymaniye Mosque]], din puuni daa dihi nachiinsi ni "tiles".{{sfn|Denny|2004|p=86}} Dizaan nima balibu gari pihinu n-nyɛ din be din ni."Tiles" maa biɛhisi tooi ŋmani la taba. Jiŋ maa n-nyɛ tuuli din mali Kara Memi "red tulips" mini "carnations". ''[[Mihrab]] nyɛla bɛ ni dihi shɛli nachiinsi balibu''.{{sfn|Denny|2004|p=91}} "Purple" shɛli bɛ ni zaŋ maali 'Damascus ware' ka di mini "red bole" taba laɣimbu bɛ niŋ viɛnyɛla ka duri bɛla ko m-mali lala dina ŋɔ.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=75 fig 50}}{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2005|p=221}} 'Damascus ware' zaŋ di la "sage-green" - vakahili din mali "greyish tone". Lala nahingbaŋ ŋo nyɛla din daa be [[Hurrem Sultan|Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana)]] mausoleum yuuni (1558) amaa vakahili daa ka [[Great Mosque (Adana)|Great Mosque]] din be [[Adana]] (c. 1560) bɛ di ti yari [[Rüstem Pasha]] mausoleum yuuni (1562).{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=230}} Gbaa yihi din yuli boli ŋɔ, Rustem Pasha Mosque shɛli daa kani m-mali vakahili di nachiinsi dihibu ni.{{sfn|Denny|2004|p=91}}{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=230}}{{sfn|Goodwin|2003|pp=237-238}} <gallery> File:Enderun library Topkapi 42.JPG|Iznik tiles in the Neo-classical Enderûn Library in the [[Topkapı Palace]] File:Turkey; Iznik - Two Tiles - Google Art Project.jpg|Two tiles, c. 1560 File:Tile Iznik Met 64.27.17.jpg|Tile with ''saz'' leaves, tulips and prunus flowers, third quarter 16th century File:Tile panel flowers Louvre OA3919-2-297.jpg|Tile panel, second half 16th century File:Tile panel mandorla Louvre OA3919-2-247e.jpg|Tiled panel with a central [[Aureola#Mandorla|mandorla]], c. 1580 File:Rüstem Pasha mosque tile.jpg|Detail of a tile in the [[Rüstem Pasha Mosque]], c. 1563 File:Rüstem Pasha mosque tiles - single tile.jpg|Wall tile in the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, c. 1563 File:Adana Ulu Camii Mihrab.jpg|Tile in the Mihrab of the [[Great Mosque of Adana]], c. 1560 </gallery> == Pottery == [[File:Mosque lamp from Suleymaniye Mosque V&A 131-1885.jpg |thumb|right|upright=0.8|Lamp from the [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] c. 1557]] Binshɛli din kpa talahi Iznik kalo nima malibu ni n-nyɛ "mosque lamp" din pa be [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London tiŋgbani ni.{{efn|The Süleymaniye Mosque lamp in the Victoria and Albert Museum has the [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O9232/lamp-unknown/ Inventory number: 131–1885]}} Dihitabili bɛni ni lala "lamp" nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli n-ti [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] din be Istanbul ka daa mɛ n naai yuuni 1557. Lala "lamp" n na nyɛ tuuli binshɛli bɛ ni mi ka di mali "[[Armenian bole|bole]]-red" nachiinsi din pahi Iznik "tiles" mini kalo nima malibu ni.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=76}}{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=224–225 fig. 377}} "Lamp" din mali zaɣ'ʒee di zuɣu nyɛla din pɔra, ni zaɣ'tankpaɣu. Parante nima din daa ŋmani li gba nyɛla bɛ ni dihitabili ni di gbaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni mali lala sha ŋɔ.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=76}}{{sfn|Denny|2004|p=79}} "Vessels" shɛŋa bɛ ni daa mali "[[Dome of the Rock]] mosque lamp" saha yuuni 1549 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1606/7.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=228}}{{efn|A dish now in the Musée National de la Renaissance in Écouen has the date written on the back as AH&nbsp;[10]15 which corresponds to AD&nbsp;1606/7.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=223, fig 511}}<!--No link as I haven't found an online database - inv. no. is Cl. 8108-->}} Iznik "tiles" nyɛla din na be du shɛŋa din daa mɛ lala sahas maa zuɣu.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=231}} ====Dishes==== <gallery> File:Animal Decorated Ottoman Pottery P1000585.JPG|Dish with peacocks and flowers, c. 1575 File:Dish with saz leaf design, Turkey, Iznik, c. 1575, underglaze-painted stonepaste - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC04737.JPG|Dish with a ''saz'' leaf and flowers, c. 1575 File:Iznik polychrome ware late 16th early 17th century.jpg|Dish with plain rim, late 16th – early 17th century File:Gulbenkian-Prunus blossom tree.jpg|Dish with a prunus tree reserved in white on a green ground, c. 1585 File:Plate Iznik MBA Lyon E500-62.jpg|Dish with plain rim, 1580–1600 File:Animal Decorated Ottoman Pottery P1000581.JPG|Dish with animals in reserve on a green background, c. 1580–1585 </gallery> ====Other objects==== <gallery> File:Pitcher Iznik Louvre OA7595.jpg|Pitcher with flower decoration, c. 1560–1570 File:Tankard BM G.1983.59.jpg|Tankard with cypresses and flowers, c. 1560 File:Tankard, Iznik, Turkey, c. 1575-1585 AD, stonepaste body painted under glaze - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05425.JPG| Tankard with ships, c. 1575–1585 File:Turkish - Mosque Lamp - Walters 481301 - View A.jpg|Mosque lamp, c. 1580–1585 File:Jar with tulips, Iznik ware, Turkey, Iznik, Ottoman period, last quarter of 16th century, earthenware with underglaze polychrome painting - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC04090.JPG|Ewer, last quarter 16th century File:Bottle BM 1878 12-30 465.jpg|Bottle with roses, carnations and other flowers, c. 1560–1580 File:Lidded bowl BM 1878.12-30.479.jpg|Lidded bowl decorated with cypresses, tulips and carnations, c. 1560–1580 File:Spherical Hanging Ornament, 1575-1585.jpg|Spherical hanging ornament, c. 1575–1585 </gallery> ==Decline (1600–1700)== 16th century bahigu ha, kalonima zaɣi maŋa malibu daa nyɛla din dii lahi ka yaa İznik tiŋgbani ni.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=106}} Ka di daa che ka Ottoman court nima ni darili shɛm booi ka di zuɣu che ka di daa kuli za luɣi yini binyɛra daa ni daa duri saha shɛli.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|pp=274, 278}} Din daa lahi beni nyɛla 16th century sunsuuni ha "Chinese porcelain" ʒi n-kpe Turkey daa nyɛla din pahi. İznik baŋdiba daa bɛ tooi mali bɛ ni ʒiri shɛŋa kpɛri bɛ tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=285}} Amaa Chinese daa bi niŋdi nyinhitali ni bɛ ni maani shɛli. Hali kootu maa ni daa bɔri "tiles" kamani bɛ ni daa yɛn zaŋ shɛli n niŋ" mausoleum of [[Ahmed I]]" din daa mɛ yuuni 1620 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1623, di daa maa tiŋ'dɔnibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla di labisi kalo maaniba biɛhigu nyaaŋa. Ka bɛ daa labi bɔhi baŋ di da tiŋa shɛŋa din be Ottoman nyaaŋa. Bɛ daa ʒiri la "tiles" n kperi Cairo ni ka bɛ daa mali li n dihiri [[Aqsunqur Mosque|Aksunkur Mosque]] nachiinsi ka Ibrahim Agha daa labi mali shɛli li yuuni 1651–52.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=278}}{{sfn |Behrens-Abouseif|1992|p=116}} Bɛ daa lahi ʒiri la "tiles" n chani Greece, ni ka yuuni 1678 [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Monastery of the Great Lavra]] din be [[Mount Athos]] daa dihi nachiinsi ni "polychrome tiles" din mali Greek sabbu.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=279}}{{sfn|Carswell|2006|p=108}} Yaha, kalonima malibu daa lahi nyɛla din feei ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 17th century bahiug kilns daa kplim ya.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=21}} Kalkalonima parante nima din yina bahigu daa nyɛla din mali "crude [[Uncial script|uncial Greek]]" sabbu yuuni 1678.{{sfn|Atasoy|Raby|1989|p=284}} <gallery> File:Iznik ship VA 1625-1650.jpg|Dish with a ship, c. 1625–1650 File:Iznik dish pagoda dated 1666.jpg |Dish with a pagoda like building and an [[Uncial script|uncial Greek]] inscription, dated 1666 File:Dish with a riderless horse, Turkey, Iznik, Ottoman dynasty, early 17th century, painted and glazed stonepaste - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC04591.JPG|Dish with riderless horse, early 17th century File:Dish with a spray of two saz leaves and scale pattern, Turkey, Iznik, 17th century AD, composite body, underglaze-painted - Huntington Museum of Art - DSC05018.JPG|Dish with ''saz'' leaves and scale pattern, 17th century </gallery> Kalonima din mali ni Iznik kali dizaan nima mini ʒemana nahingbana nyɛla bɛ ni pa maani shɛli Kütahya ninliha lihibu sheei.{{sfn|Carswell|2006|pp=118-120}} == Kundivihira == <references /> ==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{cite journal |title=Abū'l-Qāsim's treatise on ceramics |journal=Iran |url=http://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Glossary/abulqasim.htm }} *{{cite journal | last=Allan | first=J.W. | year=1973 | title=Abū'l-Qāsim's treatise on ceramics | journal=Iran | volume=11 | pages=111–120 | doi=10.2307/4300488 | jstor=4300488 | url=http://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Glossary/abulqasim.htm | access-date=2011-09-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323144522/http://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Glossary/abulqasim.htm | archive-date=2012-03-23 | url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last1=Atasoy |first1=Nurhan |author1-link=Nurhan Atasoy |last2=Raby |first2=Julian |editor-last=Petsopoulos |editor-first=Yanni |year=1989 |title=Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey |publisher=Alexandria Press |place=London |isbn=978-1-85669-054-6}}<!--Citing this book is tricky. The book has 27 chapters of which 23 are by Raby, 3 are by Atasoy and 1 (chapter 6) by Julian Henderson. The title page actually credits Yanni Petsopoulos as the editor but he is rarely mentioned by authors citing the book. --> * {{cite book |last=Behrens-Abouseif |first=Doris |year=1992 |orig-year=1989 |title=Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-09626-4}} *{{cite book |last=Carswell |first=John |year=2006 |orig-year=1998 |title=Iznik Pottery |publisher=British Museum Press |place=London |url=https://delcat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=01UDEL_INST:01UDEL_INST&search_scope=LD_CDI_WC&tab=Everything&docid=alma991012288909707701 |isbn=978-0-7141-2441-4}}<!--Contains "Second Edition 2006" on the copyright page, but there is no explanation of how it differs from the first edition--> *{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Walter B. |year=1976 |chapter=Ceramic revetments of the mosque of the Ramazan Oğlu in Adana |title=IVème congrès international d'art turc : Aix-en-Provence, 10-15 septembre 1971 |series=Études historiques (Université Provence), no 3. |publisher=Éditions de l'Université de Provence |isbn=978-2-85399-015-8 |pages=57–65}} *{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Walter B. |year=2004 |title=Iznik: the Artistry of Ottoman Ceramics |url=https://archive.org/details/iznikartistryofo0000denn |publisher=Thames & Hudson |place=London |isbn=978-0-500-51192-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Godfrey |year=2003 |orig-year=1971 |title=A History of Ottoman Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good_u7g7 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-27429-3}} * {{cite journal |last=Necipoğlu |first=Gülru |author-link=Gülru Necipoğlu |year=1990 |title=From International Timurid to Ottoman: a change of taste in sixteenth-century ceramic tiles |journal=Muqarnas |volume=7 |pages=136–170 |doi=10.2307/1523126 |url=http://archnet.org/sites/2024/publications/3340 |jstor=1523126 |access-date=2023-12-08 |archive-date=2021-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730223922/https://archnet.org/sites/2024/publications/3340 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Necipoğlu |first=Gülru |author-link=Gülru Necipoğlu |year=2005 |title=The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Reaktion Books |place=London |isbn=978-1-86189-253-9}} *{{cite journal |last=Lane |first=Arthur |year=1957a |title=The Ottoman pottery of Isnik |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=2 |pages=247–281 |jstor=4629039}} *{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Arthur |year=1957b |title=Later Islamic pottery: Persia, Syria, Egypt, Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KV-028-558 |publisher=Faber and Faber |place=London |oclc=1646726}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last=Akar |first=Azade |year=1988 |title=Treasury of Turkish designs: 670 motifs from Iznik pottery |publisher=Dover |place=New York |isbn=978-0-486-25594-1 |ref=none}} *{{cite journal |last1=Colomban |first1=P. |last2=Milande |first2=V. |last3=Le Bihan |first3=L. |year=2004 |title=On-site Raman analysis of Iznik pottery glazes and pigments |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-raman-spectroscopy_2004-07_35_7/page/n12 |journal=Journal of Raman Spectroscopy |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=527–535 |doi=10.1002/jrs.1163 |arxiv=cond-mat/0612375 |bibcode=2004JRSp...35..527C |s2cid=7543087 |ref=none}} *{{cite journal |last=Denny |first=Walter B. |year=2005 |title=Dispersed Ottoman unified-field tile panels |journal=Benaki Museum Journal |volume=4, 2004 |pages=149–157 |url=https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/benaki/article/viewFile/18260/16214 |issn=2407-9502 |ref=none}}<!--2004 on cover but published in 2005--> *{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Walter B. |year=2006 |chapter=Dispersed Ottoman repeating-pattern İznik tiles |editor-last=Parzymies |editor-first=Anna |title=Studies in Oriental Art and Culture in Honour of Professor Tadeusz Majda |publisher=Dialog |place=Warsaw |pages=169–190 |isbn=978-83-89899-39-2 |ref=none}} *{{cite journal |last=François |first=Véronique |year=1997 |title=Les ateliers de céramique byzantine de Nicée/Iznik et leur production (Xe-début XIVe siècle) |journal=Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=411–442 |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bch_0007-4217_1997_num_121_1_1637 |language=fr |ref=none |doi=10.3406/bch.1997.1637}} *{{cite journal |last1=Henderson |first1=J. |last2=Raby |first2=J. |year=1989 |title=The technology of fifteenth century Turkish tiles: an interim statement on the origins of the Iznik industry |journal=World Archaeology: Ceramic Technology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=115–132 |jstor=124488 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1989.9980094 |ref=none}} *{{cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=R.B. |last2=Tite |first2=M.S. |year=1994 |title=The beginnings of Islamic stonepaste technology |journal=Archaeometry |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=77–91 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.1994.tb01066.x |ref=none}}. *{{cite journal |last=Maury |first=Charlotte |year=2012 |title=À propos de la vaisselle peinte sous glaçure d'époque ottomane à Damas : identification, description, datation |journal=Bulletin d'Études Orientales |volume=61 |pages=507–543 |language=fr |url=http://beo.revues.org/1051 |doi=10.4000/beo.1051 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |last1=Paynter |first1=S. |last2=Okyar |first2=F. |last3=Wolf |first3=S. |last4=Tite |first4=M.S. |year=2004 |title=The production technology of Iznik pottery – a reassessment |journal=Archaeometry |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=421–437 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00166.x |ref=none |doi-access=free}} *{{cite book |last=Queiroz Ribeiro |first=Maria |year=2009 |title=Iznik Pottery and Tiles in the Calouste Gulbenkian Collection |publisher=Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation |place=Lisbon |isbn=978-972-8848-58-3 |ref=none}} *{{cite journal |last=Tite |first=M.S. |year=1989 |title=Iznik pottery: an investigation of the methods of production |journal=Archaeometry |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=115–132 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.1989.tb01008.x |ref=none}} {{refend}} == External links == {{commons category|İznik ceramics}} * {{citation | title=Timeline of the main developments in Iznik pottery | url=http://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Iznik/timeline.htm | publisher=Ashmolean Museum | place=Oxford | access-date=2011-09-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323144548/http://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Iznik/timeline.htm | archive-date=2012-03-23 | url-status=dead}} * [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/iznik Photographs of Iznik tiles in Istanbul taken by Dick Osseman] {{Islamic art}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iznik pottery}} [[Pubu:Wiki World Heritage Intangible Contest 2023]] [[Category:Pottery]] [[Category:Culture of Turkey]] [[Category:Turkish art]] [[Category:Islamic pottery]] [[Category:İznik]] [[Category:Tiling]] j8831sn1by8c8mpkp2bwm6vukm5pr77 Candlemas 0 26313 146207 145718 2026-08-10T23:27:03Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Candlemas''', shɛba lahi mi li la "'''Feast of the Presentation of Jesus Christ"''', "'''Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary"''', bee "'''Feast of the Holy Encounter"''', nyɛla dolodolo nim vuhim dabisili bɛn mali niŋdi [[presentation of Jesus at the Temple]]. Di nyɛla din jɛndi [[Jesus]] in [[Luke 2]]:22–40. [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] puuni 12, paɣa nyɛla bɛn daa yɛn niŋ so kashii ka daa zaŋ "lamb" lee [[burnt offering]], ka "young pigeon" bee gbun'yaɣ'o (dove) mi lee [[sin offering]], biɛɣ'pihita ni ata doo [[circumcision]] nyaaŋa. Di nyɛla din luri silimin gɔli February dabaa ayi dali, lala dabisili ŋɔ nyɛ 40th day ([[postpartum period]]) mini [[Christmastide|Christmas]]–[[Epiphany season|Epiphany]] naaibu.<ref name="Knecht1910">{{Cite book |last=Knecht |first=Friedrich Justus |url=https://archive.org/details/apracticalcomme00knecgoog |title=A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture |publisher=B. Herder |year=1910 |page=[https://archive.org/details/apracticalcomme00knecgoog/page/n452 410] |language=English |quote=We keep a feast on the 2nd of February, forty days after Christmas, in memory of our Lord's Presentation in the Temple. This feast has several names. First, it is known as the Feast of the Presentation of our Lord Jesus. Secondly, it is called the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. But the usual and popular name for this Feast is Candlemas-day, because on this day candles are blessed before Mass, and there takes place a procession with lighted candles. Candles are blessed and lighted on this particular feast. |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> Di nyɛla kali zaŋ n-ti dolodolo nim shɛba tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni bɛ yihi bɛ [[Christmas decorations]] dabisili shɛli din pahiri pinaayi dali yuŋ (Epiphany Eve),<ref name="Learning">{{Cite book |title=A Study Guide for William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2016 |isbn=9781410361349 |edition=2nd |page=29 |language=English |quote=Twelfth Night saw people feasting and taking down Christmas decorations.}}</ref> dolodolo shɛba ban be tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni dabam nyɛla ban yihiri li Candlemas nyaaŋa.<ref name="Edworthy2008">{{Cite book |last=Edworthy |first=Niall |title=The Curious World of Christmas |year=2008 |publisher=Penguin Group |isbn=9780399534577 |page=83 |language=English |quote=The time-honoured epoch for taking down Christmas decorations from Church and house in Candlemas Day, February 2nd...Candlemas in old times represented the end of the Christmas holidays, which, when 'fine old leisure' reigned, were far longer than they are now.}}</ref><ref name="Roud2008">{{Cite book |last=Roud |first=Steve |title=The English Year |date=31 January 2008 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9780141919270 |page=690 |language=English |quote=As indicated in Herrick's poem, quoted above, in the mid seventeenth century Christmas decorations were expected to stay in place until Candlemas (2 February), and this remained the norm until the nineteenth century.}}</ref> Candlemas dali, dolodolo nim pam ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Roman Catholics]], n-ti pahi [[Lutheran]]s, [[Anglican]]s mini [[Methodist]]s) nyɛla ban gba kpaɣiri "candles" chani bɛ jama duu n-ti suhi bo lala yuuni maa anfaani;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hothersall |first=Barbara |title=Candlemas – Festival of Light |url=http://www.fulwoodmethodist.org.uk/fmcmag/archives/saints/candlemas/candlemas.htm |access-date=27 December 2016 |work=Fulwood Methodist Church Magazine |language=English |quote=In some countries special candles are brought along to the blessing by the worshippers. These are often very elaborate and are highly treasured. Afterwards they are taken home and kept to be lighted at times of stress – during storms, in sickrooms and at the bedside of the dying. |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208071741/http://www.fulwoodmethodist.org.uk/fmcmag/archives/saints/candlemas/candlemas.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Pappas2012">{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Christopher A. |date=18 January 2012 |title=Ecumenical Candlemas (Feast of the Presentation) |url=http://holytrinity.ab.ca/ecumenical-candlemas-feast-of-the-presentation/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2016 |publisher=Holy Trinity Anglican Church |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073917/http://holytrinity.ab.ca/ecumenical-candlemas-feast-of-the-presentation/ |archive-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> dolodolo nim nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni "candles" ŋɔ nyɛla shɛhiri li zaŋ n-ti [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]] ŋun nyɛ dunia niira ŋɔ.<ref name="Mazar2015">{{Cite book |last=Mazar |first=Peter |title=To Crown the Year: Decorating the Church Through the Seasons |date=6 March 2015 |publisher=Liturgy Training Publications |isbn=9781618331328 |edition=2nd |page=253 |language=English}}</ref> == Taarihi == [[File:Marianne Stokes Candlemas Day.jpg|thumb|Candlemas day by [[Marianne Stokes]], 1901]] "Feast of the Presentation" bee maŋ kashii niŋbu nyɛla chuɣu kurili zaŋ n-ti dolodolo nima. Pilgrim [[Egeria (pilgrim)|Egeria]] nyɛla ŋun yɛli din puhiri shɛm Jerusalem yuuni 380s:<ref name=Holweck/> <blockquote class="">Amaa maŋ kashii niŋbu chuɣu nyɛla chuɣu titali ka puhiri ni jilima. Lala dabisili ŋɔ mali la [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre|Anastasis]] ka binshɛɣu kam kuli niŋdi ni suhupiɛlli kamani Easter ni kuli niŋdi shɛm. Dolodolo karimba kpamba zaa nyɛla ban wuhiri "Gospel" dabisili shɛli din pahiri pihinahi din daa niŋ ka Joseph mini Mary ʒi "Lord" na "Temple" ka Simeon mini Anna daa nyɛ o.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1896 |orig-year=385 |title=The Pilgrimage of S. Silvia of Aquitania to the Holy Places |url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/egeria/pilgrimage/pilgrimage.html |website=digital.library.upenn.edu |translator=John H. Bernard}}</ref></blockquote> [[File:Fra Bartolomeo 007.jpg|thumb|The presentation of the Lord in the temple by [[Fra Bartolomeo]], 1516]] [[Christmas]] daa nyɛla chuɣu shɛli bɛn puhiri West silimin gɔli December biɛɣ'pishi ni anu dali yuuni AD 354 din daa niŋ ka [[Pope Liberius|Pope Liberiu]] nim zali li. Biɛɣ'pihinahi nyaaŋa silimin gɔli December biɛɣ'pishi ni anu dali nyɛ silimin gɔli February dabaa ayi dali. Roman Empire, Roman consul [[Justin (consul 540)|Justin]] nyɛ ban daa piligi [[Hypapante]] chuɣu puhibu.<ref name=Holweck>{{cite encyclopedia| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03245b.htm | last = Holweck | first = Frederick | title = Candlemas | encyclopedia = The Catholic Encyclopedia | volume = 3 | location = New York | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | year = 1908}}</ref> [[Pope Gelasius I]] (492–496) nyɛla ban daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋ pam ni chuɣu ŋɔ yɛligibu. Lahabali wuhiya ni di nyɛla din niŋ talahi [[Plague of Justinian]] saha yuuni 541 pɔi ka daa kpɛ West.<ref name=Holweck/> Ancient Romans nyɛla ban puhiri [[Lupercalia]] silimin gɔli February sunsuun mali paɣiri [[Faunus#Festivals|Lupercus]], naawuni zaŋ n-ti duɣim mini "shepherds". [[Feralia]] chuɣu puhibu gba nyɛla din niŋdi lala saha maa.<ref>Dumézil, Georges. ''Archaic Roman Religion.'' Vol 1. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1966. p. 366</ref> Lupercalia nyɛla bɛn zaŋdi shɛli n-ti maŋ kashii niŋbu chuɣu bali lee Cardinal Caesar Baronius, 16th century<ref name="Green">{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=William M. |title=The Lupercalia in the Fifth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1931-01_26_1/page/60 |journal=Classical Philology |date=January 1931 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.1086/361308 |s2cid=161431650 }}</ref><ref>(la) Barri Ducis, L.Guerin, Annales Ecclesiastici Caesaris Baroni, 186, t.</ref> ka di daliri nyɛla churi ayi ŋɔ zaa nyɛla maŋ kashii niŋbu churi. Amaa din tooi pa lala dama Lupercalia chuɣu ŋɔ daa na ʒini puhi Jerusalem, ni koŋko mi ka niri ni tooi nya Jesus maŋ kashii niŋbu chuɣu ŋɔ puhibu.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Din daa niŋ ka Gelasius yɛli Andromachus yɛltɔɣa, o daa bi zaŋ yaa ka yɛli ni Lupercalia ka shɛli dama di gba nyɛla dolodolo nim chuɣu.<ref name="Green" /> Din bɔŋɔ ni tooi lɛbi shɛhira wuhiri ni o nyɛla Roman aristocracy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Demacopoulos |first=George E. |title=The Invention of Peter: Apostolic Discourse and Papal Authority in Late Antiquity |url=https://archive.org/details/inventionofpeter0000dema |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2013 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/inventionofpeter0000dema/page/74 74]–80|jstor=j.ctt3fj4j1 |isbn=9780812245172 }}</ref> Centuries nyaaŋa kamani yuuni 1392 bee 1400, [[Virgin Mary]] nahingbaŋ shɛli bɛn daa zaŋ niŋ maa daa nyɛla [[Guanches|Guanche]] piɛ guliba ayi ni daa nya shɛli ka di be island n-ti [[Tenerife]] ([[Canary Islands]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria |trans-title=Our Lady of the Candelaria |url=https://corazones.org/maria/candelaria.htm |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=corazones.org |language=es |archive-date=2018-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113002803/http://www.corazones.org/maria/candelaria.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya "Virgin" ŋɔ nyaaŋa ka bɛ daa piligi chuɣu ŋɔ puhibu ni Marian shiifa yuuni 1497, din daa niŋ ka [[Alonso Fernández de Lugo]] nim puhi Candlemas chuɣu ka zaŋ li jɛndi "Virgin Mary" din nyɛ maŋ kashii niŋbu chuɣu puhiri silimin gɔli February dabaa ayi dali.<ref>{{Cite news |last=GaldÓn |first=Sonia |title=Medio siglo de fervor en Candelaria |language=es |work=La Opinión de Tenerife |url=https://www.laopinion.es/afondo/2009/02/09/medio-siglo-fervor-candelaria/197498.html |access-date=2019-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012038/Https://www.laopinion.es/afondo/2009/02/09/medio-siglo-fervor-candelaria/197498.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pɔi ka Tenerife, Guanche nim daa puhi chuɣu gili shiifa zaŋ n-ti "Virgin" chuɣu yuli booni [[Beñesmen]] puuni silimin gɔli August. Di bɔŋɔ n-daa nyɛ bindira kpaɣibu di ka nyu ka di wuhiri yuuni piligu. Saha chuɣu zaŋ n-ti [[Virgin of Candelaria]] din be Canary Islands nyɛla bɛn niŋdi shɛli pahira silimin gɔli February dabaa ayi dali. Taarihi niŋdiba shɛba yɛliya ni chuɣu ŋɔ puhibu nyɛla jilima zaŋ n-ti "Virgin".<ref name="Tesis">{{Cite book |last=Álvarez Delgado |first=Juan |title=Sistema de Numeración Norteafricano. A. Numerales Canarios.- B. Sistema Numeral Norteafricano: Caracteres. Estudio de lingüística comparada sobre el sistema de numeración y cómputo de los aborígenes de Canarias |publisher=Instituto Antonio de Nebrija (CSIC) |year=1949 |location=Madrid |oclc=459382352 |language=es |author-link=:es:Juan Álvarez Delgado}}</ref> [[Swedish Church|Swedish]] mini [[Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church|Finnish Lutheran churches]], Candlemas nyɛla din piligi(tum 1774), din nyɛla bɛn niŋdi shɛli alahiri dabisili kam silimin gɔli February dabaa ayi dali mini o dabaa anii dali gbaai yihi di yi niŋ ka lala alahiri ŋɔ nyɛ alahiri shɛli din bahindi nyaaŋa pɔi ni [[Lent]], din nyɛ [[Shrove Sunday]] bee Quinquagesima ({{lang-sv|Fastlagssöndagen}}, {{lang-fi|Laskiaissunnuntai}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oja |first=Heikki |url=https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/fi/julkaisut/aikakirja.html |title=Aikakirja 2007 |publisher=Almanach office of [[Helsinki University]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-952-10-3221-9 |location=Helsinki |pages=147 |language=fi}}</ref> == Customs == === France and Belgium === [[File:Crêpe_opened_up.jpg|right|thumb|[[Crêpe]]s are a traditional food on ''La Chandeleur'']] Catholic dolodolo duu shɛŋa din be [[France]], [[Belgium]], n-ti pahi [[Romandy|Swiss Romandy]] nyɛla ban puhiri Candlemas ({{lang-fr|La Chandeleur}}, {{lang-nl|Maria-Lichtmis}}) silimin gɔli February dabaa ayi dali. Ban su di fukumsi yɛliya ni bɛ di zaŋ "[[manger]] scenes" labi hali ni Candlemas din nyɛ chuɣu zaŋ n-ti Christmas cycle.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Candlemas din be lala tiŋgbana ŋɔ ni gba nyɛla [[crêpe]]s.<ref name="Annette">{{Cite web |last=Charlton |first=Annette |date=2019-10-01 |title=La Chandeleur or Candlemas: A French Tradition |url=https://www.afrenchcollection.com/la-chandeleur-or-candlemas-a-french-tradition/ |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=A French Collection}}</ref><ref name=Collet>{{Cite web|url=https://frenchlibrary.org/2020/01/28/blog-la-chandeleur-2020/|title=La Chandeleur|first=Natalie|last=Collet|date=28 January 2020|website=French Library}}</ref> Di nyɛla zaɣa gbuli laasabu (round shape). Belgium di nyɛla kali ni sokam di "pancakes" ka mali dihitabili ni "clear sky" din be Candlemas nyɛla din wuhiri anfooni yuuni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://focusonbelgium.be/en/facts/candlemas-celebration-dates-back-dawn-time-and-lives-judeo-christian-tradition-and-our|title=Candlemas, a celebration that dates back to the dawn of time and lives on in the Judeo-Christian tradition and in our folklore|date=18 January 2019|website=Focus on Belgium}}</ref> == Lihimi m-pahi == * [[Liturgical year]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{Cite book |last=Walter |first=Philippe |url=http://www.editions-imago.fr/listeauteur.php?recordID=59 |title=Mythologie chrétienne |publisher=Imago |language=fr |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220184408/http://www.editions-imago.fr/listeauteur.php?recordID=59 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Walter |first=Philippe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FJcAAAAMAAJ |title=La Mémoire du temps. Fêtes et calendriers de Chrétien de Troyes à la Mort Artur |publisher=Champion |year=1989 |isbn=9782051010337 |location=Paris |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last1=Mergnac |first1=Marie-Odile |title=Proverbes et dictons de toujours |last2=Köhler |first2=Thomas |publisher=Archives et cultures |year=2008 |location=Paris |language=fr}} {{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church}} {{Authority control}} [[Pubu:Wiki World Heritage Intangible Contest 2023]] [[Category:Epiphany (holiday)]] [[Category:Pancakes]] [[Category:February observances]] [[Category:Christian processions]] cc3mwza5e7q6wvfdji9bw0d1otbh5bc Valencia Fallas 0 26327 146217 124006 2026-08-10T23:42:36Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Traditional celebration in Valencia, Spain}} {{Infobox recurring event |name = Valencia Fallas |native_name = Fallas de Valencia<br>Falles de València |native_name_lang = |image = Natura Mare (2).jpg |image_size = |caption = Falla Na Jordana 2003 (1st prize) |date = 15 to 19 March |location = [[Valencia]], [[Spain]] |frequency = Annual | footnotes = {{Infobox | child = yes | header1 = [[Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain|Fiesta of International Tourist Interest]] | headerstyle = background-color:#eee; | label2= Designated | data2 = 1980 }} }} {{Infobox intangible heritage | Image = | Caption = | ICH = Valencia Fallas festival | State Party = Spain | Domains = Social practices, rituals and festive events | Criteria = | ID = 859 | Region = ENA | Year = 2016 | Session = 11th | List = Representative }} The '''Fallas''' ({{lang-ca-valencia|Falles}}; {{lang-es|Fallas}}) nyɛla kali laɣingu din laɣindi yuuni ka n teeri [[Saint Joseph]] yɛla [[Valencia]], Spain. Dabisa dibaa anu shɛli bɛ ni laɣindi li n-nyɛ 15 zaŋ chaŋ 19 March,<ref name="López2015">{{cite book|author=Enrique Ávila López|title=Modern Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjkVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA341|date=7 December 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-601-2|page=341}}</ref> ka niŋdi Mascletà, "[[pyrotechnic]]" ninkpara din nyɛ "firecracker detonation" mini "fireworks" polo yihibu, di niŋdi la dabisi kam bini din gbaai 1 zaŋ chaŋ 19 March.<ref name="DistritoFallas2020">{{cite web |title=La mascletà « Distrito Fallas |url=https://www.distritofallas.com/las-fallas/la-mascleta/ |publisher=Distrito Fallas |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126085329/https://www.distritofallas.com/las-fallas/la-mascleta/ |archive-date=26 November 2020 |language=es |date=9 April 2008}}</ref> Bachi din nyɛ ''Fallas'' wuhirila dari ŋɔ dibu mini [[Falla monument|Falla monuments]] (''Falla'', singular; ''Fallas''/{{lang|ca-valencia|Falles}}, plural) bɛ ni nyɔri lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni.<ref name=Martin1973>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Charles B.|title=The Fallas: A Folk Festival of Valencia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-popular-culture_spring-1973_6_4/page/854|journal=The Journal of Popular Culture|date=March 1973|volume=6|issue=4|page=854|doi=10.1111/j.0022-3840.1973.00854.x}}</ref> Tiŋ'si pam din be [[Valencian Community]] chuɣu ŋɔ puhibu nyɛla yim ka nyɛ "Fallas de Valencia celebration". Kamani ŋmahinli, "[[Bonfires of Saint John#Celebration in Alicante|bonfires]] of [[Alicante]]" bee [[Magdalena Festival|Fiestas de la Magdalena]] din be [[Castellón de la Plana]]. Lala Fallas (''Falles'' in Valencian) nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli.mpahi "[[UNESCO]]'s [[intangible cultural heritage]] of humanit yuya ni Anashaara goli 30 November 2016.<ref name="EPA2016">{{cite news|title=Valencia Fallas festivity included in UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage list |url=http://www.epa.eu/arts-culture-and-entertainment-photos/customs-traditions-photos/valencia-fallas-festivity-included-in-unesco-s-intangible-cultural-heritage-list-photos-53141867 |access-date=1 December 2016 |work=EPA European Pressphoto Agency b.v. |agency=European Pressphoto Agency |date=November 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201033534/http://www.epa.eu/arts-culture-and-entertainment-photos/customs-traditions-photos/valencia-fallas-festivity-included-in-unesco-s-intangible-cultural-heritage-list-photos-53141867 |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lala tiŋgbana ŋɔ zaa malila niriba pubu shɛba, ''Casal faller'', ban tumdi yuuni maa zaa ka bɔri bɔri bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm m-bɔ liɣiri ti di paati nima dibu, ka bindirigu kamani [[paella]] be din ni,<ref name="AndrewsLeopold2013">{{cite book|author1=Hazel Andrews|author2=Teresa Leopold|title=Events and the Social Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMBhsx_NadYC&pg=PA11|date=8 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-60560-1|page=11}}</ref> lala yaɣili ŋɔ bindiri gahindili. Each ''casal faller'' kam maanila binshɛɣu ka bɛ booni li ''falla'' ka bɛ leei nyɔri li. C''asal faller'' nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli ''comissió fallera, saha ŋɔ'' kɔbisinahi n na rijisiti Valencia.<ref name="Martí1996">{{cite book|author=Gil-Manuel Hernàndez i Martí|title=Falles i franquisme a València|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzTgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22comissi%C3%B3%20fallera%22|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Afers|isbn=978-84-86574-36-9|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fallas.com/index.php/es/main-jcf-es/main-comisiones-es/827-numero-de-falla|title=Fallas - Comisiones por número de censo|date=16 February 2016|language=es|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411085341/http://fallas.com/index.php/es/main-jcf-es/main-comisiones-es/827-numero-de-falla|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Di ni pili shɛli == Chuɣu maa yuli maa nyɛla [[Valencian language|Valencia]] ''falla zaɣi bɔbigu bɔlibu''. Bachi maa ni yina shɛm n dɔya ŋɔ: :[[Latin]] ''[[wiktionary:fax#Latin|fax]]'' (accusative ''facem''), "torch" → [[Latin]] ''[[wiktionary:facula#Latin|facula]]'' (diminutive; accusative ''faculam'') → [[Vulgar Latin]] *''faclam'' → [[Valencian language|Valencian]] ''falla''. ==''Falles'' mini ''ninots''== <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Cuba2012.jpg|Falla Cuba 2012 (2nd prize) Maeztu Lleons 2015 12.jpg|''Ninots'' representing [[Barack Obama]] and [[Vladimir Putin]] (parodying ''[[The Nutcracker]]'') in 2015 Falla_del_Ayuntamiento_Valencia_2019_(3).jpg|Fallas 2019 from Valencia </gallery> == Secció Especial == Secció Especial nyɛla ''falles'' laɣingu titali din mali jilima ka niŋdi Valencia. Yuuni 2007, laɣingu maa daa malila yaɣa pia ni anahi. Lala ''falles'' pubu ŋɔ da tuumi pili yuuni 1942 ka daa tuui pili ni "''falles'' of Barques, Reina-Pau and Plaça del Mercat". Saha ŋɔ, di shɛli lahi ka lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni. Yaɣ'shɛli di pahi din ni pam tum yuuni 2015 n daa nyɛ Na Jordana, di pahila din ni pihiyɔbu ni ayi Secció Especial n-tiri di pin ka Valencia City Council tiri pili yini; tuuli pini dibu Secció Especial n-nyɛ pini din mali jilima falla pina ni. F''alles kam din pahi'' be la pubu yaɣ'shɛli ni (18 zaŋ kana yuuni 2017) n wuhiri laɣishɛli bɛ ni ku n niŋ lala tuma yini kam ni. <gallery mode="packed-hover" caption="Recent winners of Secció Especial"> File:Fallas 2006 Nou Campanar (Valencia).jpg|2006: Nou Campanar File:Falla Nou Campanar 2007.jpg|2007: Nou Campanar File:Falla Nou Campanar.jpg|2008: Nou Campanar File:Falla NouCampanar 2008.JPG|2009: Nou Campanar File:Falles 2010 - Falla de Covent de Jerusalem.jpg|2010: Convent Jerusalem-Matemàtic Marzal File:Falla Convento Jerusalen 2.JPG|2011: Convent Jerusalem-Matemàtic Marzal File:10 Falla Pediatra J Comín-Nou Campanar 2012 (3).JPG|2012: Nou Campanar File:Convento Jerusalén-Matemàtic Marçal 2013.jpg|2013: Convent Jerusalem-Matemàtic Marzal File:Falla El Pilar 2014 (2).JPG|2014: Plaza del Pilar. File:Fallas2015_02_Plaza_del_Pilar.jpg|2015: Plaza del Pilar File:Fallas Cuba-Literato Azorín 2016.jpg|2016: Cuba-Literato Azorín. File:Falla Antiga de Campanar 2017 01.jpg|2017: L'Antiga de Campanar. File:Fallas2018_-_Falla_Convento_06.jpg|2018: Convent Jerusalem-Matemàtic Marzal </gallery> == Lihi pahi == * [[List of Winners of Sección Especial of Falles]] == ''Fallas anfooni nima'' == ;2005 <gallery> Image:Fallas 2005 looking down street.jpg|View down street Image:Falleres i fallers drums.jpg|Falleres and fallers merrily beating drums Image:Paella_hirviendo.jpg|Paella being cooked on a wood fire in the middle of the road Image:Falla pintor y gorda.jpg|Falla with painter and fat woman. This was as high as a building. Image:Falla egipcia plorant.jpg|Part of falla with Egyptian funeral procession. In Carrer del Convent de Jerusalem. 2nd prize, special section, Falles 2005. </gallery> ;2008 <gallery> File:Falla Nou Campanar.jpg|Falla in Nou Campanar Image:Falla infantil Poeta Altet before.jpg|The children's falla in carrer Poeta Altet Image:Falla infantil Poeta Altet burning&sparking.jpg|The same falla with fireworks going off Image:Falla infantil Poeta Altet blazing.jpg|The same falla blazing Image:Falla egipcia collapsing.jpg|The monumental Egyptian falla, just as the frame of its tallest tower collapses Image:Valenciana.jpg|Falla in the Convento de Jerusalén Street File:Falla del Pilar Valencia 2007.jpg|Falla in the Pilar's Square Image:Calle iluminada de Sueca-Literato Azorín 2008 2.JPG|Twilight street of Sueca-Literato Azorín </gallery> ;2010 <gallery> Image:Lightning_Falla_Azorin_2010.jpg|Falla Literato Azorín lightning </gallery> ;2017 <gallery> Image:Falla Almirante Cadarso-Conde Altea 2.jpg|Falla Almirante Cadarso-Conde Altea (5th prize) Image:Commedia al Portal Nou.jpg|Falla Na Jordana (7th prize) Image:Fallas2017 09 Convento Jerusalen Matematico Marzal.jpg|Falla Convento Jerusalen Matematico Marzal (3rd prize) </gallery> ==Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Falles de València}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130529214853/http://fallasfromvalencia.info/ Official page for the Fallas Festival] * [http://www.fallas.com Official page for the Fallas Festival Organizing Committee] * [http://en.comunitatvalenciana.com/what-to-do/festivities/fallas/ninot-exposition Fallas Festival (in Spanish, Valencian, English, French and German)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055414/http://en.comunitatvalenciana.com/what-to-do/festivities/fallas/ninot-exposition |date=2016-03-05 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lNWj8JtPk4 Promotional video of the Fallas Festival 2011] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080318214655/http://www.fallasfromvalencia.com/ Explanation of all the Fallas events in English] * [https://itunes.apple.com/es/app/the-fallas-11/id423454207?mt=8 iPhone/iPod App for Las Fallas] * [http://www.maitravelsite.com/world-destinations/europe/the-fallas-in-valencia-the-beauty-of-fire/ The Fallas in Valencia: The Beauty of Fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330082943/http://www.maitravelsite.com/world-destinations/europe/the-fallas-in-valencia-the-beauty-of-fire/ |date=2013-03-30 }} {{Fiestas of International Tourist Interest (Spain)}} {{Intangible Heritage Spain}} {{Culture of Valencian Community}} {{Spain topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Falles| ]] [[Category:Traditions involving fire]] [[Category:Patronal festivals in Spain]] [[Category:Religious festivals in Valencia]] [[Category:Valencian culture]] tshv2w9amtlcmbauzu85jxfk7gffk74 Armenian cochineal 0 26351 146151 130536 2026-08-10T21:43:21Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Armenian cochineal''' (''Porphyrophora hamelii''), bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''Ararat cochineal''' bee '''Ararat scale''', nyɛla binneenbila so ŋun be [[Ararat plain]] mini [[Aras River|Aras (Araks) River valley]] din be [[Armenian Highlands]] mini [[Turkey]]. Bɛ daa na mali la lala binneenbila ŋɔ m-maani [[eponym]]ous [[crimson]] [[carmine]] [[dye]]stuff, [[Armenia]] bɛ booni li la '''''vordan karmir''''' ({{lang-hy|[[wiktionary:որդան կարմիր|որդան կարմիր]]}}, literally "worm's red") ka taarihi ni [[Persia]] nima booni li ''kirmiz''.<ref name="ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii" /><ref name = "Ben-Dov_2005">{{cite book |last=Ben-Dov |first= Yair |date= 2005 |title= A Systematic Catalogue of the Scale Insect Family Magarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World |location= United Kingdom |publisher= Intercept (Lavoisier) |isbn= 978-1-84585-000-5}}</ref><ref name = "Forbes_1964">{{cite book |last=Forbes |first= R.J. |date= 1964 |title= Studies in Ancient Technology |volume=IV |location= Leiden, Netherlands |publisher= E.J. Brill |isbn= 90-04-08307-3 |pages=102–103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ua83AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102|edition=2nd|orig-year=1956}}</ref><ref name="Donkin_1977">{{cite journal |last=Donkin |first=R.A. |date=1977 |title=The Insect Dyes of Western and West-Central Asia |jstor=40459185 |journal=Anthropos |publisher=Anthropos Institute |volume=72 |issue=5/6 |pages= 847–880 }}<!--|access-date=9 October 2014--></ref><ref name="Vedeler_2014">{{cite book|last=Vedeler|first=Marianne|title=Silk for the Vikings|date=2014|publisher=OXBOW BOOKS|isbn=978-1-78297-215-0|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|page=52}} Vedeler, citing Cardon (2007), notes that "the Persian name ''Kirmiz'' originally referred to the Armenian carmine, a parasitic insect living on Gramineae grass, but the same name was also used by Arab geographers for insects living on oak trees in Maghreb and Al-Andalus, probably referring to ''[[Kermes vermilio]]''", although "[i]t is&nbsp;... not clear whether the 'Kirmiz' dyestuff mentioned in early Arab texts always refers to the use of the insect ''Kermes Vermilio''."</ref><ref name="Cardon_2007">{{cite book |last=Cardon |first= Dominique |date= 2007 |title= Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science |location= London, United Kingdom |publisher= Archetype Books |isbn= 978-1-904982-00-5}} English translation by Caroline Higgitt of Cardon's French-language book ''Le monde des teintures naturelles'' (Éditions Belin, Paris, 2003).</ref> Lala binnɛma ŋɔ kpihindi la Armenia tiŋgbani ni.<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnp.am/red_book_fauna/eng/a65.html |title=Porphyrophora ham melii Brandt, 1833 |last=Khachatryan |first=H. |website=Red Book of Armenia |publisher=Republic of Armenia Ministry of Environment |access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> "Armenian cochineal scale" binneenbila, ''Porphyrophora hamelii'', nyɛla ŋun be "[[Family (biology)|taxonomic family]]" balibu ni "[[cochineal]]" din be [[Americas]]. Binnɛma maa zaa malila "red dyestuffs" ka bɛ booni di zaa "cochineal".<ref name="Eastaugh_etal_2007">{{cite book |last1= Eastaugh |first1= Nicholas |last2= Walsh |first2= Valentine |last3= Chaplin |first3= Tracey |last4= Siddall |first4= Ruth |date= 2004 |title= Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments |location= Oxford, UK and Burlington, MA |publisher= Elsevier Butterwoth-Heinemann |isbn= 0-7506-5749-9 |pages=118–119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OH28vpzzMsC&pg=PA118 |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> == Taarihi mini "art" == ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' nyɛla nadaa "[[Natural dye|natural sources]] " din nyɛ "red [[dye]]" m-be Middle East mini Europe, n-ti tabili binnɛma "dyes", [[Kermes (dye)|kermes]] (din yina ''[[Kermes vermilio]]'' mini binnɛma ban ŋmani ba ni), [[lac]] (ni din yina ''[[Kerria lacca]]'' mini binnɛma ban ŋmani ba ni), n-ti pahi [[carmine]] din yina ''[[Porphyrophora]]'' binnɛma balibu ni kamani "[[Polish cochineal]]" (''Porphyrophora polonica''), ni tihi "dye madder" (din yina ''[[Rubia tinctorum]]'' mini bala din ŋmani li).<ref name = Forbes_1964 /><ref name="Donkin_1977" /><ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="Robinson_1969">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Stuart |date=1969 |title=A History of Dyed Textiles |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher= Studio Vista |isbn=978-0-289-79644-3}}</ref><ref name="Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991">{{cite journal |last1= Böhmer |first1= Harald |last2= Thompson |first2=Jon |date=1991 |title=The Pazyryk Carpet: A Technical Discussion |jstor= 23203293 |journal=Source: Notes in the History of Art |publisher= Ars Brevis Foundation |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=30–36 |doi= 10.1086/sou.10.4.23203293 |s2cid= 191394307 }}<!--|access-date=8 October 2014--></ref><ref name="Koren_2005">{{Citation |last= Koren |first= Zvi C. |date= 2005 |contribution=Chromatographic analyses of selected historic dyeings from ancient Israel |url= http://www.tekhelet.com/pdf/KOREN_2005_194-201.pdf |editor-last=Janaway | editor-first=R. |editor2-last= Wyeth |editor2-first=P. | title= Scientific Analysis of Ancient and Historic Textiles: Informing, Preservation, Display and Interpretation |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher= Archetype Publications |pages= 194–201 |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Cardon_2010">{{Citation |last= Cardon |first= Dominique |date= 2010 |contribution=Natural Dyes, Our Global Heritage of Colours |url= http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/12/ |title= Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Symposium of the Textile Society of America ("Textiles and Settlement: From Plains Space to Cyber Space") (October 6–9, 2010) |location=Lincoln, Nebraska, USA |publisher= [[Textile Society of America]] |issue=Paper 12}}</ref><ref name="Kirby_2011">{{Citation |last= Kirby |first= Jo |date= 2011 |contribution= Dyes, Dyeing and Lake Pigments – Historical Background |url= http://www.doernerinstitut.de/downloads/Back_to_the_Roots/Back_to_the_roots_Kirby_I.pdf |title= ''Back to the Roots'' – Workshop on the Preparation of Historical Lake Pigments (March 23–25, 2011) |location= Munich, Germany |publisher= Doerner Institut |issue= Session T10.2: Organic colorants in ancient and contemporary art |access-date= 9 October 2014 |archive-date= 8 August 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044558/http://www.doernerinstitut.de/downloads/Back_to_the_Roots/Back_to_the_roots_Kirby_I.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> Zilisigu bɛni ni "Armenian cochineal dye" daa pun nyɛla din bɛni 714 BC piligu, dini daa niŋ ka [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] naa [[Sargon II]] fari "red textiles" din saɣindi tɔbu "kingdoms of [[Urartu]]" ( Armenia fadiri ŋun daa mali tiŋgbani baŋsim) mini Kilhu.<ref name = "Forbes_1964" /><ref name="Donkin_1977" /><ref name="Thureau-Dangin_1912">{{cite book |last=Thureau-Dangin |first= François |date= 1912 |title=Une Relation de la Hutième Campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.) texte Assyrien inédit, publié et traduit |language=fr |location= Paris, France |publisher= Librairie Paul Geuthner |page= [https://archive.org/details/unerelationdelah00thuruoft/page/57 57] |url=https://archive.org/details/unerelationdelah00thuruoft |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Phipps_2010">{{cite book |last=Phipps |first= Elena |date= 2010 |title=Cochineal Red: The Art History of a Color {{!(}}adapted from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 67, no. 3 (Winter 2010){{)!}} |location= New York City and New Haven, USA and London, UK |publisher= The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-19560-6 |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Cochineal_Red_the_art_history_of_a_color# |access-date= 8 October 2014}} (Also at [https://archive.org/details/CochinealRedthearthistoryofacolor archive.org].)</ref><ref name="Kurdian_1941">{{cite journal |last=Kurdian |first=H. |date=1941 |title=Kirmiz |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_1941-06_61_2/page/105 |jstor= 594255 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher= American Oriental Society |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=105–107 |doi=10.2307/594255}}<!--|access-date=9 October 2014 --></ref> [[Ancient Rome|Roman-era]] tima tibu baŋda mini dɔɣite [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides]], ni daa sabiri 1st century AD, o daa wuhiya ni ''kokkos baphike din yi diko'', [[Quercus coccifera|kermes shrub]] mini di "ʒi" ([[Kermes vermilio|kermes insect]]) ni nadaa sasabiriba shɛba gabirili mi ni ''Porphyrophora hamelii'', din yina [[Galatia]] mini Armenia.<ref name = "Forbes_1964" /><ref name="Donkin_1977" /><ref name="Dioscorides" >{{cite book |last=Obaldeston |first=T.A. |date=2000 |title=Dioscorides, ''De Materia Medica''. Five books in one volume: new modern English translation |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |publisher= IBIDIS Press |volume=4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/de-materia-medica/page/n618 588]–591 |isbn=978-0-620-23435-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/de-materia-medica |access-date=4 January 2015}} English translation by T.A. Obaldeston with introductory notes by R.P. Wood.</ref> [[Early Middle Ages]] saha Armenian taarihi baŋdiba [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] mini [[Movses Khorenatsi]] daa sabi jɛndi "worm-produced dyestuff" din yina Ararat tiŋgbani yaɣili polo.<ref name="Donkin_1977" /><ref name="Kurdian_1941" /> Middle Ages saha "Armenian cochineal dyestuff" ''vordan karmir'', nyɛla bɛ ni daa lahi booni shɛli Persia tiŋgbani ''kirmiz''.<ref name="Donkin_1977" /><ref name="Vedeler_2014" /><ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="Kurdian_1941" /> ''Kirmiz'' mini "dyer's [[Kermes (dye)|kermes]]" bi tu ni di gabiri taba, din daavyina binnɛŋ balishɛli ni.<ref name="Cardon_2007" /> Armenian tiŋgbana [[Artashat (ancient city)|Artashat]] mini [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] n daa nyɛ tiŋ'shɛŋa bɛ ni tuui maani ''kirmiz'': 8th zaŋ chaŋ 10th centuries [[Arabs|Arab]] mini [[Persian people|Persian]] taarihi baŋdiba booni la Artashat "tiŋa din yuli booni ''kirmiz''".<ref name="Donkin_1977" /><ref name="Kurdian_1941" /> Arabs mini Persians nyɛla ''kirmiz'' ka di nyɛ jilima bini din yina Armenia.<ref name="Cardon_2007" /> Armenians maa maŋmaŋa malila ''vordan karmir'' m-maani "dyes" din niŋdi "[[textile]]s" (n-ti pahi [[oriental rug]]s) mini [[pigment]]s zaŋti [[Armenian illuminated manuscripts|illuminated manuscripts]] mini church [[fresco]]s.<ref name="Donkin_1977" /><ref name="Kurdian_1941" /><ref name="Babenko_1988">{{cite journal |last=Babenko |first=Vitali |date=1988 |title=Vordan Karmir or Armenian Cochineal |url=http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-40.htm |journal=Oriental Rug Review |publisher=Oriental Rug Auction Review |volume=VIII |issue=5 |pages=40–41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701123218/http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-40.htm |archive-date=2013-07-01 |access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Mushak_1988">{{cite journal |last=Mushak |first=Paul |date=1988 |title=The use of insect dyes in Oriental rugs and textiles: Some unresolved issues |url=http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-33.htm |journal=Oriental Rug Review |publisher=Oriental Rug Auction Review |volume=VIII |issue=5 |pages=33–39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701123218/http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-40.htm |archive-date=2013-07-01 |access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> "Chemical analyses" nyami ka "dye" din yina ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' ka "[[Copts|Coptic]] textiles" ni 3rd zaŋ chaŋ 10th centuries, "[[Cashmere wool|cashmere]]" beeni ka din be [[kaftan]] din yian [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid Persia]] 6th bee 7th century, "silk [[Episcopal gloves|liturgical gloves]]" din yina 15th-century [[France]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] nɛma kamani [[velvet]]s mini [[lampas]] din daa bɛni 15th zaŋ chaŋ 17th centuries, ni 16th-century "velvet [[cap of maintenance]]" din nyɛ [[Henry VIII of England]].<ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="Petroviciu_etal_2012">{{cite journal |last1=Petroviciu |first1=Irina |last2=Crețu |first2=Ileana |last3=Vanden Berghe |first3=Ina |last4=Wouters |first4=Jan |last5=Medvedovici |first5=Andrei |last6=Albu |first6=Florin |last7=Creanga |first7=Doina |date=2012 |title=A discussion on the red anthraquinone dyes detected in historic textiles from Romanian collections |url=http://www.morana-rtd.com/e-preservationscience/2012/Petroviciu-29-02-2012.pdf |journal=E-Preservation Science |publisher=Morana RTD |volume=9 |pages=90–96 |access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Waterford_Treasures">{{cite web|title=Henry VIII's Cap of Maintenance|url=http://www.waterfordtreasures.com/medieval-museum/whats-inside/king-henry-viiis-cap-of-maintenance|publisher=Treasures of Medieval Waterford, Ireland: Medieval Museum|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113015/http://www.waterfordtreasures.com/medieval-museum/whats-inside/king-henry-viiis-cap-of-maintenance|url-status=dead}}</ref> Europe [[Renaissance]] saha, ''Porphyrophora'' binnɛma daa nyɛla ban mali darija ka bɛ darija saɣi ni [[Constantinople]] yuuni1430s saha, "{{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=off|spell=in}}, ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' binneenbihi daa mali darija n gari salïma "{{convert|5|g|oz|abbr=off}}".<ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="Cardon_2000">{{Citation |last= Cardon |first= Dominique |date= 2000 |contribution=Du verme cremexe au veluto chremesino: une filierè vénitienne du cramoisi au XVe siécle |language=fr |editor-last=Molà | editor-first=L. |editor2-last= Mueller |editor2-first=R.C. |editor3-last= Zanier |editor3-first=C. | title= ''La Seta in Italia dal Medioevo al Seicento'' |location=Venice, Italy |publisher= Fondazione Giorgio Cini |pages= 63–73}}</ref><ref name="Cardon_2007_note2">Some articles improperly cite Cardon to suggest, incorrectly, that Armenian cochineal insects were more valuable, by weight, than gold (i.e., one gram of insects was worth several grams of gold) during this era. Cardon (2007) does, however, note that according to the records of a [[Venice|Venetian]] merchant trading in Constantinople during the 1430s, even the cheapest Armenian cochineal insects were still worth more, pound-for-pound, than some live [[Slavery|slaves]] ([[Circassians|Circassian]] women and adolescents) that he had bought.</ref> "[[Crimson]] ''Porphyrophora''-based dyes" daa malila di daa Europe zaŋ ti "dyeing [[silk]]", dini n daa nyɛ "[[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] dye [[Kermes (dye)|kermes]]", dini n daa galisiri a , ka nyɛ alaha, ka viɛli n-ti "[[wool]]en textiles dyeing ", din timsi gari "silk" ka bɔri "dye" pam.<ref name="Cardon_2007" /> Di daa buɣisiya ni binneen kuma miliyɔŋ pirigili (''Porphyrophora hamelii)'' n daa naan tooi "dye" {{convert|1|kg|lb|spell=in}} "silk crimson" lala saha ŋɔ.<ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="Cardon_2007_note3">400,000 to 560,000 dried ''P. hamelii'' insects were required to dye 1&nbsp;kg of silk according to the figures of Cardon (2007): 1,000&nbsp;g to 1,400&nbsp;g of dried insects per 100&nbsp;g of silk, with 40 adult females per gram of dried insects. Note that Virey (1840) reports 18,000–23,000 insects per 360-gram troy pound (50–64 insects per gram; not stated whether they were dried).</ref> Armenian mini Polish cochineal zaŋ maɣisi taba puuni, ŋun sabi 15th-century sabbu din jɛndi "silks" [[Florence]] sabimi ni "{{!(}}Armenian cochineal binnɛma {{)!}} n yɛn "dye" {{!(}}silk{{)!}} kamani{{!(}}Polish cochineal binnɛma{{)!}} 1pound pɔrilim; yɛlimaŋli n-nyɛli ni di tiri nahingbaŋ din nɛ n gai zaɣi bili maa, amaa ka di "dye" leei pɔra."<ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="Gargiolli_1868_ed">{{cite book |editor-last=Gargiolli |editor-first=Girolamo |date=1868 |title=L'arte della seta in Firenze. Trattato del Secolo XV, pubblicato per la prima volta, e dialoghi raccolti da Girolamo Gargiolli. |language=it |location=Florence, Italy |publisher=G. Barbèra|page=[https://archive.org/details/lartedellasetai00garggoog/page/n51 32] |url=https://archive.org/details/lartedellasetai00garggoog |access-date= 16 October 2014}}</ref> Zaŋ chaŋ 16th century bahigu, [[Old World]] ''Porphyrophora'' dyes daa chanimi ni [[cochineal|''Dactylopius coccus'' cochineal]] binnɛma balibu ban yina America, bɛ ni ni tooi gbahi shɛnmba pam yuuni puli ni ka nyɛ "dye" pam.<ref name=Phipps_2010 /> "[[carmine|armine]] dyestuff odin yina ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' onhingbaŋ[[carminic acid|c]]<nowiki/>ʒee maa pam nyɛla [[carminic acid|arminic acid]], mka yi niŋ tɔm pam ni tim tooi wɔligili ni "destuff "odin[[cochineal|c]]<nowiki/>yina [[cochineal|ochineal]] puuni America.<ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="Robinson_1969" /><ref name="Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991" /><ref name=Phipps_2010 /><ref name="Wouters_and_Verhecken_1989">{{cite journal |last1=Wouters |first1=Jan |last2=Verhecken |first2=André |date=1989 |title=The Coccid Insect Dyes: HPLC and Computerized Diode-Array Analysis of Dyed Yarns |jstor=1506286 |journal=Studies in Conservation |publisher=Maney Publishing |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=189–200 |doi=10.1179/sic.1989.34.4.189}}<!--|access-date=10 October 2014 --></ref> Dyestuff din yina ''Porphyrophora polonica'' ni tooi waligi ni di kermesic acid maa bɛla, din nyɛ [[Kermes (dye)|kermes]] puuni shɛli din yina ''Kermes vermilio''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Yuuni 1833 German "naturalist", [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt]] daa yina ni "[[Binomial name|scientific name]]" ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' dini daa niŋ ka Russian tima baŋda, sochanda, ni taarihi baŋda ŋun yina German, Iosif Khristianovich Gamel (Josef Hamel) ([[:ru:Гамель, Иосиф Христианович|ru]]), ŋun daa chaŋ Ararat plain 1830s piligu ha ka sabi lahabali jɛndi "cochineal" binnɛma ban be din ni.<ref name="Brandt_Ratzeburg_1833">{{cite book |last1=Brandt |first1=Johann Friedrich |last2= Ratzeburg |first2=Julius Theodor Christian |date=1833 |title=Medizinische Zoologie oder getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der Thiere, in der Arzneimitellehre in Betracht kommen, in systematischer Folge herausgegeben. |language=de |location=Berlin, Germany |publisher=Trowitzsch and Sohn|volume=2 |page=356 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQPnKys-3mkC&pg=PA356 |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Hamel_1833">{{Citation|last=Hamel|first=J.|title=Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg / Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles|date=1833|volume=Tome III (1835) {{!(}}publishing the second part of Tome I (1833){{)!}}|issue=Série 6|pages=9–64|contribution=Über Cochenille am Ararat und über Wurzelcochenille im Allgemeinen|contribution-url=http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/files/21947/E000014948.pdf|location=Frankfurt, Germany|publisher=Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main|language=de|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226201259/http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/files/21947/E000014948.pdf|url-status=dead}}. Publication of Hamel's 4 May 1833 report on the Ararat cochineal. Hamel's report mentions [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]].</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> <!--Include photos of artwork (rugs, cloth, illuminated manuscripts, frescos, etc.) that have been definitively attributed to Armenian cochineal and not imported American or Polish cochineal, or kermes, madder, etc.--> File:Vordan Karmir (Cochineal Red) ornament on the ceiling of S. Grigor Chapel, Noravank monastery.jpg|''Vordan karmir'' ceiling art at [[Noravank|Noravank Monastery]] File:Խաչքար Գեղարդ27.JPG|''[[Khachkar]]s'' (cross-stones) at [[Geghard|Geghard Monastery]] painted with ''vordan karmir''<ref name="Geghard_Armenian_Monuments">{{cite web|title=Geghard 7: Monk cells, Khachkar Wall. Geghard's Khachkars.|url=http://www.armenianheritage.org/en/monument/Geghard/78|publisher=Armenian Monuments Awareness Project|access-date=12 October 2014|quote=The red color found on some of the cross stones is a result of their being painted with Vortan Karmir, a red dye made from beetles native to Armenia. The red dye was among the more famous exports of the kingdom, and was valued more than gold in Europe and the Near East. Its resilience has long since proved itself; the color you see now is more than 800 years old.|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020120555/http://www.armenianheritage.org/en/monument/Geghard/78|url-status=dead}}</ref> File:Saint Bertrand de Comminges-Gants et Chaussons.jpg|Silk [[Episcopal gloves|liturgical gloves]] (left) of [[Pierre de Foix, le vieux|Cardinal Pierre de Foix]] (15th century), dyed crimson with ''P. hamelii'' carmine<ref name="Cardon_2007" /> File:Armenian Stamp Karmin.jpg|A 2006 Armenian postage stamp depicting ''P. hamelii'' </gallery> == Biology == [[File:Porphyrophora hamelii, cysts.jpg|thumb|''Porphyrophora hamelii'' cysts around the root of ''Aeluropus littoralis'']] ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' nyɛla binnɛma ban mali balibu.<ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007">{{cite journal |last1= Vahedi |first1= Hassan-Ali |last2= Hodgson |first2= C.J. |date= 2007 |title=Some species of the hypogeal scale insect Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe, the Middle East and Africa |journal= Systematics and Biodiversity |publisher= Taylor & Francis |volume= 5 |issue= 1 |pages= 23–122 |doi=10.1017/s1477200006002039|s2cid= 85698171 }}<!--|access-date=9 October 2014 --></ref><ref name="Foldi_2005">{{cite journal |last= Foldi |first= Imre |date= 2005 |title=Ground pearls: a generic revision of the Margarodidae ''sensu stricto'' (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) |url= http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/asef/pdf/2005_41_01/compact/Foldi_ASEF_2005_41_1_81_125_compact.pdf |journal= Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |series=New Series |publisher= Taylor & Francis |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 81–125 |access-date=9 October 2014 |doi=10.1080/00379271.2005.10697442|s2cid= 86389986 }}</ref><ref name= "Jakubski_1965">{{cite book |last=Jakubski |first=Antoni Władysław |date= 1965 |title=A Critical Revision of the Families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History)}}</ref> Zaɣi nyaŋ zaɣi kuri, [[carmine]] ni yirina shɛba puuni, o nyɛla zaɣ'kpulli, ningbungbaŋ din bala, ka di ningbungbaŋ nyɛ crimson, ka mali tooni napɔna din nyɛ napɔŋ kara din gbiri bɔɣa. Binneen nyama ŋɔ ni tooi bari ka ''Porphyrophora'' balibu: kamani {{convert|10|–|12|mm|in|abbr=on}} waɣilim mini {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} yɛliŋ.<ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007" /><ref name= "Jakubski_1965" /> Dihitabili bɛni ni "one [[Troy weight|troy pound]]" (360 grams) cochineal binnɛma bɔri la "18,000–23,000 specimens of ''Porphyrophora hamelii"'', amaa ka bɔri 100,000–130,000 bɛ binneen taba balibu [[Polish cochineal|''Porphyrophora polonica'']] (bee 20,000–25,000 specimens of [[Cochineal|''Dactylopius coccus'']]).<ref name="Virey_1840">{{Citation |last= Virey |first= M.J.J. |date= 1840 |contribution= Remarks on the former uses of purple or scarlet colouring insects. New cochineal of Persia and Armenia. |editor-last=Watt |contribution-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LKQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA209 |editor-first= Charles |editor2-last= Watt |editor2-first= John Jr.|title= The Chemist: Or, Reporter of Chemical Discoveries and Improvements, and Protector of the Rights of the Chemist and Chemical Manufacturer |location= London, United Kingdom |publisher= R. Hastings |volume= I |pages= 209–210}}</ref><ref name="Fennel_1842">{{Citation |last= Fennel |first= James H. |date= 1842 |contribution= On useful insects and their products |contribution-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wTo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA295 |editor-last= Watt | editor-first= Charles |editor2-last= Watt |editor2-first= John Jr.|title= The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher= J. Limbird |volume= I |issue= 19 |pages= 295–296}}</ref> Bɛ zaɣi kura zaɣ'lɔri ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' is a winged insect. ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' biɛhigu tooi zooi la [[Hypogeal|subterranean]].<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007" /><ref name="Foldi_2005" /> Bɛ ni yoli waɣi bɛ shɛba yirimi na tiŋgbani ni "springtime" ka yirina gbamdi gindi hali ti nya ti'jila n du, kamani [[Aeluropus|''Aeluropus littoralis''<!-- <small>(Gouan) Parl.</small>-->]] ({{lang-hy|որդանխոտ}} (genus ''Aeluropus''),<ref name="Babenko_1988" /><ref name="Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev">{{cite journal |date=1988 |title=Vordan Karmir: The Red Worm (From the ''Soviet Armenia Encyclopedia'', Vol. 8, 1982, pp. 642–43) |url=http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-42.htm |journal=Oriental Rug Review |publisher=Oriental Rug Auction Review |volume=VIII |issue=5 |pages=42–43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701164358/http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-42.htm |archive-date=2013-07-01 |access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> din gbunni nyɛ "worm's grass") ni mɔɣu din gbamdi tiŋa ka niŋ bayana, [[Phragmites|''Phragmites australis''<!-- <small>(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.</small>-->]].<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007" /> The nymphs continue to feed on these roots throughout the kikaa mini wɔligu saha, ka niŋdi wɔɣu.<!--<ref name = "Ben-Dov_2005" /><ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007" /><ref name="Foldi_2005" /><ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" />--> Anashaara goli September sunsuuni zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli October sunsuuni bɛ zaɣi kura yirimi na tiŋgbani ni 5&nbsp;a.m. mini 10&nbsp;a.m. n-ti duri taba.<ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev" /><ref name="Cardon_2007_note4">Cardon (2007) cites her own field mission in Armenia in 1989 as well as the papers by Jakubski (1965) and Mktrtchian and Sarkisov (1985) for her description of ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' biology, which states that the mating time is from 5&nbsp;a.m. to 10&nbsp;a.m. The ''Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia'' (1982) and the online ''Red Book of Armenia'' (which cites Mktchyan and Sarkisov (1985) and others) state that the mating time is from 6&nbsp;a.m. to 11&nbsp;a.m. Note that in 1982 and 1985 the emergence of the insects in early September would have been in Armenian Summer Time (UTC+5), whereas the Republic of Armenia has been on UTC+4 time year-round since 2012.</ref> Binneenbihi kura maa, ban ka nangbana, bɛ diri a.<ref name="Foldi_2005" /> Bɛ zaɣi lɔri zaɣi kura dii bi yuura, amaa bɛ zaɣ'nyama nyɛla ban yuura, ka gbiri kpɛri tiŋgbani ni n-ti nyeri gala.<ref name="Foldi_2005" /> == Habitat and conservation == [[File:Vordan Karmir Habitat.jpg|thumb|left|The historic habitat of ''Porphyrophora hamelii''. [[Vordan Karmir State Reservation]] is in red and the historic dye-producing cities [[Artashat (ancient city)|Artashat]] and [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] are in purple.]] "Red dye" ni yirina Ararat plain binneen shɛba ni daa nyɛla ban zooi saha shɛliɔ: 19th-century French sochandi sabiya ni pɛkpariba daa yi zaŋ bɛ pɛri chaŋ kom nyubu [[Aras River|Araxes (Araks) River]] ni, binnɛma maa niŋdi la kom maa zaɣ'ʒee.<ref name="Donkin_1977" /> 20th century sunsuuni bɛ galisim Armenia daa nyɛla {{convert|100|km2|abbr=on}} ni bɛ ban be [[Ararat Province|Ararat]] mini [[Armavir Province|Armavir]] tiŋgbani yaɣa Armenia nti tabili Turkish, Iranian, ni Russian [[Caucasus]], amaa zaŋ kana 1990s bɛ galisim Armenia daa siɣi la tiŋa kamani {{convert|20|km2|abbr=on}}, ka tooi be Armavir tiŋgbani yaɣa<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007" /><ref name="REC-Caucasus_Armavir">{{cite web |url=http://www.rec-caucasus.org/Flash/PDF/AR/AR7.pdf |title=Political Administrative Region (marz): Armavir |website=Regional Environmental Center for the Caucasus (REC Caucasus) |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017235325/http://www.rec-caucasus.org/Flash/PDF/AR/AR7.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] saha, Armenian tiŋgbani bɛ ni daa gbiri yɛlim "ni bɛ yɛligi daabilim mini pukparilim yaɣa", ni zahim mɔɣa gbibu "binyɛra pam daa mɔŋ ba mi bɛ biɛhisi sheei, ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ lahi kani."<ref name="Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev"/> [[File:Vordan Karmir reserve.jpg|thumb|[[Vordan Karmir State Reservation]], Armenia]] Bɛ ban be Armenia tooi zooi la [[Vordan Karmir State Reservation]], [[salt marsh|salt meadow]] biɛhigu sheei din nyɛ {{convert|198.33|ha|abbr=on}} [[Arazap|Arazap village]] northwest polo mini {{convert|21.52|ha|abbr=on}} din be [[Jrarat, Armavir|Jrarat village]] north polo din daa pili yuuni 1987 ka baɣi Araks River ka di tarisi ni [[Turkey]], n-ti pahi [[Ararat (village), Armenia|Ararat village]] yaɣ'shɛli polo nti tabili luɣ'shɛŋa.<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="Vordan_Karmir_Reservation_Statute_2003">{{cite web |url=http://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=48076 |script-title=hy:«Որդան Կարմիր» Պետական Արգելավայրի Կանոնադրությունը Հաստատելու Մասին |trans-title="Vordan Karmir" State Reservation Statute of Approval|date=July 12, 2003 |website=Armenian Legal Information System (ARLIS.am) |publisher=Government of the Republic of Armenia |access-date=10 October 2014|quote=1. «Որդան կարմիր» պետական արգելավայրը (այսուհետ` արգելավայր) ստեղծվել է Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետության Մինիստրների խորհրդի 1987 թվականի փետրվարի 2-ի N 61 որոշմամբ` Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Արմավիրի մարզի աղուտ հողերի վրա: Արգելավայրն զբաղեցնում է 219.85 հեկտար տարածք, բաղկացած է երկու առանձին տեղամասերից` Արազափի գյուղական համայնքի հյուսիսարևմտյան մասում (198.33 հեկտար) և Ջրառատի գյուղական համայնքի հյուսիսային մասում (21.52 հեկտար)` Արարատյան հարթավայրում, ծովի մակերևույթից 835–850 մետր բարձրության վրա:|language=hy }}</ref><ref name="Hayastani_Azgayin_Atlas_A">{{Citation |date= 2007 |contribution= Էնդեմիկ Տեսակներ: Կենդանիներ [''Endemic Species: Animals''] |script-title= hy:Հայաստանի Ազգային Ատլաս |trans-title= Armenian National Atlas |location= Yerevan, Armenia |publisher= "Geodeziayi ev Kʻartezagrutʻyan Kentron" POAK |volume= I |isbn= 978-99941-0-176-4 |pages= 83 |url= http://www.cadastre.am/resources/atlasA/images/83.jpg |access-date= 3 January 2015 |language= hy |archive-date= 4 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150104035833/http://www.cadastre.am/resources/atlasA/images/83.jpg |url-status= dead }}</ref> Lahabali na kani saha ŋɔ n wuhiri ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' kalinli ban be luɣ'shɛŋa ka di pa ni Mount Ararat.<ref name="Cardon_2007"/> ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' nyɛla ban be pɔhili ni Armenia ka di nyɛla din doli ŋɔ na zuɣu: bɛ biɛhigu sheei din bi paai {{convert|10|km2|abbr=on}}, ka bɛ lahi be luɣ'yini ko, ka lahi nyɛ ban kuli labiri nyaaŋa. Ka bɛ bi lahi paai {{convert|100|km2|abbr=on}} n-ti pahi bɛ ni kuli filimdi biɛɣu kam maa.<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="IUCN_Red_List_Categories_Criteria_v3_1">{{cite report|date=9 February 2000 |title=IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1, Second Edition |url=http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission |pages=16–17 |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128190606/http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref> ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' kalinli filimbu Armenia bi yi shɛli pahila "[[Land development|development of saline lands]]", pukparilim yɛligibu, binkɔbiri mɔri ŋubbu yiriŋyiriŋ, n-ti tabili tiŋgbani nama tɛri taɣibu.<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /> Binyɛra din lahi diriba shɛŋa n-nyɛ [[Tyrophagus putrescentiae|mold mites]], [[Coccinellidae|lady beetles]]<!--Lithophilus (or Tetrabrachys) bipustulatus (see also [[wikispecies:Lithophilus]]) and Nephus bipunctatus (see also [[Nephus]])-->, [[harvester ant]]s<!--Messor rufitarsis and Messor caducus (see also [[Messor]]), Pheidole pallidula (see also [[Pheidole]])-->, nti pahi [[erratic ant]]s<!--Tapinoma (or Formica) erraticum (or erraticus, erratica)-->.<ref name="ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii" /><ref name = "Ben-Dov_2005" /> {{clear}} == Lihi pahi == * [[Polish cochineal]] * genus [[Porphyrophora]] of Armenian cochineal and Polish cochineal species * Mexican [[Cochineal]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist|24em}} {{Dyeing}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q10637838}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Margarodidae]] [[Category:Endemic fauna of Armenia]] [[Category:Insects of Asia]] [[Category:Animal dyes]] [[Category:Armenian art]] [[Category:Insects described in 1833]] [[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich von Brandt]] [[Category:Taxa named by Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg]] j1ncjfx9ge38twzq7shdp353yn8733s Ramlila 0 26409 146171 82600 2026-08-10T22:19:20Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{short description|Folk re-enactment of the life of Hindu deity Rama}} {{redirect|Ramleela|the 2017 film|Ramaleela|other uses}} {{EngvarB|date=October 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} [[File:Ramnnagar Varanasi Ramlila.jpg|thumb|This image is taken during 2018 World Famous Ramnagar Ramlila]] {{Hinduism}} '''Ramlila''' ({{Lang-sa|रामलीला|translit=Rāmalīlā}}; din gbunni '[[Rama]]'s [[lila (Hinduism)|lila]] bee dɛma') nyɛla kpɛrigu dɛma din kuli wuhri "Rama" biɛhhigu "Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]"'' bee litricha din pahiri buyi n wuhi shɛm kamani ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''.{{sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|p=389}}Di nyɛla din kui wuhiri <ref name="SchechnerHess51">{{cite journal | last1=Schechner | first1=Richard | last2=Hess | first2=Linda | title=The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India] | journal=The Drama Review: TDR | publisher=The MIT Press | volume=21 | issue=3 | year=1977 | pages=51–82 | doi=10.2307/1145152 | jstor=1145152 }}</ref> Hindu buɣa din tabi Rama kpɛrti mini wahi, din pahhiri yuuni yuuni (autumn) chuɣu ni [[Navratri|Navaratri]], [[India]] tiŋgnani ni.{{sfn | Encyclopedia Britannica | 2015}} Zaligu din daa zali n-ti yɛlviɛla mini zaɣibiɛri sunsuuni,Ramlila daa zani di naba zuɣu [[Dussehra|Vijayadashami]] (Dussehra)yuŋ churi ni ka bɛ nyɔ "giant grotesque effigies" yɛlbiɛri kamani [[rakshasa]] (demon) Ravana.<ref name=unescodussehra>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110 Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana], UNESCO</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA44 Ramlila] ''Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle'', by Asha Kasbekar. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2007. {{ISBN|1-85109-636-1}}. ''Page 42''.</ref><ref name=claus507/> Rama n-nyɛ din pahiri "[[avatar]]" buyopɔin Hindu buɣili [[Vishnu]] mini "central figure of the ''Ramayana" ni'', "Sanskrit epic" din laɣindi dɛma mini lahabaya din wuhiri biɛhigu. Di yɛltɔɣa taɣamalisi sabbu sabimi n sɔŋ 1st millennium BCE ka Ramlila kpuɣi lala lahabaya ŋɔ. Ramlila nima pam din be North India nyɛla din biɛhigu doli 16th-century tuma din pahi buyi ni Ramayana, ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' lahabali yaɣishɛli din pahi lala yaɣili maa zuliya yɛltɔɣa ni ([[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] balli din nyɛ [[Hindi]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Jennifer Lindsay|title=Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks-nUAO_fJgC&pg=PA12|year=2006|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|isbn=978-9971-69-339-8|pages=12–14}}</ref>), [[Tulsidas]] nima dini.<ref name=unescodussehra/><ref name=claus507/>{{sfn|Constance Jones|James D. Ryan|2006|p=457}}Lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ka bɛ mai n diri alizama bɛ kali yɛltɔɣa ni. Ramlila committees (''Samitis'') n su "Open-air productions",ka tiŋkansi bee fɔna ban baɣili su ariziki ku n niŋ din ni.{{sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|pp=561-562}} Bɛ malila bɛ ni wuhiri shɛba lala kpɛrigu waa ŋɔ, amaa di wabu dali nyɛla din laɣindi salo pam.<ref name=unescodussehra/> Lala ŋɔ pahila Hindu kaya ni taɣada puuni, din zani n-ti di bug'dobba mini bug'paɣaba amaa ka di leei nyɛ din be Rama, [[Durga]] (dini n-nyɛ Durga Puja) mini [[Krishna]] (dini n-nyɛ [[Rasa lila|Rasalila]]), dini n-nyɛ churi din mali yuli Indian yaɣli.{{sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|p=389}} Ramlila churi nyɛla [[UNESCO]]<nowiki/>nima ni kali shɛli m-pahi "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" ni yuuni 2008. Taarihi ni, Ramlila nyɛla din be Hindu tiŋ'si ni kamani [[Ayodhya]], [[Varanasi]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Almora]], [[Satna]] n-ti pahi [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] –tiŋ'sh`eŋa din be Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar n'ti pji Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=unescodussehra/>{{sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|pp=561-562}} Lala yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi ŋɔ mini di kpɛrgu kpɛribu kpɛla Southeast Asia 1st millennium CE, ka ''Ramayana'' nima ''Ramlila pahila'' Indonesia kaya ni taɣada shɛli ni, di bahi bahindi Hindu tiŋ'si ni kamani [[Bali]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]] n-ti pahi [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mandakranta Bose|title=The Ramayana Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516832-7|pages=342–350}}</ref> 19th mini 20th centuries ha, di ni daa niŋ ka "Indian diaspora"yi n chaŋ European colonies" nti leei [[indentured servants]], Ramlila kaya ni taɣada churi pa bela dunia yaɣa kamani [[Mauritius]], [[Africa]], [[Fiji]], [[Guyana]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Suriname]], n-ti pahi [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Di lahi be la [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Netherlands]], [[Australia]], n-ti pahi [[New Zealand]].<ref name="un">[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38 Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana] ''[[UNESCO]]''.</ref><ref>[http://ignca.nic.in/dvd_ramlila.htm Ramlila – The traditional performance of Ramayana – Part I & II] ''[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]''</ref> ==Etymology and nomenclature== ''Ramlila nyɛla'' Sanskritbachinima din laɣim taba "Rama" ("Vishnu [[avatar]]") ni "Lila" (dɛmat). James Lochtefeld yɛliya,ni bachinima maa wuhirila "Rama kpɛrigu dɛma" din nyɛlla deen shɛli bɛ ni dɛmdi nimmohi ka lahi nyɛ "adiini yɛl'kpeeni" din mali anfaani n-ti bɛ ban niŋdi li maa mini ban yuuni zaa.{{sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|p=389}} Ram Lila gbunni lɛbigibu, states Norvin Hein, nyɛla "Rama's sport".<ref name=hein279>{{cite journal|author = Norvin Hein| title= The Ram Lila|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-folklore_july-september-1958_71_281/page/279| journal = Journal of American Folklore| year=1958| jstor= 538562| volume= 71| number= 281| pages=279–280| doi= 10.2307/538562}}</ref> Ninvuɣi shɛba bɛ ni wuhui ka bɛ niŋdi Ramlila nyɛla bɛ ni booni ninvuɣ'shɛba ''Mandalis''.<ref name=hein279/> ==Taarihi== [[File:A Ramayana Ramlila dance troupe Bali Indonesia.jpg|thumb|A Ramayana-based Ramlila dance troupe in Bali, Indonesia.]] Lala chuɣu ŋɔ nyɛla India kali, ka Sanskrit [[Hindu]] sabbu ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' wuhiri di niŋbu affani nima din doli ŋɔ na:<ref name=katherineyoung20>{{cite book|author1=Katherine Young |author2=Arvind Sharma |title=Her Voice, Her Faith: Women Speak on World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUoEw0IQvPEC |year=2004|publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-4666-3 |pages=20–21 }}</ref><ref name="GuyBeckp138">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2|pages=138–139 |quote='''Quote:''' "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".}}</ref> <blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em"> <poem> Let Nātya (drama and dance) be the fifth [[Vedas|vedic scripture]]. Combined with an epic story, tending to virtue, wealth, joy and spiritual freedom, it must contain the significance of every scripture, and forward every art. </poem> — ''Nātyaśāstra'' 1.14–15<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natyashastra|publisher = Sanskrit Documents| url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/natya01.pdf}}</ref><ref name=mog17>{{cite web|title=The Mirror of Gesture|author=Coormaraswamy and Duggirala|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1917|page=4|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up}}; Also see chapter 36</ref> </blockquote> Ramlilan-nyɛ niriba pam ni toooi puhiri chuɣu shɛli pam [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|p=389}} Ramayanayɛltɔɣatamalisi pili la 1st millennium BCE,ka di nyɛ [[Itihasa]] India litricha balibu puuni yini. Ramlila chuɣu ni puhi piligu yuun shɛli n-leei bi neei. ''[[Ramcharitmanas]] tuuli niŋbu'' 16th century [[Tulsidas]] bɛ sabi sɔŋ, amaa kali ni wuhi shɛm, o shikuru bila Megha Bhagat yɛlimi jɛndi ''Ramcharitmanas din dalim'' Ramlila yuuni 1625.<ref name=claus507>{{cite book|author= William Sax|editor1= Peter J. Claus|editor2= Sarah Diamond|editor3= Margaret Ann Mills|title= South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=au_Vk2VYyrkC&pg=PA507|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|page=507}}</ref>Norvin Hein ni yɛli shɛm, Buɣa mini adiini bɔhimbu baŋda ŋun bɔhimbu jɛndi Indology, Ramlila daa be la "vogue" ni pɔi ni 1625, di yi kuli bi yuui North India di saha paaya kamani 1200 mini 1500 CE, amaa di yaa daa dalim la Valmiki's ''Ramayana''.<ref name=claus507/><ref>Norvin Hein (1972), ''The Miracle Plays of Mathura'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0300011975}}, pages 70-125</ref><ref>{{cite book| author= Norvin Hein| editor= Milton Singer| year= 1970| title= Traditional India: Structure and Change| chapter= The Ram Lila| publisher= American Folklore Society| isbn= 978-0292735040| pages= [https://archive.org/details/traditionalindia0000unse/page/73 73–79]| chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/traditionalindia0000unse/page/73}}</ref> Richard Schechne yɛltɔɣa puuni, Ramlilazilim n gari, din chanimi ni Sanskrit saabu mini ʒemana binyɛra.<ref name="Schechner1983">{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Performative circumstances, from the avant garde to Ramlila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0s0OAAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-8170460183|pages=291–293}}</ref> [[File:A relief summary of Ramayana at Hindu temple cave 16 Ellora India.jpg|thumb|The ''Ramayana'' relief artwork in 8th century Cave 16 of Ellora suggests its importance to Indian society by then.<ref name="vatsyayan335">{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC&pg=PA339|title=The Ramayana Revisited|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-516832-7|editor=Mandakranta Bose|pages=335–339}}</ref>]] [[File:Rama in forest.jpg|thumb|left|Ramlila revolves around the epic of Rama (blue figure), depicted here with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana]] [[File:Javanese Dance Ramayana Shinta 2.jpg|thumb|A modern Ramayana production.]] ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}}44. Shri Sitaram Dharmmandal, Saraiharkhu Ramleela www.dharmmandal.com ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book| author= Cynthia Bradley|editor1=Denise Cush|editor2=Catherine Robinson|editor3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ |year =2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18979-2}} * {{cite book|author=Alain Daniélou|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C |year=1991|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4}} *{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5}} *{{cite book| author=David Kinsley| title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins| url-access=registration| year=1988| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}} * {{cite book|author=David R. Kinsley|title=The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0jmXOPBXkwC |year=1989|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-835-5}} *{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=0-8239-2287-1}} *{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225 }} * {{cite web | title=Navratri – Hindu festival | website=Encyclopædia Britannica| date=21 February 2017 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Navratri | ref={{sfnref | Encyclopedia Britannica | 2015}} | access-date=21 February 2017}} *''Actors, Pilgrims, Kings And Gods: The Ramlila of Ramnagar'', by Anuradha Kapur, Seagull, 2006. {{ISBN|1-905422-20-2}}. *"Peasants in the Pacific: A Study of Fiji Indian Rural Society," Adrian C. Mayer, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1973. *"The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre," James R. Brandon, Cambridge University Press, 1997. {{refend}} ==External links== {{commons category|Ramlila}} * [http://www.kashibanarasvaranasi.com/ramlila Ramlila at Ramnagar Fort Varanasi-find all info]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Shri Sitaram DharmMandal, Saraiharkhu Jaunpur Ramleela from 1932<nowiki/>https://www.dharmmandal.com/ {{Ramayana|state=collapsed}} {{Hindudharma}}{{Authority control}} [[Pubu: Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu: Wiki World Heritage 2023]] [[Category:Hindu traditions]] [[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Category:Culture of Uttarakhand]] [[Category:Works based on the Ramayana]] [[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] [[Category:Theatre in India]] [[Category:Musical theatre]] [[Category:Religious vernacular drama]] [[Category:Site-specific theatre]] [[Category:Hindi words and phrases]] [[Category:Cultural heritage of India]] afwhb7o3aq1i201wsbnajpy9e33yl3p Rabinal Achí 0 26460 146090 82533 2026-08-10T20:05:06Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{short description|Maya theatrical play}} '''''Rabinal Achí''''' nyɛla Maya theatrical kpɛri shɛli bɛn sabi [[Kʼicheʼ language|Kʼicheʼ]] balli ni<ref>Akkeren 1999, p. 281.</ref> ka nyɛ bɛn niŋdi shɛli yuuni yuuni [[Rabinal]], [[Baja Verapaz Department|Baja Verapaz]], [[Guatemala]]. Di yuli n-daa na booni '''''Xajoj Tun''''', ka di gbunni nyɛ "Dance of the [[:es:Teponaztli|Tun]]". Bin'shɛŋa bɛn mali ŋmɛri binkumda ŋɔ yuli booni "wooden drum".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8H1FozHfnZkC&pg=PA200 Dennis Tedlock, Rabinal Achi, p. 200]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=van Akkeren|first=Ruud|title=Place of the Lord's Daughter: Rabinal, its history, its dance-drama|publisher=Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies|year=2000|isbn=9057890453|location=Leiden University|pages=320}}</ref> Di nyɛla kali wahi shɛŋa bɛn daa wari pɔi ni bɛ maŋ sulinsi deebu saha la yino ka bɛ na wari li. Di nyɛla bɛn niŋdi shɛli yuuni kam silimin gɔli January biɛɣ'pishi ni anu dali, tiŋ maa zaa nyɛ ban niŋdi Rabinal. Di chanimi ni waa, yila n-ti pahi binkumdi nima din ŋmɛri binkumda. Di niŋbu nyɛla din be Rabinal taarihi ni tum yuun kurumbuna ni ha ka nyɛ din na be bɛ kaya ni taada ni. Lahabali zaŋ n-ti ''Rabinal Achí'' nyɛla din jɛndi Rabinal mini Kʼicheʼ, tiŋsi ayi din baɣi taba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Leinaweaver|first=Richard|title=Rabinal Achi: Commentary|journal=Latin American Theatre Review}}</ref> Bɛ ni yɛri niin' shɛŋa niŋdi li nyɛ din waligi ninvuɣ shɛba ban niŋdi li ŋɔ tuma di puuni ka che taba song-dance-drama.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:Guatemala-Mask.jpg|thumb|Guatemalan masks on display. The ''Rabinal Achi'' depends on the use of such masks in all performances.]]{{italic title}} == Pili li == ''Rabinal Achí'' nyɛla [[Maya civilization|Maya]] yila- waa- kpɛrigu (song-dance-drama) din daa piligi fifteenth century ka bɛ mali kali nima mini "wooden masks" tiri di lahabali. Binkumdi ŋmɛri nima pam nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli ŋmɛra kamani "gourds".<ref name=":0" /> ''Rabinal Achí nyɛla din daa piligi tum'' 1600s ka niŋdi li silimin gɔli January biɛɣ'pishi ni anu dali ka bɛ niŋdi li paɣari [[Saint Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espiritualidadmaya.org/articulos-academicos/99-el-rabinal-achi|title=El "Rabinal Achi"|website=Espiritualidad Maya de Guatemala}}</ref> "patron saint" zaŋ n-ti Rabinal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.revuemag.com/2016/12/maya-dance-drama-the-rabinal-achi/|title=Maya dance drama, the Rabinal Achí - Revue Magazine|date=2016-12-09|work=Revue Magazine|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211195507/http://www.revuemag.com/2016/12/maya-dance-drama-the-rabinal-achi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Early recording === ''Rabinal Achí'' nyɛla din daa pun be ni tum 16th century, tuuli bɛ daa na bɛ yaari li hali ti daa na yoli piligi di yaabu. Di tuuli lahabali ŋɔ nyɛla din yina [[Anonymity|anonymous]] author,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leinawaver|first=Richard|title=Rabinal Achi: Commentary|journal=Latin American Theatre Review}}</ref> amaa [[Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg|Charles-Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg]] ŋun nyɛ French [[clergyman]] nyɛla ŋun daa lɛbigi li [[French language|French]]. === Ninvuɣ shɛba ban niŋdi li === * The Rabinal Achí, prince of Rabinal * The Kʼiche Achí, prince of the Kʼicheʼ. * The king of Rabinalebʼ * JobʼToj * Achij Mun (his servant) * Ixoq Mun, who has both male and female traits * The Green-Feathered Mother * Uchuch Qʼuqʼ * Uchuch Raxon * Thirteen eagles and jaguars, warriors of the fortress of Kajyubʼ, the principal town in Rabinal. Yuuni 2005, [[UNESCO]] daa zaŋ waa kpɛrigu din yina Rabinal ŋɔ pahi [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. == Noosi == {{Reflist}} == Kundivihira == {{refbegin|indent=yes}} *{{cite journal |author=Akkeren, Ruud van |date=July 1999 |title=Sacrifice at the Maize Tree: ''Rabʼinal Achi'' in its historical and symbolic context |url=https://archive.org/details/ancient-mesoamerica_fall-1999_10_2/page/281 |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=281–295 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |issn=0956-5361 |oclc=364022517 |location=New York, USA |doi=10.1017/s0956536199102104}} {{subscription required}} *{{cite book |author=Akkeren, Ruud van |title=Place of the Lord's Daughter. Rabʼinal, its history, its dance-drama |year=2000 |location=Leiden |publisher=CNWS}} *{{Cite book|title=Stages of conflict: a critical anthology of Latin American theater and performance|last=Carson|first=Margaret|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2008|location=Ann Arbor, MI}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.espiritualidadmaya.org/articulos-academicos/99-el-rabinal-achi|title=El "Rabinal Achi"|website=Espiritualidad Maya de Guatemala}} *{{Cite news|url=https://mundochapin.com/2012/01/la-danza-rabinal-achi-la-guerra-entre-los-kiche-y-rabinaleb/3330/|title=La Danza Rabinal Achí|access-date=2017-12-12}} *{{cite book |author=Lehnhoff, Dieter |author-link=Dieter Lehnhoff |title=Creación musical en Guatemala |location=Guatemala |publisher=Editorial Galería Guatemala |year=2005 |pages=180–84 |url=http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/81112.html |isbn=99922-704-7-0 |language=es }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{Cite journal|last=Leinaweaver|first=Richard E.|title=Rabinal Achi: Commentary|journal=Latin American Theatre Review}} *{{Cite news|url=http://www.revuemag.com/2016/12/maya-dance-drama-the-rabinal-achi/|title=Maya dance drama, the Rabinal Achí - Revue Magazine|date=2016-12-09|work=Revue Magazine|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211195507/http://www.revuemag.com/2016/12/maya-dance-drama-the-rabinal-achi/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite book |author=Tedlock, Dennis |author-link=Dennis Tedlock |title=Rabinal Achi. A Mayan Drama of War and Sacrifice |location=Oxford |year=2003}} {{refend}} == Tooni Karimbu == {{refbegin|indent=yes}} *{{cite journal|author=Howell, Mark |year=2007 |title=Possible Prehispanic Music Survivals in the "Rabʼinal Achi" |journal=The World of Music |volume=49 |issue=2, Music Archaeology: Mesoamerica |pages=105–138 |publisher=VWB - Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung |jstor=4169968}} {{subscription required}} *{{cite journal |author=Yurchenko, Henrietta |year=1990 |title=El Rabinal Achí, un drama del siglo XII de los mayas-quichés de Guatemala |pages=169–182 |journal=Anales de la Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala |volume=LXIV |publisher=Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala |issn=0252-337X |language=es |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala}} {{refend}} == External links == *[http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/15lac_uk.htm UNESCO, Web Site] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100423155216/http://www.authenticmaya.com/rabinal_achi.htm Download the ''Rabinal Achí'', from Guatemala, Cradle of the Maya Civilization] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203071311/http://www.mcd.gob.gt/MICUDE/el_ministerio/programas_proyectos/rabinal_achi/index_html Guatemala Culture Ministry] in Spanish {{Maya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rabinal Achi}} [[Pubu: Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu: Wiki World Heritage 2023]] [[Category:Mayan literature]] [[Category:Theatre in Guatemala]] [[Category:Guatemalan culture]] [[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] n5pcbemfa7w8wrefnyibca7i3on0cii List of science fiction television films 0 26935 146149 145912 2026-08-10T21:41:44Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} {{for|original films from the [[SyFy]] channel|List of programs broadcast by Syfy}} {{scififilmlist}} Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla "'''science fiction [[television film]]s'''" din ka [[theater|theatrical]] kamani [[direct-to-video]]. {{Expand list|date=June 2009}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} ==1950s&ndash;1960s== {{see also|1960s in television}} {| class="wikitable" |- !style="width: 10%;"| Year !style="width: 24%;"| Title !style="width: 21%;"| Director !style="width: 21%;"| Cast !style="width: 10%;"| Country !style="width: 14%;"| Notes |- |1954 |''[[Crash of the Moons]]'' |[[Hollingsworth Morse]] |[[Richard Crane (actor)|Richard Crane]], [[Sally Mansfield]], [[Robert Lyden]], [[Scotty Beckett]], [[Patsy Parsons]] |United States |Adventure Family |- |1959||''[[Murder and the Android]]''||[[Alex Segal]]||[[Kevin McCarthy (actor)|Kevin McCarthy]], [[Rip Torn]], [[Suzanne Pleshette]]||{{nowrap|United States}}|| |- |1964 |''[[The Creeping Terror]]'' |Vic Savage |Vic Savage, Shannon O'Neil, [[William Thourlby]] |United States |Horror |- |1964||''[[Invaders from Space]]''||[[Teruo Ishii]]||[[Ken Utsui]]||Japan|| |- |1965 |''[[Attack from Space]]'' |[[Teruo Ishii]] |[[Ken Utsui]] |Japan |Action |- |1965 |''[[Atomic Rulers of the World]]'' |[[Teruo Ishii]] |[[Ken Utsui]], [[Junko Ikeuchi]], [[Shôji Nakayama]] |Japan |Action Adventure |- |1966 |''[[Evil Brain from Outer Space|Evil Brain From Outer Space]]'' |[[Koreyoshi Akasaka]] |[[Ken Utsui]], Junko Ikeuchi, Minoru Takada |Japan |Action |- |1966 |''[[Purple Death From Outer Space]]'' |[[Ford Beebe]] |[[Buster Crabbe]], [[Carol Hughes (actress)|Carol Hughes]], [[Charles B. Middleton|Charles Middleton]], [[Frank Shannon]] |United States |Recut of first half of the 1940 serial [[Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe]] |- |1967||''[[The Eye Creatures]]''||[[Larry Buchanan]]||[[John Ashley (actor)|John Ashley]], [[Cynthia Hull]], [[Warren Hammack]], [[Chet Davis]]||United States||Comedy, horror |- |1967||''[[Zontar, the Thing from Venus]]''||[[Larry Buchanan]]||[[John Agar]], [[Susan Bjurman]]||United States||Horror |- |1968||''[[Mars Needs Women]]''||[[Larry Buchanan]]||[[Tommy Kirk]], [[Yvonne Craig]], [[Patrick Cranshaw]]||United States|| |- |1968||''[[Shadow on the Land]]''||[[Richard C. Sarafian]]||[[Jackie Cooper]], [[John Forsythe]], [[Gene Hackman]]||United States||Dystopian<ref>{{cite book | first=Peter C. | last=Rollins | year=2003 | title=The Columbia companion to American history on film: how the movies have portrayed the American past | url=https://archive.org/details/columbiacompanio00roll | url-access=limited | publisher=Columbia University Press | pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiacompanio00roll/page/n315 293]–294 | isbn=0-231-11222-X }}</ref> |- |1969 |''[[The Cape Canaveral Monsters]]'' |[[Phil Tucker]] |[[Robert Clarke]], [[Darlene Tompkins]], [[Arianne Ulmer]] |United States |Romance |- |1969||''[[In the Year 2889 (film)|In the Year 2889]]''||[[Larry Buchanan]]||[[Paul Petersen]], [[Quinn O'Hara]], [[Charla Doherty]]||United States||Horror |- |} ==1970s== {{see also|1970s in television}} {| class="wikitable" |- !style="width: 10%;"| Year !style="width: 24%;"| Title !style="width: 21%;"| Director !style="width: 21%;"| Cast !style="width: 10%;"| Country !style="width: 14%;"| Notes |- |1970||''[[Das Millionenspiel]]''||[[Tom Toelle]]||[[Jörg Pleva]], [[Suzanne Roquette]], [[Dieter Thomas Heck]]||West Germany|| |- |1970||''[[Hauser's Memory]]''||[[Boris Sagal]]||[[David McCallum]], [[Susan Strasberg]], [[Helmut Käutner]]||United States|| |- |1970||''[[The Love War]]''||[[George McCowan]]||[[Lloyd Bridges]], [[Angie Dickinson]], [[Harry Basch]]||United States|| |- |1970||''[[Night Slaves]]''||[[Ted Post]]||[[James Franciscus]], [[Lee Grant]], [[Scott Marlowe]]||United States|| |- |1971||''[[City Beneath the Sea (1971 film)|City Beneath the Sea]]''||[[Irwin Allen]]||[[Stuart Whitman]], [[Rosemary Forsyth]], [[Robert Wagner]]||United States|| |- |1971||''[[Earth II (TV pilot)|Earth II]]''||[[Tom Gries]]||[[Gary Lockwood]], [[Scott Hylands]], [[Hari Rhodes]]||United States|| |- |1971||''[[Escape (1971 film)|Escape]]''||[[John Llewellyn Moxey]]||[[Christopher George]], [[William Windom (actor)|William Windom]], [[Marlyn Mason]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lisanti|first1=Tom|title=Drive-in Dream Girls: A Galaxy of B-movie Starlets of the Sixties|date=30 June 2003|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers|location=Jefferson, North Carolina, and London|isbn=0786415754|pages=125–126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwFbcgV_LDgC|accessdate=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Karol|first1=Michael|title=The ABC Movie of the Week Companion: A Loving Tribute to the Classic Series|date=November 2008|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|location=New York, Bloomington|isbn=9781605280233|pages=51–52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M39C-lH8iQkC|accessdate=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rowan|first1=Terry|title=The Book of the Undead A Zombie Film Guide|date=29 October 2015|publisher=Lulu.com|location=Morrisville, North Carolina|isbn=9781312439474|page=60|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjyyCQAAQBAJ|accessdate=27 February 2018}}</ref> |- |1971||''[[The Last Child (film)|The Last Child]]''||[[John Llewellyn Moxey]]||[[Michael Cole (wrestling)|Michael Cole]], [[Van Heflin]], [[Harry Guardino]]||United States|| |- |1972||''[[The Astronaut (1972 film)|The Astronaut]]''||[[Robert Michael Lewis]]||[[Jackie Cooper]], [[Monte Markham]], [[Richard Anderson]]||United States|| |- |1972||''[[Between Time and Timbuktu]]''||[[Fred Barzyk]]||[[Bruce Morrow]], [[Dortha Duckworth]], [[William Hickey (actor)|William Hickey]]||United States|| |- |1972||''[[Probe (1972 TV pilot)|Probe]]''||[[Russ Mayberry]]||[[Hugh O'Brian]], [[Elke Sommer]], [[Burgess Meredith]]||United States|| |- |1972||''[[The People (1972 film)|The People]]''||[[John Korty]]||[[Kim Darby]], [[William Shatner]], [[Diane Varsi]]||United States|| |- |1973||''[[Frankenstein: The True Story]]''||[[Jack Smight]]||[[James Mason]], [[Leonard Whiting]], [[David McCallum]]||{{nowrap|United Kingdom}}<br/>United States|| |- |1973||''[[Genesis II (film)|Genesis II]]''||[[John Llewellyn Moxey]]||[[Alex Cord]], [[Mariette Hartley]], [[Ted Cassidy]]||United States|| |- |1973||''[[List of The Six Million Dollar Man episodes|The Six Million Dollar Man]]''||[[Richard Irving (director)|Richard Irving]]||[[Lee Majors]], [[Barbara Anderson (actress)|Barbara Anderson]], [[Martin Balsam]]||United States|| |- |1973||''[[List of The Six Million Dollar Man episodes|The Six Million Dollar Man: Wine, Women and War]]''||[[Russ Mayberry]]||[[Lee Majors]], [[Richard Anderson]], [[Alan Oppenheimer]]||United States|| |- |1973||''[[List of The Six Million Dollar Man episodes|The Six Million Dollar Man: The Solid Gold Kidnapping]]''||[[Russ Mayberry]]||[[Lee Majors]], [[Richard Anderson]], [[Alan Oppenheimer]]||United States|| |- |1973||''[[The Stranger (1973 film)|The Stranger]]''||[[Lee H. Katzin]]||[[Glenn Corbett]], [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]], [[Sharon Acker]]||United States|| |- |1973||''[[World on a Wire]]''||[[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]]||[[Klaus Löwitsch]], [[Barbara Valentin]], [[Mascha Rabben]]||West Germany|| |- |1974||''[[Das Blaue Palais|Das Blaue Palais: Das Genie]]''||[[Rainer Erler]]||[[Rolf Henniger]], [[Loumi Iacobesco]], [[Silvano Tranquilli]]||West Germany<br/>France|| |- |1974||''[[Das Blaue Palais|Das Blaue Palais: Der Verräter]]''||[[Rainer Erler]]||[[Werner Rundshagen]], [[Loumi Iacobesco]], [[Silvano Tranquilli]]||West Germany<br/>France|| |- |1974||''[[Das Blaue Palais|Das Blaue Palais: Das Medium]]''||[[Rainer Erler]]||[[Angelika Bender]], [[Edward Meeks]], [[Loumi Iacobesco]]||West Germany<br/>France|| |- |1974||''[[The Disappearance of Flight 412]]''||[[Jud Taylor]]||[[Glenn Ford]], [[Bradford Dillman]], [[David Soul]]||United States|| |- |1974||''[[Killdozer! (film)|Killdozer!]]''||[[Jerry London]]||[[Clint Walker]], [[Robert Urich]], [[Carl Betz]]||United States|| |- |1974||''[[The Last Days of Gomorrah]]''||[[Helma Sanders-Brahms]]||[[Mascha Rabben]], [[Matthias Fuchs]], [[Ernst Jacobi]]||West Germany||German title: ''Die letzten Tage von Gomorrha''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowie |first1=Peter |title=International Film Guide 1975 |date=1 October 1974 |publisher=The Tantivy Press |location=London |isbn=0498015645 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-BkAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beh |first1=Siew-Hwa |last2=Salyer |first2=Saunie |title=Women & Film, Volume 2, Number 7 |date=Summer 1975 |publisher=Women & Film |location=Santa Monica, Ca. |pages=13, 17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdMbAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Speed |first1=F. Maurice |title=Film Review 1975-76 |date=1 November 1975 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Co. Ltd |location=London |isbn=0491017251 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpVZAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakeman |first1=John |title=World Film Directors: Volume Two, 1945–1985 |date=1 October 1988 |publisher=The H.W. Wilson Company |location=New York |isbn=0824207637 |page=953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aEYAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Knight |first1=Julia |title=Women and the New German Cinema |date=17 June 1992 |publisher=Verso |location=London, New York |isbn=0860915689 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmmTv4NiZ-UC |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eigler |first1=Friederike |last2=Kord |first2=Susanne |title=The Feminist Encyclopedia of German Literature |date=28 February 1997 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0313293139 |page=472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8taL9KiA0ykC |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Levitin |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Plessis |first2=Judith |last3=Raoul |first3=Valerie |title=Women Filmmakers: Refocusing |date=15 January 2003 |publisher=UBC Press |location=Vancouver, Toronto |isbn=0774809035 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxO38D-I1UoC |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Die letzten Tage von Gomorrha (The Last Days of Gomorrah). 1974. Written and directed by Helma Sanders-Brahms |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/3286 |website=MoMA |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Days of Gomorrah (1974) |url=https://mubi.com/films/the-last-days-of-gomorrah |website=MUBI |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Rob |last2=Schmidt |first2=Irmin |title=All Gates Open: The Story of Can |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Faber & Faber Ltd |location=London |isbn=9780571311514 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yC9HDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Days of Gomorrah |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/the-last-days-of-gomorrah/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> |- |1974||''[[Planet Earth (film)|Planet Earth]]''||[[Marc Daniels]]||[[John Saxon]], [[Janet Margolin]], [[Ted Cassidy]]||United States|| |- |1974||''[[The Questor Tapes]]''||[[Richard A. Colla]]||[[Robert Foxworth]], [[Mike Farrell]], [[John Vernon]]||United States|| |- |1974||''[[The Stranger Within (1974 film)|The Stranger Within]]''||[[Lee Philips]]||[[Barbara Eden]], [[George Grizzard]], [[Joyce Van Patten]]||United States|| |- |1974||''[[Where Have All The People Gone?]]''||[[John Llewellyn Moxey]]||[[Peter Graves (actor)|Peter Graves]], [[George O'Hanlon, Jr.]], [[Kathleen Quinlan]]||United States|| |- |1975||''[[Stowaway to the Moon]]''||[[Andrew V. McLaglen]]||[[Lloyd Bridges]], [[Jeremy Slate]], [[Jim McMullan]]||United States|| |- |1975||''[[Strange New World (film)|Strange New World]]''||[[Robert Butler (director)|Robert Butler]]||[[John Saxon]], [[Kathleen Miller (actress)|Kathleen Miller]], [[Keene Curtis]]||United States|| |- |1976||''[[Das Blaue Palais|Das Blaue Palais: Unsterblichkeit]]''||[[Rainer Erler]]||[[Evelyn Opela]], [[Eva Renzi]], [[Peter Fricke]]||West Germany|| |- |1976||''[[Das Blaue Palais|Das Blaue Palais: Der Gigant]]''||[[Rainer Erler]]||[[Dieter Laser]], [[Jean-Pierre Zola]], [[Ben Zeller]]||West Germany|| |- |1976||''[[The Day After Tomorrow (TV special)|The Day After Tomorrow]]''||[[Charles Crichton]]||[[Brian Blessed]], [[Joanna Dunham]], [[Nick Tate]], [[Katherine Levy]], [[Martin Lev]], [[Don Fellows]] ||United Kingdom|| |- |1977||''[[Exo-Man]]''||[[Richard Irving (director)|Richard Irving]]||[[David Ackroyd]], [[Anne Schedeen]], [[A. Martinez]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:65).</ref> |- |1977||''[[The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)|The Incredible Hulk]]''<!-- Pilot -->||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Bill Bixby]], [[Susan Sullivan]], [[Jack Colvin]]||United States|| |- |1977||''[[The Last Dinosaur]]''||[[Alex Grasshoff]], [[Tsugunobu Kotani]]||[[Richard Boone]], [[Joan Van Ark]], [[Steven Keats]]||United States<br/>Japan|| |- |1977||''[[Man from Atlantis]]''||[[Lee H. Katzin]]||[[Patrick Duffy]], [[Belinda Montgomery]], [[Dean Santoro]]||United States|| |- |1977||''[[Man from Atlantis|Man from Atlantis II: The Death Scouts]]''||[[Marc Daniels]]||[[Patrick Duffy]], [[Belinda Montgomery]], [[Kenneth Tigar]]||United States|| |- |1977||''[[Man from Atlantis|Man from Atlantis III: Killer Spores]]''||[[Reza Badiyi]]||[[Patrick Duffy]], [[Belinda Montgomery]], [[Alan Fudge]]||United States|| |- |1977||''[[Man from Atlantis|Man from Atlantis IV: The Disappearances]]''||[[Charles S. Dubin]]||[[Patrick Duffy]], [[Belinda Montgomery]], [[Alan Fudge]]||United States|| |- |1977||''[[The Man with the Power (film)|The Man with the Power]]''||[[Nicholas Sgarro]]||[[Bob Neill(actor)|Bob Neill]], [[Tim O'Connor (actor)|Tim O'Connor]], [[Vic Morrow]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:119–120).</ref> |- |1978||''[[A Fire in the Sky]]''||[[Jerry Jameson]]||[[Richard Crenna]], [[Elizabeth Ashley]], [[David Dukes]]||United States|| |- |1978||''[[The Clone Master]]''||[[Don Medford]]||[[Art Hindle]], [[Robyn Douglass]], [[John Van Dreelan]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:38–39).</ref> |- |1978||''[[One Million Year Trip: Bander Book]]''||[[Osamu Tezuka]]||[[Yū Mizushima]] (voice), [[Mami Koyama]] (voice), [[Masatō Ibu]] (voice)||Japan||Anime television special<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen reviews: One Million Year Trip: Bander Book (1978) |url=https://www.silveremulsion.com/2013/06/26/stephen-reviews-one-million-year-trip-bander-book-1978/ |website=Silver Emulsion Film Reviews |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Patten |first1=Fred |title=The Tezuka Pro TV Specials, 1978-1989 #1 – Bander's Book |url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-tezuka-pro-tv-specials-1978-1989-1-banders-book/ |website=Cartoon Research |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref> |- |1978||''[[Star Wars Holiday Special]]''||[[Steve Binder]]||[[Mickey Morton]], [[Patty Maloney]], [[Mark Hamill]]||United States|| |- |1978||''[[The Time Machine (1978 film)|The Time Machine]]''||[[Alexander Singer]]||[[John Beck (actor)|John Beck]], [[Priscilla Barnes]], [[Andrew Duggan]]||United States|| |- |1978||''[[Vacuum Cleaner (1978 film)|Vacuum Cleaner]]''||[[Avo Paistik]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Estonian title: ''Tolmuimeja''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Näripea |first1=Eva |title=Soviet Estonian animated science fiction: Avo Paistik's mischievous universes |journal=Studies in Eastern European Cinema |date=16 March 2017 |volume=8 |issue=2: Science Fiction |pages=160–173 |doi=10.1080/2040350X.2017.1298939 |s2cid=157641638 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/2040350X.2017.1298939?journalCode=reec20 |accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref> |- |1979||''[[Darker Side of Terror]]''||[[Gus Trikonis]]||[[Robert Forster]], [[Adrienne Barbeau]], [[Ray Milland]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:46).</ref> |- |1979||''[[Jasio]]''||[[Krzysztof Kiwerski]]|| ||Poland||Animated short film<ref>{{cite web |title=JASIO |url=http://www.repozytorium.fn.org.pl/?q=en/node/7358 |website=Repozytorium Cyfrowe Filmoteki Narodowej |accessdate=5 May 2020 |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808183748/http://repozytorium.fn.org.pl/?q=en%2Fnode%2F7358 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |1979||''[[Yamato: The New Voyage|Space Battleship Yamato: The New Voyage]]''||[[Toshio Masuda (director)|Toshio Masuda]], [[Takeshi Shirato]]||[[Kei Tomiyama]] (voice), [[Yôko Asagami]] (voice), [[Shūsei Nakamura]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |1979||''[[Undersea Super Train: Marine Express]]''||[[Satoshi Dezaki]]||[[Kōsei Tomita]] (voice), [[Nachi Nozawa]] (voice), [[Kōji Yada]] (voice)||Japan||Anime television special |} ;Notes {{reflist|group=§2}} ==1980s== {{see also|1980s in television}} {| class="wikitable" |- !style="width: 10%;"| Year !style="width: 24%;"| Title !style="width: 21%;"| Director !style="width: 21%;"| Cast !style="width: 10%;"| Country !style="width: 14%;"| Notes |- |1980||''[[Brave New World (1980 film)|Brave New World]]''||[[Brian Brinckerhoff]]||[[Julie Cobb]], [[Bud Cort]], [[Keir Dullea]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:29).</ref> |- |1980||''[[Fumoon]]''||[[Hisashi Sakaguchi]]||[[Hiroshi Suzuki (actor)|Hiroshi Suzuki]] (voice), [[Chikao Ôtsuka]] (voice), [[Kaneto Shiozawa]] (voice)||Japan||Anime television special |- |1980||''[[The Henderson Monster]]''||[[Waris Hussein]]||[[Stephen Collins]], [[Larry Gates]], [[Christine Lahti]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | title=The New York Times Guide to the Arts of the 20th Century: 1980-1999 | page=2868 | volume=4 | first=D. J. R. | last=Bruckner | year=2002 | isbn=1-57958-290-7 | publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> |- |1980||''[[The Lathe of Heaven (film)|The Lathe of Heaven]]''||[[David Loxton]], [[Fred Barzyk]]||[[Bruce Davison]], [[Kevin Conway (actor)|Kevin Conway]], [[Margaret Avery]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:111–112).</ref> |- |1980||''[[The Girl, the Gold Watch & Everything (film)|The Girl, the Gold Watch & Everything]]''||[[William Wiard]]||[[Robert Hays]], [[Pam Dawber]], [[Zhora Lampert]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:77).</ref> |- |1980||''[[The Martian Chronicles (TV miniseries)|The Martian Chronicles]]''||[[Michael Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]]||[[Rock Hudson]], [[Gayle Hunnicutt]], [[Bernie Casey]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:121).</ref> |- |1981-1983||''[[Space Aliens (animated film)|Space Aliens]]''||[[Aleksey Solov'yov]]||[[Nikolai Karachentsov|Nikolay Karachentsov]] (voice), [[Gennadiy Korotkov]] (voice), [[Eduard Kol'bus]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Two-part animated short film. Russian title: ''Космические пришельцы'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Kosmicheskiye prishel'tsy''<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet dreams of the future |url=https://sudonull.com/post/27649-Soviet-dreams-of-the-future-Madrobots-Blog |website=Sudo Null IT News |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204053614/https://sudonull.com/post/27649-Soviet-dreams-of-the-future-Madrobots-Blog |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |1982||''[[Andromeda Stories]]''||[[Masamitsu Sasaki]]||[[Mami Koyama]] (voice), [[Tōru Furuya]] (voice), [[Toshiko Fujita]] (voice), [[Chiyoko Kawashima]] (voice)||Japan||Anime television special |- |1982||''[[Computercide]]''||[[Robert Michael Lewis]]||[[Joe Cortese]], [[Tom Clancy]], [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:40–41).</ref> |- |1982||''[[The Mysterious Two]]''||[[Gary Sherman (director)|Gary Sherman]]||[[John Forsythe]], [[Priscilla Pointer]], [[Noah Beery Jr.]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | title=Overview for The Mysterious Two (1982) | publisher=Turner Classic Movies | url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=24577 | accessdate=2009-09-18 }}</ref> |- |1983||''[[The Day After]]''||[[Nicholas Meyer]]||[[Jason Robards]], [[JoBeth Williams]], [[Steve Guttenberg]], [[John Lithgow]]||United States|| |- |1983||''[[The Invisible Woman (1993 film)|The Invisible Woman]]''||[[Alan J. Levi]]||[[Bob Denver]], Alexa Hamilton, [[Jonathan Banks]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:98–99).</ref> |- |1983||''[[Prisoners of the Lost Universe]]''||[[Terry Marcel]]||[[Richard Hatch (actor)|Richard Hatch]], [[Kay Lenz]], [[John Saxon]]||{{nowrap|United Kingdom}}||<ref>{{cite web | first=Eleanor | last=Mannikka | title=Prisoners of the Lost Universe | publisher=AllMovie | url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/prisoners-of-the-lost-universe-39286 | accessdate=2009-10-02 }}</ref> |- |1983||''[[Prototype (1983 film)|Prototype]]''||[[David Greene (director)|David Greene]]||[[David Morse (actor)|David Morse]], [[Christopher Plummer]] ||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Hal | last=Erickson | title=Prototype | publisher=AllMovie | url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/prototype-tv-39532 | accessdate=2009-10-04 }}</ref> |- |1983||''[[Overdrawn at the Memory Bank]]''||[[Douglas Williams (director)|Douglas Williams]]||[[Raul Julia]], [[Linda Griffiths]]||United States|| |- |1983||''[[Starflight: The Plane That Couldn't Land]]''||[[Jerry Jameson]]||[[Lee Majors]], [[Hal Linden]], [[Lauren Hutton]]||United States|| |- |1983||''[[A Time Slip of 10,000 Years: Prime Rose]]''||[[Osamu Dezaki]], [[Satoshi Dezaki]]||[[Yū Mizushima]] (voice), [[Mari Okamoto]] (voice), [[Junko Hori]] (voice)||Japan||Anime television special<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen reviews: A Time Slip of 10,000 Years: Prime Rose (1983) |url=https://www.silveremulsion.com/2013/11/06/stephen-reviews-a-time-slip-of-10000-years-prime-rose-1983/ |website=Silver Emulsion Film Reviews |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Patten |first1=Fred |title=The Tezuka Pro TV Specials #5: "Primrose: A Time Slip of 10,000 Years" |url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-tezuka-pro-tv-specials-5-primrose-a-time-slip-of-10000-years/ |website=Cartoon Research |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref> |- |1983||''[[V (1983 miniseries)|V]]''||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Marc Singer]], [[Faye Grant]], [[Jane Badler]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:191–192).</ref> |- |1983||''[[V (The Final Battle)|V: The Final Battle]]''||[[Richard T. Heffron]]||[[Marc Singer]], [[Faye Grant]], [[Jane Badler]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:192–193).</ref> |- |1984||''[[984: Prisoner of the Future]]''||[[Tibor Takács (director)|Tibor Takács]]||[[Stephen Markle]]||Canada||<ref>{{cite web | title=984 - Prisoner of the Future (1984) | publisher=Rotten Tomatoes | url=http://ie.rottentomatoes.com/m/984_prisoner_of_the_future/ | accessdate=2009-09-24 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201191905/http://ie.rottentomatoes.com/m/984_prisoner_of_the_future/ | archive-date=2013-02-01 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |1984||''[[Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure]]''||[[John Korty]]||[[Warwick Davis]]||United States|| |- |1985||''[[20 Minutes into the Future]]''||[[Rocky Morton]], [[Annabel Jankel]]||[[Matt Frewer]], [[Nickolas Grace]], [[Amanda Pays]]||United Kingdom|| |- |1985||''[[The Blue Yonder]]''||[[Mark Rosman]]||[[Max Knickerbocker]], [[Jonathan Knicks]], [[Art Carney]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:27–28).</ref> |- |1985||''[[Ewoks: The Battle for Endor]]''||[[Jim Wheat]], [[Ken Wheat]]||[[Wilford Brimley]]||United States|| |- |1985||''[[From the Diaries of Ijon Tichy: A Voyage to Interopia]]''||[[Gennadiy Tishchenko]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Из дневников Ийона Тихого. Путешествие на Интеропию'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Iz dnevnikov Iyona Tikhogo. Puteshestviye na Interopiyu''<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet dreams of the future, part 2. Now with sepulki |url=https://geeks-world.imtqy.com/articles/469835/index.html |website=Geeks World |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194044/https://geeks-world.imtqy.com/articles/469835/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From the Diaries of Ijon Tichy: A Voyage to Interopia |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/from-the-diaries-of-ijon-tichy-a-voyage-to-interopia/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> |- |1985||''[[J.O.E. and the Colonel]]''||[[Ronald Satlof]]||[[Gary Kasper]], [[William Lucking]], [[Terence Knox]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:103).</ref> |- |1985||''[[Murder in Space]]''||[[Steven Hilliard Stern]]||[[Wilford Brimley]], [[Martin Balsam]], [[Arthur Hill (Canadian actor)|Arthur Hill]] ||United States||<ref>{{cite news | first=John J. | last=O'Connor | date=July 26, 1985 | work=The New York Times | title=TV Weekend: Two New Movies on Cable, 'Murder in Space' and 'Blackout' | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/26/arts/tv-weekend-two-new-movies-on-cable-murder-in-space-and-blackout.html | accessdate=2009-08-18 }}</ref> |- |1985||''[[Starcrossed (1985 film)|Starcrossed]]''||[[Jeffrey Bloom]]||[[James Spader]], [[Belinda Bauer (actress)|Belinda Bauer]], [[Peter Kowanko]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:167).</ref> |- |1985||''[[Survival Earth (film)|Survival Earth]]''||[[Peter McCubbin]]||[[Nancy Cser]], [[Jeff Holec]], [[Craig Williams (actor)|Craig Williams]]||Canada||<ref>{{cite web | first=Hal | last=Erickson | title=Survival Earth (1985) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/47981/Survival-Earth/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025205750/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/47981/Survival-Earth/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-25 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | author-link=Hal Erickson (author) | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-11-14 }}</ref> |- |1985||''[[Two Tickets to India]]''||[[Roman Abelevich Kachanov|Roman Kachanov]]||[[Yuriy Andreyev]] (voice), [[Maria Vinogradova|Mariya Vinogradova]] (voice), [[Yuri Volyntsev|Yuriy Volyntsev]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animated short film |- |1986||''[[Annihilator (film)|Annihilator]]''||[[Michael Chapman (cinematographer)|Michael Chapman]]||[[Mark Lindsay Chapman]], [[Susan Blakely]], [[Lisa Blount]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Hal | last=Erickson | title=The Annihilator | publisher=AllMovie, Macrovision Corporation | url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/annihilator-123718 | accessdate=2009-03-20 }}</ref> |- |1986||''[[The Condor (1986 film)|Condor]]''||[[Virgil W. Vogel]]||[[Ray Wise]], [[Wendy Kilbourne]], [[Vic Polizos]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:41).</ref> |- |1987||''[[Not Quite Human (film)|Not Quite Human]]''||[[Steven Hilliard Stern]]||[[Alan Thicke]], [[Jay Underwood]], [[Kristy Swanson]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:137–138).</ref> |- |1987||''[[The Man Who Fell to Earth (TV)|The Man Who Fell to Earth]]''||[[Bobby Roth]]||[[Lewis Smith (actor)|Lewis Smith]], [[James Laurenson]], [[Robert Picardo]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:119).</ref> |- |1987||''[[Timestalkers]]''||[[Michael Schultz]]||[[William Devane]], [[Lauren Hutton]], [[John Ratzenberger]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=John J. | last=O'Connor | date=March 10, 1987 | title=TV Review: 'Timestalkers,' Science-Fiction Film | work=The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/10/arts/tv-reviews-timestalkers-science-fiction-film.html | accessdate=2009-11-09 }}</ref> |- |1988||''[[Earth Star Voyager]]''||[[James Goldstone]]||[[Duncan Regehr]], [[Brian McNamara]], [[Julia Montgomery]]||United States|| |- |1988||''[[Mars: Base One]]''||[[Jim Drake (director)|Jim Drake]]||[[Jonathan Brandis]], [[Marty Pollio]], [[Christy Taylor]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | title=The Best of Uncle John's Bathroom Reader | page=[https://archive.org/details/bestofunclejohns00bath/page/43 43] | publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press | year=1995 | isbn=1-879682-62-1 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/bestofunclejohns00bath/page/43 }}</ref> |- |1988||''[[Out of Time (1988 film)|Out of Time]]''||[[Robert Butler (director)|Robert Butler]]||[[Bruce Abbott]], [[Adam Ant]], [[Bill Maher]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:140).</ref> |- |1988||''[[Prisoners of Yamagiri-Maru]]''||[[Aleksey Solov'yov]]||[[Tat'yana Aksyuta]] (voice), [[Tat'yana Kur'yanova]] (voice), [[Vsevolod Larionov]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Puppet animation short film |- |1988||''[[Something Is Out There (1988 film)|Something Is Out There]]''||[[Richard A. Colla]]||[[Maryam d'Abo]], [[Joseph Cortese]], [[Kim Delaney]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Hal | last=Erickson | title=Something is out There (1988) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/130276/Something-is-out-There/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211141803/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/130276/Something-is-out-There/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-12-11 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | author-link=Hal Erickson (author) | date=2007 | accessdate=2011-02-22 }}</ref> |- |1989||''[[Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman]]''||[[Alan J. Levi]]||[[Lee Majors]], [[Lindsay Wagner]], [[Richard Anderson]]||United States||<ref name="Sherman">Sherman (2005:23–24).</ref> |- |1989||''[[The Lost Galaxy]]''||[[Anatoliy Solin]], [[Inna Pshenichnaya]]||[[Lev Durov]] (voice), [[Natal'ya Romashenko]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Упущенная галактика'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Upushchennaya galaktika''<ref>{{cite web |title=THE LOST GALAXY |url=https://animator.ru/db/?ver=eng&p=show_film&fid=4850 |website=Animator.ru |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet dreams of the future, part 2. Now with sepulki |url=https://geeks-world.imtqy.com/articles/469835/index.html |website=Geeks World |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194044/https://geeks-world.imtqy.com/articles/469835/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Lost Galaxy |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/the-lost-galaxy/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> |- |1989||''[[Not Quite Human II]]''||[[Eric Luke]]||[[Alan Thicke]], [[Jay Underwood]], [[Robyn Lively]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:138).</ref> |- |1989||''[[Here There Be Tygers (film)|Here There Be Tygers]]''||[[Vladimir Samsonov (director)|Vladimir Samsonov]]||[[Rogvold Sukhoverko]] (voice), [[Vsevolod Larionov]] (voice), [[Yuriy Puzyrev]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Здесь могут водиться тигры'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Zdes' mogut vodit'sya tigry''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Jonathan |title=Soviet Animations of Ray Bradbury Stories: 'Here There Be Tygers' & 'There Will Come Soft Rain' |url=https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/watch-soviet-animations-of-ray-bradbury-stories.html |website=Open Culture |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet dreams of the future |url=https://sudonull.com/post/27649-Soviet-dreams-of-the-future-Madrobots-Blog |website=Sudo Null IT News |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204053614/https://sudonull.com/post/27649-Soviet-dreams-of-the-future-Madrobots-Blog |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |1989||''[[Murder by Moonlight]]''||[[Michael Lindsay-Hogg]]||[[Brigitte Nielsen]], [[Julian Sands]]||United Kingdom||<ref>{{cite book | first=J. P. | last=Harris | year=2002 | page=156 | title=Time Capsule: Reviews of Horror, Science Fiction and Fantasy Films and TV Shows from 1987-1991 | publisher=iUniverse | isbn=0-595-21336-7 }}</ref> |} ==1990s== {{see also|1990s in television}} {| class="wikitable" |- !style="width: 10%;"| Year !style="width: 24%;"| Title !style="width: 21%;"| Director !style="width: 21%;"| Cast !style="width: 10%;"| Country !style="width: 14%;"| Notes |- |1990||''[[Megaville]]''||[[Peter Lehner]]||[[Billy Zane]], J.C. Quinn||United States|| |- |1990||''[[The Murderer#TV film|The Murderer]]''||[[Bruce Weitz]]||[[Cedric Smith (actor)|Cedric Smith]], [[Donna Akersten]], [[Michael Haigh]], [[Boženka (Bobi) Vondruška]]||United States||Filmed in New Zealand, Oriental Bay |- |1990||''[[Running Against Time]]''||[[Bruce Seth Green]]||[[Robert Hays]], [[Catherine Hicks]], [[Sam Wanamaker]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | first=Paul J. | last=Nahin | year=1999 | title=Time machines: time travel in physics, metaphysics, and science fiction | url=https://archive.org/details/timemachinestime0000nahi_m8y6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/timemachinestime0000nahi_m8y6/page/278 278]&ndash;279 | edition=2nd | publisher=Springer | isbn=0-387-98571-9 }}</ref><ref>Sherman (2005:154).</ref> |- |1990||''[[Self-Experiment (film)|Self-Experiment]]''||[[Peter Vogel (film director)|Peter Vogel]]||[[Johanna Schall]], [[Hansjürgen Hürrig]], [[Katrin Klein]]||East Germany||German title: ''Selbstversuch''<ref>{{cite book |title=GDR Review, Volume 35, Issues 1-6 |date=1990 |publisher=Verlag Zeit im Bild |location=Dresden |pages=56, 59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15AeAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eigler |first1=Friederike |title=Rereading Christa Wolf's "Selbstversuch": Cyborgs and Feminist Critiques of Scientific Discourse |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_german-quarterly_fall-2000_73_4/page/401 |journal=The German Quarterly |date=Autumn 2000 |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=401–415 |doi=10.2307/3072759 |jstor=3072759 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Selbstversuch |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/selbstversuch/ |website=Letterboxd |accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> |- |1991||''[[Cat Claw#TV film|City Cat]]''||||[[Danielle Peyich]], [[Branislav Kerac]]||Serbia|| |- |1991||''[[Frankenstein: The College Years]]''||[[Tom Shadyac]]||[[William Ragsdale]], [[Christopher Daniel Barnes]], [[Vincent Hammond]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:67–68).</ref> |- |1991||''[[Knight Rider 2000]]''||[[Alan J. Levi]]||[[David Hasselhoff]], [[William Daniels]], [[Edward Mulhare]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:107–108).</ref> |- |1991||''[[Plymouth (film)|Plymouth]]''||[[Lee David Zlotoff]]||[[Robin Frates]], [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]], [[Richard Hamilton (actor)|Richard Hamilton]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:143–144).</ref> |- |1991||''[[Not of This World (1991 film)|Not of This World]]''||Jon Hess||[[Lisa Hartman]], [[Pat Hingle]]||United States||<ref>{{cite news | title=Not of This World | newspaper=The New York Times | url=http://tv.nytimes.com/show/56875/Not-of-This-World/overview | accessdate=2011-02-22 }}</ref> |- |1991-1992||''[[Vampires of Geon]]''||[[Gennadiy Tishchenko]]||[[Aleksandr Lushchik]] (voice), [[Vsevolod Abdulov]] (voice), [[Rogvold Sukhoverko]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Two-part animated short film |- |1992||''[[Danger Island (film)|Danger Island]]''||[[Tommy Lee Wallace]]||[[Lisa Banes]], [[Richard Beymer]], [[Maria Celedonio]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:45).</ref> |- |1992||''[[Disasters in Time]]''<!-- timescape -->||[[David N. Twohy]]||[[Jeff Daniels]], [[Ariana Richards]], [[Marily Lightstone]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:55).</ref> |- |1992||''[[Duplicates (film)|Duplicates]]''||[[Sandor Stern]]||[[Gregory Harrison]], [[Kim Greist]], [[Cicely Tyson]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:60).</ref> |- |1992&ndash;4<!-- Various sources list 1992, 1993 or 1994 -->||''[[Running Delilah]]''||[[Richard Franklin (actor)|Richard Franklin]]||[[Kim Cattrall]], [[Billy Zane]], [[François Guétary]], [[Diana Rigg]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Sandra | last=Brennan | title=Running Delilah (1992) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/121909/Running-Delilah/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022231851/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/121909/Running-Delilah/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-22 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-10-30 }}</ref> |- |1992||''[[Still Not Quite Human]]''||[[Eric Luke]]||[[Alan Thicke]], [[Jay Underwood]], [[Rosa Nevin]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:170).</ref> |- |1993||''[[12:01 (1993 film)|12:01]]''||[[Jack Sholder]]||[[Jonathan Silverman]], [[Helen Slater]], [[Martin Landau]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:186–187).</ref> |- |1993||''[[1994 Baker Street: Sherlock Holmes Returns]]''||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Anthony Higgins (actor)|Anthony Higgins]], [[Debrah Farentino]], [[Ken Pogue]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:134–135).</ref> |- |1993||''[[Babylon 5: The Gathering]]''||[[Richard Compton]]||[[Michael O'Hare]], [[Tamlyn Tomita]], [[Jerry Doyle (radio host)|Jerry Doyle]]||United States|| |- |1993||''[[Daybreak (1993 film)|Daybreak]]''||[[Stephen Tolkin]]||[[Cuba Gooding, Jr.]], [[Moira Kelly]], [[Martha Plimpton]], [[Omar Epps]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:47).</ref> |- |1993||''[[Frankenstein (1993 film)|Frankenstein]]''||[[David Wickes]]||[[Patrick Bergin]], [[Randy Quaid]], [[John Mills]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:67).</ref> |- |1993||''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1993 TV film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]''||[[William Dear]]||[[David Dundara]], [[Farrah Forke]], [[Kim Miyori]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:104–105).</ref> |- |1993||''[[Lifepod (1993 film)|Lifepod]]''||[[Ron Silver]]||[[Robert Loggia]], [[Jessica Tuck]], [[Adam Storke]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:114).</ref> |- |1993||''[[Official Denial]]''||[[Brian Trenchard-Smith]]||[[Erin Gray]], [[Parker Stevenson]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Hal | last=Erickson | title=Official Denial (1993) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/122230/Official-Denial/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022153204/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/122230/Official-Denial/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-22 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | author-link=Hal Erickson (author) | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-09-25 }}</ref> |- |1993||''[[The Tommyknockers (TV miniseries)|The Tommyknockers]]''||[[John Power (director)|John Power]]||[[Jimmy Smits]], [[Marg Helgenberger]]||United States||[[Miniseries]] |- |1993||''[[Wild Palms]]''||[[Peter Hewitt (film director)|Peter Hewitt]], [[Keith Gordon]]||[[James Belushi]], [[Dana Delany]], [[Robert Loggia]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:199).</ref> |- |1993||''[[The Fire Next Time (miniseries)]]''||[[Tom McLoughlin (film director)|Tom McLoughlin]]||[[Craig T. Nelson]], [[Bonnie Bedelia]], [[Ashley Jones]]||United States||<ref>IMDB.COM</ref> |- |1994||''[[Alien Nation: Dark Horizon]]''||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Gary Graham]], [[Eric Pierpoint]], [[Buck Francisco]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:8–9).</ref> |- |1994-1995||''[[AMBA (animated film)|AMBA]]''||[[Gennadiy Tishchenko]]||[[Vsevolod Abdulov]] (voice), [[Lyudmila Gnilova]] (voice), [[Aleksandr Lushchik]] (voice)||Russia||Two-part animated short film |- |1994||''[[Bionic Ever After?]]''||[[Steven Stafford]]||[[Lee Majors]], [[Lindsay Wagner]], [[Richard Anderson]]||United States||<ref name="Sherman" /> |- |1994||''[[The Companion (film)|The Companion]]''||[[Gary Fleder]]||[[Kathryn Harrold]], [[Bruce Greenwood]], [[Talia Balsam]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:40).</ref> |- |1994||''[[Island City (1994 film)|Island City]]''||[[Jorge Montesi]]||[[Kevin Conroy]], [[Brenda Strong]], [[Eric McCormack]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:99–100).</ref> |- |1994||''[[Knight Rider 2010]]''||[[Sam Pillsbury]]||Richard Joseph Paul, [[Hudson Leick]], [[Brion James]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:108–109).</ref> |- |1994||''[[The Lifeforce Experiment]]''||[[Piers Haggard]]||[[Donald Sutherland]], [[Mimi Kuzyk]]||Canada||<ref name=nyt_tle>{{citation | first1=Bernadette | last1=McCallion | title=The Lifeforce Experiment (1994) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/150195/The-Lifeforce-Experiment/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118203735/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/150195/The-Lifeforce-Experiment/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-01-18 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2011 | accessdate=2011-12-11 }}</ref> |- |1994||''New Eden''||[[Alan Metzger]]||[[Stephen Baldwin]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Bernadette | last=McCallion | title=New Eden (1994) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/150391/New-Eden/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022142359/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/150391/New-Eden/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-22 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=Dennis | last=Fischer | title=New Eden (Review) | journal=Cinefantastique | volume=26 | issue=2 | page=59 |date=February 1995 }}</ref> |- |1994||''[[TekWar: TekLords]]''||[[George Bloomfield]]||[[Greg Evigan]], [[Eugene Clark (actor)|Eugene Clark]], [[Torri Higginson]]||Canada|| |- |1995||''[[Alien Nation: Body and Soul]]''||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Gary Graham]], [[Eric Pierpoint]], [[Buck Francisco]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:7–8).</ref> |- |1995||''[[The Android Affair]]''||[[Richard Kletter]]||[[Harley Jane Kozak]], [[Griffin Dunne]], [[Ossie Davis]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:13–14).</ref> |- |1995||''[[Harrison Bergeron (film)|Harrison Bergeron]]''||[[Bruce Pittman]]||[[Sean Astin]], [[Christopher Plummer]]||United States|| |- |1995||''[[It Came From Outer Space II]]''||[[Roger Duchowny]]||[[Brian Kerwin]], [[Elizabeth Peña]], [[Jonathan Carrasco]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:100–101).</ref> |- |1995||''[[The Langoliers (TV miniseries)|The Langoliers]]''||[[Tom Holland (filmmaker)|Tom Holland]]||[[Patricia Wettig]], [[Dean Stockwell]], [[David Morse (actor)|David Morse]], [[Kate Maberly]]||United States||Miniseries |- |1995||''[[Not of This Earth (1995 film)|Not of This Earth]]''||[[Terence H. Winkless]]||[[Michael York (actor)|Michael York]], [[Mason Adams]], [[Parker Stevenson]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:137).</ref> |- |1995||''[[Suspect Device (film)|Suspect Device]]''||[[Rick Jacobson]]||[[C. Thomas Howell]], [[Stacey Travis]], [[Jed Allan]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:172–173).</ref> |- |1995||''[[The Wasp Woman (1995 film)|The Wasp Woman]]''||[[Jim Wynorski]]||[[Jennifer Rubin (actress)|Jennifer Rubin]], [[Doug Wert]], [[Maria Ford]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:196).</ref> |- |1996||''[[Alien Nation: The Enemy Within]]''||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Gary Graham]], [[Eric Pierpoint]], [[Buck Francisco]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:9).</ref> |- |1996||''[[Alien Nation: Millennium]]''||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Gary Graham]], [[Eric Pierpoint]], [[Buck Francisco]]||United States||<ref name="Sherman_a">Sherman (2005:10).</ref> |- |1996||''[[Doctor Who (1996 film)|Doctor Who]]''||[[Geoffrey Sax]]||[[Paul McGann]], [[Daphne Ashbrook]]||United Kingdom<br/>United States|| |- |1996||''[[ALF (TV series)|Project: ALF]]''||[[Dick Lowry]]||[[Paul Fusco]], [[Jensen Daggett]], [[William O'Leary (actor)|William O'Leary]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:146).</ref> |- |1996||''[[Special Report: Journey to Mars]]''||[[Robert Mandel]]||[[Keith Carradine]], [[Judge Reinhold]], [[Alfre Woodard]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:163–164).</ref> |- |1996||''[[Star Command (film)|Star Command]]''||Jim Johnston||[[Chad Everett]], [[Morgan Fairchild]], [[Jay Underwood]]||United States<br/>Germany||<ref>Sherman (2005:166–167).</ref> |- |1996||''[[Them (1996 film)|Them]]''||[[Bill L. Norton]]||[[Scott Patterson (actor)|Scott Patterson]], [[Clare Carey]], [[Dustin Voight]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:176).</ref> |- |1996||''[[Yesterday's Target]]''||[[Barry Sampson]]||[[Daniel Baldwin]], [[Stacey Haiduk]], [[T. K. Carter]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:201–202).</ref> |- |1997||''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 Village Roadshow film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]''||[[Rod Hardy]]||[[Michael Caine]], [[Patrick Dempsey]], [[Mia Sara]]||United States|| |- |1997||''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 Hallmark film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]''||[[Michael Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]]||[[Richard Crenna]], [[Julie Cox]], [[Paul Gross]]||United States|| |- |1997||''[[Alien Nation: The Udara Legacy]]''||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Gary Graham]], [[Eric Pierpoint]], [[Buck Francisco]]||United States||<ref name="Sherman_a" /> |- |1997||''[[Cloned (film)|Cloned]]''||[[Douglas Barr]]||[[Elizabeth Perkins]], [[Bradley Whitford]], [[Alan Rosenberg]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2000:39).</ref> |- |1997||''[[Dead by Midnight]]''||[[Jim McBride]]||[[Timothy Hutton]], [[Suzy Amis]], [[John Glover (actor)|John Glover]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:58–59).</ref> |- |1997||''[[Doom Runners]]''||[[Brendan Maher (director)|Brendan Maher]]||[[Lea Moreno]], [[Tim Curry]], [[Dean O'Gorman]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:47–48).</ref> |- |1998||''[[Babylon 5: In the Beginning]]''||[[Mike Vejar]]||[[Bruce Boxleitner]], [[Mira Furlan]], [[Richard Biggs]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2000:19).</ref> |- |1997||''[[Invasion (1997 film)|Invasion]]''||[[Armand Mastroianni]]||[[Luke Perry]], [[Rebecca Gayheart]], [[Kim Cattrall]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:151–152).</ref> |- |1997||''[[Moonbase (1997 film)|Moonbase]]''||[[Paolo Mazzucato]]||[[Scott Plank]], [[Jocelyn Seagrave]], [[Kurt Fuller]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:125–126).</ref> |- |1997||''[[When Time Expires]]''||[[David Bourla]]||[[Richard Grieco]], [[Cynthia Geary]], [[Mark Hamill]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:197).</ref> |- |1998||''[[Babylon 5: The River of Souls]]''||[[Mike Vejar]]||[[Jerry Doyle (radio host)|Jerry Doyle]], [[Tracy Soggins]], [[Jeff Conaway]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2000:19–20).</ref> |- |1998||''[[Babylon 5: Thirdspace]]''||[[Mike Vejar]]||[[Bruce Boxleitner]], [[Claudia Christian]], [[Mira Firlan]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2000:20).</ref> |- |1998||''[[Brave New World (1998 film)|Brave New World]]''||[[Leslie Libman]], [[Larry Williams (director)|Larry Williams]]|| [[Peter Gallagher]], [[Leonard Nimoy]], [[Tim Guinee]]||United States|| |- |1998||''[[Falling Fire]]''||[[Daniel D'Or]]||[[Michael Paré]], [[Heidi Von Palleske]], [[Christian Vidosa]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:66).</ref> |- |1998||''[[Gargantua (film)|Gargantua]]''||[[Bradford May]]||[[Adam Baldwin]], [[Emile Hirsch]], [[Julie Carmen]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:71–72).</ref> |- |1998||''[[Tempting Fate (1998 film)|Tempting Fate]]''||[[Peter Werner]]||[[Tate Donovan]], [[Abraham Benrubi]], [[Ming-Na|Ming-Na Wen]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:175).</ref> |- |1998||''[[Nightworld: 30 Years to Life]]''||[[Michael Tuchner]]||[[Robert Hays]], [[Hugh O'Connor]], [[Christien Anholt]]||Canada<br/>United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:177).</ref> |- |1998||''[[Virtual Obsession]]''||[[Mick Garris]]||[[Peter Gallagher]], [[Bridgette Wilson]], [[Mimi Rogers]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:194–195).</ref> |- |1998||''[[The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy]]''||[[Joe Dante]]||[[John Corbett (actor)|John Corbett]], [[Carolyn McCormick]], [[John Pyper Ferguson]]||United States||<ref>Sherman (2005:195–196).</ref> |- |1999||''[[Mr. Murder (miniseries)|Mr. Murder]]''||[[Dick Lowry]]||[[Stephen Baldwin]], [[Julie Warner]], [[Bill Smitrovich]]||United States|| |} ==2000s== {{see also|2000s in television}} {| class="wikitable" |- !style="width: 10%;"| Year !style="width: 24%;"| Title !style="width: 21%;"| Director !style="width: 21%;"| Cast !style="width: 10%;"| Country !style="width: 14%;"| Notes |- |2001||''[[How to Make a Monster (2001 film)|How to Make a Monster]]''||[[George Huang (director)|George Huang]] ||[[Clea DuVall]], [[Steven Culp]], [[Tyler Mane]] ||United States|| |- |2002||''Lost on Mars''||[[Eric Shook]]||David Long, [[Gretchen Maxwell]], [[Kelli Wilson]]||United States||<ref name=jgtc030324>{{cite news | first=Rob | last=Stroud | date=March 24, 2003 | title=On the small screen | work=Journal gazette and Times courier | url=http://jg-tc.com/news/article_ebf1f3ae-4378-5cf9-9dca-f951e8a06536.html | accessdate=2010-05-18 }}</ref> |- |2002||''[[Teenage Caveman (2002 film)|Teenage Caveman]]''||[[Larry Clark]]||[[Andrew Keegan]], [[Tara Subkoff]], [[Richard Hillman]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pomerance, Murray |author1-link = Murray Pomerance|author2=Gateward, Frances K. | title=Where the boys are: cinemas of masculinity and youth | work=Contemporary approaches to film and television series | year=2005 | page=98 | publisher=Wayne State University Press | isbn=0-8143-3115-7 }}</ref> |- |2002||''[[Voices of a Distant Star]]''||[[Makoto Shinkai]]|| ||Japan||Anime |- |2003||''[[Beyond Re-Animator]]''||[[Brian Yuzna]]||[[Jeffrey Combs]], [[Tommy Dean Musset]], [[Jason Barry]]||Spain<br/>United States|| |- |2007||''[[2nd Adam]]''||[[Erik De La Torre Stahl]]||[[Elisa Gautier]], [[John Paget (actor)|John Paget]], [[Robert Mason (actor)|Robert Mason]], [[Erik Stahl]]||Mexico||{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} |- |2007||''[[TRUST.Welfare]]''||[[Eicke Bettinga]]||[[Florian Panzner]], [[Inga Birkenfeld]], [[Irm Hermann]]||Germany||<ref>{{cite news | title=TRUST.Welfare (2007) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/423510/Trust-Welfare/overview | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130224055/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/423510/Trust-Welfare/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-01-30 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=2009-02-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=TRUST.Wohltat | publisher=Zweitausendeins Filmlexikon | url=http://www.zweitausendeins.de/filmlexikon/?sucheNach=titel&wert=529056 | accessdate=2015-10-25 }}</ref> |- |2008||''[[The Day the Earth Stopped]]''||[[C. Thomas Howell]]||[[C. Thomas Howell]], [[Judd Nelson]]||United States|| |- |2008||''[[Stargate: The Ark of Truth]]''||[[Robert C. Cooper]]||[[Ben Browder]], [[Amanda Tapping]], [[Michael Shanks]]||United States||Military |- |2008||''[[Stargate: Continuum]]''||[[Martin Wood (director)|Martin Wood]]||[[Richard Dean Anderson]], [[Ben Browder]], [[Amanda Tapping]]||United States||Military |- |2009||''[[The Day of the Triffids#Film adaptations|The Day of the Triffids]]''||[[Nick Copus]]||[[Ewen Bremner]], [[William Ilkley]], [[Genevieve O'Reilly]]||{{nowrap|United Kingdom}}||<ref>{{cite news | title=Coming to the BBC in 2009...The Day of the Triffids | author=staff | date=November 27, 2008 | publisher=BBC | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/11_november/27/triffids.shtml | accessdate=2009-12-21 }}</ref> |} ==2010s== {{see also|2010s in television}} {| class="wikitable" |- !style="width: 10%;"| Year !style="width: 24%;"| Title !style="width: 21%;"| Director !style="width: 21%;"| Cast !style="width: 10%;"| Country !style="width: 14%;"| Notes |- |2010||''[[Dark Metropolis (film)|Dark Metropolis]]''||Stewart St. John||[[Bailey Chase]], Pamela Clay, Kristy Hulslander, [[Matt O'Toole]], Arthur Roberts, Eric Woods||United States||[[Utopian and dystopian fiction|Dystopian]] thriller |- |2010||''[[Meteor Apocalypse]]''||[[Micho Rutare]]||[[Joe Lando]], [[Cooper Harris]], [[Claudia Christian]]||United States||<ref>{{cite news |title=Damon, DeNiro lead latest releases to video stores |date=March 3, 2010 |work=Winston-Salem Journal |url=http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2010/feb/25/damon-deniro-lead-latest-releases-to-video-stores/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100228150155/http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2010/feb/25/damon-deniro-lead-latest-releases-to-video-stores/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 28, 2010 |author=Staff |accessdate=2010-03-03 }}</ref> |- |2010||''Opponent''||[[Colin Theys]]|| Kevin Shea, [[Angela Relucio]], [[Ashley Bates]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Carlos | last=Tovar | date=November 4, 2009 | title=ikan's V5600 on the set of "The Opponent" | work=ikan News | url=http://ikancorp.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/ikans-v5600-on-the-set-of-the-opponent/ | accessdate=2010-05-20 }}</ref> |- |2011||''[[Ultramarines: The Movie]]''||[[Martyn Pick]]||[[Terence Stamp]], [[Sean Pertwee]], [[John Hurt]], [[Donald Sumpter]]||{{nowrap|United Kingdom}}<br/>Canada|| |- |2013 |''[[Independence Daysaster]]'' |W.D. Hogan |[[Ryan Merriman]], [[Emily Holmes]], [[Keenan Tracey]], [[Andrea Brooks]] |Canada |Action Adventure Thriller |- |2014 |''[[Arachnicide]]'' |Paolo Bertola |Gino Barzacchi, Gabriel Cash, Riccardo Serventi Longhi |Italy |Action Comedy Horror |- |2014 |''[[Christmas Icetastrophe]]'' |[[Jonathan Winfrey]] |[[Victor Webster]], [[Jennifer Spence]] |United States |Action Adventure Drama Thriller |- |2014||''[[Die Gstettensaga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl]]''||[[Johannes Grenzfurthner]]||Lukas Tagwerker, Sophia Grabner, Jeff Ricketts||Austria|| |- |2015 |''[[Lavalantula]]'' |Mike Mendez |[[Steve Guttenberg]], [[Nia Peeples]], [[Patrick Renna]] |United States |Action Adventure Comedy Horror Thriller |- |2017||''[[The Other Side of the Lake the Purple Girl: Episode V - Battle in the Sky]]''||[[Erik De La Torre Stahl]]||[[Bucket Ademov]]||United States|| |} ==Lihimi m-pahi== * [[List of programs broadcast by Syfy]] * [[List of science fiction films]] * [[Television movie]] ==Kundivihira == {{reflist|2}} === General reference === *{{citation | first=Fraser A. | last=Sherman | year=2000 | title=Cyborgs, Santa Clause and Satan: Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films Made for Television | publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. | location=Jefferson, North Carolina, and London | isbn=978-0-7864-4341-3 }} == External links == * [https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?title_type=tv_movie&genres=sci-fi&sort=num_votes,desc&adult=include Science fiction television films] on [[Internet Movie Database]] [[Category:Lists of television films|Science Fiction]] [[Category:Science fiction television films| ]] [[Category:Science fiction lists|Television films]] h6ae07evkdb2ca6atmxwjc2v5yxdvqt List of science fiction films of the 1980s 0 26938 146157 145786 2026-08-10T21:54:09Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{scififilmlist}} Din doli na ŋɔ nyɛla'''list of [[science fiction film]]''' shɛŋa bɛ ni daa bahi yuuni 1980s. Science fiction film nima din yina yuuni 1980s nyɛla din nya [[Academy Awards]] pinaanahi, [[Saturn Award]]s pia ni yini, [[Hugo Award]]s dibaa ayobu, [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA awards]] dibaa anu, [[BSFA Award]]s dibaa anahi n-ti pahi [[Golden Globe Award]] zaɣayini. Shinii nima ŋɔ dibaa anahi n-daa nyɛ [[List of highest-grossing films|highest-grossing films]]. Shinii nima ŋɔ nyɛla din daa lahi deei [[Golden Raspberry Award]]s dibaa awɔi.<!-- See the Notes section for details. --> {{Horizontal TOC|nonum=y}} {{clear}} == List == {{TOCyears|startyear=1980|endyear=1989|title=Years|primary=false}} {| class="wikitable" |- | {{Year header}} | [[1980 in film|{{visible anchor|1980}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[Alien Dead]]''||[[Fred Olen Ray]]||[[Buster Crabbe]], Ray Roberts, Linda Lewis||United States||Horror |- |''[[Altered States]]''||[[Ken Russell]]||[[William Hurt]], [[Blair Brown]], [[Bob Balaban]]||United States||Body horror |- |''[[Aquanauts (film)|Aquanauts]]''||[[Igor Voznesenskiy (director)|Igor Voznesenskiy]]||[[German Poloskov]], [[Aleksandr Yakovlev (actor)|Aleksandr Yakovlev]], [[Iren Azer]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[Battle Beyond the Stars]]''||[[Jimmy Murakami]]||[[George Peppard]], [[Robert Vaughn]], [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]]||United States||Space opera |- |''[[Be Forever Yamato]]''||[[Toshio Masuda (director)|Toshio Masuda]], [[Leiji Matsumoto]]||[[Kei Tomiyama]] (voice), [[Yōko Asagami]] (voice), [[Shūsei Nakamura]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[The Chain Reaction]]''||[[Ian Barry (director)|Ian Barry]]||[[Steve Bisley]], [[Arna-Maria Winchester]], [[Ross Thomspon (actor)|Ross Thompson]]||Australia||Disaster, thriller |- |''[[Contamination (film)|Contamination]]''||[[Luigi Cozzi]]||[[Ian McCulloch (actor)|Ian McCulloch]], [[Louise Marleau]], [[Marino Masé]]||Italy<br/>West Germany||Horror |- |''[[Crazy Thunder Road]]''||[[Sōgo Ishii]]||[[Tatsuo Yamada]], [[Masamitsu Ohike]], [[Koji Nanjo]]||Japan|| |- |''[[Cyborg 009|Cyborg 009: Legend of the Super Vortex]]''||[[Masayuki Akehi]]||[[Kazuhiko Inoue]] (voice), [[Fuyumi Shiraishi]] (voice), [[Keiichi Noda]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[Death Ray on a Coral Island]]''||[[Hongmei Zhang]]||[[Qi Qiao]], [[Zhiao Ling]], [[Zhen Qiao]]||China||<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fredriksson |first1=Linus |title=China and Cinematic Science Fiction: A Lost Genre |url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/7373319 |website=Lund University Publications |accessdate=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=The Liverpool Companion to World Science Fiction Film |date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |location=Liverpool |isbn=9781781385951 |pages=8, 39–40, 43–45, 47–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg_RCwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Feeley |first1=Jennifer L. |last2=Wells |first2=Sarah Ann |title=Simultaneous Worlds: Global Science Fiction Cinema |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis, MN |isbn=9781452944258 |pages=272–85, 285n1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sih0DwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> |- |''[[Death Watch]]''||[[Bertrand Tavernier]]||[[Romy Schneider]], [[Harvey Keitel]], [[Harry Dean Stanton]]||France<br/>West Germany|| |- |''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]''||[[Irvin Kershner]]||[[Mark Hamill]], [[Harrison Ford]], [[Carrie Fisher]]||United States||Space opera<ref group="nb">Winner of [[Academy Award|Academy Awards]] for Visual Effects (special achievement award) and Sound, a [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]] and a [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]]. Highest-grossing film of the year.</ref> |- |''[[The Final Countdown (film)|The Final Countdown]]''||[[Don Taylor (actor)|Don Taylor]]||[[Kirk Douglas]], [[Martin Sheen]], [[Katharine Ross]]||United States||Alternate history |- |''[[Flash Gordon (film)|Flash Gordon]]''||[[Mike Hodges]]||[[Sam J. Jones]], [[Melody Anderson]], [[Max von Sydow]]||{{nowrap|United Kingdom}}<br/>United States||Space opera |- |''[[Galaxina]]'' ||[[William Sachs]]||[[Stephen Macht]], [[Avery Schreiber]], [[J. D. Hinton]]||United States||Science fantasy, comedy |- |''[[Golem (1980 film)|Golem]]''||[[Piotr Szulkin]]||[[Marek Walczewski]], [[Krystyna Janda]], [[Joanna Zólkowska]]||Poland|| |- |''[[Hangar 18 (film)|Hangar 18]]''||[[James L. Conway]]||[[Darren McGavin]], [[Robert Vaughn]], [[Gary Collins (actor)|Gary Collins]]||United States|| |- |''[[Nightmare City]]''||[[Umberto Lenzi]]||[[Hugo Stiglitz]], [[Laura Trotter]], [[Maria Rosaria Omaggio]]||Italy<br/>Spain||Horror |- |''[[Phoenix 2772]]''||[[Taku Sugiyama]]||[[Kaneto Shiozawa]] (voice), [[Keiko Takeshita]] (voice), [[Hiroshi Ôtake]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[The Return (1980 animated film)|The Return]]''||[[Vladimir Tarasov]]||[[Victor Balashov|Viktor Balashov]] (voice), [[Alexander Kaidanovsky|Aleksandr Kaydanovskiy]] (voice), [[Vasily Livanov|Vasiliy Livanov]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Возвращение'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Vozvrashcheniye''<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Film |date=1986 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lltCAQAAIAAJ |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bendazzi |first1=Giannalberto |title=Animation: A World History: Volume II: The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets |date=23 October 2015 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=9781317519911 |page=292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0azMCgAAQBAJ |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Soviet dreams of the future">{{cite web |title=Soviet dreams of the future |url=https://sudonull.com/post/27649-Soviet-dreams-of-the-future-Madrobots-Blog |website=Sudo Null IT News |accessdate=28 April 2021 |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204053614/https://sudonull.com/post/27649-Soviet-dreams-of-the-future-Madrobots-Blog |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WHOLESOME WAKE-UP CALL: THE RETURN |url=https://www.paneurasian.net/2021/03/wholesome-wake-up-call-return.html |website=Paneurasianist Weeb |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Return |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/the-return-1980-1/ |website=Letterboxd |accessdate=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Return, The |url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/return_the |website=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="vk.com">{{cite web |title=Masters of short animation. Vladimir Tarasov. This is fantastic! |url=https://vk.com/wall-48369111_30961?lang=en |website=VK |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> |- |''[[Saturn 3]]'' ||[[Stanley Donen]]||[[Farrah Fawcett]], [[Kirk Douglas]], [[Harvey Keitel]]||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[The Solar Wind (film)|The Solar Wind]]''||Timo Linnasalo||Paavo Piskonen, Lilga Kovanko, [[Antti Litja]]||Finland||Drama |- |''[[Somewhere in Time (film)|Somewhere in Time]]'' ||[[Jeannot Szwarc]]||[[Christopher Reeve]], [[Jane Seymour (actress)|Jane Seymour]], [[Christopher Plummer]]||United States||Romance |- |''[[Star Inspector]]''||[[Mark Kovalyov]], [[Vladimir Polin]]||[[Vladimir Ivashov]], [[Yuriy Gusev]], [[Timofey Spivak]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[Superman II]]''||[[Richard Lester]]||[[Gene Hackman]], [[Christopher Reeve]], [[Ned Beatty]]||United Kingdom<br/>United States||Superhero |- |''[[Toward the Terra]]''||[[Hideo Onchi]]||[[Junichi Inoue]] (voice), [[Masaya Oki]] (voice), [[Kumiko Akiyoshi]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[Virus (1980 film)|Virus]]''||[[Kinji Fukasaku]]||[[Masao Kusakari]], [[Tsunehiko Watase]], [[Isao Natsuyagi]]||Japan||Post-apocalyptic |- |''[[Without Warning (1980 film)|Without Warning]]''||[[Greydon Clark]]||[[Jack Palance]], [[Martin Landau]], [[Tarah Nutter]]||United States||Horror |- | {{Year header}} | [[1981 in film|{{visible anchor|1981}}]] |- |''[[Galaxy Express 999|Adieu Galaxy Express 999]]''||[[Rintaro]]||[[Masako Nozawa]] (voice), [[Masako Ikeda]] (voice), [[Kaneta Kimotsuki]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[The Cabbage Soup]]''||[[Jean Girault]]||[[Louis de Funès]], [[Jean Carmet]], [[Jacques Villeret]]||France|| |- |''[[Earthbound (1981 film)|Earthbound]]''||[[James L. Conway]]||[[Burl Ives]], [[Christopher Connelly]], [[Meredith MacRae]]||United States|| |- |''[[Escape from New York]]''||[[John Carpenter]]||[[Kurt Russell]], [[Lee Van Cleef]], [[Ernest Borgnine]]||United States|| |- |''[[Galaxy of Terror]]''||[[B. D. Clark]]||[[Edward Albert]], [[Erin Moran]], [[Ray Walston]]||United States|| |- |''[[Heartbeeps]]''||[[Allan Arkush]]||[[Andy Kaufman]], [[Bernadette Peters]], [[Randy Quaid]]||United States|| |- |''[[Heavy Metal (film)|Heavy Metal]]''||[[Gerald Potterton]]||[[Rodger Bumpass]] (voice), [[Jackie Burroughs]] (voice), [[John Candy]] (voice), [[Eugene Levy]] (voice)||United States<br/>Canada||Animated film |- |''[[The Incredible Shrinking Woman]]''||[[Joel Schumacher]]||[[Lily Tomlin]], [[Charles Grodin]], [[Ned Beatty]], [[Henry Gibson]], [[John Glover (actor)|John Glover]]||United States|| |- |''[[Inseminoid]]''||[[Norman J. Warren]]||[[Judy Geeson]], [[Heather Wright]], [[Trevor Thomas (actor)|Trevor Thomas]], [[Stephanie Beacham]]||United Kingdom||USA title: ''Horror Planet'' |- |''[[Klaabu in Space]]''||[[Avo Paistik]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Estonian title: ''Klaabu kosmoses''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Näripea |first1=Eva |title=Soviet Estonian animated science fiction: Avo Paistik's mischievous universes |journal=Studies in Eastern European Cinema |date=16 March 2017 |volume=8 |issue=2: Science Fiction |pages=160–173 |doi=10.1080/2040350X.2017.1298939 |s2cid=157641638 }}</ref> |- |''[[The Last Chase]]''||[[Martyn Burke]]||[[Lee Majors]], [[Burgess Meredith]], [[Chris Makepeace]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Looker]]''||[[Michael Crichton]]||[[Albert Finney]], [[James Coburn]], [[Susan Dey]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Mad Max 2]]''||[[George Miller (producer)|George Miller]]||[[Mel Gibson]]||Australia||Post-apocalyptic |- |''[[Malevil (film)|Malevil]]''||[[Christian de Chalonge]]||[[Michel Serrault]], [[Jacques Dutronc]], [[Jacques Villeret]]||France<br/>West Germany|| |- |''[[Memoirs of a Survivor (film)|Memoirs of a Survivor]]''||[[David Gladwell]]||[[Julie Christie]], [[Christopher Guard]], [[Leonie Mellinger]]||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[Mobile Suit Gundam#Compilation movies|Mobile Suit Gundam]]''||[[Ryôji Fujiwara]], [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]||[[Tôru Furuya]] (voice), [[Hirotaka Suzuoki]] (voice), [[Shôzô Iizuka]] (voice), [[Toshio Furukawa]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[Mobile Suit Gundam#Compilation movies|Mobile Suit Gundam II: Soldiers of Sorrow]]''||[[Yoshikazu Yasuhiko]], [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]||[[Tôru Furuya]] (voice), [[Shûichi Ikeda]] (voice), [[Hirotaka Suzuoki]] (voice), [[Fuyumi Shiraishi]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[The Mystery of the Third Planet]]''||[[Roman Abelevich Kachanov|Roman Kachanov]]||[[Vasily Livanov|Vasiliy Livanov]] (voice), [[Yuriy Andreyev]] (voice), [[Grigory Shpigel|Grigoriy Shpigel']] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animated film |- |''[[Nuclear Shelter]]''||[[Roberto Pires]]||[[Conceição Senna]], [[Sasso Alano]], [[Roberto Pires]]||Brazil||Eco-dystopian film. Portuguese title: ''Abrigo Nuclear''<ref name="FilmInt, Volume 6, Issues 1-6">{{cite book |title=FilmInt, Volume 6, Issues 1-6 |date=2008 |publisher=Intellect |location=Bristol |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ilAAQAAIAAJ |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferro |first1=David L. |last2=Swedin |first2=Eric G. |title=Science Fiction and Computing: Essays on Interlinked Domains |date=13 May 2011 |publisher=McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers |location=Jefferson, North Carolina, and London |isbn=9780786489336 |pages=148, 158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nL5Rx4Iknn4C |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hellekson |first1=Karen |author-link1=Karen Hellekson|last2=Jacobsen |first2=Craig B. |last3=Sharp |first3=Patrick B. |last4=Yaszek |first4=Lisa |author-link4=Lisa Yaszek |title=Practicing Science Fiction: Critical Essays on Writing, Reading and Teaching the Genre |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers |location=Jefferson, North Carolina, and London |isbn=9780786457830 |pages=130, 133, 134, 136–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx1xvduL5tIC |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=The Liverpool Companion to World Science Fiction Film |date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |location=Liverpool |isbn=9781781385951 |pages=231–232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg_RCwAAQBAJ |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mazierska |first1=Ewa |last2=Suppia |first2=Alfredo |title=Red Alert: Marxist Approaches to Science Fiction Cinema |date=May 2016 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=9780814340127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhhIDAAAQBAJ |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[The Orion Loop]]''||[[Vasiliy Levin]]||[[Leonid Bakshtayev]], [[Gennadiy Shkuratov]], [[Anatoliy Mateshko]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[Outland (film)|Outland]]''||[[Peter Hyams]]||[[Sean Connery]], [[Peter Boyle]], [[Frances Sternhagen]]||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[Per Aspera Ad Astra (film)|Per Aspera Ad Astra]]''||[[Richard Viktorov]]||[[Aleksandr Mikhajlov]], [[Gleb Strizhenov]], [[Alexander Lazarev (actor)|Alexander Lazarev]]||Soviet Union||Alternate titles: ''Through the Thorns to the Stars''; ''Humanoid Woman'' |- |''[[Scanners]]''||[[David Cronenberg]]||[[Stephen Lack]], [[Jennifer O'Neill]], [[Patrick McGoohan]]||Canada|| |- |''[[Scared to Death (1981 film)|Scared to Death]]''||[[William Malone (director)|William Malone]]||[[John Stinson (actor)|John Stinson]]||United States|| |- |''[[Space Warrior Baldios]]''||Kazuyuki Hirokawa||||Japan|| |- |''[[Visitors from the Galaxy]]''||[[Dušan Vukotić]]||[[Ljubiša Samardžić]], [[Ivana Andrlová]], [[Cvijeta Mesic]]||Yugoslavia<br/>Czechoslovakia||<ref>{{cite book | author=Bowker Staff | isbn=978-0-8352-2797-1 | title=Variety's Film Reviews: 1981&ndash;1982 | url=https://archive.org/details/varietysfilmrevi0013unse | publisher=Bowker | year=1982 }}</ref> |- |''[[The War of the Worlds: Next Century]]''||[[Piotr Szulkin]]||[[Roman Wilhelmi]], [[Krystyna Janda]], [[Mariusz Dmochowski]]||Poland|| |- | {{Year header}} | [[1982 in film|{{visible anchor|1982}}]] |- |''[[1990: The Bronx Warriors]]'' ||[[Enzo G. Castellari]]||[[Vic Morrow]], [[Christopher Connelly]], [[Fred Williamson]]||Italy|| |- |''[[The Aftermath (1982 film)|The Aftermath]]'' ||[[Steve Barkett]]||[[Sid Haig]], [[Forrest J Ackerman]], [[Jim Danforth]]||United States||UK title: ''Zombie Aftermath'' |- |''[[Airplane II: The Sequel]]'' ||[[Ken Finkleman]]||[[Robert Hays]], [[Julie Hagerty]], [[Lloyd Bridges]]||United States|| |- |''[[Anno 2020 - I gladiatori del futuro]]''||[[Joe D'Amato]]||[[Harrison Muller]], [[Al Cliver]], [[Sabrina Siani]]||Italy||<ref>{{cite book | last1=Paul |first1=Louis |last2=Franco |first2=Jess |last3=Fulci |first3=Antonella | title=Italian Horror Film Directors | url=https://archive.org/details/italianhorrorfil0000paul | year=2004 | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-1834-3 }}</ref> |- |''[[Android (film)|Android]]''||[[Aaron Lipstadt]]||[[Klaus Kinski]], [[Brie Howard]], [[Norbert Weisser]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Won a [[BSFA Award]] for media presentation.</ref> |- |''[[Arcadia of My Youth]]''||[[Tomoharu Katsumata]]||[[Makio Inoue]] (voice), [[Kei Tomiyama]] (voice), [[Reiko Tajima]] (voice), [[Reiko Mutō]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[Blade Runner]]''||[[Ridley Scott]]||[[Harrison Ford]], [[Rutger Hauer]], [[Sean Young]], [[Edward James Olmos]], [[Daryl Hannah]] ||United States<br/>Hong Kong||<ref group="nb">Won a [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]], a [[BSFA Award]] for media presentation, and [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA Awards]] for Best Cinematography, Best Costume Design, and Best Production Design/Art Direction.</ref> |- |''[[Burst City]]''||[[Sōgo Ishii]]||[[Michirou Endo]], [[Shigeru Izumiya]], [[Takanori Jinnai]], [[Kou Machida]]||Japan|| |- |''[[Button (film)|Button]]''||[[Vladimir Tarasov]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film |- |''[[Café Flesh]]''||[[Stephen Sayadian]]||[[Michelle Bauer]], [[Richard Belzer]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Cat People (1982 film)|Cat People]]''||[[Paul Schrader]]||[[Nastassja Kinski]], [[John Heard (actor)|John Heard]], [[Malcolm McDowell]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Chronopolis (film)|Chronopolis]]''||[[Piotr Kamler]]|| ||France||Animated film |- |''[[Creepshow]]''||[[George A. Romero]]||[[Hal Holbrook]], [[Adrienne Barbeau]], [[Fritz Weaver]]||United States||Science fiction horror<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/creepshow-v11494|title = Creepshow (1982) - George Romero &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie}}</ref> |- |''[[Crosstalk (film)|Crosstalk]]''||[[Mark Egerton]]||[[Gary Day (actor)|Gary Day]], [[Penny Downie]], [[John Ewart]]||Australia|| |- |''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''||[[Steven Spielberg]]||[[Henry Thomas]], [[Dee Wallace]], [[Peter Coyote]], [[Drew Barrymore]], [[Robert MacNaughton]] ||United States||<ref group="nb">Highest-grossing film of the year. Winner of [[Academy Award|Academy Awards]] for Visual Effects, Sound Editing, Sound, and Original Music Score, a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama]] and a [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]].</ref> |- |''[[Endangered Species (1982 film)|Endangered Species]]''||[[Alan Rudolph]]||[[Robert Urich]], [[JoBeth Williams]], [[Paul Dooley]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | first=Pat | last=Brereton | year=2005 | title=Hollywood Utopia: Ecology in Contemporary American Cinema | url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodutopiae0000brer | page=[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodutopiae0000brer/page/165 165] | publisher=Intellect Books | isbn=978-1-84150-117-8 }}</ref> |- |''[[Forbidden World]]''||[[Allan Holzman]]||[[Jesse Vint]], [[June Chadwick]]||United States|| |- |''[[Kamikaze 1989]]''||[[Wolf Gremm]]||[[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], [[Günther Kaufmann]], [[Boy Gobert]], [[Arnold Marquis]]||West Germany||<ref>{{cite news | first=Vincent | last=Canby | date=1983-02-27 | title=Kamikaze '89 (1982), Fassbinder Stars in Gremm's 'Kamikaze' | work=The New York Times | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9e04e4da143bf934a15751c0a965948260 | accessdate=2009-04-19 }}</ref> |- |''[[Les Maîtres du temps|The Masters of Time]]''||[[René Laloux]]||[[Jean Valmont]] (voice), [[Michel Elias]] (voice), [[Frédéric Legros]] (voice), [[Yves-Marie Maurin]] (voice)||France<br/>West Germany<br/>Switzerland<br/>United Kingdom<br/>Hungary||Animated film |- |''[[Megaforce]]''||[[Hal Needham]]||[[Barry Bostwick]], [[Persis Khambatta]], [[Michael Beck]], [[Henry Silva]]||United States|| |- |''[[Mobile Suit Gundam#Compilation movies|Mobile Suit Gundam III: Encounters in Space]]''||[[Yoshiyuki Tomino]], [[Yoshikazu Yasuhiko]]||[[Tôru Furuya]] (voice), [[Shûichi Ikeda]] (voice), [[Hirotaka Suzuoki]] (voice), [[Yô Inoue]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[The New Barbarians (1982 film)|The New Barbarians]]''||[[Enzo G. Castellari]]||[[Fred Williamson]], [[Anna Kanakis]], [[Venantino Venantini]]||Italy||<ref group="nb">Also known as ''Warriors of the Wasteland''.</ref> |- |''[[Nightbeast]]''||[[Don Dohler]]||[[Donald Leifert]], [[Tom Griffiths (actor)|Tom Griffiths]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Parasite (1982 film)|Parasite]]''||[[Charles Band]]||[[Robert Glaudini]], [[Demi Moore]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Queen Millennia]]''||[[Masayuki Akehi]]||[[Keiko Han]] (voice), [[Keiko Toda]] (voice), [[Ichirô Nagai]] (voice), [[Mami Koyama]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'' |[[Don Bluth]] |[[Elizabeth Hartman]] (voice), [[Peter Strauss]] (voice), [[Arthur Malet]] (voice), [[Dom DeLuise]] (voice), [[John Carradine]] (voice), [[Derek Jacobi]] (voice), [[Hermione Baddeley]] (voice), [[Paul Shenar]] (voice) |United States |Animated Film |- |''[[Cobra (manga)#Anime adaptations|Space Adventure Cobra]]''||[[Osamu Dezaki]]||[[Shigeru Matsuzaki]] (voice), [[Ryoko Sakakibara]] (voice), [[Akiko Nakamura]] (voice), [[Toshiko Fujita]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]''||[[Nicholas Meyer]]||[[William Shatner]], [[Leonard Nimoy]], [[DeForest Kelley]], [[James Doohan]], [[Nichelle Nichols]], [[George Takei]], [[Ricardo Montalbán]] ||United States||<ref group="nb">Winner of [[Saturn Award|Saturn Awards]] for Best Director and Best Actor.</ref> |- |''[[Swamp Thing (1982 film)|Swamp Thing]]''||[[Wes Craven]], [[Walter von Huene]]||[[Louis Jourdan]], [[Adrienne Barbeau]], [[Ray Wise]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Thing (1982 film)|The Thing]]'' ||[[John Carpenter]]||[[Kurt Russell]], [[Wilford Brimley]], [[T. K. Carter]], [[Keith David]], [[Donald Moffat]], [[Charles Hallahan]], [[David Clennon]] ||United States||Horror<ref group="nb">Remake.</ref> |- |''[[Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann]]''||[[William Dear]]||[[Fred Ward]], [[Belinda Bauer (actress)|Belinda Bauer]], [[Peter Coyote]], [[Richard Masur]], [[Ed Lauter]], [[Chris Mulkey]], [[Tracy Walter]]||United States|| |- |''[[Time Walker]]''||Tom Kennedy||[[Ben Murphy]], [[Nina Axelrod]], [[Kevin Brophy]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Tron]]''||[[Steven Lisberger]]||[[Jeff Bridges]], [[Bruce Boxleitner]], [[David Warner (actor)|David Warner]], [[Cindy Morgan]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Won a [[Saturn Award]] for Best Costumes.</ref> |- |''[[Turkey Shoot (1982 film)|Turkey Shoot]]''||[[Brian Trenchard-Smith]]||[[Steve Railsback]], [[Olivia Hussey]], [[Michael Craig (actor)|Michael Craig]]||Australia|| |- |''[[Warlords of the 21st Century]]''||[[Harley Cokliss]]||[[Michael Beck]], [[Annie McEnroe]], [[James Wainwright (actor)|James Wainwright]]||United States||<ref>{{cite news | title=Warlords of the 21st Century (1982) | first=Paul | last=Brenner | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/53407/Warlords-of-the-21st-Century/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218184352/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/53407/Warlords-of-the-21st-Century/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-02-18 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-03-17 }}</ref><ref group="nb">Alternate title: ''Battletruck''.</ref> |- |''[[Xtro]]'' |[[Harry Bromley Davenport]] |[[Bernice Stegers]], [[Philip Sayer]], [[Simon Nash]], [[Maryam d'Abo]], [[Danny Brainin]] |United Kingdom |Horror |- |''[[Zapped!]]''||[[Robert J. Rosenthal]]||[[Scott Baio]], [[Willie Aames]], [[Heather Thomas]], [[Robert Mandan]] ||United States|| |- | {{Year header}} |[[1983 in film|{{visible anchor|1983}}]] |- |''[[2019, After the Fall of New York]]''||[[Sergio Martino]]||[[Michael Sopkiw]], [[Valentine Monnier]], [[Anna Kanakis]]||Italy<br/>France|| |- |''[[Anniversary (1983 film)|Anniversary]]''||[[Vladimir Tarasov]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Юбилей'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Yubiley''<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Film, Volumes 332-343 |date=1985 |publisher=Sovexportfilm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-AvAQAAIAAJ |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tarasov, Vladimir |url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/tarasov_vladimir |website=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="vk.com"/> |- |''[[Anna to the Infinite Power]]''||[[Robert Wiemer]]||[[Martha Byrne]], [[Dina Merrill]] ||United States|| |- |''[[The Atlantis Interceptors]]''||[[Ruggero Deodato]]||[[Ivan Rassimov]]||Italy|| |- |''[[Born in Flames]]''||[[Lizzie Borden (director)|Lizzie Borden]]||[[Jeanne Satterfield]], [[Adele Bertei]], [[Becky Johnston]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Brainstorm (1983 film)|Brainstorm]]''||[[Douglas Trumbull]]||[[Christopher Walken]], [[Natalie Wood]], [[Louise Fletcher]]||United States|| |- |''[[BrainWaves (film)|BrainWaves]]''||[[Ulli Lommel]]||[[Keir Dullea]], [[Suzanna Love]], [[Vera Miles]], [[Tony Curtis]]||United States||<ref name="scarecrow">{{cite book | author=The Staff and Friends of Scarecrow Video | year=2004 | title=The Scarecrow Movie Guide | url=https://archive.org/details/scarecrowvideomo0000unse | pages=[https://archive.org/details/scarecrowvideomo0000unse/page/630 630]&ndash;723 | publisher=Sasquatch Books | location=Seattle | isbn=978-1-57061-415-6 }}</ref> |- |''[[The Creature Wasn't Nice]]''||[[Bruce Kimmel]]||[[Leslie Nielsen]], [[Cindy Williams]], [[Gerrit Graham]]||United States|| |- |''[[Crusher Joe]]''||[[Yoshikazu Yasuhiko]]||||Japan|| |- |''[[Daijōbu, My Friend]]''||[[Ryū Murakami]]||[[Peter Fonda]], [[Reona Hirota]]||Japan|| |- |''[[The Dead Zone (film)|The Dead Zone]]''||[[David Cronenberg]]||[[Christopher Walken]], [[Brooke Adams (actress)|Brooke Adams]], [[Tom Skerritt]], [[Martin Sheen]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Deadly Spawn]]''||[[Douglas McKeown]]||[[Charles George Hildebrandt]], [[Tom DeFranco]], [[Richard Lee Porter]]||United States|| |- |''[[Fang of the Sun Dougram|Document Fang of the Sun Dougram]]''||[[Ryōsuke Takahashi]]||||Japan|| |- |''[[Endgame (1983 film)|Endgame]]''||[[Joe D'Amato]]||[[Al Cliver]], [[Laura Gemser]], [[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]]||Italy|| |- |''[[Escape from the Bronx]]''||[[Enzo G. Castellari]]||Mark Gregory, [[Henry Silva]], [[Valeria D'Obici]]||Italy|| |- |''[[Exterminators of the Year 3000]]''||[[Giuliano Carmineo]]||[[Robert Iannucci]], [[Alicia Moro]], [[Eduardo Fajardo]]||Italy|| |- |''[[Final Yamato]]''||[[Tomoharu Katsumata]], [[Yoshinobu Nishizaki]], [[Toshio Masuda (director)|Toshio Masuda]]||[[Kei Tomiyama]] (voice), [[Yôko Asagami]] (voice), [[Gorô Naya]] (voice), [[Isao Sasaki]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[Halloween III: Season of the Witch]]''||[[Tommy Lee Wallace]]||[[Tom Atkins (actor)|Tom Atkins]], [[Stacey Nelkin]], [[Dan O'Herlihy]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Genma Taisen|Harmagedon]]''||[[Rintaro]]||[[Tôru Furuya]] (voice), [[Mami Koyama]] (voice), [[Masako Ikeda]] (voice), [[Keiko Han]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[Kometa]]''||[[Richard Viktorov]]||[[Nadezhda Semencova]], [[Anatolij Kuznecov]]||Soviet Union||[[Comedy]] |- |''[[Krull (film)|Krull]]''||[[Peter Yates]]||[[Ken Marshall]], [[Lysette Anthony]], [[Freddie Jones]] ||United Kingdom<br/>United States|| |- |''[[Le Dernier Combat|The Last Battle]]''||[[Luc Besson]]||[[Pierre Jolivet]], [[Jean Bouise]], [[Fritz Wepper]]||France|| |- |''[[Liquid Sky]]''||[[Slava Tsukerman]]||[[Anne Carlisle]], [[Paula Sheppard]], [[Susan Doukas]]||United States|| |- |''[[Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn]]''||[[Charles Band]]||[[Jeffrey Byron]], [[Tim Thomerson]], [[Kelly Preston]], [[Richard Moll]]||United States|| |- |''[[Moon Rainbow]]''||[[Andrey Yermash]]||[[Vladimir Gostyukhin]], [[Vasily Livanov|Vasiliy Livanov]], [[Yury Solomin|Yuriy Solomin]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[The Pod People]]''||[[Juan Piquer Simón]]||Óscar Martín, Concha Cuetos, Manuel Pereiro||Spain<br/>France|| |- |''[[Prisoners of the Lost Universe]]''||[[Terry Marcel]]||[[Richard Hatch (actor)|Richard Hatch]], [[Kay Lenz]], [[John Saxon]]||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[Le Prix du Danger|The Prize of Peril]]''||[[Yves Boisset]]||[[Gérard Lanvin]], [[Michel Piccoli]], [[Marie-France Pisier]]||France<br/>Yugoslavia|| |- |''[[Return of the Jedi]]''||[[Richard Marquand]]||[[Mark Hamill]], [[Harrison Ford]], [[Carrie Fisher]], [[Billy Dee Williams]]||United States||Space opera<ref group="nb">Winner of an [[Academy Award]] for Visual Effects (Special Achievement Award), a [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]] and a [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]]. Highest-grossing film of the year.</ref> |- |''[[Rock & Rule]]''||[[Clive A. Smith]]||[[Paul Le Mat]] (voice), [[Deborah Harry]] (voice), [[Don Francks]] (voice)||Canada||Animated film |- |''[[Space Raiders (film)|Space Raiders]]''||[[Howard R. Cohen]]||[[Vince Edwards]], [[David Mendenhall]], [[Patsy Pease]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone]]''||[[Lamont Johnson]]||[[Peter Strauss]], [[Molly Ringwald]], [[Ernie Hudson]], [[Michael Ironside]]||United States|| |- |''[[Strange Invaders]]''||[[Michael Laughlin]]||[[Paul Le Mat]], [[Nancy Allen (actress)|Nancy Allen]], [[Diana Scarwid]] ||Canada<br/>United States|| |- |''[[Superman III]]''||[[Richard Lester]]||[[Christopher Reeve]], [[Richard Pryor]], [[Robert Vaughn]], [[Annette O'Toole]]||United States||Superhero film |- |''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''||[[Joe Dante]], [[John Landis]], [[Steven Spielberg]], [[George Miller (producer)|George Miller]]||[[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Albert Brooks]], [[John Lithgow]], [[Kathleen Quinlan]]||United States|| |- |''[[Urusei Yatsura: Only You]]''||[[Mamoru Oshii]] ||[[Fumi Hirano]] (voice), [[Toshio Furukawa]] (voice), [[Saeko Shimazu]] (voice)||Japan||First film in the [[Urusei Yatsura (film series)|''Urusei Yatsura'' film series]] |- |''[[Videodrome]]''||[[David Cronenberg]] ||[[James Woods]], [[Sonja Smits]], [[Debbie Harry]] ||Canada||Body horror |- |''[[WarGames]]''||[[John Badham]]||[[Matthew Broderick]], [[Dabney Coleman]], [[John Wood (English actor)|John Wood]], [[Ally Sheedy]]||United States||Techno-thriller |- |''[[Warrior of the Lost World]]''||[[David Worth (cinematographer)|David Worth]]||[[Robert Ginty]], [[Persis Khambatta]], [[Donald Pleasence]], [[Fred Williamson]]||Italy|| |- |''[[Wavelength (1983 film)|Wavelength]]''||[[Mike Gray]]||[[Robert Carradine]], [[Cherie Currie]], [[Keenan Wynn]]||United States|| |- |''[[Xabungle Graffiti]]''||[[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]||||Japan|| |- |''[[Yor, the Hunter from the Future]]''||[[Antonio Margheriti]]||[[Reb Brown]], [[Corinne Cléry]], [[John Steiner]]||Italy<br/>France<br/>Turkey|| |- | {{Year header}} |[[1984 in film|{{visible anchor|1984}}]] |- |''[[2010 (film)|2010]]''||[[Peter Hyams]]||[[Roy Scheider]], [[John Lithgow]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Keir Dullea]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Won a [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]].</ref> |- |''[[The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension]]''||[[W. D. Richter]]||[[Peter Weller]], [[John Lithgow]], [[Jeff Goldblum]], [[Christopher Lloyd]]||United States|| |- |''[[Babičky dobíjejte přesně!]]''||[[Ladislav Rychman]]||[[Daniela Kolářová]], [[Jana Dítětová]]||Czechoslovakia|| |- |''[[Bloodsuckers from Outer Space]]''||Glen Coburn||Thom Meyes, [[Dennis Letts]], Laura Ellis||United States||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[The Brother from Another Planet]]''||[[John Sayles]]||[[Joe Morton]], [[Darryl Edwards]], [[Steve James (actor)|Steve James]]||United States|| |- |''[[Delta Space Mission]]''||[[Mircea Toia]], [[Călin Cazan]]||[[Mirela Gorea-Chelaru]] (voice), [[Marcel Iureș]] (voice), [[Dan Condurache]] (voice), [[Ion Chelaru]] (voice)||Romania||Animated film. Romanian title: ''Misiunea spațială Delta''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Virginás |first1=Andrea |title=Film Genres in Hungarian and Romanian Cinema: History, Theory, and Reception |date=22 April 2021 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, London |isbn=9781793613448 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yInEAAAQBAJ |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Sean |title=Delta Space Mission: 2001 Meets Ninja Turtles |url=https://horrorobsessive.com/2022/02/23/delta-space-mission/ |website=Horror Obsessive |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Erickson |first1=Glenn |title=Delta Space Mission |url=https://trailersfromhell.com/delta-space-mission/ |website=Trailers from Hell |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Nathaniel |title=Delta Space Mission |url=http://www.mondo-digital.com/deltaspace |website=Mondo Digital |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bendel |first1=Joe |title=Delta Space Mission, from Romania |url=http://www.jbspins.com/2022/04/delta-space-mission-from-romania.html |website=J.B. Spins |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reed |first1=Christopher Llewellyn |title=DELTA SPACE MISSION |url=https://www.hammertonail.com/reviews/delta-space-mission/ |website=Hammer to Nail |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rapp |first1=Alan |title=Delta Space Mission |url=https://www.razorfine.com/home-video/delta-space-mission/ |website=RazorFine |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jane |first1=Ian |title=Delta Space Mission (Def Crocodile) Blu-ray Review |url=https://rockshockpop.com/articles/movies-aa/390551-delta-space-mission-def-crocodile-blu-ray-review |website=Rock! Shock! Pop! |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517164928/https://rockshockpop.com/articles/movies-aa/390551-delta-space-mission-def-crocodile-blu-ray-review |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Mark |title=MISIUNEA SPATIALÃ DELTA [DELTA SPACE MISSION] (1984) |url=https://rivetsontheposter.wordpress.com/2022/10/14/misiunea-spatiala-delta-delta-space-mission-1984/ |website=Rivets on the Poster |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stafford |first1=Jeff |title=A Romanian Sci-Fi Adventure |url=https://cinemasojourns.com/2023/03/02/a-romanian-sci-fi-adventure/#more-17858 |website=Cinema Sojourns |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delta Space Mission |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/delta-space-mission/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Dreamscape (1984 film)|Dreamscape]]''||[[Joseph Ruben]]||[[Dennis Quaid]], [[Max von Sydow]], [[Christopher Plummer]]||United States|| |- |''[[Dune (1984 film)|Dune]]''||[[David Lynch]]||[[Francesca Annis]], [[Leonardo Cimino]], [[Brad Dourif]]||United States||Space opera |- |''[[Electric Dreams (film)|Electric Dreams]]''||[[Steve Barron]]||[[Lenny Von Dohlen]], [[Virginia Madsen]], [[Bud Cort]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Ewok Adventure]]''||[[John Korty]]||[[Eric Walker (actor)|Eric Walker]], [[Warwick Davis]], [[Tony Cox (actor)|Tony Cox]], [[Fionnula Flanagan]]||United States||<ref>''The Ewok Adventure'' at IMDB https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087225/</ref> |- |''[[The Element of Crime]]''||[[Lars von Trier]]||[[Michael Elphick]], [[Esmond Knight]], [[Me Me Lai]]||Denmark|| |- |''[[Firestarter (1984 film)|Firestarter]]''||[[Mark L. Lester]]||[[Drew Barrymore]], [[David L. Keith|David Keith]], [[George C. Scott]], [[Martin Sheen]], [[Heather Locklear]]||United States|| |- |''[[Ghostbusters]]''||[[Ivan Reitman]]||[[Bill Murray]], [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Harold Ramis]], [[Sigourney Weaver]], [[Ernie Hudson]], [[Rick Moranis]], [[Annie Potts]] ||United States||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[Gremlins]]''||[[Joe Dante]]||[[Zach Galligan]], [[Phoebe Cates]], [[Hoyt Axton]] ||United States||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[Warriors of the Year 2072|I Guerrieri dell'anno 2072]]''||[[Lucio Fulci]]||[[Jared Martin]], [[Fred Williamson]], [[Howard Ross (actor)|Howard Ross]]||Italy|| |- |''[[Iceman (1984 film)|Iceman]]''||[[Fred Schepisi]]||[[Timothy Hutton]], [[Lindsay Crouse]], [[John Lone]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Ice Pirates]]''||[[Stewart Raffill]]||[[Robert Urich]], [[Mary Crosby]], [[Michael D. Roberts]]||United States|| |- |''[[Impulse (1984 film)|Impulse]]''||[[Graham Baker (director)|Graham Baker]]||[[Tim Matheson]], [[Meg Tilly]], [[Hume Cronyn]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Invisible Man (1984 film)|The Invisible Man]]''||{{ill|Aleksandr Zakharov (director)|lt=Aleksandr Zakharov|ru|Захаров, Александр Николаевич (режиссёр)}}||[[Andrey Kharitonov]], [[Romualdas Ramanauskas]], [[Leonid Kuravlyov]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[The Last Starfighter]]''||[[Nick Castle]]||[[Lance Guest]], [[Catherine Mary Stewart]], [[Robert Preston (actor)|Robert Preston]], [[Dan O'Herlihy]]||United States|| |- |''[[Lensman (anime)#Movie|Lensman]]''||[[Yoshiaki Kawajiri]]||[[Toshio Furukawa]] (voice), [[Mami Koyama]] (voice), [[Chikao Ōtsuka]] (voice), [[Nachi Nozawa]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[Macross: Do You Remember Love?]]''||[[Shoji Kawamori]]||[[Mari Iijima]] (voice), [[Arihiro Hase]] (voice), [[Mika Doi]] (voice), [[Michio Hazama]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[The Meeting (1984 film)|The Meeting]]''||[[Mikhail Titov (director)|Mikhail Titov]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film |- |''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]''||[[Hayao Miyazaki]]||[[Sumi Shimamoto]] (voice), [[Mahito Tsujimura]] (voice), [[Hisako Kyôda]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[The Next One (film)|The Next One]]''||[[Nico Mastorakis]]||[[Keir Dullea]], [[Adrienne Barbeau]], [[Peter Hobbs (actor)|Peter Hobbs]]||Greece|| |- |''[[Night of the Comet]]''||[[Thom Eberhardt]]||[[Catherine Mary Stewart]], [[Kelli Maroney]], [[Robert Beltran]]||United States|| |- |''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''||[[Michael Radford]]||[[John Hurt]], [[Richard Burton]], [[Suzanna Hamilton]]||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[Das Arche Noah Prinzip|The Noah's Ark Principle]]''||[[Roland Emmerich]]||[[Richy Müller]], [[Franz Buchrieser]]||West Germany|| |- |''[[The Philadelphia Experiment (film)|The Philadelphia Experiment]]''||[[Stewart Raffill]]||[[Michael Paré]], [[Nancy Allen (actress)|Nancy Allen]], [[Eric Christmas]]||United States|| |- |''[[Repo Man (film)|Repo Man]]''||[[Alex Cox]]||[[Harry Dean Stanton]], [[Emilio Estevez]], [[Olivia Barash]] ||United States||Comedy |- |''[[Return from Orbit]]''||[[Aleksandr Surin]]||[[Juozas Budraitis]], [[Vitaly Solomin|Vitaliy Solomin]], [[Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[The Return of Godzilla]]''||[[Koji Hashimoto (director)]]||[[Raymond Burr]], [[Ken Tanaka (actor)|Ken Tanaka]] ||Japan<br/>United States||Kaijū |- |''[[Runaway (1984 film)|Runaway]]''||[[Michael Crichton]]||[[Tom Selleck]], [[Cynthia Rhodes]], [[Gene Simmons]], [[Kirstie Alley]]||United States|| |- |''[[Sayonara Jupiter (film)|Sayonara Jupiter]]''||[[Koji Hashimoto (director)|Koji Hashimoto]]||[[Tomokazu Miura]], [[Dangely Diane]], [[Miyuki Ono]], [[Rachel Huggett]]||Japan|| |- |''[[Sexmission]]''||[[Juliusz Machulski]]||[[Olgierd Łukaszewicz]], [[Jerzy Stuhr]], [[Hanna Stankówna]]||Poland|| |- |''[[Star Trek III: The Search for Spock]]''||[[Leonard Nimoy]]||[[William Shatner]], [[Leonard Nimoy]], [[DeForest Kelley]], [[Christopher Lloyd]]||United States|| |- |''[[Starman (film)|Starman]]''||[[John Carpenter]]||[[Jeff Bridges]], [[Karen Allen]], [[Charles Martin Smith]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Terminator]]''||[[James Cameron]]||[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Michael Biehn]], [[Linda Hamilton]]||United States||Time travel film<ref group="nb">Winner of a [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]].</ref> |- |''[[There Will Come Soft Rains (film)|There Will Come Soft Rains]]''||[[Nozim To'laxo'jayev]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Будет ласковый дождь'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Budet laskovyy dozhd'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Jonathan |title=Soviet Animations of Ray Bradbury Stories: 'Here There Be Tygers' & 'There Will Come Soft Rain' |url=https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/watch-soviet-animations-of-ray-bradbury-stories.html |website=Open Culture |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="If Mankind Perished Utterly": Nazim Tulyahodzhaev's 'There Will Come Soft Rains', 1984 |url=https://wearethemutants.com/2017/11/06/if-mankind-perished-utterly-nazim-tulyahodzhaevs-there-will-come-soft-rains-1984/ |website=We Are the Mutants |date=6 November 2017 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet dreams of the future |url=https://sudonull.com/post/27649-Soviet-dreams-of-the-future-Madrobots-Blog |website=Sudo Null IT News |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427220957/https://sudonull.com/post/27649-Soviet-dreams-of-the-future-Madrobots-Blog |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A HOUSE ALONE: THERE WILL COME SOFT RAINS |url=https://www.paneurasian.net/2021/04/a-house-alone-there-will-come-soft-rains.html |website=Paneurasianist Weeb |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=There Will Come Soft Rains |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/there-will-come-soft-rains/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Phil |title=There Will Come Soft Rains (1984) |url=http://www.bradburymedia.co.uk/films/softrains/softrains.htm#review |website=Bradburymedia |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[The Toxic Avenger (1984 film)|The Toxic Avenger]]''||[[Lloyd Kaufman]], [[Michael Herz (producer)|Michael Herz]]||Mitch Cohen, Mark Torgl, Andree Maranda||United States||Science fiction action superhero<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-toxic-avenger-v50627|title = The Toxic Avenger (1985) - Michael Herz, Samuel Weil, Lloyd Kaufman &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie}}</ref> |- |''[[Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer]]''||[[Mamoru Oshii]] ||[[Fumi Hirano]] (voice), [[Toshio Furukawa]] (voice), [[Akira Kamiya]] (voice)||Japan||Second film in the [[Urusei Yatsura (film series)|''Urusei Yatsura'' film series]] |- |[[Urutoraman Zofuii]] |Koichi Takano |Ichirô Furutachi, Ken'yû Horiuchi, Yôko Kuri, Sumiko Shirakawa |Japan |Superhero |- | {{Year header}} |[[1985 in film|{{visible anchor|1985}}]] |- |''[[Back to the Future]]''||[[Robert Zemeckis]]||[[Michael J. Fox]], [[Christopher Lloyd]], [[Crispin Glover]], [[Lea Thompson]], [[Thomas F. Wilson]] ||United States||Time travel film<ref group="nb">Won an [[Academy Award]] for Sound Editing, a [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]] and a [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]]. Highest-grossing film of the year.</ref> |- |''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]''||[[Terry Gilliam]]||[[Jonathan Pryce]], [[Michael Palin]], [[Kim Greist]], [[Robert De Niro]]||United Kingdom||<ref group="nb">Winner of [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA Awards]] for Best Production Design and Best Special Visual Effects. Won a [[BSFA Award]] for media presentation.</ref> |- |''[[City Limits (1985 film)|City Limits]]''||[[Aaron Lipstadt]]||[[Darrell Larson]], [[John Stockwell (actor)|John Stockwell]], [[Kim Cattrall]]||United States|| |- |''[[Cocoon (film)|Cocoon]]''||[[Ron Howard]]||[[Don Ameche]], [[Wilford Brimley]], [[Hume Cronyn]], [[Brian Dennehy]], [[Steve Guttenberg]], [[Maureen Stapleton]], [[Jessica Tandy]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Contract (1985 film)|Contract]]''||[[Vladimir Tarasov]]||[[Aleksandr Kaidanovsky|Aleksandr Kaydanovskiy]] (voice), [[Yevgeny Steblov|Yevgeniy Steblov]] (voice), [[Boris Ivanov (actor)|Boris Ivanov]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animated short film |- |''[[Creature (1985 film)|Creature]]''||[[William Malone (director)|William Malone]]||[[Stan Ivar]], [[Wendy Schaal]], [[Lyman Ward (actor)|Lyman Ward]], [[Robert Jaffe]], [[Diane Salinger]] ||United States|| |- |''[[D.A.R.Y.L.]]''||[[Simon Wincer]]||[[Barret Oliver]], [[Mary Beth Hurt]], [[Michael McKean]], [[Kathryn Walker]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Dungeonmaster]]''||[[David W. Allen|Dave Allen]], [[Charles Band]]||[[Jeffrey Byron]], [[Leslie Wing]], [[Richard Moll]]||United States|| |- |''[[Day of the Dead (1985 film)|Day of the Dead]]''||[[George Romero]]||[[Lori Cardille]], [[Joseph Pilato]], [[Richard Liberty]], [[Sherman Howard]]||United States|| |- |''[[Enemy Mine (film)|Enemy Mine]]''||[[Wolfgang Petersen]]||[[Dennis Quaid]], [[Louis Gossett Jr.]], [[Brion James]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Explorers (film)|Explorers]]''||[[Joe Dante]]||[[Ethan Hawke]], [[River Phoenix]], [[Jason Presson]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Galaxy Invader]]''||[[Don Dohler]]||Richard Ruxton, George Stover, Faye Tilles, Glenn Barnes||United States|| |- |''[[Gwen, or the Book of Sand]]''||[[Jean-François Laguionie]]||[[Michel Robin]] (voice), Lorella Di Cicco (voice)||France||Animated film |- |''[[Joey (1985 film)|Joey]]''||[[Roland Emmerich]]||[[Joshua Morrell]], [[Eva Kryll]]||West Germany|| |- |''[[Lifeforce (film)|Lifeforce]]''||[[Tobe Hooper]]||[[Steve Railsback]], [[Peter Firth]], [[Frank Finlay]]||United Kingdom<br/>United States|| |- |''[[Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome]]''||[[George Ogilvie]], [[George Miller (producer)|George Miller]]||[[Mel Gibson]], [[Tina Turner]]||Australia||Post-apocalyptic |- |''[[Morons from Outer Space]]''||[[Mike Hodges]]||[[Mel Smith]], [[Griff Rhys Jones]], Paul Brown||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[My Science Project]]''||[[Jonathan Betuel]]||[[John Stockwell (actor)|John Stockwell]], [[Fisher Stevens]], [[Raphael Sbarge]]||United States|| |- |''[[O-Bi, O-Ba: The End of Civilization]]''||[[Piotr Szulkin]]||[[Jerzy Stuhr]], [[Krystyna Janda]], [[Kalina Jędrusik]]||Poland|| |- |''[[Odin: Photon Sailer Starlight]]''||[[Toshio Masuda (director)|Toshio Masuda]]|| ||Japan|| |- |''[[Planet 888]]''||[[Vladimir Mailyan]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Планета 888'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Planeta 888''. Armenian title: ''Մոլորակ 888''<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet 888 |url=https://animatsiya.net/film.php?filmid=640 |website=Animatsiya |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[The Quiet Earth (film)|The Quiet Earth]]''||[[Geoff Murphy]]||[[Bruno Lawrence]], [[Alison Routledge]]||New Zealand|| |- |''[[Radioactive Dreams]]''||[[Albert Pyun]]||[[Michael Dudikoff]], [[Lisa Blount]], [[Don Murray (actor)|Don Murray]]||United States|| |- |''[[Real Genius]]''||[[Martha Coolidge]]||[[Val Kilmer]], [[Gabriel Jarret]]||United States|| |- |''[[Re-Animator]]''||[[Stuart Gordon]]||[[Jeffrey Combs]], [[Bruce Abbott]], [[Barbara Crampton]]||United States||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[The Return of the Living Dead]]''||[[Dan O'Bannon]]||[[Clu Gulager]], [[James Karen]], [[Don Calfa]]||United States||Science fiction horror comedy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-return-of-the-living-dead-v41098|title = The Return of the Living Dead (1985) - Dan O'Bannon &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Rage]]''||[[Conrad E. Palmisano]]||[[Richard Farnsworth]], [[Michael Paré]], [[John Laughlin (actor)|John Laughlin]]||United States|| |- |''[[Starchaser: The Legend of Orin]]''||[[Steven Hahn]]||[[Joe Colligan]] (voice), [[Anthony De Longis]] (voice), [[Carmen Argenziano]] (voice)||United States||Animated film |- |''[[The Stuff]]''||[[Larry Cohen]]||[[Michael Moriarty]], [[Andrea Marcovicci]], [[Garrett Morris]], [[Paul Sorvino]]||United States|| |- |''[[Trancers]]''||[[Charles Band]]||[[Tim Thomerson]], [[Helen Hunt]]||United States|| |- |''[[Underworld (1985 film)|Underworld]]''||[[George Pavlou]]||[[Denholm Elliott]], [[Miranda Richardson]], [[Steven Berkoff]]||UK||Sci-fi horror<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v50800|title = Transmutations (1985) - Clive Barker, George Pavlou &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie}}</ref> |- |''[[Urusei Yatsura (film series)|Urusei Yatsura 3: Remember My Love]]''||[[Kazuo Yamazaki (director)|Kazuo Yamazaki]]||[[Fumi Hirano]] (voice), [[Toshio Furukawa]] (voice), [[Akira Kamiya]] (voice)||Japan||Third film in the [[Urusei Yatsura (film series)|''Urusei Yatsura'' film series]] |- |''[[Visit with Van Gogh]]''||[[Horst Seemann]]||[[Grażyna Szapołowska]], [[Christian Grashof]], [[Rolf Hoppe]]||East Germany<br/>West Germany||German title: ''Besuch bei Van Gogh''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=East Germany's "Werkstatt Zukunft": Futurology and the Science Fiction Films of "defa-futurum" |url=https://archive.org/details/german-studies-review_2006-05_29_2/page/367 |journal=German Studies Review |date=May 2006 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=367–386 |jstor=27668040 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=Science Fiction Literature in East Germany (East German Studies/DDR-Studien, 15) |date=1 October 2006 |publisher=Peter Lang AG |location=Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien |isbn=978-3039107391 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9Y7IfuAdlAC |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=A Natural and Artificial Homeland: East German Science-Fiction Film Responds to Kubrick and Tarkovsky |journal=Film & History|date=Fall 2010 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=80–101 |doi=10.1353/flm.2010.0002 |s2cid=143640507 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ivanova |first1=Mariana Zaharieva |title=DEFA and East European Cinemas: Co-Productions, Transnational Exchange and Artistic Collaborations |date=May 2011 |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-2746/IVANOVA-DISSERTATION.pdf?sequence=1 |accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=The Liverpool Companion to World Science Fiction Film |date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |location=Liverpool |isbn=9781781385951 |pages=133n4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg_RCwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Weird Science (film)|Weird Science]]''||[[John Hughes (filmmaker)|John Hughes]]||[[Anthony Michael Hall]], [[Kelly Le Brock]], [[Ilan Mitchell-Smith]], [[Bill Paxton]]||United States|| |- | {{Year header}} |[[1986 in film|{{visible anchor|1986}}]] |- |''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]''||[[James Cameron]]||[[Sigourney Weaver]], [[Paul Reiser]], [[Michael Biehn]], [[Bill Paxton]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Won an [[Academy Award]] for Visual Effects and Sound Editing, a [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]], a [[BSFA Award]] for media presentation and a [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]].</ref> Action |- |''[[Armadillo Blood]]''||[[Marcos Bertoni]]||[[Flora Calviño]], [[Henrique Zanetta]], [[Louis Chilson]]||Brazil||[[Super 8 film|Super 8]] eco-dystopian short film. Portuguese title: ''Sangue de Tatu''<ref name="FilmInt, Volume 6, Issues 1-6"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hellekson |first1=Karen |last2=Jacobsen |first2=Craig B. |last3=Sharp |first3=Patrick B. |last4=Yaszek |first4=Lisa |title=Practicing Science Fiction: Critical Essays on Writing, Reading and Teaching the Genre |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers |location=Jefferson, North Carolina, and London |isbn=9780786457830 |pages=130, 132–34, 137–40, 143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx1xvduL5tIC |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[The Aurora Encounter]]''||[[Jim McCullough, Sr.]]||[[Jack Elam]], [[Peter Brown (actor)|Peter Brown]], [[Carol Bagdasarian]]||United States||<ref name="scarecrow" /> |- |''[[The Battle (1986 film)|The Battle]]''||[[Mikhail Titov (director)|Mikhail Titov]]||||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Сражение'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Srazheniye''<ref name="Soviet dreams of the future"/> |- |''[[Chopping Mall]]''||[[Jim Wynorski]]||[[Kelli Maroney]], [[Tony O'Dell]], [[Russell Todd]]||United States||<ref name="scarecrow" /> |- |''[[Critters (film)|Critters]]''||[[Stephen Herek]]||[[Dee Wallace]], [[M. Emmet Walsh]], [[Billy Green Bush]]||United States||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[Dead End Drive-In]]''||[[Brian Trenchard-Smith]]||[[Ned Manning]], [[Natalie McCurry]], [[Peter Whitford]]||Australia|| |- |''[[Dead Man's Letters]]''||[[Konstantin Lopushansky]]||[[Rolan Bykov]], [[Iosif Ryklin]]||Soviet Union||[[antiutopia]], [[post-apocalyptic film]], [[psychological drama]] |- |''[[Death Powder]]''||[[Shigeru Izumiya]]||[[Shigeru Izumiya]], [[Rikako Murakami]], [[Takichi Inukai]]||Japan|| |- |''[[Deadly Friend]]''||[[Wes Craven]]||[[Matthew Laborteaux]], [[Kristy Swanson]], [[Michael Sharrett]]||United States|| |- |''[[Dirty Pair: Project Eden]]''||[[Kōichi Mashimo]]||[[Saeko Shimazu]] (voice), [[Kyōko Tongū]] (voice), [[Katsuji Mori]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[Eliminators (1986 film)|Eliminators]]''||[[Peter Manoogian]]||[[Andrew Prine]], [[Denise Crosby]], [[Patrick Reynolds (actor)|Patrick Reynolds]]|| United States|| |- |''[[Fist of the North Star (1986 film)|Fist of the North Star]]''||[[Toyoo Ashida]]||[[Akira Kamiya]] (voice), [[Yuriko Yamamoto]] (voice), [[Kenji Utsumi]] (voice)||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[Flight of the Navigator]]''||[[Randal Kleiser]]||[[Joey Cramer]], [[Veronica Cartwright]], [[Cliff DeYoung]], [[Sarah Jessica Parker]] || United States|| |- |''[[The Fly (1986 film)|The Fly]]''||[[David Cronenberg]]||[[Jeff Goldblum]], [[Geena Davis]], [[John Getz]]||United States<br/>Canada||<ref group="nb">Winner of an [[Academy Award]] for Makeup.</ref> |- |''[[From Beyond (film)|From Beyond]]''||[[Stuart Gordon]]||[[Jeffrey Combs]], [[Barbara Crampton]], [[Ken Foree]]||United States||Science fiction horror<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/from-beyond-v18726|title = From Beyond (1986) - Stuart Gordon &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie}}</ref> |- |''[[Ga, Ga - Chwala bohaterom]]''||[[Peter Szulkin]]||[[Katarzyna Figura]], [[Daniel Olbrychski]], [[Marek Walczewski]], [[Jan Nowicki]] ||Poland|| |- |''[[Gröna gubbar från Y.R.]]''||[[Hans Hatwig]]||[[Carl Billquist]], [[Curt Broberg]], [[Åsa Dahlenborg]]||Sweden||<ref>{{cite news | title=Grona gubbar fran Y.R. (1986) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/120705/Grona-gubbar-fran-Y-R-/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217053227/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/120705/Grona-gubbar-fran-Y-R-/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-02-17 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2011 | accessdate=2009-03-20 }}</ref><ref group="nb">Alternate title: ''Green Men From Outer Space''</ref> |- |''[[Howard the Duck (film)|Howard the Duck]]''||[[Willard Huyck]]||[[Lea Thompson]], [[Jeffrey Jones]], [[Tim Robbins]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Received [[Razzie Award|Razzie Awards]] for Worst Picture (tie), Worst Screenplay, Worst New Star and Worst Visual Effects.</ref> |- |''[[Invaders from Mars (1986 film)|Invaders from Mars]]''||[[Tobe Hooper]]||[[Karen Black]], [[Hunter Carson]], [[Timothy Bottoms]], [[Louise Fletcher]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Kamikaze (1986 film)|Kamikaze]]''||[[Didier Grousset]]||[[Richard Bohringer]], [[Dominique Lavanant]], [[Michel Galabru]]||France||<ref>{{cite web | last=Mannikka | first=Eleanor | title=Kamikaze | url=http://allmovie.com/work/kamikaze-120781 | website=All Movie | accessdate=2009-05-06 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kin-dza-dza!]]''||[[Georgi Daneliya]]||[[Stanislav Lyubshin]], [[Yevgeni Leonov]], [[Yury Yakovlev]]||Soviet Union|| |- |[[Little Shop of Horrors (film)|Little Shop of Horrors]] |[[Frank Oz]] |[[Rick Moranis]], [[Ellen Greene]], [[Vincent Gardenia]], [[Steve Martin]], [[Levi Stubbs]] (voice) |United States |Musical comedy horror |- |''[[Maximum Overdrive]]''||[[Stephen King]]||[[Emilio Estevez]], [[Pat Hingle]], [[Laura Harrington]]||United States|| |- |''[[M.D. Geist]]''||Hayato Ikeda||[[Norio Wakamoto]], [[Rika Matsumoto]], [[Akio Nojima]]||[[Japan]]||Animated film<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/md-geist-vm60880/cast-crew |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-10 |archive-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103063451/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/md-geist-vm60880/cast-crew |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Night of the Creeps]]''||[[Fred Dekker]]||[[Jason Lively]], Steve Marshall, [[Jill Whitlow]]||United States|| |- |''[[Programmed to Kill]]''||[[Allan Holzman]]||[[Robert Ginty]], [[Sandahl Bergman]], [[Louise Claire Clark]], [[Alex Courtney]]||United States|||<ref>{{cite news | first=Sandra | last=Brennan | title=Programmed to Kill (1986) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/39457/Programmed-to-Kill/overview | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130062138/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/39457/Programmed-to-Kill/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-01-30 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=2009-10-02 }}</ref> |- |''[[Project A-ko]]''||[[Katsuhiko Nishijima]]|| ||Japan|| |- |''[[Short Circuit (1986 film)|Short Circuit]]''||[[John Badham]]||[[Ally Sheedy]], [[Steve Guttenberg]], [[Fisher Stevens]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Star Crystal]]''||[[Lance Lindsay]]||[[C. Juston Campbell]], [[Faye Bolt]], [[John W. Smith (actor)|John W. Smith]]||United States|| |- |''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]''||[[Leonard Nimoy]]||[[William Shatner]], [[Leonard Nimoy]], [[DeForest Kelley]], [[Catherine Hicks]]||United States|| |- |''[[TerrorVision]]''||[[Ted Nicolaou]]||[[Diane Franklin]], [[Gerrit Graham]], [[Mary Woronov]]||United States||Horror<ref>{{cite journal | first=David | last=Denby | title=Brief Movie Reviews | journal=New York Magazine | volume=19 | issue=8 | page=85 | publisher=New York Media, LLC }}</ref> |- |''[[They Were Eleven#Anime film|They Were Eleven]]''||[[Satoshi Dezaki]]||||Japan|| |- |''[[The Transformers: The Movie]]''||[[Nelson Shin]]||[[Leonard Nimoy]] (voice), [[Robert Stack]] (voice), [[Judd Nelson]] (voice), [[Orson Welles]] (voice), [[Peter Cullen]] (voice)||United States||Animated film |- |''[[Urusei Yatsura (film series)|Urusei Yatsura 4: Lum the Forever]]''||[[Kazuo Yamazaki (director)|Kazuo Yamazaki]]||[[Fumi Hirano]] (voice), [[Toshio Furukawa]] (voice), [[Akira Kamiya]] (voice)||Japan||Fourth film in the [[Urusei Yatsura (film series)|''Urusei Yatsura'' film series]] |- |''[[Vendetta dal futuro]]''||[[Sergio Martino]]||[[Daniel Greene (actor)|Daniel Greene]], [[Janet Agren]], [[John Saxon]]||Italy|| |- |''[[The Wraith]]''||[[Mike Marvin]]||[[Charlie Sheen]], [[Nick Cassavetes]], [[Randy Quaid]] ||United States|| |- |''[[Zone Troopers]]''||[[Danny Bilson]]||[[Tim Thomerson]], [[Tim Van Patten]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | first=Don G. | last=Smith | page=82 | title=H.P. Lovecraft in popular culture | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-2091-9 | date=2005-11-25 }}</ref> |- | {{Year header}} |[[1987 in film|{{visible anchor|1987}}]] |- |''[[Amazon Women on the Moon]]''||[[John Landis]]||[[Arsenio Hall]], [[Michelle Pfeiffer]], [[Steve Guttenberg]]||United States|| |- |''[[Bad Taste]]''||[[Peter Jackson]]||[[Peter Jackson]], [[Mike Minett]], [[Pete O'Herne]]||New Zealand||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[*batteries not included]]''||[[Matthew Robbins (screenwriter)|Matthew Robbins]]||[[Hume Cronyn]], [[Jessica Tandy]], [[Frank McRae]]||United States|| |- |''[[Creepozoids]]''||[[David DeCoteau]]||[[Linnea Quigley]], [[Ashlyn Gere]]||United States|| |- |''[[Cyclops (1987 film)|Cyclops]]''||[[Jôji Iida]]||[[Kai Atō]], [[Yoshimasa Kondo]], [[Kazuhiro Sano]]||Japan|| |- |''[[The Curse (1987 film)|The Curse]]''||[[David Chaskin]], [[David L. Keith|David Keith]]||[[Wil Wheaton]], [[Claude Akins]], [[Malcolm Danare]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | first=Don G. | last=Smith | title=H.P. Lovecraft in popular culture | page=82 | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-2091-9 | date=2005-11-25 }}</ref> |- |''[[Death Run]]''||[[Michael J. Murphy (director)|Michael J. Murphy]]||[[Rob Bartlett]], [[Lynn Lowry]]||United States|| |- |''[[Direct Hit (1987 film)|Direct Hit]]''||[[Vladimir Morozov (director)|Vladimir Morozov]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Прямое попадание'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Pryamoye popadaniye''<ref>{{cite web |title=Direct Hit |url=https://animatsiya.net/film.php?filmid=409 |website=Animatsiya |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[The Dolphin's Cry (film)|The Dolphin's Cry]]''||[[Alexey Saltykov (director)|Aleksey Saltykov]]||[[Ivars Kalniņš]], [[Donatas Banionis]], [[Armen Dzhigarkhanyan]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[The End of Eternity (film)|The End of Eternity]]''||[[Andrey Yermash]]||[[Oleg Vavilov]], [[Gediminas Girdvainis]], [[Georgiy Zhzhonov]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[Friendship%27s_Death|Friendship's Death]]''||[[Peter Wollen]]||Tilda Swinton, Patrick Bauchau, Bill Paterson||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[The Hidden (1987 film)|The Hidden]]''||[[Jack Sholder]]||[[Kyle MacLachlan]], [[Michael Nouri]], [[Claudia Christian]]||United States|| |- |''[[Innerspace]]''||[[Joe Dante]]||[[Dennis Quaid]], [[Martin Short]], [[Meg Ryan]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Won an [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]].</ref> |- |''[[The Kindred (1987 film)|The Kindred]]''||[[Stephen Carpenter]], [[Jeffrey Obrow]]||David Allen Brooks, [[Rod Steiger]], [[Amanda Pays]]||United States ||<ref>{{cite web | first=Brian J. | last=Dillard | title=The Kindred | url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/kindred-27366 | website=AllMovie | accessdate=2009-03-20 }}</ref> |- |''[[The Lesson (1987 film)|The Lesson]]''||[[Robert Sahakyants]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film |- |''[[Making Mr. Right]]''||[[Susan Seidelman]]||[[John Malkovich]], [[Ann Magnuson]], [[Glenne Headly]]||United States|| |- |''[[Masters of the Universe (film)|Masters of the Universe]]''||[[Gary Goddard]]||[[Dolph Lundgren]], [[Frank Langella]], [[Meg Foster]]||United States|| |- |''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''||[[Shekhar Kapur]]||[[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sri Devi]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Annu Kapoor]]||India|| |- |''[[Nightflyers]]''||[[Robert Collector]], [[Gene Warren]]||[[Catherine Mary Stewart]], [[John Standing]], [[Michael Praed]], [[Lisa Blount]]||United States||<ref>{{cite news | first=Dan | last=Pavlides | title=Nightflyers (1987) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/35338/Nightflyers/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503200253/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/35338/Nightflyers/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2008-05-03 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2008 | accessdate=2009-09-21 }}</ref> |- |''[[Predator (film)|Predator]]''||[[John McTiernan]]||[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Carl Weathers]], [[Elpidia Carrillo]]||United States||Action |- |''[[Prison Ship (1987 film)|Prison Ship]]''||[[Fred Olen Ray]]||[[Ross Hagen]], [[Sandy Brooke]], [[Susan Stokey]], [[John Carradine]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Also known as ''Star Slammer, the Escape''.</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Hal | last=Erickson | title=Prison Ship (1987) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/128303/Prison-Ship/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218184523/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/128303/Prison-Ship/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-02-18 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | author-link=Hal Erickson (author) | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-06-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Michael R. | last=Pitts | title=Horror Film Stars | url=https://archive.org/details/horrorfilmstars0000pitt | edition=3rd | publisher=McFarland | year=2002 | page=[https://archive.org/details/horrorfilmstars0000pitt/page/59 59] | isbn=978-0-7864-1052-1 }}</ref> |- |''[[Project X (1987 film)|Project X]]''||[[Jonathan Kaplan]]||[[Matthew Broderick]], [[Helen Hunt]], [[William Sadler (Actor)|William Sadler]]||United States|| |- |''[[RoboCop]]''||[[Paul Verhoeven]]||[[Peter Weller]], [[Nancy Allen (actress)|Nancy Allen]], [[Ronny Cox]], [[Kurtwood Smith]]||United States||Action<ref group="nb">Winner of an [[Academy Special Achievement Award]] for Sound Effects Editing and a [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]].</ref> |- |''[[Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise]]''||[[Hiroyuki Yamaga]]||||Japan|| |- |''[[The Running Man (1987 film)|The Running Man]]''||[[Paul Michael Glaser]]||[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[María Conchita Alonso]], [[Richard Dawson]]||United States|| |- |''[[Spaceballs]]''||[[Mel Brooks]]||[[Mel Brooks]], [[Bill Pullman]], [[John Candy]], [[Rick Moranis]], [[Daphne Zuniga]]||United States|| |- |''[[Slave Girls from Beyond Infinity]]''||[[Ken Dixon (director)|Ken Dixon]]||[[Elizabeth Kaitan]], [[Cindy Beal]], [[Brinke Stevens]]||United States|| |- |''[[Steel Dawn]]''||[[Lance Hool]]||[[Patrick Swayze]], [[Lisa Niemi]], [[Brion James]] ||United States|| |- |''[[The Stepford Children]]''||Alan J. Levi||[[Barbara Eden]], [[Don Murray (actor)|Don Murray]], [[Randall Batinkoff]], [[Tammy Lauren]]||United States|| |- |''[[Timestalkers]]''||Michael Schultz||[[William Devane]], [[Lauren Hutton]], [[Forrest Tucker]], [[James Avery (actor)|James Avery]], [[John Ratzenberger]]||United States|| |- |''[[Superman IV: The Quest for Peace]]''||[[Sidney J. Furie]]||[[Christopher Reeve]], [[Gene Hackman]], [[Jackie Cooper]], [[Margot Kidder]], [[Mariel Hemingway]], [[Jon Cryer]], [[Sam Wanamaker]] ||United States|| |- |''[[The Veldt (film)|The Veldt]]''||[[Nozim To'laxo'jayev]]||[[Yury Belyayev|Yuriy Belyayev]], [[Nelli Pshyonnaya]], [[Giorgi Gegechkori]]||Soviet Union||Dystopian |- |''[[Wicked City (1987 film)|Wicked City]]''||[[Yoshiaki Kawajiri]]|| ||Japan||Anime film |- | {{Year header}} |[[1988 in film|{{visible anchor|1988}}]] |- |''[[The 13th Apostle]]''||[[Suren Babayan]]||[[Juozas Budraitis]], [[Andrei Boltnev|Andrey Boltnev]], [[Vladas Bagdonas]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[Akira (1988 film)|Akira]]''||[[Katsuhiro Ōtomo]]||[[Mitsuo Iwata]] (voice), [[Nozomu Sasaki]] (voice), [[Mami Koyama]] (voice) ||Japan||Anime film |- |''[[Alien from L.A.]]''||[[Albert Pyun]]||[[Kathy Ireland]], [[Thom Mathews]], [[Don Michael Paul]]||United States|| |- |''[[Alien Nation (film)|Alien Nation]]''||[[Graham Baker (director)|Graham Baker]]||[[James Caan (actor)|James Caan]], [[Mandy Patinkin]], [[Terence Stamp]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Won a [[Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film]].</ref> |- |''[[Andy Colby's Incredible Adventure]]''||[[Deborah Brock (director)|Deborah Brock]]||[[Randy Josselyn]], [[Dianne Kay]], [[Chuck Kovacic]]||United States|| |- |''[[As Time Goes By (1988 film)|As Time Goes By]]''||[[Barry Peak]]||[[Max Gillies]], [[Bruno Lawrence]], [[Nique Needles]]||Australia||[[Comedy]] |- |''[[The Blob (1988 film)|The Blob]]''||[[Chuck Russell]]||[[Kevin Dillon]], [[Shawnee Smith]], [[Donovan Leitch (actor)|Donovan Leitch]]||United States||Horror, Remake |- |''[[The Brain (1988 film)|The Brain]]''||Edward Hunt||Tom Bresnahan, [[Cynthia Preston]], [[David Gale (actor)|David Gale]]||Canada||Horror<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-brain-v6911|title = The Brain (1988) - ed Hunt &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie}}</ref> |- |''[[Cherry 2000]]''||[[Steve De Jarnatt]]||[[Melanie Griffith]], [[David Andrews (actor)|David Andrews]]||United States|| |- |''[[Critters 2: The Main Course]]''||[[Mick Garris]]||[[Scott Grimes]], [[Liane Alexandra Curtis]], [[Don Opper]]||United States|| |- |''[[Dead Heat (1988 film)|Dead Heat]]''||[[Mark Goldblatt]]||[[Treat Williams]], [[Joe Piscopo]], [[Vincent Price]]||United States||Sci-fi horror<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/dead-heat-v12698|title = Dead Heat (1988) - Mark Goldblatt &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie}}</ref> |- |''[[Earth Girls Are Easy]]''||[[Julien Temple]]||[[Geena Davis]], [[Jeff Goldblum]], [[Julie Brown]], [[Jim Carrey]], [[Damon Wayans]], [[Michael McKean]]||United States<br/>United Kingdom|| |- |''[[Gandahar (film)|Gandahar]]''||[[René Laloux]]|| ||France||Animated film |- |''[[Hell Comes to Frogtown]]''||[[Donald G. Jackson]], [[R. J. Kizer]]||[[Roddy Piper]], [[Sandahl Bergman]], [[Cec Verrell]], [[William Smith (actor)|William Smith]], [[Rory Calhoun]]||United States|| |- |''[[Killer Klowns from Outer Space]]''||[[Stephen Chiodo]]||[[Grant Cramer]], [[Suzanne Snyder]], [[John Allen Nelson]]||United States||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[The Lawless Land]]''||Jon Hess||[[Nick Corri]], [[Leon Robinson]], [[Xander Berkeley]], [[Amanda Peterson]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | first=Michael | last=Weldon | year=1996 | title=The psychotronic video guide | url=https://archive.org/details/psychotronicvide0000weld | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=978-0-312-13149-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/psychotronicvide0000weld/page/327 327] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Clarke | last=Fountain | title=The Lawless Land (1988) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/28583/The-Lawless-Land/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307221301/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/28583/The-Lawless-Land/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2008-03-07 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2008 | accessdate=2009-06-16 }}</ref> |- |''[[Legend of the Galactic Heroes|Legend of the Galactic Heroes: My Conquest is the Sea of Stars]]''||[[Noboru Ishiguro]]||[[Ryō Horikawa]] (voice), [[Kei Tomiyama]] (voice)||Japan|| |- |''[[Lilac Ball]]''||[[Pavel Arsenov]]||[[Natalya Guseva]], [[Sasha Gusev]], [[Boris Shcherbakov]]||Soviet Union||Children's film |- |''[[Mac and Me]]''||[[Stewart Ratfill]]||[[Christine Ebersole]], Tina Caspary, [[Jonathan Ward (actor)|Jonathan Ward]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | author=Scarecrow Video | title=The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide | url=https://archive.org/details/scarecrowvideomo0000unse | page=[https://archive.org/details/scarecrowvideomo0000unse/page/522 522] | publisher=Sasquatch Books | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-57061-415-6 }}</ref><ref group="nb">Winner of [[9th Golden Raspberry Awards|1988 Raspberry awards]] for Worst New Star and Worst Director. Nominated for Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay.</ref> |- |''[[Midnight Movie Massacre]]''||[[Mark Stock]], [[Larry Jacobs (director)|Larry Jacobs]]||[[Robert Clarke]], [[Anne Robinson]], [[David Staffer]], [[Tom Hutsler]]||United States||<ref>{{cite news | first=Jason | last=Buchanan | title=Midnight Movie Massacre (1988) | accessdate=2009-07-08 | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/32571/Midnight-Movie-Massacre/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218165437/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/32571/Midnight-Movie-Massacre/overview | url-status=dead | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2012 | archive-date=2012-02-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Weaver |first1=Tom |last2=Brunas |first2=John |last3=Brunas |first3=Michael | title=Interviews with B Science Fiction and Horror Movie Makers: Writers, Producers, Directors, Actors, Moguls and Makeup | url=https://archive.org/details/interviewswithbs0000weav | publisher=McFarland | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7864-2858-8 | page=[https://archive.org/details/interviewswithbs0000weav/page/92 92] }}</ref> |- |''[[Miracle Mile (film)|Miracle Mile]]''||[[Steve De Jarnatt]]||[[Anthony Edwards (actor)|Anthony Edwards]], [[Mare Winningham]], [[John Agar]]||United States|| |- |''[[Mirai Ninja (film)|Mirai Ninja]]''||[[Keita Amemiya]]||[[Hanbei Kawai]], [[Hiroki Ida]], [[Eri Morishita]]||Japan||Action |- |''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack]]''||[[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]||||Japan|| |- |''[[Moonwalker]]''||[[Jerry Kramer (director)|Jerry Kramer]], [[Colin Chilvers]]||[[Michael Jackson]], [[Joe Pesci]], [[Sean Lennon]]||United States||The ''Smooth Criminal'' segment is a noir/sci-fi film |- |''[[My Stepmother Is an Alien]]''||[[Richard Benjamin]]||[[Kim Basinger]], [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Alyson Hannigan]], [[Jon Lovitz]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Nest (1988 film)|The Nest]]''||[[Terence H. Winkless]]||[[Robert Lansing (actor)|Robert Lansing]], [[Lisa Langlois]]||United States|| |- |''[[Not of This Earth (1988 film)|Not of This Earth]]''||[[Jim Wynorski]]||[[Traci Lords]], [[Arthur Roberts (actor)|Arthur Roberts]]||United States|| |- |''[[On the Silver Globe (film)|On the Silver Globe]]''||[[Andrzej Zulawski]]||[[Andrzej Seweryn]], [[Grazyna Dylag]], [[Jerzy Trela]]||Poland||Art film |- |''[[The Pass (1988 film)|The Pass]]''||[[Vladimir Tarasov]]||[[Aleksandr Kaidanovsky|Aleksandr Kaydanovskiy]] (voice), [[Vasily Livanov|Vasiliy Livanov]] (voice), [[Aleksandr Pashutin]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animated short film |- |''[[Pulse (1988 film)|Pulse]]''||[[Paul Golding]]||[[Cliff DeYoung]], [[Roxanne Hart]], [[Joey Lawrence]]||United States|| |- |''[[Robowar (film)|Robowar]]''||[[Bruno Mattei]]||[[Reb Brown]], [[Catherine Hickland]], [[Massimo Vanni]]||Italy|| |- |''[[Short Circuit 2]]''||[[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]]||[[Fisher Stevens]], [[Michael McKean]], [[Cynthia Gibb]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Son of the Stars]]''||[[Mircea Toia]], [[Călin Cazan]], [[Dan Chisovsky]]||[[Mihai Cafrița]] (voice), [[Ion Caramitru]] (voice), [[Virgil Ogășanu]] (voice), [[Mircea Albulescu]] (voice), [[Mirela Gorea-Chelaru]] (voice)||Romania||Animated film. Romanian title: ''Fiul stelelor''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Virginás |first1=Andrea |title=Film Genres in Hungarian and Romanian Cinema: History, Theory, and Reception |date=22 April 2021 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, London |isbn=9781793613448 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yInEAAAQBAJ |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zimmerman |first1=E. Lee |title=STARDATE 02.16.2023.A: MORE MIND TRIP THAN SPACE TRIP, 1985'S ROMANIA SPACE FANTASY 'THE SON OF THE STARS' JUST MIGHT KEEP YOU GUESSING WHAT IT'S ALL ABOUT |url=https://www.scifihistory.net/mainpage/stardate-02162023a-more-mind-trip-than-space-trip-1985s-romania-space-fantasy-the-son-of-the-stars-just-might-keep-you-guessing-what-its-all-about |website=SciFiHistory.Net |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bendel |first1=Joe |title=The Son of the Stars, More Animated Romanian Science Fiction |url=http://www.jbspins.com/2023/02/the-son-of-stars-more-animated-romanian.html |website=J.B. Spins |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Panico |first1=Sam |title=DEAF CROCODILE BLU RAY RELEASE: The Son of the Stars (1987) |url=https://bandsaboutmovies.com/2023/03/16/deaf-crocodile-blu-ray-release-the-son-of-the-stars-1987/ |website=B and S About Movies |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Mark |title=FIUL STELELOR [THE SON OF THE STARS] (1985) |url=https://rivetsontheposter.wordpress.com/2023/03/27/fiul-stelelor-the-son-of-the-stars-1985/ |website=Rivets on the Poster |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Nathaniel |title=The Son of the Stars |url=http://mondo-digital.com/sonstars.html |website=Mondo Digital |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Son of the Stars |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/the-son-of-the-stars/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Mutiny]]''||[[David Winters (producer)|David Winters]], Neal Sundstrom||[[Reb Brown]], [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]], [[Cisse Cameron]]||South Africa||Science fiction action<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/space-mutiny-v45862|title = Space Mutiny (1988) - David Winters &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related &#124; AllMovie}}</ref> |- |''[[They Live]]''||[[John Carpenter]]||[[Roddy Piper]], [[Keith David]], [[Meg Foster]]||United States||Action |- |''[[Transformations (1988 film)|Transformations]]''||[[Jay Kamen]]||[[Rex Smith (entertainer)|Rex Smith]], [[Lisa Langlois]], [[Patrick Macnee]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | last1=Schwartz |first1=Carol |last2=Banks |first2=Michelle| year=1997 | title=Video Hound's Sci-Fi Experience | url=https://archive.org/details/videohoundsscifi0000schw | publisher=Visible Ink Press | page=284 | location=Detroit, Michigan | isbn=978-0-7876-0615-2 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> |- |''[[Urusei Yatsura (film series)|Urusei Yatsura: The Final Chapter]]''||[[Satoshi Dezaki]] ||[[Fumi Hirano]] (voice), [[Toshio Furukawa]] (voice), [[Akira Kamiya]] (voice)||Japan||Fifth film in the [[Urusei Yatsura (film series)|''Urusei Yatsura'' film series]] |- |''[[Warlords (1998 film)|Warlords]]''||[[Fred Olen Ray]], [[Sid Haig]]||[[David Carradine]], [[Dawn Wildsmith]], [[Sid Haig]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | first=Michael R. | last=Pitts | year=2002 | title=Horror film stars | url=https://archive.org/details/horrorfilmstars0000pitt | edition=3rd | page=[https://archive.org/details/horrorfilmstars0000pitt/page/470 470] | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-1052-1 }}</ref> |- |''[[Wind (1988 film)|Wind]]''||[[Robert Sahakyants]]|| ||Soviet Union||Animated short film. Russian title: ''Ветер'', [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Veter''. Armenian title: ''Քամի''<ref>{{cite web |title=Soviet dreams of the future, part 2. Now with sepulki |url=https://geeks-world.imtqy.com/articles/469835/index.html |website=Geeks World |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194044/https://geeks-world.imtqy.com/articles/469835/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wind |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/wind-1988/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[World Gone Wild]]''||[[Lee H. Katzin]]||[[Bruce Dern]], [[Michael Paré]], [[Catherine Mary Stewart]]||United States||<ref>{{cite book | first=Leonard | last=Maltin | year=2008 | title=Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780452289789/page/1565 1565] | publisher=Penguin Group | isbn=978-0-452-28978-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780452289789/page/1565 }}</ref> |- | {{Year header}} |[[1989 in film|{{visible anchor|1989}}]] |- |''[[Alienator]]''||[[Fred Olen Ray]]||[[Jan-Michael Vincent]], [[John Phillip Law]], [[Ross Hagen]]||United States|| |- |''[[Alien Seed]]''||[[Bob James (director)|Bob James]]||[[Erik Estrada]]||United States|| |- |''[[Arena (1989 film)|Arena]]''||[[Peter Manoogian]]||[[Claudia Christian]], [[Marc Alaimo]]||Italy|| |- |''[[The Abyss]]''||[[James Cameron]]||[[Ed Harris]], [[Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio]], [[Michael Biehn]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Winner of an [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]].</ref> |- |''[[Back to the Future Part II]]''||[[Robert Zemeckis]]||[[Michael J. Fox]], [[Christopher Lloyd]], [[Lea Thompson]], [[Thomas F. Wilson]]||United States||Time travel film |- |''[[Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure]]''||[[Stephen Herek]]||[[Keanu Reeves]], [[Alex Winter]], [[George Carlin]]||United States||Comedy, time travel film |- |''[[The Blood of Heroes]]''||[[David Webb Peoples]]||[[Rutger Hauer]], [[Joan Chen]], [[Delroy Lindo]]||Australia<br/>United States||<ref>{{cite book | last1=Mainon |first1=Dominique |last2=Ursini |first2=James | page=268 | title=Modern Amazons: warrior women on screen | publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-87910-327-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Hal | last=Erickson | title=The Blood of Heroes | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/6146/The-Blood-of-Heroes/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223185312/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/6146/The-Blood-of-Heroes/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-12-23 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | author-link=Hal Erickson (author) | date=2007 | accessdate=2009-04-03 }}</ref> |- |''[[Bunker Palace Hôtel]]''||[[Enki Bilal]]||[[Jean-Louis Trintignant]], [[Carole Bouquet]], [[Benoît Régent]]||France||<ref>{{cite web |first=Jasmina |last=Sopova |publisher=UNESCO |title=Enki Bilal: A Journey to the End of Time |url=http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_04/uk/dires.htm |accessdate=2009-03-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001151543/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_04/uk/dires.htm |archivedate=October 1, 2008 |access-date=2024-01-10 |archive-date=2008-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001151543/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_04/uk/dires.htm }}</ref> |- |''[[Communion (1989 film)|Communion]]''||[[Philippe Mora]]||[[Christopher Walken]], [[Lindsay Crouse]], [[Frances Sternhagen]]||United States|| |- |''[[Cyborg (film)|Cyborg]]''||[[Albert Pyun]]||[[Jean-Claude Van Damme]], [[Deborah Richter]]||United States|| |- |''[[Deceit (1989 film)|Deceit]]''||[[Albert Pyun]]||[[Sam Phillips (model)|Sam Phillips]], [[Norbert Weisser]], [[Scott Paulin]]||United States|| |- |''[[DeepStar Six]]''||[[Sean S. Cunningham]]||[[Taurean Blacque]], [[Nancy Everhard]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Evil Below]]''||[[Wayne Crawford]]||[[Wayne Crawford]], [[June Chadwick]], [[Paul Siebert]]||United States|| |- |''[[The Five Star Stories#Film|The Five Star Stories]]''||[[Kazuo Yamazaki (director)|Kazuo Yamazaki]]|| ||Japan|| |- |''[[Future Force (film)|Future Force]]''||David A. Prior||[[David Carradine]], Anna Rapagna, [[Robert Tessier]]||[[United States]]||Action |- |''[[Ghostbusters II]]''||[[Ivan Reitman]]||[[Bill Murray]], [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Harold Ramis]], [[Sigourney Weaver]], [[Ernie Hudson]], [[Rick Moranis]], [[Annie Potts]], [[Peter MacNicol]] ||United States||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[Godzilla vs. Biollante]]''||[[Kazuki Ōmori]]||[[Megumi Odaka]], [[Yasuka Sawaguchi]]||Japan||Kaijū |- |''[[Gunhed (film)|Gunhed]]''||[[Masato Harada]]||[[Masahiro Takashima]], [[Brenda Bakke]]||Japan|| |- |''[[Hard to Be a God (1989 film)|Hard to Be a God]]''||[[Peter Fleischmann]]||[[Edward Zentara]], [[Aleksandr Filippenko]], [[Hugues Quester]], [[Anne Gautier]]||West Germany<br/>Soviet Union<br/>France<br/>Switzerland|| |- |''[[Honey, I Shrunk the Kids]]''||[[Joe Johnston]]||[[Rick Moranis]], [[Matt Frewer]], [[Marcia Strassman]]||United States|| |- |''[[Jetsons: The Movie]]''||[[Joseph Barbera]], [[William Hanna]]||[[George O'Hanlon]] (voice), [[Mel Blanc]] (voice), [[Penny Singleton]] (voice)||United States||Animated film |- |''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1989 film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]''||[[Albert Pyun]]||[[Kathy Ireland]]||United States|| |- |''[[Leviathan (1989 film)|Leviathan]]''||[[George Pan Cosmatos]]||[[Peter Weller]], [[Richard Crenna]], [[Amanda Pays]], [[Daniel Stern (actor)|Daniel Stern]]||Italy<br/>United States|| |- |''[[Lords of the Deep]]''||[[Mary Ann Fisher]]||[[Bradford Dillman]], [[Priscilla Barnes]], [[Melody Ryane]]||United States|| |- |''[[Meet the Hollowheads]]''||[[Thomas R. Burman]]||[[John Glover (actor)|John Glover]], [[Richard Portnow]], [[Juliette Lewis]]||United States||<ref>{{cite news | first=John | last=Bush | title=Meet the Hollowheads (1989) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/32083/Meet-the-Hollowheads/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218143251/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/32083/Meet-the-Hollowheads/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-02-18 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-06-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Alan | last=Neff | year=2007 | title=Movies, Movie Stars, and Me | publisher=AuthorHouse | isbn=978-1-4259-3200-8 | pages=140&ndash;141 }}</ref> |- |''[[Millennium (film)|Millennium]]''||[[Michael Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]]||[[Kris Kristofferson]], [[Cheryl Ladd]], [[Daniel J. Travanti]], [[Robert Joy]]||United States|| |- |''[[Moontrap]]''||[[Robert Dyke]]||[[Walter Koenig]], [[Bruce Campbell]], [[Leigh Lombardi]]||United States|| |- |''[[Mutant on the Bounty]]''||[[Robert Torrance (director)|Robert Torrance]]||[[Kyle T. Heffner]], [[Scott Williamson]], [[John Durbin]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=John | last=Bush | title=Mutant on the Bounty | work=AllMovie | url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/mutant-on-the-bounty-33968 | accessdate=2009-09-18 }}</ref> |- |''[[My 20th Century]]''||[[Ildikó Enyedi]]||[[Dorota Segda]], [[Oleg Yankovskiy]], [[Paulus Manker]]||Hungary<br/>West Germany<br/>Cuba||Comedy-drama |- |''[[Patlabor: The Movie]]''||[[Mamoru Oshii]]|| ||Japan|| |- |''[[The Return of Swamp Thing]]''||[[Jim Wynorski]]||[[Louis Jourdan]], [[Heather Locklear]], [[Sarah Douglas (actress)|Sarah Douglas]]||United States|| |- |''[[Slipstream (1989 film)|Slipstream]]''||[[Steven Lisberger]]||[[Mark Hamill]], [[Bob Peck]], [[Bill Paxton]], [[Ben Kingsley]], [[F. Murray Abraham]]||United Kingdom<br/>United States|| |- |''[[Spontaneous Combustion (film)|Spontaneous Combustion]]''||[[Tobe Hooper]]||[[Brad Dourif]]||United States|| |- |''[[Star Trek V: The Final Frontier]]''||[[William Shatner]]||[[William Shatner]], [[Leonard Nimoy]], [[DeForest Kelley]], [[James Doohan]]||United States||<ref group="nb">Received [[Razzie Award|Razzie Awards]] for Worst Picture, Worst Actor and Worst Director.</ref> |- |''[[The Terror Within]]''||[[Thierry Notz]]||[[George Kennedy]], [[Andrew Stevens]], [[Starr Andreeff]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Tetsuo: The Iron Man]]''||[[Shinya Tsukamoto]]||[[Tomoroh Taguchi]], [[Kei Fujiwara]], [[Shinya Tsukamoto]]||Japan||Horror, Comedy |- |''[[UFO Abduction (film)|UFO Abduction]]'' |Dean Alioto | |United States |Horror, found footage |- |''[[Venus Wars]]''||[[Yoshikazu Yasuhiko]]|| ||Japan|| |- |''[[A Visitor to a Museum]]''||[[Konstantin Lopushansky]]||[[Viktor Mikhaylov (actor)|Viktor Mikhaylov]], [[Vera Mayorova]], [[Vadim Lobanov]], [[Irina Rakshina]]||Soviet Union<br/>Switzerland<br/>West Germany||<ref>{{cite web | first=Clarke | last=Fountain| website=Allmovie | title=Posetitel Muzeya | url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/posetitel-muzeya-121014 | accessdate=2009-03-21 }}</ref> |- |} ==Lihimi m-pahi== * [[History of science fiction films]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb|2}} ==Kundivihira == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == * [https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?title_type=feature,short&genres=sci-fi&release_date=1980-01-01,1989-12-31&sort=num_votes,desc&adult=include Science fiction films of the 1980s] on [[Internet Movie Database]] {{inc-film|date=October 2021}} {{films by genre}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Science fiction films 1980s}} [[Category:1980s science fiction films|*]] [[Category:Lists of science fiction films by decade|1980s]] [[Category:Lists of 1980s films by genre]] qxxmodwtqtdy9tmp3bj2uidd0rmmglq List of science fiction films of the 1960s 0 26940 146231 145740 2026-08-11T00:22:30Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} {{scififilmlist}} Din doli na ŋɔ nyɛla '''list of [[science fiction film]]''' shɛŋa bɛ ni daa bahi yuuni 1960s. Science fiction shinii nima din yina yuuni 1960s nyɛla din deei [[Academy Awards]] dibaa anu, [[Hugo Award]] mini [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA Award]]. {{Horizontal TOC|nonum=y}} {{clear}} ==List== {{TOCyears|startyear=1960|endyear=1969|title=Years|primary=false}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- | {{Year header}} | [[1960 in film|{{visible anchor|1960}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[12 to the Moon]]''||[[David Bradley (director)|David Bradley]]||[[Ken CHans Bendriklark (actor)|Ken Clark]], [[Michi Kobi]], [[Tom Conway]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | title=David Bradley Biography | publisher=Indiana University | url=http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=4760 | access-date=2024-01-10 | archive-date=2012-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405175147/http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=4760 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Eleanor | last=Mannikka | title=12 to the Moon | url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/12-to-the-moon-114697 | website=AllMovie | accessdate=2009-03-27 }}</ref> |- |''[[The Amazing Transparent Man]]''||[[Edgar G. Ulmer]]||[[Marguerite Chapman]], [[Douglas Kennedy (actor)|Douglas Kennedy]], [[James Griffith]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Atom Age Vampire]] (a.k.a Seddok, l'erede di Satana)''||[[Anton Giulio Majano]]||[[Alberto Lupo]], [[Susanne Loret]], [[Sergio Fantoni]]||Italy||Horror |- |''[[Atomic War Bride]] (a.k.a Rat)''||[[Veljko Bulajić]]||[[Antun Vrdoljak]], [[Zlatko Madunić]], [[Ljubiša Jovanović]]||Yugoslavia||Drama Romance <ref>{{cite book | first=Douglas | last=Pratt | year=2004 | title=Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More! | volume=1 (A-K) | page=92 | publisher=UNET 2 Corporation | isbn=978-1-932916-00-3 }}</ref> |- |''[[Beyond the Time Barrier]]''||[[Edgar G. Ulmer]]||[[Robert Clarke]], [[Darlene Tompkins]], [[Arianne Ulmer]]||United States||Romance <ref>{{cite book | title=Drive-in dream girls: a galaxy of B-movie starlets of the sixties | url=https://archive.org/details/driveindreamgirl0000lisa | first=Tom | last=Lisanti | year=2003 | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-1575-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/driveindreamgirl0000lisa/page/172 172]&ndash;180 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Tom | last=Weaver | year=2002 | title=Science fiction confidential: interviews with 23 monster stars and film makers | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-1175-7 | page=296 }}</ref> |- |''[[Dinosaurus!]]''||[[Irvin Yeaworth]]||[[Ward Ramsey]], [[Paul Lukather]], [[Kristina Hanson]]||United States||Adventure Comedy Fantasy Horror |- |''[[The Human Vapor]] (a.k.a Gasu ningen dai 1 gô)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Tatsuya Mihashi]], [[Kaoru Yachigusa]], [[Yoshio Tsuchiya]] ||Japan||Crime Thriller |- |''[[Last Woman on Earth]]''||[[Roger Corman]]||[[Betsy Jones-Moreland]], Anthony Carbone, [[Robert Towne]]||United States||Drama Horror Mystery Romance |- |''[[The Lost World (1960 film)|The Lost World]]''||[[Irwin Allen]]||[[Michael Rennie]], [[Jill St. John]], [[David Hedison]]||United States||Adventure Fantasy |- |''[[Man in the Moon (film)|Man in the Moon]]''||[[Basil Dearden]]||[[Kenneth More]], [[Shirley Anne Field]], [[Michael Hordern]]||{{nowrap|United Kingdom}}||<ref>{{cite book | author=Blockbuster Entertainment Staff | title=The Blockbuster Entertainment Guide to Movies and Videos: 1999 Edition | url=https://archive.org/details/blockbusterenter0000bloc | publisher=Island Books | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-440-22598-0 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Mistress of the World]] (a.k.a Herrin der Welt)'' ||[[William Dieterle]]||[[Martha Hyer]], [[Micheline Presle]], [[Carlos Thompson]]||West Germany<br/>France<br/>Italy||Adventure Crime |- |''[[The Secret of the Telegian]] (a.k.a Densô ningen)''||[[Jun Fukuda]]|| [[Kōji Tsuruta]], [[Akihiko Hirata]], [[Yoshio Tsuchiya]]||Japan||Horror |- |''[[First Spaceship on Venus|The Silent Star]]'' (a.k.a Der schweigende Stern, First Spaceship on Venus, Planet of the Dead, Spaceship Venus Does Not Reply)||[[Kurt Maetzig]]||[[Yoko Tani]], [[Oldřich Lukeš]], [[Ignacy Machowski]]||East Germany<br/>Poland|| |- |''[[Space Men]]'' (a.k.a ''Assignment Outer Space)''||[[Antonio Margheriti]]||[[Rik Van Nutter]], [[Gabriella Farinon]], [[David Montresor]]||Italy|| |- |''[[The Time Machine (1960 film)|The Time Machine]]''||[[George Pal]]||[[Rod Taylor]], [[Alan Young]], [[Yvette Mimieux]]||United Kingdom||Adventure Romance Thriller <ref group="nb">Won an [[Academy Award for Visual Effects]].</ref> |- | '' [[Village of the Damned (1960 film)|Village of the Damned]]''||[[Wolf Rilla]]||[[George Sanders]], [[Barbara Shelley]]||United Kingdom<br/>United States||Horror |- |''[[Visit to a Small Planet]]''||[[Norman Taurog]]||[[Jerry Lewis]], [[Joan Blackman]], [[Earl Holliman]]||United States||Comedy |- | {{Year header}} | [[1961 in film|{{visible anchor|1961}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[Atlantis, the Lost Continent]]''||[[George Pal]]||Sal Ponti, [[Joyce Taylor]], [[John Dall]]||United States||Adventure |- |''[[The Absent-Minded Professor]]''||[[Robert Stevenson (director)|Robert Stevenson]]||[[Fred MacMurray]], [[Nancy Olson]]||United States||Comedy Family Sport |- |''[[Battle of the Worlds]] (a.k.a Il pianeta degli uomini spenti)''||[[Antonio Margheriti]]||[[Claude Rains]], [[Bill Carter (actor)|Bill Carter]], [[Umberto Orsini]]||Italy||Horror |- |''[[The Beast of Yucca Flats]]''||[[Coleman Francis]]||[[Douglas Mellor]], [[Barbara Francis]], [[Bing Stafford]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[The Day the Earth Caught Fire]]''||[[Val Guest]]||[[Edward Judd]], [[Janet Munro]], [[Leo McKern]]||United Kingdom||Drama Romance <ref group="nb">Winner of a [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA Award]] for Best British Screenplay.</ref> |- |''[[Doctor Blood's Coffin]]''||[[Sidney J. Furie]]||[[Kieron Moore (Irish actor)|Kieron Moore]], [[Hazel Court]], [[Ian Hunter (actor)|Ian Hunter]]||United Kingdom||Horror Thriller |- |''[[The Flight that Disappeared]]''||[[Reginald Le Borg]]||[[Craig Hill (actor)|Craig Hill]], [[Paula Raymond]]||United States||Adventure Fantasy |- |''[[Gorgo (film)|Gorgo]]''||[[Eugène Lourié]]||[[Bill Travers]], [[William Sylvester]], [[Vincent Winter]]||United Kingdom||Horror |- |''[[Invasion of the Neptune Men]] (a.k.a Uchû Kaisokusen)''||[[Koji Ota (film director)|Koji Ota]]||[[Sonny Chiba]], [[Ryûko Minakami]], [[Mitsue Komiya]]||Japan||Action |- |''[[The Last War (1961 film)|The Last War]] (a.k.a Sekai daisensô)''||[[Shūe Matsubayashi]]||[[Frankie Sakai]], [[Akira Takarada]], [[Yuriko Hoshi]]||Japan||Drama |- |''[[The Man with the Lens]] (a.k.a Der Mann mit dem Objektiv)''||[[Frank Vogel (director)|Frank Vogel]]||[[Rolf Ludwig]], [[Christine Laszar]], [[Helga Labudda]]||East Germany||Comedy <ref>{{cite book |last1=Feinstein |first1=Joshua |title=The Triumph of the Ordinary: Depictions of Daily Life in the East German Cinema, 1949-1989 |date=23 September 2002 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill & London |page=[https://archive.org/details/triumphofordinar0000fein/page/106 106] |url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofordinar0000fein |url-access=registration <!--|accessdate=18 July 2018-->|isbn=9780807861455 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=East Germany's "Werkstatt Zukunft": Futurology and the Science Fiction Films of "defa-futurum" |url=https://archive.org/details/german-studies-review_2006-05_29_2/page/367 |journal=German Studies Review |date=May 2006 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=367–386 |jstor=27668040 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=Science Fiction Literature in East Germany (East German Studies/DDR-Studien, 15) |date=1 October 2006 |publisher=Peter Lang AG |location=Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien |isbn=978-3039107391 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9Y7IfuAdlAC <!--|accessdate=18 July 2018-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Jaimey |title=Generic Histories of German Cinema: Genre and Its Deviations |date=15 October 2013 |publisher=Camden House |location=Rochester, New York |isbn=9781571135704 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXGBAQAAQBAJ <!--|accessdate=18 July 2018-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fritzsche |first1=Sonja |title=The Liverpool Companion to World Science Fiction Film |date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |location=Liverpool |isbn=9781781385951 |page=133n4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg_RCwAAQBAJ <!--|accessdate=18 July 2018-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldweber |first1=David Elroy |title=Claws & Saucers: Science Fiction, Horror, and Fantasy Film 1902-1982: A Complete Guide |date=1 December 2015 |publisher=Lulu.com |location=Morrisville, North Carolina |isbn=9781312288034 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfdYCAAAQBAJ <!--|accessdate=18 July 2018--> }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |''[[Master of the World (1961 film)|Master of the World]]''||[[William Witney]]||[[Vincent Price]], [[Charles Bronson]], [[Henry Hull]]||United States||Adventure |- |''[[The Most Dangerous Man Alive]]''||[[Allan Dwan]]||[[Ron Randell]], [[Debra Paget]], [[Morris Ankrum]]||United States|| |- |''[[Mothra (1961 film)|Mothra]] (a.k.a Mosura)'' ||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Frankie Sakai]], [[Hiroshi Koizumi]], [[Kyōko Kagawa]]||Japan||Adventure Fantasy Thriller |- |''[[Mysterious Island (1961 film)|Mysterious Island]]''||[[Cy Endfield]]||[[Michael Craig (actor)|Michael Craig]], [[Joan Greenwood]], [[Michael Callan]]||United Kingdom||Adventure Family Fantasy |- |''[[Nude on the Moon|Nude On The Moon]]'' ||Raymond Phelan, [[Doris Wishman]]||Marietta, William Mayer, Lester Brown||United States||Fantasy Romance |- |''[[The Phantom Planet]]''||[[William Marshall (actor)|William Marshall]]||[[Dean Fredericks]], [[Coleen Gray]], [[Anthony Dexter]]||United States||Action Adventure |- |''[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]]'' ||[[Irwin Allen]]||[[Walter Pidgeon]], [[Joan Fontaine]], [[Barbara Eden]]||United States||Action Adventure |- | {{Year header}} | [[1962 in film|{{visible anchor|1962}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[Amphibian Man (film)|Amphibian Man]] (a.k.a Chelovek-amfibiya)''||[[Gennadiy Kazansky]]||[[Vladimir Korenev]], [[Anastasiya Vertinskaya]], [[Mikhail Kozakov]]||Soviet Union||Adventure Drama Romance |- |''[[A Bomb Was Stolen]] (a.k.a S-a furat o bomba)''||[[Ion Popescu-Gopo]]||[[Iurie Darie]], [[Liliana Tomescu]], [[Haralambie Boroș]]||Romania||Comedy Fantasy | | |- |''[[The Brain That Wouldn't Die]]''||Joseph Green||[[Jason Evers]], [[Virginia Leith]], [[Leslie Daniel]]||United States|| Horror <ref>McGee, Mark T. (1984). Fast and Furious: The Story of American International Pictures. McFarland. p. 232. ISBN 0-899-50091-9.</ref> |- |''[[Creation of the Humanoids|The Creation of the Humanoids]]''||[[Wesley Barry]]||[[Don Megowan]], [[Erica Elliott]], [[Dudley Manlove]]||United States|| |- |''[[A Flying Proletarian]] (a.k.a Летающий пролетарий)''||[[Iosif Boyarsky|Iosif Boyarskiy]], [[Ivan Ivanov-Vano]]||[[Boris Popov (actor)|Boris Popov]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animation <ref>{{cite web |title=A Flying Proletarian |url=https://animatsiya.net/film.php?filmid=550 |website=Animatsiya |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Gorath]] (a.k.a Yôsei Gorasu)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Ryō Ikebe]], [[Yumi Shirakawa]], [[Takashi Shimura]]||Japan||Thriller |- |''[[Invasion of the Star Creatures]]''||[[Bruno VeSota]]||[[Bob Ball (actor)|Bob Ball]], [[Frankie Ray]], [[Gloria Victor]], [[Dolores Reed]]||United States||Comedy |- |''[[La jetée]]''||[[Chris Marker]]|| [[Jean Négroni]], [[Etienne Becker]] ||France||Short Drama Romance |- |''[[Journey to the Seventh Planet]]''||[[Sidney Pink]]||[[John Agar]], [[Greta Thyssen]], [[Ann Smyrner]]||Denmark<br/>United States||Action Adventure Fantasy Horror |- |''[[King Kong vs. Godzilla]] (a.k.a Kingu Kongu tai Gojira)''||[[Ishirō Honda]], Thomas Montgomery||[[Michael Keith (actor)|Michael Keith]], [[James Yagi]], [[Tadao Takashima]]||Japan<br/>United States||Action Adventure Fantasy |- |[[The Man from the First Century]] (''a.k.a Muz z prvního století)''||[[Oldřich Lipský]]||[[Miloš Kopecký]], [[Radovan Lukavský]], [[Lubomír Lipský]]||Czechoslovakia||Comedy |- |''[[Moon Pilot]]''||[[James Neilson (director)|James Neilson]]||[[Tom Tryon]], [[Dany Saval]]||United States||Comedy Family <ref>{{cite book |author1=Bell, Elizabeth |author2=Haas, Lynda |author3=Sells, Laura |title=From Mouse to Mermaid: the Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture |page=[https://archive.org/details/frommousetomerma0000unse/page/153 153] |year=1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20978-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/frommousetomerma0000unse/page/153 }}</ref> |- |''[[Panic in Year Zero!]]''||[[Ray Milland]]||[[Ray Milland]], [[Jean Hagen]], [[Frankie Avalon]] ||United States||Action Horror Thriller |- |''[[Planeta Bur]] (a.k.a Planet of Storms)'' ||[[Pavel Klushantsev]]||[[Vladimir Yemelyanov]], [[Georgiy Zhzhenov]], [[Gennadi Vernov]]||Soviet Union|| ''Adventure'' <ref>Евгений Харитонов. Космическая одиссея Павла Клушанцева</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=John | last=Stanley | page=402 | title=Creature features: the science fiction, fantasy, and horror movie guide | publisher=Berkley Boulevard Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-425-17517-0 }}</ref> |- |''[[Planets Against Us]] (a.k.a I pianeti contro di noi)''||[[Romano Ferrara]]||[[Michel Lemoine]], [[Maria Pia Luzi]], [[Jany Clair]]||Italy<br/>France||Horror <ref>{{cite web | first=Sandra | last=Brennan | title=The Planets Against Us (1961) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/38300/The-Planets-Against-Us/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018183516/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/38300/The-Planets-Against-Us/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-10-18 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2007 | accessdate=2009-10-01 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Space Invasion of Lapland]]''||[[Virgil W. Vogel]]||[[Bengt Blomgren]], [[John Carradine]]||United States<br />Sweden||Horror. Recut of Invasion of the Animal People |- |''[[The Three Stooges in Orbit]]''||[[Edward Bernds]]||[[Moe Howard]], [[Larry Fine]], [[Joe DeRita]] "Curley Joe"||United States||Comedy Family |- |''[[This Is Not a Test (1962 film)|This Is Not a Test]]''||Fredric Gadette||[[Seamon Glass]], Thayer Roberts, Aubrey Martin, Mary Morlas||United States||Drama |- |''[[Varan the Unbelievable]]''||[[Jerry A. Baerwitz]], [[Ishirō Honda|Ishirô Honda]]||[[Myron Healey]], [[Tsuruku Kobayashi]], [[Derick Shimatsu]]||United States||Horror. Japan movie (1958) with new material |- | {{Year header}} | [[1963 in film|{{visible anchor|1963}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[Atragon]] (a.k.a Kaitei Gunkan)''||[[Ishirō Honda]] ||[[Tadao Takashima]], [[Yoko Fujiyama]], [[Yu Fujiki]]||Japan||Action Adventure Fantasy |- |''[[The Crawling Hand]]''||[[Herbert L. Strock]]||[[Peter Breck]], [[Kent Taylor]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[The Damned (1963 film)|The Damned]]''||[[Joseph Losey]]||[[Macdonald Carey]], [[Shirley Anne Field]], [[Viveca Lindfors]]||United Kingdom||Drama Fantasy Horror Romance |- |''[[The Day Mars Invaded Earth]]''||[[Maury Dexter]]||[[Betty Beall]], [[Lowell Brown]], [[Troy Melton]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Sandra | last=Brenna | website=All Movie | title=The Day Mars Invaded Earth | url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/88844 | accessdate=2009-03-27 }}</ref> | | |- |''[[The Day of the Triffids (1962 film)|The Day of the Triffids]]''||[[Steve Sekely]]||[[Howard Keel]], [[Kieron Moore (Irish actor)|Kieron Moore]], [[Janette Scott]]||United Kingdom||Horror | | |- |''[[Ikarie XB-1]]'' (a.k.a. Voyage to the End of the Universe )||[[Jindřich Polák]]|| [[Otto Lackovič]], [[Radovan Lukavský]], [[Zdeňek Štepánek]], [[František Smolík]]||Czechoslovakia||<ref>{{cite book | author=Krafsur, Richard P.; Munden, Kenneth W. Munden; American Film Institute | title=The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1961-1970 | year=1997 | page=1184 | isbn=978-0-520-20970-1 | publisher=University of California Press }}&mdash;English film title: Voyage to the End of the Universe.</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Bruce | last=Eder | title=Voyage to the End of the Universe (1963) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/115766/Voyage-to-the-End-of-the-Universe/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203213831/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/115766/Voyage-to-the-End-of-the-Universe/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-12-03 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2007 | accessdate=2009-03-27 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kalai Arasi]]''||[[A. Kasilingam]]||[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[M. N. Nambiar]]||India||Comedy |- |''[[Little Sun (film)|Little Sun]]''||[[Minsheng Wang]]||[[Ke Bi]], [[Naihua Jin]], [[Kang Ni]]||China||Children's educational film <ref>{{cite web |last1=Fredriksson |first1=Linus |title=China and Cinematic Science Fiction: A Lost Genre |url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/7373319 |website=Lund University Publications |accessdate=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Beijing Film Academy Yearbook 2016 - Google Books">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Hiu Man |last2=Peng |first2=Xin |title=Beijing Film Academy Yearbook 2016 |date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Intellect |location=Bristol |isbn=9781783208258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7irDwAAQBAJ <!--|accessdate=4 February 2020-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Brain Hole of Chinas First Science Fiction Film 80 Years Earlier than Wandering Earth |url=https://www.jqknews.com/news/140975-The_Brain_Hole_of_Chinas_First_Science_Fiction_Film_80_Years_Earlier_than_Wandering_Earth.html |website=jqknews |accessdate=4 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204021726/https://www.jqknews.com/news/140975-The_Brain_Hole_of_Chinas_First_Science_Fiction_Film_80_Years_Earlier_than_Wandering_Earth.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ting |first1=Fang |title="Shanghai Fortress" fell, the Chinese science fiction first year dream broken 2019 |url=https://www.ww01.net/en/archives/11715 |website=domeet webmaster |date=12 August 2019 |accessdate=4 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035913/https://www.ww01.net/en/archives/11715 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ye |first1=Ling |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economy, Judicature, Administration and Humanitarian Projects (JAHP 2019) |chapter=The Influence of "Wandering Earth" on Chinese Cultural Soft Power |date=September 2019 |volume=94 |pages=151–154 |doi=10.2991/jahp-19.2019.34 |isbn=978-94-6252-789-8 |url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/jahp-19/125917423 |accessdate=4 February 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> |- |''[[Matango]]'' (a.k.a. ''Attack of the Mushroom People'')||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Yoshio Tsuchiya]], [[Kenji Sahara]], [[Hiroshi Tachikawa]]||Japan||Horror Mystery Thriller |- |''[[Monstrosity (film)|Monstrosity]]'' (a.k.a. ''The Atomic Brain'')||[[Joseph V. Mascelli]]||[[Frank Gerstle]], [[Erika Peters]], [[Judy Bamber]]||United States||Horror Mystery <ref group="nb">Alternate title: ''The Atomic Brain''</ref> |- |''[[The Nutty Professor (1963 film)|The Nutty Professor]]''||[[Jerry Lewis]]||[[Jerry Lewis]], [[Stella Stevens]]||United States||Comedy Romance |- |''[[The Secret of the Magic Gourd (1963 film)|The Secret of the Magic Gourd]]''||[[Xiaozhong Yang]]||[[Lu Mao (actor)|Lu Mao]], [[Jiang Shan (actor)|Shan Jiang]], [[He Wen]]||China||<ref name="Beijing Film Academy Yearbook 2016 - Google Books" /> |- |''[[The Yesterday Machine]]''||Russ Marker||[[Tim Holt]], Ann Pellegrino, James Britton, Jack Herman||United States|| |- |''[[Son of Flubber]]''||[[Robert Stevenson (director)|Robert Stevenson]]||[[Fred MacMurray]], [[Nancy Olson]]||United States||Comedy Family |- |''[[Unearthly Stranger]]''||[[John Krish]]||[[John Neville (actor)|John Neville]], [[Gabriella Licudi]], [[Phillip Stone]]||United Kingdom||Horror Mystery <ref>{{cite book | author=American Film Institute | year=1997 | title=The American Film Institute catalog of motion pictures produced in the United States | page=1160 | volume=3 | work=AFI Catalog Series | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-20970-1 }}</ref> |- |''[[X (1963 film)|X: The Man with the X-Ray Eyes]]''||[[Roger Corman]]||[[Ray Milland]], [[Diana Van der Vlis]], [[Harold J. Stone]]||United States||Horror Thriller |- | {{Year header}} | [[1964 in film|{{visible anchor|1964}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[Children of the Damned]]''||[[Anton Leader|Anton M. Leader]]||[[Ian Hendry]], [[Alan Badel]], [[Barbara Ferris]], [[Alfred Burke]]||United Kingdom||Drama Horror Mystery |- |''[[Dogora (1964 film)|Dogora]] (a.k.a Uchû daikaijû Dogora)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Yosuke Natsuki]], [[Yōko Fujiyama]]||Japan||Crime Horror |- |''[[First Men in the Moon (1964 film)|First Men in the Moon]]''||[[Nathan H. Juran]]||[[Edward Judd]], [[Lionel Jeffries]], [[Martha Hyer]]||United Kingdom||Adventure |- |''[[The Flesh Eaters (film)|The Flesh Eaters]]''||[[Jack Curtis (voice actor)|Jack Curtis]]||[[Martin Kosleck]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Frozen_Alive_(film)|Frozen Alive]]''||[[Bernard Knowles]]||[[Mark Stevens (actor)|Mark Stevens]], [[Marianne Koch]], [[Wolfgang Lukschy]]||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster]] (a.k.a San daikaijû: Chikyû saidai no kessen)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Yuriko Hoshi]], [[Takashi Shimura]], [[Yumi Ito]], [[Emi Ito]]||Japan||Action Adventure Fantasy Thriller |- |''[[Gonks Go Beat]]''||[[Robert Hartford-Davis]]||[[Kenneth Connor]], [[Frank Thornton]], [[Terry Scott]]||United Kingdom|| |- |''[[It Happened Here]]''||[[Andrew Mollo]], [[Kevin Brownlow]]||[[Pauline Murray (actress)|Pauline Murray]], [[Sebastian Shaw (actor)|Sebastian Shaw]], [[Nicolette Bernard]]||United Kingdom||Drama War |- |''[[Kiss Me Quick!]]''||[[Peter Perry (director)|Peter Perry]]||[[Frank A. Coe]], [[Max Gardens]], [[Althea Currier]]||United States||Comedy Fantasy Horror |- |''[[The Last Man on Earth (1964 film)|The Last Man on Earth]]''||[[Ubaldo Ragona]], [[Sidney Salkow]]||[[Vincent Price]], [[Giacomo Rossi-Stuart]], [[Tony Cerevi]]||Italy<br />United States}||Drama Horror |- |''[[Mothra vs. Godzilla]] (a.k.a Mosura tai Gojira)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Akira Takarada]], [[Yuriko Hoshi]], [[Hiroshi Koizumi]]||Japan<br />United States||Adventure Fantasy |- |''[[Pajama Party (film)|Pajama Party]]''||[[Don Weis]]||[[Tommy Kirk]], [[Annette Funicello]], [[Elsa Lanchester]], [[Jody McCrea]]||United States||Comedy Musical Romance |- |''[[Robinson Crusoe on Mars]]''||[[Byron Haskin]]||[[Paul Mantee]], [[Victor Lundin]], [[Adam West]]||United States||Adventure |- |''[[Santa Claus Conquers the Martians]]''||[[Nicholas Webster]]||[[Pia Zadora]], [[Charles G. Renn]], [[Doris Rich]]||United States||Adventure Comedy Family Fantasy |- |''[[No Survivors, Please]] (a.k.a Der Chef wünscht keine Zeugen)''||[[Hans Albin]], [[Peter Berneis]]||[[Karen Blanguernon]], [[Burr Jerger]], [[Wolfgang Zilzer]], [[Teddy Turner (actor)|Teddy Turner]], [[Stefan Schnabel]]||United States<br />West Germany||Crime <ref>{{cite book | first=Charles P. | last=Mitchell | year=2001 | title=A guide to apocalyptic cinema | url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoapocalypt0000mitc | pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetoapocalypt0000mitc/page/168 168]&ndash;171 | isbn=978-0-313-31527-5 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group }}</ref> | | |- |''[[The Earth Dies Screaming]]''||[[Terence Fisher]]||[[Willard Parker]], [[Virginia Field]], [[Dennis Price]]||United Kingdom||Horror |- |''[[The Time Travelers (1964 film)|The Time Travelers]]''||[[Ib Melchior]]||[[Preston S. Foster]], [[Philip Carey]], [[Merry Anders]]||United States|| |- | colspan="7" {{Year header}} style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | [[1965 in film|{{visible anchor|1965}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[The 10th Victim]] (a.k.a La decima vittima)''||[[Elio Petri]]||[[Marcello Mastroianni]], [[Ursula Andress]], [[Elsa Martinelli]]||Italy<br />France||Action Comedy Romance Thriller |- |''[[Alphaville (film)|Alphaville]] (a.k.a Alphaville: Une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution)''||[[Jean-Luc Godard]]||[[Eddie Constantine]], [[Anna Karina]], [[Akim Tamiroff]]||France<br />Italy||Drama Mystery Thriller <ref group="nb">Won the Golden Bear award at the 1965 [[Berlin Film Festival]].</ref> |- |''[[Crack in the World]]''||[[Andrew Marton]]||[[Dana Andrews]], [[Janette Scott]], [[Kieron Moore (Irish actor)|Kieron Moore]], [[Alexander Knox]]||United States||Action Drama Thriller |- |''[[Curse of the Fly]]''||[[Don Sharp]]||[[Brian Donlevy]], [[Carole Gray]], [[George Baker (British actor)|George Baker]]||United Kingdom||Drama Horror Mystery |- |''[[Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine]]''||[[Norman Taurog]]||[[Vincent Price]], [[Frankie Avalon]], [[Dwayne Hickman]]||United States||Comedy |- |''[[Dr. Who and the Daleks]]''||[[Gordon Flemyng]]||[[Peter Cushing]], [[Roy Castle]], [[Jennie Linden]]||United Kingdom||Adventure Drama |- |''[[Frankenstein Conquers the World]] (a.k.a Frankenstein tai Baragon)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick Adams]], [[Tadao Takashima]], [[Kumi Mizuno]]||Japan||Horror Thriller |- |''[[Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster]]''||Robert Gaffney||[[James Karen]], [[Marilyn Hanold]], [[Lou Cutell]], [[Robert Reilly (actor)|Robert Reilly]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Gamera, the Giant Monster]] (a.k.a Daikaijû Gamera)''||[[Noriaki Yuasa]]||[[Eiji Funakoshi]], [[Harumi Kiritachi]]||Japan||Action Horror |- |''[[The Heat of a Thousand Suns]] (a.k.a La brûlure de mille soleils)''||[[Pierre Kast]]||[[Pierre Vaneck]] (voice), [[Barbara Laage]] (voice), [[Barbara Aptekman]], [[Nicole Karen]], [[Ursula Kübler]], [[Deborah Romano]], [[Alexandra Stewart]]||France||Animated short film <ref>{{cite book |last1=Strick |first1=Philip |title=Science Fiction Movies |url=https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionmo00stri |date=1976 |publisher=Octopus Books |location=London |isbn=9780706404708 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionmo00stri/page/138 138]–139 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Mark |title=LA BRÛLURE DE MILLE SOLEILS [THE HEAT OF A THOUSAND SUNS] (1965) |url=https://rivetsontheposter.wordpress.com/2019/11/24/la-brulure-de-mille-soleils-the-heat-of-a-thousand-suns-1965/ |website=rivets on the poster |date=24 November 2019 |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Coulthart |first1=John |title=The Heat of a Thousand Suns by Pierre Kast |url=http://www.johncoulthart.com/feuilleton/2020/06/12/the-heat-of-a-thousand-suns-by-pierre-kast/ |website={ feuilleton } |date=12 June 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE HEAT OF 1000 SUNS |url=https://chrismarker.org/the-heat-of-1000-suns/ |website=Chris Marker - Notes from the Era of Imperfect Memory |date=8 November 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701225121/https://chrismarker.org/the-heat-of-1000-suns/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[The Human Duplicators]]''||[[Hugo Grimaldi]]||[[Richard Kiel]], [[George Macready]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Invasion (1965 film)|Invasion]]''||[[Alan Bridges]]||[[Edward Judd]]||United Kingdom||Drama |- |''[[Invasion of Astro-Monster]] (a.k.a Kaijû daisensô)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick Adams]], [[Jun Tazaki]], [[Akira Takarada]]||Japan<br />United States||Action Adventure |- |''[[Monster a Go-Go!]]''||[[Sheldon Seymour]], [[Herschell Gordon Lewis]], [[Bill Rebane]] ||[[Bill Rebane]], [[June Travis]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Mutiny in Outer Space]]''||[[Hugo Grimaldi]]||[[William Leslie (actor)]], [[Dolores Faith]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Night Caller from Outer Space]] a.k.a The Night Caller''||[[John Gilling]]||[[John Saxon]], [[Alfred Burke]]||United Kingdom||Horror |- |''[[Planet of the Vampires]] (a.k.a Terrore nello spazio)''||[[Mario Bava]]||[[Barry Sullivan (actor)|Barry Sullivan]], [[Norma Bengell]], [[Angel Aranda]]||Italy<br />Spain||Action Adventure Horror |- |''[[Spaceflight IC-1]]''||[[Bernard Knowles]]||[[Bill Williams (actor)|Bill Williams]]<br>[[Norma West]]<br>[[John Cairney]]||United Kingdom|| |- |'''''[[Space Probe Taurus]]''' (a.k.a. Space Monster)'' ||[[Leonard Katzman]]||[[Francine York]], [[James Brown]], [[Russ Bender]]||United States||Horror <ref group="nb">Alternate title ''Space Probe Taurus''</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Tom | last=Weaver | year= 2010 | page=322 | title=A sci-fi swarm and horror horde: interviews with 62 filmmakers | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-4658-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50AbUfJS6OkC&pg=PA322 }}</ref> |- |''[[Village of the Giants]]''||[[Bert I. Gordon]]||[[Tommy Kirk]], [[Johnny Crawford]], [[Beau Bridges]]||United States||Comedy |- |''[[Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet]]''||[[Pavel Klushantsev]], [[Curtis Harrington]]||[[Basil Rathbone]], [[Faith Domergue]], [[Marc Shannon]]||United States||Adventure |- |''[[The Wizard of Mars]]'' (a.k.a. ''Horrors of the Red Planet'')||[[David L. Hewitt]]||[[John Carradine]], [[Roger Gentry]], [[Vic McGee]], [[Jerry Rannow]], [[Eve Bernhardt]]||United States |Fantasy Horror |- |''[[War Gods of the Deep]] (a.k.a City Under the Sea)''||[[Jacques Tourneur]]||[[Vincent Price]], [[Tab Hunter]], [[Susan Hart]]||United States<br />United Kingdom||Adventure Fantasy Horror |- | colspan="7" {{Year header}} style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | [[1966 in film|{{visible anchor|1966}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[Agent for H.A.R.M.]]''||[[Gerd Oswald]]||[[Martin Kosleck]], [[Donna Michelle]], [[Alizia Gur]]||United States||Action Adventure Thriller |- |''[[Around the World Under the Sea]]''||[[Andrew Marton]]||[[Lloyd Bridges]], [[Brian Kelly (actor)|Brian Kelly]]|||United States||Action Adventure |- |''[[Cyborg 2087]]''||[[Franklin Adreon]]||[[Michael Rennie]], [[Karen Steele]], [[Wendell Corey]] ||United States||Action Drama Thriller |- |''[[Daleks - Invasion Earth 2150 AD|Daleks - Invasion Earth: 2150 AD]]''||[[Gordon Flemyng]]||[[Peter Cushing]], [[Bernard Cribbins]], [[Ray Brooks (actor)|Ray Brooks]]||United Kingdom||Adventure Drama |- |''[[Destination Inner Space]]''||[[Francis D. Lyon]]||[[Scott Brady]], [[Gary Merrill]], [[Sheree North]], [[Wende Wagner]]||United States||Thriller |- |''[[Dimension 5 (film)|Dimension 5]]''||[[Franklin Adreon]]||[[Jeffrey Hunter]], [[France Nuyen]], [[Donald Woods (actor)|Donald Woods]], [[Harold Sakata]]||United States||Crime Thriller |- |''[[The Face of Another (film)|The Face of Another]] (a.k.a Tanin no kao)''||[[Hiroshi Teshigahara]]||[[Tatsuya Nakadai]], [[Machiko Kyō]], [[Kyōko Kishida]]||Japan||Drama Horror |- |''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]''||[[François Truffaut]]||[[Oskar Werner]], [[Julie Christie]], [[Cyril Cusack]]||United Kingdom||Drama |- |''[[Fantastic Voyage]]''||[[Richard Fleischer]]||[[Stephen Boyd]], [[Raquel Welch]], [[Edmond O'Brien]]||United States||Adventure Family <ref group="nb">Won Academy Awards for [[Academy Award for Best Art Direction|Art Direction]] and [[Academy Award for Visual Effects|Visual Effects]].</ref> |- |''[[Gamera vs. Barugon]] (a.k.a Daikaijû kettô: Gamera tai Barugon)''||[[Shigeo Tanaka]]||[[Kojiro Hongo]], [[Kyoko Enami]] ||Japan||Action Adventure Fantasy Horror Thriller |- |''[[Ebirah, Horror of the Deep]] (a.k.a Godzilla versus the Sea Monster (USA TV), Gojira, Ebirâ, Mosura: Nankai no daiketto)''||[[Jun Fukuda]]||[[Akira Takarada]], [[Toru Watanabe]]||Japan||Action Adventure Fantasy |- |''[[Gogola (film)|Gogola]]''||[[Balwant B Dave]]||Azaad Irani, Nayam Palli||India|| |- |''[[Island of Terror]]''||[[Terence Fisher]]||[[Peter Cushing]], [[Edward Judd]], [[Carole Gray]]||United Kingdom||Horror |- |''[[The Main Star]] (a.k.a Главный звёздный)''||[[Roman Davydov]]||[[Valentina Sperantova]] (voice), [[Alexandra Nazarova (actress)|Aleksandra Nazarova]] (voice), [[Rostislav Plyatt]] (voice)||Soviet Union||Animated short film. |- |''[[The Navy vs. the Night Monsters]]''||[[Michael A. Hoey]]||[[Mamie Van Doren]], [[Anthony Eisley]], [[Billy Gray (actor)|Billy Gray]]||United States||Horror <ref>{{cite book | first=Tom | last=Weaver | year=2001 | title=I was a monster movie maker: conversations with 22 SF and horror filmmakers | url=https://archive.org/details/iwasmonstermovie0000unse | pages=[https://archive.org/details/iwasmonstermovie0000unse/page/96 96]&ndash;111 | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-1000-2 }}</ref> |- | ''[[The Golden Bat]] (a.k.a Ôgon batto)''||Hajime Sato||[[Sonny Chiba]], Wataru Yamakawa, Hisako Tsukaba||Japan||Adventure Action Thriller<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ogon-batto-the-golden-bat|title = The Golden Bat|website = [[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Planet of the Female Invaders]]''||[[Alfredo B. Crevenna]]||Lorena Velázquez, Elizabeth Campbell, Maura Monti|||| |- |''[[Queen of Blood]]'' (a.k.a. ''Planet of Blood'')||[[Curtis Harrington]]||[[John Saxon]], [[Basil Rathbone]], [[Dennis Hopper]], [[Judi Meredith]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Seconds (1966 film)|Seconds]]''||[[John Frankenheimer]]||[[Rock Hudson]], [[Salome Jens]], [[John Randolph (actor)|John Randolph]], [[Will Geer]]||United States||Thriller |- |''[[Star Pilot]] (a.k.a 2+5: Missione Hydra)''||[[Pietro Francisci]]||[[Leonora Ruffo]]||Italy||Adventure |- |''[[Terror Beneath the Sea]] (a.k.a Kaitei daisensô)''||[[Hajime Sato]]||[[Sonny Chiba]], [[Peggy Neal]], [[Franz Gruber (actor)|Franz Gruber]]||Japan||Horror <ref>{{cite book | first=Chris | last=Desjardins | page=53 | year=2005 | title=Outlaw masters of Japanese film | publisher=I.B.Tauris | isbn=978-1-84511-090-1 }}</ref> |- |''[[Thunderbirds Are Go]]''||[[David Lane (director)|David Lane]]||[[Sylvia Anderson]] (voice), [[Ray Barrett]] (voice), [[Alexander Davion]] (voice)||United Kingdom||Marionette Action Adventure Drama Family |- |''[[The War of the Gargantuas]] (a.k.a Furankenshutain no kaijû: Sanda tai Gaira)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Russ Tamblyn]], [[Ikio Sawamura]], [[Kenji Sahara]]||Japan<br/>United States||Action Horror |- |''[[War of the Planets (1966 film)|War of the Planets]] (a.k.a Anno zero - Guerra nello spazio)''||[[Antonio Margheriti]]||[[Tony Russel]], [[Lisa Gastoni]]||Italy||Adventure |- |''[[Who Wants to Kill Jessie?]] (a.k.a Kdo chce zabít Jessii?)''||Václav Vorlíček||[[Jiří Sovák]], Dana Medřická, [[Olga Schoberová]]||Czechoslovakia||Comedy |- |''[[Wild, Wild Planet]] (a.k.a I criminali della galassia)''||[[Antonio Margheriti]]||[[Tony Russel]], [[Lisa Gastoni]], [[Massimo Serato]]||Italy|| |- |''[[Women of the Prehistoric Planet]]''||[[Arthur C. Pierce]]||[[Wendell Corey]], [[Keith Larsen]], [[John Agar]]||United States||Action Adventure Romance |- | {{Year header}} | [[1967 in film|{{visible anchor|1967}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[The Ambushers (film)|The Ambushers]]''||[[Henry Levin (film director)|Henry Levin]]||[[Dean Martin]], [[Senta Berger]]||United States||Comedy, Spy |- |''[[The Andromeda Nebula]]''||[[Yevgeny Sherstobitov]]||[[Via Artmane]], [[Sergei Stolyarov]], [[Nikolai Kryukov (actor)|Nikolai Kryukov]]||Soviet Union|| |- |''[[Countdown (1968 film)|Countdown]]''||[[Robert Altman]]||[[James Caan]], [[Robert Duvall]]||United States||Thriller |- |''[[Gamera vs. Gyaos]] (a.k.a Daikaijû kûchûsen: Gamera tai Gyaosu)''||[[Noriyaki Yuasa]]||[[Kojiro Hongo]], [[Kichijiro Ueda]]||Japan||Action Family Fantasy Kaiju |- |''[[Gappa: The Triphibian Monster]] (a.k.a Daikyojû Gappa)''||[[Haruyasu Noguchi]]||[[Tamio Kawachi]], [[Tatsuya Fuji]], [[Yoko Yamamoto]]||Japan||Action Adventure Comedy Drama Family Fantasy Horror Thriller Kaiju |- |''[[Glorious Times at the Spessart Inn]] (a.k.a Herrliche Zeiten im Spessart)''||[[Kurt Hoffmann]]||[[Liselotte Pulver]], [[Harald Leipnitz]], [[Vivi Bach]]||West Germany||Comedy |- |''[[Journey to the Center of Time]]''||[[David L. Hewitt]]||[[Scott Brady]], [[Anthony Eisley]], [[Abraham Sofaer]], [[Gigi Perreau]]||United States|| |- |''[[Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon]] (a.k.a Those Fantastic Flying Fools, Blast-Off)''||[[Don Sharp]]||[[Burl Ives]], [[Terry-Thomas]], [[Gert Fröbe]]||United Kingdom||Adventure Comedy Fantasy |- |''[[King Kong Escapes]] (a.k.a Kingu Kongu no gyakushû)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Rhodes Reason]], [[Mie Hama]], [[Linda G. Miller]]||Japan||Action Adventure Family Kaiju |- |''[[Late August at the Hotel Ozone]] (a.k.a Konec srpna v Hotelu Ozon)'' ||[[Jan Schmidt (director)|Jan Schmidt]]||Ondrej Jariabek, Beta Poničanová, Magda Seidlerová||Czechoslovakia||Drama <ref>{{cite web|website=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/21/movies/strange-lands-series-celebrates-soviet-era-sci-fi-films.html |title=To Boldly Go Where No Comrade Has... |author=Eric Hynes |date=20 August 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Mission Stardust]] (a.k.a ...4 ..3 ..2 ..1 ...morte)''||[[Primo Zeglio]]||[[Lang Jeffries]], [[Essy Persson]]||Italy<br/>West Germany<br/>Spain||Action Adventure <ref>{{cite web | title=Overview for Mission Stardust (1968) | work=Turner Classic Movies | url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=558887 | accessdate=2009-07-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Kristopher | last=Spencer | year=2008 | title=Film and Television Scores, 1950-1979: A Critical Survey by Genre | url=https://archive.org/details/filmtelevisionsc0000spen | publisher=McFarland | page=[https://archive.org/details/filmtelevisionsc0000spen/page/206 206] | isbn=978-0-7864-3682-8 }}</ref> |- |''[[Night of the Big Heat (1967 film)|Night of the Big Heat]] (a.k.a Island of the Burning Damned or Island Of The Burning Doomed)''||[[Terence Fisher]]||[[Peter Cushing]], [[Christopher Lee]]||United Kingdom||Horror Mystery Thriller |- |''[[Privilege (film)|Privilege]]''||[[Peter Watkins]]||[[Paul Jones (singer)|Paul Jones]], [[Jean Shrimpton]], [[Mark London]]||United Kingdom||Comedy Drama Music |- |''[[Quatermass and the Pit (film)|Quatermass and the Pit]]''||[[Roy Ward Baker]]||[[James Donald]], [[Barbara Shelley]], [[Andrew Kier]]||United Kingdom||Horror Mystery Thriller |- |''[[Son of Godzilla]] (a.k.a Kaijûtô no kessen: Gojira no musuko)''||[[Jun Fukuda]]||[[Akira Kubo]], [[Tadao Takashima]], [[Bibari Maeda]]||Japan||Action Adventure Comedy Family Fantasy Kaiju |- |''[[The Sorcerers]]''||[[Michael Reeves (director)|Michael Reeves]]||[[Boris Karloff]], [[Elizabeth Ercy]], [[Ian Ogilvy]]||United Kingdom||Horror |- |''[[Space Monster, Wangmagwi]] (a.k.a Ujugoe-in wangmagwi)''||[[Kwon Hyeok-jin]]||[[Namkoong Won|Nam Koong Won]], [[Seon-kyeong Kim]], [[Eun-jin Han]]||South Korea||Comedy Kaiju |- |''[[The Terrornauts]]''||[[Montgomery Tully]]||[[Simon Oates]], [[Zena Marshall]], [[Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)|Charles Hawtrey]]||United Kingdom||Mystery |- |''[[They Came from Beyond Space]]''||[[Freddie Francis]]||[[Robert Hutton (actor)|Robert Hutton]], [[Jennifer Jayne]], [[Michael Gough]]||United Kingdom||Adventure <ref>{{cite book | first=S. T. | last=Joshi | page=[https://archive.org/details/iconshorrorsuper12josh/page/n33 23] | title=Icons of horror and the supernatural: an encyclopedia of our worst nightmares | url=https://archive.org/details/iconshorrorsuper12josh | url-access=limited | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-313-33781-9 }}</ref> |- |''[[The X from Outer Space]] (a.k.a Uchû daikaijû Girara)''||[[Kazui Nihonmatsu]]||[[Eiji Okada]], [[Toshiya Wazaki]]||Japan||Horror Kaiju |- |''[[Yongary, Monster from the Deep]] (a.k.a Taekoesu Yonggary)''||[[Kim Ki-duk]]||[[Moon Kang]], [[Kwang Ho Lee]], [[Soonjai Lee]]||South Korea<br/>Japan||Adventure Drama Fantasy Horror Kaiju |- | {{Year header}} | [[1968 in film|{{visible anchor|1968}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''||[[Stanley Kubrick]]||[[Keir Dullea]], [[Gary Lockwood]], [[William Sylvester]]||United Kingdom<br/>United States||Adventure <ref group="nb">Won an [[Academy Award for Visual Effects]] and a [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation]].</ref> |- |''[[The Astro-Zombies]]''||[[Ted V. Mikels]]||[[Wendell Corey]], [[John Carradine]], [[Tom Pace]]||United States||Horror |- |''[[Barbarella (film)|Barbarella]]''||[[Roger Vadim]]||[[Jane Fonda]], [[John Phillip Law]], [[Anita Pallenberg]]||France<br/>Italy||Adventure Comedy Fantasy |- |''[[The Bamboo Saucer]] (aka Collision Course (1969)''||Frank Telford|| [[Dan Duryea]], [[John Ericson]], [[Lois Nettleton]]||United States|| |- |''[[Charly (1968 film)|Charly]]''||[[Ralph Nelson]]||[[Cliff Robertson]], [[Claire Bloom]]||United States||Drama Romance<ref group="nb">Winner of an Academy Award for Best Actor.</ref> |- |''[[Destroy All Monsters]] (a.k.a Kaijû sôshingeki)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Akira Kubo]], [[Jun Tazaki]], [[Yoshio Tsuchiya]]||Japan||Action Adventure kaijū |- |''[[Gamera vs. Viras]] (a.k.a Gamera tai uchu kaijû Bairasu)'' |[[Noriaki Yuasa]] |[[Kojiro Hongo|Kôjirô Hongô]] [[Tôru Takatsuka]] Carl Craig |Japan |Action Aventure Famille |- |''[[Goke, Body Snatcher from Hell]] (a.k.a Kyuketsuki Gokemidoro)''||[[Hajime Sato]]|| [[Teruo Yoshida,|Teruo Yoshida]], Tomomi Sato, [[Eizo Kitamura]], [[Hideo Ko]], [[Kazuo Kato]], [[Yuko Kusunoki]], Masaya Takahashi, [[Nobuo Kaneko]]||Japan||Horror |- |''[[The Green Slime]]''||[[Kinji Fukasaku]]||[[Robert Horton (actor)|Robert Horton]], [[Luciana Paluzzi]], [[Richard Jaeckel]]||Japan<br/>United States||Drama Horror |- |''[[Je t'aime, je t'aime]]''||[[Alain Resnais]]||[[Claude Rich]], [[Olga Georges-Picot]], [[Anouk Ferjac]]||France||Drama <ref>{{cite book | title=Alain Resnais | url=https://archive.org/details/alainresnais0000wils | first=Emma | last=Wilson | publisher=Manchester University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7190-6406-7 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/alainresnais0000wils/page/108 108]&ndash;109 }}</ref> |- |''[[Mission Mars (film)|Mission Mars]]''||[[Nicholas Webster]]||[[Darren McGavin]], [[Nick Adams (actor, born 1931)|Nick Adams]], [[George de Vries]], [[Shirley Parker]]||United States||<ref>{{cite web | first=Dan | last=Pavlides | title=Mission Mars (1967) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/32907/Mission-Mars/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022021920/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/32907/Mission-Mars/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-22 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-07-24 }}</ref> |- |''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]''||[[Franklin J. Schaffner]]||[[Charlton Heston]], [[Roddy McDowall]], [[Kim Hunter]], [[Maurice Evans (actor)|Maurice Evans]]||United States||Adventure |- |''[[The Power (1968 film)|The Power]]''||[[Byron Haskin]]||[[George Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton]], [[Suzanne Pleshette]], [[Richard Carlson (actor)|Richard Carlson]]||United States||Thriller |- |''[[Project X (1968 film)|Project X]]''||[[William Castle]]||[[Christopher George]], [[Greta Baldwin]], [[Henry Jones (actor)|Henry Jones]]||United States||Mystery <ref>{{cite book | first=Alan G. | last=Frank | year=1982 | title=The Science Fiction and Fantasy Film Handbook | publisher=Barnes & Noble Books | page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa0000fran/page/103 103] | isbn=978-0-389-20319-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa0000fran/page/103 }}</ref> |- |''[[Thunderbird 6]]''||[[David Lane (director)|David Lane]]||[[Keith Alexander (actor)|Keith Alexander]] (voice), [[Sylvia Anderson]] (voice), [[John Carson (actor)|John Carson]] (voice)||United Kingdom||Marionette Action Adventure Drama Family |- |''[[Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women]]''||[[Peter Bogdanovich]]||[[Mamie Van Doren]], [[Mary Marr]], [[Paige Lee]]||United States||Adventure |- | {{Year header}} | [[1969 in film|{{visible anchor|1969}}]] |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Country !! Subgenre/Notes |- |''[[All Monsters Attack]]'' (a.k.a. ''Godzilla's Revenge'')||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Tomonori Yazaki]], [[Eisei Amamoto]], [[Sachio Sakai]], [[Kazuo Suzuki]], [[Kenji Sahara]]||Japan||Action Adventure Family Fantasy Kaiju |- |''[[The Body Stealers]]''||[[Gerry Levy]]||[[George Sanders]], [[Maurice Evans (actor)|Maurice Evans]], [[Patrick Allen]]||United Kingdom||Horror Mystery |- |''[[Captain Nemo and the Underwater City]]''||[[James H. Hill]]||[[Robert Ryan]], [[Chuck Connors]], [[Nanette Newman]]||United Kingdom||Adventure Family Fantasy |- |''[[Change of Mind]]''||[[Robert Stevens (director)|Robert Stevens]]||[[Raymond St. Jacques]], [[Susan Oliver]], [[Janet MacLachlan]]||United States||Drama |- |''[[The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes]]''||[[Robert Butler (director)|Robert Butler]]||[[Kurt Russell]], [[Cesar Romero]], [[Joe Flynn (US actor)|Joe Flynn]]||United States||Comedy Family |- |''[[Doppelgänger (1969 film)|Doppelgänger]] (''a.k.a ''Journey To The Far Side Of The Sun)''||[[Robert Parrish]]||[[Roy Thinnes]], [[Patrick Wymark]], [[Ian Hendry]]||United Kingdom||Drama<ref group="nb">Alternate title: Journey to the Far Side of the Sun.</ref> |- |''[[The Gladiators (film)|The Gladiators]]''||[[Peter Watkins]]||[[Arthur Pentelow]], Frederick Danner, Hans Bendrik||Sweden||Drama |- |''[[Gamera vs. Guiron]] (a.k.a Gamera tai daiakuju Giron)''||[[Noriyaki Yuasa]]||[[Nobuhiro Kashima]], Chris Murphy||Japan||Action Adventure Family |- |''[[Hibernatus]]''||[[Édouard Molinaro]]||[[Louis de Funès]], [[Claude Gensac]], [[Bernard Alane]]||France<br/>Italy||Comedy Fantasy |- |''[[The Illustrated Man (film)|The Illustrated Man]]''||[[Jack Smight]]||[[Rod Steiger]], [[Claire Bloom]], [[Robert Drivas]]||United States||Drama Fantasy Horror<ref>{{cite book | first=Sam | last=Weller | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-06-054581-9 | title=The Bradbury Chronicles: The Life of Ray Bradbury | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bradburychronicl00well/page/279 279&ndash;280] | publisher=Harper-Collins | url=https://archive.org/details/bradburychronicl00well/page/279 }}</ref> |- |''[[Latitude Zero (film)|Latitude Zero]] (a.k.a Ido zero daisakusen)''||[[Ishirō Honda]]||[[Joseph Cotten]], [[Cesar Romero]], [[Akira Takarada]] ||Japan||Action Adventure |- |''[[The Mad Doctor of Blood Island]]''|| [[Gerardo de León]], [[Eddie Romero]]||[[John Ashley (actor)|John Ashley]], [[Angelique Pettyjohn]], [[Ronald Remy]]||Philippines<br/>United States||Adventure Horror<ref>{{cite web | first=Hal | last=Erickson | title=The Mad Doctor of Blood Island (1969) | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/30650/The-Mad-Doctor-of-Blood-Island/overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012030013/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/30650/The-Mad-Doctor-of-Blood-Island/overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-10-12 | department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | author-link=Hal Erickson (author) | date=2007 | accessdate=2009-06-16 }}</ref> |- |''[[The Man Who Thought Life]]'' (a.k.a Manden der tænkte ting)||[[Jens Ravn]]||[[John Price (Danish actor)|John Price]], [[Preben Neergaard]], [[Lotte Tarp]]||Denmark||Horror |- |''[[Marooned (1969 film)|Marooned]]''||[[John Sturges]]||[[Gregory Peck]], [[Richard Crenna]], [[David Janssen]], [[James Franciscus]]||United States||Adventure Drama Thriller |- |''[[The Monitors (film)|The Monitors]]''||[[Jack Shea (director)|Jack Shea]]||[[Guy Stockwell]], [[Susan Oliver]], [[Avery Schreiber]]||United States||Comedy |- |''[[Moon Zero Two]]''||[[Roy Ward Baker]]||[[James Olson (actor)|James Olson]], [[Catherine Schell]], [[Warren Mitchell]]||United Kingdom||Crime |- |''[[Night of the Bloody Apes (film)|Night of the Bloody Apes]] (a.k.a La horripilante bestia humana)''||[[René Cardona]]||[[José Elías Moreno|José Moreno]], [[Armando Silvestre]]||Mexico||Horror |- |''[[Stereo (1969 film)|Stereo]]''||[[David Cronenberg]]||[[Jack Messinger]], [[Iain Ewing]], [[Clara Mayer]]||Canada||Fantasy Silent |- |''[[A Time of Roses]]'' (a.k.a Ruusujen aika)||[[Risto Jarva]]||[[Arto Tuominen]], [[Ritva Vepsä]], [[Tarja Markus]]||Finland|| |- |''[[The Valley of Gwangi]]''||[[Jim O'Connolly]]||[[James Franciscus]], [[Gila Golan]], [[Laurence Naismith]]||United States||Action Adventure Thriller Western |- |''[[The Windows of Time]]'' (a.k.a Az idö ablakai)||[[Tamás Fejér]]||[[Miklós Gábor]], [[Beata Tyszkiewicz]], [[Ivan Andonov]], [[Krystyna Mikołajewska]], [[Heidemarie Wenzel]], [[Iván Darvas]]||Hungary||<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowie |first1=Peter |title=International Film Guide 1970 |date=November 1969 |publisher=The Tantivy Press |location=London |isbn=978-0900730016 |page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvtkAAAAMAAJ <!--|accessdate=2 November 2018-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nemeskürty |first1=István |title=A Short History of the Hungarian Cinema |date=1 December 1980 |publisher=Corvina Kiadó |location=Budapest |isbn=978-9631311013 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N483AAAAIAAJ <!--|accessdate=2 November 2018-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Phil |title=The Overlook Film Encyclopedia: Science Fiction |date=1 October 1995 |publisher=The Overlook Press |location=Woodstock, New York |isbn=978-0879516260 |page=283 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhruAAAAMAAJ <!--|accessdate=2 November 2018-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bould |first1=Mark |last2=Butler |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Roberts |first3=Adam |last4=Vint |first4=Sherryl |title=The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction |date=30 January 2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9780415453783 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7CNAgAAQBAJ <!--|accessdate=2 November 2018-->}}</ref> |- |''[[Zeta One]]'' (a.k.a The Love Factor)||[[Michael Cort]]||[[James Robertson Justice]], [[Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)|Charles Hawtrey]], [[Robin Hawdon]]||United Kingdom||Comedy Fantasy |- |} ==Lihimi m-pahi== * [[History of science fiction films]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group="nb"|2}} ==Kundivihira == {{reflist|2}} == External links == * [https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?title_type=feature,short&genres=sci-fi&release_date=1960-01-01,1969-12-31&sort=num_votes,desc&adult=include Science fiction films of the 1960s] on [[Internet Movie Database]] {{inc-film|date=October 2021}} {{films by genre}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Science fiction films 1960s}} [[Category:1960s science fiction films|*]] [[Category:Lists of science fiction films by decade|1960s]] [[Category:Lists of 1960s films by genre]] ate6ufq1vvij3xmbfsye2f6ubzntjyb Ameenah Gurib-Fakim 0 26962 146199 142629 2026-08-10T23:07:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Dr. Bibi Ameenah Firdaus Gurib-Fakim''' ({{IPA-mfe|bibi amina fiːədos ɡəʁib fakim}}) <small>[[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean|GCSK]]</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Pages/National-Day-Honours-2008.aspx|title=Prime Minister's Office - National Day Honours 2008|publisher=Republic of Mauritius}}</ref><ref name=president>{{cite web|url = http://president.govmu.org/English/Pages/default.aspx|title = Her Excellency Dr. (Mrs) Bibi Ameenah Firdaus Gurib-Fakim, G.C.S.K., C.S.K President of the Republic of Mauritius|publisher = The President of the Republic|access-date = 2015-06-05|archive-date = 8 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508045133/http://president.govmu.org/English/Pages/default.aspx|url-status = dead}}</ref> (bɛ dɔɣi o la silimin gɔli October biɛɣ'pinaayopɔin dali yuuni 1959)<ref>{{cite web|title = Ameenah Gurib-Fakim : " Je suis une emmerdeuse, c'est ça ? "|url = http://www.lexpress.mu/article/246822/ameenah-gurib-fakim-je-suis-une-emmerdeuse-cest-ca|access-date = 2015-05-31|date = 2014-05-31}}</ref> nyɛla [[Mauritius]] siyaasa nira ni “biodiversity scientist” ŋun' n-nya Tiŋgbani zuɣulana ŋun pahiri ayɔbu zaŋ n-ti [[Mauritius]] yuuni 2015 hali ni yuuni 2018. Silimin goli December 2014, bɛ daa piigi o tiŋgbani zuɣulana bɔri a zaŋ n-ti Alliance Lepep. Din daa niŋ ka [[Kailash Purryag]] yina ti shee nam ni silimin goli May 29, 2015, Prime Minister [[Anerood Jugnauth|Sir Anerood Jugnauth]] mini kpɛm zaŋ n-ti ban ka nam ni [[Paul Berenger]] zaa daa saɣiti o piibu, ka bɛ daa lahi yina ti vooti saɣitili [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]] puuni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ameenah Gurib-Fakim: l'encombrante présidente |date=4 March 2018 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/327393/ameenah-gurib-fakim-lencombrante-presidente |publisher=L'Express |access-date=2018-03-04}}</ref> Gurib-Fakim n-nyɛ tuuli paɣa bɛ ni daa pii tiŋgbani zuɣulana tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni, ka lahi nya paɣa ŋun pahiri ata anduniya na min lee zuɣulana zaŋ n-ti first o tiŋgbani baayan [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] mini [[Monique Ohsan Bellepeau]] nyaanŋa, ŋun daa tuɣi o nyaanŋa ka daa ɔfis ŋɔ ni ka daa nye o tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa. Ŋuni n-daa nya yuuni 2019 yee kpeeni zaŋ n-ti [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]'s laɣingu "Africa laɣingbaai: So di ni?" din daa nya African Society of Cambridge University ni laɣim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africatogether.org.uk/keynote-speakers/|title=Keynote Speakers|website=Africa Together Conference|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-22|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528092233/https://www.africatogether.org.uk/keynote-speakers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Piligu biɛhigu mini shikuru baŋsim bobu == Bibi Ameenah Firdaus Gurib-Fakim nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so [[Surinam, Mauritius|Surinam]], silimin goli October 17, 1959. O laanba n-nyɛ Hassenjee Gurib mini Firdaus Durgauhee. O zooi la [[Plaine Magnien]] ka naai o shikuru piraamari shikuru din be Saint-Patrice. Ka yi ni chaŋ Mahébourg Loreto Convent, n-ti naai Higher School Certificate, Loreto Convent Quatre Bornes pɔi ka daa yi n-chaŋ England ti tuɣi o degree din jɛndi chemistry bohimbu. O daa karim siɣisi [[University of Surrey]] ŋɔ yuuni 1983 ka deei shɛhirili gbaŋ din nya [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] degree ka jɛndi [[chemistry]]. Di ni daa niŋ ka o deei o [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degree din jɛndi [[organic chemistry]], [[Exeter University]], o daa labi yiŋ yuuni 1987 ti nya tuma tuma [[University of Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/ameenah-gurib-fakim-nomination-deja-fait-sauter-quelques-verrous|title=AMEENAH GURIB-FAKIM: "Cette nomination a déjà fait sauter quelques verrous"|work=lemauricien.com|date=2015-05-31|access-date=2024-01-14|archive-date=2015-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703105931/http://www.lemauricien.com/article/ameenah-gurib-fakim-nomination-deja-fait-sauter-quelques-verrous|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tuma== O daa nyɛla Managing Director zaŋ n-ti CIDP Research & Innovation (din daa na nya Cephyr, Centre for Phytotherapy Research).<ref>[http://www.in-cosmetics.com/__novadocuments/357892?v=636298728721930000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052408/http://www.in-cosmetics.com/__novadocuments/357892?v=636298728721930000|date=4 September 2018}}</ref> Nyaanŋa, o daa na nyɛla Purofɛɛsa ŋun mali o dahalali shɛhirili gbaŋ din jɛndi Organic Chemistry, University of Mauritius ( yuuni 2001) ka daa ti lee kpɛm zaŋ n-ti Faculty of Science ni Pro–Vice Chancellor (yuuni 2004–2010). O daa lahi tum Mauritius Research Council ka nya kpɛm zaŋ n-ti vihigu yaɣali (yuuni 1995–1997).<ref name="icsu.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.icsu.org/icsu-africa/about-icsu-roa/about-us/files/ShortBiographyProfFakim.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.icsu.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616052712/http://www.icsu.org/icsu-africa/about-icsu-roa/about-us/files/ShortBiographyProfFakim.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> O daa lee daanbolo zaŋ n-ti International Council for Scientific Union – Regional Office, Africa dini (yuuni 2011–2014).<ref>{{cite web|title = Prof. Ameenah Gurib-Fakim Joins SAA - Spa & Wellness Association of Africa|url = http://www.spaassociationofafrica.com/2012/12/10/blog/prof-ameenah-gurib-fakim-joins-saa/|access-date = 2015-06-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131129131208/http://www.spaassociationofafrica.com/2012/12/10/blog/prof-ameenah-gurib-fakim-joins-saa/|archive-date = 29 November 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> Yuuni 2015, O Mauritius tiŋgban' zuɣulan tali piibu daa nyɛla din saha maa PM mini Militant Socialist Movement puuni yino [[Anerood Jugnauth]], zaŋ sɔŋna ka Mauritian National Assembly zaasa daa saɣitili. O daa yina ti che tuma yuuni 2018 di ni daa niŋ ka laɣiri kɔriŋfohili daa yina Prime Minister, [[Pravind Jugnauth]] saha. Tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali ŋɔ naa kuli nyɛla din doya hali ni silimin goli December 2019, ka bihi bapira [[Prithvirajsing Roopun]] daa ti deei li. Saha ŋɔ, tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa, [[Barlen Vyapoory]] n-na nya tiŋgbani zuɣulana. ==Vice-chancellor piibu== Silimin goli December 2013, Gurib-Fakim daa zaŋ fabila ti sɔŋ Mauritian Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) din wuhiri ni adiini gaŋbu paagi o zaŋ chaŋ o korisi ni University of Mauritius (UoM) Vice Chancellor bɔbu polo. EOC vihigu yaɣali daa yina ti wuhi ni ka lala n-nyɛli, amaa ka lee wuhi ni yɛlimuɣira n-beni zaŋ chaŋ piibu maa polo. Vihigu maa daa wuhiya ni zimsim be la so shɛli di ni doli zaŋ chaŋ ban bɔri li maa piibu polo. Yaɣa, yɛltɔɣa bahigu daa chaŋla Professor Jugessur sani, ŋun daa nyɛ zuɣulan zaŋ n-ti Council of the UoM lala saha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/equal-opportunities-commission-affaire-gurib-fakim-troublantes-revelations-sur-les-promotion|title=EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES COMMISSION—AFFAIRE GURIB-FAKIM: Troublantes révélations sur les promotions à l'UoM|work=lemauricien.com|date=2014-05-28}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gurib-Fakim daa che o zaashee University ŋɔ ni ka chaŋ ti kpa o dahalali science yaɣali ka boli CIDP Research & Innovation, luɣishɛli o ni pa nya Managing Director.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} ==Maŋmaŋa biɛhigu== Yuuni 1988, Dr. Anwar Fakim ŋun nya apɔleesa baŋda la daa niŋ o amiliya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Une famille accuse le Dr Fakim de négligence médicale |date=22 May 2016 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/282156/une-famille-accuse-dr-fakim-negligence-medicale |publisher=L'Express |access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref> Bɛ dɔɣi la bihi ayi; doo (Adam, ka bɛ dɔɣi o yuuni 1992 ka o chaŋ o shikuru University of Kent) mini bipuɣinga (Imaan, ŋun bohim Computer Science).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murtuza |first1=Rahim |title=Dans l'intimité de la Présidente |url=https://defimedia.info/dans-lintimite-de-la-presidente |publisher=Defimedia |access-date=2017-02-28}}</ref> ==Yɛligola== Di ni daa kuli niŋ ka bɛ piigi o tuŋgbani zuɣulana naai, Prime Minister kuro, [[Navin Ramgoolam]] daa yihi yɛltɔɣa ŋumda na zaŋ chaŋ Ameenah Gurib-Fakim shɛhirili gbaŋ din nya PhD zaŋ maŋtali polo. Ramgoolam daa lahi ŋum yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ di ni daa niŋ ka Platinum Card korinfɔhili yi polo .<ref>{{cite web |last1=Permal |first1=Jean Denis |title=Navin Ramgoolam: "Ameenah Gurim-Fakim doit démissionner immédiatement" |date=4 March 2018 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/327383/navin-ramgoolam-ameenah-gurim-fakim-doit-demissionner-immediatement |publisher=L'Express |access-date=2018-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navin Ramgoolam : "Ameenah Gurib-Fakim aurait dû partir depuis longtemps" |url=https://defimedia.info/navin-ramgoolam-ameenah-gurib-fakim-aurait-du-partir-depuis-longtemps |publisher=Defimedia |access-date=2018-03-04}}</ref>{{clarify|date=January 2022|reason=What is the Platinum Card Scandal?}} Ameenah Gurib-Fakim daa yina ti che Mauritius tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali silimin goli March 23, 2018 di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ puhi bɛ tiŋgbani yuun’ pihinu chuɣu naaai ka L'Express newspapers vii o banki daashili, di mini o daa labisi laɣiri kam din daa di pɔi ka bɛ naai viili maa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Affaire «Platinum card» : la Présidente a-t-elle tout remboursé ?|url=https://defimedia.info/affaire-platinum-card-la-presidente-t-elle-tout-rembourse|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Le Defi Media Group|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mauritius: Ameenah Gurib-Fakim resigns over credit card scandal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/mauritius-ameenah-gurib-fakim-resigns-credit-card-scandal-180317135925154.html |access-date=2018-03-18 |agency=Al Jazeerah}}</ref> O nam ŋɔ chebu daliri daa kuli nyɛla suhuyurilim mini ŋuma din daa yirina zaŋ chaŋ ŋuni Vice-Chairperson zaŋ n-ti Charitable Organisation Planet Earth Institute (PEI), zangama banki bila<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/327158/affaire-sobrinho-folles-depenses-madame-presidente|title=Affaire Sobrinho: les folles dépenses de Madame la présidente|last=Rédaction|first=La|date=2018-02-28|work=lexpress.mu|access-date=2018-06-11|language=fr}}</ref> ni daabiligu yaɣa shɛŋa PEI ni kuri ariʒichi niŋda ka Mauritius gɔmnanti saɣitili, zaŋ yi PEI lana ni daabi’ biŋ [[Álvaro Sobrinho]] ningbuna ni dina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss froze millions linked to Banco Espirito Santo |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/financial-scandal_swiss-froze-millions-linked-to-banco-espirito-santo/43078432 |website=swissinfo.ch |date=2 April 2017 |publisher=SwissInfo |access-date=2017-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/302632/directrice-planet-earth-institute-ameenah-gurib-fakim-netait-pas-remuneree|title=Directrice de Planet Earth Institute: Ameenah Gurib-Fakim "n'était pas rémunérée"|last=Mestry|first=Anne-Lise|date=2017-03-20|work=lexpress.mu|access-date=2018-06-11|language=fr}}</ref> Ameenah Gurib Fakim daa lahi bo soli ni Financial Services Commission (FSC) yihi banki laasinsi ti [[Álvaro Sobrinho]], daanbolo zaŋ n-ti PEI ni o laɣim PASET ariʒichi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://defimedia.info/affaire-sobrinho-ameenah-gurib-fakim-au-centre-des-emails-echanges|title=Affaire Sobrinho : Ameenah Gurib-Fakim au centre des emails échangés|date=2017-04-08|work=Defimedia|access-date=2018-06-11|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.defimedia.info/pravind-jugnauth-nous-ne-sommes-pas-sur-la-meme-longueur-donde-avec-ameenah-gurib-fakim|title=[Vidéo] Pravind Jugnauth : "Nous ne sommes pas sur la même longueur d'onde avec Ameenah Gurib-Fakim"|date=2018-03-06|work=Defimedia|access-date=2018-06-11|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASA et PASET Funds : Alvaro Sobrinho met la clé sous le paillasson|url=https://defimedia.info/asa-et-paset-funds-alvaro-sobrinho-met-la-cle-sous-le-paillasson|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Le Defi Media Group|language=fr}}</ref> Silimin June 2018, Mauritius gɔmnanti daa niŋ vihigu zaŋ chaŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana kuro Ameenah Gurib-Fakim zalikpan’ kpɛma mini zalikpan’ bihi birigibu, ka Jaaji Asraf Ally Caunhye be di tooni.<ref>{{cite web |title=A quoi servent les commissions d'enquête ? |date=28 February 2020 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/371215/quoi-servent-commissions-denquete |publisher=L'Express |access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref> Pɔi ka o daa yina ti che tuma yuuni 2018, ka daa bi mali [[Mauritius Cabinet]] shaawara, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim daa pii Sir Hamid Moollan ni lihi vihigu zaŋ chaŋ [[Álvaro Sobrinho]] tuma polo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramdin |first1=Al Khizr |title=Les rapports des commissions d'enquête sur la vente de Britam et Ameenah Gurib-Fakim soumis d'ici fin janvier 2020 |url=https://defimedia.info/les-rapports-des-commissions-denquete-sur-la-vente-de-britam-et-ameenah-gurib-fakim-soumis-dici-fin-janvier-2020 |publisher=Defimedia |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> Di mini wumbu pam wumya zaŋ chaŋ di polo ka mani yuma ata zuɣu, vihigu maa na bi niŋ naai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry on the violation of the Constitution and any other laws |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/Pages/CommissionOfEnquiry.aspx |publisher=Government of Mauritius |access-date=2020-12-11 |archive-date=2021-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626173544/http://www.govmu.org/English/Pages/CommissionOfEnquiry.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhuckory |first1=Kamlesh |title=Mauritian Premier Says Inquiry Ordered by President Is Illegal |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=16 March 2018 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-16/mauritian-president-orders-probe-of-angolan-banker-media-leak |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref> ==Yu'dubo mini pina== ===Yu'dubo=== ====National honours==== * O daa lee Grand Commander zaŋ n-ti [[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean]]<ref name="icsu">{{cite web | url=http://www.icsu.org/icsu-africa/about-icsu-roa/about-us/files/ShortBiographyProfFakim.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616052712/http://www.icsu.org/icsu-africa/about-icsu-roa/about-us/files/ShortBiographyProfFakim.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 June 2015 | title=ICSU-ROA Committee Member- Biography for ICSU Website | publisher=International Council for Science | access-date=2 June 2015 }}</ref> (GCSK) ** O daa lee Commander zaŋ n-ti [[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean]]<ref name=president/>(CSK) ====Foreign honours==== * {{flag|France}}: O nyɛla [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques|Order of Academic Palms, 3rd Class]] puuni yino<ref name="icsu" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://president.govmu.org/English/The-President/Pages/Profile.aspx |title=Office of the President - Profile |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508045228/http://president.govmu.org/English/The-President/Pages/Profile.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (national order) * {{flagicon|Two Sicilies}} [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies|Castroan Royal Family of Two Sicilies]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Francis I]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/onorificenza-conferita-s-presidente-della-repubblica-delle-mauritius-ameenah-gurib-fakim/|title=HONOUR BESTOWED UPON HER EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS, AMEENAH GURIB-FAKIM|publisher=Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies|date=8 January 2016|access-date=16 January 2024|archive-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217165428/http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/onorificenza-conferita-s-presidente-della-repubblica-delle-mauritius-ameenah-gurib-fakim/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (dynastic order) ====Pina==== Gurib-Fakim lahi nyɛla ŋun diɛ pina pam din nya tiŋduya dina ka mani [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science|L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science]] (2007), Laureate pini din nya National Economic and Social Council (2007), CTA / NEPAD / AGRA / RUFORUM din nya ‘Africa paɣaba ban be Science ni’ nti pahi [[African Union]] pini zaŋ n-ti paɣaba ban be Science ni.<ref name="icsu.org"/> Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Anerood Jugnauth daa lahi leegi o Komanda zaŋ n-ti [[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean]] (CSK) yuuni 2008 zaŋ yi o kpaŋmaŋa zaŋ chaŋ shikuru polo mini science yaɣali. Yuuni 2009, France tiŋgbani zuɣulana daa ti o pini din nya Order of the ‘Chevalier de l’Ordre des Palmes Academiques’.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://owsd.ictp.it/news/Files%20for%20download/Gurib-Fakim%20short%20bio.doc|title =Gurib-Fakim, Ameenah}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> O ni daa lee tiŋgbani zuɣulana naai, o dariza daa duya hali ni [[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean|Grand Commander of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean]] (GSCK). ====National awards==== * {{flag|Mauritius}}: Laureate zaŋ n-ti National Economic and Social Council<ref name="icsu" /> ====Tiŋduya mini sambanni pina==== * [[African Union]]: O daa di African Union pini din nya 'Paɣaba ban be science ni' (2009)<ref name="icsu" /> * [[African Union]]: Laureate for the CTA/NEPAD/AGRA/RUFORUM din nya 'Africa paɣaba ban be Science ni' (2009)<ref name="icsu" /> * {{flag|France}}: [[Honorary Degree]] zaŋ n-ti [[Pierre and Marie Curie University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upmc.fr/en/university/history_and_famous_people/doctors_honoris_causa/dhc_2013/ameenah_gurib_fakim.html|title=Ameenah Gurib-Fakim|publisher=Sorbonne Universities|date=12 December 2013}}</ref> * {{flag|Jordan}}: Pini din nya Fellow of the Jordanian Islamic Academy of Science<ref name="icsu" /> * {{flag|Nigeria}}: Fellow of the [[African Institute of Science and Technology]]<ref name="icsu" /> * {{flag|UNESCO}}: Laureate of the [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science|L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science for Africa]]<ref name="icsu" /> * {{flag|United Kingdom}}: Pini din nya Elected Fellow of the [[Linnean Society of London]] (2007)<ref name="icsu" /> == Bibliography == ===Shikuru tuma=== O ni tooi kpaŋ o maŋa zaŋ chaŋ sabbu din kpa shikuru polo n-nyɛ ŋan doya ŋɔ: *{{cite journal |last1=Aumeeruddy-Elalfi|first1=Z. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Mahomoodally|first3=F. |title= Antimicrobial, antibiotic potentiating activity and phytochemical profile of essential oils from exotic and endemic medicinal plants of Mauritius|journal=Industrial Crops and Products |volume=71|year=2015|pages= 197–204|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.058 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Seebaluck|first1=R. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Mahomoodally|first3=F. |title= Medicinal plants from the genus Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae)–A review of their ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry|journal= Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=159|year=2015|pages= 137–157|doi= 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.040 |pmid=25446604}} *{{cite journal |last1=Rangasamy|first1=O. |last2=Mahomoodally|first2=F. M.| last3=Gurib-Fakim|first3=A. |last4=Quetin-Leclercq|first4=J. |title= Two anti-staphylococcal triterpenoid acids isolated from Psiloxylon mauritianum (Bouton ex Hook.f.) Baillon, an endemic traditional medicinal plant of Mauritius|journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=93|year=2014|pages= 198–203|doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2014.03.017 |doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |last1=ElSawy|first1=N. A. |last2=Hadda|first2=T. B.| last3=Bakr|first3=E. H. |last4=Header|first4=E.A.M. |last5=Fakim|first5=A. G. |last6=Mabkhot|first6= Y. N.| last7=Aljofan| first7=M.|title= Effects of Crude Aqueous Extract of Origanum vulgaris in Developing Ovary of Rabbits Following in Utero, Adolescent and Postpubertal Exposure.|journal= Vedic Research International Phytomedicine|volume=2|issue=3|year=2014|page= 73|doi=10.14259/pm.v2i3.142 |s2cid=87230446 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Mahomoodally|first2=M. F. |title= African Flora as Potential Sources of Medicinal Plants : Towards the Chemotherapy of Major Parasitic and Other Infectious Diseases : A Review|journal= Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences|volume=6|issue=2|year=2013|pages= 77–84|doi=10.12816/0000263 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Mahomoodally|first1=F. M. |last2=Subratty|first2=A. H.| last3=Gurib-Fakim|first3=A. |last4=Choudhary|first4=M. I. | title=Antioxidant, antiglycation and cytotoxicity evaluation of selected medicinal plants of the Mascarene Islands|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=12|year=2012|pages= 165|doi=10.1186/1472-6882-12-165 |pmid=23020844 |pmc=3517752 |doi-access=free }} *{{cite journal |last1=Mahomoodally|first1=F. |last2=Mesaik|first2=A.| last3=Choudhary|first3=M. I. |last4=Subratty|first4=A. H. |last5=Gurib-Fakim|first5=A. |title= In vitro modulation of oxidative burst via release of reactive oxygen species from immune cells by extracts of selected tropical medicinal herbs and food plants|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine |volume=5|issue=6|year=2012|pages= 440–447|doi=10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60075-3 |pmid=22575975 |doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |last1=Mahomoodally|first1=M. F. |last2=Subratty|first2= A. H.| last3=Gurib-Fakim|first3=A. |last4=Choudhary|first4=M. I. |last5=Khan|first5=S. N. |title= Traditional Medicinal Herbs and Food Plants Have the Potential to Inhibit Key Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes In Vitro and Reduce Postprandial Blood Glucose Peaks In Vivo|journal=The Scientific World Journal |volume=2012|year=2012|pages= 1–9|doi=10.1100/2012/285284 |pmid=22654584 |pmc=3361172 |doi-access=free }} *{{cite journal |last1=MAHOMOODALLY|first1=M. |title=Inhibitory Effects of a Traditional Antidiabetic Medicinal Fruit Extract on the Transport of Inorganic Phosphate and D-Glucose Across Rat Everted Intestinal Sacs- Possible Relationship with A "crabtree-Effect" |last2=GURIB FAKIM|first2=A.| last3=SUBRATTY|first3=A. H. |journal=Journal of Food Biochemistry |volume=36|year=2012|pages= 107–115|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00504.x |doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |last1=Leyssen|first1=P. |last2=Litaudon|first2=M.| last3=Guillemot|first3=J. |last4=Rasoanaivo|first4=P. |last5=Smadja|first5=J. |last6=Gurib-Fakim|first6=A. |last7=Canard|first7=B. |last8=Guéritte|first8=F. |title= PHYTOCHIK: Biodiversity As A Source of Selective Inhibitors of CHIKV Replication|journal= Antiviral Research|volume=90|issue=2|year=2011|pages= A36–A37|doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.048 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Mahomoodally|first1=M. F.|last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A. | last3=Subratty|first3=A. H. |title= Screening for Alternative Antibiotics: An Investigation into the Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Food Plants of Mauritius|journal= Journal of Food Science|volume=75|issue=3|year=2010|pages= M173–M177|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01555.x |pmid=20492307}} *{{cite journal |last1=Mahomoodally|first1=M. F. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Subratty|first3= A. H. |title= Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Profiles of Endemic Medicinal Plants of Mauritius}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Gueho|first2=J.| last3=Sewraj-Bissoondoyal|first3=M. |title= The Medicinal Plants of Mauritius – Part 1|journal= Pharmaceutical Biology|volume=35|issue=4|year=1997|pages= 237–254|doi=10.1076/phbi.35.4.237.13313 |doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |last1=Jelager|first1=L. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Adsersen|first3=A. |title= Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plants of Mauritius|journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=36|issue=3|year=1998|pages= 153–161|doi=10.1076/phbi.36.3.153.6345 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Dutta|first1=A. |last2=Sarkar|first2=D.| last3=Gurib-Fakim|first3=A. |last4=Mandal|first4=C. |last5=Chatterjee|first5=M. |title= In vitro and in vivo activity of Aloe vera leaf exudate in experimental visceral leishmaniasis|journal=Parasitology Research |volume=102|issue=6|year=2008|pages= 1235–1242|doi=10.1007/s00436-008-0899-2 |pmid=18266009 |s2cid=22268593 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Mahomoodally|first1=M. F. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Subratty|first3=A. H. |title= Effect of exogenous ATP on Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) induced inhibition of D-glucose, L-tyrosine and fluid transport across rat everted intestinal sacs in vitro|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=110|issue=2|year=2007|pages= 257–263|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.020 |pmid=17092672}} *{{cite journal |last1=Rangasamy|first1=O. |last2=Raoelison|first2=G.| last3=Rakotoniriana|first3=F. E. |last4=Cheuk|first4=K. |last5=Urverg-Ratsimamanga|first5=S. |last6=Quetin-Leclercq|first6=J. |last7=Gurib-Fakim|first7=A. |last8=Subratty|first8=A. H. |title= Screening for anti-infective properties of several medicinal plants of the Mauritians flora.|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109|issue=2|year=2007|pages= 331–337|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.002 |pmid=17011733}} *{{cite journal |last1=Marie|first1=D. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Gray|first3=A. |last4=Waterman|first4=P. |title= Constituents of Psiadia terebinthina AJ Scott, an endemic Asteraceae from Mauritius|journal= Natural Product Research|volume=20|issue=13|year=2006|pages= 1169–1175|doi=10.1080/14786410600898847 |pmid=17127504 |s2cid=20645650 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |title= Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow.|journal= Molecular Aspects of Medicine|volume=27|issue=1|year=2006|pages= 1–93|doi=10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.008 |pmid=16105678 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Kotowaroo|first1=M. I. |last2=Mahomoodally|first2=M. F.| last3=Gurib-Fakim|first3=A. |last4=Subratty|first4=A. H.|title= Screening of traditional antidiabetic medicinal plants of Mauritius for possible alpha-amylase inhibitory effects in vitro|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytotherapy-research_2006-03_20_3/page/228|journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=20|issue=3|year=2006|pages= 228–231|doi=10.1002/ptr.1839 |pmid=16521114 |s2cid=24533376 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Mahomoodally|first1=M. F |last2=Gurib Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Subratty|first3=A. H.|title= Stimulatory effects of Antidesma madagascariense on D-glucose, L-tyrosine, fluid and electrolyte transport across rat everted intestine, comparable to insulin action in vitro.|journal= British Journal of Biomedical Science|volume=63|issue=1|year=2006|pages= 12–7|doi= 10.1080/09674845.2006.11732713|pmid=16613135 |s2cid=35440564 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Subratty|first1=A. H.|last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Mahomoodally|first3=F. |title=Bitter melon: an exotic vegetable with medicinal values |journal=Nutrition & Food Science |volume=35|issue=3|year=2005|pages= 143–147|doi=10.1108/00346650510594886 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Mahomoodally|first1=M. F. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A.| last3=Subratty.|first3=A. 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F. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A. |last3=Subratty|first3=A. H.|title= Momordica charantia extracts inhibit uptake of monosaccharide and amino acid across rat everted gut sacs in-vitro.|journal=Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=27|issue=2|year=2004|pages= 216–218|doi=10.1248/bpb.27.216 |pmid=14758036 |doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |last1=Besse|first1=P. |last2=DaSilva|first2=D.| last3=Humeau|first3=L. |last4=Govinden-Soulange|first4=J. |last5=Gurib-Fakim|first5=A. |last6=Kodja|first6= H.|title=A genetic diversity study of endangered Psiadia species endemic from Mauritius Island using PCR markers |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=31|issue=12|year=2003|pages= 1427–1445|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00131-5}} *{{cite journal |last1=Pedersen|first1=O. |last2=Gurib-Fakim|first2=A. |first3=Subratty|last3=H.| last4=Adsersen|first4=A. | last5=Figier|first5=J.|title=Pharmacological Properties of Seven Medicinal Plants of the Rubiaceae from Mauritius |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology|volume=37|issue=3|year=1999|pages= 202–207|doi=10.1076/phbi.37.3.202.6300|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |last1=Kodja|first1=H. |last2=Robene-Soustrade|first2=I. |first3=Humeau|last3=L.| last4=Dulloo|first4=E. | last5=Figier|first5=J.| last6=Govinden-Soulange| first6=J. |first7=A.|last7=Gurib-Fakim |title=Micropropagation of Psiadia arguta through cotyledonary axillary bud culture|url=https://archive.org/details/plant-growth-regulation_1998-07_25_2/page/75|journal=Plant Growth Regulation|volume=25|issue=2|year=1998|pages= 75–80|doi=10.1023/A:1005913116300|s2cid=36358341 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A.|title=Volatile Constituents of the Leaf Oil of Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte and Ambrosia tenuifolia Sprengel (Syn.: Artemisia psilostachya auct. non L.)|journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research|volume=8|issue=5|year=1996|pages= 559–561|doi=10.1080/10412905.1996.9700689}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Sewraj|first2=M. |first3=Gueho|last3=J.| last4=Dulloo|first4=E. |title=Medicinal Plants of Rodrigues|journal=Pharmaceutical Biology|volume=34|year=1996|pages= 2–14|doi=10.1076/phbi.34.1.2.13177}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Bourrel|first2=C. |first3=Kodja|last3=H.| last4=Govinden|first4=J. |title=Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Psiadia lithospermifolia (Lam.) Cordem. and P. viscosa (Lam.) A. J. Scott of the Asteraceae Family|journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research|volume=7|issue=5|year=1995|pages= 533–535|doi=10.1080/10412905.1995.9698579}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Sewraj|first2=M. |first3=Narod|last3=F.| last4=Menut|first4=C. |title=Aromatic Plants of Mauritius: Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oils of Coleus aromaticus Benth., Triphasia trifolia (Burm.f.) and Eucalyptus kirtoniana F. Muell|journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research|volume=7|issue=2|year=1995|pages= 215–218|doi=10.1080/10412905.1995.9698504}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Demarne|first2=F. |title=Constituents of the Essential Oil of the Leaves of Pittosporum balfourii Growing in Rodrigues.|journal=Planta Medica|volume=60|issue=6|year=1994|pages= 584–585|doi=10.1055/s-2006-959581 |pmid=17236088|s2cid=260251041 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Demarne|first2=F. |title=Aromatic Plants of Mauritius: Volatile Constituents of the Leaf Oils of Citrus aurantium L., Citrus paradisi Macfad and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck|journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research|volume=7|year=1995|pages= 105–109|doi=10.1080/10412905.1995.9698477}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Demarne|first2=F. |title=Volatile Constituents of Dracaena reflexa Lam. var. angustifolia Baker|journal=Planta Medica|volume=6|issue=6|year=1994|pages= 651–652|doi=10.1080/10412905.1994.9699363}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|title=Constituents of the Essential Oils from Piper sylvestre Growing in Mauritius.|journal=Planta Medica|volume=60|issue=4|year=1994|pages= 376–377|doi=10.1055/s-2006-959506|pmid=17236059|s2cid=45172174 |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-2006-959506.pdf}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Demarne|first2=F. |title=Essential Oil of Terminalia bentzoë (L.) L. f. subsp. rodriguesensis Wickens |journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research |volume=6|issue=5|year=1994|pages= 533–534|doi=10.1080/10412905.1994.9698443}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Sewraj|first2=M. |last3=Gueho|first3=J. |last4=Dulloo|first4=E. |title=Studies on the Antisickling Properties of Extracts of Sideroxylon puberulum, Faujasiopsis flexuosa, Cardiospermum halicacabum , and Pelargonium graveolens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1993-08_39_3/page/175|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=39|issue=3|year=1993|pages= 175–185|doi=10.1016/0378-8741(93)90034-3|pmid=8258975 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Gurib-Fakim|first1=A. |last2=Sewraj|first2=M. |title=Studies on the Antisickling Properties of Extracts of Sideroxylon puberulum, Faujasiopsis flexuosa, Cardiospermum halicacabum , and Pelargonium graveolens |journal=Planta Medica|volume=58|year=1992|pages= 648–649|doi=10.1055/s-2006-961657|s2cid=260250962 }} ===Sabiri gahinda=== * Plantes médicinales de l'Île Rodrigues (1994) * Plantes médicinales de Maurice (1995) * Natural toxins and poisonous plants of Mauritius (1999) * Maurice par les plantes médicinales (2002) * Mauritius through its medicinal plants (2002) * Molecular and therapeutic aspects of redox biochemistry (2004) * An illustrated guide to the flora of Mauritius and the Indian Ocean Islands (2003) * Medicinal Plants of the Indian Ocean Islands (2004) * Guide illustré de la flore de Maurice et des îles de l'Océan Indien (2004) * Biodiversity towards drugs development (2005) * Booklet on 'Medicinal Plants at the state House, Le Réduit' (2005) * Lesser-known and under-utilised plant resources (2005) * Ressources végétales méconnues et sous-utilisées (2005) * Guide illustré de la flore de Maurice et des îles de l’Océan Indien (2006) * Medicinal Plants of Mauritius and of the World (2007, 2011) * Plantes médicinales de Maurice et d’ailleurs (2007, 2011) * Plantes d’hier et médicaments d’aujourd’hui (2008) * Mieux connaître les arbres et arbrisseaux de Maurice et des îles de l'Océan Indien(2008) * Towards a better understanding of Trees and Shrubs of Mauritius and the Indian Ocean Islands (2009) * African Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2010) * Guide des plantes tropicales de l'Île Maurice et de La Réunion (2011) * Trees of the World (2013) == Lahi nyɛma == * [[President of Mauritius]] * [[List of presidents of Mauritius]] ==Further reading== * {{cite news|last1=Rehman|first1=Atika|title=No stranger to Karachi|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1253462|access-date=20 March 2018|work=Dawn|date=21 April 2016}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Monique Ohsan Bellepeau]]<br />{{small|Acting}}}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Mauritius]]|years=2015–2018}} {{s-aft|after=[[Barlen Vyapoory]]<br />{{small|Acting}}}} {{s-end}} {{MauritiusPres}} {{Authority control}} ==Kundivihira== [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:21st-century women politicians]] [[Pubu:21st-century women scientists]] [[Pubu:Alumni of the University of Exeter]] [[Pubu:Alumni of the University of Surrey]] [[Pubu:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques]] [[Pubu:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean]] [[Pubu:L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates]] [[Pubu:Living people]] [[Pubu:Mauritian politicians of Indian descent]] [[Pubu:Mauritian scientists]] [[Pubu:Pierre and Marie Curie University alumni]] [[Pubu:Presidents of Mauritius]] [[Pubu:Women presidents in Asia]] [[Pubu:Women chemists]] [[Pubu:Mauritian Muslims]] [[Pubu:Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences]] [[Pubu:21st-century Mauritian people]] [[Pubu:21st-century politicians]] [[Category:21st-century chemists]] [[Pubu:21st-century Muslims]] [[Pubu:First women presidents in Africa]] [[Pubu:Women presidents in Africa]] 7wypd49jc20c8rrdg34gx3yt7ju2j35 Joyce Banda 0 26980 146183 122254 2026-08-10T22:32:21Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} {{Short description|President of Malawi from 2012 to 2014}} {{Use British English|date=November 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}} '''Joyce Hilda Banda''' (née '''Ntila'''; bɛ dɔɣi o la Anashaara goli 12 April 1950<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mwnation.com/ew%E2%80%99s-big-interview-joyce-banda/|title=EW's big Interview: Joyce Banda|publisher=The Nation|date=21 September 2014|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926005214/http://mwnation.com/ew%E2%80%99s-big-interview-joyce-banda/|url-status=dead}}</ref>) ka o nyɛ [[Malawi]] siyaasa nira, ŋun niŋ [[List of heads of state of Malawi|Malawi]] tiŋgbani zuɣulana, bini din gbaai Anashaara gɔli 7 April 2012 zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara gɔli 31 May 2014. Banda daa deei la tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali di ni daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani zuɣulana [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] kpi suhusaɣingu kum. Ŋun' n-nyɛ ŋun kpa [[People's Party (Malawi)|People's Party]] ka lahi nyɛ di kpɛma, di kpala yuuni 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Malawi|first=People's Party|title=People's Party|url=http://www.peoples-party-malawi.org/|publisher=People's Party Malawi|access-date=10 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415140346/http://www.peoples-party-malawi.org/|archive-date=15 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun lɛri baŋsim mini "grassroots women's rights activist", ŋuni n daa nyɛ [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Malawi)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] bini din gbaai yuuni 2006 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2009 ka nyɛ tiŋgbani zuɣulan' paa n-ti [[Vice-President of Malawi|Malawi]] bini din gbaai Anashaara gɔli May 2009 zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara gɔli April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17644009|title=Joyce Banda sworn in as new Malawi president|publisher=The BBC|date=7 April 2012|access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun tum n-ti tuma yaɣa pam o ni niŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana ka lahi niŋ "Minister of Gender and Child Welfare" pɔi ka naan yi niŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana n-ti Republic of Malawi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-08-01|title=Joyce Banda|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/joyce-banda|access-date=2019-05-08|website=[[Wilson Center]]|language=en}}</ref> Pɔi ka o pili siyaasa tali tuma, o daa kpala [[Joyce Banda Foundation]], National Association of Business Women (NABW), Young Women Leaders Network n-ti pahi Hunger Project. Banda n daa nyɛ Malawi tiŋgbani zuɣulana ŋun pahiri anahi<ref name="Mwagiru">{{Cite journal|last=Mwagiru|first=Ciugu|date=18 April 2012|title=Malawi's Joyce Banda and the rise of women in African politics|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1388740/-/diw45/-/|url-status=dead|journal=[[Daily Monitor]]|location=Kampala, Uganda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205525/http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1388740/-/diw45/-/|archive-date=2014-06-06|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> tiŋgbani zuɣulana paɣa tuuli mini paɣa ŋun nyɛ tiŋ'kari zuɣulana, [[Elizabeth II]] nyaaŋa. Ŋuni n-nyɛ paɣa ŋun pahiri ayi ka di tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali gbansabila tiŋgbani ni,<ref name=":0" /> [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] nyaaŋa. Ŋuna n la nyɛ tiŋgbani maa zuɣulaan paa tuuli ŋun nyɛ paɣa.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite journal|last=Olamitoke|first=Toluwani|date=14 April 2012|title=As Fate Throws Leadership in Joyce Banda's Path...Becomes Malawi's First Female President|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/sat/index.php/women-affairs/7087-as-fate-throws-leadership-in-joyce-bandas-pathbecomes-malawis-first-female-president.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414171037/http://www.tribune.com.ng/sat/index.php/women-affairs/7087-as-fate-throws-leadership-in-joyce-bandas-pathbecomes-malawis-first-female-president.html|archive-date=14 April 2012|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Anashaara gɔli June yuuni 2014, [[Forbes]] daaa boli Banda paɣa ŋun mali kpɛŋ ka dɔ bupihinahi zuɣu dunia ka nyɛ paɣa ŋun mali kpɛŋ Africa.<ref name="Forbes14">{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall|work=Forbes|access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> Anashaara gɔli October yuuni 2014, o daa pahi [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100 Women]] nima ni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-29758792|title=Who are the 100 Women 2014?|website=BBC|date=26 October 2014}}</ref> ==Maŋmaŋa mini daŋ biɛhigu== Joyce Hilda Ntila<ref name="Tenthani" >{{cite journal | last = Tenthani | first = Raphael | title = Joyce Banda: Malawi's first female president | journal = BBC News, Blantyre | date = 10 April 2012 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17662916 | access-date =15 April 2012}}</ref> nɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Anashaara gɔli 12 April 1950 tiŋa yuli booni [[Malemia, Zomba|Malemia]], tiŋ'kpaŋa din be [[Zomba District]], [[Nyasaland]] yaɣili (saha ŋɔ bɛ ni booni shɛli Malawi).<ref>{{cite web|title=Malawian president quietly celebrates 62nd birthday |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/12/malawian-president-quietly-celebrates-62nd-birthday/ |publisher=Nyasa Times |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414023610/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/12/malawian-president-quietly-celebrates-62nd-birthday/ |archive-date=14 April 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="bdayparty">{{cite web|title=JB Celebrates Her 62 Birthday in Private|url=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414080836/http://www.malawivoice.com/2012/04/12/jb-celebrates-her-62-birthday-in-private-67799/|archive-date=14 April 2012|access-date=14 April 2012|publisher=Malawi Voice|df=dmy}}</ref> O ba daa nyɛla "police brass band" yiliyiina. O pili la o tuma ni gban ŋmari tali ka o yuli du [[Hastings Banda]] saha.<ref name = "Mponda">{{cite web | last = Mponda | first = Felix | title = Joyce Banda poised for Malawi presidency | work = Google hosted news: AFP | date = 6 April 2012 | url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jOpjFWpYrm2b4Zl0peP6slJ4dB3A?docId=CNG.d8ee654dd734a2011258c4f87f9da37b.b21 | access-date =20 April 2012}}</ref> O deei la Cambridge School Certificate,<ref name="malawi">[http://www.malawi.gov.mw/information1/New%20Malawi/joycebpro.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref> Bachelor of Arts Degree shɛhira gbaŋ din jɛndi Early Childhood Education ka o deei li [[Columbus University (Louisiana)|Columbus University]] (karim din karimdi Asibiri ni Alahari),<ref name = "Tribune" /> Bachelor of Social Studies in Gender Studies shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei [[Atlantic International University]] (shikuru din gba chani Asibiri ni Alahari) ni Diploma in Management of NGOs shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli o ni deei International Labour Organization (ILO) Centre din be Turin, Italy. Atlantic International University nyɛla bɛ ni nya shɛli ka di nyɛ "[[Diploma mill|degree mill]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-28 |title=Probe IGP's ‘Fake’ doctorate degree - Academics |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Probe-IGP-s-Fake-doctorate-degree-Academics-481571 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> ka salo pam saɣiti ni bɛ "degree" shɛhira gbaŋ maa pala zaɣi maŋli "fake." O lahi deei Master of Arts degree in Leadership shɛhira gbaŋ [[Royal Roads University]] din be [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malawi.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=197 |title=The President's Profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112091140/http://www.malawi.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=197 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> ni "[[honorary doctorate]]" yuuni 2013, [[Jeonju University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Korean University honour Malawi President: Now Dr. Joyce Banda|url=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611130355/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/30690|archive-date=11 June 2019|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> O yidana n-nyɛ Roy Kachale, ka o mini o mali bihi ata. O yuun pishi ni anu ni, O daa be la [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]].<ref name = "Nairobi" >{{cite journal | last = Sigei | first = Julius | title = How Nairobi shaped future president | journal = Sunday Nation | publisher = Nation Media Group | location = Nairobi, Kenya | date = 15 April 2012 | url = http://www.nation.co.ke/News/How+Nairobi+shaped+future+president+/-/1056/1386170/-/item/1/-/c4548d/-/index.html | access-date = 15 April 2012 | archive-date = 15 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120415032159/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/How+Nairobi+shaped+future+president+/-/1056/1386170/-/item/1/-/c4548d/-/index.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Yuuni 1975, paɣaba zoosim laɣingu din be Kenya daa kpaŋsi Banda ni o kpuɣi o bihi ata ka yi o ni buɣisi shɛli "abusive marriage" la.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raphael Tenthani |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=169626 |title=Malawi's new leader takes charge with energy |publisher=BusinessDay |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |archive-date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417191744/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=169626 |url-status=dead }}</ref> O mini Roy Kachele ʒia naai la yuuni 1981. O daa lahi lahi labi lo amiliya ni [[Richard Banda]], Chief Justice of Malawi, ka mini o bihi ayi.<ref name = "energy">{{cite web | last = Tenthani | first = Raphael | title = Malawi's new president takes charge with energy | work = ABC News, Associated Press, 2nd page | date = 13 April 2012 | url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/malawis-president-takes-charge-energy-16129884#.T4zdcNUzCSo | access-date =16 April 2012}}</ref><ref name = "Al Jazeera">{{cite web | last = Mutasa | first = Haru | title = Malawi to begin treason trial of ex-officials | work = Al Jazeera | date = 10 April 2013 | url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/04/201341073057327861.html | access-date =10 April 2013}}</ref> Bini din gbaai yuuni 1985 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1997 Banda daa niŋ daabiligu balibu pam ka di shɛŋa nyɛ : Ndekani Garments (1985), Akajuwe Enterprises (1992), ni Kalingidza Bakery (1995).<ref name="malawi"/> O nasara dibu nyɛla din kpaŋsi paɣaba pam ka bɛ mooi nini yi fara ni.<ref name="unfpa">[http://www.americansforunfpa.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=353 Friends of UNFPA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202061622/http://www.americansforunfpa.org/netcommunity/page.aspx?pid=353 |date=2 December 2010 }}. Americansforunfpa.org. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> O tizopaɣa n-nyɛ [[Anjimile Oponyo]], CEO kuro zaŋ ti<ref name = "Friedman" >{{cite journal | last = Friedman | first = Roger| author-link = Roger Friedman | title = Madonna May Have Problems with the New President of Malawi—She Fired Her Sister | journal = Forbes Online | location = New York, NY | date = 9 April 2012 | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerfriedman/2012/04/09/madonna-may-have-problems-with-the-new-president-of-malawi-she-fired-her-sister/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120412195419/http://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerfriedman/2012/04/09/madonna-may-have-problems-with-the-new-president-of-malawi-she-fired-her-sister/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 April 2012 | access-date =17 April 2012}}</ref> [[Raising Malawi#Raising Malawi Academy for Girls|Raising Malawi Academy for Girls]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] ni diri liɣiri niŋdi shɛli ni.<ref name = "Madonna">{{cite journal | last = Fekadu | first = Mesfin | title = Madonna: I'm happy Joyce Banda is Malawi's leader| journal = Boston Globe | publisher = Associated Press | location = Seattle, WA | date = 13 April 2012 | url = http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2012/04/13/madonna_im_happy_joyce_banda_is_malawis_leader/ | access-date =17 April 2012}}</ref> ==Accolades== ===National awards=== * Woman of the Year, Malawi, 1997<ref name="malawi"/> * Woman of the Year, Malawi, 1998<ref name="malawi"/> * Nyasa Times Multimedia 'Person of the Year', 2010<ref>{{cite web |last = Lungu |first = M'theto |title = Media house awards Malawi Veep Joyce Banda 'Person of the Year 2010' accolade |work = The Africa Global Village |date = 30 December 2010 |url = http://www.africaglobalvillage.com/en/southern-africa/malawi/504-malawi.html |access-date = 17 April 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130116154347/http://www.africaglobalvillage.com/en/southern-africa/malawi/504-malawi.html |archive-date = 16 January 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> ===International awards=== * Martin Luther King Drum Major Award, 2012, Washington DC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/06/12/jb-receives-martin-luther-king-drum-major-award/ |title=JB receives Martin Luther King 'Drum Major' award &#124; Malawi news, Malawi – NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |access-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618191308/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/06/12/jb-receives-martin-luther-king-drum-major-award/ |archive-date=18 June 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> *Legends Award for Leadership, 2012, Greater African Methodist Episcopal Church<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-national-news/malawi-society/1119-unwavering-pres-banda-gets-legend-award-for-leadership.html |title=Society delivers the latest Malawi breaking news and information on the latest top stories |publisher=Maravipost.com |date=5 April 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128065909/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-national-news/malawi-society/1119-unwavering-pres-banda-gets-legend-award-for-leadership.html |archive-date=28 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Women of Substance Award, 2010, African Women Development Fund<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10104:another-international-accolade-for-banda&catid=62:national-news&Itemid=59 |title=nationmw.net |publisher=nationmw.net |access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> * Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger, 1997, Hunger Project of NY<ref name="malawi"/> * International award for entrepreneurship development, 1998, Africa Federation of Woman Entrepreneurs and Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)<ref name="malawi"/> * 100 Heroines award, 1998, Rochester, New York<ref name="malawi"/> * Certificate of Honors, 2001, Federation of World Peace and Love, Taiwan, Republic of China<ref name="malawi"/> ===Honors=== *Most powerful woman in the world 2014, Forbes Magazine – rank #40<ref name=Forbes14/> *Most powerful woman in the world 2013, Forbes Magazine – rank #47 *Most powerful woman in the world 2012, Forbes Magazine – rank #71 *Most powerful woman in Africa 2012, Forbes Magazine – rank #1 *Most powerful woman in Africa 2011, Forbes Magazine – rank #3 ==Lihi pahi== *[[Malawian Constitutional Crisis 2012]] *[[List of current members of the National Assembly of Malawi]] ==Karim pahi== * {{cite journal | title=Constitutional provisions and executive succession: Malawi's 2012 transition in comparative perspective | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2013-01_112_446/page/111 | author=Kim Yi Dionne, Boniface Dulani | journal=[[African Affairs]] | date=January 2013 | volume=112 | issue=446 | pages=111–137 | doi=10.1093/afraf/ads067 | jstor=23357150 }} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== {{commons category}} * [https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol11no2/briefs3.htm United Nations 1997 Africa Prize] * {{cite journal | last = Donnelly | first = John | title = Joyce Banda: "Women lacked training, credit and information" | journal = Global Pulse | publisher = Global Post | location = Boston, Mass. | date = 10 October 2011 | url = http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/global-pulse/joyce-banda-women-lacked-training-credit-and-information | access-date =15 April 2012}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[George Chaponda]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Minister of Foreign Affairs|years=2006–2009}} {{s-aft|after=[[Etta Banda]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Cassim Chilumpha]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of Malawi|Vice President of Malawi]]|years=2009–2012}} {{s-aft|after=[[Khumbo Kachali]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Malawi]]|years=2012–2014}} {{s-aft|after=[[Peter Mutharika]]}} {{s-end}} {{MalawiPresidents}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Banda, Joyce}} [[Category:1950 births|Banda, Joyce]] [[Category:21st-century women presidents]] [[Category:Female foreign ministers]] [[Category:Female heads of government]] [[Category:Foreign ministers of Malawi]] [[Category:Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi) politicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Malawian feminists]] [[Category:People from Zomba District]] [[Category:People's Party (Malawi) politicians]] [[Category:Presidents of Malawi]] [[Category:United Democratic Front (Malawi) politicians]] [[Category:Vice-presidents of Malawi]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Malawi]] [[Category:Malawian women diplomats]] [[Category:Women vice presidents in Africa]] [[Category:Center for Global Development]] [[Category:Women presidents in Africa]] [[Category:21st-century Malawian women politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Malawian politicians]] [[Category:Malawian women's rights activists]] [[Category:First women presidents in Africa]] oe1z0fffgguadb3zjwwlbz06dswnuam List of American films of 1964 0 27172 146128 85800 2026-08-10T21:04:32Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|None}} {{inc-film|date=August 2008}} {{American film list}} {{more citations needed|date=September 2021}} '''America nima''' shinii nima din yina yuuni '''1964'''. ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' daa di la [[37th Academy Awards|Academy Award]] din nyɛ Anfooni din gahim. <br /> <br /><!--blank lines for wide-screen view--> <br /> __TOC__<!--force Table of Contents (for format spacing)--> ==A-C mini 0-9== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Title !! Director !! Cast ! style="width:11%;"| Genre ! style="width:5%;"| Note |-<!-- Please note: this list is for American films only --> |- |''[[3 Nuts in Search of a Bolt]]''|| [[Tommy Noonan]] || [[Mamie Van Doren]], [[Tommy Noonan]] || Comedy || [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[633 Squadron]]'' || [[Walter Grauman]] || [[Cliff Robertson]], [[George Chakiris]], [[Maria Perschy]] || War || [[United Artists]] |- |''[[7 Faces of Dr. Lao]]''|| [[George Pal]] || [[Tony Randall]], [[Arthur O'Connell]], [[Barbara Eden]] || Fantasy || [[MGM]] |- |''[[The 7th Dawn]]''|| [[Lewis Gilbert]] || [[William Holden]], [[Susannah York]], [[Tetsurō Tamba]] || Adventure || [[United Artists]] |- |''[[Advance to the Rear]]''|| [[George Marshall (director)|George Marshall]] || [[Glenn Ford]], [[Stella Stevens]], [[Melvyn Douglas]] || Western || [[MGM]] |- |''[[Apache Rifles]]''|| [[William Witney]] || [[Audie Murphy]], [[Michael Dante]], [[Linda Lawson (actress)|Linda Lawson]] || Western || [[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[The Americanization of Emily]]''|| [[Arthur Hiller]] || [[Julie Andrews]], [[James Garner]], [[James Coburn]], [[Melvyn Douglas]] || War ||[[MGM]] |- |''[[Back Door to Hell]]''|| [[Monte Hellman]]||[[Jimmie Rodgers (pop singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]], [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Annabelle Huggins]] || War|| [[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[Batman Dracula]]''||[[Andy Warhol]] || ||[[Avant-garde]]|| |- |''[[Bedtime Story (1964 film)|Bedtime Story]]''|| [[Ralph Levy]]||[[Marlon Brando]], [[David Niven]], [[Shirley Jones]] ||Comedy ||[[Universal Studios|Universal]]; Remake of [[Bedtime Story (1941 film)|1941 film]] |- |''[[Behold a Pale Horse (film)|Behold a Pale Horse]]''|| [[Fred Zinnemann]]||[[Gregory Peck]], [[Omar Sharif]], [[Anthony Quinn]] || Drama||[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] |- |''[[The Best Man (1964 film)|The Best Man]]''||[[Franklin J. Schaffner]] ||[[Henry Fonda]], [[Cliff Robertson]], [[Lee Tracy]], [[Edie Adams]], [[Ann Sothern]]|| Drama||[[United Artists]]. Written by [[Gore Vidal]] |- |''[[Bikini Beach]]''||[[William Asher]] ||[[Frankie Avalon]], [[Annette Funicello]], [[Martha Hyer]], [[Don Rickles]] || Comedy||[[American International Pictures|AIP]] |- |''[[Black Like Me (film)|Black Like Me]]''|| [[Carl Lerner]] || [[James Whitmore]], [[Sorrell Booke]], [[Roscoe Lee Browne]] || Drama || [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Blood on the Arrow]]'' || [[Sidney Salkow]] || [[Dale Robertson]], [[Martha Hyer]] || Western || [[Allied Artists Pictures Corporation|Allied Artists]] |- |''[[The Brass Bottle (1964 film)|The Brass Bottle]]'' || [[Harry Keller]] || [[Tony Randall]], [[Burl Ives]], [[Barbara Eden]], [[Kamala Devi (actress)|Kamala Devi]], [[Edward Andrews]] || Fantasy || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- |''[[Bullet for a Badman]]''|| [[R. G. Springsteen]] || [[Audie Murphy]], [[Darren McGavin]], [[Ruta Lee]] || Western || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- | ''[[The Candidate (1964 film)|The Candidate]]'' || [[Robert Angus]] || [[Mamie Van Doren]], [[June Wilkinson]], [[Ted Knight]] || Comedy || [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Carol for Another Christmas]]''|| [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]]||[[Peter Sellers]], [[Sterling Hayden]], [[Britt Ekland]], [[Robert Shaw (actor)|Robert Shaw]], [[Ben Gazzara]], [[Eva Marie Saint]] || Drama|| made for television |- |''[[The Carpetbaggers (film)|The Carpetbaggers]]''||[[Edward Dmytryk]]|| [[George Peppard]], [[Carroll Baker]], [[Alan Ladd]], [[Elizabeth Ashley]], [[Robert Cummings]], [[Martha Hyer]], [[Martin Balsam]] || Drama ||[[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]; based on the [[The Carpetbaggers|novel]] |- |''[[The Cavern (1964 film)|The Cavern]]'' || [[Edgar G. Ulmer]] || [[John Saxon]], [[Rosanna Schiaffino]], [[Brian Aherne]], [[Larry Hagman]] || War || [[20th Century Fox]]. Co-production. |- |''[[Cheyenne Autumn]]''|| [[John Ford]] || [[Richard Widmark]], [[Carroll Baker]], [[James Stewart]], [[Edward G. Robinson]], [[Arthur Kennedy]], [[Dolores del Río]], [[Sal Mineo]] || Western ||[[Warner Bros.]] |- |''[[Circus World (film)|Circus World]]''||[[Henry Hathaway]] ||[[John Wayne]], [[Rita Hayworth]], [[Claudia Cardinale]] ||Drama ||[[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[The Comedy of Terrors]]''|| [[Jacques Tourneur]]||[[Vincent Price]], [[Peter Lorre]], [[Boris Karloff]] ||Horror ||[[American International Pictures|AIP]] |- |''[[Crack in the World]]''|| [[Andrew Marton]] || [[Dana Andrews]], [[Janette Scott]], [[Kieron Moore (Irish actor)|Kieron Moore]] || Science fiction || [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[The Creeping Terror]]''||Arthur J. Nelson || Vic Savage || Science fiction|| [[MST3K]] |- | ''[[The Curse of the Living Corpse]]'' || [[Del Tenney]] || [[Roy Scheider]], [[Margot Hartman]] || Horror || [[20th Century Fox]] |} ==D-F== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:20%;"| Title ! style="width:17%;"| Director ! style="width:35%;"| Cast ! style="width:10%;"| Genre ! style="width:17%;"| Note |- |''[[Dark Purpose]]'' || [[George Marshall (director)|George Marshall]] || [[Shirley Jones]], [[George Sanders]] || Drama || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- |''[[Dead Ringer (1964 film)|Dead Ringer]]''|| [[Paul Henreid]]|| [[Bette Davis]], [[Karl Malden]], [[Peter Lawford]] || Horror || [[Warner Bros.]] Davis in two roles |- |''[[Dear Heart]]''|| [[Delbert Mann]] || [[Glenn Ford]], [[Geraldine Page]], [[Angela Lansbury]] || Comedy || [[Warner Bros.]] |- | ''[[Diary of a Bachelor]]'' || [[Sandy Howard]] || [[William Traylor]], [[Joe Silver]], Dagne Crane || Comedy ||[[American International Pictures|AIP]] |- |''[[The Disorderly Orderly]]''||[[Frank Tashlin]] ||[[Jerry Lewis]], [[Susan Oliver]], [[Glenda Farrell]] ||Comedy ||[[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[A Distant Trumpet]]''||[[Raoul Walsh]]||[[Troy Donahue]], [[Suzanne Pleshette]]||Western||[[Warner Bros.]] |- |''[[Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb]]''|| [[Stanley Kubrick]] || [[Peter Sellers]], [[George C. Scott]], [[Sterling Hayden]], [[Keenan Wynn]], [[Slim Pickens]], [[James Earl Jones]] ||Comedy || [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]]. 4 [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominations; won 4 [[BAFTA]] awards |- |''[[Dumb Patrol]]''|| [[Gerry Chiniquy]]||[[Yosemite Sam]] || [[Animated]]||[[Warner Bros.]] |- | ''[[Emil and the Detectives (1964 film)|Emil and the Detectives]]'' || [[Peter Tewksbury]] || [[Walter Slezak]], [[Roger Mobley]], [[Heinz Schubert (actor)|Heinz Schubert]] || Drama || [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] |- |''[[Ensign Pulver]]'' || [[Joshua Logan]] || [[Robert Walker Jr.]], [[Burl Ives]], [[Walter Matthau]], [[Larry Hagman]], [[Peter Marshall (entertainer)|Peter Marshall]], [[James Coco]], [[Jack Nicholson]] || Comedy || [[Warner Bros.]] Sequel to ''[[Mister Roberts (1955 film)|Mister Roberts]]'' |- |''[[The Eyes of Annie Jones]]'' || [[Reginald Le Borg]] || [[Richard Conte]], [[Francesca Annis]] || Drama || [[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[Face of the Screaming Werewolf]]''|| 3 Directors || [[Lon Chaney Jr.]] ||Horror ||Indy |- |''[[Fail Safe (1964 film)|Fail-Safe]]''||[[Sidney Lumet]] ||[[Henry Fonda]], [[Walter Matthau]], [[Fritz Weaver]], [[Frank Overton]], [[Dan O'Herlihy]], [[Larry Hagman]] ||Thriller ||[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]]; based on the [[Fail-Safe (novel)|novel]]; Remake of [[Fail Safe (2000 film)|2000 film]] |- |''[[The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)|The Fall of the Roman Empire]] ''||[[Anthony Mann]] ||[[Sophia Loren]], [[James Mason]], [[Stephen Boyd]], [[Christopher Plummer]], [[Anthony Quayle]], [[Mel Ferrer]], [[Omar Sharif]], [[John Ireland (actor)|John Ireland]] ||[[epic (genre)|Epic]] ||[[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]; [[Golden Globe]] for Best Original Score |- |''[[False Hare]]''||[[Robert McKimson]] ||[[Bugs Bunny]] || [[Animated]]||[[Warner Bros.]] |- |''[[Fanny Hill (1964 film)|Fanny Hill]]'' || [[Russ Meyer]] || [[Miriam Hopkins]], [[Letícia Román]], [[Karin Evans]]|| Romance || [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Fate Is the Hunter (film)|Fate Is the Hunter]]''||[[Ralph Nelson]] ||[[Glenn Ford]], [[Rod Taylor]], [[Nancy Kwan]], [[Suzanne Pleshette]], [[Constance Towers]], [[Jane Russell]] ||Drama || [[20th Century Fox]]. From Ernest K. Gann book |- |''[[Father Goose (film)|Father Goose]]''||[[Ralph Nelson]] ||[[Cary Grant]], [[Leslie Caron]], [[Trevor Howard]] ||Romantic comedy ||[[Universal Studios|Universal]]; won [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for screenplay |- |''[[Firelight (1964 film)|Firelight]]''||[[Steven Spielberg]] || || [[Short film|Short]]|| |- |''[[The Flesh Eaters (film)|The Flesh Eaters]]''|| [[Jack Curtis (voice actor)|Jack Curtis]]||[[Martin Kosleck]], [[Ira Lewis]] || Horror || [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Flight from Ashiya]]''||[[Michael Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]] ||[[Yul Brynner]], [[Richard Widmark]], [[George Chakiris]] ||War ||[[United Artists]] |- |''[[Flight to Fury]]'' || [[Monte Hellman]] || [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Dewey Martin (actor)|Dewey Martin]] || Drama || [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Flipper's New Adventure]]''||Leon Benson ||[[Luke Halpin]], [[Francesca Annis]], [[Pamela Franklin]] ||Family || [[MGM]]. Based on [[Flipper (1964 TV series)|TV series]] |- |''[[For Those Who Think Young (film)|For Those Who Think Young]]''||[[Leslie H. Martinson]]||[[Pamela Tiffin]], [[James Darren]], [[Bob Denver]], [[Nancy Sinatra]], [[Tina Louise]], [[Ellen Burstyn]] ||Comedy||[[United Artists]] |} ==G-H== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:20%;"| Title ! style="width:17%;"| Director ! style="width:35%;"| Cast ! style="width:10%;"| Genre ! style="width:17%;"| Note |-Goldfinger Guy Hamilton Sean Connery, Gert Frobe, Honor Blackman |''[[Get Yourself a College Girl]]''|| [[Sidney Miller (actor)|Sidney Miller]] || [[Mary Ann Mobley]], [[Chad Everett]], [[Nancy Sinatra]] || Comedy || [[MGM]] |- |''[[A Global Affair]]''|| [[Jack Arnold (director)|Jack Arnold]] || [[Bob Hope]], [[Michèle Mercier]], [[Yvonne De Carlo]] || Comedy || [[MGM]] |- |''[[The Golden Head]]'' || [[Richard Thorpe]] || [[George Sanders]], [[Buddy Hackett]], [[Jess Conrad]]|| Comedy || [[MGM]] |- |''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'' || [[Guy Hamilton]] || [[Sean Connery]], [[Honor Blackman]], [[Gert Frobe]] || [[Spy film|Spy]] || [[United Artists]] |- |''[[Good Neighbor Sam]]''|| [[David Swift (director)|David Swift]]||[[Jack Lemmon]], [[Romy Schneider]], [[Edward G. Robinson]] ||Comedy ||[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] |- |''[[Goodbye Charlie]]''|| [[Vincente Minnelli]] || [[Tony Curtis]], [[Debbie Reynolds]], [[Pat Boone]] || Comedy || [[20th Century Fox]] |- | ''[[Gunfighters of Casa Grande]]'' || [[Roy Rowland (film director)|Roy Rowland]] || [[Alex Nicol]], [[Jorge Mistral]] || Western || [[MGM]] |- |''[[Hag in a Black Leather Jacket]]''|| [[John Waters (filmmaker)|John Waters]] || || [[Short film|Short]] film || |- | ''[[A Hard Day's Night (film)|A Hard Day's Night]]'' || [[Richard Lester]] || [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[George Harrison]], [[Ringo Starr]] || Musical comedy || [[United Artists]] |- | ''[[He Rides Tall]]'' || [[R. G. Springsteen]] || [[Tony Young (actor)|Tony Young]], [[Dan Duryea]], [[Jo Morrow]] || Western || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- |''[[Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!]]''||[[Joseph Barbera]] and [[William Hanna]]||[[Yogi Bear]] ||[[Animated]] [[feature film|feature]] ||[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] |- |''[[Honeymoon Hotel (1964 film)|Honeymoon Hotel]]''|| [[Henry Levin (film director)|Henry Levin]]||[[Robert Goulet]], [[Robert Morse]], [[Nancy Kwan]], [[Jill St. John]], [[Elsa Lanchester]], [[Anne Helm]] ||Comedy ||[[MGM]] |- |''[[The Horror of Party Beach]]''|| [[Del Tenney]] || John Scott, Alice Lyon || Horror ||[[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[A House Is Not a Home (film)|A House Is Not a Home]] ''||[[Russell Rouse]] ||[[Shelley Winters]], [[Robert Taylor (American actor)|Robert Taylor]], [[Cesar Romero]], [[Broderick Crawford]], [[Kaye Ballard]] ||Drama ||[[Embassy]] |- |''[[Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte]]''|| [[Robert Aldrich]] || [[Bette Davis]], [[Olivia de Havilland]], [[Joseph Cotten]], [[Agnes Moorehead]], [[Mary Astor]], [[George Kennedy]] || Horror ||[[20th Century Fox]]; 7 [[Oscar nominations]]; Astor's final film |} ==I-K== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:26%;"| Title ! style="width:13%;"| Director ! style="width:33%;"| Cast ! style="width:10%;"| Genre ! style="width:17%;"| Note |- |''[[I'd Rather Be Rich]]''|| [[Jack Smight]] || [[Sandra Dee]], [[Robert Goulet]], [[Andy Williams]] || Comedy || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- |''[[The Incredible Mr. Limpet]]''||[[Arthur Lubin]] || [[Don Knotts]], [[Jack Weston]], [[Carole Cook]] || Comedy ||[[Warner Bros.]] |- |''[[The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies]]''|| [[Ray Dennis Steckler]] || [[Ray Dennis Steckler]] ||Horror [[Musical film|musical]]|| [[MST3K]] |- |''[[Invitation to a Gunfighter]]'' || [[Richard Wilson (director)|Richard Wilson]] || [[Yul Brynner]], [[Janice Rule]], [[George Segal]] || Western || [[United Artists]] |- |''[[Is There a Doctor in the Mouse?]]''|| [[Chuck Jones]]|| ||[[Animated]] ||[[MGM]] |- |''[[Island of the Blue Dolphins (film)|Island of the Blue Dolphins]]''|| [[James B. Clark (director)|James B. Clark]]||[[Celia Kaye]], [[Carlos Romero (actor)|Carlos Romero]] ||Drama ||[[Universal Studios|Universal]] |- |''[[It's Not Just You, Murray!]]''||[[Martin Scorsese]] || || [[Short film|Short]]|| |- |''[[The Killers (1964 film)|The Killers]]''|| [[Don Siegel]] || [[Lee Marvin]], [[Angie Dickinson]], [[John Cassavetes]], [[Ronald Reagan]] ||Crime drama ||Reagan's final film role. [[Universal Pictures]]; Remake of [[The Killers (1946 film)|1946 film]] |- |''[[Kiss Me Quick!]]''|| Peter Perry ||Frank Coe || |Sci-fi|| |- |''[[Kiss Me, Stupid]]''|| [[Billy Wilder]] ||[[Dean Martin]], [[Kim Novak]], [[Ray Walston]], [[Cliff Osmond]], [[Felicia Farr]] ||Comedy ||[[United Artists]] |- |''[[Kisses for My President]]''||[[Curtis Bernhardt]]|| [[Polly Bergen]], [[Fred MacMurray]] ||Comedy ||[[Warner Bros.]] |- |''[[Kissin' Cousins]]'' || [[Gene Nelson]] || [[Elvis Presley]], [[Arthur O'Connell]], [[Glenda Farrell]], [[Jack Albertson]], [[Yvonne Craig]] || Musical || [[MGM]] |- |''[[Kitten with a Whip]]''||[[Douglas Heyes]] || [[Ann-Margret]], [[John Forsythe]] ||Crime drama ||[[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |} ==L-Q== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:20%;"| Title ! style="width:18%;"| Director ! style="width:33%;"| Cast ! style="width:10%;"| Genre ! style="width:18%;"| Note |- | ''[[Lady in a Cage]]'' || [[Walter Grauman]] || [[Olivia de Havilland]], [[James Caan]], [[Jennifer Billingsley]] || Thriller || [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[The Last Man on Earth (1964 film)|The Last Man on Earth]]''|| [[Ubaldo Ragona]]<br>[[Sidney Salkow]]|| [[Vincent Price]], [[Franca Bettoia]], [[Emma Danieli]], [[Giacomo Rossi-Stuart]] || Science fiction || [[American International Pictures|A.I.P.]] |- |''[[Law of the Lawless (1964 film)|Law of the Lawless]]'' || [[William F. Claxton]] || [[Dale Robertson]], [[Yvonne De Carlo]] || Western || [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[Lilith (film)|Lilith]]''|| [[Robert Rossen]]|| [[Warren Beatty]], [[Jean Seberg]], [[Peter Fonda]] || Drama||[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] |- | ''[[The Lively Set]]'' || [[Jack Arnold (director)|Jack Arnold]] || [[James Darren]], [[Pamela Tiffin]], [[Doug McClure]] || Sports || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- |''[[Looking for Love (film)|Looking for Love]]''|| [[Don Weis]] || [[Connie Francis]], [[Paula Prentiss]], [[Johnny Carson]] || Musical || [[MGM]] |- |''[[Lorna (film)|Lorna]]''|| [[Russ Meyer]]|| [[Lorna Maitland]], [[Althea Currier]]|| [[Sexploitation]]|| [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Mail Order Bride (1964 film)|Mail Order Bride]]''|| [[Burt Kennedy]] || [[Buddy Ebsen]], [[Keir Dullea]], [[Lois Nettleton]] || Western || [[MGM]] |- |''[[Man in the Middle (film)|Man in the Middle]]'' || [[Guy Hamilton]] || [[Robert Mitchum]], [[France Nuyen]] || Drama || [[20th Century Fox]]; based on [[Howard Fast]] book |- |''[[Man's Favorite Sport?]]'' || [[Howard Hawks]] || [[Rock Hudson]], [[Paula Prentiss]], [[Maria Perschy]] || Comedy || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- |''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]''|| [[Alfred Hitchcock]] || [[Sean Connery]], [[Tippi Hedren]], [[Diane Baker]] || Suspense ||[[Universal Studios|Universal]] |- |''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' || [[Robert Stevenson (director)|Robert Stevenson]] || [[Julie Andrews]], [[Dick Van Dyke]], [[David Tomlinson]], [[Hermione Baddeley]], [[Elsa Lanchester]], [[Glynis Johns]], [[Karen Dotrice]], [[Matthew Garber]], [[Ed Wynn]] || Musical || [[Walt Disney Productions|Disney]]; won 5 [[Academy Awards|Oscars]]; based on [[P. L. Travers]] book |- |''[[The Masque of the Red Death (1964 film)|The Masque of the Red Death]]'' || [[Roger Corman]] || [[Vincent Price]], [[Hazel Court]] || Horror || [[American International Pictures|A.I.P.]] |- |''[[McHale's Navy (1964 film)|McHale's Navy]]''||[[Edward Montagne]] || [[Ernest Borgnine]], [[Tim Conway]], [[Joe Flynn (US actor)|Joe Flynn]] || Comedy ||[[Universal Studios|Universal]]; based on [[McHale's Navy|TV series]] |- |''[[The Misadventures of Merlin Jones]]''||[[Robert Stevenson (director)|Robert Stevenson]] || [[Annette Funicello]], [[Tommy Kirk]] || Comedy ||[[Walt Disney Productions|Disney]]; [[The Monkey's Uncle|sequel]] in 1965 |- |''[[Monstrosity (film)|Monstrosity]]''|| [[Joseph V. Mascelli]] || [[Marjorie Eaton]] ||Science fiction ||[[MST3K]] |- |''[[The Moon-Spinners]]'' || [[James Neilson (director)|James Neilson]] || [[Hayley Mills]], [[Eli Wallach]], [[Pola Negri]] || Family || [[Walt Disney Productions|Disney]] |- |''[[Muscle Beach Party]]''||[[William Asher]] ||[[Annette Funicello]], [[Frankie Avalon]] || Comedy|| [[American International Pictures|A.I.P.]] |- |''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''|| [[George Cukor]] || [[Audrey Hepburn]], [[Rex Harrison]], [[Wilfrid Hyde-White]], [[Stanley Holloway]] || Musical || [[Warner Bros.]] Based on ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]''; won 8 [[Academy Awards]] |- |''[[The Naked Kiss]]''|| [[Samuel Fuller]]||[[Constance Towers]], [[Anthony Eisley]] || [[Neo-noir]]|| [[United Artists]] |- |''[[The Nasty Rabbit]]'' || James Landis || Michael Terr, [[Arch Hall Sr.]] || Spy || Fairway International Pictures |- |''[[The New Interns]]'' || [[John Rich (director)|John Rich]] || [[Michael Callan]], [[Dean Jones (actor)|Dean Jones]], [[Telly Savalas]], [[Barbara Eden]], [[Inger Stevens]], [[George Segal]] || Drama || [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]]. Sequel to ''[[The Interns (film)|The Interns]]'' |- |''[[The Night of the Iguana (film)|The Night of the Iguana]]''|| [[John Huston]] ||[[Richard Burton]], [[Ava Gardner]], [[Deborah Kerr]], [[Sue Lyon]], [[Grayson Hall]] || Drama|| [[MGM]]. [[Tennessee Williams]] play; 4 [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominations |- |''[[The Night Walker (film)|The Night Walker]]'' || [[William Castle]] || [[Robert Taylor (American actor)|Robert Taylor]], [[Barbara Stanwyck]], [[Lloyd Bochner]] || Thriller || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]]. Screenplay by [[Robert Bloch]] |- |''[[Nothing But a Man]]''|| [[Michael Roemer]] || [[Ivan Dixon]], [[Yaphet Kotto]] || Drama|| [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[One Potato, Two Potato (film)|One Potato, Two Potato]]''|| [[Larry Peerce]] || [[Barbara Barrie]], [[Bernie Hamilton]] || Drama|| Best Actress award at [[1964 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] for Barrie |- |''[[The Outrage]]''|| [[Martin Ritt]]||[[Paul Newman]], [[Laurence Harvey]], [[Edward G. Robinson]], [[Claire Bloom]] || Western|| [[MGM]]. Based on ''[[Rashomon (film)|Rashomon]]'' |- |''[[Pajama Party (film)|Pajama Party]]''|| [[Don Weis]] ||[[Annette Funicello]], [[Tommy Kirk]] || Comedy|| [[American International Pictures|A.I.P.]] |- |''[[Paris When It Sizzles]]''|| [[Richard Quine]] || [[Audrey Hepburn]], [[William Holden]] ||Romance ||[[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[The Patsy (1964 film)|The Patsy]]''|| [[Jerry Lewis]] || [[Jerry Lewis]], [[Ina Balin]], [[Everett Sloane]], [[Phil Harris]] ||Comedy || [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]. Final film of [[Peter Lorre]] |- |''[[The Pawnbroker (film)|The Pawnbroker]]'' || [[Sidney Lumet]] || [[Rod Steiger]], [[Geraldine Fitzgerald]], [[Brock Peters]] ||Drama || [[Allied Artists Pictures|Allied Artists]]. [[BAFTA]] award, [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nomination for Steiger |- |''[[The Pleasure Seekers (1964 film)|The Pleasure Seekers]]''||[[Jean Negulesco]] ||[[Ann-Margret]], [[Pamela Tiffin]], [[Carol Lynley]] || Romance || [[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[Point of Order (film)|Point of Order]]''|| [[Emile de Antonio]] || ||Documentary || |- |''[[Quick, Before It Melts]]''|| [[Delbert Mann]] || [[Robert Morse]], [[George Maharis]], [[Anjanette Comer]] || Comedy || [[MGM]] |- |''[[The Quick Gun]]''|| [[Sidney Salkow]] || [[Audie Murphy]] [[Merry Anders]], [[Ted de Corsia]] || Western || [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] |- |''[[Quick, Let's Get Married]]'' || [[William Dieterle]] || [[Ginger Rogers]], [[Ray Milland]], [[Barbara Eden]] || Comedy || [[Independent film|Independent]]. Unreleased until 1971 |- |- |} ==R-V== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:22%;"| Title ! style="width:13%;"| Director ! style="width:35%;"| Cast ! style="width:10%;"| Genre ! style="width:19%;"| Note |- | ''[[Racing Fever]]'' || [[William Grefé]] || Joe Morrison, Charles G. Martin, Barbara Biggart || Drama || [[Allied Artists Pictures|Allied Artists]] |- | ''[[Raiders from Beneath the Sea]]'' || [[Maury Dexter]] || [[Ken Scott (actor)|Ken Scott]], [[Merry Anders]] || Adventure || [[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[Rhino!]]'' || [[Ivan Tors]] || [[Robert Culp]], [[Harry Guardino]], [[Shirley Eaton]] || Adventure || [[MGM]] |- |''[[Ride the Wild Surf]]''|| [[Don Taylor (American actor and director)|Don Taylor]] || [[Fabian (entertainer)|Fabian]], [[Shelley Fabares]], [[Tab Hunter]] || Romance || [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] |- |''[[Rio Conchos (1964 film)|Rio Conchos]]''|| [[Gordon Douglas (director)|Gordon Douglas]] || [[Stuart Whitman]], [[Richard Boone]], [[Tony Franciosa]], [[Edmond O'Brien]], [[Jim Brown]] || Western || [[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[Robin and the 7 Hoods]]''||[[Gordon Douglas (director)|Gordon Douglas]] || [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Sammy Davis Jr.]], [[Barbara Rush]], [[Peter Falk]], [[Bing Crosby]] ||Musical ||[[Warner Bros.]] |- |''[[Robinson Crusoe on Mars]]''||[[Byron Haskin]] ||[[Adam West]], [[Victor Lundin]] ||Science fiction ||[[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[Roustabout (film)|Roustabout]]'' || [[John Rich (director)|John Rich]] || [[Elvis Presley]], [[Barbara Stanwyck]], [[Joan Freeman (actress)|Joan Freeman]], [[Leif Erickson (actor)|Leif Erickson]], [[Jack Albertson]], [[Sue Ane Langdon]], [[Pat Buttram]] || Musical || [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[Santa Claus Conquers the Martians]]''||[[Nicholas Webster]] ||John Call, [[Pia Zadora]] || Science fiction ||[[Embassy Pictures|Embassy]]; [[MST3K]] |- |''[[The Secret Door]]'' || Gilbert Kay || [[Robert Hutton (actor)|Robert Hutton]], [[Sandra Dorne]], [[Peter Illing]] || War || [[Allied Artists Pictures|Allied Artists]] |- |''[[The Secret Invasion]]''|| [[Roger Corman]] || [[Stewart Granger]], [[Raf Vallone]], [[Mickey Rooney]] || War || [[United Artists]] |- |''[[Send Me No Flowers]]''||[[Norman Jewison]]||[[Rock Hudson]], [[Doris Day]], [[Tony Randall]]||Comedy||[[Universal Studios|Universal]] |- |''[[Seven Days in May]]''||[[John Frankenheimer]] ||[[Kirk Douglas]], [[Burt Lancaster]], [[Fredric March]], [[Ava Gardner]], [[Edmond O'Brien]], [[Martin Balsam]] ||Drama ||[[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]; script by [[Rod Serling]]; 2 [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominations |- |''[[Sex and the College Girl]]'' || [[Joseph Adler]] || [[Charles Grodin]], [[Julie Sommars]], [[Valora Noland]] || Comedy || [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Sex and the Single Girl (film)|Sex and the Single Girl]]''|| [[Richard Quine]] || [[Tony Curtis]], [[Natalie Wood]], [[Henry Fonda]], [[Mel Ferrer]] || Comedy || [[Warner Bros.]]; based on a [[Sex and the Single Girl|book]] by [[Helen Gurley Brown]] |- |''[[Shell Shock (film)|Shell Shock]]''|| [[John Hayes (director)|John Hayes]] || [[Beach Dickerson]], [[Dolores Faith ]]|| War|| [[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Shock Treatment (1964 film)|Shock Treatment]]'' || [[Denis Sanders]] || [[Lauren Bacall]], [[Stuart Whitman]] || Drama || [[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[Signpost to Murder]]'' || [[George Englund]] || [[Joanne Woodward]], [[Stuart Whitman]] || Drama || [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] |- |''[[A Shot in the Dark (1964 film)|A Shot in the Dark]]''|| [[Blake Edwards]]|| [[Peter Sellers]], [[Elke Sommer]], [[George Sanders]] || Comedy || [[United Artists]]. Sequel to ''[[The Pink Panther (1963 film)|The Pink Panther]]'' |- |''[[Sleep (1963 film)|Sleep]]''||[[Andy Warhol]]||[[John Giorno]]|| Avant-garde || |- |''[[Stage to Thunder Rock]]'' || [[William F. Claxton]] || [[Barry Sullivan (American actor)|Barry Sullivan]], [[Marilyn Maxwell]], [[John Agar]] || Western || [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] |- |''[[The Starfighters]]''|| [[Will Zens]] || [[Bob Dorman]], Shirley Olmstead || War||[[Independent film|Independent]] |- |''[[Strait-Jacket]]''|| [[William Castle]] || [[Joan Crawford]], [[Diane Baker]], [[George Kennedy]] || [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]||[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] |- |''[[The Strangler]]''|| [[Burt Topper]] || [[Victor Buono]], [[David McLean (actor)|David McLean]] || [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || [[Allied Artists Pictures Corporation|Allied Artists]] |- |''[[Surf Party]]'' || [[Maury Dexter]] || [[Patricia Morrow]], [[Bobby Vinton]] || Musical || [[20th Century Fox]] |- |''[[Taggart (film)|Taggart]]''|| [[R. G. Springsteen]] || [[Tony Young (actor)|Tony Young]], [[Dan Duryea]], [[Dick Foran]], Elsa Cárdenas, [[Jean Hale]] || Western || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- |''[[Teen-Age Strangler]]''|| Ben Parker || Bill Bloom, John Ensign, Jo Canterbury, John Humphreys|| Science fiction|| [[MST3K]] |- | ''[[Terror in the City]]'' || [[Allen Baron]] || [[Lee Grant]], [[Richard Bray]], [[Michael Higgins (actor)|Michael Higgins]] || Drama || [[Allied Artists Pictures|Allied Artists]] |- |''[[The Thin Red Line (1964 film)|The Thin Red Line]] ''|| [[Andrew Marton]] || [[Keir Dullea]], [[Jack Warden]], [[Kieron Moore (Irish actor)|Kieron Moore]] ||War || [[Allied Artists Pictures|Allied Artists]] |- |''[[The Three Lives of Thomasina]]''|| [[Don Chaffey]] || [[Patrick McGoohan]], [[Karen Dotrice]] ||Family || |- | ''[[Those Calloways]]'' || [[Norman Tokar]] || [[Brian Keith]], [[Vera Miles]], [[Brandon De Wilde]], [[Walter Brennan]], [[Ed Wynn]], [[Linda Evans]] || Drama || [[Walt Disney Productions|Disney]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Film review: Those Calloways|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1964-11-18_236_13/page/7|author=Whit|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|volume= 236|issue=13|date=November 18, 1964|pages= 7, 22}}</ref> |- |''[[A Tiger Walks]]'' || [[Norman Tokar]] || [[Brian Keith]], [[Vera Miles]], [[Pamela Franklin]], [[Edward Andrews]], [[Frank Aletter]], [[Jack Albertson]], [[Sabu Dastagir|Sabu]] || Family || [[Disney]]; Sabu's final film |- |''[[The Time Travelers (1964 film)|The Time Travelers]]''|| [[Ib Melchior]] || [[Preston Foster]], [[Merry Anders]] ||Science fiction || [[American International Pictures|AIP]] |- |''[[To Trap a Spy]]'' || [[Don Medford]] || [[Robert Vaughn]], [[David McCallum]] || Drama || [[MGM]]; pilot of [[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.|TV series]] |- |''[[Topkapi (film)|Topkapi]]'' || [[Jules Dassin]] || [[Melina Mercouri]], [[Peter Ustinov]], [[Maximilian Schell]] || Crime || [[United Artists]]; Academy Award for Ustinov |- |''[[The Train (1964 film)|The Train]]''|| [[John Frankenheimer]]||[[Burt Lancaster]], [[Paul Scofield]], [[Jeanne Moreau]] || War drama || [[United Artists]] |- |''[[Two Thousand Maniacs!]]''|| [[Herschell Gordon Lewis|H. G. Lewis]] ||[[Connie Mason]] || Horror|| |- |''[[Under Age (1964 film)|Under Age]]''||[[Larry Buchanan]] || Annabelle Weenick, Judy Adler ||Drama || [[American International Pictures|A.I.P.]] |- |''[[The Unsinkable Molly Brown (film)|The Unsinkable Molly Brown]]''||[[Charles Walters]] || [[Debbie Reynolds]], [[Harve Presnell]], [[Jack Kruschen]], [[Ed Begley]] || Musical ||[[MGM]]; based on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] show; 6 [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominations |- |''[[The Visit (1964 film)|The Visit]]''|| [[Bernhard Wicki]]||[[Ingrid Bergman]], [[Anthony Quinn]], [[Irina Demick]]||Drama ||[[20th Century Fox|Fox]] |- |''[[Viva Las Vegas]]'' || [[George Sidney]] || [[Elvis Presley]], [[Ann-Margret]], [[Cesare Danova]], [[Jack Carter (comedian)|Jack Carter]], [[William Demarest]] || Musical || [[MGM]] |} ==W-Z== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:20%;"| Title ! style="width:14%;"| Director ! style="width:36%;"| Cast ! style="width:10%;"| Genre ! style="width:19%;"| Note |- |''[[What a Way to Go!]]''|| [[J. Lee Thompson]]|| [[Shirley MacLaine]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Paul Newman]], [[Robert Mitchum]], [[Robert Cummings]], [[Dick Van Dyke]], [[Gene Kelly]] || Comedy||[[20th Century Fox]]; nominated for 2 [[Academy Awards]] |- | ''[[Wheel of Fire (film)|Wheel of Fire]]'' || [[Julio Coll]] || [[Barry Sullivan (actor)|Barry Sullivan]], [[Martha Hyer]], [[Soledad Miranda]] || Horror || [[American International Pictures|AIP]] |- |''[[Where Love Has Gone (film)|Where Love Has Gone]] ''|| [[Edward Dmytryk]]||[[Susan Hayward]], [[Bette Davis]], [[Joey Heatherton]] ||Drama ||[[MGM]]; based on a novel by [[Harold Robbins]] |- |''[[Wild and Wonderful]]'' || [[Michael Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]] || [[Tony Curtis]], [[Christine Kaufmann]] || Romance || [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] |- |''[[The World of Henry Orient]]''||[[George Roy Hill]] ||[[Peter Sellers]], [[Paula Prentiss]], [[Angela Lansbury]], [[Phyllis Thaxter]], [[Tom Bosley]] ||Comedy ||[[United Artists]]; based on a novel by [[Nora Johnson]] |- | ''[[A Yank in Viet-Nam]]'' || [[Marshall Thompson]] || [[Marshall Thompson]], [[Enrique Magalona]] || War || [[Allied Artists Pictures|Allied Artists]] |- |''[[Youngblood Hawke (1964 film)|Youngblood Hawke]]'' || [[Delmer Daves]] || [[James Franciscus]], [[Suzanne Pleshette]], [[Eva Gabor]], [[Geneviève Page]], [[Mary Astor]] || Drama || [[Warner Bros.]]; based on a novel by [[Herman Wouk]] |- |''[[The Young Lovers (1964 film)|The Young Lovers]]'' || [[Samuel Goldwyn Jr.]] || [[Peter Fonda]], [[Sharon Hugueny]], [[Deborah Walley]]|| Drama || [[MGM]] |- |''[[Your Cheatin' Heart (film)|Your Cheatin' Heart]]'' || [[Gene Nelson]] || [[George Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton]], [[Susan Oliver]], [[Red Buttons]] || Musical, biography || [[MGM]]; bio of singer [[Hank Williams]] |- |} ==Lihi pahi== {{Portal|Film}} * [[1964 in the United States]] ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Films of the United States, 1964}} *[https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&countries=us&sort=alpha&title_type=feature&year=1964,1964 1964 films] at the [[Internet Movie Database]] *[[List of 1964 box office number-one films in the United States]] {{1964 films}} {{Films by country}} {{DEFAULTSORT:American films of 1964}} [[Category:Lists of American films by year|1964]] [[Category:1964 in American cinema|Films]] [[Category:Lists of 1964 films by country]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] mlehfswocu28p94ieog3gyz9u2bm7ge Obafemi Awolowo University 0 27474 146091 145789 2026-08-10T20:05:33Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Public university in Ile-Ife, Nigeria}} {{Use Nigerian English|date=February 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox university | name = Obafemi Awolowo University | image = | image_size = 200px | caption = OAU Crest | motto = For Learning and Culture | established = {{start date and age|1961}} | former_names = University of Ife | chancellor = [[Yahaya Abubakar]] | vice_chancellor = [[Adebayo Simeon Bamire]] | city = [[Ile-Ife, Osun State]] | country = Nigeria | coor = {{coord|7|31|06|N|4|31|22|E|type:edu_region:NG_dim:3000|display=inline,title}} | students = {{c.|35,000}} | campus = Urban {{convert|2020|ha|acre}} | undergrad = 13,000 | postgrad = 7500 | colours = {{color box|#191970}}{{color box|#A48111}} Midnight blue and gold | type = [[public university|Public]] | affiliations = [[Adeyemi College of Education]] | website = {{URL|http://www.oauife.edu.ng/}} }} [[File:Landscape of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.jpg|thumb|Landscape of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife]] [[File:Main Campus, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria (12997698895).jpg|thumb|Main Campus, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria]] '''Obafemi Awolowo University''' ('''OAU''') nyɛla federal university din be [[Ile-Ife, Osun State]], [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Nigerian Universities and Years Founded|url=http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp|publisher=National Universities Commission|access-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426070234/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Students' Union-Management relations and conflict resolution mechanisms in Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/ejc-accordr-v20-n1-a6|access-date=2022-02-01|website=African Journal on Conflict Resolution|language=en|hdl=10520/ejc-accordr-v20-n1-a6}}</ref> University ŋɔ nyɛla din daa piligi yuuni 1961 ka wuhibu mini bɔhimbu daa piligi silimiin goli October yuuni 1962<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wahab |first=Bayo |date=2018-01-18 |title=Here's why OAU is believed to be the best university in Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/obafemi-awolowo-university-heres-why-oau-is-believed-to-be-the-best-university-in/9gb7l44 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227105632/https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/obafemi-awolowo-university-heres-why-oau-is-believed-to-be-the-best-university-in/9gb7l44 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ka ŋun daa kpa '''University of Ife''' nyɛ regional government zaŋ n-ti [[Western Nigeria]] ka ŋun daa be di tooni [[Samuel Ladoke Akintola]]. Bɛ daa taɣi li yuli "Obafemi Awolowo University" silimiin goli May biɛɣ'pinaayi dali yuuni 1987. Ŋun daa taɣi li yuli ŋɔ nyɛ Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida led military administration, [[Obafemi Awolowo]] (1909–1987), o nyɛla tuuli Western Region of Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Foundation|url=http://www.oauife.edu.ng/the-foundation/|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219150900/http://www.oauife.edu.ng/the-foundation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Britannica Encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282720/Ile-Ife#ref245175|publisher=Britannica|access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Brief History of the University">{{cite web|title=Brief History of the University|url=http://www.oauife.edu.ng/administration/student-affairs/students-handbook/history/|publisher=Obafemi Awolowo University|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215162421/http://www.oauife.edu.ng/administration/student-affairs/students-handbook/history/|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Taarihi == Yuuni 1951, bɛ ni daa taɣi zalikpana buku taɣibu nima pam daa nyɛla din niŋ ka di wuhiri ni bɛ piimi [[legislator]]s mini regional [[Premier]]s zaŋ n-ti "regions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legalsociety.com.ng/constitutional-developments-in-nigeria-iii/|title=The MacPherson constitution (1951)}}{{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A commission was established by the Federal Minister zaŋ n-ti shikuru baŋsim bɔhimbu yaɣili yuuni 1959 daa bɔ niriba ni bɛ niŋ vihigu baŋ tiŋgbani maa yaɣa shɛŋa din to ni bɛ miɛ university nima yuuni 1960 mini yuuni 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifra/1024?lang=en|title=Development of higher education in Nigeria|chapter=The Demand for Higher Education and Employment Opportunities in Nigeria |series=African Dynamics |date=16 January 2015 |pages=241–265 |publisher=IFRA-Nigeria |isbn=9791092312171 }}</ref> Ban daa be di tooni nyɛ Cambridge karimba [[Eric Ashby, Baron Ashby|Eric Ashby]], karimba zaŋ n-ti [[Clare College, Cambridge]] n-ti pahi labour economist [[Frederick H. Harbison]].<ref name="faf">{{Cite journal |last=Fafunwa |first=Babatunde |year=1974 |title=The Growth and Development of Nigerian Universities. |url=https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED097843 |journal=Overseas Liaison Committee: American Council on Education |pages=1–28}}</ref> Lahabali daa yina [[Western State (Nigeria)|Western Region]] gomnanti sani wuhiri ni [[University of Ibadan]] nyɛla din yɛn saɣi Western Region amaa ka federal gomnanti daa bi saɣi n-ti li.<ref name="Olan">{{Cite book |title=Ife University in colour: a Panorama of Africa's most beautiful campus. |last=Olaniyan |first=Richard |publisher=Ife University |year=1983 |location=Ife, Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Pɔi ka lahabali kpalinkpaa daa yina silimiin goli October yuuni 1960 Western gomnanti daa niŋ nia ni bɛ zali university n-ti "region" maa.<ref name="Olan"/> [[Action Group (Nigeria)|Action Group party]] zaŋ n-ti Western Region of Nigeria ni daa yɛli ni bɛ zalimi University of Ife<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria: Great Ife at 50|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201203110036.html|publisher=All Africa|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> daa nyɛla nangban kpeeni.<ref>Feuser 1991</ref>{{full citation needed|date=July 2022}} bɛ daa zali la Nigeria nima tuuli university yuuni [[Ibadan]] din be Western Region ka di daa nyɛ "external" collagɛ zaŋ n-ti [[University of London]]. Silimiin goli October yuuni 1960, Ashby commission nyɛla ban daa yɛli ni di to ni bɛ regional universities zaŋ n-ti northern mini eastern regions, Nigeria mini federal university zaŋ n-ti Lagos.<ref name="faf"/> Yuuni 1961,bɛ daa zali Provisional Council zaŋ n-ti university maa ka Western Regional Assembly saɣi n-ti li. Bɛ daa piigi luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni yɛn zali shikuru ŋɔ ka di polo maa galisim daa paai {{Convert|13000|acre|ha|abbr=out}}.<ref name="faf"/> Tuuli laɣa shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ n-ti ni bɛ piligi university maa miɛbu daa nyɛla £250,000 ka di daa yina Western regional government.<ref name="miner"/> ===Ibadan Campus=== Silimiin goli September biɛɣ'pishi ni ayi dali yuuni 1962, bɛ daa yooi university ŋɔ ni shikuru bihi ban kalinli yiɣisi kɔbishi ni pihinahi anahi, bɛ ni daa booni shɛli College of Arts and Sciences, Ibadan.<ref name="Olan"/> Shikkuru bihi ŋɔ shɛba daa nyɛla College of Arts and Sciences shikuru bihi ka bɛ daa lahi kpaɣi [[University of Ibadan|University College, Ibadan]] karimba shɛba. Bɛ daa piigi [[Oladele Ajose]] ka o leei tuuli Vice-Chancellor zaŋ n-ti university ŋɔ ka di daa piligi ni bɔhimbu yaɣa din doli na ŋɔ agriculture, arts, economics mini social studies, law n-ti pahi science.<ref name="faf"/> University maa wuhibu mini bɔhimbu daa chami kamani University College, Ibadan ka daa piligi saawara ni [[University of Wisconsin]].<ref name="miner">{{Cite journal |date=1965 |jstor=41821660 |journal=Minerva |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=210–215|title=University Development in Nigeria: Report of the National Universities Commission |url=https://archive.org/details/minerva_winter-1965_3_2/page/210 |doi=10.1007/BF01096335 |s2cid=189788838 }}</ref> <ref name="Olan"/> Silimiin goli February yuuni 1966, Lt-Col Francis [[Adekunle Fajuyi]], ŋun daa kana ni o ti kaai University of Ife ka nyɛ Military Governor zaŋ n-ti Western Region daa piigi Hezekiah Oluwasanmi tuuli Vice-Chancellor ka piigi Chief TT Solaru mi pro-chancellor ka daa ti ba liɣiri ni bɛ labi miɛ shikuru ŋɔ silimiin goli October yuuni 1966.Bɛ daa ku Fajuyi, sooja nima biɛhigu shee din be Ibadan silimiin goli July yuuni 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegboruwa |first=Ebun |date=25 April 2023 |title=Murder in the citadel – Part 2 |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/murder-in-the-citadel-part-2/ |website=Guardian News}}</ref> === Move to Ife === University maa daa yi labi Ile-Ife shikuru palli maa ni silimiin goli January yuuni 1967.<ref name="Olan"/> University ŋɔ daa tuui nya di tuuli faculty of pharmacy din be [[West Africa]], tuuli bɔhimbu yaɣili zaŋ n-ti "chemical engineering" n-ti pahi tuuli bɔhimbu yaɣili zaŋ n-ti "electronics components and electrical engineering".<ref name="National Universities Commission">[https://www.preps.ng/oau-cut-off-marks/]{{cite web|title=Focal areas of the Commission, 20 January 2013|url=http://www.nuc.edu.ng/nucsite/File/Monday%20Bulletin/MB%202013/MB%207th%20January%202013%20final.pdf|access-date=27 March 2014|publisher=National Universities Commission}}{{dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Stand up for Great Ife at 50">{{cite web|last=Adewale|first=Stephen|title=Stand up for Great Ife at 50|url=http://pambazuka.org/en/category/comment/85294|publisher=Pambazuka|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408072532/http://pambazuka.org/en/category/comment/85294|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Federal University=== In 1975, a new military government introduced decrees making the University of Ife a Federal University.<ref name="Olan"/> On 10 July 1999, members of the [[Neo Black Movement of Africa|Black Axe Confraternity]] murdered the secretary-general of the students' union George Iwilade and several other student activists in the [[Obafemi Awolowo University massacre]]. Education Minister [[Tunde Adeniran]] issued a statement acknowledging the incident and saying the ministry will treat the case with "utmost concern".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/392634.stm |title=World: Africa – Arrests after Nigerian cult killings |date=July 12, 1999 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> ==Architecture== Israeli architect [[Arieh Sharon]] led the architectural planning of the university with a team that later included his son [[Eldar Sharon]] and [[Augustine Akhuemokhan Egbor]] of Lagos.<ref name="ife">{{Cite book |title=Third world modernism : architecture, development and identity |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdworldmodern0000unse |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203840993 |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thirdworldmodern0000unse/page/117 117]–120 |oclc=703154680}}</ref> The initial plan was to build three communities. A central campus with a high density would host the academic and administrative structures, the staff quarters with residential structures be dispersed for privacy, and students' residential halls were built. ===Central Campus=== The road network within the university is numbered, the main entrance to the university is the 2.5&nbsp;km Road One which provides visibility to two rocky hills and a main core. The core is a [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] consisting of the university's public structures: [[Hezekiah Ademola Oluwafemi|Hezekiah Oluwasanmi]] Library, Secretariat, University Bookshop, Oduduwa Hall, and the Faculties of Arts, Education, Law, Administration and Social Sciences.<ref name="Olan"/> The first structure to be completed in January 1967 was three blocks of four floors, which became the Humanities building; these blocks have interconnected walkways to the other Faculties within the quad. Upon completion, these structures resembled inverted pyramids or huge boats but the design was chosen because of the country's humid [[tropical climate]] that way, each floor protects the one below.<ref name="ife" /><ref name="Olan" /> There are pedestrian walkways and pergolas around the campus, providing movement within offices around the quadrangle, and there are also piazzas, gardens and terraces. The quad is enclosed on each side by roads, beyond which are other faculty buildings. The inner road on the southern end (road two) or front of the main core provides access to the student union building. Along road two are the computer science building, and the faculties of pharmacy and health sciences. The outer road at the north-western end of the quad, (Road 5)<ref name="ife"/> provides access to the modern languages building and the African traditional-designed structure housing the African studies department, a museum and an exhibition hall.<ref name="Olan"/> == Academics == [[File:Faculty of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria (12998041954).jpg|thumb|College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria]] Obafemi Awolowo University has 13 faculties<ref>{{cite web|title=Faculties|url=http://www.oauife.edu.ng/academics/faculties/|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302193522/http://www.oauife.edu.ng/academics/faculties/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and two colleges—the Postgraduate College and the College of Health Sciences— which are administered in more than 60 departments. The university offers [[undergraduate]] and [[post-graduate|postgraduate]] programmes in fields of specialization spanning the humanities, arts, natural sciences, social sciences, medical sciences, engineering and technology. It was previously associated with [[Loma Linda University]] in California, US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mina |title=OAU Department of Education & History Admission Requirement 2022/2023 |url=https://www.realmina.com/oau-department-of-education-history-admission-requirement/ |website=Realmina|date=28 July 2023 }}</ref> === JUPEB Programme === Obafemi Awolowo University nyɛla din mali saawara ni Joint Universities Preliminary Examinations Board (JUPEB).<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=Jupeb Partners|url=https://jupeb.edu.ng/about_us/partner_universities|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127192141/https://jupeb.edu.ng/about_us/partner_universities|archive-date=2020-11-27|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> JUPEB nyɛla din mali A-Level programs n-tiri shikuru bihi shɛba ban bɔri ni bɛ kpɛ Obafemi Awolowo University ni "direct entry". OAU nyɛla din kpaɣiri shikuru niŋdi JUPEB Program Y.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mc |first=Owoblow |date= 12 December 2023|title=Obafemi Awolowo University OAU JUPEB Admission List 2023/2024 |url=https://o3schools.com/oau-jupeb-admission-list/ |archive-date= |website=O3 schools}}</ref> === Library === Bɛ "central" karimbu shee nyɛ [[Hezekiah Oluwasanmi]] karimbu shee,(bɛ daa zaŋ la Vice-Chancellor ŋun pahiri ayi yuli zaŋ n-ti li Professor Hezekiah Olusawanmi)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fabunmi |first1=O. M. |last2=Asubiojo |first2=B. O. |title=Awareness and Use of Online Public Access Catalogue by Students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/922 |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal) |date=23 April 2013 |publication-date=2013}}</ref> ka di nyɛ jirinbisa dubu buyi. Di nyɛla din ni tooi deei niriba kalinli kamani 2,500. Karimbu shee ŋɔ nyɛla din mali 300,000 titles mini 762,000 "volumes of monographs".<ref>{{cite web|title=Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library|url=http://library.oauife.edu.ng/|publisher=OAU|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101002510/http://library.oauife.edu.ng/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Ile-Ife.jpg|thumb|Hezekiah Oluwasanmi library]] [[File:Faculty of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria (12997648065).jpg|thumb|upright]] == Vice-chancellors == {{Category see also|Academic staff of Obafemi Awolowo University}} Tuuli vice-chancellor zaŋ n-ti university maa n-daa nyɛ Professor [[Oladele Ajose]] (MD, PhD), o daa naai la [[Glasgow University]] ka nyɛ tuuli Nigeria professor zaŋ n-ti "public health". O daa na be la [[University of Ibadan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/remembering-ajose-first-oau-vc/|title=Remembering Ajose, first OAU VC|date=23 March 2018|access-date=25 May 2024|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418215954/https://guardian.ng/opinion/remembering-ajose-first-oau-vc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> O daa nyɛla vice-chancellor bin din gbaai yuuni 1962 hali ni yuuni 1966. Vice-chancellor ŋun daa pahiri ayi nyɛ Professor H. A. Oluwasanmi, o daa tum la bin din gbaai yuuni 1966 hali ni yuuni 1975. Anthony Adebolu Elujoba, professor zaŋ n-ti [[pharmacognosy]] daa leei Acting Vice-Chancellor zaŋ n-ti university maa silimiin goli July yuuni 1975. University Council's daa yɛliya ni Professor Ayobami Taofeek Salami leei Vice-Chancellor zaŋ n-ti university maa silimiin goli June dabaa ayobu dali ka shɛba daa bɛ saɣi n-ti li. "Council" daa wurim lala yɛlitɔɣa maa ka daa yihi Salami. Bɛ daa piigi Prof. Elujoba ka o leei Vice-Chancellor zaŋ n-ti university maa di nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolanle |first=Bolawole |date= |title=Rumbling universities and fit-as-fiddle President |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2017/08/22/rumbling-universities-and-fit-as-fiddle-president/ |website=The NEWS}}</ref> Karimba nima zaŋ n-ti university ŋɔ nyɛla Nobel Laureate ninvuɣ yino n-ti pahi Nigerian National Merit Award winners niriba ayobu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OAU Admission Requirements |url=https://www.preps.ng/oau-admission-requirements/ |website=PrepsNG Scholars}}{{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Nigeria [[Nobel prize]]-winner zaŋ n-ti "literature" ka lahi nyɛ tuuli African laureate, [[Wole Soyinka]] daa nyɛla Professor of Comparative Literature n-ti University maa bin din gbaai yuuni 1975 hali ni yuuni 1999. Yuuni 1999, bɛ daa piigi o Emeritus Professor zaŋ n-ti Dramatic Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fart.oauife.edu.ng/?page_id=26|title=1lib1ref}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Stephen Adebanji Akintoye]] daa nyɛla Dirata zaŋ n-ti university ŋɔ African Studies bin din gbaai yuuni 1974 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinkanju |date= |title=Emeritus Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye |url=https://dawncommission.org/emeritus-professor-stephen-adebanji-akintoye/ |website=Dawn Commission}}</ref> === Vice-chancellor nima yuya === {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Oladele Ajose]] (1962–66)<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of Oladele Adebayo Ajose |url=https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH3007&type=P |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319124929/https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH3007&type=P |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Hezekiah Oluwasanmi|Hezekiah Adedunmola Oluwasanmi]] (1966–75) * Ojetunji Aboyade (1975–78) * [[Cyril Agodi Onwumechili]] (1979–82)<ref name="THISDAYLIVE 2023">{{cite web | title=OAU Loses Former Vice Chancellor, Cyril Onwumechili at 91 | website=THISDAYLIVE | date=2023-05-20 | url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/20/oau-loses-former-vice-chancellor-cyril-onwumechili-at-91 | access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> * [[Wande Abimbola]] (1982–89)<ref name="About Wándé Abímbọ́lá 2019">{{cite web | title=Professor Wándé Abímbọ́lá | website=About Wándé Abímbọ́lá | date=2019-07-04 | url=https://wandeabimbola.com/about-wande-abimbola/ | access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> * C. Adeniyi Osuntogun (1990–91) * Wale Omole (1991–99) * Roger Makanjuola (1999–2006) * [[Micheal Faborode|Micheal Oladimeji Faborode]] (2006–11)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/08/university-graduates-not-likely-to-be-suicide-bombers-faborode/|title=University graduates not likely to be suicide bombers –Faborode|work=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper|access-date=2 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114257/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/08/university-graduates-not-likely-to-be-suicide-bombers-faborode/|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/ex-vc-seeks-intervention-for-varsities-funding/|title=New Telegraph – Ex-VC seeks intervention for varsities' funding|publisher=|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131517/http://newtelegraphonline.com/ex-vc-seeks-intervention-for-varsities-funding/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Idowu Bamitale Omole]] (2011–16)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/05/18/oau-appoints-new-vice-chancellor/|title=OAU Appoints New Vice-Chancellor – PM NEWS Nigeria|date=2011-05-18|website=Pmnewsnigeria.com|access-date=2017-12-22|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Anthony Elujoba]] (as acting from 2016 to 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/meet-professor-anthony-adebolu-elujoba-the-village-chemist-and-the-acting-vice-chancellor-obafemi-awolowo-university-ile-ife/|title=Meet Prof Anthony Elujoba: "the village chemist", acting VC OAU, Ile-Ife -Vanguard News|work=Vanguard News}}</ref> * [[Eyitope Ogungbenro Ogunbodede]] (2017–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/facial-marks-in-a-dental-museum/|title=Facial marks in a dental museum|date=2015-09-26|website=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref> * [[Adebayo Simeon Bamire]] (2022–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=BREAKING: OAU gets new Vice-Chancellor, Professor Simeon Bamire|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/breaking-oau-gets-new-vice-chancellor-professor-simeon-bamire/amp/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Vanguard Ngr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Obafemi Awolowo University Names Professor Bamire As New Vice Chancellor |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/obafemi-awolowo-university-names-professor-bamire-as-new-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=TribuneOnlineNG}}</ref> {{Div col end}} == Halls of residence == Ile-Ife shikuru nyɛla bɛ ni miɛ shɛli kamani {{convert|5000|acre|km2}} , {{convert|13000|acre|km2}} . Di duri nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ: {{div col|colwidth=15em}} * Awolowo Hall * Angola Hall * Alumni Hall * Education Trust Fund (ETF) Hall * Adekunle Fajuyi Hall (FAJ) * Ladoke Akintola Hall * Moremi Hall * Mozambique Hall (Moz) * Murtala Muhammed Post Graduate Hall {{div col end}} Dabba biɛhigu shɛhi nyɛ Awolowo Hall, Angola Hall, ETF Hall n-ti pahi Fajuyi Hall. Paɣaba mi biɛhigu shɛhi nyɛ Alumni Hall, Ladoke Akintola Hall, Moremi Hall n-ti pahi Mozambique Hall.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Inside OAU |first1=Media |title=Top 5 Most Beautiful Female Hostels in OAU |url=https://www.insideoau.com/2023/05/23/top-5-most-beautiful-female-hostels-in-oau/ |publisher=Inside OAU |access-date=17 October 2023 |ref=Inside OAU |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710090533/https://www.insideoau.com/2023/05/23/top-5-most-beautiful-female-hostels-in-oau/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Postgraduate hall nyɛ Murtala Muhammed Hall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Halls of Residence|url=http://www.oauife.edu.ng/administration/student-affairs/halls-of-residence/|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301092851/http://www.oauife.edu.ng/administration/student-affairs/halls-of-residence/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Notable alumni == {{See also|Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni}} === Government and politics === <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[Adebayo Adelabu]], Deputy Governor [[Central Bank of Nigeria]] since 2014.<ref name="Central Bank of Nigeria Home ">{{cite web | title=Central Bank of Nigeria:: Board of Directors | website=Central Bank of Nigeria {{!}} Home | url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/aboutcbn/TheBoard.asp?Name=Mr.+Adebayo+Adelabu&Biodata=adelabu | access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> * [[Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi]], co-founder African Women's Development Fund (AWDF)<ref name="Tribune Online 2022">{{cite web | title=Bisi Fayemi (First Lady of Ekiti State, Nigeria) | website=Tribune Online | date=2022-06-15 | url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bisi-fayemi-first-lady-of-ekiti-state-nigeria/ | access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> * [[Akinwumi Adesina]], President of [[African Development Bank]] & former Nigerian Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-28 |title=Nigerian Minister, Adesina, Elected President Of African Development Bank |url=http://saharareporters.com/2015/05/28/nigerian-minister-adesina-elected-president-african-development-bank |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> * [[Femi Adesina]], Special Adviser to President Buhari on media and publicity<ref name="Global Patriot Newspapers 2021">{{cite web | title=OAU honours 60 former students at 60. Glad to be in the number – Femi Adesina | website=Global Patriot Newspapers | date=2021-12-04 | url=https://globalpatriotnews.com/oau-honours-60-former-students-at-60-glad-to-be-in-the-number-femi-adesina/ | access-date=2023-06-03 | archive-date=3 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603100846/https://globalpatriotnews.com/oau-honours-60-former-students-at-60-glad-to-be-in-the-number-femi-adesina/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Oladapo Afolabi]], former Head of Nigerian Civil Service<ref name="Industrial and General Insurance Plc 2019">{{cite web | title=Prof. Oladapo Afolabi, CFR Director | website=Industrial and General Insurance Plc | date=2019-11-07 | url=https://www.iginigeria.com/about-us/the-board/prof-oladapo-afolabi-cfr-director/ | access-date=2023-06-03 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Jimi Agbaje]], [[Lagos State]] Governorship candidate * [[Alexander Akinyele]], former Nigerian Minister of Information * [[Sarah Alade]], former Deputy Governor [[Central Bank of Nigeria]]<ref name="Tijani 2017">{{cite web | last=Tijani | first=Mayowa | title=PROFILE: Alade, the lecturer who had just 'one slight regret' in her 24-year CBN career | website=TheCable | date=2017-03-30 | url=https://www.thecable.ng/profile-alade-lecturer-just-one-slight-regret-24-year-cbn-career | access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> * [[Christopher Omoworare Babajide]], Senator of [[Osun State]], Nigeria * [[Bisayo Busari-Akinnadeju]] * [[Babalola Borishade]], former Nigeria Minister of Aviation<ref name="Asadu 2017">{{cite web | last=Asadu | first=Chinedu | title=OBITUARY: Borishade, the man whom senate rejected thrice yet led 4 key ministries | website=TheCable | date=2017-04-27 | url=https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-borishade-man-senate-rejected-thrice-yet-led-4-key-ministries | access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OAU Electrical Electronic Engineering: History In Brief|url=https://www.ifecitynews.com/2017/07/oau-electrical-electronic-engineering-history-brief/|last=Vutifuar_fdir|date=2017-07-07|website=IFECITY NEWS|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Abike Dabiri]], former Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Abike Dabiri|url=http://www.abikedabiri.com/|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328135558/http://www.abikedabiri.com/|archive-date=2014-03-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter Homepage|url=https://twitter.com/abikedabiri|access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Members House of Representatives|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/portfolio/profile.php?id=hon.abike.dabiri|access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> * [[Kayode Fayemi]], former Governor of [[Ekiti State]]<ref name="THISDAYLIVE 2019">{{cite web | title=Kayode and Bisi Fayemi 30 Years and Still Lovebirds | website=THISDAYLIVE | date=2019-09-07 | url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/07/kayode-and-bisi-fayemi-30-years-and-still-lovebirds | access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> * [[Lucky Irabor]], Chief of Defence Staff of Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-26 |title=What to know about Lucky Irabor, Nigeria's new Chief of Defence Staff |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/438904-what-to-know-about-lucky-irabor-nigerias-new-chief-of-defence-staff.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Olusegun Mimiko]], former Governor of [[Ondo State]], Nigeria<ref name="Ondo Connects New Era 2014">{{cite web | title=Synopsis of Dr. Olusegun Rahman Mimiko (a.k.a. Iroko) – Ondo Connects New Era | website=Ondo Connects New Era | date=2014-06-24 | url=http://www.ekimogundescendant.org/synopsis-of-dr-olusegun-rahman-mimiko-a-k-a-iroko/ | access-date=2023-06-03 | archive-date=29 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129141951/http://www.ekimogundescendant.org/synopsis-of-dr-olusegun-rahman-mimiko-a-k-a-iroko/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Lai Mohammed]], Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture<ref name="Edinburgh International Culture Summit 2020">{{cite web | title=Alhaji Lai Mohammed | website=Edinburgh International Culture Summit | date=2020-08-13 | url=https://www.culturesummit.com/people/alhaji-lai-mohammed/ | access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> * [[Babafemi Ojudu]], Senator of [[Ekiti State]], Nigeria * [[Olatunde Ojo]], Clerk to the [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|national assembly of Nigeria]] * [[Dominic Oneya]], former Governor [[Kano State]], Nigeria<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Alliance Insurance (STDINSUR:Lagos)|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=61468921&ticker=STDINSUR:NL|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140328092236/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=61468921&ticker=STDINSUR:NL|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2014|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> * [[Olusegun Oni]], former Governor of [[Ekiti State]], Nigeria * [[Fidelis Oyakhilome]], former Governor [[Rivers State]], Nigeria<ref>{{cite web|title=Oyakhilome, Jennifer saga: How NDLEA boss got the boot|url=http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/oyakhilome-jennifer-saga-how-ndlea-boss-got-the-boot/|author=Kayode Fasua|publisher=National Mirror Online|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328140410/http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/oyakhilome-jennifer-saga-how-ndlea-boss-got-the-boot/|archive-date=2014-03-28|url-status=usurped}}</ref> * [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], former Governor of [[Osun State]], and former military governor of [[Lagos State]], Nigeria<ref name="User 1951">{{cite web | title=Welcome | website=Centre for Black Culture and International Understanding | date=1951-02-03 | url=http://centreforblackculture.org/board-of-trustees/prince-olagunsoye-oyinlola.php | access-date=2023-06-03 | archive-date=3 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103201358/http://centreforblackculture.org/board-of-trustees/prince-olagunsoye-oyinlola.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Amal Pepple]], former Nigerian Minister of Lands, Housing & Urban Development and former Head of Nigerian Civil Service * [[Abdur-Raheem Adebayo Shittu]], Former Minister of Communication * [[Oluremi Tinubu]], former First Lady and Senator of [[Lagos State]], Nigeria<ref name="Inside OAU Media 2022">{{cite web | title=Top 10 Most Influential OAU Alumni in Politics | website=Inside OAU Media | date=2022-10-05 | url=https://www.insideoau.com/2022/10/05/top-10-most-influential-oau-alumni-in-politics/ | access-date=2023-06-03 | archive-date=18 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118221835/https://www.insideoau.com/2022/10/05/top-10-most-influential-oau-alumni-in-politics/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> {{div col end}} === Business === <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{Div col}} * [[Olajumoke Adenowo]], Nigerian architect and businesswoman<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inspiringchangeng.org/speaker/olajumoke-adenowo/|title=Speaker bio, Inspiring Change Conference|date=2017|website=Inspiring Change conference|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311010101/http://inspiringchangeng.org/speaker/olajumoke%2Dadenowo/|archive-date=March 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Bola Akindele]], entrepreneur, business strategist and philanthropist * [[Demola Aladekomo]], computer engineer, technology expert, entrepreneur and philanthropist<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2020 |title=CHAMS Plc brings back Demola Aladekomo as Chairman following Dere Awosika's resignation |url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/10/chams-plc-brings-back-demola-aladekomo-as-chairman-following-dere-awosikas-resignation/ |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ibukun Awosika]], chairman, First Bank Nigeria * [[Toye Sobande]], Business management consultant, strategic leadership expert, lawyer, author, public speaker, and trainer. * [[Yemisi Edun]], first female MD/CEO of [[First City Monument Bank]] * [[Abisoye Fagade]], Nigerian professional marketer * [[Jimoh Ibrahim]], [[lawyer]], Nigerian billionaire * [[Noah Ibrahim]], Nigerian Real estate entrepreneur * [[Dele Momodu]], Nigerian Journalist and Businessman and CEO of Ovation International Magazine * [[Oscar N. Onyema]], currently CEO of the [[Nigerian Stock Exchange]] *[[Tinuade Sanda]], currently Managing Director of EKO electricity distribution company * [[Funke Opeke]], MD Main One * [[Funke Osibodu]], ex-CEO of Union and Eco Banks * [[Femi Otedola]], Nigerian Oil Billionaire * [[Andrew Lucky Elerewe]], Nigerian Real estate entrepreneur {{div col end}} === Law === {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> * [[Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu]], current Governor of Ondo State * [[Yusuf Olaolu Ali]], lawyer, [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]] * [[Fatou Bensouda]], Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in the Hague * [[Femi Falana]], Nigerian Human Rights Lawyer * [[Nkemdilim Izuako]], Nigerian Judge and member of the [[United Nations Dispute Tribunal]] * [[Toki Mabogunje]], Nigerian lawyer * [[Nwali Sylvester Ngwuta]], [[Commander of the Federal Republic|CFR]], Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria * [[Helen Prest-Ajayi]], Nigerian lawyer, writer and former beauty queen. * [[Adewole Adebayo]], Nigerian lawyer, former Presidential Candidate of [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] and founder of [[KAFTAN TV]]. * [[Karimot Odebode]], Nigerian lawyer and education advocate. {{div col end}} === Arts and media === <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[2Baba]], Nigerian artist. He was given an honorary degree during his Fellowship award from Department of Music<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oauife.edu.ng/news-events/item/154-2baba-public-lecture|title=2baba Public Lecture|date=20 March 2019|access-date=25 May 2024|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028132014/https://oauife.edu.ng/news-events/item/154-2baba-public-lecture|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=link provided is insufficient|date=March 2019}} * [[Aderounmu Adejumoke]], Nigerian actor and filmmaker * [[Olusegun Adeniyi]], former presidential spokesman for the late President [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] and chairman of the editorial board, Thisday Newspaper<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefutureafrica.com/menu/olusegun-adeniyi/ |title=Olusegun Adeniyi, Chairman of the Editorial Board, ThisDay &#124; the Future Project |access-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618235959/http://www.thefutureafrica.com/menu/olusegun-adeniyi/ |archive-date=2015-06-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kunle Adewale]], Nigerian artist and International Advocate For persons living Sickle Cell Anemia. * [[Stephen Adewale]], Nigerian Journalist, Chairman of [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] in Ondo State and Head of Station of [[KAFTAN TV]] * [[Toyin Adewale-Gabriel]], Nigerian literary critic, poet and writer * [[Roseline Adewuyi]], Nigerian French translator and gender advocate. * [[Funso Aiyejina]], Nigerian poet, short story writer and playwright, Dean of Humanities and Education University of West Indies * [[Ibiyinka Alao]], artist<ref>"[http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/061402_1.shtml Nigeria's World Best Artist Visits United States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205110017/http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/061402_1.shtml |date=2009-02-05 }}." ''[[Diplomatic missions of Nigeria|Embassy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Washington, D.C.]]'' 25 April 2002. Retrieved on 3 January 2009.</ref> * [[Woli Arole]], Nigerian comedian * [[Asake]], Nigerian hip-hop musician and music artist <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/51305922?deferredFl=1 |website=www.deezer.com |access-date=2023-09-14 |title=Lonely At The Top}}</ref> * [[Biyi Bandele]], Nigerian novelist and playwright * [[Blaqbonez]], Nigerian rapper * [[Femi Branch]], Nigerian actor * [[Chinko Ekun]], Nigerian singer and rapper * [[Femi Euba]], Nigerian actor and dramatist * [[Dizzy K Falola]], UK-based Nigerian singer * [[Peter Fatomilola]], actor and playwright * [[Fireboy DML]], Nigerian singer and songwriter signed to [[YBNL Nation]] * [[Tade Ipadeola]], lawyer, prize-winning poet and author. President of PEN Nigeria * [[Lagbaja]], Nigerian artist * [[MC Lively]], Nigerian Comedian * [[Sam Nda-Isaiah]], chairman and publisher at [[Leadership (newspaper)]], Nigeria. * [[Wole Oguntokun]], lawyer, Nigerian playwright, stage and film director, theatre administrator and newspaper columnist * [[Steph-Nora Okere]], Nigerian actress. * [[Osonye Tess Onwueme]], Nigerian playwright, poet and Professor of Global letters * [[Adesuwa Onyenokwe]] * [[Seun Osewa]], founder of [[Nairaland]] * [[Muraina Oyelami]], painter, drummer and actor * [[Afeez Oyetoro]], actor and comedian * [[Yemi Shodimu]], Nigerian actor and Director {{div col end}} === Academia === <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[Adenike Akinsemolu]], Environmental sustainability advocate, educator, author, a social entrepreneur, lecturer at Obafemi Awolowo University (Adeyemi College Campus) * [[Akintunde Akinwande]], Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts * [[Bolaji Aluko]], Professor of Chemical Engineering at [[Howard University]], [[Washington DC]] and was chair of its department from 1994 to 2002 currently Vice-Chancellor of the Federal University Otuoke, [[Bayelsa]] State * [[Karin Barber]], Professor of African Cultural Anthropology at the University of Birmingham, England * [[Toyin Falola]], Nigerian historian and Professor of African studies * [[Adesegun Fatusi]], vice chancellor, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo state * [[Francisca Oboh Ikuenobe]], Professor and Head of Geology and Geophysics at [[Missouri University of Science and Technology]] * [[Nahzeem Olufemi Mimiko]], Professor of [[Political Science]] and former [[Vice Chancellor]] of Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko [[Ondo state]], Nigeria * [[Dele Ogunseitan]], Professor of Public Health at the [[University of California, Irvine]] * [[Folasade Ogunsola]], Professor of Microbiology former Provost of College of Medicine University of Lagos, currently Vice Chancellor University of Lagos * [[Funmi Olonisakin]], Professor of Security, Leadership and Development at King's College London, United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://funmiolonisakin.com/|title=Prof. Funmi Olonisakin – Official Website of Prof. Funmi Olonisakin}}</ref> * [[Idowu Bamitale Omole]], Professor of International Relations and Former Vice Chancellor (Obafemi Awolowo University) * [[Teresa N. Washington]], Academic, author, and activist {{div col end}} === Royalty and society === <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} * Pastor [[Enoch Adeboye]], General Overseer, RCCG * [[Adesimbo Victor Kiladejo]], Traditional Ruler of [[Ondo Kingdom]], Nigeria * [[Felix Orji]], bishop of the [[Anglican Diocese of All Nations]] {{div col end}} === Technology === <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[Ernest Ndukwe]], is a Nigerian Electrical engineer and former chief executive officer of the Nigerian Communications Commission, NCC. * [[Gbenga Sesan]], a social entrepreneur, information and communications technology professional {{div col end}} == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.oauife.edu.ng/ Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210065802/http://www.oauife.edu.ng/ |date=10 December 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091109111044/http://greatife.net/ GREAT IFE Social Network for the Alumni, current students and staff] * [http://www.greatifealumni.org/ Great Ife Alumni Association, U.S.A. - Houston, Texas] {{Universities in Nigeria}} {{Authority control}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Obafemi Awolowo University| ]] [[Pubu:1962 establishments in Nigeria]] [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]] [[Category:Federal universities of Nigeria]] [[Category:Ife]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Osun State]] fakbny9j69k5lgfya9clxqj29ee7yvo University of Calabar 0 27476 146189 143408 2026-08-10T22:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Public university in Nigeria}} {{Use Nigerian English|date = January 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox university | name = University of Calabar | image = University of Calabar main gate.jpg | caption = University of Calabar main gate | motto = Knowledge for Service | established = {{Start date and age|1975}} | type = [[Public university|Public]] | vice_chancellor = [[Florence Banku Obi|Florence B. Obi]] | city = [[Calabar]] | country = Nigeria | nickname = Malabites | campus = [[City]] | website = {{url|https://unical.edu.ng/}} | state = [[Cross River State]] }} '''University of Calabar''' nyɛla [[Federal university|federal]] [[List of universities in Nigeria|university]] din be [[Calabar, Cross River State]], [[Nigeria]]. Di nyɛla Nigeria second-generation federal university nɛma yini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Calabar {{!}} PASCAL International Observatory|url=http://pascalobservatory.org/member/university-calabar|access-date=2021-06-02|website=pascalobservatory.org|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220038/http://pascalobservatory.org/member/university-calabar|url-status=dead}}</ref> University of Calabar daa na nyɛla shikuru be [[University of Nigeria]] hali ni yuuni 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-06-25 |title=UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR |url=https://www.glimpse.ng/university-of-calabar/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Glimpse Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217062525/https://www.glimpse.ng/university-of-calabar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ŋun nyɛ Vice Chancellor zaŋ n-ti university ŋɔ nyɛ [[Florence Banku Obi|Dr. Florence B. Obi]] (Professor). Ŋun su wuhibu mini bɔhimbu nyɛ Dr. Angela Oyo Ita (Professor), ka Dr. Grace Eno Nta (Professor) nyɛ saha ŋɔ[[Deputy Vice-Chancellor|DVC]] (Administration).<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNICAL VC appoints new Deputy Vice-Chancellors |url=https://myschool.ng/news/unical-vc-appoints-new-deputy-vice-chancellors |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> Ŋun daa niŋ [[architecture]] nyɛ[[John Elliott (architect)|John Elliott]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://narl.org.ng/page-10 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=National Association of Radiography Lecturers |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224154819/https://narl.org.ng/page-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I cnt view ans.pls asking again. Is it true the exam has 4 unical has... |url=https://myschool.ng/questions/view/school-based-questions/158073 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> Di taachi nyɛ(motto) "Knowledge for Service".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-04 |title=UNICAL Vice Chancellorship Race: Professor Joseph Ele Asor - The Perfect Man For The Job |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2020/07/unical-vice-chancellorship-race-professor-joseph-ele-asor-the-perfect-man-for-the-job/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524064735/https://crossriverwatch.com/2020/07/unical-vice-chancellorship-race-professor-joseph-ele-asor-the-perfect-man-for-the-job/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> University of Calabar nyɛla din pahi Nigeria University shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myunical.net/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040528082018/http://myunical.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ka nyɛ din niŋ kpaŋ din maŋ ka di shikuru bihi kura ni tooi deei bɛ shɛhira gbana pɔhim zuɣu, din nyɛ tuuli Nigeria university din niŋ li tiŋgbani maa ni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alumni.unical.edu.ng/|title=Welcome - Guest|work=unical.edu.ng|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819152520/https://alumni.unical.edu.ng/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == University Library == [[University of Calabar Library]] zaɣa titali nyɛla din be University of Calabar din be Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=A.T. |first=Agboola |date=2001 |title=Five decade of Nigerian University Library Buildings |url=https://archive.org/details/international-information-library-review_2001-03_33_1/page/113 |journal=The International Information and Library Review |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=113–125|doi=10.1080/10572317.2001.10762542 |s2cid=144761173 }}</ref> Bɛ daa zali la karimbu shee ŋɔ yuuni 1975, di nyɛla din pahi Nigeria karimbu shɛhi din galisi puuni ka nyɛ din tiri shikuru bihi, karimba nima n-ti pahi vihigu niŋdiba lahabaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lishi |first=Kwasitsu |date=1985 |title=The university of Calabar definitive library Building: History and future development |journal=Libraries |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=218–226}}</ref> == Administration and leadership == Saha ŋɔ ninvuɣ shɛba ban leei kpamba zaŋ n-ti university ŋɔ mini bɛ zaashɛhi n-doli na ŋɔ: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Office !Holders |- |[[Visitor]] |President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria [[Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] |- |[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] |The [[Emir of Kano]], [[Hajji|Alhaji]] [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] |- |Pro-Chancellor & Chairman of Council | Gen. (rtd) [[Martin Luther Agwai]] |- |[[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] |Professor [[Florence Obi]] |- |Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academics) |Professor Angela Oyo-Ita |- |Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administration) |Professor Eno Grace Nta |- |[[Academic library|University Librarian]] |Professor [[Aniebiet Inyang Ntui]] |- |[[Registrar (education)|Registrar]] |Mr. Gabriel O. Egbe |- |[[Bursar]] |Mr. Aniefiok Godwin Williams |} ==Faculties== The university has the following faculties: * Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences * Faculty of [[Basic medical sciences|Basic Medical Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-basic-medical-science |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729084847/http://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-basic-medical-science |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Dentistry]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-dentistry |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913052052/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-dentistry |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Medicine]] * Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-basic-clinical-science |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913074248/http://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-basic-clinical-science |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculties of [[Management science|Management Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-management-science |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604152942/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-management-science |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Education]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-education |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604152942/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Social science|Social Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912143221/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of Clinical Science<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-basic-medical-sciences |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912233922/http://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-basic-medical-sciences |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[The arts|Arts]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-arts |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913031425/http://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-arts |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Institute of [[Public policy|Public Policy]] and Administration * Faculty of [[Law]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-law |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913035245/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-law |url-status=dead }}</ref> * College of Medical Sciences<ref>{{Cite web |title=College Of Medical Science |url=https://unical.edu.ng/college/index |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=unical.edu.ng |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913072318/https://unical.edu.ng/college/index |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Biological Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-biological-sciences |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912210844/http://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-biological-sciences |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Physical Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-physical-sciences |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912225104/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-physical-sciences |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Engineering and Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-engineering-technology |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604152934/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-engineering-technology |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Environmental science|Environmental Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-environmental-science |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912181131/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-environmental-science |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Pharmacy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-pharmacy |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604152942/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-pharmacy |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-pharmacy |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604152942/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-pharmacy |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Faculty of [[Agriculture]], [[forestry]] and [[Wildlife management|Wildlife Management]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-agriculture-forestry-wildlife-resources-management |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912162624/http://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-agriculture-forestry-wildlife-resources-management |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Institute of [[Oceanography]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calabar |url=https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-oceanography |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=faculty.unical.edu.ng |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912213514/https://faculty.unical.edu.ng/faculties/faculty-of-oceanography |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Bassey Andah Institute for African and [[Asian studies|Asian Studies]] * [[Graduate school|Graduate School]] * University of Calabar Consultancy Services<ref>{{Cite web |last=Expert |first=School |date=2023-12-21 |title=How to Gain Admission in UNICAL in One Minute |url=https://schoolexpert.ng/how-to-gain-admission-in-unical/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=SchoolExpert |language=en-US |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223174922/https://schoolexpert.ng/how-to-gain-admission-in-unical/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Affiliate institutions== Din doli na ŋɔ nyɛ "affiliate institutions" zaŋ n-ti University of Calabar ka di zaa nyɛ National Universities Commission (NUC) ni saɣi n-ti shɛli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/approved-affiliations/|title=Approved Affiliations |publisher=National Universities Commission|website=www.nuc.edu.ng|access-date=Jul 30, 2020}}</ref> * Nigerian Christian Bible Church (NCBC). * [[Reformed Theological Seminary]], Mkar (RTSM). * [[Catholic Institute of West Africa]], Port-Harcourt (CIWAP). * Essien Ukpabio Presbyterian College Itu, Akwa Ibom State (EUPCIAS). * College of Education, Katsina-Ala, Benue State (CEKBS).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-17|title=About|url=https://coekatsinaala.edu.ng/about/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=College of Education, Katsina Ala|language=en-US|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818222959/https://coekatsinaala.edu.ng/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Federal College of Education, Obudu, Cross River State (FCEOCR). ==Notable alumni== University ŋɔ shikuru bihi kuri shɛba yuya n-doli na ŋɔ:<br /> <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> *[[Reuben Abati]], Lawyer/writer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reuben Abati Archives|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/reuben-abati/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Queeneth Agbor]], actress<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-25|title=Why I don't fight ― Queeneth Agbor|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/why-i-dont-fight-―-queeneth-agbor/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Biko Agozino]], criminologist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-14|title=Biko Agozino {{!}} GTI Author Bio|url=https://greattransition.org/contributor/biko-agozino|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Great Transition Initiative|language=en-gb}}</ref> *[[Godswill Akpabio]], Senate President of [[Nigeria]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Godswill Akpabio Archives|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/godswill-akpabio/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Anthony Ayine]], [[auditor general]] for the [[Federal Government of Nigeria|Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anthony Ayine Archives|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/anthony-ayine/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918193455/https://guardian.ng/tag/anthony-ayine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Regina Askia-Williams]] actress -left before graduation<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regina Askia-William Archives|url=https://t.guardian.ng/tag/regina-askia-william/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918193655/https://t.guardian.ng/tag/regina-askia-william/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Isabella Ayuk]], [[MBGN]] 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2018-01-17|title=MBGN 2012 Isabella Agbor Ayuk Renovates Home & Opens Small-Scale Business for Widow|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/01/mbgn-2012-isabella-agbor-ayuk-renovates-home-opens-small-scale-business-widow/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Grace Folashade Bent]], politician.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-26|title=Senator Grace Bent Biography, Net Worth, Age, Husband, Facts 2021 (UPDATED) » Naija News 247|url=https://www.ngnews247.com/senator-grace-bent-biography-net-worth-age-husband-facts/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Naija News 247|language=en-US|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127054223/https://www.ngnews247.com/senator-grace-bent-biography-net-worth-age-husband-facts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Omotu Bissong]], model/television presenter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-11|title=INTERVIEW: No, I don't think marriage is a scam, says Omotu Bissong|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/marriage-scam-omotu-bissong-interview/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Stacey B. Day]], Ntufam Ajan of Oban <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stacey B. Day|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1885068.Stacey_B_Day|access-date=2021-09-18|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> *[[Chile Eboe-Osuji]], International Jurist and Current President of the International Criminal Court, The Hague, Netherlands. *Dr. [[Betta Edu]], Nigerian public health specialist and politician<ref name="All Progressive Congress 2022">{{cite web | title=Dr. Betta Edu | website=All Progressive Congress | date=2022-08-16 | url=https://officialapc.ng/cpt_team/dr-betta-edu/ | access-date=2023-06-03 | archive-date=11 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511173729/https://officialapc.ng/cpt_team/dr-betta-edu/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kennedy Ekezie]], philosopher, former national debate champion, entrepreneur and CEO of [[Kippa (company)|Kippa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title="Exploring the Journey of Kennedy Ekezie-Joseph: A Trailblazer in Catalyzing TikTok's Success across Africa" |url=https://independent.ng/exploring-the-journey-of-kennedy-ekezie-joseph-a-trailblazer-in-catalyzing-tiktoks-success-across-africa/ |website=Independent Nigeria}}</ref> * [[Keppy Ekpenyong]], Nigerian actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-24|title=Keppy Ekpeyong Bassey Inyang had his day on Wednesday|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/keppy-ekpeyong-bassey-inyang-had-his-day-on-wednesday/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Alexx Ekubo]], actor/model.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Ideaslane|date=2021-04-12|title=FULL BIOGRAPHY OF ALEXX EKUBO - (2021 Updated)|url=https://ideaslane.com/biography-of-alexx-ekubo-everything-about-him/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Students development platform|language=en-US|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615135745/https://ideaslane.com/biography-of-alexx-ekubo-everything-about-him/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Ita Enang]], politician<ref name="Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges And Admission News 2015">{{cite web | title=Senator Ita Enang Donates Library To UNICAL Law Faculty | website=Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges And Admission News | date=2015-05-14 | url=https://www.ngschoolz.net/senator-ita-enang-donates-library-to-unical-law-faculty/ | access-date=2023-06-03 | archive-date=3 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603180516/https://www.ngschoolz.net/senator-ita-enang-donates-library-to-unical-law-faculty/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Nelson Enwerem]], model, television personality and winner of [[Mr Nigeria|Mr Nigeria 2018]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/bbnaija-princes-true-confessions|title=BBNaija Prince's true confessions|last=Amoye|first=Temisan|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|date=26 July 2020|accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/08/mr-nigeria-begs-for-more-votes-to-win-mr-world|title=Mr Nigeria begs for more votes to win Mr World|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|date=12 August 2019|accessdate=22 September 2020}}</ref> *[[Eve Esin]], Nigerian actress<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/04/22/read-why-beautiful-eve-esin-gave-thanks-to-god/|title=Read why beautiful Eve Esin gave thanks to God|last=Ugbodaga|first=Kazeem|date=22 April 2019|website=P.M. News|language=en-US|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="africanmania.com">{{Cite web|url=https://africanmania.com/eve-esin/|title=Eve Esin Bio, Age, Net Worth, Married, Movies, Interview, Instagram|date=4 July 2017|website=AfricanMania|language=en-US|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206221916/https://africanmania.com/eve-esin/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/actress-eve-esin-releases-stunning-photos-to-celebrate-birthday/|title=Actress Eve Esin releases stunning photos to celebrate birthday|last=allure1|date=17 October 2019|website=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> *[[Eno Essien]], technology entrepreneur *[[Aloysius Akpan Etok]], politician *[[Kate Henshaw]], actress *[[Okezie Ikpeazu]], Current Governor of Abia State of Nigeria. *[[Alex Mascot Ikwechegh]], politician, businessman and philanthropist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://igberetvnews.com/310413/jubilations-as-mascot-ikwechegh-splashes-n50m-to-renovate-igbere-sec-school-nepa-offices-photos|title=Jubilations as Alex Mascot Ikwechegh Splashes N50M to Renovate Igbere Sec School, NEPA Offices (Photos)|last=Anyalekwa|first=Emeh James|accessdate=20 August 2020|publisher=Igbere TV}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Stella Immanuel]], Doctor and [[conspiracy theorist]] based in [[Houston, Texas]].<ref name="Okunnu">{{Cite news|last=Okunnu|first=Olubunmi|date=July 28, 2020|title=Dr Stella Immanuel biography|work=[[BBC News Pidgin]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-53574144|access-date=July 29, 2020}}</ref> *[[Iyanya]], singer/songwriter/performer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Posner|first=Abigail|date=2020-11-04|title=Interesting details about Iyanya: His age, net worth, albums, and latest song|url=https://www.legit.ng/1379633-iyanya-biography-age-wife-net-worth-albums-latest-song.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> *[[Osita Izunaso]], politician *[[Uche Jombo]], actress *[[Benjamin Kalu]], politician and member of the House of Representatives * [[Yahaya Kuta]], Nigerian author<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://topesilva.tripod.com/ccrhs/id5.html|title=CCRHS Leadership|website=topesilva.tripod.com|access-date=2020-03-22}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Professor M.K. Yahaya {{!}} FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE</ref> *[[Victor Ndoma-Egba]], politician * [[Aniebiet Inyang Ntui]], EU Ambassador, University Librarian of University of Calabar and Professor of Library and Information Science. *[[Florence Obi]], academic, author, professor, and 11th substantive vice-chancellor of University of Calabar *[[John Odey]], former minister *[[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]], actress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-29|title=Gree AC unveils Nollywood actress, Stephanie as Brand Ambassador|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/gree-ac-unveils-nollywood-actress-stephanie-as-brand-ambassador/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Chido Onumah]], Nigerian/Canadian journalist, author and activist *[[Wofai Samuel]], media personality and communications executive *[[Jewel Taylor]], Former first Lady, Senator (2006-2018) and current Vice President of [[Liberia]] *[[John James Akpan Udo-Edehe]], politician *[[Eteng Jonah Williams]], Nigerian Senator <ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.facebook.com/ulomfrank |date=2020-03-02 |title=Profile of Eteng Jonah Williams, C'River 9th Assembly Speaker {{!}} The Paradise |url=https://theparadise.ng/eteng-jonah-williams-crsha-9th-speaker/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602002357/https://theparadise.ng/eteng-jonah-williams-crsha-9th-speaker/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Owens Wiwa]], human rights activist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Ogoni Eight: Unforgettable Injustice, By Owens Wiwa - Premium Times Opinion|url=https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2020/11/10/ken-saro-wiwa-and-the-ogoni-eight-unforgettable-injustice-by-owens-wiwa/|access-date=2021-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu]], minister. <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> ==Notable faculty== * [[Eskor Toyo]], Professor of Economics and Marxist scholar * [[Eno James Ibanga]], Professor of Solid State Physics and Materials Science * [[Akpan Hogan Ekpo]], Professor of Economics and Public Policy ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[https://myunical.edu.ng/ University of Calabar website] *[https://www.unicalmatters.com/p/about-unical.html?m=1 Unical matters website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420112246/https://www.unicalmatters.com/p/about-unical.html?m=1 |date=20 April 2021 }} {{coord|4.9527|N|8.3406|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} {{Association of African Universities}} {{Universities in Nigeria}} {{authority control}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:University of Calabar| ]] [[Pubu:Universities and colleges in Nigeria]] [[Category:Education in Cross River State]] [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1975]] [[Category:1975 establishments in Nigeria]] [[Category:Public universities in Nigeria]] 3brbxw4dr1hdejlsxn5lspsnsz076lp University of Lagos 0 27479 146178 133957 2026-08-10T22:26:42Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Public research university in Lagos, Nigeria}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox university | name = University of Lagos | image = UniLagos.jpg | motto = In deed and in truth | established = 1962 | type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]] | chancellor = Alhaji (Dr.) Abubakar IBN Umar Garbai El-Kanemi, The Shehu of Borno | vice_chancellor = [[Folasade Ogunsola]] | academic_staff = 1,736 (2017)<ref name=pocket>{{cite web|url=https://unilag.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/UNILAG-Pocket-Statistics_compressed.pdf|title=University of Lagos Pocket Statistics|access-date=6 June 2020|website=University of Lagos|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412005045/https://unilag.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/UNILAG-Pocket-Statistics_compressed.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | administrative_staff = 552 (2017)<ref name=pocket/> | students = 55,000 (2017)<ref name=pocket/> | undergrad = 43,784 (2017)<ref name=pocket/> | postgrad = 9,070 (2017)<ref name=pocket/> | city = [[Lagos]] | country = Nigeria | coor = {{Coord|6|31|0|N|3|23|10|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}} | campus = Urban | athletics_affiliations = | mascot = | affiliation = | website = {{url|https://unilag.edu.ng}} | logo = | colors = Gold and maroon<br />{{color box|Gold}} {{color box|Maroon}} }} '''University of Lagos''', ka bɛ tooi booni li '''UNILAG''' nyɛla [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] din be [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] ka bɛ daa zali yuuni 1962. UNILAG nyɛla din pahi [[education in Nigeria#First generation universities|first generation universities]] din be Nigeria ka bɛ pii li pahi universities din gaŋdu tiŋgbani maa ni. University ŋɔ nyɛla din mali shikuruti dibaa ata saha ŋɔ ka di zaɣa titali be [[Lagos State|Lagos]]. Di dibaa ayi nyɛla din be [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]] ka bɛ na yoli zali shɛli maa be [[radiography]] shikuru kurili ni.<ref name=":0" /> Di college of medicine nyɛla din beIdi-Araba, [[Surulere]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=About Unilag |url=https://unilag.edu.ng/?page_id=7 |website=University of Lagos |access-date=15 July 2020 |date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114032/https://unilag.edu.ng/?page_id=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di shikuru titali maa nyɛla din gili [[Lagos State|Lagos]] [[lagoon]] ka di deei polo paai kamani 802 acres of land. University of Lagos saha ŋɔ nyɛla din kpaɣiri{{When|date=May 2021}} 9,000 [[undergraduate]] shikuru bihi yuuni kam ka kpaɣiri shikuru bihi ban kalinli gariti 57,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Expert |first=School |date=2023-12-21 |title=How to Gain Admission in UNILAG in One Minute |url=https://schoolexpert.ng/how-to-gain-admission-in-unilag/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=SchoolExpert |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207135202/https://schoolexpert.ng/how-to-gain-admission-in-unilag/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Visitation panel' nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli ni di lihiri university ŋɔ yuuni 2016 mini yuuni 2020 sunsuun din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya ka shikuru ŋɔ kpamba deeri shikuru maa liɣiri ka daa yɛli ni university Ŋɔ yoomi akuanti ni [[Commercial bank|commercial banks]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=13 September 2021|title=Panel orders UNILAG to close accounts with commercial banks|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/panel-orders-unilag-to-close-accounts-with-commercial-banks/|access-date=26 September 2021|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Silimiin goli October dabaa ayopɔin dali yuuni 2022, bɛ daa piigi [[Folasade Ogunsola]] vice chancellor zaŋ n-ti University of Lagos ka di daa chɛ ka o leei tuuli paɣa ŋun deei kpamli ŋɔ University maa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2022-10-07 |title=Prof Folasade Ogunsola emerges first female UNILAG VC |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/07/prof-folasade-ogunsola-emerges-first-female-unilag-vc/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=BREAKING: Ogunsola becomes UNILAG first female VC |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/breaking-ogunsola-becomes-unilag-first-female-vc/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:University of Lagos (Unilag).jpg|thumb|University of Lagos]] [[File:Lagoon front Unilag.jpg|thumb|Lagoon Front, University of Lagos]] ==Taarihi== Bɛ daa zali la UNILAG yuuni 1962, yuma ayi pɔi ka Nigeria deei di maŋ sulinsi [[United Kingdom|Britain]] nima sani. Di nyɛla din daa tuuli university nima anu shɛŋa bɛ ni daa zali tiŋgbani maa ni ka bɛ booni li "[[Education in Nigeria#First generation universities|first generation universities]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigerian Education Profile|url=http://nigeria.usembassy.gov/nigeria_education_profile.html|work=United States Diplomatic Mission to Nigeria|access-date=15 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317014614/http://nigeria.usembassy.gov/nigeria_education_profile.html|archive-date=17 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/university-lagos-1962/ |title = University of Lagos (1962- ) •|date = 10 December 2011}}</ref> Bɛ daa piigi [[Eni Njoku]] ka o leei tuuli gbansabili vice-chancellor zaŋ n-ti university ŋɔ yuuni 1962 ka daa tum hali ni yuuni 1965 din daa niŋ ka [[Saburi Biobaku]] deei o. Pirin la yɛligola din daa be Saburi piibu ŋɔ ni, [[Kayode Adams]] nyɛla ŋun daa kuhi o sua ka o daliri nyɛla Biobaku's piibu maa daa bi niŋ viɛnyɛla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessday.ng/news-features/article/saburi-biobaku-unilags-vc-stabbed-student-disagreed-choice-vc/|title=Saburi Biobaku: Unilag's VC who was stabbed by a student who disagreed with his choice as VC|date=4 February 2018}}</ref> Silimiin goli May biɛɣ'pihita yini ka dali yuuni 2012, lala saha maa tiŋgban zuɣulan zaŋ n-ti Nigeria, [[Goodluck Jonathan]] daa yɛliya ni bɛ taɣimi University of Lagos yuli leei Moshood Abiola University ka di lɛbi jilima n-ti [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola|Moshood Abiola]] ŋun daa nyɛ siyaasa nira ka daa kpi sarika puuni yuuni 1998. Di yuli ŋɔ taɣibu ŋɔ daa chɛ ka shikuru bihi mini shikuru bihi kura zaŋ n-ti university ŋɔ daa tɔ ayirimo. [[Federal government of Nigeria|Nigerian federal government]] daa yina ti zaɣisi lala yuli ŋɔ taɣibu ŋɔ .<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/nigeria-president-renames-university-after-politician-who-died-in-jail-over-a-decade-ago/2012/05/29/gJQAPvSPyU_story.html|title=Nigeria President renames university after politician who died in jail over a decade ago|date=29 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=29 May 2012|location=Washington DC, USA}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201205290780.html|title=Students Protest Jonathan's Renaming of UNILAG|date=29 May 2012|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/05/jonathan-renames-unilag-moshood-abiola-university/|title=Jonathan renames UNILAG, Moshood Abiola University|date=29 May 2012|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|The Vanguard]]|access-date=29 May 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531202450/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/05/jonathan-renames-unilag-moshood-abiola-university/|archive-date=31 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Folasade Ogunsola]] nyɛ vice chancellor saha ŋɔ, bɛ daa piigi o mi silimiin goli October dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 2022 ka daa piligi tuma silimiin goli November biɛɣ'pinaayi dali yuuni 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2022-10-07 |title=Prof Folasade Ogunsola emerges first female UNILAG VC |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/07/prof-folasade-ogunsola-emerges-first-female-unilag-vc/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=BREAKING: Ogunsola becomes UNILAG first female VC |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/breaking-ogunsola-becomes-unilag-first-female-vc/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Sexual misconduct]] nyɛla bɛ ni yɛli ni shikuru maa karimba nima ŋɔ shɛba niŋda amaa ka university maa bi saɣiri n-tiri li. Yuuni 2019, ''[[BBC Africa Eye]]'' lahabali tiri daa yɛliya ni shikuru maa paɣasari shɛba yɛliya ni karimba nima ŋɔ nyɛla ban zaŋ lala biɛhigu ŋɔ doli ba.<ref>{{cite news |title='Sex for grades': Undercover in West African universities |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-49907376/sex-for-grades-undercover-in-west-african-universities |access-date=8 October 2019 |work=BBC News |date=7 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://m.guardian.ng/opinion/that-bbcs-sting-operation-in-unilag/ | title=That BBC's sting operation in UNILAG| date=15 October 2019}}</ref> Vihigu kundi nyɛla bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛli zaŋ n-ti lala niriba maa ka daa zaŋ li niŋ [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news |title=UNILAG Lecturers Accused Of Sexual Harassment Remain Suspended - VC |url=https://leadership.ng/unilag-lecturers-accused-of-sexual-harassment-remain-suspended-vc/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=22 December 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=University suspends 'sex-for-grades' staff for 4, 6 months |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20200218135226736 |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=University World News |date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC Africa Eye 'Sex for Grades' investigation collect Emmy Nomination |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-53826406 |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=BBC News Pidgin |date=18 August 2020}}</ref> ==Academics and research== {{Infobox university rankings | THE_N = =3 | THE_N_year = 2024 | THE_N_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=World University Rankings 2024 – Nigeria |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/NGA/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |publisher=Times Higher Education |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref> | QS_N = =1 | QS_N_year = 2024 | QS_N_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2024: Top global universities – Nigeria |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=ng |publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref> | USNWR_N=2 | USNWR_N_ref = <ref name=USNWR_Africa>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/africa|title=2022-2023 Best Global Universities in Africa|author=U.S. News|access-date=February 17, 2023}}</ref> | USNWR_N_year= 2022–2023 | CWUR_N=3 | CWUR_N_year=2022–2023 | CWUR_N_ref=<ref name=CWUR/> | THE_W =1001–1200 | THE_W_year = 2024 | THE_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Word University Rankings 2024|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-lagos|website=Times Higher Education|date=28 September 2023 |accessdate=2 March 2024}}</ref> | QS_W = 1401+ | QS_W_year = 2024 | QS_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2024: University of Lagos |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-lagos |publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref> | ARWU_W = | ARWU_W_ref = | USNWR_W = 587 | USNWR_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-lagos-529618"|title=University of Lagos|author=U.S. News|access-date=February 17, 2023}}</ref> | CWTS_W = | CWTS_W_ref = | USNWR_W_year=2022–2023 | CWUR_W=1924 | CWUR_W_year=2022–2023 | CWUR_W_ref=<ref name=CWUR>{{cite web|title=World University Rankings 2022-2023 |url=https://cwur.org/2022-23/University-of-Lagos.php|website=Center for World University Rankings |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> | QS_Africa = =38 | QS_Africa_year = 2024 | QS_Africa_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2024: Top universities in Africa |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?region=Africa |publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref> | THE_Africa= =25 | THE_Africa_year=2024 | THE_Africa_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=Best universities in Africa |website=Times Higher Education|date=19 February 2024 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-africa|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> | USNWR_Africa=14 | USNWR_Africa_ref = <ref name=USNWR_Africa/> | USNWR_Africa_year=2022–23 }} University ŋɔ nyɛla din pahi tiŋgbani maa ni shikuru shɛŋa din kpaɣiri shikuru bihi pam ni. Yuuni 2013, University of Lagos daa kpaɣi la shikuru bihi ban kalinli yiɣisi 57,000.<ref name="The University of Lagos">{{cite web|url=http://www.unilag.edu.ng/newsdetails.php?NewsID=469|title=News|author=The University of Lagos|access-date=23 July 2013|date=3 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174547/http://www.unilag.edu.ng/newsdetails.php?NewsID=469|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Demographics|work=University of Lagos Calendar |isbn=978-9-78487-120-4}}</ref> University of Lagos nyɛla federal universities pishi ni anu la yini ka nyɛ din be [[National Universities Commission]] (NUC) sulinsi ni. Saha ŋɔ lahabali din yina [[Forbes|Forbes magazine]] wuhiya ni shikuru ŋɔ nyɛla din dɔ buta zuɣu university din be Africa puuni zaŋ n-ti [[entrepreneurship]], [[University of Cape Town]] mini [[Makerere University]] nyaaŋa ka boli University of Lagos "startup powerhouse" collagɛ zaŋ n-ti Nigerian shikuru bihi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McCormick|first=Meghan|title=If You Want To Start A Tech-Company In Africa, Go To College|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghanmccormick/2020/05/25/if-you-want-to-start-a-tech-company-in-africa-go-to-college/|access-date=19 June 2020|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> University ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli "the university of first choice and the nation's pride."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.unilag.edu.ng/#|publisher=University of Lagos|access-date=12 September 2013|title=Introduction}}</ref> University of Lagos, College of Medicine nyɛla din mali saawara ni [[Lagos University Teaching Hospital]](LUTH). Silimiin goli June biɛɣ'pihita yini ka dali yuuni 2020, university daa nya [[robots]], CRZR ni di tɔhi ku [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] yɛligibu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2020|title=Platform Capital Donates Robots To UNILAG|url=https://geeky.com.ng/platform-capital-donates-robots-to-unilag/|access-date=1 July 2020|website=Geeky Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> === Affiliate institutions and colleges === '''Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management (CEBCEM)''' Lala "centre" ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa zali shɛli silimiin goli April yuuni 2018 ka di jɛndi laɣim niŋ vihigu zaŋ n-ti [[biodiversity]] "management", "conservation" n-ti pahi "monitoring of sustainable ecosystem".<ref name=":3" /> CEBCEM nyɛla din sɔŋdi shikuru bihi vihigu niŋbu mini shikuru baŋsim bɔbu tertiary institutions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Popoola |first=Ijeoma |date=9 April 2018 |title=Environmental sustainability: Unilag opens Centre for Biodiversity Conservation |url=https://nnn.ng/environmental-sustainability-unilag-opens-centre-for-biodiversity-conservation/ |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=NNN |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Administration and leadership == University ŋɔ kpamba min bɛ zaashɛhi n-doli na ŋɔ; {| class="wikitable" |+ !Office !holders |- |[[Visitor]] |[[President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria]] [[Bola Tinubu]] |- |Pro-Chancellor & Chairman |Dr. [[Lanre Tejuosho]] |- |[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] |The [[Shehu of Borno]], [[Hajji|Alhaji]] (Dr.) [[Abubakar Ibn Umar Garba|Abubakar IBN Umar Garbai El-Kanemi]] |- |[[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] |Professor [[Folasade Ogunsola]] |- |Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academics & Research) |Professor Bola Oboh |- |Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Management Services) |Professor Lucian O. Chukwu |- |Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Development Services) |Professor Ayodele Victoria Atsenuwa |- |[[Registrar (education)|Registrar]] |Mr. Ismaila Oladejo Azeez |- |[[Bursar]] |Mr. Nurudeen Olalekan Ajani Lawal |- |[[Academic library|University Librarian]] |Dr. (Mrs.) Yetunde Abosede Zaid |} ==Vice-Chancellors== *Professor [[Eni Njoku]]: 1962–1965<ref name="online education magazine 2014">{{cite web | title=Eni Njoku | website=online education magazine | date=2014-10-05 | url=https://edutorial.ng/eni-njoku/ | access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref> *Professor [[Saburi Biobaku]]: 1965–1971<ref name="Livsey 2020">{{cite web | last=Livsey | first=Tim | title=Flashback: The University of Lagos Crisis of 1965 - | website=The NEWS | date=2020-08-15 | url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/08/15/flashback-the-university-of-lagos-crisis-of-1965/ | access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref> *Professor [[J. F. Ade Ajayi|Jacob F. Adeniyi Ajayi]]: 1972–1978<ref name="UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN 1929">{{cite web | title=Prof Ade-Ajayi | website=UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN | date=1929-05-26 | url=https://ui.edu.ng/uiicons/Profade-ajayi | access-date=2023-06-01 | archive-date=2023-06-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601071254/https://ui.edu.ng/uiicons/Profade-ajayi | url-status=dead }}</ref> *Professor [[Babatunde Kwaku Adadevoh]]: 1978–1980<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/when-unilag-floated-world-carnival-to-mark-golden-jubilee/|title=When Unilag floated World Carnival to mark Golden Jubilee|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> *Professor [[Akinpelu Oludele Adesola]]: 1981–1988<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/my-happiest-day-was-when-my-student-became-vc-prof-ogunye/ |title=My happiest day was when my student became VC – Prof. Ogunye |work=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper |accessdate=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011133326/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/my-happiest-day-was-when-my-student-became-vc-prof-ogunye/ |archivedate=11 October 2014 |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011133326/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/my-happiest-day-was-when-my-student-became-vc-prof-ogunye/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/21788-encomium-as-unilag-bids-odugbemi-bye.html|title=Encomium as UNILAG bids Odugbemi bye|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> *Professor [[Nurudeen Oladapo Alao]]: 1988–1995<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeria70.com/nigerian_news_paper/unilag_ex_vc_tasks_leaders_on_selflessness/369436|title=UNILAG ex-VC tasks leaders on selflessness - Vanguard News|publisher=|accessdate=7 October 2014|access-date=25 May 2024|archive-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206103601/http://www.nigeria70.com/nigerian_news_paper/unilag_ex_vc_tasks_leaders_on_selflessness/369436|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Professor [[Jelili Adebisi Omotola]]: 1995–2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view-mobile/2012/11/12/University_of_Lagos_Gets_New_VC/|title=University of Lagos Gets New VC - Worldnews.com|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> *Professor [[Oyewusi Ibidapo Obe]]: Ag, 2000–2002; 2002–2007<ref>{{cite book|title =The University of Lagos Calendar|isbn=978-97848-712-0-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ramoni|first=Risikat|title=Memoirs of an ex-UNILAG VC|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/society/55290-memoirs-of-an-ex-unilag-vc.html|accessdate=15 October 2013|newspaper=The Nation|date=27 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015161750/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/society/55290-memoirs-of-an-ex-unilag-vc.html|archive-date=15 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Professor [[Tolu Olukayode Odugbemi]]: 2007–2010<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/07/when-unilag-held-special-senate-meeting-for-odugbemi/|work=Vanguard|date=15 July 2010|title=When UNILAG held Special Senate meeting for Odugbemi|last=edukugho|first=Emmanuel}}</ref> *Professor [[Babatunde Adetokunbo Sofoluwe]]: 2010–2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/05/prof-adetokunbo-babatunde-sofoluwe-1950-2012-tribute/|title=Prof. Adetokunbo Babatunde Sofoluwe: 1950-2012 (TRIBUTE)|work=Vanguard News|date=14 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/unilag-vice-chancellor-professor-tokunbo-sofoluwe-died-of-cardiac-arrest-details-later/|title=UNILAG VC, Prof. Tokunbo Sofoluwe, dies after heart attack|work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017180855/http://www.punchng.com/news/unilag-vice-chancellor-professor-tokunbo-sofoluwe-died-of-cardiac-arrest-details-later/|archive-date=17 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> *Professor [[Rahmon Ade Bello]]: 2012–2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/alleged-training-snipers-nhrc-holds-emergency-meeting-objs-letter/|title=Alleged Training of Snipers: NHRC holds emergency meeting over OBJ's letter - Vanguard News|work=Vanguard News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/education/senate-committee-queries-unilag-on-igr/|title=Senate committee queries UNILAG on IGR|work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018204630/http://www.punchng.com/education/senate-committee-queries-unilag-on-igr/|archivedate=2014-10-18|access-date=2024-05-25|archive-date=2014-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018204630/http://www.punchng.com/education/senate-committee-queries-unilag-on-igr/}}</ref> *Professor [[Oluwatoyin Ogundipe]]: 2017–2022<ref name="Wahab 2022">{{cite web | last=Wahab | first=Adesina | title=UNILAG VC: Ogundipe out, Ogunsola in | website=Vanguard News | date=2022-11-12 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/11/unilag-vc-out-ogundipe-in-ogunsola/ | access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref> *Professor [[Folasade Ogunsola]]: 2022–present<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking: Unilag Gets First Female VC, Prof. Folasade Ogunsola Named New Head of 60-year-old Institution |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/10/07/breaking-prof-folasade-ogunsola-named-first-female-vc-of-unllag/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=ThisDaylive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=2022-10-07 |title=Folasade Ogunsola emerges UNILAG's first female VC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/folasade-ogunsola-emerges-as-unilags-first-female-vc/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Notable alumni, faculty and staff== [[File:Yemi Osinbajo 2017-05-27.jpg|thumb|upright|Vice-president [[Yemi Osinbajo]] of Nigeria is an alumnus of the University of Lagos]] {{Main|List of University of Lagos people}} The university has educated many notable [[alumni]], eminent scientists, politicians, lawyers, business icons, writers, entertainers, [[Monarch|monarchs]], countless technocrats, recipients of the Nigerian national order of merit, fellows of the various learned academies. As of September 2020, one [[Nobel Laureate|nobel laureate]] and one [[Pulitzer prize]] laureate have been affiliated with University of Lagos as students, alumni, faculty, or staff.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2021 |title=University of Lagos |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-lagos |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> === Notable faculty === * [[Wole Soyinka]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/146108-essential-soyinka-timeline-uzor-maxim-uzoatu.html|title=The Essential Soyinka Timeline, By Uzor Maxim Uzoatu|publisher=[[Premium Times]]|date=5 October 2013|access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/soyinka/|title=Stanford Presidential Lectures in the humanities and the arts|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University|access-date = 9 December 2013}}</ref> * [[Grace Alele-Williams]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hallmarksoflabour.org/2011/11/prof-mrs-grace-alele-williams-ofr-hlr/|title=Prof. Mrs. Grace Alele Williams OFR, HLR|publisher=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|date=28 November 2011|access-date=9 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216151023/http://www.hallmarksoflabour.org/2011/11/prof-mrs-grace-alele-williams-ofr-hlr/|archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref> * [[J. P. Clark]]<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.adakaboro.org/resources/research/people-of-niger-delta/173-john-pepper-clark-bekederemo|title=John Pepper Clark Bekederemo|publisher=The Adaka Boro Centre|date=25 March 2012|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212194554/http://www.adakaboro.org/resources/research/people-of-niger-delta/173-john-pepper-clark-bekederemo|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Olufemi Majekodunmi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olufemi Majekodunmi PPNIA - Chairman |url=http://fmaarchitects.com/olufemi-majekodunmi/ |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Fma Architects |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Marita Golden]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marita Golden {{!}} Author {{!}} Creative Writing Coach {{!}} Literary Consultant {{!}} Creative Writing Workshops {{!}} Book Editor – Are You Ready to Write? |url=https://maritagolden.com/ |access-date=28 February 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Oyeleye Oyediran]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Two-Partyism and Democratic Transition in Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1991-06_29_2/page/213|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|publisher=University of Cambridge Press|volume=29|number=2|date=June 1991|pages=213–235|author=Oyeleye Oyediran|author2=Adigun Agbaje |doi=10.1017/S0022278X0000272X|s2cid=154729480 }}</ref> * [[Lazarus Ekwueme]]{{cn|date=March 2022}} * [[Ken Saro Wiwa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ken Saro-Wiwa {{!}} Nigerian author and activist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ken-Saro-Wiwa |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[Solomon Babalola]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/47356/S-Adeboye-Babalola|title=S. Adeboye Babalola|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> * [[Akinsola Olusegun Faluyi]] * [[Karen King-Aribisala]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2011 |title=Karen King-Aribisala (n.d.) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/king-aribisala-karen-n-d/ |access-date=28 February 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Notable alumni=== Shikuru bihi kura zaŋ n-ti University of Lagos, Akoka mini shikuru shɛŋa zaa din be din ni niriba pam ni mi n-doli na ŋɔ; <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> *[[Wande Abimbola]], yoruba professor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Wande Abimbola, Awise Awo Agbaye – DAWN Commission|url=http://dawncommission.org/prof-wande-abimbola-awise-awo-agbaye/|access-date=2021-01-23|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706150831/http://dawncommission.org/prof-wande-abimbola-awise-awo-agbaye/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola]], recycler in Nigeria. *[[Niyi Adebayo]], first executive [[List of Governors of Ekiti State|governor]] of [[Ekiti State]] and current minister of industry, trade and investment. *[[Oladipupo Olatunde Adebutu]], Nigerian politician. *[[Olamilekan Adegbite]], minister of mines and steel development. *[[Wale Adenuga]], publisher and film producer.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/award-from-unilag-for-master-storyteller-wale-adenuga/ |title = Award from Unilag for 'Master Storyteller,' Wale Adenuga|date = 14 November 2015}}</ref> *[[Ayo Aderinwale]], Nigerian diplomat. *[[Kunlé Adeyemi|Kunle Adeyemi]], principal of NLÉ, an [[architecture]], design and [[urbanism]] firm, [[Amsterdam]]. *[[Adebayo Clement Adeyeye]], Nigerian journalist and politician. *[[Gbenga Adeyinka]], Nigerian actor, comedian,radio and TV presenter. *[[Ernest Afiesimama]], Nigerian climate scientist. *[[Goddy Jedy Agba]] *[[Abisoye Ajayi-Akinfolarin]], women's activist, CNN heroes top 10 awardee for 2018. *[[Fabian Ajogwu]], lawyer and [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|SAN]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Fabian Ajogwu, SAN |url=https://fabianajogwu.com/ |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=fabianajogwu.com}}</ref> *[[Lola Akande]], author and academic. *[[Omoyemi Akerele]], fashion designer and founder of Style House Files. *[[Bola Akindele]], Nigerian businesses man and philanthropist. *[[Funke Akindele]], award-winning actress and producer. *[[Rilwan Akiolu]], current [[Oba of Lagos]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thecable.ng/lecturer-at-23-borrowed-to-pay-his-uk-school-fees-7-things-you-never-knew-about-osinbajo-at-60 |title = Lectured at 23, borrowed to pay school fees... 7 things you didn't know about Osinbajo|date = 8 March 2017}}</ref> *[[Winifred Akpani]], businesswoman, and founder/CEO of Northwest Petroleum & Gas Company Limited *[[Mary Akpobome]], director of [[Heritage Banking Company Limited]] of Nigeria (HBCL). *[[Yemi Alade]], award-winning musician. *[[Akinwunmi Ambode]], former governor of Lagos State. *[[Abayomi Arigbabu]], professor of mathematics and current commissioner of education, [[Ogun State]]. *[[Darey|Daré Art-Aladé]], singer. *[[Emilia Asim-Ita]], co-founder of [[The Future Awards Africa]]. *[[Regina Askia-Williams]], nurse practitioner, actress, and former miss unilag. *[[Jelili Atiku]], Nigerian actor. *[[Bolanle Austen-Peters]], lawyer and businesswoman. *[[Adewale Ayuba]], singer. *[[Epiphany Azinge]], lawyer, senior advocate of Nigeria and former DG of Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. *[[Wale Babalakin]], lawyer and businessman. *[[Akin Babalola Kamar Odunsi]], politician and businessman. *[[eLDee]], former [[Nigerian Americans|Nigerian-American]] rapper, singer and record producer. *[[Teju Babyface]], comedian. *[[Tobi Bakre]], actor and presenter. *[[Reekado Banks]], singer and songwriter. *[[Philip Begho]], writer. *[[Crystal Chigbu]], social entrepreneur. *[[Stella Damasus]], actress and singer. *[[Gbenga Daniel]], former governor of [[Ogun State]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://nigeriannewsdirect.com/my-friends-blackmailed-me-to-become-accidental-hotelier-otunba-gbenga-daniel/|title = My friends blackmailed me to become accidental hotelier - Otunba Gbenga Daniel|date = 27 November 2019|access-date = 25 May 2024|archive-date = 11 September 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220911150534/https://nigeriannewsdirect.com/my-friends-blackmailed-me-to-become-accidental-hotelier-otunba-gbenga-daniel/|url-status = dead}}</ref> *[[Raquel Kasham Daniel]], author and educator *[[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]], former governor of [[Gombe State]]. *[[Ousainou Darboe]], current [[The Gambia|Gambian]] [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (The Gambia)|minister of foreign affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.legit.ng/1226103-unilag-graduate-8000-students.html | title=Unilag VC gives update on convocation as varsity set to graduate 8,000 students| date=7 March 2019}}</ref> *[[Fola David]], medical doctor and visual artist. *[[Dipo Dina]], Nigerian politician. *[[Denrele Edun]], award-winning radio and television personality. *[[Ufuoma McDermott|Ufuoma Ejenobor]], actor and model. *[[Grace Ekpiwhre]], former [[Federal Ministry of Science and Technology|minister of science and technology]]. *[[Tony Elumelu]], economist, entrepreneur and philanthropist. *[[Oby Ezekwesili|Obiageli Ezekwesili]], accountant and politician. *[[Lekan Fatodu]], journalist and politician. *[[Kayode Fayemi]], current governor of [[Ekiti State]] and former minister of solid minerals development. *[[Femi Gbajabiamila]], lawyer, lawmaker and current [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|speaker of Nigeria's 9th house of representatives]]. *[[Chika Ike]], Nigerian actress, television personality, producer, business woman, [[philanthropist]] and former model.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chika Ike |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2487832/bio |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=IMDb |language=en}}</ref> *[[IllRymz]], musician, radio and television personality. *[[Anita Ifeoma Isede]], Nigerian OAP. *[[Yakubu Itua]],former member federal house of representative 1983 and former judge High Court of Justice, Benin-City. *[[Chude Jideonwo]], lawyer, journalist and media entrepreneur. *[[Adetokunbo Kayode]], Nigerian corporate lawyer, tax expert and international [[arbitrator]], former [[Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment|minister of labour]], [[Federal Ministry of Justice (Nigeria)|minister of justice]], minister of tourism, culture and national orientation. *[[Matilda Kerry|Matilda Kerry-Osazuwa]], founder of the George Kerry Life Foundation, doctor and former [[Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria|MBGN]]. *[[Lil Kesh]], Nigerian singer, rapper and songwriter. *[[Laycon]], rapper, singer and songwriter, winner [[Big Brother Naija (season 5)|Big Brother Naija season 5]]. *[[Kaycee Madu]], [[Nigerian Canadians|Nigerian-Canadian]] lawyer and current [[List of Alberta provincial ministers#Minister of Justice and Attorney General|minister of justice and solicitor general of Alberta]]. *[[Magixx (singer)|Magixx]], Nigerian singer and songwriter. *[[George Magoha]], [[surgeon]] and academic. *[[Seyi Makinde]], electrical engineer, businessman and current governor of [[Oyo State]]. *[[Toke Makinwa]], award-winning radio and television personality. *[[Bekeme Masade|Bekeme Masade-Olowola]], social entrepreneur. *[[Mayorkun]], award-winning musician. *[[Oliver Mbamara]], lawyer and film maker. *[[Ufuoma McDermott]], model and actress. *[[Lai Mohammed]], lawyer and current [[Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|minister of information and culture]]. *[[Ifeanyi Chudy Momah]], lawyer and legislator. *[[John Momoh]], chairman, [[Channels TV|Channels Television Group]]. *[[Genevieve Nnaji]], award-winning actress, director and producer. *[[Ramsey Nouah]],Nigerian actor and director. *[[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]], minister of state for education. *[[Tim Owhefere]], Nigerian politician. *[[Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah]], current Nigerian minister of state for mines and steel development. *[[Babatunde Ogunnaike]], engineering professor. <ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Karen B.|url=http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2012/feb/ogunnaike-nae-021012.html|title=Engineering elite: National Academy of Engineering elects UD's Babatunde Ogunnaike|publisher=University of Delaware College of Engineering|access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> *[[Ikedi Ohakim]], politician and former governor of [[Imo State|Imo state]]. *[[Bayo Ojo]], [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|SAN]] and former [[Attorney General]] of the [[Federal Republic of Nigeria]]. *[[Habeeb Okunola]], businessman and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]]. *[[Wole Olanipekun]], lawyer and [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]]. *[[Dele Olojede]], journalist, first African born winner of the [[Pulitzer Prize]] . *[[Simbo Olorunfemi]], poet, journalist and television producer. *[[Ogbonnaya Onu]], first executive governor of [[Abia State]] and current [[Federal Ministry of Science and Technology|minister of science and technology]]. *[[Lepa Shandy|Shade Omoniyi]], actress *[[Felix Orji]], bishop of the [[Anglican Diocese of All Nations]]. *[[Yemi Osinbajo]], former [[Vice President of Nigeria|vice-president, Federal Republic of Nigeria]]. <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/10/27/osinbajo-lists-illustrious-citizens-who-attended-unilag/ |title = Osinbajo lists illustrious citizens who attended UNILAG|date = 27 October 2019}}</ref> *[[Helen Ovbiagele]], novelist. *[[Tim Owhefere]], Nigerian politician. *[[Sasha P]], rapper, musician, businesswoman, lawyer and motivational speaker. *[[Kemebradikumo Pondei]], acting managing director of [[Niger Delta Development Commission]]. *[[Omowunmi Sadik]], scientist and professor. *[[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]], Nigerian politician, businessman and current governor of [[Lagos State]]. *[[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]], Pastor, Scientist and Professor *[[Broda Shaggi]], a comedian. *[[Joke Silva]], award-winning actress, director and producer. *[[Ayo Sogunro]], writer, [[satirist]] and lawyer. *[[Omoyele Sowore]], founder, [[Sahara Reporters]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikenwa |first=Chizoba |date=6 December 2019 |title=Omoyele Sowore Biography & Net Worth (Owner Of Sahara Reporters) |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/omoyele-sowore-biography-net-worth-owner-sahara-reporters/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314081300/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/omoyele-sowore-biography-net-worth-owner-sahara-reporters/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Gabriel Suswam]], former governor of [[Benue State]] . * [[Vector (rapper)|Vector]], Nigerian rapper and song writer. *[[Farida Waziri|Farida Mzamber Waziri]], former chairman, [[Economic and Financial Crimes Commission|EFCC]]. *[[Olajide Williams (scientist)|Olajide Williams]], professor of [[neurology]] at [[Columbia University]]. *[[Mercy Aigbe]], [[actress]], director, fashionista and businesswoman. *[[Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo]], author and educator. *[[Mo'Cheddah]], Musical artist. *[[Lekan Balogun]], dramatist and theatre art director. *[[Linda Ikeji]], blogger. <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> ==Lihimi m-pahi== * [[List of universities in Nigeria]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ==Architecture, Monuments and Vistas== <gallery mode="packed" caption="Campus of UNILAG"> File:Research and innovation office, University of Lagos.jpg|Research and innovation office File:Faculty of Art, University of Lago.jpg|Faculty of Art File:University Library, University of Lagos.jpg|University Library File:J. P Clark Center, University of Lagos.jpg|J. P Clark Center File:Sport center, University of Lagos.jpg|Sport center File:Unilag Senate house.jpg|Unilag_Senate_house File:Akintunde Ojo memorial hall, Unilag.jpg|Akintunde Ojo Memorial Hall File:Unilag Lagoon Front Fountain.jpg|Unilag Lagoon Front Fountain File:Quadrangle, Faculty of Arts, Unilag.jpg|Quadrangle, Faculty of Arts File:University_Of_Lagos.jpg|Faculty of Science File:University of Lagos lagoon front.jpg|University of Lagos Lagoon front view from Seaside cottage theatre, Bariga File:Lagoon Front Silhouette.jpg|Lagoon Front Silhouette File:Lagoon Front Picture taken by Amorty.jpg|View of the Third Mainland Bridge From the Lagoon Front File:Green Spaces in University of Lagos 20.jpg|Green Space in University of Lagos </gallery> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lagos, University of}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:University of Lagos| ]] [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Nigeria]] [[Category:Public universities in Nigeria]] [[Category:Business schools in Lagos]] [[Category:Medical schools in Nigeria]] [[Category:Universities and colleges in Lagos]] ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{official website}} *[http://unilagalumniassociation.org/ University of Lagos Alumni Association official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613114139/https://unilagalumniassociation.org/ |date=2024-06-13 }} {{Portal bar|Nigeria}} {{Lagos|state=collapsed}} {{Association of African Universities}} {{Universities in Nigeria}} {{authority control}} j9na1cw2r0fmwpfd9yaslbieptr8t2s National Archives of Nigeria 0 27532 146108 145425 2026-08-10T20:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Archives}} {{History of Nigeria}} {{Databox}} '''National Archives of Nigeria''' nyɛla din mali di tuma duzuɣu [[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]] ka mali di yaɣa [[Enugu]], [[Ibadan]] n-ti pahi [[Kaduna]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archive-date=April 5, 2018|url-status=}}</ref> Bin din gbaai yuuni 2017, Mr. Danjuma Dambring Fer n-daa nyɛ diracta zaŋ n-ti Archives .<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf |title=Etats membres: Member States |website=UNESCO |access-date=April 9, 2022}}</ref> == Taarihi == Professor [[Kenneth Dike|Kenneth Onwuka Dike]] daa niŋ vihigu din nyɛ bɔhisi mini labisibu Nigerian public records bin din gbaai yuuni 1951 hali ni yuuni 1953. Pirin la labisiri shɛŋa o ni daa nya, o daa nya ka di tu kamaata ni bɛ mali public record office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_records-management-journal_2007_17_1/page/52|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|s2cid=111272930 |issn=0956-5698}}</ref> Ka di daa chɛ ka bɛ kpa Nigerian Record Office silimiin goli April dahin yini dali yuuni 1954.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.bl.uk/endangeredarchives/2016/01/nigeria-national-archives-kaduna-.html|title=Endangered archives blog: National Archives Kaduna Collection|last=Salau|first=Mohammed|date=January 4, 2016|website=blogs.bl.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191559/https://blogs.bl.uk/endangeredarchives/2016/01/nigeria-national-archives-kaduna-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuuni 1957, Public Archives Ordinance No. 43 daa piligi tuma silimiin goli November biɛɣ'pinaanahi dali yuuni 1957. Bɛ daa taɣi archives ŋɔ yuli leei National Archives of Nigeria.<ref name=":0" /> Lala archive ŋɔ nyɛla din daa be [[University of Ibadan]] hali ni yuuni 1958.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|jstor=3172011|doi=10.2307/3172011|s2cid=162380404 }}</ref> Federal Government daa ti liɣiri din yiɣisi £51,000 ni bɛ zaŋ miɛ tuuli duu Ibadan yuuni 1955–60. Bɛ daa yoogi tuma duu ŋɔ silimiin goli January dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 1959.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|url=https://archive.org/details/american-archivist_1963-01_26_1/page/67|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081|doi-access=free}}</ref>[[File:National Archives of Nigeria, University of Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan Zonal Office|alt=]] == Toondana nima ban gari == * Bɛ daa tuumi piigi [[Kenneth Dike]] Government Supervisor zaŋ n-ti Public Records ni darita zaŋ n-ti Archives bin din gbaai yuuni 1954 hali ni yuuni 1963.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ŋun lahi nyɛ ba zaŋ n-ti Nigerian Archives.<ref name=":0" /> * [[Lloyd Gwam|Lloyd C. Gwam]] n-daa doli na silimiin goli April dahin yini dali yuuni 1964 n-daa leei darita zaŋ n-ti Archives hali ka daa ti kpɛ silimiin goli July dabaa ayi dali yuuni 1965.<ref name=":0" /> * S.O. Sowoolu n-daa leei darita Mr. Gwam nyaaŋa ka niriba pam paɣa pam ni o ni yɛligi archives.<ref name=":0" /> == Dooshɛhi == National Archives of Nigeria nyɛla din mali tuma duri pinaanu.<ref name=":0" /> Di duri ata nyɛla din be zonal offices. Di tuma duu dooshee kam nyɛla din mali di tiŋgbani maŋsulinsi deebu taarihi lahibali'gbana n-ti pahi gomnanti ni yɛli yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa n-ti salo.<ref name=":0" /> === Zonal offices === * [[Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413|jstor=3171900|s2cid=161149360 }}</ref> *[[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413|jstor=3172061|s2cid=248817669 }}</ref> *[[Kaduna]] (north) === Branch offices === *[[Abeokuta]] (est. 1989)<ref name=":0" /> *[[Abuja]] (headquarters)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> *[[Akure]] (est. 1985)<ref name=":0" /> *[[Benin City|Benin]] (est. 1982)<ref name=":0" /> *[[Calabar]] (est. 1986)<ref name=":0" /> *[[Ilorin]] (est. 1985)<ref name=":0" /> *[[Jos]] (est. 1989)<ref name=":0" /> *[[Lagos]]<ref name=":0" /> *[[Maiduguri]] (est. 2005)<ref name=":0" /> *[[Owerri]] (est. 1986)<ref name=":0" /> *[[Port Harcourt]] (est. 1986)<ref name=":0" /> * [[Sokoto]] (est. 1982)<ref name=":0" /> == Professional memberships == === National === * Historical Society of Nigeria<ref name=":0" /> * Oral History/Tradition Association of Nigeria<ref name=":0" /> * Society of Nigerian Archivists<ref name=":0" /> === Regional === * Society of African Archivists<ref name=":0" /> *West African Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives (WARBICA)<ref name=":0" /> === International === * Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers<ref name=":0" /> *[[International Council on Archives]] (ICA)<ref name=":0" /> * International Records Management Council<ref name=":0" /> == Lihimi m-pahi == * [[National Library of Nigeria]] * [[List of national archives]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== ;published in 20th century * {{cite journal |title=Nigeria's history on record |author=S.S. Waniko |journal=West-African Review |oclc=2451556 |location=London |volume= 30 |year= 1959 }} (About National Archives) * {{cite journal |author=Lloyd Gwam |title= The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives |journal= [[American Archivist]] |volume= 26 |pages= 67–74 |doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776 |year= 1963 |doi-access= free }} {{open access}} * National Archives of Nigeria (1985). National Archives of Nigeria: Its purpose, development and functions. * {{cite journal |title= Archives in Nigeria: how to salvage the soul of the nation |author= Gizachew Adamu |journal= Savanna: A Journal of the Environmental and Social Sciences |issn=0331-0523 |publisher=Ahmadu Bello University |location=Nigeria |volume=10 |year= 1989 }} (About National Archives) * {{citation |title= Records management and national archives in Nigeria |author1= J. van Albada |author2=P. Bower |series=Technical Report |url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000842/084220eo.pdf |location=Paris |publisher=Unesco |year= 1989 }} {{free access}} * {{cite journal |author=C. Uduigwome |title= Use of archival resources by students in the National Archives, Ibadan |journal= Nigerian Archives |issn=1115-2141 |publisher= Society of Nigerian Archivists |volume=1 |year=1989 }} * {{cite journal |author=Simon Heap |title= Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings |doi= 10.2307/3172061 |journal=[[History in Africa]] |volume=18 |pages= 159–172 |year= 1991 |jstor= 3172061 |s2cid= 248817669 }} * {{cite journal |title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria |author= Jörg Adelberger |journal= History in Africa |volume=19 |pages= 435–439 |jstor= 3172011 |year=1992 |doi= 10.2307/3172011 |s2cid= 162380404 }} * {{citation |title=National Archives Act |location=Nigeria |year=1992 }} * {{cite journal |author=Simon Heap |title= Nigerian National Archives, Kaduna: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings |doi= 10.2307/3171986 |journal=History in Africa |volume= 20 |pages= 395–407 |year= 1993 |jstor= 3171986 |s2cid= 248820516 }} * {{cite journal |author=Simon Heap |title= Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings |doi= 10.2307/3171900 |journal=History in Africa |volume= 21 |pages= 435–440 |year= 1994 |jstor= 3171900 |s2cid= 161149360 }} * {{citation |author=National Archives of Nigeria |title=Guide to Sources of Nigerian History |location= Lagos |isbn=978-9783343801 |year=1995 }} ;published in 21st century * Abiola Abioye (2007). "Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future". ''Records Management Journal''. '''17'''(1). [[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697]]. * {{citation |title= State of Arabic Manuscript Collections in Nigeria: Report of a Survey Tour to Northern Nigeria |author= Angel D. Batiste |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/afs/NigerianSurveyTour2007/NigerianSurveyTour.html |publisher=[[U.S. Library of Congress]] |location=Washington DC |year= 2007 }} (Includes information about National Archives) * {{cite journal |title= Searchers' Perception of Access Regulations in Nigerian National Archives |author= Abiola Abioye |journal= Library Philosophy and Practice |issn=1522-0222 |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/272 |year= 2009 |ref= {{harvid|Abioye|2009}} }} {{free access}} * {{cite book|author1=Toyin Falola|author-link=Toyin Falola|author2=Saheed Aderinto|title=Nigeria, Nationalism, and Writing History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alNLXctoOUYC|publisher=University of Rochester Press |location=United States |isbn=978-1-58046-358-4 |year= 2010 |chapter=K.O. Dike and the National Archives of Nigeria |pages=27–36 }} * {{cite journal |title= Availability, Organization, and Use of Archival Records: A Study of Public Archives Agencies in the Northwestern States of Nigeria |author= A. A. Maidabino |journal= Library Philosophy and Practice |issn=1522-0222 |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/386 |year= 2010 }} {{free access}} * {{citation |author=Olutayo Charles Adesina |title=Archival Documents and the Gatekeepers in the Twenty-first Century: Reconfiguring Nigeria's National Archives |year= 2012 }}. [https://sites.google.com/site/archivesconferencedakar/alphabetized-links-to-papers Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023131337/https://sites.google.com/site/archivesconferencedakar/alphabetized-links-to-papers |date=2020-10-23 }}. Paper presented at conference in Senegal "Archives of Post-Independence Africa and its Diaspora" * {{cite web |url=http://blogs.bl.uk/endangeredarchives/2016/01/nigeria-national-archives-kaduna-.html |work=Endangered Archives |title=National Archives Kaduna Collection |author=Mohammed Salau |publisher=[[British Library]] |location=London |year=2016 |access-date=2024-05-26 |archive-date=2024-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610205616/https://blogs.bl.uk/endangeredarchives/2016/01/nigeria-national-archives-kaduna-.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |title=Impact of disaster on access to records of National Archives of South East, Nigeria |author=C.O. Onyeneke |journal=Collection Building |issn=0160-4953 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=63–68 |doi=10.1108/CB-12-2016-0033 |year=2017 }} ==External links== * [http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921080655/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/ |date=2019-09-21 }} * Federal Ministry of Information and Culture. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705050006/https://fmic.gov.ng/about-us/departments/national-archives/ National Archives of Nigeria] (via Archive.org) * [[American Historical Association]], Archives Wiki. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111020123830/http://archiveswiki.historians.org/index.php/National_Archives_of_Nigeria National Archives of Nigeria](detailed listing) * {{citation |series=Archival Landscapes |title= Nigeria |publisher = Society of American Archivists |date= Apr 22, 2021 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaTqOD20tNE }} (video) {{Nigeria topics}} {{Africa topic|title=African [[national archives]]|prefix=National Archives of}} {{coord missing|Nigeria}} {{Authority control}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:National archives|Nigeria]] [[Category:Archives in Nigeria]] [[Category:History of Nigeria]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Ibadan]] [[Category:1954 establishments in Nigeria]] [[Category:Organizations based in Abuja]] 3uravjq3r20ewjxwet9ztnje24g89n1 Artemisia scoparia 0 28258 146140 91407 2026-08-10T21:25:00Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} '''''Artemisia scoparia''''' is a [[Eurasia]]n tihi balishɛli din be tihi zuliya shɛli Anashaara ni boli ''[[Artemisia (plant)|Artemisia]]'', "[[Asteraceae|sunflower family]] zuliya ni. Di nyɛla din galisi [[Eurasia]] zaŋ chaŋ [[France]] ni [[Japan]], n-ti pahi [[China]], [[India]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], central + southwest [[Asia]], etc.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023326 Flora of China, <big>猪毛蒿</big> zhu mao hao, ''Artemisia scoparia'' Waldstein & Kitaibel, Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 1: 66. 1802. ]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=artemisia+scoparia Altervista Flora Italiana, Assenzio scopario, Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.] includes photos and European distribution map</ref> Anashaara sili ni yuli din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ ''Artemisia scoparia'' din nyɛ '''virgate wormwood''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=360–361 |access-date=25 January 2017 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archivedate=25 May 2017 }}</ref> '''capillary wormwood''',<ref name=":0" /> bee '''redstem wormwood'''. [[Mandarin Chinese]] tiŋgbani ni bɛ booni li la yīn chén (Traditional: 茵陳) ka nyɛ Chinanima ni mali shɛli m-maani tibiri sabilim tim,{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ding |first1=Jiwei |last2=Wang |first2=Linlin |last3=He |first3=Chunnian |last4=Zhao |first4=Jun |last5=Si |first5=Lijun |last6=Huang |first6=Hua |date=2021-06-12 |title=Artemisia scoparia: Traditional uses, active constituents and pharmacological effects |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874121001860 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=273 |pages=113960 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2021.113960 |pmid=33636317 |s2cid=232065726 |issn=0378-8741}}</ref> ka di mini ''[[Artemisia capillaris]]'' ni tooi tum tuun yinsi.<ref name="pollen">{{cite journal |author1=Jaggi KS |author2=Gangal SV |title=Isolation and identification of pollen allergens of ''Artemisia scoparia'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_1987-10_80_4/page/569 |journal=[[J Allergy Clin Immunol]] |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=569–572 |year=1987 |pmid=3668120 |doi=10.1016/0091-6749(87)90008-X}}</ref> == Chemical constituents == # [[Capillarisin]]<ref name="ccas">{{cite web |title=Chemical Study on Artemisia scoparia |url=http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/zgyaokdxxb/zgya2004/0405/040504.htm |accessdate=November 17, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165414/http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/zgyaokdxxb/zgya2004/0405/040504.htm |archivedate=September 30, 2007 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165414/http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/zgyaokdxxb/zgya2004/0405/040504.htm }}</ref> #[[Chlorogenic acid butyl ester]] #[[6,7-Dimethylesculetin]] #[[Isosabandin]] #[[Magnolioside]] (isoscopoletin-β-D-glucopyranoside) #[[7-Methoxycoumarin]] #[[7-Methylesculetin]] #[[Sabandin A]]<ref name="sbdina">{{cite journal |author1=Ali MS |author2=Jahangir M |author3=Saleem M |title=Structural distinction between sabandins A and B from ''Artemisia scoparia waldst. (Asteraceae)'' |journal=[[Nat. Prod. Res.]] |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=2003 |pmid=12674134 |doi=10.1080/10575630290020640|s2cid=32672104 }}</ref> # [[Sabandin B]] # [[Scoparone]] (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) <ref name="aschema">{{cite journal |author1=Hoult JR |author2=Payá M |title=Pharmacological and biochemical actions of simple coumarins: natural products with therapeutic potential |journal=[[Gen. Pharmacol.]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=713–722 |year=1996 |pmid=8853310 |doi=10.1016/0306-3623(95)02112-4}}</ref> #[[Scopoletin]] #[[beta-Sitosterol|β-Sitosterol]] #[[Capillin]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q426647}} [[Category:Artemisia (genus)|scoparia]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]] [[Category:Plants described in 1801]] [[Category:Flora of Asia]] [[Category:Flora of Europe]] [[Category:Flora of Lebanon and Syria]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Tia]] {{anthemideae-stub}} {{medicinal-plant-stub}} 1ye7qq9dqu1xmujnli2u4dxgove2hfv Eriogonum alatum 0 28339 146089 132355 2026-08-10T20:04:13Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Species of wild buckwheat}}'''''Eriogonum alatum''''', din yuya niŋ bayana kamani '''winged buckwheat''' ni '''winged eriogonum''', nyɛla tia balishɛli din be Siliminsi ni boli tihi zuliya shɛli "[[Eriogonum|buckwheat]]" puuni yini. Tia maa bela western [[Great Plains]], [[Southwestern United States]], ni [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] tiŋgbani din be México.<ref name="grin">[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?448149 GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.7.1: taxonomy of ''Eriogonum alatum'']</ref> ==Balibu== Di balibu shɛŋa n-nyɛ:<ref name=grin/> *''Eriogonum alatum'' var. ''alatum'' *''Eriogonum alatum'' var. ''glabriusculum'' ==Di tuma== [[Zuni people|Zuni nima]], nyɛla ban ŋubiri di jila maa ka di tibiri puni dɔro.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Camazine, Scott & Robert A. Bye |year=1980 |title=A study of the medical ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1980-12_2_4/page/365 |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=365–388 |pmid=6893476 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81017-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Matilda Coxe Stevenson |year=1915 |title=Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians |publisher=SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p. 49)}}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=eral4 USDA Plants Profile for ''Eriogonum alatum'' (winged buckwheat)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Eriogonum+alatum BRIT.org: Native American Ethnobotany Database on ''Eriogonum alatum''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q5601472}} [[Category:Eriogonum|alatum]] [[Category:Flora of the North-Central United States]] [[Category:Flora of the United States]] [[Category:Flora of the Great Plains (North America)]] [[Category:Flora of the South-Central United States]] [[Category:Flora of Arizona]] [[Category:Flora of Chihuahua (state)]] [[Category:Flora of New Mexico]] [[Category:Flora of Utah]] [[Category:Flora of Wyoming]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]] [[Category:Plants described in 1853]] [[Category:Taxa named by John Torrey]] [[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Tia]] {{medicinal-plant-stub}} {{Polygonaceae-stub}} a7oi06wongpeu9ol2f8els4876afe0h Négritude 0 28839 146201 145681 2026-08-10T23:13:10Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Négritude''''' (French balli puuni "nègre" mini "-itude" nyɛla din wuhiri gbansabinli tali ka Siliminsi lee boli li "Blackness"), di nyɛla kpatuɣa shɛli din sɔŋdi m-bori kahigibu n-tiri gbana bee lahabaya ŋan jɛndi buku bee kpɛrigu mini litiricha baŋsim. Di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛba [[francophone]] nima baŋdibima, sasabiriba, n ti pahi siyaasanima ban daa be tiŋa yuli booni [[African diaspora]] yuuni 1930s saha la ha ni daa kpuri shɛli ka di niiya daa nyɛ ni di zooi ka gu ka taɣi din yɛn che ka "gbansanbila hankali lɛbigi bee ka di yɛligi" n-zaŋ du [[Africa]] mini ban waliwali taba. Négritude nyɛla din laɣim sasabiriba kamani bihipiriba [[Paulette Nardal|Paulette]] n ti pahi bihipiriba [[Jeanne Nardal]] (ti ni mi shɛba ka bɛ mali baŋsimtula pam zaŋ kpa lala laɣingu ŋɔ polo la),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lafon|first=Cathy|date=2021-12-10|title=Vidéo. Qui était Paulette Nardal, mise à l'honneur ce mardi par Google ?|language=fr-FR|work=Sud Ouest|url=https://www.sudouest.fr/culture/google-lui-rend-hommage-ce-mardi-qui-etait-paulette-nardal-6544584.php|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=1760-6454}}</ref> [[Martinique|Martinican]] sasabira [[Aimé Césaire]], [[Abdoulaye Sadji]], [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] (ŋun nyɛ tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana n-ti [[Senegal]] nima), n ti pahi [[Léon Damas]] ŋun mi daa yi [[French Guiana]] na la. ''Négritude'' baŋdiba daa nyɛla ban zaɣisi siliminsi ni boli shɛli [[colonialism]], gaŋbu mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ''Eurocentrism'' la. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban bo soya n duhi Africa kaya ni taɣadanima zuɣusaa bɛ ni boli shɛli ''Franco-African ties'' la sunsuuni.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jansen |first1=Jan C. |last2=Osterhammel |first2=Jürgen |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AhpDQAAQBAJ |title=Decolonization: A Short History |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8488-9|pages=45|language=en}}</ref> Baŋdiba ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla ban zaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli [[Marxism|Marxist]] siyaasatali baŋsim la n tumdi tuma kaya ni taɣada din daa kana dabba gbahibu saha.<ref>Raisa Rexer (Winter 2013). "Black and White and Re(a)d All Over: L'Étudiant noir, Communism, and the Birth of Négritude". ''Research in African Literatures'' 44.4: 1-14. {{doi|10.2979/reseafrilite.44.4.1}}. {{JSTOR|10.2979/reseafrilite.44.4.1}}. </ref> Sasabiriba ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban niŋ Zaɣa ni bɛ ni boli shɛba surrealist nima la litiricha sabbu baŋsim puuni, ka shɛba mi yɛli ni lala [[Surrealist]] nima ŋɔ sabbu biɛhisi nyɛla din mali yee bɛ zuɣu, bɛ tuma puuni bɛ tooi zooi ka bɛ wuhiri nyari shɛŋa bɛ ni boli shɛli ni [[African diaspora|diasporic]] being la ni nyara bɛ yi yɛn yɛli yɛlimaŋli zaŋ jɛndi niŋsala biɛhigu polo, yiŋa mini ninsalitali. Lala Négritude ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi ka laɣinsi pam yina n gili bɛ ni boli shɛli ''the Afro-Diasporic world'', di bahi bahindi bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Afro-Surrealism]], [[Créolité]] din be Caribbean la, n ti pahi siliminsi ni boli shɛba [[black is beautiful]] ka bɛ be United States tingbani ni la. [[Frantz Fanon]] nyɛla ŋun daa tooi zooi ka o nyari o Kundivihira din be o sabbu ni la ''Négritude'' nima sani.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Cynthia R. |title=Frantz Fanon and the Négritude Movement: How Strategic Essentialism Subverts Manichean Binaries |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265918292 |journal=Callaloo |date=2013 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=342–352 |doi=10.1353/cal.2013.0084|s2cid=162812806 }}</ref> === Taarihi === ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|Négritude}}'' nyɛla bachinamdili shɛli bɛ ni daa nam yuuni 1930s la saha ha ka di nyɛ din jɛndi Frenchnima bachi ''nègre'', ka di mini di siliminsilini gbunni zaa daa nyɛ yuliʒim ka di nyɛ din gbunni yi di ha ka chɛ gbaŋsabilinlitali.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Brent Hayes |title=The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism |url=https://archive.org/details/practiceofdiaspo0000edwa |date=2003 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/practiceofdiaspo0000edwa/page/20 20]–38}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Reilly |first1=Brian J. |date=2020 |title=Négritude's Contretemps: The Coining and Reception of Aimé Césaire's Neologism |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/4c84046e729ddb3ff2abbd5cf0ee0bbb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41062 |journal=Philological Quarterly |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=377–98 |via=ProQuest}}</ref> Din daa che ka laɣingu ŋɔ nima daa boli bɛ maŋa ''Négritude'' daa nyɛmi ni di sɔŋ ba ka bɛ nya lala bachi ŋɔ kamani siliminsi ni boli bachi shɛli ni di [[emic]] biɛhigu zaŋ ti libigimsim. Lala bachi ŋɔ daa na nyɛla Aimé Césaire ni daa na tuui n zandi shɛli ŋa mɔfoloji gbunni n tiri ŋa, din daa lahi pahi ata (silimin gɔli May hali ni June ni, yuuni 1935 puuni) bɛ ni boli shɛli ''[[L'Étudiant noir]] la ni'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Filostrat |first1=Christian |title=Negritude Agonistes, Assimilation against Nationalism in the Frenchspeaking Caribbean and Guyane |date=2008 |publisher=Africana Homestead}}</ref> o ni daa piligi lahabali shɛli [[Paris]] la ni o shikurubihi taba n yarila Léopold Senghor mini Léon Damas, n ti tabili {{ill|Gilbert Gratiant|fr}}, [[Leonard Sainville]], [[Louis T. Achille]], [[Aristide Maugée]], ni [[Paulette Nardal]]. Lala bachi ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa tuugi n yina Césaire tuuli baŋsim sabirili puuni n nyɛla "''Conscience Raciale et Révolution Sociale''", ka di lahabali zuɣu daa nyɛ "Les Idées" ka di yaɣili yuli daa nyɛ "Négreries", din nyɛ sokam ni mi shɛli ka di bi saɣi n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛli [[Assimilation (sociology)|assimilation]] din daa nyɛ so'chibikpani n ti zaɣ'sibu ni din ni daa lan n mali ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|nègre}}'' bachi ŋɔ n zaani din gbunni ni nyɛ shɛm la. Muɣusigu shɛli din daa jɛndi lala bɛ nangbanyini laɣingu ŋɔ daa nyɛmi ni bɛ ni tooi zaŋ so n pahi kaya ni taada shɛli puuni ban nya ka African nima kaya ni taada nyɛ bɛ ni yuli n ʒeim shɛli ka lahi n nya shɛli di nyɛ din kurigi pam ni di nyɛ "nineesim". Lala nangbanyinl laɣingu (''assimilation'') din be kaya ni taada puuni ŋɔ din yɛn nyɛla Nègretude nima ni di yɛn fo ka deei shɛli. Bɛ daa pun n mali ''Nègre'' n tumdi tuma ka di daa na nyɛla bɛ ni daa na bi n saɣi ti shɛli gbunni. Césaire daa nyɛla ŋun sha da ka daa zaŋ lala nintiɣilika (bɛ ni boli shɛli derogatory la) bachi ŋɔ n pahi o filosofitali yuli puuni. Césaire's ni daa naɣi n libigi mɔfim tuɣirili ŋɔ "''-itude"'' shɛm la ka Senghor daa bi saɣi n ti ni kadama ni lala " ''negritude"'' has often been ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa pun nyɛ mɔfim pɔi ka daa naain yi lebi baŋsim lahabali zuɣu ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senghor |first1=Léopold Sédar |title=Problématique de la Négritude |journal=Présence Africaine |date=1971 |volume=78 |issue=2 |page=5|doi=10.3917/presa.078.0003 }}</ref> tɔ amaa lala mɔfim tuɣirili ŋɔ nyɛla din sɔŋ Césaire ka o daa tooi n zaŋ litiricha biɛlima bachinima n ku o bukaata bɛ ni boli shɛli ''racist science'' la ni.<ref name=":1" /> ==== ''Influences'' ==== Yuuni 1885 la puuni, bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Haiti]]an [[anthropologist]] [[Anténor Firmin]] nima la daa nyɛla ban yihi palim palim baŋsim sabirili shɛli bɛ boli ''De l'égalité des races humaines'' (Din wuhiri ni ti zaa nyɛla yim dinzuɣu di bi tu ni ti gaŋdi taba), di daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛli na ni bɛ zaŋ n suhi [[France|French]] nima sasabira Count [[Arthur de Gobineau]]'s ''Essai sur l'inégalité des Races Humaines'' (gbaŋ shɛli o ni daa sabi n jɛndi gaŋbu daadamanima ni). Firmin niŋsim puuni ka [[Jean Price-Mars]], ŋun daa nyɛ kpema n ti bɛ ni boli shɛba ''Haitian'' [[ethnology|''ethnology'']] ni ŋun daa lan n-nyɛ ŋun nam bɛ ni boli shɛli [[Indigenism]], n ti pahi yuun'pishi saha la ha America nima shɛba bɛ ni boli ''anthropologist'' [[Melville Herskovits]]. Gbaŋsabila baŋdiba nyɛla ban zooi ka bɛ mali suhupiɛli ni bɛ ni boli shɛba ''Haiti'' nima ŋɔ ka di bi yi shɛli na n pahila bɛ dabtali taɣibu shɛli [[Toussaint Louverture]] ni daa gari tooni ka shɛli niŋ yuuni 1790s saha la sunsuuni. Césaire daa yɛliya ni kadama lala bɛ ni boli shɛba ''Haiti'' as nima nyɛla ban mi "luɣ'shɛli polo négritude ni daa nya naba n zani di tuuli saha maa". Lala bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Harlem Renaissance]], ka bɛ nyɛ ban mali litiricha sabbu baŋsim so'shɛli bɛ ni daa nam ''Harlem'' puuni din be Manhattan ni yuuni 1920s mini1930s la ni ka mali niŋsim bɛ ni boli shɛli ''Négritude'' ''philosophy'' la puuni. Lala [[Harlem Renaissance]]'s ŋɔ sasabira, di bahi bahindi [[Langston Hughes]], [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], [[Claude McKay]], [[Alain LeRoy Locke|Alain Locke]] n ti pahi [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Du Bois]] nima daa nyɛla ban bɔ kahigibu n-ti lala yɛl'kpeeni nima ŋɔ "''noireism''", gaŋbutali mini "''double-consciousness''". Yuuni 1920s mini yuuni 1930s saha la ha ni, gbaŋsabila shikurubihi polla n ti pahi shikuru baŋdiba ban daa yi Faransinima sani na ka daa be bɛ tiŋ'kɔɣa shɛŋa ŋan gili ba ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban laɣim Paris tingbani ni ka bɛ daa n zaŋ ba n wuhi lala [[Harlem Renaissance]] ŋɔ sasabiriba kamani [[Langston Hughes]] mini [[Claude McKay]]. Ban daa zaŋ ba n wuhi sasabiriba ŋɔ n daa nyɛ [[Paulette Nardal]] mini o tuzopsɣa [[Jane Nardal|Jane]]. Bɛ ni boli shɛba ''Nardal sisters'' nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban gba daa n tɔhi n niŋ ''Négritude'' nima ŋɔ laɣimgbaai puuni bɛ sabbu nima ni. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛla ban su zabiri malibu shito'shɛli bɛ ni boli ''Clamart Salon'' la din tii shitɔɣu n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛba ''Afro-French intelligentsia'' la ka ''Négritude'' baŋdiba daa lee tooi zooi ka bɛ ʒiini n gbaari bɛ gbaabunima. Di maani ka bɛ daa n lan nyɛ hankali zaŋ kpa bɛ ni boli shɛli ''[[La Revue du Monde Noir]]'' daa yina. Paulette Nardal mini bɛ ni boli shɛba Haitian nima la Dr. [[Leo Sajou]] daa nyɛla daa yuli ka lala ''[[La Revue du Monde Noir]]'' (yuuni 1931–32) ŋɔ litiricha lahabali la daa yina Siliminsili mini Faransi ni ka di nyɛ di chaŋ bela n ti Africanima mini Caribbeanima baŋdiba ban daa be Paris la. Lala ''Harlem'' nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban kpaŋsi bɛ ni boli shɛba ''parallel development of'' ''[[negrismo]]'' n ti pahi bɛ ni boli shɛba ''acceptance of "double-apparantence''", ''double-consciousness'', din be [[Spanish language|Spanish]] Caribbean yaɣili la. ''Nardal sisters'' nima ŋɔ n daa n lahi n-nyɛ ban piligi lala ''Harlem Renaissance'' ŋɔ mini di haŋkali parisi n-ti Césaire, Senghor, n ti tabili Damas. Gbaŋ shɛli din daa yina silimin gɔli February, yuuni 1960 puuni la ni, Senghor daa nyɛla n wuhi bɛ ni boli shɛba Nardal sisters nima ŋɔ daa anfaani nima, " Ti mini Anashaara tingbani gbaŋsabila n daa be yuuni 1929 hali ni di yuuni 34 ka di nyɛla Mademoiselle Paulette Nardall daa alibarika ni... ka ti daa kpa kept a litiricha ʒishee ka di nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni boli shɛba Africanima ''Negroestrans'', ''West Indians'', n ti pahi Americanima ''Negroes'' daa yi laɣimda taba." Jane Nardal yuuni 1929 lahabali, "''Internationalisme noir''" daa nyɛla din yina pɔi ni Senghor tuuli vihigu baŋsim yaɣili lahabali, "''What the Black Man Contributes''", din daa yina 1939 yuuni la ni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sharpley-Whiting |first=T. Denean |date=2000 |title=Femme négritude: Jane Nardal, La Dépêche africaine, and the francophone new negro |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10999940009362232 |journal=Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=8–17|doi=10.1080/10999940009362232 |s2cid=146582416 }}</ref> Lala lahabali ŋɔ, "''Internationalisme noir''", nyɛla din sabi n jɛndi gaŋbu shɛli din be bɛ ni boli shɛli ''African diaspora'' mini kaya ni taada metissage, ''double-apparentance''; bɛ ni daa nyɛ shɛli ka di nyɛla haŋkali bee baŋsim shɛli bɛ ni du n ba ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ''Négritude'' movement tuma chani viɛyɛlinga.<ref name=":0" /> Lala ''Nardal sisters'' nima ŋɔ mini bɛ haŋkali parisi n ti pahi anfaani shɛli bɛ ''Clamart Salon'' ni bo n-ti laɣingu maa zaa yoli, bɛ daa bi chɛ ka bɛ bori lɛbigimsim shɛŋa n tiri ''Négritude'' ka di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛba ''masculinist'' ban daa nyɛ ban galisi pam lala laɣingu maa ni. Paulette ŋun daa tɔm n sabi pam yuuni 1960 maa ni n yɛri fabinda "fabilingu shɛli din mali nimmɔhi" zaŋ kpa bɛ ni bi nya o mini o tuzopaɣa Jane kpaŋmaŋa lala laɣingu maa puuni tum daa maa hali ni zuŋɔna ʒemani ŋɔ amaa ka di lee kuli nyɛla Césaire, Senghor, mini Damas koŋko. Bɛ yuli shɛli bɛ ni boli ni Nardal ŋɔ nyɛla din pahi din ni. ===== Lɛbigimsim shɛŋa din daa niŋ yuuni 20s saha maa ===== ''Négritude'' kpamba maa zaɣ'yino kam daa malila o haŋkali ni baŋsim zaŋ kpa daliri shɛli mini sabbu so'shɛli zuɣu din ni daa kpiri li n ti pahi baŋsim shɛli bɛ ni dihi n tabili ka di nanhingbana nyɛ din tuhiri siliminsi ni boli shɛli ''colonialism'' la, ni bɛ zaɣisi Europe nima ni niŋdi ba ka binkɔbiri la, n ti pahi ni di zaɣisi anashaaratali mini bɛ baŋsim. Laɣingu ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din ʒiya n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛli [[Heidegger|Heideggerian]] la ka di daliri daa nyɛ di nasara ka gbaŋsabila ni "ʒi dunia yaanga zuɣu niŋ dawama", din yɛn che ka gbansabila gba mali taarihi ni kaya ni taada shɛli din gba ni tooi zani di ka mali nyaɣisim ni jiri tingbani shɛŋa puuni. Yaha di daa anfaani daa lahi nyɛla din daa n taɣi deei bɛ mabuma ni bɛ nyɛla gbansabila ka daa n lahi n mali African taarihi, kaya ni taada, mini bɛ yɛlikura n puhiri churi. Bɛ litiricha sabbu baŋsim daa nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli [[surrealistic]] la ka bɛ daa lee yu bɛ ni boli shɛba [[Marxism|Marxist]] la baŋsim parisi. Kɔbani kpaŋsibu n -ti ''Négritude'' laɣingu ŋɔ n daa ti che ka [[Aimé Césaire]]'s, [[Leopold Senghor]]'s, n ti pahi [[Leon Damas]]'s suhuri daa bi paligi, ka di daa bi niŋ ba nyaɣisim hali ka bɛ daa ti zaŋ bɛ suhuyurilim n kpɛhi di puuni na ka di daa yiɣisi ba zabili Afro-French sulinsi puuni bɛ ni daa be France tingbani ni. Bɛ zaɣ'yinokam daa mali suhuyurilim shɛli din daa be konkoba ni bɛ tuhi gbansabila gaŋbu mini siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni ''colonial injustices'' la ka di daa che ka bɛ dunia mini bɛ French shikuru bɔhimbu ni wuhibu kuri suli. Senghor daa zaɣisimi ni o baŋ kadama ni daliri shɛli zuɣu o ni daa chani shikuru daa nyami ni " kpaŋsi dolodolo yisatali ka n lahi nya nineesim n-niŋ o suhu shɛli ni chafiritali ni daa be ŋɔ". Césaire suhuyiɣisili ŋɔ daa kana mi ka nyɛ vi saha shɛli bɛ ni daa be Caribbean nima la ni daa ŋma ʒiri n pa o ni o ka binshɛɣu n yɛn niŋ n-ti Africa tiŋa bihi dama bɛ nya ka o nyɛla ŋun bi lɛbigi. Bɛ zaa daa wɔligila bɛ maŋa ka daa che Africa ka che ka sokam baŋ ni bɛ ninna nehiya. O daa yihila sasabira Caribbean nima sani ka o nyɛla "baŋdi so ŋun zura ka lahi nyɛ so anashaaranima ni labisi so haŋkali nyaaŋa". Damas gba daa saɣiya n-ti o yɛligu ŋɔ manbuma shɛŋa lala sasabiriba ŋɔ ni daa pa mali la zuɣu din daa pa niŋ ka siliminsi ŋɔ ni tooi n karim bɛ lahabaya hali n ti naai ka bi jɛndi n baŋ sasabira ŋɔ ni yɛri n jɛndi shɛli. ====== Aimé Césaire ====== Césaire daa nyɛla sasabira, kpɛrigu sasabira ni siyaasa nira ŋun daa yi [[Martinique]] na. Paris ka o daa niŋ o karimbu ni bɔhimbu , di maani ka o daa lahi wum gbansabila laɣingu ŋɔ yela ka daa lan labi baŋ Africa. O daa nya ka ''Négritude'' ŋɔ nyɛla ŋan jɛndi gbansabilitali, di saɣi n-ti mini ka paɣi di taarihi ni di kaya ni taada n ti tabili gbansabila. Di tu ni ti baŋ ka dama ni di yi kpalim Césaire, lala saɣi n-ti gbansabilitali jɛnda ŋɔ daa nyɛla so'shɛli din daa yɛn chɛ ka bɛ hankaya bi fa. O daa yɛliya ni, anashaara siyaasa zalisi puuni n daa che ka bɛ daa n gaŋdi gbansabila maa. O daa suhiya ni o yuli laɣingu shɛli gbansabila ni daa kpa zaŋ jɛndi bɛ ni daa nya nyari shɛŋa maŋsulinsi deebu ni —bɛ ni boli shɛli ni ''the slave trade'' mini bɔraade pukparitali saha la zaa. Césaire baŋsim ŋɔ daa nyɛla din niŋ ba anfaani pam saha shɛli ni bɛ ni daa piligi ''Négritude''. Césaire mini Senghor sunsuuni, bɛ daa bi pii Césaire—ŋun daa yi o bɔhimbu shee n labina Martinique ka daa nyɛ bɛ ni daa pii so ka o nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli mayor of [[Fort de France]] la o bɔhimbu nyaaŋa, din nyɛ tinzuɣu ka lahi n ʒiya n-ti Martinique n be France jina duu— balee Senghor ŋun be Senegal ŋɔ ka daa nyɛ ŋun daa tɛhira ni o deei bɛ maŋmaŋa siyaasa na France nima sani. Césaire daa chemi ka France nima siyaasatali din daa ka gaŋbu di puuni la n-ti Martinique mini bɛ ni daa boli shɛli ''the {{ill|Loi de départementalisation|fr}}'' (din daa nyɛ di yaɣili zalisi la) ka daa lee bi yihi Martinique kaya ni taada n bahi. ====== Leopold Senghor ====== ''Négritude'', Senghor yɛltaɣa puuni di nyɛla din yɛn sɔŋ ka gbansabila ban daa be French tingbana ni la gba mali "nuu bee yee French nima jina shee ka mani di tiŋa bihi la". Tɔ amaa, French nima ŋɔ daa lee n-ti la Senegal mini African tingbaŋ'shɛŋa din daa deei di maŋsulinsi soli. Sasabira ni ŋun daa nyɛ tuuli tingbani zuɣulana n-ti Sénégal, Senghor ŋuna n daa nyɛ ŋun tuui n zaŋ ''Négritude'' to anfaani ni daa nyɛ shɛli di bahi bahindi zaŋ ti African nima n wuhi dunia. Ŋuna n daa lahi nyɛ ŋun daa suhi ni Africa kaya ni taada ni di baŋsim paɣibu pahi ʒemana kam ni. Lala baŋsim shɛli o ni daa zaŋ pahi ''Négritude'' tended puuni ŋɔ nyɛla din yoli punpɔŋɔna ʒemana kam puuni. ====== Leon Damas ====== Damas daa nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli [[French Guiana|French Guianese]] la sasabira ka daa lahi nyɛ siliminsi ni boli so ''National Assembly member'' la. O daa malila sojatali yaa n zabiri ''"''gbansabila nahingbana''"'' zuɣu ka daa zaɣisi gbaabu ka ni Caucasians nima la. Laɣingu daa malila mali niŋ yaɣa ayi n ti bɛ ni boli shɛli ''anthologie'' nima la; di yini daa nyɛla Damas ni daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1946 la ni, ''Poètes d'expression française'' yuuni ''1900–1945''. Senghor mii gba daa chaŋmi n ti yihi ''Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française'' yuuni 1948 la puuni. Damas ni daa piligi lahabali maa mini di litiricha ''anthology'' la daa nyɛla din daa be ka siliminsi ni boli shɛi ni meant to be ''manifesto'' la n-ti laɣingu maa amaa, Senghor maŋmaŋa litiricha lahabaya gahinda daa nyɛla din deei lala zaashee ŋɔ. Tɔ amaa di ni tooi nyɛ sabbu shɛli French baŋda ni shikuru bila kuɣinli [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] ni yu ni di di nyɛ litiricha lahabali gahindili shɛli duhi ''Négritude'' into n tahi baŋsim di baŋsim yɛligibu yɛltaɣa ni. Damas lahabali piligu daa nyɛla din daa dahi siyaasatali mini kaya ni taada polo. Nahingbaŋ shɛli din daa wɔligi o litiricha lahabali gahinda ŋɔ mini o dihitabili daa nyɛmi ; Damas ni daa tɛhi ni lahabali maa nyɛla din yɛri n tiri ban deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ka daa lahi yɛri zaŋ kpa sasabiriba ban daa yi Indochina mini Madagascar na la. Ŋɔ nyɛla din bi lu n zahim Senghor litiricha lahabali gahinda ŋɔ. Piligu maa, Damas daa molimi ni punpɔŋɔ n-nyɛ saha shɛli "ninvuɣ'so ŋun deei o maŋsulinsi tu ni o baŋ o talahi ni o tuma ni nyɛ shɛli din yi niŋ ka o nyɛ sasabira, salinsalinda, lahabali sabira bee sasabira." Damas daa pe n pela lahabali maa yɛlkpana ni nyɛ shɛŋa zaa n sɔŋ. Ka daa n yɛli ni "fara, shikuru baŋsim kalinsi, amaana dibu ninsalinima sunsuuni, daadam ni be shem mini siyaasatali gaŋbu shɛŋa gbansabila bee siliminsi, dabtali, ninsali shɛba ni gari shɛba shɛm, ʒiri, niŋsim chɛ n jɛli, ŋaribu, sɔŋsim kalinsi, nintiɣibo, dabiɛmtali, tooisim kalinsi, tum'biɛri shɛŋa ti ni tumda ni ti deei ti maŋmasi suhuyurilim, ni ti yɛli ni ti zaa nyɛla yim, ni dabtali laɣingu, din nima n-nyɛ yɛltɔɣataɣimalisi din nyɛ French balli ŋɔ yɛlkpeeni." Damas lahabali piligu daa shiri nyɛla din booni kaya ni taada baŋbu ni achiik. ===== ''Reception'' ===== Yuuni 1948 la puuni, [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] daa wuhi ''Négritude'' nima ni dihi n tabili baŋsim shɛli ni o lahabali shɛli o ni daa boli "Orphée Noir" ("[[Black Orpheus (essay)|Black Orpheus]]") la ni<ref>The title subsequently inspired the name of the Nigerian magazine ''[[Black Orpheus (magazine)|Black Orpheus]]'' — see Peter Benson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5gIQK1isP6cC&dq=black+orpheus+magazine+title+sartre&pg=PA24 ''Black Orpheus, Transition, and Modern Cultural Awakening in Africa''], University of California Press, 1986, p. 24.</ref> din nyɛ di piligu n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛba francophone nima la taɣimalisi din yuli booni ''Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache'', ka daa nyɛ Léopold Senghor ni daa n laɣim shɛli . Gbaŋ ŋɔ puuni, Sartre daa nyɛla ŋun yihi nahingbana shɛŋa din che ka ''négritude'' nyɛ lɛbili n ti siliminsi la ni daa n gaŋdi ti shɛm [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegelian]] [[dialectic]] puuni ni dini sɔŋ o shɛm ka o wuhi ''Négritude'' yɛltɔɣa ni nyɛ shɛli n ti French nima ŋɔ baŋdiba. O tɛha puuni, ''négritude'' daa nyɛla siliminsi ni boli ni "''anti-racist racism''" (''racisme antiraciste'') la, so'shɛli din daa nyɛ kpalimkpaa ni di yihi gaŋbu daadama ni. ''Négritude'' daa lahi nyɛla gbansabila sasabiriba ni daa lan n vihi shɛli zuɣu yuuni 1960s saha maa ka di nyɛla din bi bɔri zabili. [[Keorapetse Kgositsile]] daa yɛliya ni lala bachi ŋɔ maa ''Négritude'' daa nyɛla din jɛndi gbansabilitali pam kamani din ni daa pun n yɛli shɛm la siliminsi ni boli shɛli ''European aesthetic'' la ni, ka daa lee bi tooi n wuhi tɛha pala n-ti siliminsi ni boli shɛli ''African-ness'' la din yɛn yihi gbansabila mini bɛ tuma Caucasian nima yela ni. Nigeria kpɛri'sabira, sasabira, ni salinsalindiba Chinua Achebe mini [[Wole Soyinka]] nima daa nyɛla ban bi n saɣi n ti ''Négritude''. Bɛ daa tɛhimi ni bɛ yi n yihi n pani polo ni ni sokam baŋ bɛ zuliya ni nyɛ shɛli gbansabila daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yɛn n gu ka taɣi shɛba. Chinua Achebe daa sabi la: ''A tiger doesn't proclaim its tigerness; it jumps on its prey'').<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Lauer |editor-first1=Helen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTUZ1y4HWocC&q=tiger+doesn%27t+proclaim+its+tigerness%3B+it+jumps+on+its+prey&pg=PA239|title=Identity Meets Nationality: Voices from the Humanities|editor-last2=Amfo|editor-first2=Nana Aba Appiah |editor-link2=Nana Aba Appiah Amfo |editor-last3=Anderson |editor-first3=Jemima Asabea |date=2011|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9988-647-96-4|language=en}}</ref> Ka Soyinka mii gba daa sabi yuuni 1960 la lahabali n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛba ''Horn'' nima la, "''the [[duiker]] will not paint 'duiker' on his beautiful back to proclaim his duikeritude; you'll know him by his elegant leap''."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maduakor|first=Obiajuru|date=1986|title=Soyinka as a Literary Critic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_spring-1986_17_1/page/1|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–38|jstor=3819421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jimsligh.wordpress.com/2013/08/05/tigritude/|title=Tigritude|date=2013-08-05|work=This Analog Life|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Dinbɔŋɔ nyaaŋa, shɛli daa na bi lahi n-niŋda hali ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ''renaissance'' din daa n-niŋ ''Négritude'' la ka daa nyɛ shikuru bihi kuɣila kamani [[Souleymane Bachir Diagne]] ([[Columbia University]]), Donna Jones ([[University of California, Berkeley]]),<ref>[http://english.berkeley.edu/profiles/42 "Donna V. Jones"], English Department, University of California, Berkeley.</ref> n ti pahi [https://www.jbhe.com/2020/01/cheikh-thiam-appointed-to-dean-post-for-the-school-of-international-training/ Cheikh Thiam]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheikh Thiam Appointed to Dean Post for the School of International Training|url=https://www.jbhe.com/2020/01/cheikh-thiam-appointed-to-dean-post-for-the-school-of-international-training/|date=2020-01-06|website=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> ([[Ohio State University]]) nima ni daa n kpa shɛli la ban zaa daa n tuɣi [[Abiola Irele]] (yuuni 1936–2017) tuma la. Cheikh Thiam buku n-nyɛ buku shɛli din mali ''Négritude'' baŋsim sabbu pam di puuni. Di nyɛla din lɛbigi Diagne karimbu n-ti ''Négritude'' ka di lɛbi baŋsim shɛli din mali viɛlim ni gɔligu di puuni, ka Jones mii gba daa wuhi o tuma puuni ni ''Négritude'' nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli [[lebensphilosophie]] la.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} ====== Anfaani shɛŋa dini lahi n malila ====== America tilahilana [[Benjamin Rush]], ŋun daa nyɛ yiliyiina n be [[Declaration of Independence (United States)|United States Declaration of Independence]] ni bɛ ni boli shɛli ''early abolitionist'' la, daa tooi n zooi ka mali lala bachi ŋɔ "''Negritude"'' n tɛhiri dɔr'shɛli din nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni leprosy la zaɣibila ka din ni daa tooi n tibi shɛm nyɛla a lɛbi gbanpiɛlli.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://academic.udayton.edu/health/01status/mental01.htm |title=An Early History&nbsp;– African American Mental Health |author=Randall, Vernellia R. |publisher=Institute on Race, Health Care and the Law, The University of Dayton School of Law |access-date=21 December 2008 |archive-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709081628/http://academic.udayton.edu/health/01status/mental01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tɔ amaa lala nahingbaŋ ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa nya ka o gabi shɛli karimbu ni.<ref name=":1"/> Di yi di daa nyɛla lala n daa yɛn nyɛ din tuma, dinŋuna bɛ ni noli shɛba ''Afro-Francophones'' nima ka bɛ nyɛ ban daa n mali Négritude baŋsim la yuuni ''20th'' saha la naan n ku wum di yɛla. Tɔ amaa di zaaha yoli [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] daa bi n saɣi n yɛli ni o mini [[Aimé Césaire]] daa n mi lahabaya din din jɛndi gaŋbu mini taɣibutaɣibu shɛŋa din daa be US tingbani.<ref name=":1" /> Sasabira [[Norman Mailer]] daa nyɛla ŋun gba zaŋ lala bachi ŋɔ n buɣisi siliminsi ni boli so ni used the term to describe ''boxer'' la, [[George Foreman]] yaa ni o bɔɣugbila o buku shɛli o ni boli ''The Fight'' la ni,ka di wuhiri lahabali lahabalitiri ni daa yɛli n zaŋ kpa yaa'shɛli Ali mini Foreman "[[Rumble in the Jungle]]" nima daa wuhi bɛ nina ni daa pali taba [[Kinshasa]], [[Zaire]] (din pa nyɛ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) silimin gɔli October, yuuni 1974 ni. Bachi ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla yiliyiida parindilana [[Youssoupha]], ka o ti o yili yili "Négritude" amaa pɔi ni ŋɔ. ====== A ni tooi n lahi nya lahabali luɣ'shɛŋa ====== * ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' * [[Black Consciousness Movement]] * [[Surrealism#Black surrealism and Negritude|Black Surrealism]] *[[Black Arts Movement]] *[[Black Power movement|Black Power Movement]] *''[[Angolanidade]]'' ("Angolan-ness") *''[[Authenticité (Zaire)|Authenticité]]'' * [[Afro-pessimism (United States)|Afro-pessimism]] *[[Afro-Surrealism]] == Kundivihira == [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] t543em0gwpng2po1tgr8vv0slfbiynp Phacelia neomexicana 0 29008 146099 94383 2026-08-10T20:24:31Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}'''''Phacelia neomexicana''''', yu'shɛŋa bɛ ni lahi booni li n-nyɛ '''New Mexico phacelia''' mini '''New Mexico scorpionweed''', ka di nyɛ tia. [[Zuni people|Zuninima]] baɣisirila di jila lɔhiri kom ni n-tibiri doriti.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Camazine, Scott & Robert A. Bye |year=1980 |title=A study of the medical ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1980-12_2_4/page/365 |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=365–388 |pmid=6893476 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81017-8}}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q16756988}} [[Category:Phacelia|neomexicana]] [[Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]] [[Category:Plants described in 1859]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] {{Hydrophylloideae-stub}} {{medicinal-plant-stub}} 4pc41mc5mz2s7h5dfu4eyngejlobzuv Mirabilis linearis 0 29241 146114 95805 2026-08-10T20:49:02Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}'''''Mirabilis linearis''''', bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''narrowleaf four o'clock''', nyɛla tia balishɛli Zuni niriba yaɣili polo ka di be, di jila nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli ŋmaari tiri. Di lahi nyɛla din tibiri puuni dɔriti<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott Camazine & Robert A. Bye |year=1980 |title=A study of the medical ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1980-12_2_4/page/365 |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=365–388 |pmid=6893476 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81017-8}}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q16755666}} [[Category:Mirabilis (plant)|linearis]] [[Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]] [[Category:Plants described in 1813]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] {{Caryophyllales-stub}} {{medicinal-plant-stub}} 41420vv93e146s82b1ahot717aq07fo Oenothera coronopifolia 0 29243 146124 95809 2026-08-10T20:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}'''''Oenothera coronopifolia''''', Siliminsi ni lahi booni shɛli '''crownleaf evening primrose''', di nyɛla tia balishɛli. Zuni niriba malila lala tia ŋɔ n-tibiri mɔrilim.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott Camazine & Robert A. Bye |year=1980 |title=A study of the medical ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_1980-12_2_4/page/365 |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=365–388 |pmid=6893476 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81017-8}}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q16756431}} [[Category:Oenothera|coronopifolia]] [[Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]] [[Category:Plants described in 1840]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] {{medicinal-plant-stub}} {{Myrtales-stub}} 1pbn9rprbu6yrkkj63qu7f5nbqx4rxg Emma Amos (painter) 0 29417 146131 145863 2026-08-10T21:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Emma Amos''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la silimiin goli March biɛɣ'pinaayobu dali yuuni 1937 ka daa kpi silimiin goli May biɛɣ'pishi dali yuuni 2020) daa nyɛla African-American pɛnta pɛnta mini [[printmaker]]. ==Piligu biɛhigu== Amos daa nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so [[Atlanta, Georgia]] yuuni 1937<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/153|access-date=2020-06-02|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> ka o lammba nyɛ India DeLaine Amos mini Miles Green Amos.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|last1=Klacsmann|first1=Karen T.|title=Emma Amos (b. 1937)|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/emma-amos-b-1938|website=New Georgia Encyclopedia|access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun lahi mali beli ŋun nyɛ doo ka o yuli booni Larry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|access-date=2021-12-02|website=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> ==Legacy== Amos nyɛla ŋun daa che karimba tali tuma yuuni 2008 amaa ka nyɛ ŋun daa na kuli sɔŋdi o shikuru bihi. O yuuni 2017 tuma ''Soul of a Nation'' [[Tate]] show nyɛla din daa kpaŋsi [[Duro Olowu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2021-04-30|title=How Emma Amos's Art and Activism Powerfully Confronted Racism and Sexism|url=https://www.artnews.com/feature/emma-amos-who-is-she-why-is-she-important-1234591424/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Amos nyɛla ŋun daa kpi ni [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's dɔro]] silimiin goli May biɛɣ'pishi dali yuuni 2020 saha shɛli o ni daa nyɛ yuun pihinii ni ata.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Greenberger|first=Alex|date=2020-05-22|title=Emma Amos, Imaginative Painter Who Attacked Racism Through Figuration, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/emma-amos-dead-1202688259/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2020-05-29|title=Emma Amos, Painter Who Challenged Racism and Sexism, Dies at 83|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/arts/emma-amos-dead.html|access-date=2020-06-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Yuuni 2021, ''Emma Amos: Color Odyssey tuma ŋɔ nyɛla'' [[Shawnya Harris]] ni daa laɣim shɛli [[Georgia Museum of Art]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Salisbury|first=Stephan|date=Nov 29, 2021|title=Emma Amos' artwork is celebrated in a traveling retrospective at the Philadelphia Museum of Art|url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/emma-amos-philadelphia-museum-of-art-race-gender-retrospective-20211129.html|access-date=2022-02-04|website=inquirer.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos: Color Odyssey|url=https://georgiamuseum.org/wp-content/themes/gmoa-timber-starter-theme|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Georgia Museum of Art at the University of Georgia|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Amos' tumanima shɛli nyɛ yuuni 2022 exhibition ''Women Painting Women'' din daa niŋ [[Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth]].<ref name="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">{{cite web |title=Women Painting Women |url=https://www.themodern.org/exhibition/women-painting-women |website=Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth |access-date=14 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==Notable works in public collections== {{Div col|colwidth=40em}} *''Without Feather Boa'' (1965), [[Cleveland Museum of Art]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Without Feather Boa |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2021.142 |website=ClevelandArt |date=7 December 2021 |publisher=[[Cleveland Museum of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707192443/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2021.142 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City|New York]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Without Feather Boa |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/426633? |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226025742/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/426633 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Whitney Museum]], New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Without Feather Boa |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/60206 |website=Whitney |publisher=[[Whitney Museum]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226025816/https://whitney.org/collection/works/60206 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Baby'' (1966), Whitney Museum, New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/60510 |website=Whitney |publisher=[[Whitney Museum]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033738/https://whitney.org/collection/works/60510 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Flower Sniffer'' (1966), [[Brooklyn Museum]], New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Flower Sniffer |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/222925 |website=[[Brooklyn Museum]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517171730/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/222925 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Godzilla'' (1968), [[Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute]], [[Utica, New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Godzilla |url=http://collections.mwpai.org/objects/18337/godzilla? |website=MWPAI |publisher=[[Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226042134/http://collections.mwpai.org/objects/18337/godzilla? |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Summer, 1968'' (1968), [[Minnesota Museum of American Art]], [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Summer, 1968 |url=https://mmaacollections.omeka.net/items/show/239 |website=MMAA |publisher=[[Minnesota Museum of American Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226023421/https://mmaacollections.omeka.net/items/show/239 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''3 Ladies'' (1970), [[Art Institute of Chicago]];<ref>{{cite web |title=3 Ladies |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/248929/3-ladies |website=ArtIC |year=1970 |publisher=[[Art Institute of Chicago]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215160826/https://www.artic.edu/artworks/248929/3-ladies |archive-date=15 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Museum of Modern Art, New York;<ref>{{cite web |title=3 Ladies |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/399922? |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527061938/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/399922 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=3 Ladies |url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/345085 |website=PhilaMuseum |publisher=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226025629/https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/345085 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Sandy and Her Husband'' (1973), Cleveland Museum of Art<ref>{{cite web |title=Sandy and Her Husband |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2018.24 |website=ClevelandArt |date=30 October 2018 |publisher=[[Cleveland Museum of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808075922/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2018.24 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''American Girl'' (1974), [[British Museum]], [[London]];<ref>{{cite web |title=American Girl |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_2019-7013-2 |website=[[British Museum]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625170829/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_2019-7013-2 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Library of Congress]], [[Washington, D.C.]];<ref>{{cite web |title=American Girl |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2002722368/ |website=LOC |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226030242/https://www.loc.gov/item/2002722368/ |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Museum of Modern Art, New York;<ref>{{cite web |title=American Girl |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/172388? |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115234150/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/172388 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Philadelphia Museum of Art;<ref>{{cite web |title=American Girl |url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/342760 |website=PhilaMuseum |publisher=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701235240/https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/342760 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Girl |url=https://www.si.edu/object/american-girl-portfolio-impressions-our-world-volume-i:saam_1988.18.22 |website=SI |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226030139/https://www.si.edu/object/american-girl-portfolio-impressions-our-world-volume-i:saam_1988.18.22 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Dream Girl'' (1975), [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dream Girl |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/144680/dream-girl? |website=MFAH |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226041034/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/144680/dream-girl? |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Pool Lady'' (1980), [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pool Lady |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.221071.html |website=NGA |year=1980 |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226042035/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.221071.html |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Sand Tan'' (1980), Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sand Tan |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2002721959/ |website=LOC |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226041933/https://www.loc.gov/item/2002721959/ |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''To Sit (With Pochoir)'' (1981), [[Baltimore Museum of Art]];<ref>{{cite web |title=To Sit (With Porchoir) |url=https://collection.artbma.org/objects/99491/chance-to-sit-with-pochoir? |website=ArtBMA |publisher=[[Baltimore Museum of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033037/https://collection.artbma.org/objects/99491/chance-to-sit-with-pochoir? |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Philadelphia Museum of Art;<ref>{{cite web |title=To Sit (With Porchoir) |url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/348559 |website=PhilaMuseum |publisher=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701232808/https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/348559 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Princeton University Art Museum]], [[Princeton, New Jersey]]<ref>{{cite web |title=To Sit |url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/137428 |website=Princeton Art Museum |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033205/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/137428 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Out in Front'' (1982), [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Out in Front |url=https://collections.artsmia.org/art/127299/out-in-front-emma-amos |website=ArtsMIA |publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226025328/https://collections.artsmia.org/art/127299/out-in-front-emma-amos |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Winning'' (1982), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=Winning |url=https://www.si.edu/object/winning:saam_2019.15 |website=SI |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226040111/https://www.si.edu/object/winning:saam_2019.15 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Black Dog Blues'' (1983), Art Institute of Chicago<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Dog Blues |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/258547/black-dog-blues |website=ArtIC |year=1983 |publisher=[[Art Institute of Chicago]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817074142/https://www.artic.edu/artworks/258547/black-dog-blues |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Take One'' (1985-1987), Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Take One |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/64959? |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701134307/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/64959 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Equals'' (1992), [[Detroit Institute of Arts]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Equals |url=https://dia.org/collection/equals-113143 |website=DIA |publisher=[[Detroit Institute of Arts]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226042834/https://dia.org/collection/equals-113143 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Mississippi Wagon 1937'' (1992), British Museum, London<ref>{{cite web |title=Mississippi Wagon 1937 |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_2015-7001-2 |website=[[British Museum]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226040553/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_2015-7001-2 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Baggage'' (1993), [[Wadsworth Atheneum]], [[Hartford, Connecticut]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Baggage |url=https://5058.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Public.aspx?lang=en-US&g_AABJ=emma+amos&d=d |website=[[Wadsworth Atheneum]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226031558/https://5058.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Public.aspx?lang=en-US&g_AABJ=emma+amos&d=d |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Reminders GA & FL'' (1994), [[Williams College Museum of Art]], [[Williamstown, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Reminders GA & FL |url=https://egallery.williams.edu/objects/3516/reminders-ga--fl? |website=Williams |publisher=[[Williams College]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226035803/https://egallery.williams.edu/objects/3516/reminders-ga--fl? |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Sold'' (1994), Whitney Museum, New York;<ref>{{cite web |title=Sold |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/46856 |website=Whitney |publisher=[[Whitney Museum]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020045104/https://whitney.org/collection/works/46856 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Yale University Art Gallery]], [[New Haven, Connecticut]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sold |url=https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/217093 |website=Yale Art Gallery |publisher=[[Yale University]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226032846/https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/217093 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Tightrope'' (1994), Minneapolis Institute of Art<ref>{{cite web |title=Tightrope |url=https://collections.artsmia.org/art/137816/tightrope-emma-amos |website=ArtsMIA |publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226025411/https://collections.artsmia.org/art/137816/tightrope-emma-amos |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''About Whiteness (Red)'' (1995), Whitney Museum, New York<ref>{{cite web |title=About Whiteness (Red) |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/46857 |website=Whitney |publisher=[[Whitney Museum]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226042416/https://whitney.org/collection/works/46857 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Measuring, Measuring'' (1995), [[Birmingham Museum of Art]], [[Alabama]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring, Measuring |url=https://www.artsbma.org/collection/measuring-measuring/ |website=ArtsBMA |publisher=[[Birmingham Museum of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219041029/https://www.artsbma.org/collection/measuring-measuring/ |archive-date=19 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Solo'' (1999), [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Solo |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/2020.83/ |website=SFMoMA |publisher=[[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831000047/https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/2020.83/ |archive-date=31 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Crown'' (2002), Minneapolis Institute of Art;<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown |url=https://collections.artsmia.org/art/136878/crown-emma-amos |website=ArtsMIA |publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929050140/https://collections.artsmia.org/art/136878/crown-emma-amos |archive-date=29 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.;<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.221072.html |website=NGA |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226023716/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.221072.html |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, New Jersey<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown |url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/44186 |website=Princeton Art Museum |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226023810/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/44186 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Miss Otis'' (2002), Philadelphia Museum of Art;<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Otis |url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/307000 |website=PhilaMuseum |publisher=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> and [[Telfair Museums]], [[Savannah, Georgia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Otis |url=https://collections.telfair.org/objects/8493/miss-otis? |website=Telfair |publisher=[[Telfair Museums]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226040326/https://collections.telfair.org/objects/8493/miss-otis? |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''How Time Flies'' (2004), [[Mount Holyoke College Art Museum]], [[South Hadley, Massachusetts]]; and National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. *''Identity'' (2006), Museum of Modern Art, New York;<ref>{{cite web |title=Identity |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/134554? |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425062128/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/134554 |archive-date=25 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Smith College Museum of Art]], [[Northampton, Massachusetts]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Identity |url=https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=SC+2007.38.1 |website=Five Colleges Museum |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226030511/https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=SC+2007.38.1 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University]], [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Identity |url=https://zimmerli.emuseum.com/objects/52489/identity-from-the-portfolio-femfolio? |website=Zimmerli |publisher=[[Rutgers University]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226030737/https://zimmerli.emuseum.com/objects/52489/identity-from-the-portfolio-femfolio? |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Div col end}} ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite magazine |last=Amos |first=Emma |title=Some Do's and Don'ts for Black Women Artists |magazine=Heresies |location=New York |publisher=Heresies Collective |date=Fall 1982 |url=http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/heresies15.pdf#page=19 |page=19 |ref=none |access-date=2021-01-14 |oclc=913569846 |issn=0146-3411 |issue=15}} *{{cite book |last1=Amos |first1=Emma |last2=Gouma-Peterson |first2=Thalia |last3=Hooks |first3=Bell |last4=Mercer |first4=Valerie J |last5=Zurko |first5=Kathleen McManus|title=Emma Amos : paintings and prints 1982-92: an exhibition |url=https://archive.org/details/emmaamospainting0000amos |publisher=College of Wooster Art Museum |publication-place=Wooster, OH |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-9604658-7-3 |oclc=29579572 |ref=none}} *{{cite journal |last1=Gardner| first1=Paul| title=Taking the Plunge |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_1998-02_97_2/page/110|journal=ARTnews |date=February 1998 |volume=97 |issue=2| pages=110–113 |oclc=1053909683 |issn=0004-3273 |ref=none |location=New York, NY |publisher=ARTnews Associates}} *{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Juliette |title=Private Dancer, Private Dealer: Private Show! |journal=International Review of African American Art |location=Hampton, VA |publisher=Museum of African American Art, Hampton University |date=1999 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=2, 60 |oclc=47639248 |issn=1045-0920 |ref=none}} *{{cite book | last1=Jegede |first1=Dele |chapter=Emma Amos (b. 1938), Painter, Printmaker, Fiber Artist |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000jege/page/6/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos |chapter-url-access=registration |title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists |date=2009 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33761-1 |pages=7–11 |oclc=466422666 |ref=none |via=Internet Archive}} *{{cite book |last=Patton |first=Sharon |chapter=Living Fearlessly with and within Difference(s) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanv00dris/page/44/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos |editor-last=Driskell |editor-first=David C. |title=African American Visual Aesthetics: A Postmodernist View |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |publication-place=Washington, DC |year=1995 |isbn= 978-1-56098-605-8 |oclc=604999396 |pages=45–79 |chapter-url-access=registration |ref=none |via=Internet Archive}} *{{cite journal |last=Patton |first=Sharon |title=Emma Amos: Art Matters |journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=2002 |issue=16–17 |date=2002-09-01 |doi=10.1215/10757163-16-17-1-41 |pages=41–47 |s2cid=191325013 |ref=none |issn=2152-7792 |oclc=1021260852}} *{{cite thesis |last=Spears |first=Melanie J. |title=An Assertive Black Feminist Gaze |publisher=Howard University |location=Washington, DC |type=MA |via=ProQuest |date=May 2010 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/577604351 |id={{ProQuest|577604351}} |ref=none |url-access=subscription}} ==External links== *{{Official website}} *{{cite web |title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 1968 October 3 |website=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution |date=2021-01-12 |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-11451 |ref=none |access-date=2021-01-14}} *{{cite web |title=Emma Amos Died Just Before Her Retrospective But Her Art Is Alive As Ever |website=NPR.org |date=2021-01-13 |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/13/953516372/emma-amos-died-just-before-her-retrospective-but-her-art-is-alive-as-ever |ref=nonr |access-date=2021-01-14}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amos, Emma}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American painters]] [[Category:20th-century American printmakers]] [[Category:20th-century American women painters]] [[Category:21st-century American women painters]] [[Category:21st-century American painters]] [[Category:African-American women artists]] [[Category:20th-century American textile artists]] [[Category:American women printmakers]] [[Category:Antioch College alumni]] [[Category:Artists from Atlanta]] [[Category:Heresies Collective members]] [[Category:Mason Gross School of the Arts alumni]] [[Category:American postmodern artists]] [[Category:20th-century American women textile artists]] [[Category:African-American printmakers]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women]] [[Category:20th-century African-American painters]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women]] [[Category:21st-century African-American painters]] [[Category:21st-century American women textile artists]] [[Category:21st-century American textile artists]] [[Category:Textile artists from Georgia (U.S. state)]] on8eperhyuzrmek6mmmbfbfaaw4a0e0 El Anatsui 0 29423 146134 145908 2026-08-10T21:10:33Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''El Anatsui''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|l|_|ˌ|æ|n|ə|t|ˈ|s|uː|i}}; nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so silimiingoli February dabaanahi dali yuuni 1944 ni, <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.meer.com/en/24283-el-anatsui | title=El Anatsui | date=15 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/El-Anatsui | title=El Anatsui &#124; Biography, Art, Bottle Caps, & Facts &#124; Britannica }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.guggenheim-bilbao.eus/en/the-collection/artists/el-anatsui | title=Biografía y obras: Anatsui, el &#124; Guggenheim Museum Bilbao }}</ref> o nyɛla Ghana bilchini ŋun nucheeni tuun shɛli silimiingi ni bɔli ni [[sculptor]] la, ka o kuli bɔri o tuma zoobu polo [[Nigeria]] tingban ni. O nyɛla ŋun va solo pam hankali duniya yaangi zuɣu, ka di chaŋ mi ti jendi o baŋsim parigu din silimiingi ni boli shɛli ni "[[Bottle cap|bottle-top]] installations" la. O lala tuma ŋɔ nyɛla din mali [[Aluminium recycling|aluminum]] charichari din ni ni apataashi labi tiligi tuma shɛhi, ka di lan chani ni kupa waya nima, ka o zaŋdi ŋa nim zaa n nyɛla m mɛri o tuma maa. Lala nima nim ŋɔ balim mini di bɛhisi nyɛla din too chɛ ka o mali li n tumdi o tuma maa pam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://art21.org/artist/el-anatsui/|title=El Anatsui|last=Sollins|first=Marybeth|website=Art 21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Christinee|first=Lindsay|date=8 September 2020|title=Fall In Love With These Sustainable Artists|url=https://thewellnessfeed.com/sustainable-artists-making-art-from-trash-0908/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122032741/https://thewellnessfeed.com/sustainable-artists-making-art-from-trash-0908/ |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021|website=The Wellness Feed|language=en-US}}</ref> Anatsui nyɛla ŋun nuu daai pahi yuuni 2023 [[Time 100]] ban yuya du duniya yaagizuɣu la .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6268986/el-anatsui/ | title=El Anatsui: The 100 Most Influential People of 2023 | date=13 April 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==O pilli mini shikuru chandi== El Anatsui nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so tiŋyuli booni Anyako n be [[Volta Region]] din be [[Ghana]] tingbani la. Ŋuni n daa nyɛ o ba bihi pihita ni ayi puuni bia, Anatsui daa nyɛla ŋun koŋ o ma ka o ŋahibi daa nyɛ ŋun wumsi o. O tuuli taha zaŋkpa nucheeni tuma polo nyɛmi o daa pili mi n boori binyɛra n pari dukpuna zuɣu ni bɛ ni sabiri pariba binshɛɣu zuɣu shikuru ni.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Oguibe|first=Olu|date=Winter 1998|title=El Anatsui: Beyond Death and Nothingness|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-1998_31_1/page/48|journal=African Arts|volume=31|issue=1|pages=48–55+96|jstor=3337623|doi=10.2307/3337623}}</ref> O lala subbu subbu ŋɔ niŋbu nyɛla din daa voogi o shikuru karimba kpem hanŋkali, ŋu nin daa kpaŋsi o n ti o binsabira maa shɛŋa n pahi. O yuma ni saha shɛli o ni daa kuli naaɣi o tuuli bilim ni shikuru maa, o daa ŋun daa nyɛrila bachi koba la anfooni nima ka ni lala lihigu maa niŋ o nyɛɣisim pam.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Anatsui |first1=El |last2=James |first2=Laura Leffler |date=2008 |title=Convergence: History, Materials, and the Human Hand—An Interview with El Anatsui |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40598941 |journal=Art Journal |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=36–53 |jstor=40598941 |issn=0004-3249}}</ref> Anatsui daa deela B.A shɛhira gbaŋ yuuni 1968, [[College of Art and Built Environment (KNUST)]] din be Kumasi, Ghana ka o daa deei li. O daa lahi deei Art Education yuuni din daa doli o naabu yuuni na, yuuni 1969, [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)]] ka o daa deei li, di gba bela Kumasi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=El Anatsui &#124; Curriculum Vitae |url=https://elanatsui.art/curriculum-vitae |accessdate=22 April 2022 |website=El Anatsui}}</ref> O tuula o ni daa lihiri nucheeni tuun tumdi bɛ shabi ka o ni nyamdi shabi n nyɛ [[Oku Ampofo]], [[Vincent Kofi|Vincent Akwete Kofi]], n ti pahi [[Kofi Antubam]], ban boŋo zaa nyɛla ban daa zaɣisiri tinduya ni tuma nim bɛ tuma nim shɛhi ni di kpaŋsi bɛ mamaŋ dundoŋ ni kali ni taada din jendi nucheeni tuma polo.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akyeampong |first1=Emmanuel Kwaku |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=Vincent+Akwete+Kofi&pg=RA1-PA283 |title=Dictionary of African Biography |last2=Gates (Jr.) |first2=Henry Louis |date=2012-02-02 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |language=en}}</ref> O ni daa naagi shikuru yuuni 1969 ni, Anatsui daa niŋ la chicha kore shikuru din yuli booni Winneba Specialist Training College saha ŋɔ din pa nyɛ [[University of Education, Winneba|University of Education]]<nowiki/>la ni, yaɣi shɛli din daa pun nyɛ nucheeni baŋdi so daa beni ka o yuli booni Kofi.<ref name=":3" /> O daa nyɛla ŋun pili wuhiri shikuru din yuli nyɛ University of Nigeria, Nsukka yuuni 1975 ni.<ref name="NMOAA">[http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/anatsui.htm "El Anatsui"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230556/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/anatsui.htm |date=2011-09-27 }} biography at the National Museum of African Art, Washington, D.C.". Retrieved 24 January 2010.</ref> O daa nyɛla ŋun lee karim ba nim ban daa be nucheeni baŋsim bɔbu yaɣili din yuli booni Fine and Applied Arts department kpema yuuni 1982 ni, ka daa dɔli nyaangi na nti lee lala bɔhimbu yaɣili maa zuɣu lana ka daa lan nyɛ ŋun pa mali o nucheeni tuma maa yaɣili maa baŋsim kam yuuni 2011 ni.<ref name=":5" /> O dabisa niŋ bu shikuru din yuli booni University of Nsukka nyɛla din che ka o ti pahiri [[Nsukka group|Nsukka]] zuliya maani.<blockquote>Di nyɛla din zaŋ yuma pam ni di Kuli nyɛ nucheeni tuun tumdi ŋun yan zali yuli duniya yaɣishɛli poli o ni bɛ bɛni gba . [[William Kentridge]] nyɛla ŋun bɔhim o tuma la [[Johannesburg]] sani, ka El Anatsui mi nyɛ ŋun ʒiri duniya zaa ka na nyɛ ŋun wuhiri shikuru din yuli bokni Nigerian university din be yaɣili din yuli booni Nsukka la ni.<ref>McDonald, John, [http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/el-anatsui-out-of-africa-and-taking-the-world-by-storm-20160201-gmin4r.html "El Anatsui: out of Africa and taking the art world by storm"], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 6 February 2016.</ref></blockquote> == Nucheeni tuma == Anatsui mini ni, bɛ bikura shikuru chandi saha, ni bɛ ni daa kuli niŋdi binshɛɣu kanm daa kuli nyɛla din nyɛ tinduya ni tuma, di bahi bahindila o nucheeni yaɣili din yuli booni fine arts department o ni daa wuhiri university shɛli maa puuni. Kpaŋmaŋ pina nim shɛŋa yaha * 1990 – Public Prize, 7th Annual Triennale der Kleinplastik<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Vogel|first=Susan|url=https://archive.org/details/elanatsuiartlife0000voge|title=El Anatsui: Art and Life|publisher=Prestel|year=2012|isbn=978-3-7913-4650-2|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elanatsuiartlife0000voge/page/11 11], 41–45, 85–89, 164|url-access=registration}}</ref> * 1995 – Kansai Telecasting Prize, 6th Osaka Sculpture Triennial<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Binder, Lisa M.|title=El Anatsui when I last wrote to you about Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/elanatsuiwhenila0000anat|date=2010|publisher=Museum for African Art|isbn=978-0-945802-56-3|oclc=800807190}}</ref><ref name=":03" /> * 1998 – Bronze Prize, 9th Osaka Sculpture Triennial<ref name=":03" /> * 2008 – Visionaries! Award, [[Museum of Arts and Design]] (MAD)<ref name=":03" /> * 2009 – [[Prince Claus Fund|Prince Claus Award]] * 2009 – Artist Honoree, 30th Anniversary Celebration, [[National Museum of African Art]]<ref name=":03" /> * 2016 – Honorary doctorate, [[Harvard University]]<ref>Gibson, Katie, [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/05/nine-to-receive-honorary-degrees/ "Nine to receive honorary degrees"], ''Harvard Gazette'', 26 May 2016.</ref><ref>Gyamfi Asiedu, Kwasi, [http://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/el-anatsui-legendary-ghanaian-artist-receives-honorary-degree-from-harvard-id5090626.html "Legendary Ghanaian artist receives honorary degree from Harvard"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213203142/https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/el-anatsui-legendary-ghanaian-artist-receives-honorary-degree-from-harvard-id5090626.html |date=2024-12-13 }}, Pulse.com.gh, 30 May 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.artpremium.com/harvard-el-anatsui/ "El Anatsui to receive honorary doctorate from Harvard"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611003524/https://artpremium.com/harvard-el-anatsui/|date=11 June 2023}}, [[ArtPremium]], 3 June 2016.</ref> *2017 – Honorary doctorate, [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 December 2017 |title=KNUST honours eight personalities for invaluable services |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-honours-eight-personalities-for-invaluable-services.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134408/https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-honours-eight-personalities-for-invaluable-services.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 December 2017 |title=KNUST honours Fibre Optics inventor Dr Mensah and others |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-honours-fibre-optics-inventor-dr-mensah-and-others.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> * 2023 – ''[[Time 100]]''<ref>Tessa Solomon (13 April 2023), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/wolfgang-tillmans-simone-leigh-el-anatsui-time-100-list-1234664115/ Wolfgang Tillmans, Simone Leigh, and El Anatsui Make Time’s ‘100 Most Influential People’ List] ''[[ARTnews]]''.</ref> * 2024 – Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts, [[Bard College]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=College |first=Bard |title=Honorary Degrees at Bard College |url=https://www.bard.edu/commencement/honorary-degrees/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.bard.edu |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330110940/https://www.bard.edu/commencement/honorary-degrees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Nyami yaha== *[[Big 4 (statue)]] ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} ==Karim pahi == * {{in lang|fr}} "EL Anatsui, Tsiatsia", ''[[:fr:Le Delarge|Le Delarge]]'', [http://www.ledelarge.fr/23550_artiste_EL_ANATSUI read online]. * "El Anatsui (born 1944), Sculptor", ''[[Benezit Dictionary of Artists]]'', [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00203576 read online], {{ISBN|978-0-19-989991-3}}. * Anatsui, El and Laura Leffler James, "Convergence: History, Materials, and the Human Hand--An Interview with El Anatsui," ''Art Journal'', Vol. 67, No. 2 (Summer, 2008), pp. 36-53, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40598941 read online] * Binder, Lisa M., "Anatsui, El (born 1944), sculptor", ''Grove Art Online'', [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2086250 read online], {{ISBN|978-1-884446-05-4}}. * Binder, Lisa M., "El Anatsui: Transformations," ''African Arts'' Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer, 2008), pp. 24-37, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447883 read online] * Chilvers, Ian and John Glaves-Smith, "Anatsui, El (1944–)", ''A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art'', [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199239665.013.0080 read online], {{ISBN|978-0-19-172675-0}}. * Enwezor, Okwui and Chika Okeke-Agulu, ''El Anatsui: The Reinvention of Sculpture'', Damiani, 2022 [https://www.damianibooks.com/products/6208763] {{ISBN|9788862087636}} * Gayer, J. (2008). El Anatsui : Gawu. Espace, (86), 39–40. id.erudit.org/iderudit/9058ac * Jennifer, Anne Hart, "El Anatsui (1944)", ''Dictionary of African Biography'', [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.013.0603 read online], {{ISBN|978-0-19-985725-8}}. * LaGamme, Alisa, "The Essential Art of African Textiles: Design without End," ''African Arts'' Vol. 42, No. 1 (Spring, 2009), pp. 88-99, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447939 read online] * Oguibe, Olu. "El Anatsui: Beyond Death and Nothingness", ''African Arts,'' Vol.31, No.1 (1988), pp.&nbsp;48–55+96, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3337623 El Anatsui: Beyond Death and Nothingness] * Ottenberg, Simon, ''New Traditions from Nigeria: Seven Artists of the Nsukka group'', Smithsonian Institution Press 1997, {{ISBN|978-1-56098-800-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Sollins|first1=Marybeth|title=art:21 vol.6|publisher=Art21, Inc|isbn=978-0-615-54566-0|pages=31|year=2012}} * {{Cite book|title=El Anatsui|url=https://archive.org/details/elanatsuiartlife0000voge|url-access=registration|last=Vogel|first=Susan Mullin|publisher=Prestal|year=2012|isbn=9783791346502 }} ==External links== * [http://el-anatsui.com/ El-Anatsui.com] * [http://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/laureate-en/laureates-en/anatsui-en "El Anatsui"]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Praemium Imperiale. * [http://www.dumdum.co.uk/sphericalvr/akuas_surviving_children.html QuickTime Virtual Reality Image of "Akua's Surviving Children"]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]], London, by Jonathan Greet * Doug Britt, [http://blogs.chron.com/peep/2010/01/el_anatsui_lets_chance_collabo.html "El Anatsui lets chance, collaboration into his work"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131012221/http://blogs.chron.com/peep/2010/01/el_anatsui_lets_chance_collabo.html |date=31 January 2010 }}, ''Houston Chronicle'', 25 January 2010. * [http://www.inceptiongallery.com/en/artists/item/233-el-anatsui Inception Gallery Contemporary Art]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330133110/https://www.inceptiongallery.com/en/artists/item/233-el-anatsui |date=30 March 2022 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111028182517/http://museumchick.com/2011/10/el-anatsu-metropolitan-museum-new-york-city.html El Anatsui piece at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art] * [http://www.art21.org/artists/el-anatsui "El Anatsui"], Art21. (n.d.). Retrieved 8 December 2016. * [https://vimeo.com/180996156 'The Installation of El Anatsui's "Dusasa l" (The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art)]. Retrieved 17 January 2017. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anatsui, El}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian sculptors]] [[Category:Ghanaian male sculptors]] [[Category:21st-century sculptors]] [[Category:Ghanaian artists]] [[Category:Honorary members of the Royal Academy]] [[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni]] [[Category:People from Volta Region]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Nigeria]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian sculptors]] [[Category:Recycled art artists]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] k7wggn8ybwmxaja29k3cn7r820ywjt4 Barbara Chase-Riboud 0 29432 146153 145816 2026-08-10T21:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Barbara Chase-Riboud''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la Silimiin goli June biɛɣ'pishi ni ayɔbu dali yuuni 1939) nyɛla Americanima nucheeni baŋda, ŋun mɛri yaɣiri, lahabali sabira, ka lahi sabiri yɛltɔɣ'taɣimalisi. == Piligu biɛhigu mini shikuru baŋsim == Barbara Chase nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], ŋun nyɛ o ba Vivian May Chase mini o ma Charles Edward Chase kɔŋko bia.<ref name=SmithJCp177>Smith, Jessie C. (1991). "Barbara Chase Riboud", in ''Notable Black American Women'', p. 177 (Gale Cengage).</ref> Chase nyɛla ŋun daa wuhiri baŋsim o bilim ni zaŋ jandi nucheeni baŋsim tuma saha shɛli o ni daa chani [[Fleisher Art Memorial]] shikuru, o yuma anii saha. O nyɛla ninvuɣ bɛ ni daa na kari so shikuru ni din daa niŋ ka o "plagiarizing" o yɛltɔɣitaɣimalisi "Autumn Leaves".<ref name="Chase-Riboud2015">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Chase-Riboud|author2=John Vick|title=Everytime a Knot is Undone, a God is Released: Collected and New Poems 1974–2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR262|date=February 10, 2015|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-595-1|pages=262–}}</ref><ref name="Chase-Riboud 2013">{{cite book|last=Chase-Riboud|first=Barbara|year=2013|page=109|title=The Malcolm X Steles|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-87633-246-7}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun chaŋ [[Philadelphia High School for Girls]] bin din gbaai yuuni 1948 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1952 ka daa naai ni ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]''. O naabu dali, o sabbu "Of Understanding" nyɛla bɛ ni daa karim shɛli.<ref name="Chase-Riboud2015" /> O daa tuɣi o bɔhimbu [[University of the Arts (Philadelphia)|Philadelphia Museum School of Art]].<ref name="Chase-Riboud 2013"/> Yuuni 1956, Chase nyɛla ŋun daa nya [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] shikuru yuli booni [[Tyler School of Art|Tyler School]] ka di be [[Temple University]].<ref name="Rosenfeldt">[http://www.michaelrosenfeldart.com/artists/barbara-chase-riboud#awards-and-degrees "Barbara Chase-Riboud: Awards and Degrees"], Michael Rosenfeldt Art. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</ref> Lala yuuni maa, Chase nyɛla ŋun daa di [[John Hay Whitney]] fellowship n-daa ti bɔhim [[American Academy in Rome]] chiri pinaayi.<ref name="Rosenfeldt"/><ref name=SmithJCp178>Smith (1991), "Barbara Chase Riboud," in ''Notable Black American Women'', p. 178.</ref> ==Do'kundi mini daŋ== Paris, Chase nyɛla ŋun daa nya [[Marc Riboud]], anfooninima yaara ŋun daa be [[Magnum Photos|Magnum]] laɣingu ni. Bɛ daa niŋ amiliya yuuni 1961 [[Christmas|Christmas Day]] asori duu ni.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud: The Malcolm X Steles|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarachaseribo0000unse|author=Basualdo, Carlos|last2=Art.|first2=Philadelphia Museum of|last3=Archive.|first3=University Art Museum and Pacific Film|date=January 1, 2013|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|isbn=9780300196405|oclc=877816644}}</ref> Bɛ nyɛla ban mali bihi ayi ban nyɛ dabba, David Charles Riboud (b. 1964) mini Alexis Karol Riboud (b. 1967),<ref>{{cite book|last1=page|first1=yolanda williams|title=Encyclopedia of African American and Women Writers|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313334290}}</ref> ka nyɛ ban chaŋ gili [[Russia]], [[India]], [[Greece]] n-ti pahi [[North Africa]].<ref name="SmithJCp178" /> Yuma nyaaŋa bɛ daa luhi ka wurim. Yuuni 1981, Chase-Riboud nyɛla ŋun daa labi kuli o yidana ŋun pahiri ayi, Sergio Tosi, nucheeni tuma baŋda.<ref name="VG">{{cite web|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud|url=http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/chaseribaud_barbara.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308161329/http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/chaseribaud_barbara.html|archive-date=March 8, 2008|access-date=February 27, 2008|work=Voices from the Gap: Women Artists and Writers of Color|publisher=The University of Minnesota}}</ref> ==Legacy and honors== * 1957: John Hay Whitney Fellowship * National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship * 1979: [[Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize]] for Excellence in Fiction by an American woman, for ''Sally Hemings''.<ref name="aalbc.com">{{cite web|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud|url=http://aalbc.com/authors/barbara_chase-riboud.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314061119/http://aalbc.com/authors/barbara_chase-riboud.htm|archive-date=March 14, 2008|access-date=February 27, 2008|work=African American Literature Book Club|publisher=AALBC.com, LLC}}</ref> * 1988: [[Carl Sandburg]] Prize for ''Portrait of a Nude Woman as Cleopatra''<ref name="PBS">{{cite web|title=Imagining Sally Hemings|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/video/report3.html|access-date=February 27, 2008|work=Frontline|publisher=WGBH educational foundation}}</ref> * 1993: honorary Doctorate of Letters from [[Muhlenberg College]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book|last=Chase-Riboud|year=2013|page=116|title=The Malcolm X Steles}}</ref> * 1995: James Van Dar Zee Award for Lifetime Achievement<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite book|last=Chase-Riboud|year=2013|pages=117|title=The Malcolm X Steles}}</ref> * 1996: honorary Doctorate of Letters ka di daa yina [[University of Connecticut]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/> * 1996, knighted by the French Government and awarded the ''[[Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres]]''.<ref name="IHT">"People", ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', March 23, 1996.</ref> * 1996: commissioned by the [[United States General Services Administration]] zaŋ n-ti memorial, ''Africa Rising,'' at 240 Broadway, site of the newly designated [[African Burial Ground National Monument]], next to the federal courthouse in Lower Manhattan.<ref name="gsa">[http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/113147 "African Burial Ground Commissioned Artwork"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515030405/https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/113147 |date=2017-05-15 }}, [[General Services Administration]]</ref> * 2004: Nominated [[Hurston-Wright Legacy Award]] (Fiction) for ''Hottentot Venus''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weeks|first1=Linton|title=Red-Letter Day For Black Authors: Hurston/Wright Awards Honor 9|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A1950-2004Oct1.html|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=March 12, 2017|date=October 2, 2004}}</ref> * 2005: "Best Fiction Book of 2004" by the Black Caucus of the [[American Library Association]] for ''Hottentot Venus'' * 2007: [[College Art Association]] Women's Caucus for Art lifetime achievement award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards for Women in the Arts 2007|url=https://www.nationalwca.org/LTA/LTA2007.pdf|publisher=College Art Association Committee on Women in the Arts and the Women's Caucus for Art|access-date=March 12, 2017|archive-date=January 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102225357/http://nationalwca.org/LTA/LTA2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2007: Alain Locke Award from [[Detroit Institute of Arts]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Alain Locke Awards: Conversation with Barbara Chase-Riboud|url=http://www.dia.org/calendar/event.aspx?id=1046&iid=|website=Detroit Institute of Arts|access-date=March 12, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2020: "Anonymous Was A Woman" from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2020 - Anonymous Was A Woman|url=https://www.anonymouswasawoman.org/2020}}</ref> * 2021: "Laureate of Prix d'Honneur" from AWARE [[(Archives of Women Artists, Research and Exhibitions)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BARBARA CHASE-RIBOUD LAUREATE OF PRIX D'HONNEUR 2021|url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste_prixaware/barbara-chase-riboud/}}</ref> * 2021: "Laureate of Grand Prix Artistique de la Fondation Simone et Cino del Duca"<ref>{{cite web|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud, lauréate du Grand Prix artistique de la Fondation Simone et Cino del Duca 2021|url=https://www.academiedesbeauxarts.fr/barbara-chase-riboud-laureate-du-grand-prix-artistique-de-la-fondation-simone-et-cino-del-duca|publisher=Academy Des Beaux-Arts|date=May 17, 2021}}</ref> * 2022: knighted by the French Government and awarded the "[[Legion d'Honneur]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=La promotion du 1er janvier de la Légion d'honneur distingue|url=https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/sites/default/files/presse_dl/20220101_lhcp.pdf}}</ref> ==Selected works== ===Sculptures=== *''Last Supper'' (1958)<ref name="Chase-Riboud2015" /> *''Bullfighter'' (1958)<ref name="Chase-Riboud2015" /> *''Malcolm&nbsp;X'' (1970) *''Why Did We Leave Zanibar'' (1971)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Selz|first1=Peter|title=Retrospective: Reflections on Barbara Chase-Riboud|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_callaloo_summer-2009_32_3/page/879|journal=Callaloo|date=2009|volume=32|pages=879–881|jstor=27743064|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|doi=10.1353/cal.0.0488|s2cid=162215401}}</ref> *''Confession for Myself'' (1973) *''Cleopatra's Cape'' (1973) *''Africa Rising'' (1998) *''Mao's Organ'' (2008) ===Novels=== *''Sally Hemings: A Novel'' (1979). {{ISBN|978-0-312-24704-1}}/reprinted in paperback, 2009 *''Valide: A Novel of the Harem'' (1986). {{ISBN|978-0-688-04334-6}} *''Echo of Lions'' (1989). {{ISBN|978-0-688-06407-5}} *''The President's Daughter'' (1994). {{ISBN|978-0-345-38970-1}}/reprinted in paperback, 2009 *''Hottentot Venus: A Novel'' (2003). {{ISBN|978-0-385-50856-8}} *''The Great Mrs. Elias: A Novel'' (2022). {{ISBN|978-0-063-01990-4}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-great-mrs-elias-barbara-chase-riboud?variant=39344380248098|title=The Great Mrs. Elias, A Novel By Barbara Chase-Riboud|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers}}</ref> ===Poetry=== *''From Memphis & Peking'' (1974). {{ISBN|978-0-394-48899-8}} *''Portrait of a Nude Woman as Cleopatra'' (1987). {{ISBN|978-0-688-06403-7}} *''Everytime a Knot is Undone, a God is Released'' (2014). {{ISBN|978-1-60980-594-4}} === Memoir === * ''I Always Knew: A Memoir'' (2022). {{ISBN|9780691234274}} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist|30em}} == Further reading == *Darlene Clark Hine, Elsa Barkley Brown, and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn (eds), "Barbara Chase-Riboud", ''Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia.'' Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993. *Basulado, Carlos and BCR. ''Barbara Chase-Riboud: The Malcolm ''X'' Steles Catalogue'', 2013 (Philadelphia Museum of Art & Yale University Press). {{ISBN|978-0-87633-246-7}} PMA, & {{ISBN|978-0-300-19640-5}} Yale *Dawson, Emma Waters. "Witnesses and Practitioners: Attitudes toward Miscegenation in Barbara Chase-Riboud's Sally Hemings." In Dolan Hubbard (ed.), ''Recovered Writers/Recovered Texts''. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1997, 1–14. *Farrington, Lisa E. ''Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists''. 2004 (Oxford University Press) *Heller, Nancy. ''Women Artists: An Illustrated History'', 1987 (Cross River Press) *Janson, H. W., ''History of Art'', 1995 (Harry N. Abrams, Inc.) *Lewis, Samella. ''ART: African American'', 1990 (Hancraft Press) *McKee, Sarah. "Barbara Chase-Riboud (1939– )". ''Contemporary African American Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook.'' Ed. Emmanuel S. Nelson. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. 82–87. *Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. "Representing the Constitution: Embodiments of America in Barbara Chase-Riboud's Echo of Lions." ''Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction'' 36.4 (1995 Summer): 258–80. *Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. {{"'}}I Write in Tongues': The Supplement of Voice in Barbara Chase-Riboud's Sally Hemings", ''Contemporary Literature'' 35.1 (Spring 1994): 100–35. *Russell, John. "Review of Sally Hemmings". ''The New York Times,'' September 5, 1979. *{{cite journal | last1 = Salviati | first1 = Yvette | year = 1987 | title = La 'Barque secréte' d'un demi-dieu: Thomas Jefferson dans La Virginienne | journal = Mythes, Croyances et Religions dans le Monde Anglo-Saxon | volume = 5 | pages = 163–86 }} *{{Cite book|title=Barbara Chase-Riboud, sculptor|author-last1=Selz|author-first1= Peter|author-last2=Janson|author-first2= Anthony F.|date=1999|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|isbn=0810941074|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarachaseribo00pete/page/17 |pages=17–28|oclc=40820940}} {{ISBN|978-0-8109-4107-6}} *Simmons, Charitey. "Thomas Jefferson: Intimate History, Public Debate". ''Chicago Tribune'', July 3, 1979. *Smith, Carney. ''Notable Black American Women'', 1991 (Gale Cengage). {{ISBN|978-0-8103-4749-6}} *Barbara Chase-Riboud, ''Callaloo''. 2009 (Johns Hopkins University Press). ISSN 0161-2492 *Trescott, Jacqueline. "The Hemmings Affair: The Black Novelist and Jefferson's Mistress". ''Washington Post'', June 15, 1979. == Related links == *[http://www.theartblog.org/2013/10/barbara-chase-ribouds-bronze-steles-and-paper-monuments-at-the-philadelphia-museum-of-art/ The Art Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123101305/https://www.theartblog.org/2013/10/barbara-chase-ribouds-bronze-steles-and-paper-monuments-at-the-philadelphia-museum-of-art/ |date=2023-11-23 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192220/http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/nwtonight/item/60445-decades-in-the-making-barbara-chase-riboud-brings- Decades in the Making] *{{YouTube|6bIPNOVe24Q|BCR's Malcolm X Steles Exhibit video}} *Fred B. Adelson, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/05/barbara-chase-riboud-malcolm-x-sculptures/3447585/ "Barbara Chase-Riboud brings Malcolm X sculptures home"], ''USA Today'', November 5, 2013 *[http://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/chaseriboud1292/?keywords=chase-riboud Barbara Chase-Riboud papers] at the [http://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Library], Emory University * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyioJJIl4Hg "American expat artist living in Paris France – Barbara Chase-Riboud"], YouTube video, April 27, 2010. * [http://moussemagazine.it/barbara-chase-riboud-hans-ulrich-obrist-2017/ "Memory Is Everything: Barbara Chase-Riboud"], Barbara Chase-Riboud in conversation with Hans Ulrich Obrist, ''Mousse Magazine'', 60 * [https://www.mythofacolorblindfrance.com/ ''Myth of a Colorblind France'']. Documentary by Alan Govenar featuring Barbara Chase-Riboud. <!--* [https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-great-mrs-elias-barbara-chase-riboud?variant=39344380248098], The Great Mrs. Elias, A Novel by Barbara Chase-Riboud--> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chase-Riboud, Barbara}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women]] [[Category:20th-century American novelists]] [[Category:20th-century American poets]] [[Category:20th-century American sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century American women sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century American women writers]] [[Category:21st-century African-American artists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women writers]] [[Category:21st-century African-American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:21st-century American poets]] [[Category:21st-century American women writers]] [[Category:African-American novelists]] [[Category:African-American poets]] [[Category:African-American sculptors]] [[Category:American expatriates in France]] [[Category:American expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:American historical novelists]] [[Category:American women poets]] [[Category:21st-century American women sculptors]] [[Category:21st-century American sculptors]] [[Category:Artists from Philadelphia]] [[Category:Novelists from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Philadelphia High School for Girls alumni]] [[Category:Sculptors from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Temple University Tyler School of Art alumni]] [[Category:University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni]] [[Category:American women historical novelists]] [[Category:Writers from Philadelphia]] [[Category:Yale School of Architecture alumni]] [[Category:African-American women sculptors]] gesvxdvzfp2sjjkygz7j9mwt957grzk Betye Saar 0 29472 146144 145811 2026-08-10T21:34:49Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Betye Irene Saar''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la silimiin July biɛɣ'pihita dali yuuni 1926) nyɛla Americanima nucheeni baŋda ka niriba pam mi o ka di nyɛla tun'shɛŋa o ni tum[[Assemblage (art)|assemblage]] zuɣu. Saar nyɛla lihigu lahabalitira n-ti pahi "printmaker". Saar nyɛla ŋun daa be [[Black Arts Movement]] yuuni 1970s.<ref>Miranda, Carolina A. [https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-ca-cam-betye-saar-20160501-story.html "For Betye Saar, there's no dwelling on the past"], ''Los Angeles Times'', Retrieved July 28, 2018.</ref> O tuma nyɛla din jandi siyaasa tali dama o nyɛla ŋun tooi ŋmɛri African Americanima tuma din be chaŋ viɛnyɛla nangbankpeeni ; Saar nyɛla niriba pam ni mi so ka di nyɛla kpaŋmaŋ shɛli o ni daa niŋ [[anti-Black racism]] din be United States zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/betye-saar-40902|title=Betye Saar|website=Biography|language=en-us|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524003850/https://www.biography.com/people/betye-saar-40902|archive-date=2018-05-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Piligu biɛhigu, shikuru baŋsim n-ti pahi == Betye Saar nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so ka boli o Betye Irene Brown silimiin goli July biɛɣ'pihita dali yuuni 1926, o lammba nyɛ Jefferson Maze Brown mini Beatrice Lillian Parson ka bɛ be Los Angeles, California.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite news|title=Betye Saar {{!}} American artist and educator|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Betye-Saar|access-date=2018-02-17}}</ref> O lammba maa zaa nyɛla ban chaŋ [[University of California, Los Angeles]], ni ka bɛ daa nya taba. Saar nyɛla ŋun daa be Los Angeles o bilim saha.<ref name="Britannica"/> Din daa niŋ ka o ba kpi nyaaŋa yuuni 1931, Saar mini o ma, tizodoo n-ti pahi tizopaɣa nyɛla ban daa labi o ba ma Irene Hannah Maze sani [[Watts, Los Angeles|Watts neighborhood]] din be Los Angeles. Daŋ maa daa lahi labi [[Pasadena, California]] n-ti be Saar's ma tizopaɣa Hatte Parson Keys mini o yidana Robert E. Keys sani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Betye Saar: Uneasy Dancer|url=https://archive.org/details/betyesaaruneasyd0000unse|last=Betye|first=Saar|others=Mainetti, Mario,, Fondazione Prada (Milan, Italy)|isbn=9788887029673|location=Milan|oclc=959419696|year = 2016}}</ref> O ni daa zoorina, Saar nyɛla ŋun daa maani binshɛŋa din saɣim.<ref name=":3" /> O collagɛ shikuru nyɛla din daa piligi [[Pasadena City College]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|date=April 29, 2016|title=For Betye Saar, there's no dwelling on the past; the almost-90-year-old artist has too much future to think about|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-ca-cam-betye-saar-20160501-story.html|access-date=2018-02-17|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> ka daa tuɣi o bɔhimbu [[University of California, Los Angeles]] din daa niŋ ka o deegi "tuition award" nyaaŋa.<ref name=":2" /> Saar daa nya B.A. in design yuuni 1947.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Tani|first=Ellen Y.|date=2016-12-13|title=Keeping Time in the Hands of Betye Saar: Betye Saar|url=https://archive.org/details/american-quarterly_2016-12_68_4/page/1081|journal=American Quarterly|language=en|volume=68|issue=4|pages=1081–1109|doi=10.1353/aq.2016.0082|s2cid=152115209|issn=1080-6490}}</ref> O daa lahi chaŋ [[California State University, Long Beach]], [[University of Southern California]], [[California State University, Northridge]] n-ti pahi [[American Film Institute]].<ref name="Carpenter">{{Cite book|last=Carpenter|first=Jane H.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780764923494|title=Betye Saar|publisher=Pomegranate Communications|year=2004|isbn=978-0764923494}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun daa kuli Richard Saar ka bɛ daa dɔɣi bi'puɣiŋsi ata: Tracye, [[Alison Saar|Alison]] n-ti pahi [[Lezley Saar|Lezley]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://art-now-and-then.blogspot.com/2015/09/betye-saar.html | title=Art Now and Then: Betye Saar| date=September 2015}}</ref> == Artistic career == === Early work === Saar nyɛla ŋun daa piligi o zaɣ'kuritali tali tuma ni niriba biɛhisuŋ wuhibu pɔi ka daa bɔhim nucheeni baŋsim.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tani|first=Ellen Y.|date=2016-12-13|title=Keeping Time in the Hands of Betye Saar: Betye Saar|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/641476|journal=American Quarterly|language=en|volume=68|issue=4|pages=1081–1109|doi=10.1353/aq.2016.0082|s2cid=152115209|issn=1080-6490}}</ref> == Solo exhibitions == {{BLP sources section|date=October 2020}} * 1973 [[California State University]], Los Angeles, California. * 1975 [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], New York, New York. * 1976 [[Wadsworth Atheneum]], Hartford, Connecticut and [[Monique Knowlton Gallery]], New York, New York. * 1977 Baun-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California and [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], San Francisco, California. * 1979 Baum-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California. * 1980 [[Studio Museum in Harlem]], New York, New York. * 1981 Baum-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California and Monique Knowlton Gallery, New York, New York. * 1982 Quay Gallery, San Francisco, California. * 1983 Women's Art Movement, Adelaide, Australia and Canberra School of Art, Canberra Connecticut, Australia. * 1984 California, Los Angeles, California and Georgia State University Art Gallery, Atlanta, Georgia. * 1987 [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], Cambridge, Massachusetts. * 1988 Taichung Museum of Art, Taichung, Taiwan. * 1989 [[City Gallery Wellington]], Wellington, New Zealand and Art space, Auckland, New Zealand * 1990 [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]], California. * 1991 Objects Gallery, Chicago, Illinois. * 1992 The Ritual Journey. Joseloff Gallery, [[University of Hartford]], Connecticut. * 1993 [[Fresno Art Museum]], Fresno, California. * 1994 [[Santa Monica Museum of Art]], Santa Monica, California. * 1996 [[Des Moines Art Center]], Des Moines, Iowa and [[Palmer Museum of Art|The Palmer Museum of Art]], Penn State College, Pennsylvania and [[de Saisset Museum]], Santa Clara, California and [[Joslyn Art Museum]], Omaha, Nebraska. * 1997 [[Tacoma Art Museum]], Tacoma, Washington. * 1998 Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York, New York and Jan Baum Gallery, Los Angeles, California and [[California African-American Museum|California African American Museum]], Los Angeles, California. * 1999 [[University of New Mexico Art Museum]], University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Anderson Ranch Art Center, Snowmass, Colorado and [[The Detroit Institute of Arts]], Detroit, Michigan. * 2000 [[Savannah College of Art and Design|Savannah College of Art & Design]], Savannah, Georgia and Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York City, New York. * 2002 Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ * 2005 [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]], Ann Arbor, Michigan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ur.umich.edu/0506/Oct24_05/26.shtml|title=Photo: UMMA presents "Betye Saar: Extending the Frozen Moment"|website=www.ur.umich.edu|access-date=2020-03-11|archive-date=2022-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319181613/https://www.ur.umich.edu/0506/Oct24_05/26.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2006 [[Crocker Art Museum]], Sacramento, California * 2014 Roberts & Tilton, Culver City, California * 2016 [[Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art]], Scottsdale, Arizona<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joyce|first=Erin|date=2016-02-26|title=Six Decades of Betye Saar's Personal, Political, and Mystical Art|url=https://hyperallergic.com/272958/six-decades-of-betye-saars-personal-political-and-mystical-art/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 [[Fondazione Prada]], Milan Italy<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Slenske|first=Michael|date=2017|title=Acquisitions & Mergers: A new exhibition at the Craft and Folk Art Museum in Los Angeles is the latest showcase for the powerful work of assemblage artist Betye Saar|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5482326ce4b08d533c15c0c1/t/597b931f3a0411d79b04d3ef/1501270844491/Saar.Slenkse.pdf|journal=Magazine Antiques|volume=184|pages=84–91|via=EBSCOhost Art Full Text}}</ref> * 2016 Roberts & Tilton, Culver City, California * 2017 [[Craft and Folk Art Museum]] (now Craft Contemporary), Los Angeles<ref name=":4" /> * 2018 Roberts Projects, Culver City, California<ref>[https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/betye-saar-roberts-projects-los-angeles-11365/ "Betye Saar at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles"], ''ARTnews'', November 16, 2018.</ref> * 2019 New York Historical Society, New York, NY * 2019 [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York, NY<ref>{{Cite web|title=Betye Saar: The Legends of Black Girl's Window {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/5060|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> * 2019 [[LACMA]], Los Angeles, CA<ref>[https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/betye-saar-call-and-response "Betye Saar: Call and Response"], LACMA.</ref><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-09-19/museum-shows-things-to-do-in-la-this-week-sept-22-29-betye-saar-lacma-lari-pittman-hammer-museum "Museums in L.A. this week: Betye Saar exhibit at LACMA and more"], ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ollman|first=Leah|date=2019|title=Betye Saar in the Studio|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/betye-saar-in-the-studio-63638/|journal=Art in America|volume=107|pages=86–95|via=EBSCOhost Art Full Text}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baca|first=April|date=2020|title=On Dis/Appearance and Familiar Objects: Betye Saar at LACMA|url=https://www.academia.edu/43534572|journal=Art Journal|volume=79|issue=2|pages=114–116|doi=10.1080/00043249.2020.1750852|s2cid=221055760|via=EBSCOhost Art Full Text}}</ref> * 2020 [[Morgan Library & Museum]], New York, NY<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-29|title=Betye Saar: Call and Response|url=https://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/betye-saar|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Morgan Library & Museum|language=en}}</ref> * 2021 [[Nasher Sculpture Center]], Dallas, TX<ref>{{cite web |title=Betye Saar: Call and Response September 25, 2021 - January 2, 2022 {{!}} Exhibition |url=https://www.nashersculpturecenter.org/art/exhibitions/exhibition/id/1802?betye-saar-call-and-response |publisher=Nasher Sculpture Center |access-date=July 20, 2024 |date=2021}}</ref> * 2022 [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami]], FL<ref>{{cite web |title=Betye Saar: Serious Moonlight |url=https://icamiami.org/exhibition/betye-saar/ |website=Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami |access-date=July 20, 2024 |date=2021}}</ref> == Awards and honors == {{BLP sources section|date=October 2020}} * 1984 and 1974: [[National Endowment for the Arts]] Artist Fellowship * 1990: 22nd Annual Artist Award, The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York * 1990: J. Paul Getty Fund for the Visual Arts Fellowship * 1991: Honorary Doctorate Degree: [[California College of the Arts]] * 1991: [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]]<ref>[https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/betye-saar/ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellows - Betye Saar"]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, Retrieved 28 July 2018.</ref> * 1992: Honorary Doctorate Degrees: [[Otis College of Art and Design]] and [[San Francisco Art Institute]] * 1992: James Van Der Zee Award, Brandywine Workshop, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania * 1993: Distinguished Artist Award, Fresno Art Museum * 1995: Honorary Doctorate Degrees: [[California Institute of the Arts]] and [[Massachusetts College of Art]] * 1997: The Visual Artists Award, The Flintridge Foundation, Pasadena, California * 2014: [[Edward MacDowell Medal]]<ref>[https://www.macdowellcolony.org/medal-day-history "MacDowell Medalists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730080504/https://www.macdowellcolony.org/medal-day-history |date=2018-07-30 }}, MacDowell Colony, Retrieved 28 July 2018.</ref> * 2020: Wolfgang-Hahn-Preis Köln<ref>[https://gesellschaft-museum-ludwig.de/initiativen-und-preise/wolfgang-hahn-preis/index.php#accordion-headline Museum Luwdwig - Bisherige Preisträgerinnen und Preisträger:]</ref> == Notable works in public collections == *''Aries Nymph'' (1966), [[University Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Aries Nymph |url=https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=UM+1967.17 |website=Five Colleges Museums |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts, Amherst]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612201124/https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=UM+1967.17 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''A Siege of Sirens'' (1966), [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] and [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A Siege of Sirens |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/313590/a-siege-of-sirens? |website=MFA |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612190733/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/313590/a-siege-of-sirens |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Siege of Sirens |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/284163 |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415150645/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/284163 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Vision of El Cremo'' (1967), [[Palmer Museum of Art]], [[State College, Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vision of El Cremo |url=https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/palmer/id/6751/rec/2 |website=Penn State Libraries |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612193537/https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/palmer/id/6751/rec/2 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Black Girl's Window'' (1969), [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Girl's Window |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/167631 |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428104844/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/167631 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Gris-Gris Box'' (1972), [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gris-Gris Box |url=https://www.moca.org/collection/work/gris-gris-box |website=MOCA |publisher=[[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507224108/https://www.moca.org/collection/work/gris-gris-box |archive-date=7 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''The Liberation of Aunt Jemima'' (1972), [[Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive]], [[California]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Liberation of Aunt Jemima |url=https://webapps.cspace.berkeley.edu/bampfa/object/1972.84 |website=BAMPFA |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612195939/https://webapps.cspace.berkeley.edu/bampfa/object/1972.84 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''It's Only A Matter of Time'' (1974), [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{cite news |title=It's Only A Matter of Time |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu//collection/artwork/?edanUrl=edanmdm%3Ahmsg_86.4105 |newspaper=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden &#124; Smithsonian |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612185642/https://hirshhorn.si.edu//collection/artwork/?edanUrl=edanmdm%3Ahmsg_86.4105 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''The Time Inbetween'' (1974), [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Time Inbetween |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/78.19/ |website=SFMoMA |publisher=[[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602225233/https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/78.19/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Indigo Mercy'' (1975), [[Studio Museum in Harlem]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigo Mercy |url=https://studiomuseum.org/node/60883 |website=Studio Museum |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612195354/https://studiomuseum.org/node/60883 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''The Birds and The Beasts Were There'' (1976), [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The Birds and The Beasts Were There |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu//collection/artwork/?edanUrl=edanmdm%3Ahmsg_86.4103 |newspaper=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden &#124; Smithsonian |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612185734/https://hirshhorn.si.edu//collection/artwork/?edanUrl=edanmdm%3Ahmsg_86.4103 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Dark Erotic Dream'' (1976), [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Dark Erotic Dream |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu//collection/artwork/?edanUrl=edanmdm%3Ahmsg_86.4104 |newspaper=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden &#124; Smithsonian |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612185517/https://hirshhorn.si.edu//collection/artwork/?edanUrl=edanmdm%3Ahmsg_86.4104 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Keep for Old Memoirs'' (1976), [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Keep for Old Memoirs |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/166436 |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226042835/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/166436 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Samadhi'' (1977), [[High Museum of Art]], [[Atlanta]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Samadhi |url=https://high.org/collections/samadhi/ |website=High |publisher=[[High Museum of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617015447/https://high.org/collections/samadhi/ |archive-date=17 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Twilight Awakening'' (1978), [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Twilight Awakening |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.199196.html |website=NGA |date=1978 |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411021519/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.199196.html |archive-date=11 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Window of Ancient Sirens'' (1979), [[Studio Museum in Harlem]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Window of Ancient Sirents |url=https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/window-ancient-sirens |website=Studio Museum |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612195442/https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/window-ancient-sirens |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Dat Ol' Black Magic'' (1981), [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dat Ol' Black Magic |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.168839.html |website=NGA |date=1981 |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617230325/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.168839.html |archive-date=17 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Ball of Fire'' (1985), [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ball of Fire |url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/82999 |website=PhilaMuseum |publisher=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226042846/https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/82999 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Cryptic Confessions, The Question'' (1988), [[Boca Raton Museum of Art]], [[Florida]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Cryptic Confessions, The Question |url=https://bocamuseum.org/art/collection-highlights/painting-and-sculpture/cryptic-confessions-question |website=Boca Museum |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612184913/https://bocamuseum.org/art/collection-highlights/painting-and-sculpture/cryptic-confessions-question |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''The Differences Between'' (1989), [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Differences Between |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/35264/the-differences-between? |website=MFA |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612190400/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/35264/the-differences-between |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''House of Ancient Memory'' (1989), [[Walker Art Center]], [[Minneapolis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Ancient Memory |url=https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/house-of-ancient-memory |website=Walker Art |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907072651/https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/house-of-ancient-memory |archive-date=7 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''La Luz'' (1989), [[Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute]], [[Utica, New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=La Luz |url=http://collections.mwpai.org/objects/11622/la-luz? |website=MWPAI |publisher=[[Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612192249/http://collections.mwpai.org/objects/11622/la-luz |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Wishing for Winter'' (1989), [[Smithsonian Museum of American Art]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Wishing for Winter |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/wishing-winter-33923 |website=SAAM |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226042836/https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/wishing-winter-33923 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Ancestral Spirit Chair'' (1992), [[Smith College Museum of Art]], [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancestral Spirit Chair |url=https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=SC+1992.42 |website=Five Colleges Museums |publisher=[[Smith College]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612195632/https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=SC+1992.42 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Gris Gris Guardian'' (1990-1993), [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=I'll Bend But I Will Not Break |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/182805 |website=LACMA |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612190159/https://collections.lacma.org/node/182805 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''The Trickster'' (1994), [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Trickster |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.223891.html |website=NGA |date=1994 |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612193131/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.223891.html |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Whitey's Way'' (1970-1996), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Whitey's Way |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/486896 |website=Met Museum |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624013423/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/486896 |archive-date=24 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Blow Top Blues: The Fire Next Time'' (1998), [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] and [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Blow Top Blues: The Fire Next Time |url=https://collections.artsmia.org/art/59525/blow-top-blues-betye-saar |website=MIA |publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316140740/https://collections.artsmia.org/art/59525/blow-top-blues-betye-saar |archive-date=16 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Blow Top Blues: The Fire Next Time |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.201328.html |website=NGA |date=1998 |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914180952/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.201328.html |archive-date=14 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''I'll Bend But I Will Not Break'' (1998), [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=I'll Bend But I Will Not Break |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/2261898 |website=LACMA |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612190028/https://collections.lacma.org/node/2261898 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''The Long Memory'' (1998), [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[Smith College Museum of Art]], [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Long Memory |url=https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/long-memory |website=PAFA |date=28 December 2014 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921003517/https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/long-memory |archive-date=21 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Long Memory |url=https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=SC+2017.68.7 |website=Five Colleges Museums |publisher=[[Smith College]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612200909/https://museums.fivecolleges.edu/detail.php?t=objects&type=ext&id_number=SC+2017.68.7 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Maid-Rite (Mask Eyes)'' (1998), [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]], [[Philadelphia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Long Memory |url=https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/maid-rite-mask-eyes |website=PAFA |date=28 December 2014 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921004920/https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/maid-rite-mask-eyes |archive-date=21 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Mother and Children in Blue'' (1998), [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mother and Children in Blue |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/12580 |website=Whitney |publisher=[[Whitney Museum of American Art]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702164149/https://whitney.org/collection/works/12580 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Wot's Dat'' (1998) from the series ''Workers + Warriors: The Return of Aunt Jemima'', [[Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art]], [[Ithaca, New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Wot's Dat |url=https://emuseum.cornell.edu/objects/36558/wots-dat-from-the-series-workers--warriors-the-return-of? |website=Johnson Museum |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612185032/https://emuseum.cornell.edu/objects/36558/wots-dat-from-the-series-workers--warriors-the-return-of |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * Paysour, Fleur. "Wonders of the House of Saar." ''International Review of African American'' Art vol. 20, no. 3 (2005), pp.&nbsp;51–3 * Willette, Jeanne S. M. "Stitching Lives: Fabric in the Art of Betye Saar." ''Fiberarts'' vol. 23 (March/April 1997), pp.&nbsp;44–81 * Van Proyen, M. "A Conversation with Betye and Alison Saar" [interview]. ''Artweek'' v. 22 (August 15, 1991) pp.&nbsp;3+ * Etra, John. "Family Ties." ''ARTnews'' vol. 90 (May 1991), pp.&nbsp;128–33. * {{Cite book|title=Betye Saar: Extending the Frozen Moment|last1=Betye|first1=Saar|last2=Steward|first2=James Christen|date=2005|location=Ann Arbor; Berkeley|publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0520246621|oclc=475795090|url=https://archive.org/details/betyesaarextendi00saar}} * Farris, Phoebe. [https://archive.org/details/womenartistsofco00farr "Saar, Betye"] [entry in] ''Women Artists of Color: A Biocritical Sourcebook to 20th Century Artists in the Americas''. Phoebe Farris, ed. Westport, Connecticut: 1999. pp. 333–339. Entry includes biography, selected exhibitions, 41-item bibliography, and biographical essay. {{isbn|978-0313303746}} {{oclc|501018300}} *Jones, Kellie et al. Now dig this! : art & Black Los Angeles, 1960–1980. 2011. Los Angeles: Hammer Museum, 2011. {{isbn|9783791351360}} {{oclc|729342146}} * [[Kellie Jones|Jones, Kellie]]. ''South of Pico: African American Artists in Los Angeles in the 1960s and 1970s''. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017. * {{Cite book|title=Jane H Carpenter with Betye Saar, The David C. Driskell Series of African American Art: Volume II}} * {{Cite book|title=Betye Saar, Extending the Frozen Movement}} * {{Cite book|title=Betye Saar : Migrations, Transformations: September 8-October 28, 2006|last1=Saar|first1=Betye|last2= Lovell|first2=Whitfield|last3=Saar-Cavanaugh|first3=Tracye|last4=Sims|first4=Lowery Stokes|last5=Ulmer|first5=Sean M.|publisher=Michael Rosenfeld Gallery|location=New York|isbn=978-1930416376|oclc=75525110|year = 2006}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.betyesaar.net/press/Saar_%20LATIMES_May1%202016.pdf|title=LA Times|access-date=2024-12-01|archive-date=2024-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705104946/http://betyesaar.net/press/Saar_%20LATIMES_May1%202016.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=https://arthistoryoftheday.wordpress.com/2011/09/27/betye-saar-the-liberation-of-aunt-jemima-1972/|title=Betye Saar, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima 1972|date=2011-09-28}} == External links == {{Commons category|Betye Saar|nowrap=yes}} * {{official|http://www.betyesaar.net/}} * [https://www.robertsprojectsla.com/artists/betye-saar Betye Saar] at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saar, Betye}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:Assemblage artists]] [[Category:American contemporary artists]] [[Category:African-American contemporary artists]] [[Category:African-American feminists]] [[Category:American feminists]] [[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]] [[Category:California State University, Long Beach alumni]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American women printmakers]] [[Category:20th-century American women artists]] [[Category:20th-century American printmakers]] [[Category:Activists from California]] [[Category:21st-century American women artists]] [[Category:Artists from Los Angeles]] [[Category:African-American printmakers]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women]] [[Category:Aunt Jemima]] e5smig8j544hy9hkjfcz9gorxxxmqxo Jacob Lawrence 0 29516 146194 97223 2026-08-10T22:55:01Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacob Armstead Lawrence''' ( bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli September dabaayɔpoin dali yuuni 1917 ka o kani silimiingoli June dabaawei dali yuuni 2000) o daa nyɛla ŋun tumdi nucheeni tuma din nyɛ peentin . Lawrence bolila o ni peentiri sham maala "dynamic [[cubism]]", nucheeni tuma din yuli du pam Europe tingban ni, ka di nyɛ din nyam ka kpaŋssi (West African mini Meso-American) nucheeni tuma == O mamaŋ taarihi == Lawrence's paɣi n nyɛɛ , [[Gwendolyn Knight]], ka o daa che o ka kani yuuni 2005 o ni daa nyɛ yuun pihi Wei ni yini 91.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/obituaries/27knight.html |first=Christopher |last=Lehmann-Haupt |title=Gwendolyn Knight, 91, Artist Who Blossomed Late in Life, Is Dead|newspaper=The New York Times|date= February 27, 2005 |access-date=February 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211123228/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/obituaries/27knight.html |archive-date=December 11, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> == O tuma ni kpaŋmaŋ pina nima == * 1945: Awarded a fellowship in the fine arts by the [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|Guggenheim Foundation]]<ref name=gug>{{cite web |url = https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/jacob-lawrence/ |title = Jacob Lawrence |access-date = August 18, 2020 |website = John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |archive-date = September 28, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093415/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/jacob-lawrence/ |url-status = live }}</ref> * 1970: Awarded the [[Spingarn Medal]] by the [[NAACP]] for his outstanding achievements<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YcGvB-9FALgC | page = 422 | access-date = August 18, 2020 | title = African-American Firsts: Famous, Little-known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America | date = 1994 | publisher = Pinto Press | isbn = 9780758241665 | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093415/https://books.google.com/books?id=YcGvB-9FALgC | url-status = live }}</ref> * 1971: Elected an associate member of the [[National Academy of Design]] * 1978: Elected a member of the National Academy of Design * 1983: Elected a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] * 1990: Awarded the U.S. [[National Medal of Arts]] * 1995: Elected a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708104413/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf|archive-date=July 8, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> * 1996: The Meadows School of the Arts at [[Southern Methodist University]] awarded him the Algur H. Meadows Award for Excellence.<ref name="SMU">{{cite web|url=http://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/m2017a.html|title=RECIPIENTS OF THE ALGUR H. MEADOWS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE IN THE ARTS|publisher=SMU News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609143025/http://www.smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/m2017a.html|archive-date=June 9, 2007}}</ref> * 1998: Awarded the highest honor of Washington state, [[The Washington Medal of Merit]] The eighteen institutions that awarded Lawrence honorary degrees include [[Harvard University]], [[Yale University]], [[Howard University]], [[Amherst College]], and [[New York University]].<ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|last=Cotter|first=Holland|author-link=Holland Cotter|date=June 10, 2000|title=Jacob Lawrence Is Dead at 82; Vivid Painter Who Chronicled Odyssey of Black Americans|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/10/arts/jacob-lawrence-dead-82-vivid-painter-who-chronicled-odyssey-black-americans.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826025412/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/10/arts/jacob-lawrence-dead-82-vivid-painter-who-chronicled-odyssey-black-americans.html|archive-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> == Nyami yaha == * [[List of African-American visual artists]] * [[List of Federal Art Project artists]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ;Karindi shɛŋa yaha * Bearden, Romare, and Henderson, Harry. ''A History of African-American Artists (From 1792 to the Present)'', pp.&nbsp;293–314, Pantheon Books (Random House), 1993, {{ISBN|0-394-57016-2}} * Caro, Julie Levin, and Jeff Arnal, eds (2019). ''Between Form and Content : Perspectives on Jacob Lawrence + Black Mountain College''. Asheville, N.C.: Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center. {{ISBN|1532372930}}. *Caro, Julie Levin and Storm Janse van Rensburg, ed. (2020). ''Jacob Lawrence : Lines of Influence''. Zurich, Switzerland : Scheidegger & Spiess ; Savannah, Georgia : SCAD Museum of Art. {{ISBN|3858818259}}. *Dickerman, Leah, Elsa Smithgall, Elizabeth Alexander, Rita Dove, Nikky Finney, Terrance Hayes, Tyehimba Jess, et al. (2015). ''Jacob Lawrence : The Migration Series''. New York, New York: Museum of Modern Art. {{ISBN|9780870709647}}. *Driskell, David C, and Patricia Hills. (2008). ''Jacob Lawrence : Moving Forward Paintings, 1936–1999''. New York: DC Moore Gallery. {{ISBN|0981525016}}. *Hills, Patricia&nbsp; (2019). ''Painting Harlem Modern : The Art of Jacob Lawrence''. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. {{ISBN|9780520305502}} * {{cite journal |title=Jacob Lawrence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-art_summer-fall-1994_8_3-4/page/134 |journal=American Art |date=1994 |volume=8 |issue=3/4 |pages=134–136 |doi=10.1086/424229 |jstor=3109178 |s2cid=222326156 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=Jacob |last2=Nicholas |first2=Xavier |title=Interview with Jacob Lawrence |journal=Callaloo |date=2013 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=260–267 |doi=10.1353/cal.2013.0087 |jstor=24264907 |s2cid=162209761 }} *Miles, J. H., Davis, J. J., Ferguson-Roberts, S. E., and Giles, R. G. (2001). ''<nowiki>Almanac of {{African American Heritage</nowiki>'', Paramus, NJ: Prentice Hall Press. *Nesbett, Peter T, Michelle DuBois, and Patricia Hills. (2000). ''Over the Line : The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence''. The Complete Jacob Lawrence. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press in association with Jacob Lawrence Catalogue Raisonné Project. {{ISBN|9780295979656}}. *Nesbett, Peter T., and Patricia Hills (2005). ''Jacob Lawrence : The Complete Prints (1963–2000) : A Catalogue Raisonné''. 2nd ed. Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|9780295985596}}. *Nesbett, Peter T., and Patricia Hills. (1994). ''Jacob Lawrence : Thirty Years of Prints (1963–1993): A Catalogue Raisonné''. Seattle: Francine Seders Gallery in association with University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|9780295973579}}. * {{cite journal |last1=Ott |first1=John |title=Battle Station MoMA: Jacob Lawrence and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces and the Art World |url=https://archive.org/details/american-art_fall-2015_29_3/page/58 |journal=American Art |date=September 2015 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=58–89 |doi=10.1086/684920 |s2cid=163759421 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=Richard J. |title=Jacob Lawrence: Keep on Movin' |url=https://archive.org/details/american-art_spring-2001_15_1/page/90 |journal=American Art |date=2001 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=90–93 |doi=10.1086/444635 |jstor=3109375 |s2cid=192169029 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sheehan |first1=Tanya |title=Confronting Taboo: Photography and the Art of Jacob Lawrence |url=https://archive.org/details/american-art_fall-2014_28_3/page/28 |journal=American Art |date=September 2014 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=28–51 |doi=10.1086/679707 |s2cid=222326922 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Marta Reid |title=Women in the Works: A Psychobiographical Interpretation of Jacob Lawrence's Portrayal of Women as Icons of Black Modernism |journal=Source: Notes in the History of Art |date=2005 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=56–66 |doi=10.1086/sou.24.4.23207950 |jstor=23207950 |s2cid=191379974 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Stovall |first1=Lou |title=Working with Jacob Lawrence: An Elegy |journal=Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art |date=2002 |issue=36 |pages=192–198 |jstor=41808150 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Thompson–Dodd |first1=Jacci |title=Jacob Lawrence: Recent Work |journal=International Review of African American Art |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=January 1997 |pages=10–13 }} * {{cite book | title =Jacob Lawrence: The American Struggle | editor-first1= Elizabeth Hutton | editor-last1= Turner | editor-first2=Austen Barron |editor-last2=Bailly | publisher = Peabody Essex Museum | date= 2019 | isbn= 9780875772370 }} *Turner, Elizabeth Hutton, ed., Lonnie G Bunch III, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., et al. (1993)''. Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series''. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Rappahannock Press, in association with the Phillips Collection. {{ISBN|9780963612915}}. * {{cite journal |last1=Wheat |first1=Ellen Harkins |title=Jacob Lawrence and the Legacy of Harlem |journal=Archives of American Art Journal |date=1990 |volume=30 |issue=1/4 |pages=119–126 |doi=10.1086/aaa.30.1_4.1557650 |jstor=1557650 |s2cid=192678126 }} *Wheat, Ellen Harkins (1991). ''Jacob Lawrence : The Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman Series of 1938–40''. Hampton, Va.: Hampton University Museum; Seattle : in association with University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|9780961698249}}. *Wheat, Ellen Harkins, and Patricia Hills (1986). ''Jacob Lawrence, American Painter''. Seattle: University of Washington Press in association with the Seattle Art Museum. {{ISBN|9780295970110}}. ==External links== {{Commons category|Jacob Lawrence}} {{Wikiquote|Jacob Lawrence}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artists/3418|title=Jacob Lawrence {{!}} MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|access-date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514003425/http://www.moma.org/collection/artists/3418|archive-date=May 14, 2016|url-status=live}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051214120834/http://www.queensmuseum.org/education/ps144/gallery/jl-sum.html "Jacob Lawrence"], [[Queens Museum of Art]] website; includes reproductions of several prints from the ''[[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]]'' series. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516195626/http://www.jacobandgwenlawrence.org/ The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation website], works at Phillips Collection *[http://artandsocialissues.cmaohio.org/web-content/pages/race_lawrence_ins.html Jacob Lawrence, ''Interior Scene''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003122936/http://artandsocialissues.cmaohio.org/web-content/pages/race_lawrence_ins.html |date=October 3, 2011 }} (1937), Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio {{Jacob Lawrence|state=expanded}} {{Spingarn Medal}} {{National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Jacob}} [[Category:1917 births]] [[Category:2000 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century African-American painters]] [[Category:20th-century American male artists]] [[Category:20th-century American painters]] [[Category:20th-century American printmakers]] [[Category:African-American printmakers]] [[Category:American male painters]] [[Category:American social realist artists]] [[Category:American tempera painters]] [[Category:Art Students League of New York faculty]] [[Category:Black Mountain College faculty]] [[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in Washington (state)]] [[Category:Federal Art Project artists]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]] [[Category:Painters from Seattle]] [[Category:People from Atlantic City, New Jersey]] [[Category:Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture alumni]] [[Category:United States Coast Guard non-commissioned officers]] [[Category:United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II]] [[Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients]] [[Category:University of Washington faculty]] 0j8w7l47mq9r9zvh04dmmfk9hvumudq Kerry James Marshall 0 29534 146230 145764 2026-08-11T00:21:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kerry James Marshall''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli October bɛɣu pinaayɔpoin dali, yuuni 1955) ka o nyɛ America nucheeni tuun tumdi mini pɔrɔfɛsa, ka bɛ mi o ka o peentiri nuu nyɛ silimiingi ni boli shɛli ni Black figures la.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Wyatt |title=Kerry James Marshall Is Shifting the Color of Art History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/17/t-magazine/kerry-james-marshall-artist.html |work=The New York Times |date=October 17, 2016 }}</ref> O daa nyɛla ŋun wuhi peentin bikura shikuru yuli booni [[University of Illinois at Chicago]]. Yuuni 2017 ni, Marshall daa nyɛla ŋun pahi bɛ ni mi shɛli ni yuuni yuuni saha ninvuɣu kɔbigi yuya la ni .<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Kerry James Marshall: The World's 100 Most Influential People|url=https://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4736218/kerry-james-marshall/|access-date=September 23, 2020|magazine=Time|language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> O nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so ka o zoogi [[Birmingham, Alabama]], ka o daa labi tiŋyuli booni [[South Central Los Angeles]] o bilim ni<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Worley|first=Sam|date=March 29, 2016|title=This Modern Master Spent His Life Bringing Black Faces to Classic Art|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/April-2016/Kerry-James-Marshall/|access-date=May 21, 2016|website=Chicago magazine|archive-date=July 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711180554/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/April-2016/Kerry-James-Marshall/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amaa o nyɛla ŋun bɛhigu pam kpalim [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quinn|first1=Chase|title='Afro-Atlantic Histories' Quietly Rebuts Representations of the Black Experience|url=https://www.frieze.com/article/afro-atlantic-histories-national-gallery-2022-review|journal=[[Frieze (magazine)|Frieze]]|access-date=4 May 2023|date=15 June 2022|issue=229}}</ref> ==O tuma nim pam din yina polo ni == {{Div col|colwidth=40em}} *''Silence is Golden'' (1986), [[Studio Museum in Harlem]], [[New York City|New York]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Silence is Golden |url=https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/silence-golden |website=Studio Museum |date=10 December 2018 |publisher=[[Studio Museum in Harlem]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726123249/https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/silence-golden |archive-date=26 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''When Frustration Threatens Desire'' (1990), [[Glenstone]], [[Potomac, Maryland]]<ref name="Glenstone listing" /> *''Voyager'' (1992), [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Voyager |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.159651.html |website=NGA |year=1992 |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523035645/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.159651.html |archive-date=23 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''De Style'' (1993), [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=De Style |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/174700 |website=LACMA |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816233256/https://collections.lacma.org/node/174700 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''The Lost Boys (A.K.A. Untitled)'' (1993), [[Seattle Art Museum]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lost Boys (A.K.A. Untitled) |url=https://art.seattleartmuseum.org/objects/23591/the-lost-boys-aka-untitled? |website=SAM |publisher=[[Seattle Art Museum]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817013104/https://art.seattleartmuseum.org/objects/23591/the-lost-boys-aka-untitled |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Better Homes, Better Gardens'' (1994), [[Denver Art Museum]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Better Homes, Better Gardens |url=https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/object/1995.77 |website=[[Denver Art Museum]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921132110/https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/object/1995.77 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Great American'' (1994), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Americans |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.154931.html |website=NGA |year=1994 |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105070611/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.154931.html |archive-date=5 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Many Mansions'' (1994), [[Art Institute of Chicago]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Many Mansions |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/137125/many-mansions |website=AIC |year=1994 |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> *''Supermodel'' (1994), [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Supermodel |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/555111/supermodel? |website=MFA |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817005714/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/555111/supermodel |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Our Town'' (1995), [[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]], [[Bentonville, Arkansas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Town |url=https://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/1188/our-town? |website=Crystal Bridges |publisher=[[Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055908/https://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/1188/our-town |archive-date=16 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Watts 1963'' (1995), [[Saint Louis Art Museum]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Watts 1963 |url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/28619/ |website=SLAM |publisher=[[Saint Louis Art Museum]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117065042/https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/28619/ |archive-date=17 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Souvenir II'' (1997), [[Addison Gallery of American Art]], [[Andover, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Souvenir II |url=https://accessaddison.andover.edu/objects-1/info?query=Disp_Access_No%20contains%20%221998.160%22&sort=9 |website=Addison Gallery |publisher=[[Phillips Academy Andover]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817014737/https://accessaddison.andover.edu/objects-1/info?query=Disp_Access_No%20contains%20%221998.160%22&sort=9 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Souvenir III'' (1998), [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Souvenir III |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/99.213/ |website=SFMoMA |publisher=[[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235135/https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/99.213/ |archive-date=16 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Souvenir IV'' (1998), [[Whitney Museum]], New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Souvenir IV |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/11971 |website=Whitney |publisher=[[Whitney Museum]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816220950/https://whitney.org/collection/works/11971 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled'' (1998-1999), [[Rubell Museum]], [[Miami]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerry James Marshall |url=https://rubellmuseum.org/2019-kerry-james-marshall |website=[[Rubell Museum]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804071106/https://rubellmuseum.org/2019-kerry-james-marshall |archive-date=4 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Heirlooms & Accessories'' (2002), Studio Museum in Harlem, New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Heirlooms & Accessories |url=https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/heirlooms-accessories |website=Studio Museum |date=31 August 2017 |publisher=[[Studio Museum in Harlem]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726125223/https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/heirlooms-accessories |archive-date=26 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''7am Sunday Morning'' (2003), [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago]]<ref>{{cite web |title=7am Sunday Morning |url=https://mcachicago.org/collection/items/kerry-james-marshall/2928-7am-sunday-morning |website=MCAChicago |publisher=[[Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923154756/https://mcachicago.org/collection/items/kerry-james-marshall/2928-7am-sunday-morning |archive-date=23 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Africa Restored (Cheryl as Cleopatra)'' (2003), Art Institute of Chicago<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Restores (Cheryl as Cleopatra) |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/193320/africa-restored-cheryl-as-cleopatra |website=AIC |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> *''Diptych Color Blind Test'' (2003), Denver Art Museum<ref>{{cite web |title=Diptych Color Blind Test |url=https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/object/2010.432a-b |website=[[Denver Art Museum]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015820/https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/object/2010.432a-b |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Gulf Stream'' (2003), [[Walker Art Center]], [[Minneapolis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulf Stream |url=https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/gulf-stream |website=Walker Art |publisher=[[Walker Art Center]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115161415/https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/gulf-stream |archive-date=15 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''SOB, SOB'' (2003), [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=SOB, SOB |url=https://www.si.edu/object/sob-sob:saam_2010.29 |website=SI |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816220554/https://www.si.edu/object/sob-sob:saam_2010.29 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Black Painting'' (2003-2006), Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland<ref name="Glenstone listing">{{cite web |title=Kerry James Marshall |url=https://www.glenstone.org/artist/kerry-james-marshall/ |website=[[Glenstone]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420014631/https://www.glenstone.org/artist/kerry-james-marshall/ |archive-date=20 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled'' (2008), [[Harvard Art Museums]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Untitled|url=https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/art/328488|access-date=October 17, 2020|website=Harvard Art Museums’ collections|language=en}}</ref> *''Untitled (Bride of Frankenstein)'' (2010), [[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Bride of Frankenstein |url=https://art.famsf.org/kerry-james-marshall/untitled-bride-frankenstein-201537363 |website=FAMSF |publisher=[[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817001321/https://art.famsf.org/kerry-james-marshall/untitled-bride-frankenstein-201537363 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Los Angeles County Museum of Art;<ref>{{cite web |title=Bride of Frankenstein |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/2293850 |website=LACMA |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816233531/https://collections.lacma.org/node/2293850 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York;<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (Bride of Frankenstein) |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/433072 |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817010304/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/433072 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]], [[Philadelphia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bride of Frankenstein |url=https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/bride-frankenstein |website=PAFA |date=6 December 2019 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817003551/https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/bride-frankenstein |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled (Frankenstein)'' (2010), Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco;<ref>{{cite web |title=Frankenstein |url=https://art.famsf.org/kerry-james-marshall/untitled-frankenstein-201537364 |website=FAMSF |publisher=[[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817003308/https://art.famsf.org/kerry-james-marshall/untitled-frankenstein-201537364 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Los Angeles County Museum of Art;<ref>{{cite web |title=Frankenstein |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/2293844 |website=LACMA |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816233453/https://collections.lacma.org/node/2293844 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Museum of Modern Art, New York;<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (Frankenstein) |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/433071 |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817010216/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/433071 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia<ref>{{cite web |title=Frankenstein |url=https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/frankenstein |website=PAFA |date=6 December 2019 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817003654/https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/frankenstein |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled (Handsome Young Man)'' (2010), [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=artist:"Kerry James Marshall"|url=https://collections.artsmia.org/search/artist:%22Kerry%20James%20Marshall%22|access-date=October 17, 2020|website=Collection, Minneapolis Institute of Art (MIA)}}</ref> *''Vignette (Wishing Well)'' (2010), [[Carnegie Museum of Art]], [[Pittsburgh]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Vignette (Wishing Well) |url=https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/7a7fe4a2-af44-46aa-9f21-55f9251b2648 |website=CMOA |publisher=[[Carnegie Museum of Art]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817011253/https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/7a7fe4a2-af44-46aa-9f21-55f9251b2648 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Vignette (Wishing Well) |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/135075/vignette-wishing-well? |website=MFAH |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817011338/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/135075/vignette-wishing-well |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia;<ref>{{cite web |title=Vignette (Wishing Well) |url=https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/vignette-wishing-well |website=PAFA |date=5 February 2019 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817010755/https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/vignette-wishing-well |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Walker Art Center, Minneapolis<ref>{{cite web |title=Vignette (Wishing Well) |url=https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/vignette-wishing-well |website=Walker Art |publisher=[[Walker Art Center]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803191056/https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/vignette-wishing-well |archive-date=3 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled (Club Scene)'' (2013), Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (Club Scene) |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/189603 |website=MoMA |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918162509/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/189603 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled (Orange Pants)'' (2014), [[The Broad]], [[Los Angeles]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (Orange Pants) |url=https://www.thebroad.org/art/kerry-james-marshall/untitled-orange-pants |website=[[The Broad]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723161916/https://www.thebroad.org/art/kerry-james-marshall/untitled-orange-pants |archive-date=23 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled (Studio)'' (2014), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (Studio) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/669451?sortBy=Relevance&amp;ft=Kerry+James+Marshall&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=40&amp;pos=2 |website=The Met |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> *''Untitled (policeman)'' (2015), Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerry James Marshall|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/199591|access-date=17 August 2022|website=MoMA|publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705222450/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/199591|archive-date=5 July 2022|language=en}}</ref> *''Untitled (Gallery)'' (2016), Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (Gallery) |url=https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/d93f17fb-fca8-403f-8a2b-e85e5d43f35f |website=CMOA |publisher=[[Carnegie Museum of Art]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817005241/https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/d93f17fb-fca8-403f-8a2b-e85e5d43f35f |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled'' (2017), The Broad, Los Angeles<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled |url=https://www.thebroad.org/art/kerry-james-marshall/untitled |website=[[The Broad]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023083151/https://www.thebroad.org/art/kerry-james-marshall/untitled |archive-date=23 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled (London Bridge)'' (2017), [[Tate]], [[London]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled (London Bridge) |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/marshall-untitled-london-bridge-l04083 |website=[[Tate]] |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114140059/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/marshall-untitled-london-bridge-l04083 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> *''Untitled (Underpainting)'' (2018), Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland<ref name="Glenstone listing" /> *''Henry Louis Gates Jr'' (2020), [[Fitzwilliam Museum]], [[Cambridge]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Landmark portrait by artist Kerry James Marshall joins our collection |url=https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/news/landmark-portrait-by-artist-kerry-james-marshall-joins-our-collection |website=[[Fitzwilliam Museum]] |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021222617/https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/news/landmark-portrait-by-artist-kerry-james-marshall-joins-our-collection |archive-date=21 October 2023 |date=21 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Div col end}} ==O kpaŋmaŋ pina == * 1997 – [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship]], [[MacArthur Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerry James Marshall|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/558/|access-date=May 21, 2016|website=MacArthur Foundation}}</ref><ref name="Whitehead">{{cite journal |last1=Whitehead |first1=Jessie L. |title=Invisibility of Blackness: Visual Responses of Kerry James Marshall |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-education_2009-03_62_2/page/33 |journal=Art Education |date=2009 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=33–39 |doi=10.1080/00043125.2009.11519010 |jstor=27696328 |s2cid=190529086 }}</ref> * 1999 – [[Honorary degree|Honorary doctorate]], Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles, California<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Kerry James Marshall: Mastry, October 25, 2016–January 29, 2017|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2016/kerry-james-marshall|access-date=October 17, 2020|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|quote=He holds a BFA (1978) and honorary doctorate (1999) from the Otis College of Art and Design.}}</ref> * 2017 – Fifth Star Award, for his contributions to Chicago, City of Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerry James Marshall Mural at the Chicago Cultural Center|url=https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/kjm_mural.html|access-date=December 12, 2017|website=Chicago Cultural Center, City of Chicago|language=en}}</ref> * 2022 – Elected [[Royal Academy of Arts|Honorary Royal Academician (HonRA)]] on 13 December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerry James Marshall {{!}} Artist {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts |url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/kerry-james-marshall-hon-ra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213152554/https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/kerry-james-marshall-hon-ra |archive-date=13 February 2023 |website=Royal Academy of Arts}}</ref> == Filmography == === Film === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film title !Role !Notes |- |1991 |''[[Daughters of the Dust]]'' |Production designer |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerry James Marshall: Mementos|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/1189|access-date=October 17, 2020|website=Brooklyn Museum|quote=He was production designer on a feature film by Julie Dash, Daughters of the Dust, and recently presented Doppler Incident as part of the Artist in Action series staged by Brooklyn Academy of Music and performed at the Kitchen.|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017111731/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/1189|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Television show !Episode !Type !Notes |- |2001 |''[[Art:21]] - Art In the Twenty First Century'' |Identity (Season 1) |Television |PBS art documentary.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch — Art21|language=en|work=Art21|url=https://art21.org/watch/?filter-series=s1|access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerry James Marshall in 'Identity'|url=https://art21.org/watch/art-in-the-twenty-first-century/s1/kerry-james-marshall-in-identity-segment/|date=September 28, 2001|access-date=October 17, 2020|website=Art21|language=en}}</ref> |} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerry James Marshall - Artworks & Biography |url=https://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/kerry-james-marshall |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=David Zwirner |language=en}}</ref> ==Karimbu nim yaha== * English, Darby. ''To Describe a Life: Essays at the Intersection of Art and Race Terror''. New Haven: Yale University Press, N2019. {{ISBN|9780300230383}}. Chapter 1, "The Painter and the Police." * {{cite book |last1=Haq |first1=Nav |last2=Enwezor |first2=Okwui |last3=Roelstraete |first3=Dieter |last4=Vermeiren |first4=Sofie |last5=Marshall |first5=Kerry James |title=Kerry James Marshall: painting and other stuff |date=2013 |isbn=978-94-6130-126-0 |oclc=908324326 }} * {{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Kerry James |last2=Powell |first2=Richard J |last3=Ghez |first3=Susanne |last4=Alexander |first4=Will |last5=Harris |first5=Cheryl I |last6=Walker |first6=Hamza |title=Kerry James Marshall: mementos |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-941548-40-3 |oclc=43702402 }} * {{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Kerry James |last2=Sultan |first2=Terrie |last3=Jafa |first3=Arthur |title=Kerry James Marshall |url=https://archive.org/details/kerryjamesmarsha0000mars_d6u9 |date=2000 |publisher=H.N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-8109-3527-3 |oclc=43318234 }} * {{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Kerry James |last2=Haq |first2=Nav |last3=Enwezor |first3=Okwui |last4=Roelstraete |first4=Dieter |last5=Vermeiren |first5=Sofie |title=Kerry James Marshall: painting and other stuff |date=2014 |isbn=978-94-6130-126-0 |oclc=869741733 }} * {{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Kerry James |last2=Storr |first2=Robert |last3=Choon |first3=Angela |title=Kerry James Marshall: look see |date=2015 |publisher=David Zwirner Books |isbn=978-1-941701-08-9 |oclc=904542035 }} * {{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Kerry James |last2=Molesworth |first2=Helen |last3=Alteveer |first3=Ian |last4=Roelstraete |first4=Dieter |last5=Tattersall |first5=Lanka |title=Kerry James Marshall: mastry |date=2016 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-8478-4833-1 |oclc=948822926 }} * Marshall, Kerry J., [[Charles Gaines (artist)|Charles Gaines]], [[Greg Tate]], and Laurence Rassel, ''Kerry James Marshall'', [[Phaidon Press]], London, 2017. {{ISBN|978-0-7148-7155-4}} *Metropolitan Museum of Art. ''Kerry James Marshall: A'' ''Creative Convening''. Conference proceedings, January 29, 2017. New York: The Museum, 2018. *[[Kobena Mercer|Mercer, Kobena]]: ''Travel & See: Black Diaspora Art Practices Since The 1980s''. Durham: Duke University Press, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0822360803}}. Chapter 17, "Kerry James Marshall, The Painter of Afro-Modern Life." *Meyer, James. ''The Art of Return: The Sixties & Contemporary Culture''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019. {{ISBN|9780226521558}}. Part 3, "The End of the Sixties." ==External links== *[http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/4aa/4aa279.htm Kerry James Marshall] at the [[Pérez Art Museum Miami|Miami Art Museum]] *[http://fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?article7972 ''Kerry James Marshall. Painting and other stuff''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514213329/http://fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?article7972 |date=2014-05-14 }}. Exhibition at [[Fundació Antoni Tàpies]], Barcelona, Spain *[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/arts/design/kerry-james-marshall-met-breuer-mastry.html "Kerry James Marshall, Boldly Repainting Art History"], ''The New York Times'', September 9, 2016, by Randy Kennedy *Susan Stamberg, [https://www.npr.org/2017/03/28/521683667/kerry-james-marshall-a-black-presence-in-the-art-world-is-not-negotiable "Kerry James Marshall: A Black Presence In The Art World Is 'Not Negotiable'"], NPR, ''Morning Edition'', March 28, 2017 *[https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-kerry-james-marshall-13706#transcript "Oral history interview with Kerry James Marshall, 2008 August 8"], from [[Archives of American Art]], [[Smithsonian Institution]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, Kerry James}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century African-American painters]] [[Category:20th-century American male artists]] [[Category:20th-century American painters]] [[Category:21st-century African-American artists]] [[Category:21st-century American male artists]] [[Category:21st-century American painters]] [[Category:African-American contemporary artists]] [[Category:American contemporary painters]] [[Category:American male painters]] [[Category:Artists from Alabama]] [[Category:Artists from Birmingham, Alabama]] [[Category:Artists from Chicago]] [[Category:MacArthur Fellows]] [[Category:Otis College of Art and Design alumni]] [[Category:University of Illinois Chicago faculty]] 9xrnifs50msy5bngzlb51po1fyu21yf Edmonia Lewis 0 29594 146209 145728 2026-08-10T23:28:31Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146209 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Edmonia Lewis''', ka bɛ lahi mi o ni '''"Wildfire"''' ( bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli July dabaanahi dali , yuuni 1844 ni, ka o kani silimiingoli September bɛɣu pinaayɔpoin dali , 1907 yuuni) o nyɛla ŋun tumdi nucheeni tuma din jendi binyɛra kpebu, ka silimiingi bɔlili ni sculptor. Bɛ dɔɣi o la tinŋyuli booni [[Upstate New York]] ka o nyɛ [[Black Indians in the United States|mixed]] [[African-American]] nti pahi [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ([[Mississauga Ojibwe]]). == In popular media == * Namesake of the Edmonia Lewis Center for Women and Transgender People at [[Oberlin College]].<ref>{{cite web|date= October 24, 2016|title=Edmonia Lewis Center for Women and Transgender People|url=https://www.oberlin.edu/lewis-center|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825064928/https://www.oberlin.edu/lewis-center|archive-date= August 25, 2018|access-date= August 1, 2018|publisher=Oberlin College & Conservatory}}</ref> * Written about in ''[[Olio (book)|Olio]]'', which is a book of poetry written by [[Tyehimba Jess]] that was released in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grumbling|first=Megan|date= January 20, 2018|title=Olio|url=http://www.thecafereview.com/olio/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061730/http://www.thecafereview.com/olio/|archive-date= August 16, 2018|access-date= August 16, 2018|publisher=The Cafe Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Fiction Book Review: Olio by Tyehimba Jess|language=en|newspaper=PublishersWeekly.com|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-940696-20-1|url-status=live|access-date= February 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219140325/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-940696-20-1|archive-date= February 19, 2017}}</ref> That book won the 2017 [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]].<ref>{{Cite web|year=2017|title=2017 Pulitzer Prize Winners and Nominees|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411012940/http://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2017|archive-date=April 11, 2017|access-date= April 10, 2017|publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes}}</ref> * Honored with a [[Google Doodle]] on February 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|date= January 31, 2017|title=Celebrating Edmonia Lewis|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-edmonia-lewis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230450/http://www.google.com/doodles/celebrating-edmonia-lewis|archive-date= March 1, 2018|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> * ''Stone Mirrors: The Sculpture and Silence of Edmonia Lewis'', by Jeannine Atkins (2017), is a juvenile biographical novel in verse.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Kristin|date=November 2016|title=Atkins, Jeannine. Stone Mirrors: The Sculpture and Silence of Edmonia Lewis|url=https://edb.pbclibrary.org:2126/apps/doc/A468699256/AONE?u=d0_mlpbcls&sid=AONE&xid=b3e3a13e|journal=[[School Library Journal]]|volume=62|issue=11|page=98|access-date=July 29, 2020|via=[[Gale Academic OneFile]]}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * A belated obituary was published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 2018 as part of their [https://nytimes.com/overlooked Overlooked series].<ref>{{cite news|last=Green|first=Penelope|date= July 25, 2018|title=Overlooked No More: Edmonia Lewis, Sculptor of Worldwide Acclaim|newspaper=The New York Times|department=Obituaries: Overlooked|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/obituaries/overlooked-edmonia-lewis-sculptor.html|url-status=live|access-date= July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729070144/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/obituaries/overlooked-edmonia-lewis-sculptor.html|archive-date= July 29, 2018}}</ref> * The best-selling novel, ''La linea del colori: Il Grand Tour di Lafanu Brown'', by Somalian Igiaba Scelgo (Florence: Giunti, 2020), in Italian, combines the characters of Edmonia Lewis and Sarah Parker Remond and is dedicated to Rome and to these two figures. * She features as a "Great Artist" in the video game ''[[Civilization VI]]''. * Lewis is the subject of a stage play entitled "Edmonia" by Barry M. Putt, Jr., presented by Beacon Theatre Productions in Philadelphia, PA in 2021. [https://www.beacontheatreproductions.org/edmonia "Edmonia" stage play.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207171156/https://www.beacontheatreproductions.org/edmonia |date=February 7, 2022 }} * Lewis had a U.S. postal stamp unveiled in her honor on January 26, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In-Person Edmonia Lewis Commemorative Forever® Stamp Sale {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/events/person-edmonia-lewis-commemorative-forever-stamp-sale-january-26-2022|access-date=January 21, 2022|website=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121220230/https://americanart.si.edu/events/person-edmonia-lewis-commemorative-forever-stamp-sale-january-26-2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmonia Lewis and Her Stamp on American Art {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/blog/edmonia-lewis-stamp|access-date=January 21, 2022|website=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}</ref> == O tuun kpana == {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * John Brown medallions, 1864–65 * ''Colonel Robert Gould Shaw'' (plaster), 1864 * ''Anne Quincy Waterston'', 1866 * ''A Freed Woman and Her Child'', 1866 * ''The Old Arrow-Maker and His Daughter'', 1866 * ''The Marriage of Hiawatha'', 1866–67<ref name="Faithfull">{{cite book |last1=Faithfull |first1=Emily |title=Three Visits to America |date=1884 |publisher=Fowler & Wells Co., Publishers |location=New York |page=312 |url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/faithfull/america/america.html}}</ref> * ''Forever Free'', 1867 * ''Colonel Robert Gould Shaw'' (marble), 1867–68 * ''Hagar in the Wilderness'', 1868 * ''Madonna Holding the Christ Child'', 1869<ref name="Faithfull"/> * ''[[Hiawatha and Minnehaha by Edmonia Lewis|Hiawatha]]'', collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], 1868{{efn|name="Wolfe date"|The Newark Museum lists the date of the sculpture as 1868; however, {{harvnb|Wolfe|1998|p=120}} gives the dates 1869–71.}} * ''[[Hiawatha and Minnehaha by Edmonia Lewis|Minnehaha]]'', collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], 1868{{efn|name="Wolfe date"}} * ''Indian Combat'', [[Carrara marble]], 30" high, collection of the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], 1868<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=51863 |title=Newly Discovered Indian Combat by Edmonia Lewis acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art |publisher=Art Daily |date= November 19, 2011 |access-date= November 19, 2011}}</ref> * ''Henry Wadsworth Longfellow'', 1869–71 * ''Bust of Abraham Lincoln'', 1870{{efn|name="SJPL: Edmonia Lewis Sculptures"|The original sculpture is housed in the California Room of [[San José Public Library]]. The statues ''Awake'' (1872), ''Asleep'' (1872), and ''Bust of Abraham Lincoln'' (1870) were purchased in 1873 by the San Jose Library Association (forerunner to the San Jose Public Library) and transferred to the San Jose Public Library.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Lauren Miranda |title=SJPL: Edmonia Lewis Sculptures |date= October 22, 2010 |type=blog post |url=http://www.sjpl.org/blog/edmonia-lewis-sculptures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011744/http://www.sjpl.org/blog/edmonia-lewis-sculptures |archive-date= February 22, 2014}}</ref>}}22, * ''Asleep'', 1872{{efn|name="SJPL: Edmonia Lewis Sculptures"}} * ''Awake'', 1872{{efn|name="SJPL: Edmonia Lewis Sculptures"}} * ''Poor Cupid'', 1873 * ''Moses'', 1873 * Bust of James Peck Thomas, 1874, collection of the Allen Memorial Art Museum, her only known portrait of a freed slave<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allenartcollection.oberlin.edu/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/id/12270 |title=Bust of James Peck Thomas |website=Allen Memorial Art Museum |publisher=Oberlin College & Conservatory |type=museum catalog record |access-date= February 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025165701/http://allenartcollection.oberlin.edu/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/id/12270 |archive-date= October 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''Hygieia'', 1874 * ''Hagar'', 1875 * ''The Death of Cleopatra'', marble, 1876, collection of [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]] * ''John Brown'', 1876, Rome, plaster bust * ''Henry Wadsworth Longfellow'', 1876, Rome, plaster bust * ''General Ulysses S. Grant'', 1877–78 * ''Veiled Bride of Spring'', 1878 * ''John Brown'', 1878–79 * ''The Adoration of the Magi'', 1883<ref>{{harvnb|Wolfe|1998|p=120}}</ref> * ''Charles Sumner'', 1895 {{div col end}} == Gallery == <gallery> File:Anna Quincy Waterston by Edmonia Lewis.jpg|Edmonia Lewis, Anna Quincy Waterston, 1866, photo by David Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC File:Poor Cupid by Edmonia Lewis.jpg|Edmonia Lewis, Poor Cupid, 1872–1876, photo by David Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC File:Young Octavian by Edmonia Lewis.jpg|Edmonia Lewis, Young Octavian, 1873, photo by David Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC File:Hagar by Edmonia Lewis.jpg|Edmonia Lewis, Hagar, 1875, photo by David Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC File:Old Arrow Maker by Edmonia Lewis.jpg|Edmonia Lewis, Old Arrow Maker, 1866–1872, photo by David Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC </gallery> ==Posthumous exhibitions== * ''Art of the American Negro Exhibition'', [[American Negro Exposition]], Chicago, Illinois, 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalog, "Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro," 1940|url=https://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/cr/id/0/|access-date=April 1, 2021|website=digital.chipublib.org|language=en|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020075655/https://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/cr/id/0/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27283846|title=Exhibition of the art of the American Negro (1851 to 1940)|date=1940|editor-last=American Negro Exposition|location=Chicago?|language=English|oclc=27283846}}</ref> * Howard University, Washington, D.C., 1967. * “''The White, Marmorean Flock”: Nineteenth-Century Women Neoclassical Sculptors''," [[Vassar College]], New York, 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=April 1, 1972 - A Documentary Chronicle of Vassar College |url=https://chronology.vassarspaces.net/1972-04-01-art-exhibition/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=chronology.vassarspaces.net}}</ref> * Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York, 2008. * ''Edmonia Lewis and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Images and Identities'' at the Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 18 –May 3, 1995. * Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C., June 7, 1996 – April 14, 1997. * ''Wildfire Test Pit'', Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, August 30, 2016 – June 12, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oberlin.edu/amam/WildfireTestPit2.html |title=Wildfire Test Pit |website=Allen Memorial Art Museum |type=exhibition description |publisher=Oberlin College & Conservatory |language=en |access-date= March 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228161340/http://oberlin.edu/amam/WildfireTestPit2.html |archive-date= December 28, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> *''Hearts of Our People: Native Women Artists'', (2019), [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hearts of Our People: Native Women Artists|publisher=Seattle : University of Washington Press|year=2019}}</ref> * ''Edmonia Lewis' Bust of Christ'', Mount Stuart, UK<ref name="Moorhead 2021">{{cite news |last1=Moorhead |first1=Joanna |title=Feted, forgotten, redeemed: how Edmonia Lewis made her mark |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/oct/10/feted-forgotten-redeemed-how-edmonia-lewis-made-her-mark |access-date= October 11, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> ==Nyami yaha== * [[List of female sculptors]] * [[Samuel Lewis House (Bozeman, Montana)]]: Brother's house in Montana * [[Moses Jacob Ezekiel]], another American sculptor in Rome around the same time period, and also included in 1876 Philadelphia exposition. * [[Women in the art history field]] ==Baŋbu== {{notelist}} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist|30em}} ==O lahibali== * {{cite book |last1=Buick|first1=Kirsten Pai |title=Child of the Fire: Mary Edmonia Lewis and the Problem of Art History's Black and Indian Subject |year=2010 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4266-3 |location=Durham, NC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xspLhml7oWcC |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} * {{cite book |last1=Chadwick |first1=Whitney |title=Women, Art, and Society |date=2012 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=New York, NY |edition=5th |isbn=9780500204054 }} * {{cite web |url=http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=33878 |title=The Death of Cleopatra |type=museum catalog record |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |access-date= August 1, 2018 |ref={{harvid|Smithsonian|2018}}}} * {{Cite journal |last=Gold |first=Susanna W. |date=Spring 2012 |title=The death of Cleopatra / the birth of freedom: Edmonia Lewis at the new world's fair |journal=Biography |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=318–324 |via=EBSCO |doi=10.1353/bio.2012.0014 |s2cid=162076591 }} * {{cite book |last1=Hartigan |first1=Lynda Roscoe |title=Sharing Traditions: Five Black Artists in Nineteenth-Century America: From the Collections of the National Museum of American Art |date=1985 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, DC |oclc=11398839 }} * {{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Harry |last2=Henderson |first2=Albert |title=The Indomitable Spirit of Edmonia Lewis: a narrative biography |publisher=Esquiline Hill Press |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-58863-451-1 }} * {{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=William L. |last2=Franklin |first2=Paula A. |chapter=Edmonia Lewis: Sculptor |title=Proudly Red and Black: Stories of African and Native Americans |date=1993 |publisher=Maxwell Macmillan |isbn=978-0689318016 |location=New York |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/proudlyredblacks00katz |chapter-url-access=registration |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} * {{cite magazine |last1=May |first1=Stephen |title=The Object at Hand |magazine=Smithsonian |date=September 1996 |page=20 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-object-at-hand-4-121205387/ |access-date= July 31, 2018 }} * {{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Charmaine A. |title=The Color of Stone: Sculpting the Black Female Subject in Nineteenth-Century America |year=2007 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0816646517 |location=Minneapolis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsSnRqQx9BoC |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Peck |first1=Patricia Cleveland |title=Casting the first stone |journal=History Today |date=2007 |volume=57 |issue=10 }} * {{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Regenia A. |title=Free within Ourselves: African-American Artists in the Collection of the National Museum of American Art |year=1992 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Museum of American Art |isbn=978-1566400732 |url=https://archive.org/details/freewithinoursel0000perr |url-access=registration |access-date=February 1, 2017 }} *{{cite news |last=Pickett |first=Mary |url=http://billingsgazette.com/lifestyles/samuel-w-lewis-orphan-leaves-mark-on-bozeman/article_bf7abce6-bbf5-5fe2-8269-d891f9e0682a.html |title=Samuel W. Lewis: Orphan leaves mark on Bozeman |newspaper=[[Billings Gazette]] |date= March 1, 2002 |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} * {{cite book |last1=Plowden| first1=Martha W.|chapter=Edmonia Lewis-Sculptor |title=Famous Firsts of Black Women |year=1994 |publisher=Pelican Company |location=Gretna |isbn=978-1565541979 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjaadwC31roC |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} *Richardson, Marilyn (2009). "Edmonia Lewis and Her Italian Circle," in Serpa Salenius, ed., ''Sculptors, Painters, and Italy: ItalianInfluence on Nineteenth-Century American Art'', Padua, Italy: Il Prato Casa Editrice, pp.&nbsp;99–110. Retrieved February 1, 2019. *Richardson, Marilyn (2011). "Sculptor's Death Unearthed: Edmonia Lewis Died in 1907," ARTFIX''daily'', January 9, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2019. *Richardson, Marilyn (2011). "Three Indians in Battle by Edmonia Lewis," ''Maine Antique Digest'', Jan. 2011, p.&nbsp;10-A. Retrieved February 1, 2019. *Richardson, Marilyn (1986). "Vita: Edmonia Lewis," ''Harvard Magazine'', March 1986. Retrieved February 1, 2019. * {{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=Marilyn |title=Edmonia Lewis' The Death Of Cleopatra: Myth And Identity |journal=The International Review of African American Art |date=July 1995 |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=36 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/9cd6ae7f270bf4964323cf297aa7c4a8 |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Marilyn |date=Summer 2008 |title=Edmonia Lewis at McGrawville: The early education of a nineteenth-century black women artist |journal=Nineteenth-Century Contexts |volume=22 |number=2 |pages=239–256 |ref = {{harvid|Richardson|2008a}}|doi=10.1080/08905490008583510 |s2cid=192202984 }} *[[Jan Rindfleisch|Rindfleisch, Jan]] (2017). ''Roots and Offshoots: Silicon Valley's Arts Community''. pp.&nbsp;61–62. Santa Clara, CA: Ginger Press. {{ISBN|978-0-9983084-0-1}} * {{Cite news|title=Sculptor Edmonia Lewis' 'Cleopatra' revived and on view in Washington: Heritage Corner |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= June 1, 1996 |work=New York Amsterdam News |volume=87 |issue=22 |page=37 |issn=1059-1818 |ref={{harvid|New York Amsterdam News|1996}}|id = {{ProQuest|390284855}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Wolfe |first1=Rinna Evelyn |title=Edmonia Lewis: Wildfire in Marble |year=1998 |publisher=Dillon Press |location=Parsippany, NJ |isbn=0-382-39714-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5UGAAAACAAJ |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} * {{cite book | others=M.A. thesis |last1=Woods |first1=Naurice Frank |title=Insuperable Obstacles: The Impact of Racism on the Creative and Personal Development of Four Nineteenth Century African American Artists |year=1993 |publisher=Union Institute |location=Cincinnati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8LwngEACAAJ |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last1=Bearden |first1=Romare |author-link1=Romare Bearden |title=A History of African-American Artists From 1792 to the Present |year=1993 |publisher=Pantheon Books, Random House |isbn=0-394-57016-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00bear |url-access=registration |access-date= February 1, 2017 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Kirsten P. |last=Buick |title=The Ideal Works of Edmonia Lewis: Invoking and Inverting Autobiography |url=https://faculty.risd.edu/bcampbel/Templates/Templates/kirstenbuick.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2020 |pages=190–207}} * {{cite book |last=Farrington |first=Lisa E. |title=Creating Their Own Images: The History of African-American Women Artists |url=https://archive.org/details/creatingtheirown0000farr |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 }} <!--Commenting this out as it's a single page from an over-cited author * {{cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Marilyn |title=Vita: Edmonia Lewis |url=https://archive.org/details/harvard-magazine_march-april-1986_88_4/page/40 |journal=Harvard Magazine |date=1986 |volume=88 |number=4 |page=40}}--> * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Richardson |first=Marilyn |title=Edmonia Lewis |encyclopedia=American National Biography |editor=National Council of Learned Societies |date=1999 |doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1701145 }} <!--Commenting this out as it's a single page from an over-cited author * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Richardson |first=Marilyn |title=Edmonia Lewis |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African American Culture and History |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference |date=1996 |page=1607}}--> * {{cite conference |last=Richardson |first=Marilyn |title=Edmonia Lewis and the Boston of Italy |conference=The City and the Book V: International Conference on Americans in Florence's 'English' Cemetery |date= October 10, 2008 |conference-url=http://www.florin.ms/CBVa.html#richardson |ref={{harvid|Richardson|2008b}}}} *Rindfleisch, Jan (2017), with articles by Maribel Alvarez and Raj Jayadev, edited by Nancy Hom and Ann Sherman. ''Roots and Offshoots: Silicon Valley's Arts Community''. Santa Clara, CA: Ginger Press. {{ISBN|978-0-9983084-0-1}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, Edmonia}} [[Category:1844 births]] [[Category:1907 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century American sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century American artists]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women]] [[Category:African-American Catholics]] [[Category:African-American sculptors]] [[Category:African-American women artists]] [[Category:Alumni of Bedford College, London]] [[Category:American expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:American people of Haitian descent]] [[Category:American people of Ojibwe descent]] [[Category:Black Native American people]] [[Category:Burials at St Mary's Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green]] [[Category:Native American sculptors]] [[Category:Native American women artists]] [[Category:New York Central College alumni]] [[Category:Oberlin College alumni]] [[Category:People acquitted of manslaughter]] [[Category:Sculptors from New York (state)]] [[Category:19th-century Native American women]] [[Category:20th-century Native American women]] [[Category:20th-century Native American artists]] [[Category:20th-century American women sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century American sculptors]] [[Category:19th-century American women sculptors]] [[Category:19th-century Native American artists]] [[Category:19th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:Native American women sculptors]] [[Category:African-American women sculptors]] [[Category:Native American Roman Catholics]] rtwvbhodiitpnl34ntah0wf697irahe Alvia Wardlaw 0 29709 146086 98096 2026-08-10T19:59:36Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Alvia J. Wardlaw''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la silimiin goli November dabaa anu dali yuuni 1947) nyɛla Americanima nucheeni baŋda ka nyɛ ŋun be tiŋgban maa nucheeni baŋdiba ban gaŋdu ka be African-American.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/article/Houston-story-s-central-in-Smithsonian-s-new-9242878.php|title=Houston stories central in Smithsonian's new African American museum - HoustonChronicle.com|date=2016-09-24|website=www.houstonchronicle.com|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> == Shikuru baŋsim== Wardlaw nyɛla ŋun daa deegi B.A. degree in Art History shikuru yuli booni [[Wellesley College]] yuuni 1969.<ref name="ABC13">{{Cite web|title=Woman of the Week: Dr. Alvia Wardlaw, director and curator of TSU's University Museum|url=https://abc13.com/3154402/|last=KTRK|date=2018-02-28|website=ABC13 Houston|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> Yuuni 1986, o daa deegi M.A. degree in Art History shikuru yuli booni [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts]].<ref name="ABC13" /> Yuuni 1996, o daa nya Ph.D. degree in Art History ka di daa yina [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref name="ABC13" /> == Exhibitions curated == * 2006: Thorton Dial in the 21st Century;'' Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, exhibit and catalogue<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artdaily.com/news/14369/Thornton-Dial-in-the-21st-Century-at-MFAH|title=Thornton Dial in the 21st Century at MFAH|website=artdaily.com|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2002–2006: ''The Quilts of Gees Bend'' – 11 cities * ''Our New Day Begun: African American Artists Entering the Millennium,'' exhibition catalogue, LBJ Library and Museum * ''Roy DeCarava: Photographs,'' exhibition and exhibition catalogue, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston * ''Ceremonies and Visions: The Art of John Biggers'' * ''Homecoming. African American Family History in Georgia'' * ''John Biggers: Bridges'' * 1995: ''John Biggers: View from the Upper Room'', Museum of Fine Arts, Houston * 2005: ''Notes from a Child's Odyssey: The Art of Kermit Oliver'', Museum of Fine Arts Houston * 2008: Houston Collects: African American Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston == Writing == * [[Dominique de Menil]] asked her to write an essay for the groundbreaking exhibition ''[[The De Luxe Show]]'', August 22, 1971 * The exhibition ''Handcrafted'', an early show at the [[Studio Museum in Harlem|Studio Museum]] [in Harlem, 1972]. * ''The Art of John Biggers: View from the Upper Room'' (with essays by [[Edmund Barry Gaither]], [[Alison de Lima Greene]], and [[Robert Farris Thompson]]), Museum of Fine Arts (Houston, TX), 1995. * (Editor) Grant Hill, ''Something All Our Own: The Grant Hill Collection of African American Art,'' Duke University Press (Durham, NC), 2004. * ''Notes from a Child's Odyssey: The Art of Kermit Oliver,'' Museum of Fine Arts (Houston, TX), 2005. * ''Charles Alston,'' Pomegranate (Petaluma, CA), 2007. * Also author of ''Black Art, Ancestral Legacy: The African Impulse in African-American Art,'' as an accompaniment to the exhibition. Di shɛli nyɛ ''[[The Black Scholar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/wardlaw-alvia-j|title=Wardlaw, Alvia J. {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> * ''Collecting African American Art: the Museum of Fine Arts Houston'', 2009.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collecting African American art : the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|last=Franklin|first= John Hope|author-link=John Hope Franklin|date=2009|publisher=Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|author2=Alvia J. Wardlaw|isbn=9780300152913|oclc=269282205}}</ref> == Pina == * Fulbright Fellowship in West Africa, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Senegal in 1984 * Fulbright Award for study in Tanzania, East Africa in 1997<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wardlaw|first1=Alvia|last2=Rowell|first2=Charles Henry|date=2009|title=An Interview with Alvia Wardlaw|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_callaloo_winter-2009_32_1/page/261|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|volume=32|issue=1|pages=261–276|issn=0161-2492|jstor=27655115|doi=10.1353/cal.0.0393|s2cid=161566300 }}</ref> * Senior Fellow for the 2001 American Leadership Forum * Texas Women's Hall of Fame in 1994 * Award of Merit from the University of Texas at Austin * Ethos Founders Award from Wellesley College * African American Living Legend by ''[[African-American News and Issues]]'' * Texas Southern University's Research Scholar of the Year in 2009. == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Texas Women's Hall of Fame}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wardlaw, Alvia}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American art historians]] [[Category:American women art historians]] [[Category:American art curators]] [[Category:American women curators]] [[Category:Texas Southern University faculty]] [[Category:Academics from Houston]] [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:American women academics]] [[Category:African-American historians]] [[Category:African-American curators]] [[Category:American curators]] [[Category:21st-century African-American academics]] [[Category:21st-century American academics]] [[Category:Historians from Texas]] [[Category:20th-century American historians]] [[Category:20th-century American women writers]] [[Category:21st-century American historians]] [[Category:21st-century American women writers]] [[Category:Wellesley College alumni]] [[Category:New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni]] [[Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women writers]] [[Category:20th-century African-American writers]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women writers]] [[Category:21st-century African-American writers]] 4byf8cfpyqlvd0ct2e9lxdk94c6vzj3 Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller 0 29770 146214 122157 2026-08-10T23:37:18Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller''' ({{IPAc-en||m|iː|t|ə|_|ˈ|v|aʊ}} {{respell|MEE|tə|_|VOW}}; bɛ daa dɔɣi la '''Meta Vaux Warrick''' Silimiin goli June dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 1877 ka daa kpi Silimiin goli March biɛɣ'pinaata dali yuuni 1968{{efn||name="dod"}}) daa nyɛ [[African-American]] nuchee ni baŋda. 20th century saha, o nyɛla ŋun daa leei tuuli paɣa ŋun gbansabilim nuchee ni baŋda ka be Paris pɔi ka daa labi United States.<ref>"Negro Girl Wins Fame Is The Only Sculptress Of The Colored Race. Meta Vaux Warrick." ''Wichita Searchlight'' (Wichita, Kansas), November 8, 1902: 1. ''Readex: African American Newspapers''. </ref> == Piligu biɛhigu == Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] Silimiin goli June dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 1877.<ref name="ANB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-01997.html|title=Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller|website=American National Biography Online|access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> O laamba n-daa nyɛ Emma (née Jones) Warrick,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Hoover|first=Velma J.|title=Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller: Her Life and Her Art|date=1977|journal=Negro History Bulletin|volume=40|issue=2|pages=678–681|jstor=44176711|issn=0028-2529}}</ref> mini William H. Warrick.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Farrington|first=Lisa|title=Creating Their Own Image The History Of African American Women Artists|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-516721-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7TS6bFWCbUC&pg=PA65|location= New York, New York|page=65}}</ref><ref name="Framingham History Center">{{Cite web |title=Meta Warrick Fuller |url=https://framinghamhistory.org/biographies/meta-warrick-fuller-1877-1968/ |access-date=May 5, 2020 |website=Framingham History Center |language=en-US |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406194622/https://framinghamhistory.org/biographies/meta-warrick-fuller-1877-1968/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:PH(1897) p20 ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] (c. 1895)]] [[File:Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Mary Turner, 1919.jpg|thumb|Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, ''[[Mary Turner (lynching victim)|Mary Turner]],'' painted plaster sculpture,1919]] [[File:"Dark Hero" - NARA - 559060.jpg|thumb|''Dark Hero'', National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland]] == Kpibu == Warrick Fuller nyɛla ŋun daa kpi Silimiin goli March biɛɣ'pinaata dali yuuni 1968,<ref name="obit">{{Cite news|date=1968-03-13|title=Obituary Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller|pages=30|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-obituary-boston-globe-1/54537460/|access-date=2023-06-06}}</ref><ref name="fofweb">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Fuller, Meta V. Warrick|url=http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE01&iPin=EHR0130&SingleRecord=True|last=West|first=Sandra L.|year=2003|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|accessdate=2014-03-28|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance}}</ref>{{efn|Her date of death is also stated as March 18, 1968,<ref name="ANB" /><ref name="Finkelman" /> but there are newspaper articles from March 13 that stated she died on that day.<ref name="obit" />|name="dod"}} Cardinal Cushing Hospital din be [[Framingham, Massachusetts]].<ref name="fofweb" /> == Tumanima == [[File:Meta Warrick Fuller Ethiopia Awakening 1923 in Kerner, Negro Poets and their Poems InternetArchive.jpg|thumb|Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, ''Ethiopia Awakening'', c. 1921, small maquette (location unknown), reproduced in Robert T. Kerlin, ''Negro Poets and their Poems'' (Washington, DC: Associated Publishers, Inc., 1923), 45.]] * ''Bacchante,'' painted plaster sculpture, 1930<ref name=SIRIS /> * [[Emancipation (Fuller)|''Emancipation'']], in plaster, 1913; in bronze, 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publicartboston.com/content/emancipation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630100526/http://www.publicartboston.com/content/emancipation|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 30, 2015|title=Emancipation » Public Art Boston|website=www.publicartboston.com|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref> Featured on the [[Boston Women's Heritage Trail]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South End|url=http://bwht.org/south-end/|website=Boston Women's Heritage Trail}}</ref> * ''Ethiopia'', small maquette cast in plaster and painted to resemble bronze, c. 1921, 13 × 3 1/2 × 3 7/8 in., National Museum of African American History and Culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2013.242.1?destination=edan-search/collection_search%3Fedan_local%3D1%26edan_q%3Dmeta%252Bwarrick%252Bfuller|access-date=2020-11-10|website=National Museum of African American History & Culture}}</ref> * ''Ethiopia Awakening,'' bronze sculpture, greenish-black patina, {{circa|1921}}, 67 x 16 x 20 in., Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia Awakening|url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/671040d4-2bfa-0930-e040-e00a1806450c|access-date=2020-11-10|website=New York Public Library Digital Collections|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922121610/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/671040d4-2bfa-0930-e040-e00a1806450c|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia Awakening|url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/6ca12f00-cf2e-c03b-e040-e00a18061ff1|access-date=2020-11-10|website=New York Public Library Digital Collections|archive-date=2022-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709142206/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/6ca12f00-cf2e-c03b-e040-e00a18061ff1|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Henry Gilbert,'' painted plaster sculpture, 1928<ref name=SIRIS /> * ''Jason,'' painted plaster sculpture, Danfort Museum<ref name="Danforth">[http://www.danforthmuseum.org/meta_warrick_fuller09.html ''Meta Warrick Fuller : Sculptures from the Studio.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231332/http://www.danforthmuseum.org/meta_warrick_fuller09.html|date=2014-05-12}} Danforth Museum of Art. 11 May 2014.</ref><ref name=SIRIS /> * ''La petite danseuse'', bronze sculpture, Los Angeles County Museum of Art<ref>{{Cite web |last=Girard |first=Caroline |date=2022-07-08 |title=Un bronze de Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller acquis par le LACMA |url=https://www.latribunedelart.com/un-bronze-de-warrick-fuller-acquis-par-le-lacma |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=La Tribune de l'Art |language=fr}}</ref> * ''Les Miserables,'' bronze sculpture, Maryhill Museum zaŋ n-ti Art, Goldendale, Washington<ref name="SIRIS" /> * ''Lazy Bones din be Shade,'' sculpture, {{circa|1937}}<ref name=SIRIS /> * ''Man Eating Out His Heart,'' painted plaster sculpture, 1905–1906. It represents a kneeling male nude eating his heart.<ref name=SIRIS /> * ''Mary Turner (A Silent Protest Against Mob Violence),'' painted plaster sculpture, 1919, Museum of Afro-American History, Boston, Massachusetts<ref name=SIRIS /> * ''Mother and Child,'' cast bronze sculpture, 1962, Massachusetts Institute of Technology<ref name=SIRIS /> * ''Peace Halting the Ruthlessness of War'', c.1917, renamed and unveiled as "Ravages of War" on October 15, 1999, at [[West Virginia State University|West Virginia State College]]<ref>"'Ravages' Unveiling Oct. 15 at WVSC." ''The Charleston Gazette,'' Oct 14, 1999. </ref> * ''Phyllis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784),'' painted plaster sculpture, {{circa|1925}}. It was made based upon an engraving published in 1773<ref name="SIRIS" /> * ''Refugee, sculpture'', {{circa|1940}}. Hunched male figure with a cane in his hand<ref name=SIRIS /> * ''Talking Skull,'' bronze sculpture, 1937, Museum of Afro-American History, Boston, Massachusetts. Kneeling male figure facing a skull<ref name=SIRIS /> * ''The Good Shepherd,'' painted plaster sculpture, {{circa|1926–1927}}<ref name=SIRIS /> * ''Waterboy,'' sculpture, 1930<ref name=SIRIS>[http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=Meta+Warrick+Fuller&image.x=5&image.y=8 ''Meta Warrick Fuller.''] SIRIS database search. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2014-05-11.</ref> == Lihimi m-pahi == * [[Lois Mailou Jones]] * [[Sargent Claude Johnson]] * [[Jacob Lawrence]] * [[Archibald Motley]] * [[Romare Bearden]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * Ater, Renée. ''Remaking Race and History: The Sculpture of Meta Warrick Fuller.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. 2011. {{ISBN|9780520262126}} {{oclc|775736931}} * {{cite journal |last1=Beach |first1=Caitlin |title=Meta Warrick Fuller's Mary Turner: and the Memory of Mob Violence |journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art |date=2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=16–27 |id={{Project MUSE|583920}} |doi=10.1215/10757163-2914284 |s2cid=192667152 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Brundage |first1=W. Fitzhugh |title=Meta Warrick's 1907 'Negro Tableaux' and (Re)Presenting African American Historical Memory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2003-03_89_4/page/1368 |journal=The Journal of American History |date=2003 |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=1368–1400 |id={{ProQuest|224897722}} |doi=10.2307/3092547 |jstor=3092547 }} * Driskell, David C. et al. ''Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America,'' New York, 1994. {{ISBN|0810910993}} * Igoe, Lynn Moody with James Igoe, ''250 years of Afro-American Art: An Annotated Bibliography''. New York: Bowker, 1981. {{oclc|760970440}} * ''An Independent Woman: The Life and Art of Meta Warrick Fuller (1877-1968).'' Framingham, MA: Danforth Museum of Art. 1984. Exhibition catalogue. {{oclc|17576775}} * Kerr, N. ''God-Given Work: The Life and Times of Sculptor Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, 1877-1968,'' Amherst, 1987. * King-Hammond, L. et al. ''3 Generations of African American Women Sculptors: A Study in Paradox,'' Philadelphia, 1996. * {{cite journal |last1=Perkins |first1=Kathy A. |title=The Genius of Meta Warrick Fuller |journal=Black American Literature Forum |date=1990 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=65–72 |doi=10.2307/2904066 |jstor=2904066 }} * Powell, Richard J. and [[David A. Bailey]]. ''Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance,'' 1997. * Schneider, Erika. (2022). “Asserting Agency: Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller’s Scrapbook,” ' ''Panorama: Journal of the Association of Historians of American Art'' '''8''' (2). https://doi.org/10.24926/24716839.15090 ==External links== {{commons category|Meta Fuller}} * [https://unladylike2020.com/profile/meta-warrick-fuller/ "Meta Warrick Fuller"] ''Unladylike2020''. {{Authority control}} {{Framingham, Massachusetts}} {{New Woman (late 19th century)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fuller, Meta Vaux Warrick}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:1877 births]] [[Category:1968 deaths]] [[Category:Artists from Philadelphia]] [[Category:University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni]] [[Category:Académie Colarossi alumni]] [[Category:American women poets]] [[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]] [[Category:African-American poets]] [[Category:Harlem Renaissance]] [[Category:20th-century American sculptors]] [[Category:African-American sculptors]] [[Category:Sculptors from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women writers]] [[Category:20th-century American women writers]] [[Category:20th-century African-American writers]] [[Category:20th-century American women sculptors]] [[Category:African-American women sculptors]] l2c8x1wuqmmgnr8l35dmvi96nxw7mus Kudzanai Chiurai 0 29781 146180 133023 2026-08-10T22:30:04Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} {{Short description|Zimbabwean art and activist (born 1981)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} '''Kudzanai Chiurai''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1981) ka o nyɛ Zimbabwe nuuni tuunbaŋda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2019 |title=An interview with Kudzanai Chiurai |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/kudzanai-chiurai-goodman-gallery/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=Apollo Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{cite news|last=Mabuse|first=Nkepile|date=12 July 2012|title=Kudzanai Chiurai: The artist who stood up to Mugabe|work=[[CNN]]|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/12/world/africa/kudzanai-chiurai-art/index.html|access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref> O tuma jendila peentibu, vidionima yaabu ni anfooninima n-ti pahi Zimbabwe kaya ni taɣada kpaŋsibu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/234|title=Kudzanai Chiurai / State of the Nation / 2011|work=Goodman Gallery|access-date=5 July 2016|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930141603/https://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/234|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tum yuuni 2003 o ko ni daavtum tuunshɛŋa puuni, o ni mali binshɛŋa o nuuni nyɛla din be [[Museum of Modern Art]] din be New York City, [[Museum für Moderne Kunst]] din be Frankfurt, [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] din be London, ni "[[documenta]]" din be Kassel, Germany. ''[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]'' ka kali pahi "Thirteen Africans To Watch ni yuuni 2013".<ref name="forbes">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/12/30/thirteen-african-celebrities-to-watch-in-2013/#3f1d99527cad|title=Thirteen African Celebrities To Watch In 2013|work=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|last=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|date=30 December 2012|access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref> Yuuni 2015, bɛ daa kali o pahi "15 Young African Creatives Rebranding Africa", ''Forbes n daa kali o pahi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eytan |first=Declan |title=The 15 Young African Creatives Rebranding Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/declaneytan/2015/08/28/the-15-young-african-creatives-rebranding-africa/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Kudzanai tuma pa la nuuni tuunbaŋsim ko, o lahi nyɛla ŋun niŋdi yɛltɔɣataɣimalisi ni siyaasa Zimbabwe tingbani ni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2017 |title=Kudzanai Chiurai is the artist calling for revolution in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/kudzanai-chiurai-artist-calling-revolution-zimbabwe |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Exhibitions== {{Expand list|date=July 2016}} {{BLP sources section|date=March 2017}} ===Solo exhibitions=== *2003: ''The revolution will not be televised,'' Brixton Art Gallery, London *2013: ''16SNLV'', Newtown, Johannesburg, South Africa *2015: ''Selections From Revelations,'' Museum of Contemporary African Diaspora Arts, Brooklyn *2016: ''Kabbo Ka Muwala / The Girl’s Basket,'' National Gallery of Zimbabwe ===Group exhibitions=== *2005: ''Reconciliation,'' University of Pretoria *2008: ''Africa Now,'' [[Rundetaarn|Round Tower]], Copenhagen; Northern Norway Art Centre, Lofoten, Norway; and Tampere art museum, Finland *2009: ''Us,'' [[Johannesburg Art Gallery]] *2010: ''SPace,'' [[MuseuMAfricA]], Johannesburg, South Africa *2011: ''Impressions from South Africa, 1965 to Now,'' [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York *2011: ''über(W)unden – Art in troubled times,'' [[Goethe-Institut]] South Africa *2011: ''Figures & Fictions: Contemporary South African Photograph,'' [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London.<ref name="guardian-gevisser">{{cite news | first = Mark | last = Gevisser | author-link = Mark Gevisser | url = https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/apr/23/figures-and-fictions-mark-gevisser | title = Figures & Fictions at the V&A | date = 23 April 2011 | access-date = 28 February 2017 | work = [[The Guardian]] | location = London}}</ref> *2011: [[Art Basel]]: Miami Beach, Miami, Florida, USA *2011: Ars 11 at [[Kiasma]], Helsinki, Finland <ref>https://kiasma.fi/kiasma-lehti/pdf/k48_en.pdf{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> *2012: [[dOCUMENTA (13)]], Kassel, Germany<ref>{{cite web |last1=douw |date=29 May 2012 |title=Muholi, Chiurai and Kentridge at dOCUMENTA 13 |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/muholi-chiurai-and-kentridge-at-documenta-13/ |access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} ==General references== *Dreyer, Elfriede. "Dystopia in Kudzanai Chiruai's Representation of Globalising Johannesburg.", ''Representation and Spatial Practices in Urban South Africa,'' edited by Leona, Farber, Research Centre, Visual Identities in Art and Design, 2008, pp.&nbsp;146–155. *Klein, Melanie. "Between History, Politics and the Self: Photographic Portraiture in Contemporary Art from Africa." ''Listening to Africa. Anglophone African Literatures and Cultures,'' edited by Jana Gohrisch and Ellen Grünkemeier, Heidelberg, 2012, pp.&nbsp;69– 9. *{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Carol |title=Recent Acquisitions at Two South African Collections: UNISA and Durban Art Gallery |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-2011_44_3/page/76 |journal=African Arts |date=September 2011 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=76–83 |doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.3.76 |s2cid=57562985 }} *''The Divine Comedy: Heaven, Purgatory and Hell Revisited by Contemporary African Artists.'' Edited by Ambrožič Mara and Simon Njami, Kerber, 2014. *{{cite journal |last1=Norman |first1=Natasha |title=Taking the Road Less Travelled |journal=Third Text |date=May 2013 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=400–406 |doi=10.1080/09528822.2013.795699 |s2cid=35497540 }} *Mabuse, Nkepile. "Kudzanai Chiurai: The Artist Who Stood up to Mugabe." ''CNN,'' January 2015 *"Transitions: States of Being." Zuckerman Museum of Art. *"Kudzanai Chiurai's Artwork." ''Digital Meets Culture,'' 12 March 2013. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chiurai, Kudzanai}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Artists from Harare]] [[Category:University of Pretoria alumni]] [[Category:21st-century Zimbabwean painters]] [[Category:Zimbabwean sculptors]] [[Category:Zimbabwean activists]] [[Category:Mixed-media artists]] jzuam8fph4fplyxh7v1kr5n7rr6dqkx Anta Germane Gaye 0 29801 146119 98408 2026-08-10T20:54:21Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Senegalese painter and sculptor (born 1953)}} {{BLP sources|date=February 2020}} '''Anta Germane Gaye''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1953) nyɛla Senegale peenta-peenta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harney, Elizabeth.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1055247530|title=In Senghor's shadow : art, politics, and the avant-garde in Senegal, 1960-1995|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8605-6|oclc=1055247530}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grabski|first=Joanna|date=March 2008|title=Trajectoires: Art Contemporain du Sénégal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_spring-2008_41_1/page/88|journal=African Arts|volume=41|issue=1|pages=88–91|doi=10.1162/afar.2008.41.1.88|issn=0001-9933}}</ref> == Exhibitions == * 1998: ''Le Pont'' (metal sculpture), Goethe Institute, Saint-Louis * 1996: Finalists for the President of the Republic Prize for the Arts, Dakar * 1995: ''Signes Plus'' (Helsen), Maison de la Culture de Saint-Gervais, Geneva * 1991: Salon d'automne, Grand Palais, Paris * 1990: Unita Festival, Pian di Massiano, Perugia, Italy * 1987: ''Art against Apartheid'', Dynamic Museum Dakar * 1985: American-Senegalese meeting, National Art Gallery of Dakar * 1983: ''Cosaan'' (tradition) [[Daniel Sorano National Theatre of Dakar]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaye, Anta Germane}} [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Senegalese women artists]] gbi608cfz18dfhzxe2inr1lb9r5vnlg Tom Feelings 0 29831 146148 107699 2026-08-10T21:39:40Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Tom Feelings''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la Silimiin goli May biɛɣ'pishi yini ka dali yuuni 1933 ka daa kpi Silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pishi ni anu dali yuuni 2003) daa nyɛla nuchee ni baŋda karimba n-ti pahi [[Activism|activist]]. O tumanima nyɛla din jɛndi [[African-American]]. O buku shɛŋa niriba pam ni mi nyɛ ''The Middle Passage: White Ships/Black Cargo'' (1995). == Biography == Feelings nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Silimiin goli May biɛɣ'pishi yini ka dali yuuni 1933 tiŋ yuli booni [[Bedford-Stuyvesant]] ka di be [[Brooklyn, New York]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bookologymagazine.com/article/authors-emeritus-tom-feelings-and-virginia-hamilton/|title=Authors Emeritus: Tom Feelings and Virginia Hamilton|date=2015-09-01|work=Bookology Magazine|access-date=2017-03-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feelings|first=Thomas|date=2001|title=The Middle Passage: White ships/black cargo|journal=Black Renaissance / Renaissance Noire.|volume=3|issue=3|pages=109}}</ref> Feelings nyɛla ŋun chaŋ [[Cartoonists and Illustrators School]] bin din gbaai yuuni 1951 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1953, din daa niŋ ka o tum n-ti Air Force working in the Graphics Division naai nyaaŋa, o daa labi New York ni o ti bɔhim "illustration" School of Visual Arts bin din gbaai yuuni 1957 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1960.<ref name=":1">[http://www.juneteenth.com/Tom_Feelings.htm "The Artist: Tom Feelings,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126104509/http://www.juneteenth.com/Tom_Feelings.htm |date=2021-01-26 }} ''Juneteenth''.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Angelou|first=Maya|date=2003|title=Balancing pain and joy (Obituary)|journal=The International Review of African American Art|volume=19|issue=2|pages=62–63}}</ref> == Bibliography == === Comic books === * ''Tommy Traveler in the World of Negro History'' (1958-?) * "Crispus Attucks and the Minutemen", ''[[Golden Legacy]]'' #3 (1967) === Book illustrations === * ''Bola and Oba's Drummer'' by Letta Schatz (1967) * ''To Be a Slave'' by Julius Lester (1968) * ''Zamani Goes to Market'' by Muriel Feelings (1970) * ''Moja Means One: Swahili Counting Book'' by Muriel Feelings (1971) * ''Jambo Means Hello: Swahili Alphabet Book'' by Muriel Feelings (1974) * ''Something on My Mind'' by Nikki Grimes (1978) * ''Daydreamers'' by Eloise Greenfield (1981) * ''Now Sheba Sings the Song'' by Maya Angelou (1987) === Words and pictures === * ''Tommy Traveler in the World of Black History'' by Tom Feelings (1991) * ''Soul Looks Back in Wonder'' edited and illustrated by Tom Feelings (1993) * ''The Middle Passage: White Ships/Black Cargo'' by Tom Feelings (1995) === Artists' books === * ''With Care<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Ruth E |last2=Feelings |first2=Tom |title=With care |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/136957850 |publisher=Ruthology |access-date=27 September 2020 |language=en |date=2000|oclc=136957850 }}</ref>'' by [[Ruth E. Edwards]], illustrations by Tom Feelings == Pina == ''[[To Be a Slave]]'' nyɛla ŋun daa deegi yuuni 1969 pina din nyɛ [[Newbery Honor Book]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberyhonors/newberymedal|title=Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922-Present|date=1999|website=Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC)|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> [[ALA Notable Book]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.librarything.com/work/296691|title=To Be a Slave by Julius Lester|website=LibraryThing.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> Hornbook Fanfare Best Book,<ref name=":6" /> Library of Congress Children's Literature Center Best Children's Book,<ref name=":6" /> [[School Library Journal]]'s Best Book of the Year n-ti pahi [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] Best Book of the Year. O daa lahi deegi yuuni 1970 [[Lewis Carroll Shelf Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lewis Carroll Shelf Award {{!}} Awards and Honors {{!}} LibraryThing |url=https://www.librarything.com/award/366/Lewis-Carroll-Shelf-Award |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=LibraryThing.com |language=en}}</ref> == Further reading == * {{Cite journal|last=Connor|first=Julia Johnson|date=2003|title='The Textbooks Never Said Anything About...' Adolescents Respond to ''The Middle Passage: White Ships / Black Cargo''.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-adult-literacy_2003-11_47_3/page/240|journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy|volume=47|issue=3|pages=240–246}} * {{Cite journal|last=Feelings|first=Thomas|date=2001|title=The Middle Passage: White ships / black cargo|journal=Black Renaissance Noire|volume=3|issue=3|pages=109}} * {{Cite journal|last=Feelings|first=Tom|date=1985|title=Black Political Economy 1985|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1985-09-1985-10_16_5/page/1|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1|doi=10.1080/00064246.1985.11414356|issn=0006-4246}} * {{Cite book|title=Black pilgrimage|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpilgrimage00feel|url-access=registration|last=Feelings|first=Thomas|publisher=Lothrop, Lee & Shepard|year=1972|location=New York}} * {{Cite journal|last=Steele|first=Vincent|date=1998|title=Tom Feelings: A Black Arts Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_spring-1998_32_1/page/119|journal=African American Review|volume=32|issue=1|pages=119–124|doi=10.2307/3042274|issn=1062-4783|jstor=3042274}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wyman|first=Sarah|date=2012|title=Beyond the Veil: Indeterminacy and Iconoclasm in the Art of Robert Hayden, Janet Kozachek, and Tom Feelings|journal=The Comparatist|volume=36|issue=1|pages=263–291|doi=10.1353/com.2012.0004|s2cid=162322255|issn=1559-0887}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wyman|first=Sarah|date=2009|title=Imaging Separation in Tom Feelings' ''The Middle Passage: White Ships / Black Cargo'' and Toni Morrison's ''Beloved''|journal=Comparative American Studies |volume=7|issue=4|pages=298–318|doi=10.1179/147757009x12571600892090|s2cid=161200364|issn=1477-5700}} * X, Marvin. [http://www.nathanielturner.com/tomfeelings.htm "On the Passing of an Artist of the People: Tom Feelings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226091915/http://www.nathanielturner.com/tomfeelings.htm |date=2018-02-26 }}, ''ChickenBones: A Journal''. Accessed July 18, 2013. == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/1aa/1aa677.htm "The Middle Passage: Drawings by Tom Feelings"] – year 2000 exhibition of Feelings' work, McKissick Museum of the University of South Carolina * [http://www.golden-legacy.com/ Golden Legacy website] * [http://www.tomchristopher.com/tom-feelings-and-the-street-where-you-live/ Biographies of Tom and Muriel Feelings and samples of Tom's comic book work, including his masterpiece for the NAACP, ''The Street Where You Live''] * {{LCAuth|n50001097|Tom Feelings|25|}} * [[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.feelings|Tom Feelings Artwork]]. James Weldon Johnson Collection in the Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. * {{WorldCat|id=lccn-n50001097|name=Tom Feelings}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Feelings, Tom}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2003 deaths]] [[Category:American cartoonists]] [[Category:American children's book illustrators]] [[Category:People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn]] [[Category:African-American illustrators]] [[Category:20th-century American illustrators]] [[Category:African-American comics creators]] [[Category:American comics creators]] [[Category:School of Visual Arts alumni]] [[Category:Deaths from cancer in Mexico]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American artists]] [[Category:Caldecott Honor winners]] [[Category:Coretta Scott King Award winners]] [[Category:Writers who illustrated their own writing]] [[Category:Newbery Honor winners]] eu4d4rkcgzvs4gkoa0feqq51j19fmic Skunder Boghossian 0 29857 146162 145847 2026-08-10T22:02:02Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Alexander''' "'''Skunder'''" '''Boghossian''' (July 22, 1937 &ndash; May 4, 2003) daa nyɛla [[Ethiopian people|Ethiopian]]-[[Armenians|Armenian]] peenta mini nuuni tuunbaŋsim karimba. O bela United States ka kahi tumdi ni<ref name="blen">{{cite web|last=Legesse|first=Selamawit|year=2005|title=Skunderism (The Third Annual Blen Art Show)|url=http://www.blengrafix.com/blenmagazine/skunderism.htm|publisher=Blen|accessdate=16 October 2010|access-date=20 December 2024|archive-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200639/http://www.blengrafix.com/blenmagazine/skunderism.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ==Piligu biɛhigu== Bɛ daa dɔɣi la Boghossian la silimin goli July 22, 1937, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia tiŋzuɣu, yuuni ni pirigili Italo-Abyssinian tobu din pahipahiri nyaaŋa.<ref name="Adejumobi">{{cite book|last=Adejumobi|first=Saheed A.|title=The History of Ethiopia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi0000adej|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-32273-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi0000adej/page/167 167]}}</ref><ref name="blen"/> O ma, Weizero Tsedale Wolde Tekle, daa nyɛla Ethiopia nira.<ref name="blen"/> O ba, Kosrof Gorgorios Boghossian, daa nyɛla ŋun be Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Bodyguard) ka yina Armenian. Boghossian lahi nyɛla ŋun mali tuzupaɣa , Aster Boghossian, ni bɛli ŋun nya doo, Mulugeta Kassa.<ref name="Debela">{{cite web|url=http://www.blengrafix.com/blenmagazine/skunder_jewel.htm|title=A Jewel of a Painter of the 21st Century (1937–2003)|last=Debela|first=Achamyeleh|date=April 2004|work=Prepared for Arts Council of the African Studies Association Conference: 13th Triennial Symposium on African Art, 04/04|publisher=Blen|accessdate=17 October 2010|access-date=23 May 2025|archive-date=16 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616164014/http://www.blengrafix.com/blenmagazine/skunder_jewel.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Boghossian ba daa nyɛla ŋun pahi ka bɛ zaɣ'siri Italian tuma tumbu ka di ŋa zuɣu daa che ka be kpɛhi o sarika yuma ayopɔin ka Boghossian na nyɛla yuun’ yini bia.<ref name="blen"/><ref name=":5" /> O ma ŋun yiya ti lahi kuli doo che bɛ mini bɛ ba, amaa o mini tuzupaɣa Aster (Esther) daa kuli nyɛla ban kaari bɛ ma ŋɔ saha kam, bɛ daa wumsiba la bɛ ba Kathig Boghassian yiŋa.<ref name="Debela"/> Kathig, ŋun daa nya kparilim minisita paa, n-ti pahi bɛ pirinima ni bapira n-daa kuli nye ban sɔŋ wumsiba saha shɛli bɛ ba ni daa sarika ni.<ref name="Debela"/> O daa nyɛla ŋun chaŋ bihi shikuru ka bɛ daa wuhi o Ge'ez script.<ref name="blen"/> O piraamari mini sɛkɛndiri shikuru ŋuna, ban daa wuhi o daa nyɛla Ethiopia kaeimbanima mini tiŋduya karimbanima ka o zinli daa valigi Amharic, Armenian, English, ni French.<ref name="blen"/> O daa bɔhim bobu la Teferi Mekonnen School.<ref name="Giorgis">{{cite web|url=http://www.the3rdman.com/ethiopianart/articles/boghossian.html|title=Skunder Boghossian: Artist of the Universal and the Specific|last=Giorgis|first=Elizabeth W.|publisher=Debre Hayq Ethiopian Art Gallery|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref> O lahi nyɛla ŋun bɔhim Stanislaw Chojnacki sani, Ethiopia bobu taarihi baŋda ni watakala peenta.<ref name="Giorgis"/> French Canadian filosofa ni peenta, Jacques Goudbet, gba daa lahi nyɛla ŋun mali nuu timbu Boghossian ni, n-daa che ka o peentira ka di pala muɣisiɣu.<ref name=":5" /> Bipoli tali zuŋu, African American ʒiʒindi kpee ni daŋ mabia, Larry Erskine daa bi ti o la o zilinkom ko zaŋ kpa o bobu polo, amaa o daa lahi zaŋ o wuhi America yila ŋan nya jazzi la, ka hali ni o nyɛvuli tariga, lala jazzi yila ŋɔ n-daa yi kuli ŋmɛra saha kam o yi ti peentira. O wuhiya ni jazzi yili ŋɔ nyɛla "yɛltɔɣa kpeeni sɛnchiri pishi ŋɔ ni. Di pa ninvuɣu yino; di pa tiɛha kaŋa, di nyɛla hankali parisi sin gahim yi di ko laɣimbu... hankali parisi niŋimbu saha kam... di nyɛla ti ni mali shɛli, gbaŋ sabila, ban nya boburiba...".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200305051135.html|title=Ethiopia: Pioneer Artist Skunder Boghossian Dies in Washington, DC|last=Cobb|first=Charles|date=5 May 2003|website=all Africa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104103415/https://allafrica.com/stories/200305051135.html|archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> ==Maŋmaŋa biɛhigu== Boghossian mini Marily Pryce daa baŋla taba Paris, yuuni 1964, sahashɛli o ni daa bɔhindi shiniinima yaabu. Bɛ daa niŋla amikiya Tuskegee, Alabama, Pryce's, amaa di bahigu bɛ daa chela taba. O malila bihi ayi, Aida Mariam mini Edward Addisu, tizo-paɣa, ni yaansi anahi.<ref name="nyt-obit"/><ref name="Giorgis"/><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Jegede|first=Dele|title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000jege|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-313-33761-1|location=Westport, CT|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000jege/page/30 30]–34}}</ref> ==Siyaasa mini kaya ni taɣada hankali== Dini daa niŋ ka saha shɛŋa o be Paris la, Boghossian daa tooi diri fiila jɛndiri siyaasa mini kaya ni kpɛri tab’ ni shɛm, n-tiriti wuhiri Frantz Fanon, Aimé Césaire, Cheikh Anta Diop ni hankali parisi ŋan be bobu ni kamani [[Paul Klee]]. Peentanima ban yuya di ka polo ni kamani [[Gerard Sekoto]] n-daa nya ŋun wuhi o Cuban peenta biinga, Wifredo Lam. O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun tum ni West Africa boburiba shɛba.<ref name=":4" /> "Black Power" nim mini "Black Arts Movement" siyaasa United States nyɛla din dɔ polo ka ŋmani di daa kpaŋsi o peentibu ni taachi shɛŋa kamani ''Black Emblem'' (1969), ''The End of the Beginning'' (1972), ni ''DMZ'' (1975).<ref name=":0" /> O niŋgbuna niŋbu ni “Black Arts Movement” nyɛla din sɔŋ o tuma pam. == tima mini di nuu timbu == Boghossian, kamani gbaŋ sabila ban daa nyɛ Amarikanima lala saha maa, daa nyɛla kaɣa yɛl’ bɔbigu ni shihiranima. O daa nyɛla zaŋ adiini bɔbigu simbulinim' pahi o biɛhigu mini o tuma ni, adiininim’ kamani dolodolo hali ti kpa Africa [[Santería|Santerian]]. O daa piligiri la o dabsili ni St. Michael kom yɔɣ'gili o yiŋa, ni ma di buɣa fiila, bɔri chɛlpaŋ mini abarika O daa ti zaɣisi tuun shɛli o ni daa tumdi tiri Ethiopia ɛmbezi ka ni nyɛla ŋun doli o tumdi ni daa piligi tuma ka o na bi di o buɣa fiila. O zaɣa ni lala bɛnyɛra ŋɔ daa pala adiini zuɣu, amaa karachi ŋun bɔri ni o ti o yaanima jiima, di ni ka o yina Armenia mini Ethiopia la zuɣu. Hankali shɛli o ni daa nya “däbtära” anfooninim’ ni, o daa zaŋ binshɛɣu shɛli o ni booni “quflfu,” bee “interlocked” ku bukaata. Lala beni ŋɔ nyɛla zaŋ anfooninima mini mihi laɣim taba. Laɣa ti laɣimbu ŋɔ nyɛla din lahi wuhiri Ethiopian machɛli tali kamani piɛri ni kaɣa nɛma, ni “tebab”. Boghossian daa lahi nyɛla ŋun ni tooi zaŋ [[Debtera|däbtära]], n-yihi anfooni maŋmaŋa ka che di shilinʒia.<ref name=":6" /> Tim’ yiriŋ valibu mini o tima tima yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ gba daa nyɛla sɔŋdi o tuma polo. Yɛltɔɣa ŋmahi ŋɔ, “a visualization of “Franz Kafka”, ni ''The Metamorphosis'', nyɛla din laɣim diba ayi ŋɔ viɛnyɛla. O yi daa tooi nyu dam naai, Boghossian nyɛla ŋun yɛn buɣisi birimbu zaŋ chaŋ zaɣ’ biɛɣu mini zaɣ’ viɛlli polo. Ŋɔ nyɛla a ni yɛn nya shɛli ''Metamorphoses'' ka zaɣ’ biɛtali voori o labisiri dam polo, ka zaɣ’ viɛl’ tali mi kpamdi o jaande ni o che. Lala birimbu ŋɔ nyɛla din be tuma nim pam puuni.<ref name=":6" /> ==Sitaali mini baŋsim== [[File:Bird Icon.jpg|thumb|''Bird Icon'' (1964)]] A yi kpuɣi a zuɣu lihi o tuma, a ni nya ka be peenti peenti Ethiopia dolodolo duri dikiya ka di nyɛla kurumbuni ha dina. Lala It is from this cultural fountain that once included three-fourths of "Ancient Egypt", the builders of the great pyramids and the cradle of civilization, that the artist drew inspiration from.<ref name=":1" /> A yi lihi o peentibu ŋɔ zaa, o nyɛla zaɣisim nyɛla din be ni o zaŋ peentibu wuhi, n-nam bobu ka a yi tuui lihili ka di ŋmani zaɣ'yini, anfooni din piripiri, ka di zaa mali di ni ŋmani binshɛɣu.<ref name=":0" /> O daa bori ni o yi peenti, ka ŋun kam lihili mali o tiɛha ni nya shɛm zaŋ chaŋ di polo, n-tiɛhiri ka mani o ni niŋ shɛm hali ka di be lala maa. Boghossian daa nyɛla peentiri viɛla pam.<ref name=":0" /> ==Shikuru mini tuma== Boghossian daa pini saha shɛli bɛ ni daa puhiri Haile Selassie I chuɣu yuuni 1954.<ref name="nmaa-bio">{{cite web|url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/passages/boghossian.html|title=Alexander "Skunder" Boghossian. Ethiopian Passages: Dialogues in the Diaspora|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=16 October 2010|access-date=25 May 2025|archive-date=6 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606141849/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/passages/boghossian.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuuni din daa pa di zuɣu, o daa nya gɔmnanti sikolaship chaŋ London ni o ti bɔhim “Saint Martin's School of Art” shikuru ni, “Central School of Art and Design”, ni “Slade School of Fine Art”, ka daa tuɣi chaŋ Paris yuma ayi nyaaŋa n-ti bɔhim ka lahi wuhi "Académie de la Grande Chaumière" mini "Beaux-Arts de Paris|Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Beaux Arts". O ni daa nya taba ban gba zaɣa be peentibu ni bobu ŋɔ ni kamani, Leopold Sedar Sendhor minj Madelaine Rousseux, Boghossian daa nya soli ka laɣingu yuli “Negro Artis and Writers” boli o ni o kana bɛ laɣim jabgu din pahiri ayi ka daa yɛn niŋ Rome yiŋ tiŋgbani ni. Ŋɔ n-ti pahi o ni daa lahi di shɛli yuuni 1964 din daa niŋ ka o zaŋ o peentibu wuhi salo Galerie Lambert la daa yooi soli ti o ka bɛ boli o ni o pahi avant-garde movement nim.zuɣu, ka di daa bi yuui ka o yi dini ti pahi André Breton zuɣu ka bɛ tumda.<ref name=":5" /> Yuuni 1966, o daa labi yiŋa n-ti wuhiri Addis Ababa shikuru yuli booni “School of Fine Arts” hali ni 1969. Yuuni 1970, o daa yiya labi [[United States]], n-ti lu Atlanta tuuli, dini ka o daa niŋ niŋgbuna Black Arts Movement ka daa wuhi shikuru yuli booni Atlanta yaɣ'li din tam gbaŋ sabila peentibu, n-daa yi dini ti lahi Washington, D.C., ka daa wuhi Howard University yuuni 1972 hali 2001.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Boghossian n-daa nyɛ tuuli gbaŋ sabinli peenta so ŋun peentibu daa kpe "Musee d’Art Moderne" ban be Paris ni daa yuuni 1963. Yuuni 1965, ʒɛmana aati mɛʒium din be New York la daa da o peentibu din yuli booni ''Juju's Wedding'' (1964).<ref name=":5"/> Yuuni 1977, o daa lee gbaŋ sabinli tuuli ŋun peenti "First Day Cover" zaŋ n-ti [[United Nations]].<ref name="nmaa-bio2">{{cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/collections/view/people/asitem/person@ARTIST:B/14 |title=Alexander 'Skunder'bBoghossian |publisher=National Museum of African Art |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227025032/https://africa.si.edu/collections/view/people/asitem/items%40null%3A863/0?t%3Astate%3Aflow=2055e7c7-621f-4dad-a9e4-237569a95acbhttps%3A%2F%2Fafrica.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fview%2Fpeople%2Fasitem%2Fperson%40ARTIST%3AB%2F14 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laɣingu yuli booni "World Federation of United Nations Associations" n-daa zaŋ o wuhi salo.<ref name="nmaa-bio2"/> O alikkalimi mini inki din daa bo "Tuhimi Niŋgbuŋ kom gaŋbu" niŋ gbaŋ nyaaŋa ni sitaamp din daa doli li daa nyɛla ŋan yina silimin goli September 19, 1977.<ref name="nmaa-bio2"/> Yuuni 2001, Boghossia daa tumya ni Kebedech Tekleab komitii din yuli daa booni ''Nexus'' zaŋ n-ti [[Ethiopia]] Ɛmbɛzi din be Washington, D.C la.<ref name="nexus">{{cite web|url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/passages/mural.html|title=Nexus|year=2003|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=16 October 2010}}</ref> Lala tuun' shɛli bɛ ni daa tum ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ alimiinium baɣya'da mɛ tampima (365 x 1585&nbsp;cm) ka zaŋ li tam ɛmbɛzi ŋɔ dikili zuɣu.<ref name="nexus"/> ''Nexus'' ŋɔ nyɛla naɣ'chiinsi nɛma, Ethiopia adiini pateesanim’ mini simbulinima din nya dolodolo adiini, Judaiz adiini, musulinsi ni kaya ni taɣada simbuli shɛŋa din nya yili kurima kpatuɣa.<ref name="nexus"/> Di bi yuui, Boghossian nyɛla “Contemporary African Art Gallery” nim ni zani n-ti New York tiŋgbani ni.<ref name="nyt-obit" /> Ethiopia anashaara karim zɔŋda nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ o yuli boli, ni "Skunder Boghossian College of Performing and Visual Arts". ==Kpibu== Boghossian daa kpila Anashaara goli May 4, 2003, Howard University Hospital din be Washington, DC. O daa nyɛla yuun pihiyɔbu ni anu.<ref name="nyt-obit" /> ==Pina== * O daa di Haile Selassie tuuli pini zaŋ jɛndi aati viɛli, yuuni1967.<ref name="Hayq">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopianart.org/whoswho/whoswho.php?letter=s|title=Skunder Boghossian|publisher=Debre Hayq Ethiopian Art Gallery|accessdate=16 October 2010|access-date=20 December 2024|archive-date=20 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220103509/http://www.ethiopianart.org/whoswho/whoswho.php%3Fletter%3Ds|url-status=dead}}</ref> * O daa di "Contemporary African Painter"s, First Prize, din daa niŋ Munich, Germany la, yuuni 1967.<ref name="Hayq"/> * O daa di gbaŋ sabila ʒii din pahiri pihita yin'ka pini, din daa niŋ Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia la, yuuni 1970.<ref name="Hayq"/> * O daa lahi deei "District of Columbia" nintiɣ'bo shɛhirili gbaŋ.<ref name="Hayq"/> * O daa deei[[United Nations]] Special Committee Against Apartheid nintiɣ'bo shɛhirili gbaŋ, yuuni 1984.<ref name="Hayq"/> * O daa di "City of Miami Beach", Florida, nintiɣ'bo shɛhirili gbaŋ, yuuni 1985.<ref name="Hayq"/> *O daa di Ethiopian Ɛbɛzi kpaŋmaŋa pini, yuuni 2000.<ref name=":3" /> == Tuma din gahim == * ''Night Flight of Dread and Delight'' 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skunder Boghossian, Night Flight of Dread and Delight – Smarthistory |url=https://smarthistory.org/boghossian-night-flight/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=smarthistory.org |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209021859/https://smarthistory.org/boghossian-night-flight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Axum'' 1967<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Alexander Boghossian - 10 artworks - painting |url=https://www.wikiart.org/en/alexander-boghossian |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.wikiart.org}}</ref> * ''The End of the Beginning'' 1973<ref name=":7" /> * ''African Images'' 1980<ref name=":7" /> * ''Time Cycle III'' 1981<ref name=":7" /> * ''The Metamorphoses'' 1982<ref name=":7" /> * ''Jacob’s Ladder'' 1984<ref name=":7" /> * ''Nexus'' 2001<ref name=":7" /> ==Zaŋ wuhi== Din dɔ gbunni ŋɔ nyɛla o ni daa zaŋ o peentibu tumanima wuhi salo luɣi shɛŋa * Contemporary Ethiopian art din daa niŋ "Smithsonian Institution" National Museum of African Art.<ref name=":3" /> *Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.<ref name="caag">{{cite web|url=http://www.contempafricanart.com/toc_inl.asp|title=Skunder Boghossian|publisher=Contemporary African Art Gallery|accessdate=16 October 2010}}</ref> *National Museum of African Art din daa niŋ Washington D.C.<ref name="caag" /> *Tiŋduya Minisita duu, Addis Ababa.<ref name=":3" /> *Yuuni 1965: Biennale din pahiri anahi, Paris.<ref name=":5" /> *Yuuni 1966: Salon de Comparison.<ref name=":5" /> *Yuuni 1972: Studio Museum din be Harlem.<ref name=":6" /> *Yuuni 2002: The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945-1994<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Giorgis |first=Elsabet |date=December 2004 |title=Modernist Spirits: The Images of Skunder Boghossian |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41966162 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=139-151, 153-160 |jstor=41966162 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ==Kundivihira== <ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=Charles Henry |title=Alexander "Skunder" Boghossian |journal=Callaloo |date=2017 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=7–9 |doi=10.1353/cal.2017.0148 |s2cid=198678260 |id={{ProQuest|2273753093}} }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sturgis |first1=Ingrid |title=Ethiopian Passages: Contemporary Art From the Diaspora |journal=Black Issues Book Review |date=2003 |volume=5 |issue=5 |id={{ProQuest|217754771}} }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Tritobia |first1=Benjamin H. |title=Skunder Boghossian: A Different Magnificence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_summer-1972_5_4/page/22 |journal=African Arts |date=1972 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=22–25 |jstor=3334587|doi=10.2307/3334587 }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Boghossian |first1=Alexander Skunder |title=Alexander Skunder Boghossian |journal=Black Renaissance/Renaissance Noire |date=10 March 2010 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=126+ }}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Bart |title=Ethiopian Artist Alexander 'Skunder' Boghossian |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2003/05/09/ethiopian-artist-alexander-skunder-boghossian/b994ac70-84ce-48bd-9de1-b2e1b795d684/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher=WP Company |accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref> {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Alexander Boghossian}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boghossian, Alexander}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2003 deaths]] [[Category:Ethiopian painters]] [[Category:Ethiopian people of Armenian descent]] [[Category:People from Addis Ababa]] [[Category:Ethiopian emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Howard University faculty]] [[Category:Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière]] [[Category:20th-century Ethiopian painters]] r3qllv4duipogvr7g9in737c227y71h Mbella Sonne Dipoko 0 29866 146112 98833 2026-08-10T20:47:08Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Cameroonian writer and artist (1936–2009)}} '''Mbella Sonne Dipoko''' (Bɛ dɔɣi o la February 28, 1936, [[Douala]] &ndash;ka o kpi December 5, 2009, [[Tiko]]) ka o daa nyɛ [[Cameroon]] sasabira mini peenta-peenta. O nyɛla ŋun sabiri Anashaarasili kundunima Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anglocamlit.blogspot.com/2007/11/profile-mbella-sonne-dipoko.html|title=Cameroon Literature in English|work=anglocamlit.blogspot.com|accessdate=19 February 2015|date=2007-11-24}}</ref> == Tuun zuɣuri == * ''A Few Nights and Days''. London: [[Longman]], 1966. * ''Because of Women''. London: [[Heinemann Educational Books]], 1969. [[African Writers Series]], 57. * ''Black and White in Love''. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1972. African Writers Series, 107. == Tuun shɛŋa din pahi pahi == * "Helping the Revolution: a story". ''[[The New African]]'', 1966 * "Inheritors of The Mungo". ''[[Présence Africaine]]'', 1971<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DIPOKO|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1971|title=Inheritors of The Mungo|journal=Présence Africaine|volume=78|issue=2|pages=186–199|doi=10.3917/presa.078.0186|issn=0032-7638|jstor=24350364}}</ref> * "My People". ''Présence Africaine'', 1970<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DIPOKO|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1970|title=My People|journal=Présence Africaine|volume=73|issue=73|pages=148–155|doi=10.3917/presa.073.0148|issn=0032-7638|jstor=24348785}}</ref> * "Overseas". ''African Arts'', 1970<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1970|title=Overseas|journal=African Arts|volume=3|issue=4|pages=45–47|doi=10.2307/3345907|issn=0001-9933|jstor=3345907|s2cid=221066631 }}</ref> * "Palabres". ''Présence Africaine'', 1967<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dipoko|first1=Mbella Sonne|last2=DIAKHATE|first2=Lamine|last3=KALA-LOBE|first3=Iwiyé|last4=DANIE|first4=M. KABA|last5=KALIBWAMI|first5=Justin|date=1967|title=Palabres|journal=Présence Africaine|issue=63|pages=236–248|issn=0032-7638|jstor=24348966}}</ref> * "Pris au piège". ''Présence Africaine'', 1962<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipok|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1962|title=Pris au piège|journal=Présence Africaine|issue=41|pages=106–116|doi=10.3917/presa.041.0106|issn=0032-7638|jstor=24348082}}</ref> * "Our Life". ''[[Transition (magazine)|Transition]]'', 1963<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1963|title=Our Life|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1963-09_3_10/page/20|journal=Transition|issue=10|pages=20|doi=10.2307/2934447|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934447}}</ref> * "Creative Hope". ''Transition'',' 1962<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1962|title=Creative Hope|journal=Transition|issue=6/7|pages=50|doi=10.2307/2934793|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934793}}</ref> * "Transient Might". ''Transition'', 1962<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1962|title=Transient Might|journal=Transition|issue=6/7|pages=50|doi=10.2307/2934794|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934794}}</ref> * "Promise". ''Transition'', 1962<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1962|title=Promise|journal=Transition|issue=6/7|pages=50|doi=10.2307/2934795|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934795}}</ref> * "Cultural Diplomacy in African Writing". ''Africa Today'', 1968<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1968|title=Cultural Diplomacy in African Writing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-today_august-september-1968_15_4/page/8|journal=Africa Today|volume=15|issue=4|pages=8–11|issn=0001-9887|jstor=4184931}}</ref> * "The First Return". ''Présence Africaine'', 1967<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1967|title=The First Return|journal=Présence Africaine|volume=64|issue=4|pages=168–178|doi=10.3917/presa.064.0168|issn=0032-7638|jstor=24349695}}</ref> * "Be a Guide". ''Transition'', 1964 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1964|title=Be a Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1964_4_17/page/42|journal=Transition|issue=17|pages=42|doi=10.2307/2934146|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934146|s2cid=155334935 }}</ref> * "Mass Exile". ''Transition'', 1964<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1964|title=Mass Exile|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1964_4_17/page/42|journal=Transition|issue=17|pages=42|doi=10.2307/2934147|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934147}}</ref> * "Racism and the Eloquence of May". ''Présence Africaine'', 1968<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1968|title=Racism and the Eloquence of May|journal=Présence Africaine|volume=68|issue=4|pages=187–191|doi=10.3917/presa.068.0187|issn=0032-7638|jstor=24348652}}</ref> * "To Pre-Colonial Africa". ''Transition'', 1964<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1964|title=To Pre-Colonial Africa|journal=Transition|issue=13|pages=32|doi=10.2307/2934423|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934423}}</ref> * "Our Destiny". ''Transition'', 1964<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1964|title=Our Destiny|journal=Transition|issue=12|pages=20–21|doi=10.2307/2934485|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934485}}</ref> * "Progress". ''Présence Africaine'', 1966<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1966|title=Progress|journal=Présence Africaine|issue=57|pages=322–323|issn=0032-7638|jstor=24349330}}</ref> * "Marching through marshes". ''Présence Africaine'', 1963<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dipoko|first=Mbella Sonne|date=1963|title=Marching through marshes|journal=Présence Africaine|issue=48|pages=170|issn=0032-7638|jstor=24348268}}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dipoko, Mbella Sonne}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2009 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Cameroonian painters]] [[Category:20th-century male writers]] [[Category:20th-century novelists]] [[Category:20th-century poets]] [[Category:Cameroonian male writers]] [[Category:Cameroonian novelists]] [[Category:Cameroonian painters]] [[Category:Cameroonian poets]] [[Category:Male novelists]] [[Category:Male poets]] [[Category:People from Douala]] {{Cameroon-writer-stub}} 7daj8g2sijbyzehwxrqxuynlvcuxeoj Deborah Dancy 0 29881 146235 133585 2026-08-11T00:27:20Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}} '''Deborah Dancy''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni so '''Deborah Muirhead'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://nnamdicontemporary.com/artists/deborah-dancy/|title=Deborah Dancy|date=2016|website=N'Namdi Contemporary Miami|access-date=December 21, 2024|archive-date=May 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527022351/http://nnamdicontemporary.com/artists/deborah-dancy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1949),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://artsbma.org/collection/sarah/|title=Sarah - Deborah Muirhead|website=Birmingham Museum of Art|date=July 13, 2022 }}</ref> ka o nyɛ African-American artisi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/untitled-482179|title=Untitled|date=December 23, 2018|website=Museum of Fine Arts Boston}}</ref> O tuma shɛŋa nyɛla anfooninima yaabu. Yuuni 1981, o daa pili shikuru wuhibu [[University of Connecticut|University of Connecticut, Storrs]], ka daa wuhi peentibu yuun pihitanaanu ka daa naan yi che tuma yuuni 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mercer|first=Valerie J.|display-authors=etal|title=Examining Identities|journal=Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts|volume=86|issue=1|pages=66–87|jstor=43492326|year=2012|doi=10.1086/DIA43492326|s2cid=222812759}}</ref><ref name="marking35">{{Cite web|url=https://benton.uconn.edu/2017/07/18/marking-35-years-the-work-of-deborah-dancy/|title=Marking 35 Years: The Work of Deborah Dancy &#124; The William Benton Museum of Art|last=Perosino|first=Bruno|date=July 18, 2017}}</ref> O di pina kamani [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|John Simon Guggenheim Foundation]] Fellowship,<ref name=":4" /> [[Women's Studio Workshop|Women’s Studio Workshop]] Studio Residency Grant,<ref name=":5" /> ni [[Yaddo|YADDO]] fellowship.<ref name="marking35" /> == O piligu mini shikuru baŋsim == Dancy nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so yuuni 1949 tiŋa yuli booni [[Bessemer, Alabama]].<ref name=":0" /> bɛ daa dɔɣi o mi niŋ [[African Americans|African American]] zuliya ni. Dancy daa deei ka o [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]] shɛhira gbaŋ [[Illinois Wesleyan University]] yuuni 1973,<ref name=":1" /> n-ti pahi "[[Master of Science|MS]] in [[printmaking]]" ni "[[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]]" din jendi peentibu ka o daa deei di gba [[Illinois State University]] yuuni 1976 mini yuuni 1979, zaŋ doli taba.<ref name=":3" /> == Public collections == *[[Allen Memorial Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allenartcollection.oberlin.edu/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/id/769|title=Document|website=Allen Memorial Art Museum|access-date=March 27, 2019|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327011252/http://allenartcollection.oberlin.edu/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/id/769|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio *[[Baltimore Museum of Art]] *[[Birmingham Museum of Art]],<ref name=":0" /> Birmingham, Ala. *[[Cedar Rapids Museum of Art]], Cedar Rapids, Iowa *[[Columbia Museum of Art]], Columbia, S.C. *[[Wesleyan University|Davison Art Center]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dac-collection.wesleyan.edu/Obj10094?sid=63331&x=32987066&sort=7 |title=DAC Collection Object Information: Nameless - Deborah Muirhead |website=Wesleyan University - Davison Art Center |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123041/http://dac-collection.wesleyan.edu/Obj10094?sid=63331&x=32987066&sort=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. *[[Detroit Institute of Arts]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dia.org/art/collection/object/document-97841|title=Document, 2002|website=Detroit Institute of Arts}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Figge Art Museum]], Davenport, Iowa *[[Western Carolina University|Fine Art Museum, Bardo Arts Center]], Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, N.C. *[[Vanderbilt University|Fine Arts Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/gallery/art/collections/american-art/#AfAmArt|title=American Art|website=Fine Arts Gallery - Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. *[[Grinnell College]], Grinnell, Iowa *[[Hunter Museum of American Art]], Chattanooga, Tenn. *[[Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art]], Kansas City, Mo. *[[Mead Art Museum]], Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. *[[Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts]], Montgomery, Ala. *[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]<ref name=":2" /> *[[Bucknell University|Samek Art Gallery]], Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Penn. *[[Raclin Murphy Museum of Art]], University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. *[[Spencer Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collection.spencerart.ku.edu/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=20863&viewType=detailView|title=Welcome to the Spencer Collection|website=Spencer Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. *[[United States Embassy]], Yaoundé, Cameroon == Pina mini paɣibu == *[[Women's Studio Workshop]] Studio Residency Grant<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://wsworkshop.org/artists/deborah-dancy/|title=Deborah Dancy|website=Women's Studio Workshop|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Banff Centre|Banff]] Creative Residency Program Grant *[[University of Connecticut]] School of Fine Arts Outstanding Faculty Award * The [[University of Connecticut]] Chancellor’s Research Fellowship *[[American Antiquarian Society]] [[William Randolph Hearst]] Artist and Writers Creative Arts Fellowship<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americanantiquarian.org/pastartistfellows.htm#2002 |title=Present and Former Creative and Performing Artist and Writer Fellows |website=American Antiquarian Society|date=January 15, 2013 }}</ref> * Nexus Press Artist Book Project Residency Award<ref name="marking35" /> * Visual Studies Press Artist in Residency Award<ref name="marking35" /> *[[The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation|Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation]] Nominee *[[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|John Simon Guggenheim Foundation]] Fellowship<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/deborah-muirhead/|title=Deborah Dancy|website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|access-date=December 21, 2024|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819073908/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/deborah-muirhead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[New England Foundation for the Arts]] Regional National Endowment for the Arts, Individual Artist Grant<ref name=":1" /> *[[Joan Mitchell]] Foundation Nominee * Juror's Merit Award, New American Talent: [[The Contemporary Austin|Laguna Gloria Museum]] * Connecticut Commission on the Arts Individual Artist Grant<ref name="marking35" /> *[[Yale University]] Visiting Faculty Fellow *[[Yaddo|YADDO]] Fellowship<ref name="marking35" /> * Connecticut Book Award Illustration Nominee - “The Freedom Business”<ref name="marking35" /> == Maŋmaŋa lahabali == *Armstrong, Kathleen, et al. “Children's Literature Reviews: 2008 Poetry Notables.” Language Arts, vol. 86, no. 6, 2009, pp.&nbsp;468–472. JSTOR *“Book Design, Digital Imaging and Photography.” ''Clarellen'', Clarellen and Cary Graphic Arts Press, New York, 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clarellen.com/digitalbookdesign.html|title=Clarellen - Digital Book Design and Publishing|website=www.clarellen.com|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=January 26, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126180026/http://www.clarellen.com/digitalbookdesign.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Danza, Emmie. “Deborah Dancy, Chasing the Light.” ''Gallery Artist Deborah Dancy Reviewed on The Drawing Center Column, "Annotations."'', The Drawing Center, 27 June 2013 *Edwards, Jeff. “‘It’s a Constant Struggle to Keep the ‘Thingness’ at Bay’: An Interview with Deborah Dancy.” ''Artpulse'', 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://art.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1528/2016/02/DEBORAH-DANCY.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401223304/https://art.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1528/2016/02/DEBORAH-DANCY.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> *“Front Matter.” ''African American Review'', vol. 41, no. 3, 2007 <ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3042351|title = Front Matter|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_summer-1996_30_2/page/161|journal = African American Review|volume = 30|issue = 2|pages = 161–164|year = 1996}}</ref> * “Flatfile Collection, Queen Bea.” Artspace New Haven. 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artspacenewhaven.org/flatfiles/deborah-dancy/|title=Deborah Dancy|website=Artspace New Haven|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401205930/https://artspacenewhaven.org/flatfiles/deborah-dancy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *King, Leslie. “Gumbo Ya Ya : Anthology of Contemporary African-American Women Artists.” ''Hathi Trust Digital Library'', Midmarch Arts Press, 1995<ref>{{Cite journal|title=jstor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-uk_fall-1995_54_3/page/102|journal = Art Journal|volume = 54|issue = 3|pages = 102–107|jstor = 777610|last1 = Morgan|first1 = Ann Lee|year = 1995}}</ref> *McNALLY, OWEN. “Painter Muirhead peers through a history, darkly.” ''Courant.com'', Hartford Courant, 13 Sept. 2018 *Mercer, Valerie J., et al. “Examining Identities.” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts, vol. 86, no. 1/4, 2012, pp.&nbsp;66–87. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43492326. *Mobilio, Albert. “The Bookness of Not-Books: Modern and Contemporary Artists' Books,” ''The Paris Review'', 22 Jun 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/06/22/bookness-not-books/|title=The Bookness of Not-Books|last=Mobilio|first=Albert|date=2017-06-22|website=The Paris Review|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> *Nelson, Marilyn. “The Freedom Business (Ca. 1790).” ''Venture Smith and the Business of Slavery and Freedom'', edited by James Brewer Stewart. by James O. Horton, University of Massachusetts Press, 2010, pp.&nbsp;257–258. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vk4gq.16.<ref>{{Cite book|title=the freedom business}}</ref> *Perosino, Bruno. “Marking 35 Years: The Work of Deborah Dancy.” ''The William Benton Museum of Art'', 18 Jul 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://benton.uconn.edu/2017/07/18/marking-35-years-the-work-of-deborah-dancy/|title=Marking 35 Years: The Work of Deborah Dancy {{!}} The William Benton Museum of Art|last=Perosino|first=Bruno|date=2017-07-18|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> *Raynor, Vivian. “Spirit in the Wood/Paint.” ''The New York Times'', Sunday, 26 Feb 1989 *Raynor, Vivian, “Stamford Museum.” ''The New York Times'', Sunday: 2 May 1989 *Robert, Kiener. “In Works with a Visceral, Spontaneous Feel, Deborah Dancy Explores the Amorphous Zone between Abstraction and Representation.” ''New England Home Magazine'', *Robin Kahn. ''ROBIN KAHN'', 1 Jan 1970. *Rosoff, Patricia. “Small Vistas, The 10-Year Show at 100 Pearl.” ''Hartford Advocate'', 15 Jul 2004. *Zimmer, William. “ART; A Glimpse of Contemporary Taste.” ''The New York Times'', The New York Times, 25 Feb 1996. *Zimmer, William. “Connecticut Biennial.” ''The New York Times'', 14 Apr 1991.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYxmAgAAQBAJ&q=Zimmer,+William.+“Connecticut+Biennial.”&pg=PA126|title=Connecticut Biennial|date=December 19, 2013|isbn=9781135638825|last1=Heller|first1=Jules|last2=Heller|first2=Nancy G.|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dancy, Deborah}} [[Category:American contemporary painters]] [[Category:American women painters]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women artists]] [[Category:American printmakers]] [[Category:University of Connecticut faculty]] [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American women printmakers]] [[Category:American women academics]] [[Category:African-American painters]] [[Category:African-American printmakers]] [[Category:21st-century African-American people]] [[Category:20th-century African-American people]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women artists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American artists]] [[Category:21st-century American women artists]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] 295spzrq7yqp45ryhmivpdv10jnlt0d George Herriman 0 29883 146218 132850 2026-08-10T23:44:09Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} {{short description|American cartoonist (1880–1944)}} {{About|the American cartoonist|the English businessman|George Harriman}} '''George Joseph Herriman III''' (August&nbsp;22, 1880&nbsp;– April&nbsp;25, 1944) daa nyɛla African American ŋun daa maani beebinima ka daa mali asaafihili ''[[Krazy Kat]]'' (1913–1944).[[Gilbert Seldes]]' lahabali "The Krazy Kat Who Walks by Himself" n-nyɛ tuuli ka niriba ti zaɣa. == Maŋmaŋa yɛltɔɣa == ===1880–1900: Piligu biɛhigu=== [[File:AugustineTreme14Jan2008AboveB.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A large, white building with a spire, next to a road.|The Herrimans attended St. Augustine Catholic Church in [[Tremé]] in [[New Orleans]].]] George Joseph Herriman nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so 348 Villere Street{{efn|[[McDonogh 35 High School]] later occupied the site.{{sfn|McCash|2010}} }} din be [[New Orleans]] Anashaara goli August 22, 1880.{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=30}} <!-- [[File:George and Mabel Herriman - Wedding - 1902-07-07.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=A black and white photograph of a woman wearing a dress and a man wearing a suit.|George and Mabel Herriman on their wedding day (July 7, 1902)]] --><!-- copyright staus in question --> [[File:Herriman090706.jpg|thumb|alt=A black-and-white cartoon drawing. A short, fat man labeled "Parker" and a tall, thin man labeled "Herrin" are in a farmyard, whose barn is labeled "Republican Stables". The two are looking at a horse with a human face and an enormous collar. The horse is labeled "Gillett". The caption reads, "Parker: 'Will he stand without hitching?'; Herrin: 'Sure! See that collar?'"|Herriman's earliest published works were humor and editorial cartoons. (September 7, 1906)]] {{quote box|I always thought if I could do something as good as ''Krazy Kat'', I would be happy. ''Krazy Kat'' was always my goal.|--[[Charles M. Schulz]] in 1967{{sfn|Harrington Hall|2000|p=55}} | width = 30em | align = left }} {{clear}} ===List of comic strips=== {{wide image |1 = Baron Bean circa 1916–1917.png |2 = 843px |3 = Herriman had many long- and short-lived comic strips. (''[[Baron Bean]]'' daily for Friday, April 14, 1916, subtitled "We Fear Grimes's Employer Is a Bit Peevish") |alt = In a four-panel comic strip, a short man dressed as a clown tells a tall man seated at a table that he must dine alone, as the short man is going out to supper. The tall man's negro cook tells him she has eaten his meal herself and he falls out of his chair in surprise. The short man returns and boasts of his fine supper, and the tall man, with a cat-and-mouse comic strip in mind, prepares top throw a brick at him.}} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Comic strips by George Herriman |- ! scope="col"|Title ! scope="col"|Begin date ! scope="col"|End date |- !scope="row"|''Musical Mose''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=34}} |align="right"| {{dts|February 16, 1902}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=34}} |align="right"| {{dts|March 9, 1902}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=215}} |- !scope="row"|''Professor Otto and his Auto''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=34}} |align="right"| {{dts|March 30, 1902}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=34}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 28, 1902}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=215}} |- !scope="row"|''Acrobatic Archie''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=34}} |align="right"| {{dts|April 13, 1902}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=34}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 25, 1903}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=215}} |- !scope="row"|''Two Jollie Jackies''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=37}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 11, 1903}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=51}} |align="right"| {{dts|November 15, 1903}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''Lariat Pete''{{sfnm|1a1=Blackbeard|1y=1983|1p=51|2a1=McDonnell|2a2=O'Connell|2a3=Havenon|2y=1986|2p=216}}{{efn-lr|Taken over by Herriman{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} }} |align="right"| {{dts|September 6, 1903}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=51}} |align="right"| {{dts|November 15, 1903}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''Major Ozone's Fresh Air Crusade''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=37}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 2, 1904}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=37}} |align="right"| {{dts|October 20, 1906}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''Home Sweet Home''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=41}} |align="right"| {{dts|February 22, 1904}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=41}} |align="right"| {{dts|March 4, 1904}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=41}} |- !scope="row"|''Bud Smith''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |align="right"| {{dts|October 29, 1905}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |align="right"| {{dts|October 20, 1906}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''Mr. Proones the Plunger''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=45}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 7, 1906}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=45}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 26, 1906}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=45}} |- !scope="row"|''Rosy Posy, Mama's Girl''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=45}} |align="right"| {{dts|May 19, 1906}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |align="right"| {{dts|September 15, 1906}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''Grandma's Girl''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |align="right"| {{dts|November 26, 1905}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |align="right"| {{dts|May 19, 1906}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''Baron Mooch''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=49}} |align="right"| {{dts|October 12, 1909}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=49}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 19, 1909}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''Mary's Home from College''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=49}} |align="right"| {{dts|February 19, 1909}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=49}} |align="right"| {{dts|March 27, 1919}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=49}} |- !scope="row"|''Gooseberry Sprig''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=49}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 23, 1909}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=49}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 24, 1910}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=49}} |- !scope="row"|''Alexander the Cat''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=50}} |align="right"| {{dts|November 7, 1909}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=50}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 9, 1910}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''Daniel and Pansy''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=50}} |align="right"| {{dts|November 21, 1909}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=50}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 4, 1909}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=216}} |- !scope="row"|''[[The Dingbat Family]]/The Family Upstairs''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=51}} |align="right"| {{dts|June 20, 1910}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=218}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 4, 1916}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=57}} |- !scope="row"|''[[Krazy Kat]]''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=57}} |align="right"| {{dts|October 28, 1913}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=57}} |align="right"| {{dts|June 25, 1944}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|pp=211, 219}} |- !scope="row"|''[[Baron Bean]]''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|pp=57–58}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 5, 1916}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=57}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 22, 1919}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=57}} |- !scope="row"|''Now Listen Mabel''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=58}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 23, 1919}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=58}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 18, 1919}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=58}} |- !scope="row"|''Stumble Inn''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=218}} |align="right"| {{dts|October 30, 1922}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=67}} |align="right"| {{dts|October 30, 1925}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=68}} |- !scope="row"|''Us Husbands''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|pp=80, 218}} |align="right"| {{dts|January 9, 1926}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=80}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 18, 1926}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=80}} |- !scope="row"|''Mistakes Will Happen''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=80}}{{efn-lr|Ran as a "[[Topper (comic strip)|topper]]" to ''Us Husbands''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=80}} }} |align="right"| {{dts|January 9, 1926}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=80}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 18, 1926}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=80}} |- !scope="row"|''Embarrassing Moments''/''Bernie Burns''{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=218}}{{efn-lr|Begun in 1922, taken over by Herriman in 1928{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=80}} }} |align="right"| {{dts|April 28, 1928}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=218}} |align="right"| {{dts|December 3, 1932}}{{sfn|McDonnell|O'Connell|Havenon|1986|p=80}} |- |} {{Notelist-lr}} ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist|colwidth=20em}} ===Works cited=== ====Books==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}} * {{cite book |last = Anderson |first = Eric Gary |title = American Indian Literature and the Southwest: Contexts and Dispositions |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rf_RehmSjG4C&pg=PA147 |year = 1999 |publisher = University of Texas Press |isbn = 978-0-292-78393-5 |pages = 147–168 |chapter = Krazy Kat I: Context and Crossings}} * {{cite book |last = Baetens |first = Jan |chapter = Words and Images in the Contemporary Graphic Novel |pages = 92–110 |editor-last = Herzogenrath |editor-first = Bernd |title = Travels in Intermedia[lity]: ReBlurring the Boundaries |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ko8tu_EzsQC |year = 2012 |publisher = University Press of New England |isbn = 978-1-61168-261-8}} * {{cite book |last = Beaty |first = Bart |title = Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hxTbRV67rM4C |year = 2005 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-1-60473-071-5}} * {{cite book |last = Berger |first = Arthur Asa |title = Manufacturing Desire: Media, Popular Culture, and Everyday Life |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HqpIxY5jGL8C |year = 1996 |publisher = Transaction Publishers |isbn = 978-1-4128-2801-7}} * {{cite book |last = Collins |first = Jim |chapter = Appropriating Like Krazy: From Pop Art to Meta-Pop |editor1-last = Naremore |editor1-first = James |editor2-last = Brantlinger |editor2-first = Patrick |title = Modernity and Mass Culture |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEfBGnsbkwC |year = 1991 |publisher = Indiana University Press |isbn = 978-0-253-20627-5}} * {{cite book |last = Collins |first = Jim |title = Architectures of Excess: Cultural Life in the Information Age |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LjHywMzkrIkC |year = 1994 |publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn = 978-0-415-90706-4}} * {{cite book |last = Elam |first = Michele |title = The Souls of Mixed Folk: Race, Politics, and Aesthetics in the New Millennium |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hoFM2Y3K4rUC&pg=PA226 |year = 2011 |publisher = Stanford University Press |isbn = 978-0-8047-7730-8}} * {{cite book |last = Estren |first = Mark James |title = A History of Underground Comics |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hQb_q6DWle4C |year = 1974 |publisher = Ronin Publishing |isbn = 978-0-914171-64-5}} * {{cite book |last1 = Gabilliet |first1 = Jean-Paul |last2 = Beaty |first2 = Bart |last3 = Nguyen |first3 = Nick |title = Of Comics and Men: A Cultural History of American Comic Books |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J1t8g_yX1wcC |year = 2010 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-1-60473-267-2}} * {{cite book |last = Gorman |first = Paul R. |title = Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in Twentieth-Century America |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P3JhHjHIUcQC&pg=PA77 |year = 1996 |publisher = University of North Carolina Press |isbn = 978-0-8078-4556-1}} * {{cite book |first = Mary |last = Harrington Hall |editor-last = Inge |editor-first = M. Thomas |title = Charles M. Schulz: Conversations |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bMlJTPWp6O0C |year = 2000 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-1-57806-305-5 |pages = 45–75 |chapter = A Conversation with Charles Schulz}} * {{cite book |last = Harvey |first = Robert C. |author-link = R. C. Harvey |title = The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sb374j7kI1sC |year = 1994 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-0-87805-674-3}} * {{cite book |last = Healey |first = Robin Patrick |title = Twentieth-Century Italian Literature in English Translation: An Annotated Bibliography 1929–1997 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t7WVhymRPZEC |year = 1998 |publisher = University of Toronto Press |isbn = 978-0-8020-0800-8}} * {{cite book |first = Jeet |last = Heer |chapter = Inventing Cartooning Ancestors: Ware and the Comics Canon |pages = 3–13 |editor1-last = Ball |editor1-first = David M |editor2-last = Kuhlman |editor2-first = Martha B |title = The Comics of Chris Ware: Drawing Is a Way of Thinking |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QrFmPKlv61sC |year = 2010 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-1-60473-442-3}} * {{cite book |last = Hignite |first = Todd |title = In the Studio: Visits with Contemporary Cartoonists |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uRSSybBdi3AC |year = 2006 |publisher = Yale University Press |isbn = 978-0-300-11016-6 |pages = 6–39 |chapter = Robert Crumb}} * {{cite journal |last = Inge |first = M. Thomas |author-link = M. Thomas Inge |title = Was Krazy Black? The Racial Identity of George Herriman |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_inks-cartoon-and-comic-art-studies_1996-05_3_2/page/2 |journal = Inks: Cartoons and Comic Art Studies. |date = May 1996 |pages = 2–9 |volume = 3 |issue = 2 |issn = 1071-9156 }} * {{cite book |editor-last = Witek |editor-first = Joseph |last = Jacobowitz |first = Susan |title = Art Spiegelman: Conversations |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKd1aGW7EMoC&pg=PA152 |year = 2007 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-1-934110-12-6 |pages = 152–162 |chapter = 'Words and Pictures Together': An Interview with Art Spiegelman}} * {{cite book |last = Johnson |first = Charles Richard |title = I Call Myself an Artist: Writings by and About Charles Johnson |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jtAUCalQz0IC |year = 1999 |publisher = Indiana University Press |isbn = 978-0-253-33541-8}} * {{cite book |last = Kaplan |first = Arie |title = From Krakow to Krypton: Jews and Comic Books |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8aH3H7DC6BQC |year = 2008 |publisher = Jewish Publication Society |isbn = 978-0-8276-0843-6}} * {{cite book |last = Marschall |first = Richard |author-link = Rick Marschall |title = America's Great Comic-Strip Artists: From the Yellow Kid to Peanuts |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=asobP3Fu6a8C |year = 1997 |publisher = Stewart, Tabori & Chang |isbn = 978-1-55670-646-2}} * {{cite book |last = Martell |first = Nevin |title = Looking for Calvin and Hobbes: The Unconventional Story of Bill Watterson and his Revolutionary Comic Strip |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q6wHaqIDzDEC |year = 2009 |publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn = 978-0-8264-2984-1}} * {{cite book |author1-link = Patrick McDonnell |last1 = McDonnell |first1 = Patrick |last2 = O'Connell |first2 = Karen |last3 = Havenon |first3 = Georgia Riley de |title = Krazy Kat: The Comic Art of George Herriman |year = 1986 |publisher = Abrams Books |isbn = 978-0-8109-9185-9}} * {{cite book |last = McDonnell |first = Patrick |author-link = Patrick McDonnell |title = The Best of Mutts |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K4XL7MsQXpQC |year = 2007 |publisher = Andrews McMeel Publishing |isbn = 978-0-7407-6844-6}} * {{cite book |last = McGavran |first = James Holt |title = Literature and the Child: Romantic Continuations, Postmodern Contestations |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LVTsR0J13RIC |year = 1998 |publisher = University of Iowa Press |isbn = 978-1-58729-291-0}} * {{cite book |last = Petersen |first = Robert S. |title = Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w1b5wVUEHpUC |year = 2011 |publisher = ABC-CLIO |isbn = 978-0-313-36330-6}} * {{cite book |last = Nel |first = Philip |author-link = Philip Nel |title = Dr. Seuss: American Icon |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IjvHQsCn_pgC |year = 2003 |publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn = 978-0-8264-1708-4}} * {{cite book |last = Nel |first = Philip |author-link = Philip Nel |title = Crockett Johnson and Ruth Krauss: How an Unlikely Couple Found Love, Dodged the FBI, and Transformed Children's Literature |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4R7XE4nUrmMC |year = 2012 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-1-61703-636-1}} * {{cite book |author-link = Howard Pollack |last = Pollack |first = Howard |title = John Alden Carpenter: A Chicago Composer |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BvhZdjEf2TIC&pg=PA205 |year = 2001 |publisher = University of Illinois Press |isbn = 978-0-252-07014-3}} * {{cite book |last = Schulz |first = Charles Monroe |author-link = Charles M. Schulz |title = My Life with Charlie Brown |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DV8NvhEX2LYC |year = 2010 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-1-60473-448-5}} * {{cite book |author-link = Gilbert Seldes |first = Gilbert |last = Seldes |title = The Seven Lively Arts |chapter = The Krazy Kat That Walks By Himself |pages = 231–245 |year = 1924 |url = http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/SELDES/ch15.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990224192736/http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7EHYPER/SELDES/ch15.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = February 24, 1999}} * {{cite book |last = Soper |first = Kerry |title = Garry Trudeau: Doonesbury and the Aesthetics of Satire |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZJ4VSEaFE0C |year = 2008 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-1-934110-88-1}} * {{cite book |last = Tompkins |first = Vincent |title = American Decades: 1910–1919 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1EkUAQAAIAAJ |year = 1996 |publisher = Gale Research |isbn = 978-0-8103-5723-5}} * {{cite book |author-link = Bill Watterson |last = Watterson |first = Bill |year = 1995 |title = The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book |publisher = Andrews McMeel Publishing |isbn = 0-8362-0438-7}} * {{cite book |last = Waugh |first = Coulton |author-link = Coulton Waugh |title = The Comics |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fm8mRsBP3YkC |year = 1947 |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |isbn = 978-0-87805-499-2}} * {{cite book |last = White |first = David Manning |title = The Funnies: an American idiom |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-55ZAAAAMAAJ |year = 1963 |publisher = Free Press of Glencoe}} * {{cite book |last = Wolk |first = Douglas |author-link = Douglas Wolk |title = Reading Comics: How Graphic Novels Work and What They Mean |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NuW25idPmz8C |year = 2008 |publisher = Da Capo Press |isbn = 978-0-7867-2157-3}} {{Refend}} ====Journals and magazines==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}} * {{cite journal |first = Eyal |last = Amiran |title = George Herriman's Black Sentence: The Legibility of Race in ''Krazy Kat'' |journal = [[Mosaic (journal)|Mosaic]] |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |date = September 2000 |pages = 56–70 |url = https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-66279092 |access-date = October 13, 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal |title = The Forgotten Years of George Herriman |first = Bill |last = Blackbeard |author-link = Bill Blackbeard |journal = [[Nemo (magazine)|Nemo]] |date=June 1983 |issue = 1 |pages = 50–60}} * {{cite journal |first = Sarah |last = Boxer |title = 'Masters of American Comics': UCLA Hammer Museum Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles |journal = Artforum International |date = April 2006 |url = https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-144705024 |access-date = September 28, 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal |url = http://lareviewofbooks.org/article.php?id=639&fulltext=1 |first = Sarah |last = Boxer |title = Krazy Kriticism: The Tics of the Trade |date = May 16, 2012 |journal = [[Los Angeles Review of Books]] |access-date = October 12, 2012 |archive-date = November 15, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121115053055/http://lareviewofbooks.org/article.php?id=639&fulltext=1 |url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal |url = http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2012/05/books/graphic-novels/graphic-novels-prepub-alert-a-new-life-for-peanuts-jeff-smiths-series-for-adults-tezukas-final-work/ |title = Graphic Novels Prepub Alert: A New Life for Peanuts, Jeff Smith's Series for Adults & Tezuka's Final Work |journal = [[Library Journal]] |first = Martha |last = Cornog |date = May 3, 2012 |access-date = October 13, 2012 |archive-date = July 9, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120709182920/http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2012/05/books/graphic-novels/graphic-novels-prepub-alert-a-new-life-for-peanuts-jeff-smiths-series-for-adults-tezukas-final-work/ |url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal |last = Hancock |first = La Touche |title = American Caricature and Comic Art |journal = The Bookman |date=November 1902 |pages = 263–274 }} * {{cite journal |title = Re-emerging Talent of the Year: George Herriman |journal = [[The Comics Journal]] |first = R. C. |last = Harvey |author-link = R. C. Harvey |date=February 2003 |issue = 250 |pages = 59–62 }} * {{cite journal |title = Krazy Theme Park |url = http://classic.tcj.com/top-stories/krazy-theme-park/ |journal = [[The Comics Journal]] |first = R. C. |last = Harvey |author-link = R. C. Harvey |date = April 10, 2010 |access-date = October 2, 2012 |archive-date = September 13, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913234354/http://classic.tcj.com/top-stories/krazy-theme-park/ |url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal |title = Love Hurts |journal = [[Los Angeles (magazine)|Los Angeles]] |first = Robert |last = Ito |date=January 2003 |volume = 48 |issue = 1 |page = 94 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q10EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94 |access-date = October 2, 2012}} * {{cite journal |first = Tiel |last = Lundy |title = Will Eisner: Portrait of a Sequential Artist |journal = [[Shofar (journal)|Shofar]] |volume = 29 |issue = 2 |year = 2011 |url = https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-2269878951 |access-date = September 28, 2012 |doi = 10.1353/sho.2011.0069 |pages = 193 |s2cid = 170793886 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal |first = Edward |last = Sorel |author-link = Edward Sorel |editor-first = Richard |editor-last = Marschall |editor-link = Rick Marschall |journal = Nemo |issue = 32 |date=Winter 1992 |title = ''Krazy Kat'': A Love Story |pages = 22–25}} * {{cite magazine |author = ''Time'' staff |title = Among the Unlimitless Etha |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933397,00.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071023075910/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933397,00.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = October 23, 2007 |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date = May 8, 1944 |access-date = May 10, 2008}} {{Refend}} ====Newspapers==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}} * {{cite news |first = Sarah |last = Boxer |title = Herriman: Cartoonist Who Equalled Cervantes |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3666365/Herriman-Cartoonist-who-equalled-Cervantes.html |newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]] |date = July 7, 2007 |access-date = February 3, 2009}} * {{cite news |date = September 30, 1931 |author = ''Chicago Daily Tribune'' staff |title = Obituary |page = 22 |newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]]}} * {{cite news |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/939856981.html?dids=939856981:939856981&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+11%2C+2005&author=Jeet+Heer&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=D.04&desc=A+cat-and-mouse+game+of+identity |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001023355/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/939856981.html?dids=939856981:939856981&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+11,+2005&author=Jeet+Heer&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=D.04&desc=A+cat-and-mouse+game+of+identity |archive-date = October 1, 2007 |access-date = June 20, 2007 |first = Jeet |last = Heer |date = December 11, 2005 |newspaper = [[Toronto Star]] |title = A Cat-and-Mouse Game of Identity }} [http://gentlejones.blogspot.jp/2005/12/cat-and-mouse-game-of-identity.html Alt URL] * {{cite news |title = Critics' Choices |author-link = Hilton Kramer |first = Hilton |last = Kramer |date = January 17, 1982 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/17/arts/critics-choices-175035.html |access-date = March 8, 2013 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]]}} * {{cite news |newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] |date = September 30, 1931 |author = ''Los Angeles Times'' staff |title = Obituary |page = 20}} * {{cite news |first = Leonard |last = Lyons |title = The Lyons Den |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DgENAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uGkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5958,3766610&dq=george+herriman+died |newspaper = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date = May 3, 1944 |access-date = February 3, 2009}} * {{cite news |url = http://www.nola.com/arts/index.ssf/2010/07/new_book_celebrates_century-ol.html |first = Doug |last = McCash |newspaper = [[The Times-Picayune]] |date = July 25, 2010 |title = New Book Celebrates, Century-Old 'Krazy Kat' Cartoons Created by a Crescent City-Born Artist |access-date = October 17, 2012}} * {{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-aug-29-la-me-0829-then-20100829-story.html |date = August 29, 2010 |first = Anthony |last = Mostrom |title = L.A. Cartoonist Was Obscure and Misunderstood&nbsp;– the Epitome of Avant-Garde |newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date = August 31, 2012}} * {{cite news |author = ''New York Times'' staff |title = George Herriman, Noted Cartoonist. Creator of 'Krazy Kat' Comic Strip Dies in Hollywood at 66. Once a House Painter. |url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B17F83959147B93C5AB178FD85F408485F9 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |date = April 27, 1944 |access-date = February 3, 2009}} * {{cite news |title = A Cat Above the Rest |first = Roger |last = Sabin |author-link = Roger Sabin |newspaper = [[The Observer]] |date = June 16, 2002 |url = https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/jun/16/comics |access-date = October 2, 2012}} * {{cite news |title = Symphony in Black and White: Krazy Kat Kontinued |first = Alexander |last = Stern |url = http://blog.timesunion.com/comics/symphony-in-black-and-white-krazy-kat-kontinued/99/ |date = November 20, 2008 |newspaper = [[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]] |access-date = October 17, 2012 |archive-date = September 28, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090928022340/http://blog.timesunion.com/comics/symphony-in-black-and-white-krazy-kat-kontinued/99/ |url-status = dead }} * {{cite news |author-link = Frank Tashlin |last = Tashlin |first = Frank |title = In Coconino County |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |date = November 3, 1946 |page = 161}} {{Refend}} ====Web==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}} * {{cite web |last = Bloom |first = John |title = Krazy Kat Keeps Kracking |url = http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2003/06/23/Feature-Krazy-Kat-keeps-kracking/UPI-99481056384121/ |work = United Press International |date = June 23, 2003 |access-date = September 27, 2012 }} * {{cite web |last = Gardner |first = Alan |title = Schulz, Herriman inducted into Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame |date = May 10, 2013 |url = http://dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2013/05/10/schulz-herriman-inducted-into-society-of-illustrators-hall-of-fame/ |access-date = April 2, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130628043750/http://dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2013/05/10/schulz-herriman-inducted-into-society-of-illustrators-hall-of-fame/ |archive-date = June 28, 2013 }} * {{cite web |last = Heer |first = Jeet |title = Racism as a Stylistic Choice and other Notes |work = [[The Comics Journal]] |date = March 12, 2011 |url = http://www.tcj.com/racism-as-a-stylistic-choice-and-other-notes/ |access-date = January 16, 2012 }} * {{cite web |last = Mautner |first = Chris |title = Comics College {{!}} George Herriman |work = [[Comic Book Resources]] |date = July 4, 2011 |url = https://www.cbr.com/comics-college-george-herriman/ |access-date = April 24, 2023 }} * {{cite web |last = Siegel |first = Harry |title = Krazy's America&nbsp;– No Austerities |date = December 3, 2004 |work = New Partisan |url = http://www.newpartisan.com/home/krazys-america-no-austerities.html |access-date = October 12, 2012 |archive-date = April 6, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130406102640/http://www.newpartisan.com/home/krazys-america-no-austerities.html |url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |author = ''Comic Book Resources'' staff |title = IDW Publishing Solicitations for September, 2012 |work = [[Comic Book Resources]] |url = http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=39261 |date = June 19, 2012 |access-date = October 13, 2012 |archive-date = June 20, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120620222005/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=39261 |url-status = dead }} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== * {{cite journal |first = Richard |last = Marschall |author-link = Rick Marschall |editor-first = Richard |editor-last = Marschall <!-- |editor-link = Rick Marschall --><!-- redundant --> |journal = [[Nemo (magazine)|Nemo]] |issue = 16 |date=December 1985 |title = The Diary of a Deluded Dandy: Baron Bean de la Mancha He Runs for Constable |pages = 6–14 |publisher = Fantagraphics Books}} * {{cite journal |last = Orvell |first = Miles |title = Writing Posthistorically: ''Krazy Kat'', ''Maus'', and the Contemporary Fiction Cartoon |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literary-history_spring-1992_4_1/page/110 |date=Spring 1992 |pages = 110–128 |journal = [[American Literary History]] |volume = 4 |issue = 1 |publisher = Oxford University Press|doi = 10.1093/alh/4.1.110 }} * {{cite book |last = Tisserand |first = Michael |title = Krazy: George Herriman, A Life in Black and White |url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0062098055 |year = 2016 |publisher = Harper |isbn = 978-0061732997}} == External links == * {{Commons-inline|George Herriman}} * [http://www.ignatzmouse.net/ ignatzmouse.net], "The only website dedicated to 'Ignatz Mouse'" * [http://www.comicstriplibrary.org/browse/results?title=1 Comic Strip Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020003949/http://www.comicstriplibrary.org/browse/results?title=1 |date=2012-10-20 }} collection of public domain ''Krazy Kat'' strips * ''[http://www.barnaclepress.com/comics/Baron%20Mooch/ Baron Mooch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919052110/http://www.barnaclepress.com/comics/Baron%20Mooch/ |date=2012-09-19 }}'' collection at [http://www.barnaclepress.com Barnacle Press] * ''[http://www.old-coconino.com/sites_auteurs/herriman/index.html Herriman's Krazy Kountry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716041335/http://www.old-coconino.com/sites_auteurs/herriman/index.html |date=2013-07-16 }}'' at ''[http://www.old-coconino.com Coconino World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706120215/http://www.old-coconino.com/ |date=2008-07-06 }}'' has selections from ''[http://www.old-coconino.com/modules/herriman/mary/mary_00.htm Mary's Home from College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201857/http://www.old-coconino.com/modules/herriman/mary/mary_00.htm |date=2013-10-29 }}'' * [http://videos.nola.com/times-picayune/2010/07/krazy_kat_creator_george_herri.html Video] tour of George Herriman's New Orleans * {{cite web |url = http://uncleeddiestheorycorner.blogspot.jp/2012/01/tracing-evolution-ofgeorge-herrimans.html |title = Tracing the Evolution of George Herriman's Style |first = Eddie |last = Fitzgerald |date = January 5, 2012 |access-date = October 17, 2012}} [[Category:1880 births]] [[Category:1944 deaths]] [[Category:African-American comics creators]] [[Category:American comics creators]] [[Category:American comics artists]] [[Category:American comic strip cartoonists]] [[Category:American surrealist artists]] [[Category:Artists from New Orleans]] [[Category:Hearst Communications people]] [[Category:Louisiana Creole people]] [[Category:Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Krazy Kat]] [[Category:African-American Catholics]] [[Category:Cat artists]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] shatv9r7gwnyfu4hxoznxdlxwy4ecnj Dupuytren's contracture 0 29914 146179 111962 2026-08-10T22:28:11Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dupuytren's contracture''' nyɛla doro din che ka nubihi ayi bee zaɣ'bɔbigu tabindi taba, ka bi lahi tabigira.<ref name="GHR2016">{{Cite web|title=Dupuytren contracture|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/dupuytren-contracture|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=3 June 2017|date=September 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513062102/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/dupuytren-contracture|archive-date=13 May 2017}}</ref> Di piini mi ni zaɣ'bihi, ka nuu maa puuni naan yi niŋ zaɣ'kpulakpula ka kpem'kpema,<ref name="GHR2016" /> ka kuli niŋdi nimmohi hali ka nubihi ŋɔ ti ku lahi tooi tabigi taba. Di ni tooi bi bɛra, amaa zaɣisigu bee fuɣisibu ni tooi beni.<ref name="GHR2016" /> Nubili din pa nubili-kpalinga zuɣu ka di tooi gbaari a.<ref name="GHR2016" /> Doro ŋɔ ni tooi mɔŋ nira bindirigu duɣibu,sabbu ni tuun shɛŋa din pahi pahi.<ref name="GHR2016" /> Binshɛɣu din tahiri lala doro ŋɔ na bi yi polo.<ref name="NORD2005">{{Cite web|title=Dupuytren's Contracture|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dupuytrens-contracture/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=3 June 2017|date=2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910170738/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dupuytrens-contracture/|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> Pohili dalirinima shɛŋa n-nyɛ, daŋ ni taarihi, da'nyuli,nyohi nyubu, "thyroid problems", sapuɣu doriti, "diabetes", ni kpilinkpihi.<ref name="GHR2016" /><ref name="NORD2005" /> Din pahi nyɛla "connective tissue" din beni ni "palmar fascia".<ref name="GHR2016" /> Di baŋbu tooi dolila di nahingbana.<ref name="NORD2005" /> Di tuuli tibbu tooi chanimi ni "steroid injections" zaŋ chibi luɣ'shɛŋa di ni be, ni "physical therapy".<ref name="NORD2005" /> Din ti kɔŋ tim ni, "clostridial collagenase" chibbu bee apoleeshini ni tooi niŋ.<ref name="NORD2005" /><ref name="Braz2015">{{Cite journal|last=Brazzelli|first=M|last2=Cruickshank|first2=M|last3=Tassie|first3=E|last4=McNamee|first4=P|last5=Robertson|first5=C|last6=Elders|first6=A|last7=Fraser|first7=C|last8=Hernandez|first8=R|last9=Lawrie|first9=D|last10=Ramsay|first10=C|title=Collagenase clostridium histolyticum for the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture: systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technology Assessment|date=October 2015|volume=19|issue=90|pages=1–202|pmid=26524616|doi=10.3310/hta19900|pmc=4781188}}</ref> "Radiation therapy" ni tibiri doro ŋɔ la, di shɛhira dii bi zooi.<ref name="Kad2017">{{Cite journal|last=Kadhum|first=M|last2=Smock|first2=E|last3=Khan|first3=A|last4=Fleming|first4=A|title=Radiotherapy in Dupuytren's disease: a systematic review of the evidence.|journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)|date=1 March 2017|pages=689–692|pmid=28490266|quote=On balance, radiotherapy should be considered an unproven treatment for early Dupuytren's disease due to a scarce evidence base and unknown long-term adverse effects.|doi=10.1177/1753193417695996|volume=42|issue=7}}</ref> Doro ŋɔ ni tooi lahi labina di tibbu nyaaŋa.<ref name="NORD2005" /> Dupuytren's tooi yirimina dobba ban yaɣi yuun pihinu ni na.<ref name="GHR2016" /> Gbanpiɛla ka lala doro ŋɔ tooi gbahira, ka leei bi yoli Asiannima mini Africanima sunsuuni.<ref name="Hart2005" /> Saha shɛŋa bɛ booni li la "Viking disease", ka di nyɛla di tooi yolila "Nordic" zuliya ni.<ref name="Hart2005" /> United States tingbani ni kamani niriba vaabu 5% ka di tooi gbahiri saha shɛŋa, ka Norway tingbani ni kamani vaabu 30% ka di gbaari dobba ban yaɣi yuun pihiyɔbu chana ni.<ref name="GHR2016" /> United Kingdom, kamani vaabj 20% ka di gbaari niriba ban yaɣi yuun pihiyɔbu ni anu chani ni.<ref name="Hart2005">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1136/pgmj.2004.027425|pmid=15998816|pmc=1743313|title=Clinical associations of Dupuytren's disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_postgraduate-medical-journal_2005-07_81_957/page/425|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|volume=81|issue=957|pages=425–8|year=2005|last=Hart|first=M. G.|last2=Hooper|first2=G.}}</ref> Guillaume Dupuytren yuli ka bɛ zaŋ ti li, ŋun daa tuui nya di tuuli daliri yuuni 1833.<ref name="Hart2005" /> == Kundivihira == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] fakodyq7dl075ghh9hmg79m4kjsy026 Valerie Cassel Oliver 0 29957 146210 112277 2026-08-10T23:29:15Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Valerie Cassel Oliver''' nyɛla nuchee ni baŋda ŋun be [[Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]] (VMFA). Tuuli, o daa nyɛla "senior curator" zaŋ n-ti [[Contemporary Arts Museum Houston]] (CAMH) din be [[Texas]]. Cassel's. ==Piligu biɛhigu== Oliver nyɛla ŋun zoogi Houston,o nyɛla ŋun chaŋ [[University of Texas at Austin]] ka daa lahi naai [[Howard University]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oliver|first1=Valerie Cassel|last2=Rowell|first2=Charles Henry|title=Interview with Valerie Cassel Oliver|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_callaloo_winter-2009_32_1/page/57|journal=Callaloo|date=2009|volume=32|issue=1|pages=57–64|doi=10.1353/cal.0.0340 |jstor=27655019|s2cid=162893529 }}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun lahi mali EMBA degree ka di yina shikuru yuli booni [[Columbia Business School]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Relations |first=Bard Public |title=Valerie Cassel Oliver to Receive 2022 Audrey Irmas Award for Curatorial Excellence from CCS Bard |url=https://www.bard.edu/news/details/?id=18349&prefurl=valerie-cassel-oliver-to-receive-2022-audrey-irmas-award-for-curatorial-excellence-from-ccs-bard-2022-02-01 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.bard.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Tuma == ===Honors=== Yuuni 2006, Oliver nyɛla ŋun daa di [[Getty Museum|Getty]] Curatorial Research Fellowship.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Britt |first1=Douglas |date=16 August 2010 |title=CAMH names Valerie Cassel Oliver senior curator |work=Houston Chronicle |url=http://blog.chron.com/peep/2010/08/camh-names-valerie-cassel-oliver-senior-curator/ |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041354/http://blog.chron.com/peep/2010/08/camh-names-valerie-cassel-oliver-senior-curator/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yuuni 2011, o daa di la [[David C. Driskell]] Prize ka di daa yina [[Atlanta]]'s [[High Museum of Art]],<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Prize Winner: Valerie Cassel Oliver|url=https://www.high.org/en/Support/Driskell-Prize/Valerie-Cassel-Oliver|website=www.high.org|publisher=High Museum of Art|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616112605/http://www.high.org/en/Support/Driskell-Prize/Valerie-Cassel-Oliver|url-status=dead}}</ref> o daa lahi di $25,000 prize ka di nyɛla kpaŋmaŋ shɛli o ni daa niŋ [[African diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Driskell Prize|url=https://www.high.org/Support/Driskell-Prize|website=www.high.org|publisher=High Museum of Art|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606035324/http://www.high.org/Support/Driskell-Prize|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cochran|first1=Rebecca Dimling|title=Houston curator Valerie Cassel Oliver on Atlanta, Driskell Prize, "Atlanta Art Now"|url=http://artsatl.com/houston-curator-valerie-cassell-oliver-on-atlanta-driskell-prize-atlanta-art-now/|access-date=31 May 2017|work=ArtsATL|date=20 May 2011}}</ref> ===Exhibitions=== * ''The Dirty South: Contemporary Art, Material Culture, and the Sonic Impulse'', VMFA, Richmond, Virginia, 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-06 |title=The Dirty South: Contemporary Art, Material Culture, and the Sonic Impulse - Exhibitions |url=https://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/exhibitions/dirty-south-contemporary-art-material-culture-sonic-impulse/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassel Oliver |first=Valerie |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1249798864 |title=The dirty south : contemporary art, material culture, and the sonic impulse |date=2021 |others=Regina N. Bradley, Charlie R. Braxton, Andrea Barnwell Brownlee, Kirsten Pai Buick, Jennifer Burris, Rhea L. Combs, Park McArthur, DJ Spooky That Subliminal Kid, Fred Moten, Anthony B. Pinn, Guthrie P. Ramsey, Roger Reeves, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Contemporary Arts Museum, Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Museum of Contemporary Art/Denver |isbn=978-1-934351-19-2 |location=Richmond, Virginia |oclc=1249798864}}</ref> * ''[[Angel Otero]]: Everything and Nothing'', CAMH, Houston, TX, 2016<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glentzer |first1=Molly |date=December 16, 2016 |title=Artist Angel Otero's experimental layering creates works full of dimension |work=Houston Chronicle |url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/arts-theater/article/Artist-Angel-Otero-s-experimental-layering-10801867.php |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220132033/http://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/arts-theater/article/Artist-Angel-Otero-s-experimental-layering-10801867.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Right Here, Right Now: Houston, Volume 2'', CAMH, Houston, TX, 2016<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glentzer |first1=Molly |date=August 26, 2016 |title=Show of force: CAMH spotlights hometown trio in solo retrospectives |work=Houston Chronicle |url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Show-of-force-CAMH-spotlights-hometown-trio-in-9187232.php |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''[[Jennie C. Jones]]: Compilation'', CAMH, Houston, TX, 2015<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sargent |first1=Antwuan |date=January 10, 2016 |title=Sound Paintings Tell Stories of the Black Avant-Garde |language=en-us |work=Creators |publisher=Vice |url=https://creators.vice.com/en_us/article/jones-acoustic-sound-painting |access-date=31 May 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''[[Trenton Doyle Hancock]]: Skin and Bones, 20 Years of Drawing'', 2014<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glentzer |first1=Molly |date=April 25, 2014 |title=Trenton Doyle Hancock's drawings on view at CAMH |work=Houston Chronicle |url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/arts-theater/article/Trenton-Doyle-Hancock-s-drawings-on-view-at-CAMH-5430627.php |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Radical Presence: Black Performance in Contemporary Art'', 2013<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=William S. |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Valerie Cassel Oliver talks Black Performance Art - Interviews |work=Art in America Magazine |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/interviews/valerie-cassel-oliver-talks-black-performance-art/ |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lennard |first1=Debra |date=25 November 2013 |title=The Radical Boundaries of African-American Performance |work=Hyperallergic |url=https://hyperallergic.com/95314/the-radical-boundaries-of-african-american-performance/ |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Stacey |date=18 June 2015 |title='Radical Presence' radiates spirit of contemporary black performance art |work=The Daily Californian |url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/06/18/radical-presence-radiates-spirit-contemporary-black-performance-art/ |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Hand+Made: The Performative Impulse in Art and Craft'', 2010<ref name=":0" /> * ''Benjamin Patterson: Born in the State of [[Fluxus|FLUX/us]]'', 2010<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walls |first1=Seth Colter |date=2 July 2016 |title=Benjamin Patterson: the Fluxus artist who composed with ants |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/02/benjamin-patterson-fluxus-artist-composed-ants |access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Cinema Remixed & Reloaded: Black Women Artists and the Moving Image since 1970'', 2007<ref name=":0" /> * ''Black Light/White Noise'', 2007 * ''[[Double consciousness|Double Consciousness]]: Black Conceptual Art Since 1970'', 2005<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Maus |first1=Derek C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fYaBwAAQBAJ&q=Valerie+Cassel+Oliver&pg=PA8 |title=Post-Soul Satire: Black Identity after Civil Rights |last2=Donahue |first2=James J. |date=2014-07-07 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=9781617039980 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Splat Boom Pow! The Influence of [[Cartoon]]s in Contemporary Art'', 2003 ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oliver, Valerie Cassel}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:American art curators]] [[Category:American women curators]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:People from Houston]] [[Category:Howard University alumni]] [[Category:University of Texas alumni]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People associated with the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]] [[Category:21st-century American women]] [[Category:Columbia Business School alumni]] 7a27yt7g38abg3o4eccewcxduqrbu57 Kambui Olujimi 0 29961 146202 131802 2026-08-10T23:14:19Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Kambui Olujimi''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la yuuni 1976) nyɛla New York lihigu nuchee ni baŋda ka o tuma nyɛ din tooi jɛndi sinii mini pɛntibu.<ref name=VillageVoice-WaywardNorth-2010>{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Ben|title=Summer Guide: Brian Chippendale Paints Up a New Burst of Color Hysteria|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/summer-guide-brian-chippendale-paints-up-a-new-burst-of-color-hysteria-7134398|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=25 May 2010|access-date=25 December 2024|archive-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083524/http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/summer-guide-brian-chippendale-paints-up-a-new-burst-of-color-hysteria-7134398|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Artinfo-WhatEndures-2016>{{cite news|title=Datebook: Kambui Olujimi's 'What Endures' at Catharine Clark Gallery, San Francisco|url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1517975/datebook-kambui-olujimis-what-endures-at-catharine-clark|work=[[Artinfo]]|date=8 September 2016|access-date=25 December 2024|archive-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105181400/http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1517975/datebook-kambui-olujimis-what-endures-at-catharine-clark|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Piligu biɛhigu mini shikuru baŋsim == Olujimi nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, New York|Bedford-Stuyvesant]], di nyɛla tiŋ din miri [[Brooklyn]] ka be [[New York City]].<ref name=BrooklynMag-SkiesAllSame-2014>{{cite news|last1=Pantuso|first1=Phillip|title=Crossing Brooklyn: Kambui Olujimi, In Your Absence the Skies Are All the Same|url=http://www.bkmag.com/2014/11/07/crossing-brooklyn-kambui-olujimi-in-your-absence-the-skies-are-all-the-same/|work=[[Brooklyn Magazine]]|date=7 November 2014}}</ref> Yuuni 1996, o daa chaŋ la [[Bard College]]. Yuuni 2002, o daa deegi o BFA shikuru yuli booni [[Parsons School of Design]].O daa lahi chaŋ [[Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture]] din be Maine yuuni 2006. Yuuni 2013, Olujimi nyɛla ŋun daa nya o MFA shikuru yuli booni [[Columbia University School of the Arts]].<ref name=eFlux-LifeInPictures-2014>{{cite news|title=List Projects: Kambui Olujimi|url=http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/31669/kambui-olujimi|work=[[e-flux]]|date=18 January 2014}}</ref> == Tuma == O tumanima nyɛla din be ''[[Art in America]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitter |first=Siddhartha |date=2021-01-08 |title=In 177 Portraits, an Artist's Homage to His Bed-Stuy Muse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/arts/design/olujimi-portraits.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'', ''[[Modern Painters (magazine)|Modern Painters]]'', ''[[Artforum]]'', ''[[Hyperallergic]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/412244/kambui-olujimi-lincoln-center-where-does-the-time-go/|title=Water as a Cinematic Metaphor for the Tides of Time|date=2017-11-17|website=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> n-ti pahi ''[[The Brooklyn Rail]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kambui Olujimi |url=http://cueartfoundation.org/kambui-olujimi/ |access-date=2017-01-02 |website=CUE Art Foundation}}</ref> O tuma puuni, o nyɛla ŋun deegi sɔŋsim pina kamani A Blade of Grass,<ref name=BladeOfGrass-2013>{{cite news|title=Artist Files Grantees Announced! - A Blade of Grass|url=http://www.abladeofgrass.org/artist-files/artist-files-grantees-announced/|work=A Blade of Grass|date=24 January 2013}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jerome Foundation ni [[Fine Arts Work Center]] in Provincetown.<ref name="ArtInGeneral-WaywardNorth-2010">{{cite news |date=5 June 2010 |title=New Commissions: Kambui Olujimi, Wayward North |url=http://artingeneral.org/exhibitions/433 |work=Art in General |access-date=25 December 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218121812/http://artingeneral.org/exhibitions/433 |url-status=dead }}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun lahi tum ni nuchee ni baŋdiba kamani [[Hank Willis Thomas]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hank Willis Thomas, Kambui Olujimi {{!}} Winter in America (2006) {{!}} Artsy |url=https://www.artsy.net/artwork/hank-willis-thomas-winter-in-america |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.artsy.net |language=en}}</ref> [[Christopher Myers]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOMB Magazine {{!}} Hank Willis Thomas and Kambui Olujimi |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/hank-willis-thomas-and-kambui-olujimi/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=BOMB Magazine |language=en}}</ref> n-ti pahi [[Coco Fusco]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fusco|first1=Coco|last2=Muñoz|first2=José Esteban|date=2008|title=A Room of One's Own: Women and Power in the New America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tdr-drama-review_spring-2008_52_1/page/136|jstor=25145494|journal=TDR|volume=52|issue=1|pages=136–159|doi=10.1162/dram.2008.52.1.136|s2cid=159057627 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|jstor=j.ctt5hhwpv.8|title=War Culture and the Contest of Images|date=2012|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813553955|pages=79–111|chapter=Abu Ghraib, Gender, and the Military|last1=Apel|first1=Dora}}</ref> Olujimi's nyɛla lihigu nuchee ni baŋda ka o tumanima nyɛ din be "permanent collections" kamani [[Brooklyn Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/2714|title=Brooklyn Museum|website=www.brooklynmuseum.org|access-date=2017-01-02|archive-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083531/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/2714|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Whitney Museum|Whitney Museum of American Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kambui Olujimi |url=https://whitney.org/artists/20217 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=whitney.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Speed Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Case the Wind Will Not Listen |url=https://www.speedmuseum.org/collections/in-case-the-wind-will-not-listen/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Speed Art Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Nasher Museum of Art]] din be Duke University,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love & Anarchy |url=https://nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions/love-anarchy/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University |language=en-US}}</ref> n-ti pahi [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.clevelandart.org/art/2012.60?collection_search_query=kambui&op=search&form_build_id=form-1zYgIZ3BmVpviAb-0QmZdVvLbFDvU6us-Ti9GmvIIa4&form_id=clevelandart_collection_search_form|title=Winter in America|date=2016-12-31|newspaper=Cleveland Museum of Art|access-date=2017-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |date=2022-03-17 |title=Italo |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2021.147 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Cleveland Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun wuhi Visual Art programs shikuru yuli booni Columbia University mini [[Cooper Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arts.columbia.edu/visual-arts/faculty/Kambui-Olujimi|title=Kambui Olujimi|website=arts.columbia.edu|access-date=2017-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083455/http://arts.columbia.edu/visual-arts/faculty/Kambui-Olujimi|archive-date=2017-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cooper.edu/academics/people/kambui-olujimi|title=Kambui Olujimi {{!}} The Cooper Union|website=cooper.edu|access-date=2017-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105092725/http://cooper.edu/academics/people/kambui-olujimi|archive-date=2017-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Honors == === Awards === * 2021: Awarded Joan Mitchell Fellowship by the [[Joan Mitchell Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joan Mitchell Foundation Announces Inaugural Fellows|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/joan-mitchell-foundation-announces-inaugural-fellows-86915|access-date=2021-11-19|website=www.artforum.com|date=13 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2020: Awarded Colene Brown Art Prize by [[BRIC Arts Media]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=aclark |date=2020-11-04 |title=2020 Colene Brown Art Prize Recipients |url=https://archive.bricartsmedia.org/artist-opportunities/colene-brown-art-prize/2020 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=BRIC |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114072434/https://archive.bricartsmedia.org/artist-opportunities/colene-brown-art-prize/2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Artist-in-residency === * 2023: Denniston Hill (Glen Wild, NY)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residents |url=https://www.dennistonhill.org/residents |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Denniston Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2022: [[Yaddo]] (Saratoga Springs, NY)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Artists – Yaddo |url=https://yaddo.org/our-artists/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2022: Archie Bray Foundation (Helena, MT)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bray Incubator |url=https://archiebray.org/education/the-bray-incubator/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Archie Bray |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2019: Black Rock Senegal (Dakar, Senegal)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists Selected for Kehinde Wiley's Inaugural Residency Program in Senegal |url=https://www.artforum.com/news/artists-selected-for-kehinde-wiley-s-inaugural-residency-program-in-senegal-80382 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=www.artforum.com |date=23 July 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2018: [[MacDowell (artists' residency and workshop)|MacDowell]] (Peterborough, NH)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kambui Olujimi - Artist |url=https://www.macdowellcolony.org/artists/kambui-olujimi |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Macdowell Colony |language=en |archive-date=2019-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817161209/https://www.macdowellcolony.org/artists/kambui-olujimi |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2017: Robert Rauschenberg Residency (Captiva, FL) * 2016: Queenspace Residency (Long Island City, NY) * 2015: The Fountainhead Residency (Miami, FL) * 2015: The Lower Manhattan Cultural Council (New York, NY), Process Space Residency<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kambui Olujimi - Lower Manhattan Cultural Council |url=http://lmcc.net/person/kambui-olujimi/ |access-date=2017-01-02 |newspaper=Lower Manhattan Cultural Council |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175537/http://lmcc.net/person/kambui-olujimi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2015: Meet Factory (Prague, Czech Republic) * 2015: [[Civitella Ranieri Foundation|Civitella Ranieri]] (Umbertide, Italy)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kambui Olujimi - Fellows - Civitella Ranieri |url=http://www.civitella.org/fellows/fellow/kambui-olujimi |access-date=2017-01-02 |website=exhibit-e |publisher= |archive-date=2017-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105092045/http://www.civitella.org/fellows/fellow/kambui-olujimi |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2014: [[Franconia Sculpture Park]] (Franconia, MN) * 2013: Tropical Lab 7 (Singapore) * 2011: The Center for Book Arts (New York, NY) * 2010: Acadia Summer Arts Program (Mt. Desert, ME) * 2009: [[Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts]] (Omaha, NE) * 2009: Santa Fe Art Institute (Santa Fe, NM)<ref name="ArtInGeneral-WaywardNorth-2010" /> * 2007-2009: [[Fine Arts Work Center]] at Provincetown (Provincetown, MA), 2nd Year Fellow * 2007-2009: Apexart: Outbound Residency to Kellerberin, Australia (Kellerberin, Australia) * 2006: [[Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture]] (Skowhegan, ME) * 2005: BCAT / Rotunda Gallery Multimedia Artist Residency (New York, NY) == Exhibitions == Olujimi's tumanima nyɛla din be kariŋ zuna ni kamani [[Whitney Museum|Whitney Museum of American Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inheritance |url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/inheritance |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=whitney.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black American Portraits |url=http://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/black-american-portraits |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=LACMA |language=en}}</ref> [[The Andy Warhol Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantasy America |url=https://www.warhol.org/exhibition/fantasy-america/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=The Andy Warhol Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Studio Museum in Harlem]] (New York, NY), CUE Arts Foundation (New York, NY), MIT List Visual Arts Center (Cambridge, MA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://listart.mit.edu/exhibitions/list-projects-kambui-olujimi|title=List Projects: Kambui Olujimi|website=MIT List Visual Arts Center|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref> Apexart (New York, NY), Art in General (Brooklyn, NY), The [[Sundance Film Festival]] (Park City, UT), Smithsonian Institution, (Washington D.C.), [[Madison Museum of Contemporary Art]] (Madison, WI), Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA), [[Museum of Modern Art]] (New York, NY), Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (San Francisco, CA), [[Contemporary Arts Museum Houston]] (Houston, TX), [[Blanton Museum of Art|The Blanton Museum of Art]] (Austin, TX),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kambui Olujimi: Zulu Time |url=https://blantonmuseum.org/rotation/kambui-olujimi-zulu-time/ |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Blanton Museum of Art |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purcell |first=Barbara |date=March 15, 2019 |title=Kambui Olujimi Speaks Art to Power in "Zulu Time" |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/arts/2019-03-15/kambui-olujimi-speaks-art-to-power-in-zulu-time/ |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=www.austinchronicle.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The Newark Museum (Newark, NJ),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skywriters & Constellations |url=https://www.newarkmuseum.org/skywriters |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=www.newarkmuseum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Art installation revels in the intersection of art and technology {{!}} Video |url=https://www.njtvonline.org/news/video/art-installation-revels-in-the-intersection-of-art-and-technology/ |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=NJTV News |language=en-US}}</ref> the Brooklyn Museum (Brooklyn, NY),<ref name=":2" /> n-ti pahi Project for Empty Space, Newark, NJ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2021-01-08|title=In 177 Portraits, an Artist's Homage to His Bed-Stuy Muse|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/arts/design/olujimi-portraits.html|access-date=2021-02-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Olujimi's tumanima nyɛla din be tiŋduya kamani [[Sharjah Biennial]] 15 (Sharjah, UAE),<ref>{{Cite web |title=events - Sharjah Art Foundation |url=https://sharjahart.org/biennial-15/events/ep-7-kambui-olujimi-flight-and-freedom |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=sharjahart.org |archive-date=2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114072435/https://sharjahart.org/biennial-15/events/ep-7-kambui-olujimi-flight-and-freedom |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dakar Biennale]] Dak'Art 14 (Dakar, Senegal),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Jareh |date=2022-06-14 |title=Dak'Art Shines a Light on Contemporary Art in Senegal |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/dakart-review-2022 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Frieze |language=en}}</ref> [[Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa|Zeitz MOCAA]] (Cape Town, South Africa),<ref>{{Cite web |title=When We See Us: A Century of Black Figuration in Painting |url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/exhibition/exhibitions/when-we-see-us-a-century-of-black-figuration-in-painting/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Zeitz MOCAA |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114072435/https://zeitzmocaa.museum/exhibition/exhibitions/when-we-see-us-a-century-of-black-figuration-in-painting/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia]] (Madrid, Spain), Kiasma (Helsinki, Finland), Para Site (Hong Kong, China), The Jim Thompson Art Center (Bangkok, Thailand). O nyɛla ŋun wuhi nuchee ni baŋsim o ya tiŋgbani ni mini tiŋduya kamani [[Carleton University]], Ottawa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://events.carleton.ca/osl-03-kambui-olujimi-public-readings-from-wayward-north-and-dialogue-with-anna-khimasia/|title=OSL 03: Kambui Olujimi / Public readings from "Wayward North" and dialogue with Anna Khimasia|date=2017-11-13|website=Events Calendar|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817161208/https://events.carleton.ca/osl-03-kambui-olujimi-public-readings-from-wayward-north-and-dialogue-with-anna-khimasia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> University of Buffalo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.licatadesign.com/sandbox/ubart/2018/08/28/visiting-artist-speaker-series-fall-2018/|title=Visiting Artist Speaker Series, Fall 2018 {{!}} ubART Clone|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817161206/https://www.licatadesign.com/sandbox/ubart/2018/08/28/visiting-artist-speaker-series-fall-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth|Modern Art Museum]] of Fort Worth,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kambui Olujimi |url=https://www.themodern.org/program/kambui-olujimi |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.themodern.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Rhode Island School of Design]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://glass.risd.edu/visiting-lecture-series|title=Visiting Lecture Series|website=RISD Glass|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Works and publications == * {{cite journal|last1=Olujimi|first1=Kambui|title=No Regrets No Redemption|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-poetry-review_march-april-1998_27_2/page/42|journal=The American Poetry Review|date=March 1998|volume=27|issue=2|pages=42–43|jstor=27782650|issn=0360-3709|oclc=5542854838}} * {{cite book|last1=Olujimi|first1=Kambui|title=Off the Record|date=2003|publisher=The Skylight Gallery at Restoration Plaza|location=Brooklyn, NY|oclc=758496035}} * {{cite book|last1=Olujimi|first1=Kambui|title=The Lost River's Dreamers Index by Dr. Keller|date=2007|publisher=Real Art Ways|location=Hartford, CT|oclc=427270355}} * {{cite book|last1=Olujimi|first1=Kambui|last2=Hickey|first2=Andria|last3=Myers|first3=Christopher|title=Wayward North|date=2010|publisher=Art in General|location=New York|isbn=978-1-934-89028-8|oclc=829395760}} *Olujimi, Kambui. ''Zulu Time;'' essays by Sampada Aranke, Gregory Volk, and Leah Kolb''.'' Madison, WI: Madison Museum of Contemporary Art. 2017. Exhibition Catalogue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kambui Olujimi : Zulu time|last1=Aranke|first1=Sampada|last2=Volk|first2=Gregory|last3=Kolb|first3=Leah|publisher=Madison Museum of Contemporary Art|isbn=9780913883389|location=Madison|oclc=981948700|year = 2017}}</ref> *Olujimi, Kambui. ''Walk With Me''; essays by Jasmine Wahi and Christopher Myers. Newark, NJ: Project for Empty Space. 2020. Exhibition Monograph.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kambui Olujimi: WALK WITH ME Catalog |url=https://www.projectforemptyspace.org/shop/p/kambui-olujimi-walk-with-me-exhibition-catalog |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Project for Empty Space |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sources == * Harris, Thomas A, and Kambui Olujimi. Through a Lens Darkly: Philosophy of the Artist. , 2014. Internet resource. == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{URL|kambuiolujimi.com|KambuiOlujimi.com}} * [http://arcade.nyarc.org:80/record=b758582~S8 Kambui Olujimi] at [[Museum of Modern Art]] * {{IMDb name|nm1701558}} {{Authority control}} {{Portal|United States}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Olujimi, Kambui}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:American artists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn]] [[Category:Columbia University School of the Arts alumni]] [[Category:Bard College alumni]] [[Category:Parsons College alumni]] [[Category:Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture alumni]] cxd9vw4auiruaahdd4gkzf5asigndrh Ifeoma Onyefulu 0 30024 146161 102863 2026-08-10T22:01:18Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ifeoma Onyefulu''' ( bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1959 ni) o nyɛla ŋun nyɛ Nigerian children's author, novelist, nti pahi photographer. O nyɛla niribi pam ni so ka o mali anfooni buku nima ka nyɛ din mali anfooni din nyɛ o ni yina gbansabila tingban ni tinŋkpaŋ shɛli maa anfooni nima.<ref name="onyefulu-bio"/><ref name=":0">"Ifeoma Onyefulu." ''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'', Gale, 2007. ''Gale Literature Resource Center''</ref> ==O Biography== Onyefulu nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi sob Onitsha, tiŋtitali n nyɛli ka di be [[Anambra State]], n be tingbani maa southeastern region of [[Nigeria]].<ref name="onyefulu-bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifeomaonyefulu.co.uk/biography.htm|title=Biography of Ifeoma Onyefulu|website=www.ifeomaonyefulu.co.uk|access-date=2018-05-24|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903080533/http://ifeomaonyefulu.co.uk/biography.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun yina [[Igbo people|Igbo]] ban be Nigeria la zuliya ni na, amaa ka o lee be UK. Amaa o lahi ŋun zoogi na Nigeria. O niŋla amiliya n daa kuli Britain yuuni 1982. She {{citation needed|date=March 2019}} == O Bibliography == * ''A Is for Africa: An Alphabet in Words and Pictures,'' Cobblehill Books (New York, NY), 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993-08-30 |title=A is for Africa: 5 by Ifeoma Onyefulu |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780525651475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144109/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780525651475 |archive-date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Publisher's Weekly}}</ref> * ''Emeka's Gift: An African Counting Story,'' Cobblehill Books (New York, NY), 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Children's Book Review: Emeka's Gift: An African Counting Book by Ifeoma Omyefulu, Author, Ifeoma Onyefulu, Author, Alex Ayliffe, Illustrator Dutton Books $14.99 (32p) ISBN 978-0-525-65205-2|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-525-65205-2|website=PublishersWeekly.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> * ''Ogbo: Sharing Life in an African Village,'' Cobblehill Books (New York, NY), 1996, published as ''One Big Family: Sharing Life in an African Village,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbo - Ifeoma Onyefulu|url=http://buchindan13.gotdns.ch/330.html|website=buchindan13.gotdns.ch|access-date=2020-05-27}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''Chidi Only Likes Blue: An African Book of Colors,'' Cobblehill Books (New York, NY), 1997.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Onyefulu|first=Ifeoma|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8568568|title=Chidi only likes blue an African book of colors|date=1997|publisher=New York Cobblehill Books|isbn=978-0-525-65243-4|edition=1st American}}</ref> * ''Grandfather's Work: A Traditional Healer in Nigeria,'' Millbrook (Brookfield, CT), 1998, published as ''My Grandfather Is a Magician: Work and Wisdom in an African Village,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 1998.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} * ''Ebele's Favourite: A Book of African Games,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebele's Favourite: A Book of African Games by Onyefulu, Ifeoma Paperback Book 9781845071868|url=https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/3wAAAOSw135dfTdc/s-l400.jpg|website=eBay|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> * ''A Triangle for Adaora: An African Book of Shapes,'' Dutton Children's Books (New York, NY), 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Nancy J.|last2=Giorgis|first2=Cyndi|date=2001|title=Children's Books: Interacting with the Curriculum|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_reading-teacher_2001-10_55_2/page/204|journal=The Reading Teacher|volume=55|issue=2|pages=204–213|jstor=20205032|issn=0034-0561}}</ref> * ''Saying Goodbye: A Special Farewell to Mama Nkwelle,'' Millbrook (Brookfield, CT), 2001.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} {{ISBN|978-0761319658|0761319654}} * ''Welcome Dede!: An African Naming Ceremony,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2003.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} * ''Here Comes Our Bride!: An African Wedding Story,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2004.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} * ''An African Christmas,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2005.<ref name=":0" />{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} {{ISBN|978-1845073879|1845073878}} * ''Ikenna Goes to Nigeria'', Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2007. {{ISBN|978-1845075859|1845075854}} * ''Grandma Comes to Stay,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2010. {{ISBN|978-1845078652|1845078659}} * ''New Shoes for Helen,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2011. {{ISBN|978-1847801289|1847801285}} * ''Omer's Favorite Place,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2011. {{ISBN|978-1847802415|1847802419}} * ''The Girl Who Married a Ghost: and Other Tales from Nigeria,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2012. {{ISBN|978-1847801760|1847801765}} * ''Look at This!: Clothes'', Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2013. {{ISBN|978-1847802644|1847802648}} * ''Look at This!: Food'', Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2013. {{ISBN|978-1847802651|1847802656}} * ''Look at This!: Home'', Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2013. {{ISBN|978-1847802668|1847802664}} * ''Look at This!: Play'', Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2013. {{ISBN|978-1847802675|1847802672}} * ''Vicky Goes to the Doctor,'' Frances Lincoln (London, England), 2014. {{ISBN|978-1847803634|1847803636}} == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{Official website|www.ifeomaonyefulu.co.uk}} {{Portal |Children's literature}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Onyefulu, Ifeoma}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Nigerian children's writers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Igbo children's writers]] [[Category:Igbo novelists]] [[Category:Nigerian women writers]] [[Category:Nigerian women photographers]] [[Category:Nigerian women children's writers]] g7dix0wfmt1aveya2p2zsxcsdjdpbde Janet Henry 0 30042 146105 132395 2026-08-10T20:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Janet Henry''' nyɛla lihigu nuchee ni baŋda ŋun be New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-12-28|title=Janet Henry|url=https://www.the-artists.org/janet-henry/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=the-artists.org|language=en-US}}</ref> == Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru baŋsim == Henry nyɛla ŋun daa zoogi East Harlem pɔi ka daa labi Jamaica, Queens,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lightwork.org/archive/janet-henry/|title=Janet Henry|work=Light Work|access-date=2017-03-11}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Bey|first1=Dawoud|last2=Weems|first2=Carrie Mae|date=2009|title=Carrie Mae Weems|journal=Bomb|issue=108|pages=60–67|jstor=40428266}}</ref> ni ka o be saha ŋɔ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://janethenry.com/home.html|title=Janet Henry|website=janethenry.com|access-date=2017-03-11|archive-date=2017-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711002057/http://janethenry.com/home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> O nyɛla ŋun chaŋ [[School of Visual Arts]] mini [[Fashion Institute of Technology]].<ref name=":0" /> O nyɛla ŋun daa be [[Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited]] program (HARYOU) ni ka o daa laɣim ni [[Betty Blayton Taylor]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mounting frustration : the art museum in the age of Black power|last=Susan|first=Cahan|isbn=9780822358978|location=Durham|oclc=907161723|date = 2016-02-19}}</ref> Yuuni 1974, Henry nyɛla ŋun daa deegi Rockefeller Fellowship in Museum Education din daa niŋ Metropolitan Museum of Art.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensmuseum.org/qi2018/artists/henry|title=Queens International 2018: Volumes|website=www.queensmuseum.org|access-date=2018-10-30|archive-date=2018-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052936/https://www.queensmuseum.org/qi2018/artists/henry|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Exhibitions == === Solo exhibitions and installations === * Lower Eastside Girls Club Community Gallery, "Two's", NYC, 2004 * Cedar Crest College, Recent Work, Curated by [[Cynthia Hawkins]], Allentown, PA, 2003 * PPOW, "American Anatomy and Other Work", NYC, 2002<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/06/arts/art-in-review-janet-henry-american-anatomy-and-other-work.html|title=Janet Henry -- 'American Anatomy and Other Work?'|last=Glueck|first=Grace|date=2002-12-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-03-19}}</ref> * John Jay College, "In Situ," NYC, 1998 * Hallwalls, "American Anatomy," Curated by Sara Kellner, Buffalo, NY, 1995<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hallwalls.org/visual/3037.html|title=Laylah Ali, Janet Henry, Eli Langer, Christopher Giglio – 9/16/95|access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref> * Pulse Art, "American Anatomy," NYC, 1995 * Seventh Second Photo Gallery, "Social Commentary Sewn-up in Vinyl," Curated by Wendy Tiefenbacher, NYC, 199290 * [[Public Art Fund]], "Messages to the Public: Eventually," NY, 1988<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicartfund.org/view/exhibitions/5542_messages_to_the_public_-_henry/5542_messages_to_the_public_-_henry|title=Messages to the Public - Henry|website=www.publicartfund.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-03}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Various Sites in Queens, "American Anatomy," NY, 1986 * [[Studio Museum in Harlem]], "From the Studio: Artists-in-Residence," NYC, 1983<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/29/arts/art-studio-museum-exhibits-alma-thomas.html|title=Art: Studio Museum Exhibits Alma Thomas|last=Glueck|first=Grace|date=1983-04-29|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-03|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * Just Above Midtown Gallery, "Janet Henry Retroactive," NYC, 1982 * [[Basement Workshop]], "Handel Was No Fool," NYC, 1981 * The Exhibitions Gallery, "Drawings and Other Things," Jamaica, NY 1978 === Selected group exhibitions and installations === Source:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://janethenry.com/resume|title=Janet Henry Resume|website=Janet Henry|access-date=2017-03-11|archive-date=2016-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225085526/http://janethenry.com/resume|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Jamaica Center for Learning and Arts, "What Comes out of Our Textbooks," Queens, New York 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Exhibition/ONLINE--Process---Project--What-Comes-Ou/0A596B804500E405|access-date=}}</ref> * [[Queens Museum]], "Queens International 2018: Volumes," Curated by Sophia Marisa Lucas and Baseera Khan, NYC, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://queensmuseum.org/2017/09/19311|title=Queens Museum|website=queensmuseum.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-30|archive-date=2018-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052939/https://queensmuseum.org/2017/09/19311|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Press Release: Queens Museum Features 43 Queens-Based Artists in Queens International 2018: Volumes https://queensmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/QI-2018-Press-Release.pdf</ref> * [[A.I.R. Gallery]], "Dialectics of Entanglement: Do We Exist Together?" Curated by Roxana Fabius and Patricia M. Hernandez, NYC, 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/22/arts/design/dialectics-of-entanglement-gallery-review.html|title=Review: A.I.R. Gallery Catches Up on Some Unfinished Business|work=The New York Times |date=22 August 2018 |access-date=2018-10-30|language=en |last1=Steinhauer |first1=Jillian }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://hyperallergic.com/457960/revisiting-a-seminal-exhibition-on-third-world-feminist-art-at-a-i-r-gallery/|title=Revisiting a Seminal Exhibition on "Third World" Feminist Art at A.I.R. Gallery|date=2018-08-30|work=Hyperallergic|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref> * York College Fine Arts Gallery, "Southeast Queens Biennial: A Locus of Moving Points," Curated by NLE Curatorial Lab, NYC, 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nolongerempty.org/exhibition/southeast-queens-biennial/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091202/https://www.nolongerempty.org/exhibition/southeast-queens-biennial/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 31, 2018|title=NLE Lab: Southeast Queens Biennial|work=nolongerempty|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Brooklyn Museum]], "We Wanted a Revolution," Curated by Catherine Morris, NYC, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/we_wanted_a_revolution|title=Brooklyn Museum|website=www.brooklynmuseum.org|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225055013/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/we_wanted_a_revolution|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[FiveMyles Gallery]], "No Place Like Utopia," Curated by Matt Freedman, NYC, 2008<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fivemyles.org/past/|title=Past|website=FiveMyles|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-31}}</ref> * City Without Walls, Corridor Gallery, "Close to the Edge," Curated by Reynolds and Kevin Sampson, Newark, NJ, NYC, 2008 * Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, "Inside/Out", Curated by Duston Spear, NY, 2008 * [[Indiana State University]], "Contemporary Women Artists," Curated by Judy Collischan, Terre Haute, Indiana, 2005 * Light Work, Menschel Gallery, "Ties that Bind," Syracuse University, 2002 * Center for Photography at Woodstock, "We are Named," Curated by Susan Evans, NY, 2001 * [[Exit Art]], "Choices 99," Selected by Carrie Mae Weems, NYC, 1999<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/10/arts/art-in-review-choice-99.html|title=Choice 99|last=Johnson|first=Ken|date=1999-12-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-02-03|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * Art Resources Transfer, NYC, 1999 * Giordano Gallery, "The Bead...," Cathy Valenza, Dowling College, Oakdale, NY, 1999 * Lemmerman Gallery, Jersey City University, "Picture/Image/Word," Mauro Altamura, 1998 * PPOW Gallery, "Rights of Spring," Curated by Carrie Mae Weems, NYC, 1998 * 1612 Pine Street, "Summer Camping," Curated by Dean Daderko, Philadelphia, PA, 1998 * PS 122 Gallery, "Shake: An Exhibition of Snow Domes," Curated by Jane Harris, NYC, 1998 * Dorfman Projects, "Tip of the Iceberg," Art Resources Transfer, NYC, 1998 * Betty Rymer Gallery, Art Institute of Chicago, "Sexting Myths: Representing Sexuality in African American Art," Curated by Kymberly Pinder, 1998 * [[Henry Street Settlement]], "Stiches," Curated by Kathleen Spicer, NYC, 1997 * Kingsborough Community College Art Gallery, "Figuring Woman's Lives," Janice Farley, 1997 * Abington Art Center, "New American Portraits," Dean Daderko, Jenkintown, PA, 1996 * [[Drawing Center|The Drawing Center]], "Cultural Economics: Histories from the Alternative Arts Movement," Curated by Julie Ault, NYC, 1996 * Algira Center of Contemporary Art, "With All Deliberate Speed: Revisiting Race and Education," Curated by Howard McCalebb and Carl Hazelwood, Newark, NJ, 1996 * Manhattan Borough President's Gallery, "Through Our Eyes - By Women About Women," Curated by Laura Litchfield, 1996 * Anderson Gallery, "X-Sightings," Buffalo, NY, 1996 * [[New Museum]], "Human/Nature," Benefit Exhibition, NYC, 1995 * 494 Gallery, "Pride and Prejudice," [[Shari Diamond]] and Honor LaSSale, NYC, 1995 * The Gallery at Hunter College, "Beyond Circumstance," Curated by Margeret McInroe, NYC, 1995 * 42nd Street Development Project and Creative Time, NYC, 1994 * Puffin Room, "Identity Crisis," Curated by Laurie Ourlicht and Kenny Schacter, NYC 1994 * [[Art in General]], "Little Things," Curated by Holly Block, NYC, 1994 * Momenta, "Yes I Am - No I'm Not," Curated by Laura Parness and Eric Heist, NYC 1994 * [[New Museum]], "Bad Girls," Curated by Marsha Tucket, NYC, 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/finch/new-museum-of-contemporary-art4-12-10.asp|title=The Shock of the New|last=Finch|first=Charlie|work=ArtNet|access-date=2017-03-19}}</ref> * [[Artists Space]], "Artists Select," Selected by Lanie Lee, NYC, 1994 * Longwood Art Gallery, "Urban Masculinity," Curated by Bettie-Sue Hertz and Calvin Reid, Bronx, NY, 1993 * Real Art Ways, Hartford, CT, 1994 * AC Project Room at [[303 Gallery]], "Welcome Edition," Curated by [[Paul Bloodgood]] and Alissa Friedman, NYC, 1993 * [[Artists Space]], "Activated Walls," Curated by Carlos Solana, NYC 1993 * Momenta, "The Art of Self Defense and Revenge," Laura Parness and Eric Heist, NYC 1993 * [[Queens Museum]] at PaineWeber Gallery, Curated by Phyllis Billick, NYC, 1992 * 494 Gallery, "Race and Culture," Curated by Suzanne Nicholas, NYC 1991 * Maryland Art Place, "Collecting, Organizing and Transposing," Olivia Georgia, Baltimore, MD * Anderson Gallery, Richmond, VA, 1989 * Aljira Center for Contemporary Art, "Art from the African Diaspora: Survival," Curated by Lorenzo Pace, Newark, NJ, 1988 * Diverse Works, "Coast to Coast," Organized by Faith Ringgold and Clarissa Sligh, Houston, TX, 1988 * Intar Gallery, "In Her Own Image," Curated by Howardena Pindell, NYC, 1988 * [[White Columns]], "Resistance (Anti-Baudrillard)" Curated by Group Material, NYC, 1987 * Longwood Arts Project, "Toys Art Us," Curated by Fred Wilson, Bronx, NY, 1986–87 * The Clocktower, "Progressions: A Cultural Legacy," Curated by Vivian Browne, Emma Amos and Julia Hotten, NYC 1986 * Longwood Arts Project, "In the Tropics," Curated by Kellie Jones, Bronx, NY, 1986 * California State College, Stanislaus at Turlock, "Exchange of Resources: Expanding Powers," Curated by Rebecca Ballenger, 1983 * Just Above Midtown Gallery, "A Love Story," Curated by Kathleen Gonchorov, NYC, 1983 * School of Visual Arts, "Transmogrify, "Selected by Caren Rosenblatt, NYC, 1983 * Ohio State University Gallery, "All's Fair in Love and War in Feminist Art,"Curated by Lucy Lippard, Columbus OH, 1983 * University of South Florida, Tampa, "Henry, Hill, Payne," 1983 * Hamilton College, "The Regentrified Jungle," Curated by Joe Lewis, Clinton, NY, 1983 * [[Franklin Furnace Archive|Franklin Furnace]], "Allegory of an Artist's Career," with Sydney Blum, NYC, 1981 * [[Studio Museum in Harlem]], "En Route," Curated by Patricia Monan Bell, NYC, 1981 * [[A.I.R. Gallery]], "The Dialectics of Isolation," Kazuko, Ana Mendietta and Zarina, NYC, 1981 * 626 Gallery, "Private Worlds," Curated by Joyce Kozloff, NYC 1981 == Pina == * Penny McCall Foundation, Award, NYC, 2001<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2002|title=Awards|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_2002-01_101_1/page/54|journal=ARTnews|volume= 101| issue = 1–6|pages=54|via=Google Books}}</ref> * Art Matters Foundation, Artist's Fellowship, NYC, 1994 * Flushing Council on Culture and the Arts, Cash Prize, "Artists Choose Artists," 1994 * New York State Regional Initiative, "Artists Projects," 1994 * Public Art Fund, Spectra-Color Board Commission, "Messages to the Public," NYC, 1987 * New York State Council on the Arts, Visual Artists-sponsored Project, 1985 * PS1, Studio Recipient, Long Island City, NY, 1983 * Public Art Fund, Mural Commission, Jamaica, NY, 1975 * School of Visual Arts, Scholarship, NYC, 1964 == Residencies == * Light Work Visual Studies, One Month Residency, Syracuse, NY, 2000 * [[Yaddo]], Three Week Residency, Saratoga Springs, NY, 1998 * [[Studio Museum in Harlem]], Artist-in-Residence, NY, 1983 == External links == * https://janethenry.com/home.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919051515/https://janethenry.com/home.html |date=2024-09-19 }} * [http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=934 Janet Henry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227123126/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=934 |date=2021-02-27 }} on the African American Visual Artists Database == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Henry, Janet}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:African-American women artists]] [[Category:Artists from New York City]] [[Category:School of Visual Arts alumni]] [[Category:Fashion Institute of Technology alumni]] [[Category:People from East Harlem]] [[Category:People from Jamaica, Queens]] [[Category:20th-century American artists]] [[Category:20th-century American women artists]] [[Category:21st-century American artists]] [[Category:21st-century American women artists]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women]] [[Category:21st-century African-American artists]] 6o7jjcaky04m3mfhma6iuv6czmi0wow Rose Piper 0 30050 146223 145951 2026-08-10T23:55:49Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Rose Theodora Piper''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la Silimiin goli October dabaa ayopɔin dali yuuni 1917 ka daa kpi Silimiin goli May biɛɣ'pin'yini dali yuuni 2005) daa nyɛla Americanima nuchee ni baŋda ŋun tuma jɛndi pɛntibu. ==Kpibu == Piper nyɛla ŋun daa kpi ni [[stroke]] Silimiin goli May biɛɣ'pin'yini dali yuuni 2005, o yuun pihinii ni ayopɔin saha.{{sfn|Lock|2008|p=61}} ==Maŋmaŋ biɛhigu== Piper nyɛla ŋun daa mali bihi ayi, doo mini paɣa.{{sfn|Lock|2008|p=60}}{{sfn|Smith|1991}} ==Selected exhibitions== * ''Blues and Negro Folk Songs'', RoKo Gallery, New York, 1947{{sfn|Lock|2008|p=48}} * ''7th Annual Exhibition of Paintings, Sculpture and Prints by Negro Artists'', Atlanta University, 1948{{sfn|Lock|2008|p=49}} * ''Rose Piper: Paintings and Works on Paper'', Phelps-Stokes Fund, New York, 1989{{sfn|Dohogne|2016|p=46}} * ''The Search for Freedom: African-American Abstraction 1945–1975'', Kenkeleba Gallery, New York, 1991{{sfn|Smith|1991}} * ''A Force for Change: African American Art and the Julius Rosenwald Fund'', [[Spertus Museum]], Chicago, 2009<!-- (Piper's ''Slow Down, Freight Train'' appears on the cover of the exhibition catalog.)-->{{sfn|Schulman|2009}} ==Lihimi m-pahi== * [[New York Figurative Expressionism]] ==Kundivihira== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Sources=== * {{cite journal|last1=Dallow|first1=Jessica|title=Reclaiming Histories: Betye and Alison Saar, Feminism, and the Representation of Black Womanhood|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-2004_30_1/page/n88|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=30|issue=1|date=Spring 2004|pages=74–113|jstor=3178559}} * {{cite thesis|last1=Dohogne|first1=Meghan|title=Rose Piper: New discoveries|publisher=Department of Art and Art History. University of Missouri-Kansas City|date=2016|hdl=10355/60504}} * {{cite book|last1=Kirkham|first1=Pat|title=Women Designers in the USA, 1900–2000: Diversity and Difference|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=9780300093315|pages=130–131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nxzw0wdIREC&pg=PA130}} * {{cite book|last1=Lock|first1=Graham|title=The Hearing Eye: Jazz & Blues Influences in African American Visual Art|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780199887675|pages=47–66|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p37nK1v3re4C&pg=PA47|chapter=Blues on the Brush: Rose Piper's Blues and Negro Folk Song Paintings of the 1940s}} * {{cite web|last1=Lock|first1=Graham|title=Graham Lock and David Murray, editors of ''Thriving on a Riff: Jazz & Blues Influences in African American Literature and Film''|date=August 14, 2009|website=Jerry Jazz Musician|url=http://www.jerryjazzmusician.com/2009/08/graham-lock-and-david-murray-editors-of-thriving-on-a-riff-jazz-blues-influences-in-african-american-literature-and-film/}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book|last=Patton|first=Sharon F.|title=African American Art|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana00patt_0|url-access=registration|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780192842138}} * {{cite book|last1=Schulman|first1=Daniel|title=A Force for Change: African American Art and the Julius Rosenwald Fund|date=2009|publisher=Northwestern University Press|location=Evanston|isbn=9780810125889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sdmr8FJ9wo0C}} * {{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Roberta|title=Review/Art; 'African-American Abstraction,' an Exploration|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/arts/review-art-african-american-abstraction-an-exploration.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 28, 1991}} * {{cite book|last1=Tidwell|first1=John E.|title=After Winter: The Art and Life of Sterling A. Brown|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780199710898|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRk02ccdrMIC&pg=PA41}} * {{cite web|title=African American Fine Art Auction|publisher=Tyler Fine Art|location=Chicago|date=December 6, 2014|url=http://issuu.com/msmodular72/docs/12_06_14_african_am_auction/128|ref={{harvid|Tyler|2014}}}} * Powers, Sarah. "Piper, Rose." Oxford African American Studies Center. May 31, 2013. Oxford University Press. Date of access 29 Mar. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.37657 * AAREG. “Rose Piper, Artist Born.” African American Registry, 21 June 2020, [http://aaregistry.org/story/rose-piper-artist-born/ aaregistry.org/story/rose-piper-artist-born/]. ===Further reading=== * {{cite book|last1=Gibson|first1=Ann Eden|title=Abstract Expressionism: Other Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/abstractexpressi0000gibs|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|date=1997|pages=[https://archive.org/details/abstractexpressi0000gibs/page/110 110]–12, 138–39|isbn=9780300063394 |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |title= Blues on the Brush: Musical Influence in Rose Piper's Blues and Negro Folk Songs Paintings of the Mid-1940s|first=Graham|last=Lock|journal=International Review of African American Art|date=2008|volume=22|issue=1 |ref=none}} ==External links== * [http://www.cau.edu/art-galleries/collections.html ''Grievin' Hearted'' (1946–7) by Rose Piper] * [http://www.spertus.edu/slow-down-freight-train ''Slow Down, Freight Train'' (1947) by Rose Piper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212054847/http://www.spertus.edu/slow-down-freight-train |date=2017-02-12 }} * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/rose-piper/young-womans-blues-rHvgtwuArVpSYLpzJagInA2 ''Young Woman's Blues'' (1947) by Rose Piper] * [http://www.mleestonefineprints.com/exhibitions/seven-voices/rose-piper.html Several examples of Rose Piper's later work] {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar|United States|Biography}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Piper, Rose}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:20th-century American textile artists]] [[Category:American textile designers]] [[Category:1917 births]] [[Category:2005 deaths]] [[Category:African-American women artists]] [[Category:Hunter College alumni]] [[Category:Painters from New York City]] [[Category:20th-century American painters]] [[Category:21st-century American painters]] [[Category:20th-century American women painters]] [[Category:21st-century American women painters]] [[Category:20th-century American women textile artists]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women]] [[Category:20th-century African-American painters]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women]] [[Category:21st-century African-American artists]] [[Category:Textile artists from New York (state)]] du2s91v28vk3sgu4itm1miy1o6r8y2c Zineb Sedira 0 30092 146176 106265 2026-08-10T22:25:10Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zineb Sedira''' ( bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli April dahin yini dali, yuuni 1963) o nyɛla ŋun nyɛ London-based Franco-Algerian [[feminist art|feminist]] photographer ni [[video art]]ist. Sedira nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi so nua yuuni 2021 [[Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=This year's Deutsche Börse prize shortlist is fascinating – but is it photography?|last1=O'Hagan|first1=Sean|authorlink=Sean O'Hagan|url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/nov/10/deutsche-borse-photography-foundation-prize-shortlist|date=10 November 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref> ==O pilli mini o shikuru chandi == Zineb Sedira nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so silimiingoli April dahin yini dali , yuuni 1963, ka laambi nyɛ Abdul Rahman Sedira mini Oumessaad Rouabah, ban daa nyɛ ban yina [[Algeria]], ka lee kuli Parisian suburb of [[Gennevilliers]].<ref>Cotter, Holland. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/15/arts/design/zineb-sedira-present-tense-at-the-taymour-grahne-gallery.html "'Zineb Sedira: Present Tense' at the Taymour Grahne Gallery"]. 14 January 2016. Accessed 5 March 2016.</ref> O daa nyɛla ŋun daa kuli England yuuni1986.<ref name="alarte">Lambelin, Joke. [http://www.alartemag.be/en/en-art/this-is-my-body-sediras-eyes/ "This is My Body: Sedira's Eyes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219101222/http://www.alartemag.be/en/en-art/this-is-my-body-sediras-eyes/ |date=19 December 2019 }}. ''Al Arte Magazine''. 19 January 2013. Accessed 5 March 2016.</ref> ==O Exhibition nima== *2004: ''Zineb Sedira: Telling stories with differences'', [[Cornerhouse]], Manchester, UK *2005: ''British Art Show 06'', opening at Baltic, Gateshead, touring to Manchester, Nottingham and Bristol. *2006: ''Saphir'', [[The Photographers' Gallery]], London<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/viewpoints/1/zineb-sedira-saphir|title=Zineb Sedira: Saphir|date=19 February 2018|work=The Photographers' Gallery|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224162007/https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/viewpoints/1/zineb-sedira-saphir|url-status=dead}}</ref> *2007: ''Saphir'', [[Temple Bar Gallery and Studios|Temble Bar Gallery]], Dublin, Ireland *2007: ''Videos by Zineb Sedira'', Centre d'Art Contemporain du Parvis, Pau, France *2008: ''MiddleSea'', The Wapping Project, London<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsadmin.co.uk/projects/middlesea|title=MiddleSea|website=Artsadmin|language=en|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> *2009: ''Floating Coffins'', [[New Art Exchange]], Nottingham, UK<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nae.org.uk/exhibition/floating-coffins/15|title=Floating Coffins|website=www.nae.org.uk|language=en|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> *2009: ''Zineb Sedira: Seafaring'', [[John Hansard Gallery]], Southampton, UK *2009: ''Under the Sky and Over the Sea'', [[Pori Art Museum]], Finland *2010: ''Zineb Sedira'', {{ill|Musée Picasso (Vallauris)|fr}}, La Guerre et la Paix, Vallauris, France *2010: ''Gardiennes d'images'', [[Palais de Tokyo]], Paris<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zinebsedira.com/?q=video/gardiennes-dimages-image-keepers-2010|title=Gardiennes d'images (Image Keepers), 2010 :: zinebsedira.com|website=www.zinebsedira.com|language=en|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> *2011: ''Beneath the Surface'', [[Galerie Kamel Mennour]], Paris *2013: ''The Voyage, or Three Years at Sea Part V: Zineb Sedira'', Charles H. Scott Gallery, Vancouver, Canada<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artandeducation.net/announcements/108724/zineb-sedirathe-voyage-or-three-years-at-sea-part-v|title=Zineb SediraThe Voyage, or Three Years at Sea Part V - Announcements - Art & Education|website=www.artandeducation.net|language=en|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> *2016: ''Collecting Lines'', [[Art on the Underground]], London<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://art.tfl.gov.uk/projects/underline-a-new-commission-in-summer-2016/|title=Underline: Collecting Lines - Art on the Underground|work=Art on the Underground|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> *2018: ''Of Words and Stones'', curated by [[Marie Muracciole]] at the [[Beirut Art Center]], Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zineb Sedira: Of Words and Stones|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/219173/zineb-sediraof-words-and-stones/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.e-flux.com|language=en}}</ref> *2018: ''Zineb Sedira: Air Affairs and Maritime Nonsense'', [[Sharjah Art Museum]], Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. A retrospective.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Yasmeen|last1=Siddiqui|access-date=2021-07-15|title=Six Shows in Sharjah Challenge Curators to Look Beyond the Usual Suspects|url=http://hyperallergic.com/455541/six-solo-shows-in-sharjah-challenge-curators-to-look-beyond-the-usual-suspects/|date=15 August 2018|website=Hyperallergic}}</ref> ==O Collection nima== Sedira's work is held in the following public collections: * [[Arts Council Collection]], UK: 1 print (as of July 2021)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-15|title=Sedira, Zineb|url=https://www.artscouncilcollection.org.uk/explore/artist/sedira-zineb|website=www.artscouncilcollection.org.uk}}</ref> * [[Centre Pompidou]], Musée national d'art moderne, Paris: 7 prints (as of July 2021)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-15|title=Zineb Sedira|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/personne/cTXey9|website=Centre Pompidou}}</ref> * Musée national de l'histoire et des cultures de l'immigration / Cité nationale de l'histoire, Paris: 1 video installation, "Mother Tongue" (as of July 2021)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-15|title=Sedira Zineb|url=https://www.histoire-immigration.fr/collections/sedira-zineb|website=Musée national de l'histoire de l'immigration}}</ref> * [[Sharjah Art Museum]], Sharjah, United Arab Emirates<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-15|title=Zineb Sedira|url=http://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/sedira-zineb|website=sharjahart.org|archive-date=2022-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225072349/https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/sedira-zineb|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Tate]], London: 2 works (as of July 2021)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-15|title=Zineb Sedira born 1963|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/zineb-sedira-4956|website=Tate}}</ref> * [[Mumok]], Museumsquartier, Vienna: 1 work, "The House of the Mother (Algeria)" (as of July 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumok.at/en/zineb-sedira|title=Zineb Sedira|website=www.mumok.at|access-date=2024-12-30|archive-date=2022-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225132257/https://www.mumok.at/en/zineb-sedira|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], Contemporary Wall Paper Collections, London: 1 work, "Une Generation des Femmes" (as of July 2021)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-15|title=Une Generation des Femmes: Sedira, Zineb|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88384/une-generation-des-femmes-wallpaper-sedira-zineb/|website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections|year=1997 }}</ref> * [[Whitworth Art Gallery]], Contemporary Wall Paper Collections, Manchester: 1 work, "Une Generation des Femmes" (as of July 2021)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-15|title=Bodies of Colour: Breaking With Stereotypes in the Wallpaper Collection|url=https://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/upcomingexhibitions/bodiesofcolour/|website=Whitworth Art Gallery|archive-date=2022-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224162013/https://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/upcomingexhibitions/bodiesofcolour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==O kpaŋmaŋ pina nima== *1999 [[Artsadmin]] Artists Bursary, London & Artists film and video national fund, The Arts Council of England *2000 Westminster Arts Council, Film and Video Bursaries, London *2001 Prix AfAA, Laureat 2001: IV Rencontres de la photographie africaine, Bamako 2001, Mali *2004 Decibel Award, [[Arts Council England|Arts Council]], London *2009: SAM Art Prize, Paris *2021: Shortlisted, [[Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize]], London for the exhibition ''Standing Here Wondering Which Way to Go'' at [[Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume|Jeu de Paume]], Paris in 2019; along with [[Poulomi Basu]], [[Alejandro Cartagena]] and [[Cao Fei]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=The 2021 Deutsche Börse Photography prize sheds light on global issues|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/2021-deutsche-borse-photography-prize-b1867849.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/2021-deutsche-borse-photography-prize-b1867849.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=28 June 2021|website=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2021-07-14|title=The Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize 2021|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-deutsche-boerse-photography-foundation-prize-2021-p3x5vmgcx|newspaper=The Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Matthew|last1=Ponsford|access-date=2021-07-14|title=Prestigious photo prize honors docu-fiction on India's hidden war|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-2021-finalists/index.html|website=CNN|date=25 June 2021 }}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} == Karimbu nim yaha == *{{Cite book|last1=Lloyd|first1=Fran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtnpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sedira,+zineb%22|title=Contemporary Arab Women's Art: Dialogues of the Present|last2=Keelan|first2=Siumee H.|last3=England)|first3=Hot Bath Gallery (Bath|date=1999|publisher=WAL|isbn=978-1-902770-00-0|pages=2, 28–30, 36–37, 49, 67–68, 144–145, 213–218, 240, 246, 250, 252–253|language=en}} *{{Cite journal|last1=Letort|last2=Cherel|date=2014|title=Women on the Algerian Art Scene: Interrogating the Postcolonial Gaze through Documentary and Video Art|journal=Black Camera|volume=6|issue=1|pages=193|doi=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193|jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.193|s2cid=191602194}} *{{Cite journal|last=McGonagle|first=Joseph|date=2011|title=Travelling in Circles: Postcolonial Algiers in Zineb Sedira's "Saphir"|url=https://archive.org/details/esprit-cr-ateur_spring-2011_51_1/page/26|journal=L'Esprit Créateur|volume=51|issue=1|pages=26–37|jstor=26290019|issn=0014-0767}} *{{Cite book|last=Amer|first=Sahar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2T8kDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Zineb+Sedira%22+1963&pg=PT233|title=What is Veiling?|date=2014-09-09|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-9684-0|language=en}} *{{Cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Kylie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynRUDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Zineb+Sedira%22+1963&pg=PT652|title=Photography in and out of Africa: Iterations with Difference|last2=Green|first2=Louise|date=2018-02-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-35824-4|language=en}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|author-last=Shilton|author-first=Siobhan|entry=Transcultural Encounters in Contemporary Art|editor1-last=Keown|editor1-first=M.|entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoiFDAAAQBAJ&q=Sedira|encyclopedia=Comparing Postcolonial Diasporas|editor2-last=Murphy|editor2-first=D.|editor3-last=Procter|editor3-first=J.|date=2009-01-15|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-23278-5|pages=56–58|language=en}} *{{Cite book|last1=Salami|first1=Gitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZqsAQAAQBAJ&q=Sedira|title=A Companion to Modern African Art|last2=Visona|first2=Monica Blackmun|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-51505-1|pages=212, 501|language=en}} *{{Cite journal|last1=McGonagle|first1=Joseph|last2=Sedira|first2=Zineb|date=March 2006|title=Translating Differences: An Interview with Zineb Sedira|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=31|issue=3|pages=617–628|doi=10.1086/498990|s2cid=146212580|issn=0097-9740|url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/translating-differences-an-interview-with-zineb-sedira(ee65b1ca-8bb5-4259-8003-bd02d35688cb).html}} *“Zineb Sedira in conversation with Christine Van Assche,” ''Zineb Sedira, Saphir'' (Paris: Kamel Mennour & Paris Musées, 2006), 58–59. *Richard Dyer, “Saphir,” ''Zineb Sedira'': ''The Photographer's Gallery'' (London: Kamel Mennour & Paris Musées, 2006). *Isabelle Perbal, “Entretien Zineb Sedira, Retour aux origins,” ''Qantara'', October 2008. ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|www.zinebsedira.com}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sedira, Zineb}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century Algerian artists]] [[Category:21st-century Algerian artists]] [[Category:20th-century French artists]] [[Category:21st-century French artists]] [[Category:20th-century French women artists]] [[Category:21st-century French women artists]] [[Category:Algerian women artists]] [[Category:Alumni of Central Saint Martins]] [[Category:Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art]] [[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Art]] [[Category:Artists from Paris]] [[Category:People from Gennevilliers]] [[Category:French video artists]] [[Category:Women video artists]] 7yunmooj8qv7lo31frwyvw9uixu2fms David Huffman (artist) 0 30163 146084 133580 2026-08-10T19:56:45Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''David Huffman''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la yuuni 1963)<ref name="SFMOMA Artists: David Huffman" /> nyɛla Americanima pɛnta pɛnta mini shikuru baŋda. O nyɛla niriba pam ni tooi mi so ka di nyɛla o nuchee ni baŋsim tuma zaŋ jɛndi tabibi mini siyaasa tali zuɣu. ==Piligu biɛhigu mini shikuru baŋsim== David Huffmandaa nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], California.O ma Dolores Davis daa nyɛla "activist" ka nyɛ ŋun daa sɔŋ [[Black Panther Party|Black Panthers]]<ref name="SFGATE 2006" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Emily |date=2021-10-03 |title=How Berkeley's Countercultural Movement Shaped Artist David Huffman |url=http://hyperallergic.com/678893/david-huffman-afro-hippie-berkeley-art-center/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sung |first=Victoria |date=2021-08-13 |title=Berkeley artist David Huffman's new show pays tribute to his activist mother |url=https://www.berkeleyside.org/2021/08/13/david-huffman-berkeley-art-center |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Berkeleyside |language=en-US}}</ref> Huffman nyɛla ŋun daa piligi [[science fiction]], di shɛŋa nyɛ [[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]], [[Astro Boy (1963 TV series)|Astroboy]] mini [[Shogun Warriors (toys)|Shogun Warriors]].<ref name="Alien nation" /> Huffman nyɛla ŋun daa bɔhim New York mini San Francisco ka daa nya o [[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]] shikuru yuli booni [[California College of Arts and Crafts]].<ref name="disjecta" /> ==Awards and fellowships== * Eureka Fellowship, Fleishhacker Foundation (2008)<ref name="Fleishhacker" /> * [[Artadia|Artadia Award]] (2006)<ref name="Artadia">{{cite web|title=Awards / Past Awardees|date=2 May 2013 |url=http://artadia.org/awards/past-awardees/|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> * Palo Alto Public Arts Commission Award (2005)<ref name="artnet">{{cite web|title=David Huffman Biography|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/david-huffman/biography|publisher=Artnet Worldwide Corporation|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> ==Selected exhibitions== Huffman's solo exhibitions nyɛ ''Worlds in Collision'' at [[Jack Tilton|Roberts & Tilton Gallery]] yuuni 2016,<ref name="Worlds in Collision">{{cite web|last1=P|first1=Natalie|title=Worlds in Collision as David Huffman Elevates a Basketball to the Artistic Spectrum|url=https://www.widewalls.ch/david-huffman-exhibition-roberts-and-tilton-gallery/|publisher=Widewalls|access-date=18 December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Everything Went Dark Until I Saw Angels yuuni'' 2014 n-ti pahi ''Floating World yuuni'' 2012, t Patricia Sweetow Gallery,<ref name="SF Art Enthusiast" /> ''Out of Bounds din daa niŋ'' [[San Francisco Arts Commission|San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery]] yuuni 2011,<ref name="artnet"/> ''Dig it!'' at Patricia Sweetow Gallery yuuni 2008,<ref name="ArtSlant">{{cite web|title=David Huffman|url=http://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/14633-david-huffman?tab=EXHIBITS|publisher=ArtSlant, Inc.|access-date=16 December 2015|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505210753/https://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/14633-david-huffman?tab=EXHIBITS|url-status=dead}}</ref> n-ti pahi ''Land of the New Rising Sun'' at Lizabeth Oliveria Gallery yuuni 2005<ref name="Glance">{{cite journal|title=David Huffman|journal=Glance|date=Spring 2005|volume= 13|issue= 2|page=33}}</ref> O tuuli tuma ''Broadsides'' yuuni 1995 nyɛla din daa niŋ [[Los Angeles]]' Jan Baum Gallery.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite journal|title=David Huffman "Broadsides"|journal=Los Angeles Times|date=May 21, 1995|issue=Sunday|page=362}}</ref> ==Collections== Huffman's tuma din be "permanent collections" nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ:<ref name="artnet"/> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], San Francisco, California<ref name="SFMOMA Artists: David Huffman">{{cite web|title=SFMOMA Artists: David Huffman|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/David_Huffman|publisher=San Francisco Museum of Modern Art|access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> * [[Studio Museum in Harlem]], New York, New York *[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], Minneapolis, Minn. * [[Crocker Art Museum]], Sacramento, California * [[Arkansas Art Center]] * Lodeveans Collection London, England * [[Arizona State University Art Museum]] * [[Wellington Management Company|Wellington Management]], Boston, Massachusetts * [[JPMorgan Chase]] Collection, New York, New York * Eileen Norton Collection Los Angeles, California * [[Palo Alto Art Center]], Palo Alto, California * [[de Saisset Museum]] Santa Clara, California {{div col end}} ==Wuhibu== Huffman nyɛla ŋun wuhi [[Santa Clara University]] ka nyɛ baŋda zaŋ n-ti [[California College of the Arts]] saha ŋɔ.<ref name=Norrena>{{cite web|last1=Norrena|first1=Jim|title=Faculty-Alumnus David Huffman's "Out of Bounds" at SFAC Gallery a "SHIFT" Toward Dialogue About Race in America|url=https://www.cca.edu/news/2011/11/10/david-huffman-out-bounds-arts-commission-gallery-shift-dialogue-race-america|publisher=California College of the Arts|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060933/https://www.cca.edu/news/2011/11/10/david-huffman-out-bounds-arts-commission-gallery-shift-dialogue-race-america|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist|colwidth=33em|refs= <ref name="Alien nation">{{cite book|last1=Gill|first1=John, ed.|last2=Tawadros|first2=Gilane ed.|title=Alien nation|date=2006|publisher=Institute of Contemporary Arts|location=London|isbn=9781899846474|pages=22–23, 36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igvqAAAAMAAJ&q=david+huffman+traumanauts|access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Art in America">{{cite web|last1=Murray|first1=Derek Conrad|title=David Huffman|date=28 March 2012 |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/david-huffman/|publisher=Art in America|access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Artadia">{{cite web|title=Awards / Past Awardees|date=2 May 2013 |url=http://artadia.org/awards/past-awardees/|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> <ref name="artnet">{{cite web|title=David Huffman Biography|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/david-huffman/biography|publisher=Artnet Worldwide Corporation|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Baker">{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Kenneth|title=Mixing painting and identity politics with 'traumabots'|url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Mixing-painting-and-identity-politics-with-2781980.php|issue=Saturday, May 8|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=2004|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Buuck">{{cite journal|last1=Buuck|first1=David|title=David Huffman at Patricia Sweetow Gallery|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artweek_2009-02_40_1/page/11|journal=Artweek|date=2009|volume=40|issue=1|pages=11–12}}</ref> <ref name="disjecta">{{cite web|title=SPACE IS THE PLACE|url=http://disjecta.org/exhibitions-events/space-is-the-place|publisher=Disjecta: Contemporary Art Center of Portland|archive-date=18 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618184935/http://www.disjecta.org/exhibitions-events/space-is-the-place|url-status=dead|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Fleishhacker">{{cite web|title=Eureka Fellowship Program :: Past Grantees :: 2008-2010 |url=http://www.fleishhackerfoundation.org/grants/eureka-fellowship-program/2008-2010/ |publisher=Fleishhacker Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108160951/http://www.fleishhackerfoundation.org/grants/eureka-fellowship-program/2008-2010/ |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Norrena">{{cite web|last1=Norrena|first1=Jim|title=Faculty-Alumnus David Huffman's "Out of Bounds" at SFAC Gallery a "SHIFT" Toward Dialogue About Race in America|url=https://www.cca.edu/news/2011/11/10/david-huffman-out-bounds-arts-commission-gallery-shift-dialogue-race-america|publisher=California College of the Arts|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060933/https://www.cca.edu/news/2011/11/10/david-huffman-out-bounds-arts-commission-gallery-shift-dialogue-race-america|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SF Art Enthusiast">{{cite web|title=Patricia Sweetow Gallery : Everything Went Dark Until I Saw Angels|url=http://sfartenthusiast.com/event/patricia-sweetow-gallery/|publisher=Art Enthusiast|archive-date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225011838/http://sfartenthusiast.com/event/patricia-sweetow-gallery/|url-status=dead|access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> <ref name="SFGATE 2006">{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Kenneth|title=BLACK HISTORY MONTH: Artist profile / DAVID HUFFMAN|url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/BLACK-HISTORY-MONTH-Artist-profile-DAVID-2504697.php|issue=Friday, February 10|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=2006|access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Urban Vernacular">{{cite news|title=David Huffman's 'Urban Vernacular' at Jessica Silverman Gallery, San Francisco|url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/2991042/david-huffmans-urban-vernacular-at-jessica-silverman-gallery|access-date=18 April 2018|publisher=Blouin|date=April 17, 2018|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161231/http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/2991042/david-huffmans-urban-vernacular-at-jessica-silverman-gallery|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Whitehot">{{cite web|last1=Scarboro|first1=Jennine|title=Interview with David Huffman|url=http://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/2009-interview-with-david-huffman/1918|publisher=Whitehot Magazine of Contemporary Art|access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> }} ==External links== {{Official website| http://david-huffman.com/}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Huffman, David}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:21st-century American painters]] [[Category:21st-century American male artists]] [[Category:American contemporary painters]] [[Category:African-American contemporary artists]] [[Category:Painters from California]] [[Category:Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:American male painters]] [[Category:21st-century African-American painters]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:20th-century American male artists]] 7hhjgv9nx616a0ic7c83pyoid4iesas Willie Bester 0 30225 146192 103183 2026-08-10T22:49:16Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Willie Bester''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la Silimiin goli February biɛɣ'pihita yini ka dali yuuni 1956) <ref name=SA>{{cite web |title=Willie Bester |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/willie-bester |website=South African History Online |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> nyɛla South African nuchee ni baŋda ŋun nyɛ pɛnta pɛnta. Niriba pam nyɛla ban mi o ka di nyɛla o nuchee ni baŋsim tuma ŋɔ zuɣu. Saha ŋɔ o nyɛla [[Kuilsrivier]], South Africa ni o paɣa Evelyn <ref name="Ross1995">{{cite journal|last1=Ross|first1=Doran|title=On Art and Museums in South Africa after the Elections|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-1995_28_1/page/n2|journal=African Arts|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–7|jstor=3337242|year=1995|doi=10.2307/3337242}}</ref> mini bihi ata.<ref name="presidency">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/willie-bester-1956|title=Willie Bester|website=The Presidency Government of South Africa|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016214553/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/willie-bester-1956|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tuma == Bester nyɛla ŋun tumdi peenta tuma,<ref name="Godby1996">{{cite journal|last1=Godby|first1=Michael|last2=Klopper|first2=Sandra|date=1996|title=The Art of Willie Bester|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-1996_29_1/page/42|journal=African Arts|volume=29|issue=1|pages=42–49|doi=10.2307/3337446|jstor=3337446}}</ref><ref name="Godbybook">{{cite book|title=Is There Still Life? Continuity and Change in South African Still Life Painting|last1=Godby|first1=Michael|publisher=Publ. to Accompany the Exhibition at the Old Town House, Cape Town and at the Sanlam Art Gallery, Bellville, 2007 and 2008|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="McIntosh2009">{{cite journal|last1=McIntosh|first1=Tavish|date=2009|title=Reviewed work: ''Is There Still Life? Continuity and Change in South African Still Life Painting'' by Michael Godby|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_spring-2009_42_1/page/n112|journal=African Arts|volume=42|issue=1|pages=109–110|jstor=20447946|doi=10.1162/afar.2009.42.1.109|s2cid=127188371}}</ref> anfooninima yaabu<ref name="Godby1996" /> n-ti pahi binyɛra mɛbu.<ref name="Powell2017">{{cite journal|last1=Powell|first1=Ivor|title=Behind UCT's Removed Art: The Writing on the Wall|journal= Journal of Intellectual Freedom and Privacy|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=7–12|doi=10.5860/jifp.v2i3-4.6412|year=2018|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ross1995" /> == Exhibitions == === Solo exhibitions (selection) === * 1982 Forum, Cavendish Square, Cape Town. * 1991 Gallery International, Cape Town * 1992 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg * 1993 South African Association of Art, Cape Town * 1994 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg * 1998 Emporain, Dakar * 1999 Opere Recenti, Studio d'Arte Raffaelli, Trento, Italy * 1999 Archivio Della Scuola Romana, Introdotto da Achille Bonito Oliva, Roma, Italy * 2000 Arte Assortite, Torino * 2001 Centre D'Art Contemporain, Brussels, Belgium * 2002 SASOL Museum, Stellenbosch * 2003 Association for Visual Arts, Cape Town * 2005 34 LONG, Cape Town * 2007 Montagu Museum * 2008 Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town * 2009 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg === Group exhibitions (selection) === * 1989 Baxter Gallery, Cape Town * 1990 Gallery International, Cape Town * 1991 Operation Hunger Exhibition, Cape Town * 1991–92 ZABALAZA FESTIVAL, Museum of Modern Art, Oxford * 1992 Primart Gallery, Cape Town * 1993 Venice Biennale, INCROCI DEL SUD: An exhibition of works by 27 contemporary South African Artists * 1993–94 INCROCI DEL SUD, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam * 1994 UN ART CONTEMPORIAN D'AFRIQUE DU SUD, Galerie De L'Esplanade, La Defence, Paris * 1995 DIALOGUES OF PEACE, Exhibition for the UN's 50th Anniversary, Palaise Des Nations, Geneva * 1996 Basel Art Fair, Basel, Switzerland * 1996 Contemporary Art from South Africa, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin * 1997 Galleria d'Art Moderna e Contemporanea di San Marino, San Marino * 1998 Biennale de l'Art Contemporian, Dakar, Senegal * 1999 Claiming Art Reclaiming Space, National Museum of African Art, Washington DC. * 2000 Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art, New York * 2001 Barcelona Contemporary Cultural Center, Spain * 2002 Passport to South Africa, Centro Culturale "Trevi", Bolzano, Italy * 2003 Suidoos Festival, Peninsula Technikon 'Coexistence- Contemporary Cultural Production in South African' Rose Art Museum, USA * 2004 Africa Remix - Düsseldorf, Museum Kunst Palast: 24 July–7 November 2004 * 2005 London, Hayward Gallery * 2006 Tokyo, Mori Art Museum * 2007 Rocca di Castagnoli, Biennale Internazionale d'Art, Italy * 2009 34 LONG FINE ART, Cape Town<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Bester-Willie&bio=en&m=37|title=Willie Bester - Pigozzi Collection 2019|website=CAACART - The Pigozzi Collection|access-date=2019-11-12|archive-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217050514/http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Bester-Willie&bio=en&m=37|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Literature == * House, Gloria, Alison Kenzie,.und Art Gallery of Windsor. Willie Bester: apartheid laboratory : Art Gallery of Windsor, February 24-June 17, 2007. Art Gallery of Windsor, 2008. * Lee, Donvé. ''Willie Bester: Art as a Weapon''. Awareness Publishing, 2008... ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://themelrosegallery.com/artists/37-dr-willie-bester/biography/ Dr Willie Bester: Biography at The Melrose Gallery] * [https://www.caacart.com/artiste/bester-willie/ Willie Bester - CAAC Art - Jean Pigozzi Art Collection] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bester, Willie}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:South African installation artists]] [[Category:South African sculptors]] [[Category:South African contemporary artists]] [[Category:Contemporary sculptors]] [[Category:Artists from Cape Town]] k8mbww1n3t2o5i4t7a2tno9bbxae961 Alison Saar 0 30267 146187 131621 2026-08-10T22:42:32Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alison Saar''' (bɛ daa dɔɣi o la Silimiin goli February dabaa anu dali yuuni 1956) nyɛla [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] nuchee ni baŋda. O nuchee ni baŋsim tuma nyɛla din jɛndi [[African diaspora]]<nowiki/>mini gbansabila ban nyɛ paɣaba.<ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last1=Dallow |first1=Jessica |date=2004 |title=Reclaiming Histories: Betye and Alison Saar, Feminism, and the Representation of Black Womanhood |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-2004_30_1/page/n88 |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=74–113 |jstor=3178559}}</ref> == Piligu biɛhigu mini shikuru baŋsim == [[File:Portrait of Betye Saar. Site Installations, 1989. A Cultural Presentation of the United States of America. - DPLA - 222f r.jpg|thumb|[[Betye Saar]], Alison's mother.]] Saar nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so [[Los Angeles, California]] ka o lammba nyɛ [[African American|African-American]] nuchee ni baŋda [[Betye Saar]] mini Richard Saar.<ref name="artworks">Clark, Erin. "Alison Saar." ''Artworks'' Winter (2008): 33-40. Print.</ref> == Pina == <ref name="artnet.com">{{cite web|title=Alison Saar Biography – Alison Saar on artnet|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/alison-saar/biography|access-date=March 5, 2016|website=www.artnet.com}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2021}} * 1984: Artist Fellowship, [[National Endowment for the Arts]]; Artist in Residence, [[Studio Museum in Harlem|The Studio Museum in Harlem]], New York City, New York * 1985: Engelhard Award, [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston|Institute of Contemporary Art]], Boston, MA; Artist in Residence, Roswell Museum of Art, Roswell, N.M; Artist, Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts * 1986: Artist in Residence, November, Washington Project for the Arts * 1988: Artist Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts * 1989: [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] din daa yina [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]]<ref name="lalouver">{{cite web|url=http://www.lalouver.com/html/gallery-history-images/artist-biographies/alison-saar-biography.pdf |title=Alison Saar {{!}} Biography |website=L.A. Louver|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref> * 1998: Joan Mitchell Foundation Award, New Orleans, LA<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Alison Saar {{!}} Selected works by exhibition|url=http://www.lalouver.com/artist.cfm?tArtist_id=263|access-date=2018-03-03|website=L.A. Louver}}</ref> * 1998: [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens|Augustus St. Gaudens]] Memorial Foundation, Cornish, NH<ref name=":0" /> * 1999: Distinguished Alumnus of the Year, [[Otis College of Art and Design]], Los Angeles, CA * 2000: Flintridge Foundation Awards for Visual Arts, Pasadena, CA<ref name=":0" /> * 2003: Distinguished Alumna Award, [[Scripps College]], Claremont, CA; Artist in residence, [[Hopkins Center for the Arts|Hopkins Center]], [[Dartmouth College]], Hanover, New Hampshire * 2004: Received the COLA Grant, Los Angeles, CA * 2005: Excellence in Design Award by the [[New York City Art Commission]], New York City, New York * 2012: Fellow of [[United States Artists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedstatesartists.org|title=United States Artists|access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref> * 2013: [[Joan Mitchell Foundation]], New York * City of Los Angeles (C.O.L.A.) Artist Fellowship<ref name="lalouver"/> == Collections == [[File:Houston May 2022 26 (Museum of Fine Arts, Houston).jpg|thumb|[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|Museum of Fine Arts, Houston TX]]]] * [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alison Saar|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/7067|access-date=2021-06-18|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> * [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]], Indianapolis, IN<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nappy Head Blues |url=https://collections.discovernewfields.org/art/artwork/5254 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=The Indianapolis Museum of Art Collection |language=en}}</ref> * [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]], TX<ref>{{Cite web |title=Works {{!}} Alison Saar {{!}} People {{!}} The MFAH Collections |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/10564/alison-saar/objects |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=emuseum.mfah.org}}</ref> * [[Brooklyn Museum]], Brooklyn, NY<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/1183 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Publications == * Shepherd, Elizabeth. ''Secrets, Dialogues,'' ''Revelations: The Art of Betye and Alison Saar''. Los Angeles, CA: Wight Art Gallery, University of California, 1990. * Wilson, Judith. "Down to the Crossroads: The Art of Alison Saar." In ''Callaloo'' 14 no 1 (Winter 1991): 107–123. * Krane, Susan. ''Art at the Edge, Alison Saar: Fertile Ground'', Atlanta, GA: High Museum of Art, 1993. * Nooter Roberts, Mary, and Alison Saar. ''Body Politics:The Female Image in Luba Art and the Sculpture of Alison Saar''. UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 2000. * McGee, Julie L. "Field, Boll, and Monument: Toward an Iconography of Cotton in African American Art." In ''International Review of African American Art'' 19 no. 1 (2003): 37–48. * Lewis, Samella S. African American Art and Artists, revised and expanded 3rd ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. * Farrington, Lisa E. "Reinventing Herself: The Black Female Nude." In ''Woman's Art Journal'' 24 no. 2 (Autumn 2003–Winter 2004): 15–23. * Dallow, Jessica. "Reclaiming Histories: Betye and Alison Saar, Feminism, and the Representation of Black Womanhood." ''Feminist Studies'' 30 no. 1 (2004): 75–113. * Dallow, Jessica. ''Family Legacies: The Art of Betye, Lezley, and Alison Saar''. Chapel Hill: Ackland Art Museum, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in association with University of Washington Press, 2005. * Jones, Leisha. "Women and Abjection: Margins of Difference, Bodies of Art." ''Visual Culture & Gender'' 2 (2007): 62–71. * Linton, Meg. ''Alison Saar: STILL ...''. Los Angeles, CA: Otis College of Art and Design, Ben Maltz Gallery, 2012. * Dallow, Jessica. "Departures and Returns: Figuring the Mother's Body in the Art of Betye and Alison Saar." ''Reconciling Art and Mothering, edited by Rachel Epp Buller''. Ashgate Publishing Company, 2012. ==Lihimi m-pahi== * ''[[York: Terra Incognita]]'' (2010), [[Lewis & Clark College]], Portland, Oregon == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060721022006/http://www.lalouver.com/html/saar_bio.html L.A. Louver Gallery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619134634/http://www.nyfa.org/level4.asp?id=111&fid=1&sid=51&tid=167 New York Foundation for the Arts: Interview with Alison Saar] * [http://vimeo.com/8227597 2009 Half-Hour TV Interview on The Creative Community] * [http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/at/at120828the_painful_beauty_o KCRW Art Talk with Edward Goldman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402161527/http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/at/at120828the_painful_beauty_o |date=2014-04-02 }}, "The Painful Beauty of Alison Saar's Stories," 2012 * [http://www.phylliskindgallery.com/artists/as/index.html Artists - Alison Saar] at Phyllis Kind Gallery (NYC) web site {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saar, Alison}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] [[Pubu:Ninsala]] [[Pubu:Ninsala ŋun na be o nyɛvuli ni]] [[Pubu:Paɣa]] [[Category:20th-century American sculptors]] [[Category:African-American contemporary artists]] [[Category:American contemporary artists]] [[Category:American women installation artists]] [[Category:American women printmakers]] [[Category:Sculptors from California]] [[Category:American installation artists]] [[Category:Otis College of Art and Design alumni]] [[Category:Scripps College alumni]] [[Category:21st-century American women sculptors]] [[Category:21st-century American sculptors]] [[Category:African-American sculptors]] [[Category:African-American printmakers]] [[Category:African-American women sculptors]] [[Category:American women sculptors]] 8i54w5rgfe69pvne8qentkai8890s1a Jane Alexander (artist) 0 30274 146137 102122 2026-08-10T21:15:15Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146137 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jane Alexander''' ( bɛ dɔɣɔ la yuuni 1959)<ref name="sahi_Jane" /> o nyɛla ŋun be nuuni tuun tumdi shɛbi ban yuli du pam South Africa tingban ni .<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/interviews/jane-alexander-cam-houston/|title=Global Context: Q+A with Jane Alexander|last=Dent|first=Lisa|date=2012-08-03|website=Art in America|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":A">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/54963-top-15-south-african-artists.html|title=Top 15 South African Artists|last=Ceves|first=James|date=2020|publisher=South African News-website "Briefly.co.za"|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> O nyɛla bipuɣingi ŋun tumdi nucheeni tuma ka niribi mi o ka o nyɛla ŋun tumdi sculpture, ''[[The Butcher Boys]]''. O nyɛla ŋun tumdi tuma nim kamani ; sculpture, [[photomontage]]s, anfooni nim ti pahi sinii nim tuma. Alexander nyɛla ŋun yu sali bɛhigu pam, zaba din daa niŋ yuma ka ʒi polo, nti pahi kaya ni taada yɛla teebu o tuma maani.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artthrob.co.za/99july/artbio.htm|title=A feature on an artist in the public eye Jane Alexander|date=1999|website=Artthrob Contemporary Art in South Africa}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Bick|first=Tenley|date=Winter 2010|title=Horror Histories: Apartheid and the Abject Body in the Work of Jane Alexander|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-2010_43_4/page/30|journal=African Arts|volume=43|issue=4|pages=30–41|jstor=29546103|doi=10.1162/afar.2010.43.4.30|s2cid=57570700 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Subiros|first=Pep|date=Fall 2013|title=Jane Alexander: Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2013|issue=33 |pages=92–99|doi=10.1215/10757163-2352839 |s2cid=193170223 }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Jane Alexander Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|last1=Subiros|first1=Pep|last2=Kobena|first2=van Robbroek|last3=Lize|first3=Njami|last4=Simon|first4=Jamal|last5=Jane|first5=Alexander|publisher=Museum for African Art and Actar|year=2011|isbn=978-0-945802-57-0|location=New York|pages=11–181}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/jane-alexander-18870/who-is-jane-alexander|title=Who is Jane Alexander?|last=Tate|website=Tate|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jane-alexander|title=Jane Alexander|last=Anonymous|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> ==Public exhibitions== === O konko exhibition nima === * Yuuni 1986 Newtown, Johannesburg: Market Gallery<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1995 Grahamstown, South Africa: Monument Gallery<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1999 Cape Town: Irma Stern Museum, University of Cape Town<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2000 London: Gasworks<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2002 Stuttgart, Germany: DaimlerChrysler Konzernzentrale, Forum Stuttgart-Moringen<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2005 Vienna: Kunsthalle Wien<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2009 Durham, UK: Galilee Chapel, Durham Cathedral<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2009 New York: Jack Shainman Gallery<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2011 Brussels: La Centrale Electrique<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2012 New York: Museum for African Art<ref name=":7" /> === O mini shɛbi exhibition nima === * Yuuni 1994 Havana: Museo Nacional de Bellas Arte, 5th Havana Biennial<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1995 Venice: Palazzo Grassi, Venice Biennale<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1996 Berlin: Haus der Kulturen der Welt<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1996 Cape Town: Castle of Good Hope<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1997 Munich: Art Bureau<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1998 Dakar, Senegal: Galerie Nationale, Dak’Art Biennale<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1998 Tokyo: Tobu Museum of Art<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1999 Cape Town: The Granary<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 1999 Accra, Ghana: National Museum Accra<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2000 Lyon, France: Halle Tony Garnier, Biennale de Lyon<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2000 Reykjavik: Reykjavik Art Museum<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2000 Cape Town: IDASA Gallery, Talk. Thetha, Praat * Yuuni 2000 Havana: Centro De Arte Contemporaneo Wilfredp Lam, 7th Havana Biennial<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2000 London, British Museum<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2001 Munich: Museum Villa Stuck<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2001 Barcelona: Centre de Cultura Contemorania de Barcelona<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2001 Madrid: Circulo de Bellas Artes<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2002 Paris: Maison Europeenne de la Photographie<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2002 Berlin: Neue Gesellschaft fur Bildende Kunst<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2003 Waltham, MA: Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2003 Stockholm: NK Car Park<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2004 Cherleroi, Belgium: palais des Beaux-Arts<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2004 Cape Town: Castle of Good Hope<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2004 Düsseldorf: Museum Kunst Palast<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2004 Tilburg, the Netherlands: Oude Warande<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2004 New York: Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine and the Museum for African Art<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2005 North Adams, MA: Mass MoCA<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2005 Bamako, Mali: Musee National du Mali<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2006 Ostend: Provinciaal Museum voor Modernde Kunst and the North Sea Cost of Belgium<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2006 Brussels: La Centrale Electrique<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2006 Singapore: City Hall, Singapore Biennale<ref name=":7" /> * Yuuni 2006 São Paulo: Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, Bienal de São Paulo<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2007 Goteborg, Sweden: Roda Sten, Goteborg International Biennial<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2007 Barcelona: Centre de Cultura Contemprania de Barcelona<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2008 Johannesburg: FADA Gallery, University of Johannesburg<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2008 Polokwane, South Africa: Polowwane Art Museum<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2009 Havana: Saint Francis of Assisi Convent, Havana Biennial<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2009 Johannesburg: Sandton Convention Centre<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2009 Paris: Grande Halle de La Villette<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2009 Khayelitsha, South Africa: Lookout Hill<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2009 Osaka Japan: Dojima River Forum, Dojima River Biennial<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2009 Tirana, Albania: Hotel Dajti, Tirana International Contemporary Art Biennial<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2009 Cape Town: Spier<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2009 Cape Town: South African National Gallery<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2010 Cape Town: Cape Institute for Architecture<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2010 Cape Town: South African National Gallery<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2010 Cape Town: Michael Stevenson Gallery<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2010 Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng, South Africa: NIROX Sculpture Park<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2010 Helsinki: Tennis Palace Art Museum<ref name=":7" /> *Yuuni 2010 Baltimore: Maryland Institute College of Art<ref name=":7" /> == O kpaŋmaŋ pina nim n nyɛ: == * Yuuni 1982 – National Fine Arts Student Award<ref name="afri_Afri" /> * Yuuni 1982 – Martienssen Student Prize<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=576&lang=en|title = African Success : Biography of Jane ALEXANDER|last = www.lesideesnet.com|first = Les Idées Net -|website = www.africansuccess.org|access-date = 2016-03-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100613063215/http://africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=576&lang=en|archive-date = 13 June 2010|url-status = dead}}</ref> * Yuuni 1995 – Standard Bank Young Artist Award<ref name="afri_Afri" /> * Yuuni 1996 – Joint winner of the First National Bank Artist of the Year<ref name=":2" /> * Yuuni 1996 – The FNB Vita Art Now Award<ref name="afri_Afri" /> * Yuuni 2002 – DaimlerChrysler Award<ref name="afri_Afri" /> *Yuuni 2004 – University of Cape Town Fellowship<ref name=":7" /> ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist|refs = <ref name="sahi_Jane">{{Cite web | title = Jane Alexander | work = South African History Online | access-date = 2015-12-05 | url = http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jane-alexander }}</ref> <ref name="afri_Afri">{{Cite web | title = Biography of Jane ALEXANDER | work = African Success | date = 17 October 2008 | access-date = 2015-12-05 | url = http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=576&lang=en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100613063215/http://africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=576&lang=en | archive-date = 13 June 2010 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name=nyt>{{Cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/arts/design/jane-alexanders-work-at-st-john-the-divine.html?_r=0|title = The Beast in the Human, and Vice Versa Jane Alexander's Work at St. John the Divine|date = 2013|website = The New York Times|last = Cotter|first = Holland}}</ref> }} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last1=Ambrožič|first1=Mara |last2=Njami|first2=Simon |title=The Divine Comedy: Heaven, Purgatory and Hell Revisited by Contemporary African Artists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbQvngEACAAJ|year=2014|publisher=Museum für Moderne Kunst/Kerber Verlag|location=Frankfurt am Main, Germany|isbn=978-3-86678-931-9}} * {{cite book|last=Perryer|first=Sophie |title=10 Years 100 Artists: Art in a Democratic South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MohAEFc7mG0C|year=2004|publisher=Struik|location=Cape Town|isbn=978-1-86872-987-6}} *{{Cite web | title = Jane Alexander | work = ArtFacts.net | date = 6 August 2015 | access-date = 2015-12-05 | url = http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/jane-alexander-17409/profile.html }} {{refend}} == External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141022020411/http://www.michaelis.uct.ac.za/staff/alexander/ Biographic profile on UCT website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Jane}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century South African women artists]] [[Category:21st-century South African women artists]] [[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]] [[Category:South African contemporary artists]] lsyp8w0mkzi9ze5fb1fz8t4mhfuhi4x Calixte Dakpogan 0 30366 146195 103946 2026-08-10T22:55:49Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Calixte Dakpogan''' ( bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) o nyɛla ŋun nyɛ [[Benin]]ese [[sculptor]] so bɛ ni mi ka niŋdi [[installation art|installations]]. O nyɛla ŋun yina zuliya yuli booni [[Pahou]], ka pa nyɛ ŋun tumdi ka be [[Porto Novo]]. O tuma nim pam nyɛla din nyɛ [[West African Vodún|Vodun]] nim zuliya niɛma. Dakpogan tuma nyɛla bɛ ni daa exhibite shɛli "Ouidah '92" festival, la saha din daa puhiri [[Vodun art]] chuɣu Benin tingbanni mini African Diaspora nim ban daa be [[Ouidah]] , din be Benin la ni silimiingoli ni yuuni 1993.<ref>{{cite journal|page=33 |last=Rush|first=Dana |title=Contemporary Vodun Arts of Ouidah, Benin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-2001_34_4/page/33 |journal=African Arts|volume=34|issue=4 |date=Winter 2001|publisher=UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center|doi=10.2307/3337805 |jstor=3337805 }}</ref> O vulo nim pam nyɛla din be [[The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC)]] of [[Jean Pigozzi]] nim puuni. ==Group exhibitions== *'''Yuuni 2000''': ''Rendering Visible : Contemporary Art from the Republic of Benin'', [[October Gallery]], London, UK *'''Yuuni 2000''': ''Partage d’Exotismes'', 5th Biennale de Lyon, France *'''Yuuni 2000''': ''Fait Maison'', Musée international des arts modestes, [[Sète]], France *'''Yuuni 2005''': ''African Art Now : Masterpieces from the [[Jean Pigozzi]] Collection'', [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]], USA *'''Yuuni 2005''': ''Arts of Africa'', [[Grimaldi Forum]], Monaco, France *'''Yuuni 2006/2007''': ''100% Africa'', [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao]], Spain *'''Yuuni 2007''': ''Masques rituels et contemporains'', Fondation Jean Paul Blachère, [[Apt, Vaucluse|Apt]], France *'''Yuuni 2007/2008''': ''Why Africa?'', [[Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli]], [[Turin]], Italy *'''Yuuni 2010''': ''African Stories'', Marrakech Art Fair, Marrakech ==Bibliography== *'''Yuuni 1994''': Otro pais: escalas africanas, Exhibition catalogue. *'''1992''': Dakar Biennale (1). Dak’Art 92, Exhibition catalogue *'''Yuuni 1995''': Africus : Johannesburg Biennale, 1995 Exhibition catalogue. *'''Yuuni 1996''': Contemporary Art of Africa, André Magnin and Jacques Soulillou *'''Yuuni 1997''': Lumière Noire : Art Contemporain, Exhibition catalogue. *'''Yuuni 1998''': Bénin-Bénin, Gisteren-Tussen-Morgen. Exhibition catalogue. Fritz Bless et al. *'''Yuuni 2000''': Forjar el Espacio : La Escultura Forjada en el siglo XX, Exhibition catalogue. *'''Yuuni 2000''': Lyon Biennale d’Art Contemporain, (5) Partage d’Exotismes, Exhibition catalogue. *'''yuuni 2001''': Rendering Visible : Contemporary Art from the Republic of Benin, Exhibition catalogue. Published by The October Gallery. *'''Yuuni 2005''': African Art Now: Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection, Exhibition catalogue. Published by Merrell. *'''Yuuni 2006''': 100% Africa, Exhibition catalogue. Published by TF Editores & FMGB Guggenheim Bilbao Museum. *'''Yuuni 2007''': Why Africa?, Exhibition catalogue. Published by Electa & Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli. ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} == External links == *[http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/pigozzi/calixte.html Biography from the National Museum of African Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901184824/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/pigozzi/calixte.html |date=2006-09-01 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dakpogan, Calixte}} [[Pubu:Ninsla]] [[Ninsala:Ninsala ŋun na be o nyɛvuli ni]] [[Category:20th-century Beninese sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century Beninese male artists]] [[Category:21st-century Beninese artists]] [[Category:21st-century Beninese male artists]] [[Category:Male sculptors]] [[Category:Voodoo artists]] [[Category:21st-century sculptors]] [[Category:People from Atlantique Department]] [[Category:People from Porto-Novo]] [[Category:Installation artists]] {{Benin-bio-stub}} {{africa-sculptor-stub}} caw3o7af53ayu0noxab50c3dvd5hg3d Mount Takahe 0 30452 146220 145697 2026-08-10T23:52:39Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mount Takahe''' nyɛla din dubu paagi {{convert|3460|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} , ka nyɛ din nyɛ [[shield volcano]] din be [[Marie Byrd Land]], [[Antarctica]], din mini [[Amundsen Sea]] waɣilim nyɛ kilomita kɔbishɛɛ. Di nyɛla zoli din nyɛ [[parasitic vent]]s kilomita nim pihita, ni [[caldera]] din yɛlinŋ nyɛ kilomita nim anii. Di volcano nim maa pam nyɛla din yirina [[trachytic]] [[lava flow]]s, amaa [[hyaloclastite]] gba nyɛla din bɛni. Di nyɛla silimiingi ni bɔli shɛŋa ni Snow, ice, n-ti pahi [[glacier]]s ni pɔbi zo shɛli. == Eruption history == {|class = wikitable sortable <!-- The entries in the table that follows are the targets of redirects from former stub articles. Please preserve the anchors. --> |- ! Feature !! Coordinates !! Description |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Clausen Glacier}}Clausen Glacier |{{coord|76|10|S|112|03|W|name=Clausen Glacier}} |A narrow glacier draining northward from the summit of Mount Takahe. The terminus of the glacier is just west of Knezevich Rock. It was mapped by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1959–66. It was named by the United States [[Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names]] (US-ACAN) for Henrik B. Clausen (University of Bern, Switzerland), [[United States Antarctic Research Program]] (USARP) glaciologist at [[Byrd Station]], 1969–70.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=139}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Knezevich Rock}}Knezevich Rock |{{coord|76|10|S|112|00|W|name=Knezevich Rock}}. |A rock outcrop on the lower part of the north slope of Mount Takahe. It lies at the east side of the mouth of Clausen Glacier. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photography, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Nick Knezevich Jr., United States Navy, electronics technician at South Pole Station, 1974.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=398}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Stauffer Bluff}}Stauffer Bluff |{{coord|76|10|S|111|46|W|name=Stauffer Bluff}}. |A rocky bluff at the northeast extremity of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial photographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Bernhard Stauffer (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1968–69 and 1969–70.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=709}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Oeschger Bluff}}Oeschger Bluff |{{coord|76|24|S|111|48|W|name=Oeschger Bluff}}. |A flat-topped snow and rock bluff that projects from the southeast part of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial photography, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Hans Oeschger (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1968–69 and 1969–70.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=540}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Bucher Rim}}Bucher Rim |{{coord|76|19|S|112|00|W|name=Bucher Rim}} |A rocky eminence on the south portion of the rim of the extinct volcano Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial photographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Peter Bucher (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1969–70.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=101}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Jaron Cliffs}}Jaron Cliffs |{{coord|76|23|S|112|10|W|name=Jaron Cliffs}}. |A line of steep, snow-covered cliffs on the south side of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Helmut P. Jaron, aurora researcher at Byrd Station in 1963.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=369}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Möll Spur}}Möll Spur |{{coord|76|23|S|112|09|W|name=Möll Spur}}. |A jagged rock spur which juts southward from Jaron Cliffs on the southern slope of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial photographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Markus Moll (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1969–70.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|pp=499–500}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Steuri Glacier}}Steuri Glacier |{{coord|76|23|S|112|24|W|name=Steuri Glacier}}. |A glacier descending the southern slopes of Mount Takahe. The feature is {{convert|3.5|nmi}} west of Moll Spur. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photography, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Heinrich Steuri (University of Bern, Switzerland), USARP glaciologist at Byrd Station, 1968–69.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=712}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Cadenazzi Rock}}Cadenazzi Rock |{{coord|76|18|S|112|39|W|name=Cadenazzi Rock}}. |A rock outcrop {{convert|1.5|nmi}} east of Roper Point on the west slope of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial photographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Lieutenant Michael P. Cadenazzi, United States Navy, LH-34 helicopter commander. He flew close support missions for USARP scientists during the 1969–70 and 1970–71 seasons.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=111}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Roper Point}}Roper Point |{{coord|76|19|S|112|54|W|name=Roper Point}}. |A largely ice-covered point, but with some rock exposures, at the west extremity of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Nathaniel A. Roper, aurora researcher at Byrd Station in 1963.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=630}} |-style="vertical-align: top;" |{{anchor|Gill Bluff}}Gill Bluff |{{coord|76|14|S|112|33|W|name=Gill Bluff}}. |A rock bluff on the northwest side of Mount Takahe. It was mapped by the USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photographs, 1959–66. It was named by the US-ACAN for Allan Gill, aurora researcher at Byrd Station in 1963.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=278}} |} [[File:Helmut P. Jaron.jpg|thumb|Helmut P. Jaron, for whom the Jaron Cliffs are named.]] ==Maan nyami ŋɔ yaha== * [[List of Ultras of Antarctica]] == Explanatory notes == {{notelist}} ==Kundivihira== === Citations === {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Smellie2021">{{Cite journal|last=Smellie|first=John L.|date=2021|title=Chapter 1.2 Antarctic volcanism: volcanology and palaeoenvironmental overview|url=http://mem.lyellcollection.org/lookup/doi/10.1144/M55-2020-1|journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs|language=en|volume=55|issue=1|page=32|doi=10.1144/M55-2020-1|s2cid=234287036 |issn=0435-4052}}</ref> <ref name="LucasNyblade2021">{{cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Erica M. |last2=Nyblade |first2=Andrew A. |last3=Lloyd |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Aster |first4=Richard C. |last5=Wiens |first5=Douglas A. |last6=O'Donnell |first6=John Paul |last7=Stuart |first7=Graham W. |last8=Wilson |first8=Terry J. |last9=Dalziel |first9=Ian W. D. |last10=Winberry |first10=J. Paul |last11=Huerta |first11=Audrey D. |title=Seismicity and Pn Velocity Structure of Central West Antarctica |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |date=February 2021 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=9 |doi=10.1029/2020gc009471 |bibcode=2021GGG....2209471L |s2cid=234259433 |issn=1525-2027|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="ICC2018">{{cite web |title=International Chronostratigraphic Chart |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/icschart/ChronostratChart2018-08.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123434/http://www.stratigraphy.org/icschart/ChronostratChart2018-08.pdf|archive-date=31 July 2018 |publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy|date=August 2018}}</ref> <ref name="PMehra2016">{{cite journal |last1=P |first1=Jayaprasad |last2=Mehra |first2=Raghav |last3=Chawla |first3=Saket |last4=Rajak |first4=D. Ram |last5=Oza |first5=Sandip R. |editor4-first=Jing M |editor4-last=Chen |editor3-first=A. S |editor3-last=Rajawat |editor2-first=Ashwagosh |editor2-last=Ganju |editor1-first=Reza |editor1-last=Khanbilvardi |title=Role of Indian remote sensing imaging satellites for the Antarctic monitoring and mapping: a case study around Indian Antarctic research stations |journal=Land Surface and Cryosphere Remote Sensing III |date=5 May 2016 |volume=9877 |page=4 |doi=10.1117/12.2223787 |publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics|bibcode=2016SPIE.9877E..17J |s2cid=131502583 }}</ref> <ref name="Kurasawa1977">{{Cite journal|last=Kurasawa|first=Hajime|date=1977|title=Volcanoes and Volcanic Rocks in Antarctica|journal=Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi)|volume=86|issue=1|page=9|doi=10.5026/jgeography.86.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Herzfeld2004">{{Cite book|last=Herzfeld|first=Ute Christina|title=Atlas of Antarctica|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-642-18515-1|date=2004|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-62418-6|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-18515-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-642-18515-1/page/194 194]}}</ref> <ref name="Kosack1969">{{cite journal|last=Kosack|first=H. P.|language=de|year=1969|title=Einige Gedanken zu Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Hoinkes Kritischen Bemerkungen zu dem Buch Die Polaforschung in Polarfoschung 38, 1968, 1/2, S. 227–236|journal=Polarforschung|volume=39|issue=1|page=279}}</ref> <ref name="GVPE">{{Cite GVP|vn=390027|name=Takahe}}, [https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=390027&vtab=Eruptions Eruption history]</ref> <ref name="GVP">{{Cite GVP|vn=390027|name=Takahe}}</ref> <ref name="Chowdhry Beeman2019">{{cite journal |last1=Chowdhry Beeman |first1=Jai |last2=Gest |first2=Léa |last3=Parrenin |first3=Frédéric |last4=Raynaud |first4=Dominique |last5=Fudge |first5=Tyler J. |last6=Buizert |first6=Christo |last7=Brook |first7=Edward J. |title=Antarctic temperature and CO2: near-synchrony yet variable phasing during the last deglaciation |journal=Climate of the Past |date=22 May 2019 |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=922 |doi=10.5194/cp-15-913-2019 |bibcode=2019CliPa..15..913C |language=en |issn=1814-9324|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="KohnoFujii1999">{{Cite journal|last1=Kohno|first1=Mika|last2=Fujii|first2=Yoshiyuki|date=1 December 1999|journal=Polar Meteorol. 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L.|last4=McIntosh|first4=W. C.|last5=Zimmerer|first5=M. J.|last6=Kyle|first6=P. R.|date=2021|title=Chapter 7.4 Active volcanoes in Marie Byrd Land|url=http://mem.lyellcollection.org/lookup/doi/10.1144/M55-2019-29|journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs|language=en|volume=55|issue=1|pages=759–783|doi=10.1144/M55-2019-29|s2cid=234820844 |issn=0435-4052}} * {{Cite book|last1=Faure|first1=Gunter|chapter=The East Antarctic Ice Sheet|date=2011|title=The Transantarctic Mountains|pages=573–633|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9390-5_17|isbn=978-1-4020-8406-5|last2=Mensing|first2=Teresa M.}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gow |first1=Anthony J. |last2=Meese |first2=Debra A. |title=The distribution and timing of tephra deposition at Siple Dome, Antarctica: possible climatic and rheologic implications |journal=Journal of Glaciology |date=2007 |volume=53 |issue=183 |pages=585–596 |doi=10.3189/002214307784409270 |bibcode=2007JGlac..53..585G |s2cid=54600021 |language=en |issn=0022-1430|doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kurbatov |first1=A. V. |last2=Zielinski |first2=G. A. |last3=Dunbar |first3=N. W. |last4=Mayewski |first4=P. A. |last5=Meyerson |first5=E. A. |last6=Sneed |first6=S. B. |last7=Taylor |first7=K. C. |title=A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2006 |volume=111 |issue=D12 |pages=D12307 |doi=10.1029/2005JD006072 |bibcode=2006JGRD..11112307K |url=https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1163&context=ers_facpub |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kyle |first1=Philip R. |last2=Jezek |first2=Peter A. |last3=Mosley-Thompson |first3=Ellen |last4=Thompson |first4=Lonnie G. |title=Tephra layers in the Byrd Station ice core and the Dome C ice core, Antarctica and their climatic importance |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-volcanology-and-geothermal-research_1981-08_11_1/page/29 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=1 August 1981 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=29–39 |doi=10.1016/0377-0273(81)90073-1 |bibcode=1981JVGR...11...29K |language=en |issn=0377-0273}} * {{Cite book|date=1990|editor-last=LeMasurier|editor-first=W.E.|editor2-last=Thomson|editor2-first=J.W.|editor3-last=Baker|editor3-first=P.E.|editor4-last=Kyle|editor4-first=P.R.|editor5-last=Rowley|editor5-first=P.D.|editor6-last=Smellie|editor6-first=J.L.|editor7-last=Verwoerd|editor7-first=W.J. |title=Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans |series=Antarctic Research Series 48 |volume=48|location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=American Geophysical Union |language=en|doi=10.1029/ar048|isbn=0-87590-172-7|issn=0066-4634 |oclc=961312958}} * {{cite journal |last1=LeMasurier |first1=Wesley E. |last2=Rocchi |first2=Sergio |title=Terrestrial record of post-eocene climate history in marie byrd land, west antarctica |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography |date=1 March 2005 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=51–66 |doi=10.1111/j.0435-3676.2005.00244.x |bibcode=2005GeAnA..87...51L |s2cid=128880997 |issn=0435-3676}} * {{Cite book|last=LeMasurier|first=Wesley E.|chapter=What Supports the Marie Byrd Land Dome? An Evaluation of Potential Uplift Mechanisms in a Continental Rift System|date=2006|title=Antarctica: Contributions to Global Earth Sciences|pages=299–302|editor-last=Fütterer|editor-first=Dieter Karl|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/3-540-32934-x_37|isbn=978-3-540-32934-3|editor2-last=Damaske|editor2-first=Detlef|editor3-last=Kleinschmidt|editor3-first=Georg|editor4-last=Miller|editor4-first=Hubert}} * {{cite journal |last1=LeMasurier |first1=Wesley |title=Shield volcanoes of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctic rift: oceanic island similarities, continental signature, and tectonic controls |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |date=19 May 2013 |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=726 |doi=10.1007/s00445-013-0726-1 |bibcode=2013BVol...75..726L |s2cid=128816343 |language=en |issn=1432-0819}} * {{cite journal |last1=LeMasurier |first1=Wesley E. |last2=Choi |first2=Sung Hi |last3=Hart |first3=Stanley R. |last4=Mukasa |first4=Sam |last5=Rogers |first5=Nick |title=Reconciling the shadow of a subduction signature with rift geochemistry and tectonic environment in Eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica |journal=Lithos |date=1 September 2016 |volume=260 |pages=134–153 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2016.05.018 |bibcode=2016Litho.260..134L |language=en |issn=0024-4937|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/53866/1/53866.pdf |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=LeMasurier |first1=Wesley |last2=Choi |first2=Sung Hi |last3=Kawachi |first3=Yosuke |last4=Mukasa |first4=Sam |last5=Rogers |first5=Nick |title=Dual origins for pantellerites, and other puzzles, at Mount Takahe volcano, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica |journal=Lithos |date=1 January 2018 |volume=296–299 |pages=142–162 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2017.10.014 |bibcode=2018Litho.296..142L |language=en |issn=0024-4937|doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal|journal=[[Antarctic Journal of the United States]]|volume=20|title=Weather and solar radiation measurements and Mount Takahe and Mount Murphy, West Antarctica|first=M.|last=Losleben|year=1985|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/Antarctica/AJUS/AJUSvXXn5/AJUSvXXn5p193.pdf}} * {{cite journal |last1=LeMasurier |first1=W. E. Le |title=Architecture and evolution of hydrovolcanic deltas in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=1 January 2002 |volume=202 |issue=1 |pages=115–148 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.07 |bibcode=2002GSLSP.202..115L |s2cid=219192585 |url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/202/1/115 |language=en |issn=0305-8719}} * {{cite journal |last1=McConnell |first1=Joseph R. |last2=Burke |first2=Andrea |last3=Dunbar |first3=Nelia W. |last4=Köhler |first4=Peter |last5=Thomas |first5=Jennie L. |last6=Arienzo |first6=Monica M. |last7=Chellman |first7=Nathan J. |last8=Maselli |first8=Olivia J. |last9=Sigl |first9=Michael |last10=Adkins |first10=Jess F. |last11=Baggenstos |first11=Daniel |last12=Burkhart |first12=John F. |last13=Brook |first13=Edward J. |last14=Buizert |first14=Christo |last15=Cole-Dai |first15=Jihong |last16=Fudge |first16=T. J. |last17=Knorr |first17=Gregor |last18=Graf |first18=Hans-F. |last19=Grieman |first19=Mackenzie M. |last20=Iverson |first20=Nels |last21=McGwire |first21=Kenneth C. |last22=Mulvaney |first22=Robert |last23=Paris |first23=Guillaume |last24=Rhodes |first24=Rachael H. |last25=Saltzman |first25=Eric S. |last26=Severinghaus |first26=Jeffrey P. |last27=Steffensen |first27=Jørgen Peder |last28=Taylor |first28=Kendrick C. |last29=Winckler |first29=Gisela |title=Synchronous volcanic eruptions and abrupt climate change ~17.7 ka plausibly linked by stratospheric ozone depletion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=19 September 2017 |volume=114 |issue=38 |pages=10035–10040 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1705595114 |pmid=28874529 |pmc=5617275 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11410035M |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal|last1=McIntosh|first1=W. C.|last2=LeMasurier|first2=W. E.|last3=Ellerman|first3=P. J.|last4=Dunbar|first4=N. W.|year=1985|title=A re-interpretation of glaciovolcanic interaction at Mount Takahe and Mount Murphy, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica|journal=Antarctic Journal|volume=20|pages=57–59|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/Antarctica/AJUS/AJUSvXXn5/AJUSvXXn5p57.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C76108s1_Ant.Map_Mount_Takahe.jpg |accessdate=2024-04-12 |title=Mount Takahe |publisher=USGS: United States Geological Survey |ref={{harvid|Mount Takahe USGS}} }} * {{cite journal |last1=Palais |first1=Julie M. |last2=Kyle |first2=Philip R. |last3=McIntosh |first3=William C. |last4=Seward |first4=Diane |authorlink4=Diane Seward |title=Magmatic and phreatomagmatic volcanic activity at Mt. Takahe, West Antarctica, based on tephra layers in the Byrd ice core and field observations at Mt. Takahe |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-volcanology-and-geothermal-research_1988-12_35_4/page/295 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=1 December 1988 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=295–317 |doi=10.1016/0377-0273(88)90025-X |bibcode=1988JVGR...35..295P |language=en |issn=0377-0273}} * {{cite journal |last1=Paulsen |first1=Timothy S. |last2=Wilson |first2=Terry J. |title=Evolution of Neogene volcanism and stress patterns in the glaciated West Antarctic Rift, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |date=1 March 2010 |volume=167 |issue=2 |pages=401–416 |doi=10.1144/0016-76492009-044 |bibcode=2010JGSoc.167..401P |s2cid=128710137 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-abstract/167/2/401/372890/Evolution-of-Neogene-volcanism-and-stress-patterns?redirectedFrom=fulltext |language=en |issn=0016-7649}} * {{cite journal |last1=Schroeder |first1=Dustin M. |last2=Blankenship |first2=Donald D. |last3=Young |first3=Duncan A. |last4=Quartini |first4=Enrica |title=Evidence for elevated and spatially variable geothermal flux beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=24 June 2014 |volume=111 |issue=25 |pages=9070–9072 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1405184111 |pmid=24927578 |pmc=4078843 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.9070S |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Wilch |first1=T. I. |last2=McIntosh |first2=W. C. |last3=Dunbar |first3=N. W. |title=Late Quaternary volcanic activity in Marie Byrd Land: Potential 40Ar/39Ar-dated time horizons in West Antarctic ice and marine cores |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-society-of-america-bulletin_1999-10_111_10/page/n144 |journal=GSA Bulletin |date=1 October 1999 |volume=111 |issue=10 |pages=1563–1580 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1563:LQVAIM>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode=1999GSAB..111.1563W |language=en |issn=0016-7606}} * {{cite journal |last1=Wilch |first1=T. I. |last2=McIntosh |first2=W. C. |last3=Panter |first3=K. S. |title=Chapter 5.4a Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land: volcanology |journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |date=1 January 2021 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=515–576 |doi=10.1144/M55-2019-39 |s2cid=233632723 |url=https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/55/1/515.abstract |language=en |issn=0435-4052|doi-access=free }} {{refend}} *{{Include-USGov |agency=United States Geological Survey}} ==External links== * {{Ski Mountaineering}} {{featured article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Takahe, Mount}} [[Category:Polygenetic shield volcanoes]] [[Category:Volcanoes of Marie Byrd Land]] [[Category:Dormant volcanoes]] [[Category:Calderas of Antarctica]] [[Category:Pleistocene shield volcanoes]] [[Category:Holocene shield volcanoes]] [[Category:Shield volcanoes of Antarctica]] 7m3ed3x0sa4dwap1ts9twonuwb6g4pk 5th Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba 0 31897 146088 111838 2026-08-10T20:02:41Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''5th Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC)''' piibu piibu daa niŋla yuuni 1997, 1st Plenary Sessionzaŋ ti [[5th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba|5th Central Committee]] n-daa niŋli, [[5th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba|5th Party Congress]] ni daa naai ka bɛ daa niŋli. == Ban be din ni == {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center |- ! Rank ! Name ! unsortable | [[4th Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba|4th POL]] ! unsortable | [[6th Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba|6th POL]] ! Birth ! Gender |- | 1 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Fidel Alejandro|'''Castro''' Ruz|Fidel Castro}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightBlue | {{abbr|Retired|Retired from Politburo service at the 6th Congress.}} | 1926 | Male |- | 2 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Raúl Modesto|'''Castro''' Ruz|Raúl Castro}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1931 | Male |- | 3 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Juan Esteban|'''Lazo''' Hernández|Esteban Lazo Hernández}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1944 | Male |- | 4 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Carlos Aurelio|'''Lage''' Dávila|Carlos Lage Dávila}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 1951 | Male |- | 5 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Ricardo|'''Alarcón''' de Quesada|Ricardo Alarcón}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1937 | Male |- | 6 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Ulises|'''Rosales''' del Toro|Ulises Rosales del Toro}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightBlue | {{abbr|Retired|Retired from Politburo service at the 6th Congress.}} | 1942 | Male |- | 7 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Juan|'''Almeida''' Bosque|Juan Almeida Bosque}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Beige | {{abbr|Died|Died of natural causes in 2009.}} | 1927 | Male |- | 8 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|José Ramón|'''Machado''' Ventura|José Ramón Machado Ventura}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1930 | Male |- | 9 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|José Ramón|'''Balaguer''' Cabrera|José Ramón Balaguer Cabrera}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1932 | Male |- | 10 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Pedro Alcántara|'''Ross''' Leal|Pedro Ross Leal}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightBlue | {{abbr|Retired|Retired from Politburo service at the 6th Congress.}} | 1939 | Male |- | 11 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Concepción|'''Campa''' Huergo|Concepción Campa Huergo}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightBlue | {{abbr|Retired|Retired from Politburo service at the 6th Congress.}} | 1951 | bgcolor = Pink | Female |- | 12 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Abel|'''Prieto''' Jiménez|Abel Prieto Jiménez}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightBlue | {{abbr|Retired|Retired from Politburo service at the 6th Congress.}} | 1950 | Male |- | 13 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Julio|'''Casas''' Regueiro|Julio Casas Regueiro}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1936 | Male |- | 14 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Leopoldo|'''Cintra''' Frías|Leopoldo Cintra Frías}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1941 | Male |- | 15 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Pedro|'''Saez''' Montejo|Pedro Saez Montejo}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 1953 | Male |- | 16 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Abelardo|'''Colome''' Ibarra|Abelardo Colome Ibarra}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1939 | Male |- | 17 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Jorge Luis|'''Sierra''' Cruz|Jorge Luis Sierra Cruz}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 1961 | Male |- | 18 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Misael|'''Enamorado''' Dager|MisfDagerael Enamorado Dager}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1953 | Male |- | 19 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Ramón|'''Espinosa''' Martín|Ramón Espinosa Martín}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1939 | Male |- | 20 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Yadira|'''García''' Vera|Yadira García Vera}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 1955 | bgcolor = Pink | Female |- | 21 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Juan Carlos|'''Robinson''' Agramonte|Juan Carlos Robinson Agramonte}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 1956 | Male |- | 22 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Marcos Javier|'''Portal''' León|Marcos Javier Portal León}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 1945 | Male |- | 23 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Roberto|'''Robaina''' González|Roberto Robaina González}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 1956 | Male |- | 24 | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Alfredo|'''Jordán''' Morales|Alfredo Jordán Morales}} | bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the 4th Politburo.}} | bgcolor = Beige | {{abbr|Died|Died of natural causes in 2005.}} | 1950 | Male |- class=sortbottom ! colspan = "7" align = left | '''References:'''<br><ref name = " 4th Politburo " >{{cite web| URL = http://www.granma.cu/septimo-congreso-del-pcc/2016-03-30/documentos-del-cuarto-congreso-del-partido-30-03-2016-17-03-41 | title = 4to. Congreso del Partido (+Documentos) | date = 19 April 2021 | trans-title = 4th Congress of the Party (+Documents) | accessdate = 23 April 2021 | archive-date = 6 April 2021 | work = [[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]] | publisher = [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210406194310/http://www.granma.cu/septimo-congreso-del-pcc/2016-03-30/documentos-del-cuarto-congreso-del-partido-30-03-2016-17-03-41 }}</ref><ref name = " 5th Politburo " >{{cite web| URL = http://www.granma.cu/septimo-congreso-del-pcc/2016-03-30/documentos-del-quinto-congreso-del-partido-30-03-2016-17-03-57 | title = 5to. Congreso del Partido (+Documentos) | date = 19 April 2021 | trans-title = 5th Congress of the Party (+Documents) | accessdate = 23 April 2021 | archive-date = 6 April 2021 | work = [[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]] | publisher = [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210406194421/http://www.granma.cu/septimo-congreso-del-pcc/2016-03-30/documentos-del-quinto-congreso-del-partido-30-03-2016-17-03-57 }}</ref><ref name = " 6th Politburo " >{{cite web| URL = http://www.granma.cu/septimo-congreso-del-pcc/2016-03-30/documentos-del-sexto-congreso-del-partido-30-03-2016-18-03-26 | title = 6to. Congreso del Partido (+Documentos) | date = 30 March 2016 | trans-title = 6th Congress of the Party (+Documents) | accessdate = 27 April 2021 | archive-date = 14 April 2021 | work = [[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]] | publisher = [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414202735/http://www.granma.cu/septimo-congreso-del-pcc/2016-03-30/documentos-del-sexto-congreso-del-partido-30-03-2016-18-03-26 | via = [[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]] }}</ref> |} ==Taɣibu== {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center |- ! Name ! unsortable | Change ! unsortable | Year ! unsortable | [[6th Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba|6th POL]] ! Birth ! Gender |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Miguel Mario|'''Díaz-Canel''' Bermúdez|Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Added|Elected to the 5th Politburo.}} | 2003 | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1961 | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Yadira|'''García''' Vera|Yadira García Vera}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 2010 | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1955 | bgcolor = Pink | Female |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Carlos|'''Lage''' Dávila|Carlos Lage Dávila}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 2009 | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1951 | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Álvaro|'''Lopez''' Miera|Álvaro Lopez Miera}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Added|Elected to the 5th Politburo.}} | 2008 | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1943 | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Marcos Javier|'''Portal''' León|Marcos Javier Portal León}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 2006 | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1945 | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Roberto|'''Robaina''' González|Roberto Robaina González}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 2002 | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1956 | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Juan Carlos|'''Robinson''' Agramonte|Juan Carlos Robinson Agramonte}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 2006 | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 19?? | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Pedro|'''Saez''' Montejo|Pedro Saez Montejo}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 2009 | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1953 | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Jorge Luis|'''Sierra''' Cruz|Jorge Luis Sierra Cruz}} | bgcolor = Orange | {{abbr|Removed|Removed from the 5th Politburo by a decision of the 6th Central Committee.}} | 2010 | bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1961 | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Ramiro|'''Valdés''' Menéndez|Ramiro Valdés Menéndez}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Added|Elected to the 5th Politburo.}} | 2008 | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1932 | Male |- | bgcolor = #EAECF0 | {{sortname|Salvador Antonio|'''Valdés''' Mesa|Salvador Valdés Mesa}} | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Added|Elected to the 5th Politburo.}} | 2008 | bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Elected to the 6th Politburo.}} | 1945 | Male |- class=sortbottom ! colspan = "7" align = left | '''References:'''<br>{{sfn|Mujal-León|2011|p=60}} |} ==Kundivihira== ===Specific=== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== ''Articles and journals:'' * {{cite journal |last1=Mujal-León|first1=Eusebio |date=2011|title= Survival, Adaptation and Uncertainty: The Case of Cuba |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-international-affairs_fall-winter-2011_65_1/page/149|journal=[[Journal of International Affairs]] | publisher = [[School of International and Public Affairs]] at [[Columbia University]] |issue=1 | volume = 65 |pages=149–168 |doi= | jstor = 24388187 }} {{Communist Party of Cuba}} [[Category:Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba]] [[Category:5th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba]] [[Category:1997 establishments in Cuba]] [[Category:2011 disestablishments in Cuba]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] {{Cuba-stub}} {{Caribbean-poli-stub}} dslr18dul8gphp5agx1x2hpjec0ll8w Benin Tahaʒari 0 31974 146132 115048 2026-08-10T21:07:58Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Benin Tahaʒɛri''''' nyɛla kuri paɣa mini bin kpɛri shɛŋa din n laɣim taba m bo nachinsi n dihi Benin Nayili, din pa n-nyɛ ''Edo State'', [[Nigeria]]. Lala ''metal plaques'' nima ŋɔ nyɛla ''Guild of Benin Bronze Casters'' nima, ban pa m be ''Igun Street'' puuni ŋɔ, din nyɛ bɛ ni lahi m booni shɛli ni ''Igun-Eronmwon Quarters'' la ni daa yi m malindi shɛli. Lala binyɛra ŋɔ n daa yi n laɣim taba n nam ''Benin art'' Shɛhira shɛŋa ŋan ne n doya kashi ka daa yi n-nyɛ yuuni ''fourteenth century'' la ''artists'' ban daa n-nyɛ Edo niriba la ni daa m maali shɛŋa .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1898-0115-23 |title=British Museum, "Curator's comments" |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163529/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1898-0115-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.artic.edu/benin/artwork/190110 Benin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163530/https://archive.artic.edu/benin/artwork/190110 |date=28 October 2021 }}, The Art Institute of Chicago.</ref>{{sfn|Huera|1988|p=36}}{{sfn|Huera|1988|p=37}}<ref name=Meyerowitz /> Lala ''plaques'' ŋɔ, Edo balli nima ni m booni shɛli ni ''Ama'' la,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Benin |url=https://digitalbenin.org/eyo-oto/1 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=digitalbenin.org}}</ref> yi nyɛla din n wuhiri luɣ'shɛŋa bee n ʒeya n-tiri yɛlkpana lala Nayili maa taarihi puuni .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Dan |title=The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2020 |location=London |pages=138–139}}</ref> Lala ''plaques'' nima ŋɔ nyaaŋa, ''sculptures'' shɛŋa ŋan m be ''brass'' bee ''bronze'' puuni nima n-nyɛ ''portrait heads'', ''jewellery'' (tib'kpariti, baŋsi, nintuhi, ni ŋan n pahi pahi), n ti pahi ''smaller pieces.'' [[File:Benin, portoghese, XVI-XVII sec.JPG|thumb|A 16th-century Benin Bronze depicting a Portuguese soldier, with [[Manilla (money)|manilla]]s in the background ([[Leipzig Museum of Ethnography]])]] ''Sculptures'' shɛŋa ŋan n-tiri suhupiɛlli ŋɔ zooya ka di nyɛla yuuni fourteenth century la dina, amaa ka di zaɣ'bɔbigu mii zooi ka di nyɛ yuuni fifteenth mini sixteenth centuries la puuni dina. Vihigu wuhiya ni "''Golden Ages''" dibaa ayi din m be Benin kuriti tuun'baŋsim puuni nyɛla din daa n yina ''Esigie'' 1550) mini Eresoyen (1735–1750) nima nam saha puuni saha shɛli bɛ tuun'baŋsim ni daa n zani di naba ayi zuɣu la.{{sfn|Greenfield|2007|p=122}} Lala ''plaque'' nima ŋɔ pam mini binyɛra shɛŋa daa nyɛla gbanpiɛlla la ni daa n va shɛŋa ''Benin Expedition of 1897'' saha la puuni n chaŋ pirimila bɛ mini ban n daa m be ''Southern Nigeria'' nima dimba la ni daa n-nyɛ yim la zuɣu.<ref name="British">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/benin-bronzes-british-museum-nigeria-stolen-imperialist-treasures-return-loan-elgin-marbles-looted-a8414661.html|title=British museums may loan Nigeria bronzes that were taken from Nigeria by the British|first=Adam|last=Lusher|date=24 June 2018|website=The Independent|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030042646/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/benin-bronzes-british-museum-nigeria-stolen-imperialist-treasures-return-loan-elgin-marbles-looted-a8414661.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lala so'chandiba ŋɔ  daa nyɛla ban n tumdi n doli gbanpiɛlla ŋɔ zalisi ni bɛ bɔhi biɛri n-ti ban gbanpiɛlla ŋɔ ninvuɣ'shɛba mini bɛ Africa tuumba shɛba bɛ ni daa n-tim na silimin gɔli January yuuni 1897 puuni ka bɛ daa ti n koŋ bɛ nyavuya la zuɣu. Shikuru baŋdi'shɛba kamani ''Dan Hicks'', daa nyɛla ŋɔ yɛli ni lala ''expedition'' nima maa zaa daa nyɛla din n pahi bɛ shɛ'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa n mali ka n nuɣisi n lɛbi fitiina bee nahingu ni bɛ zaŋ n liri Africa n ti zaŋ bɛ European sulinsi m biri ka n dehi daabiligu anfaani nima shɛŋa ŋa m be ni.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Dan |title=The Brutish Museums: the Benin Bronzes, colonial violence and cultural restitution |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-7453 4176-7 |pages=3, 40–42, 67–69, 84}}</ref> Bɛ daa n zaŋla lala expedition ŋɔ n va two hundred pieces n tahi ''British Museum'' din m be London puuni la ka zaŋ ŋan n kpalim maa mii zaa n tahi European museums ŋan n kpalim la gba nima mii puuni {{sfn|Greenfield|2007|p=124}} Di nyɛla din n zooi pam British Museum puuni<ref name="British" /> ka naain n yi che din gba m-be m-be Germany mini United States shɛŋa ŋan m mali yuya la nima puuni.<ref name="USA23">''Benin Diplomatic Handbook'', p. 23.</ref> Yuuni 19th-century la nyaaŋa shikuru baŋdiba ''O. M. Dalton'' mini ''Charles Hercules Read'' nima ban daa deei n bahindila bɛ yiligu ni lala Benin knowledge of ''metallurgy'' ŋɔ daa nyɛla din n yi ''Portuguese'' daabihi shɛba ban mini Benin nima maa daa pun n-niŋ ningbuna ni taba ''early modern period'' la puuni ka lala yɛligu ŋɔ daa nyɛ din bi n tam kanli zuɣu.<ref name="Meyerowitz">{{cite journal |last=Meyerowitz |first=Eva L. R. |year=1943 |title=Ancient Bronzes in the Royal Palace at Benin |publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd. |volume=83 |pages=248–253 |jstor=868735 |newspaper=[[The Burlington Magazine]] |number=487}}</ref> Benin nayili din daa pun nyɛla luɣ'shɛli Africa shɛba ban nina daa pun n nehi nima ni daa m be shɛli n yuui pɔi ka Portuguese daabihi daa naain n chaŋ nimaani,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-africa/west-africa/nigeria/a/benin-and-the-portuguese|title=Benin and the Portuguese|website=Khan Academy|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051030/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-africa/west-africa/nigeria/a/benin-and-the-portuguese|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBCBen">{{cite news |title=The kingdom of Benin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zpvckqt/articles/z3n7mp3 |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031139/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zpvckqt/articles/z3n7mp3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hali gba bronze nima daa pun nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni daa pun n malindi shɛli Benin pɔi ka Portuguese nima maa daa naain n yi chaŋ nimaani.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mihăilescu|first1=Plutarh-Antoniu|title=Întâlnire cu arta africană|date=1968|publisher=Editura Meridiane|page=48|language=ro}}</ref> Bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni Benin bronze sculpture tradition la nyɛla bɛ ni yɛli ni shɛli daa n yila ''Kingdom of Ife'' din m be southwest Nigeria nayili kurili shɛli din daa m baɣi ba la puuni na.{{sfn|Huera|1988|p=36}}{{sfn|Huera|1988|p=37}}<ref name="Meyerowitz" /> Ŋanima zaɣibɔbigu n laɣim taba ka bɛ boli li Benin Bronzes,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gregg |first1=Emma |title=The story of Nigeria's stolen Benin Bronzes, and the London museum returning them |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/nigeria-stolen-benin-bronzes-london-museum |work=[[National Geographic]] |date=2022-09-07}}</ref> kamani West Africa nima "''bronzes''" pam, di zaɣibilima nyɛla bɛ ni n maali shɛli ''brass'' ŋa nyɛ ''variable composition'' la puuni.{{efn|The [[British Museum]] notes that the term "[[copper alloy]]" is more appropriate in [[museology]] as it avoids the distinction between brass and bronze.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864 British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818004043/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864 |date=18 August 2014 }}. Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</ref>}} Di shɛŋa gba beni ka bɛ zaŋla ''bronze'' mini ''brass'', ''wood'', ''ceramic'', n ti pahi ''ivory'' ni nɛ'shɛŋa ŋa m pahi pahi n gabi taba n maali ŋanima.{{sfn|Dohlvik|2006|p=21}} Di kuriti yaɣa maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n zaŋ lost-wax casting n maali shɛŋa ka ŋanima nyɛ din m pahi Africa ''sculptures'' shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ lala soli (''technique'') ŋɔ n mali ka di mali nintiɣili.{{sfn|Nevadomsky|2004|pp=1, 4, 86–8, 95–6}} Yuuni 15th century la bahigu puuni ka Benin nima daa n pilil ivory, naanzuwa n ti pahi daba kuhibu daabiligu ni<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=Talita Teixeira dos |title=Com a cruz e sem a espada: aspectos da relação comercial entre Portugal e o reino do Benim ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI. |journal=Associação Nacional de História |date=July 2010 |volume=XIV |url=http://www.encontro2010.rj.anpuh.org/resources/anais/8/1276639759_ARQUIVO_Trabalho_benim.pdf}}</ref> Portuguese nima ka daa lahi n zaŋ ''manillas'' (brass ingots kamani baŋsi laasabu la ka nyɛ bɛ daa n da shɛli Portuguese nima maa sani) n pahi ka di nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni n yihiri bee n nyari kuriti n malindi bɛ ''sculpture''. Lala manillas' brass shɛli bɛ ni daa n yɛli ni shɛli daa tuui n yina The Netherlands la pa nyɛla bɛ ni lahi n yɛli ni shɛli pa nyɛla din n yi ''Rhineland'' region of Germany nima sani na.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=German brass for Benin Bronzes: Geochemical analysis insights into the early Atlantic trade | date=2023 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0283415 |language=en | doi-access=free | last1=Skowronek | first1=Tobias B. | last2=Decorse | first2=Christopher R. | last3=Denk | first3=Rolf | last4=Birr | first4=Stefan D. | last5=Kingsley | first5=Sean | last6=Cook | first6=Gregory D. | last7=Benito Dominguez | first7=Ana María | last8=Clifford | first8=Brandon | last9=Barker | first9=Andrew | last10=Otero | first10=José Suárez | last11=Moreira | first11=Vicente Caramés | last12=Bode | first12=Michael | last13=Jansen | first13=Moritz | last14=Scholes | first14=Daniel | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=18 | issue=4 | pages=e0283415 | pmid=37018227 | pmc=10075414 | bibcode=2023PLoSO..1883415S }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Alberge |first1=Dalya |title=Benin bronzes made from metal mined in west Germany, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/05/benin-bronzes-made-from-brass-mined-in-west-germany-study-finds |website=The Guardian |access-date=8 April 2023 |date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408050236/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/05/benin-bronzes-made-from-brass-mined-in-west-germany-study-finds |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Benin Bronzes from West Africa used metal sourced in Germany |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2368057-famous-benin-bronzes-from-west-africa-used-metal-sourced-in-germany/ |website=New Scientist |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407104457/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2368057-famous-benin-bronzes-from-west-africa-used-metal-sourced-in-germany/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Taarihi == Di nambu mini di tuma biɛhigu puuni Lala dramatic sculptures ŋɔ shɛŋa pam nyɛla din daa n yina yuuni thirteenth century la puuni ka di zaɣ'bɔbigu pam mi daa n yina yuuni fifteenth mini sixteenth centuries la puuni. Vihigu wuhiya ni "''Golden Ages''" ŋɔ dibaa ayi din m be Benin kuriti tuun'baŋsim puuni la nyɛla din daa n yina Esigie (fl. 1550) mini Eresoyen (1735–1750) nima saha puuni, dini daa n-niŋ ka bɛ baŋsim zaŋ kpa bɛ tuma polo la daa n zani di naba ayi zuɣu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Igbafe |first1=Phillip |title=Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945 |journal=The Journal of African History |date=1975 |volume=16 |issue=3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=409–429 |doi=10.1017/S002185370001433X |jstor=180474 |s2cid=161431780 |edition=3 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180474 |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301190351/https://www.jstor.org/stable/180474 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="The king's palace or court is a square, and is as large as the town of [[Haarlem]] and entirely surrounded by a special wall, like that which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses, and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long square galleries...resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom covered with cast copper, on which are engraved the pictures of their war exploits and battles, and are kept very clean."|source=[[Olfert Dapper]], a Dutch writer, describing Benin in his book ''[[Description of Africa (Olfert Dapper)|Description of Africa]]'' (1668){{sfn|Willett|1985|p=102}}}} Lala [[Benin]] nayili ŋɔ nyɛla din n deegi din pa n-nyɛ Nigeria ŋɔ ''southern'' yaɣa la bin din daa n gbaai yuuni fourteenth la mini nineteenth centuries la nima puuni, daa nyɛla din n mali ''sculptures'' pam ka ŋa nɛn'shɛŋa kam bɛ ni zaŋ n maali kamani ''iron'', ''bronze'', ''wood'', ''ivory'' n ti pahi ''terra cotta'' nima nyɛ din n gahim n yi di ko. ''Oba'' nayili shɛli din m be Benin City puuni ka nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni n malindi ''royal'' ancestral altars la n daa lahi n-nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni  daa yi n niŋdi ''court ceremonial life'' shɛli ''Oba of Benin'', o tɔb'bihi, nanima mini ban mali zaashehi, tindaanba, ninvuɣ'shɛba ban m be nayili maa laɣinsi puuni, tinduya puuni daabihi mini mercenaries, n ti pahi n tumdi n tiri niriba ka bɛ yori ba ni ban n chani nayili maa nima ni mali nuu timbu shɛli puuni. Lala nayili ŋɔ daa nyɛla din laɣim yiya gbaliŋ n gili di sheeni ka daa lahi n-nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni daa yi mali ''rectangular brass plaques'' din anfooni me n ŋmahim ninvuɣ'shɛba mini yɛl'shɛŋa din che ka court maa ŋmani binvuhirili la bin kɔbiga kɔbiga.<ref name=Ezra>{{cite book|last=Ezra|first=Kate|title=Royal art of Benin: the Perls collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1992|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8109-6414-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/royalartofbeninp0000ezra}}</ref> ''Bronze'' mini ''ivory'' binyɛra tumtumsa galiya pam Benin nayili yɛl'maana mini di kootu biɛhigu puuni. Di tuma daa na nyɛla bɛ ni daa na n mali li n dihiri nayili maa nachinsi ka di daa nyɛ din n mali bronze tuma pam ŋa puuni.{{sfn|Pijoan|1966|p=12}} Bɛ daa yi n kpahila kuusanima n sa n sa nayili ŋɔ pilanima zuɣu ka zaŋ ŋanima n yili yili li.<ref name="Ezra" /> Bɛ kootu maa kali soli zuɣu yɛlkpani daa nyɛmi ni bɛ paɣi ka simsi lala bɛ Oba duuma ŋɔ , bɛ naa ŋun gahim ka yi o ko, n ti pahi o nam timsim taarihi bee ni bɛ paɣi ka n simsi ''Iyoba of Benin'' (''the queen mother'').<ref name="Kings" /> ''Art'', di yi ti kana Benin nayili polo, di nyɛla din mali balibu pam amaa ka ŋanima zaa puuni ''bronze'' mini ''brass reliefs'' n ti tabili Na'zuɣiri nima mini ''queen mothers'' nima dina n-nyɛ niriba pam ni n mi shɛŋa yɛla. Bɛ ni zaŋ ''bronze'' n maali ŋman'shɛŋa, buɣliŋbuɣliŋ nima, ''ornaments'', ''jewellery'' (tikpariti, cheeni nima, nintuhi, baŋsi, ni ŋa n pahi), n ti pahi binyɛr'shɛŋa bɛ ni mali m maani yɛli maana zaa malila dimaŋa bee nachinsi nɛma nahingbana mini binmaŋa ŋanima puuni n wuhiri bɛ n maali ŋanima kpaŋmaŋa di bahi m bahindi ''figurative'' tum'shɛŋa din m be ''bronze'' mini ''ivory carvings'' ni gari ŋanima zuɣu maa zaa yoli.<ref name="Kings" /> Africa tingbani puuni, tuma din n yi Benin na wuhiya ni bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni ''the technique of lost-wax casting'' la daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa pun n daŋ n maali shɛli. Di yi daa ti n-niŋ ka tiŋ'naa kani, na'so ŋun daa yɛn n ʒini gbana maa zuɣu n daa yɛn n puhi ka bɛ maali ''bronze'' zuɣu n-ti lala naa maa. Lala ''sculptures'' nima kalinli ŋan n yiɣisi kɔbiga ni pisopɔin na nyɛla din m beni ka naain n yi che din gba na beni ka nyɛ yuuni twelfth century la puuni dina.{{sfn|Gowing|1984|p=578}} Lala Oba ŋɔ, bee tiŋ'naa, nuu n yi m pa nɛn'shɛŋa din nyabu yi n to n-ti ba kamani salima nima, elephant tusks, n ti pahi bronze nima la zuɣu. Lala tiŋ'nanima ŋɔ kpaŋmaŋa puuni ka bɛ tooi n malindi ''splendid Benin bronzes''; dinbɔŋɔ wuhiya ni lala ''royal courts'' nima ŋɔ kpaŋmaŋa tohibunima puuni ka sub-Saharan ''art'' yina n ti niŋ katari.{{sfn|Leuzinger|1976|p=24}} Yuuni 1939 la puuni, zuɣ'shɛŋa din nyɛ yim kamani Benin tiŋ'nayili ŋɔ dini la daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n nya shɛli [[Ife]], din nyɛ [[Yoruba]] nima tiŋ'shɛli din gahim n niŋ kashi la puuni. Lala niŋsim ŋɔ daa n niŋla yuuni fourteenth mini yuuni fifteenth centuries la nima puuni. Di daa nyɛla din n-niŋ n dalim bɛ kaya yɛlkurili shɛli bɛ ni daa n gbubi ni Ife ''artist'' nima n wuhi Benin nima bronze kuriti maalibu soya.{{sfn|Huera|1988|p=36}} ''Recognition of the antiquity of the technology'' ban m be Benin nima ni daa ti m baŋ lala ''technology'' ŋɔ taarihi yɛla, bɛ daa n-tila tooni m malind lala ''sculptures'' nima n jɛndiri di saha nima.{{sfn|Huera|1988|p=37}} === ''European interest and the Benin Expedition of 1897'' === [[File:Ancient Benin city.JPG|thumb|An idealised depiction of Benin City by a Dutch artist in the 1686 French edition of [[Olfert Dapper]]'s ''[[Description of Africa (1668 book)|Description of Africa]]'' (1668).{{sfn|Willett|1985|pp=100-1}}]] Africa nima ''art'' Shɛhira bela daa nyɛla Europeans nima ni daa pun n laɣim shɛli pɔi ni yuuni nineteenth century la puuni, di bahi m bahindi European nima ni daa pun n yihi bukunima na ka di daa n mali Benin City mini of the oba's palace bin din gbaai yuuni 1600s la ha mali chana anfooni nima di puuni maa zaa yoli.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Anagnost |first1=Adrian |title=Edo Spaces, European Images: Iterations of Art and Architecture in Benin |date=2022-12-19 |url=https://www.artic.edu/digital-publications/36/perspectives-on-instability/14/edo-spaces-european-images |work=Perspectives on In/Stability |editor-last=Collier |editor-first=Delinda |publisher=The Art Institute of Chicago |doi=10.53269/26939851/01/02 |isbn=978-0-86559-314-5 |access-date=2022-12-26 |last2=Gueorguiev |first2=Manol |editor2-last=Farrell |editor2-first=Robyn |doi-access=free |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226223419/https://www.artic.edu/digital-publications/36/perspectives-on-instability/14/edo-spaces-european-images |url-status=live }}</ref> Yuuni nineteenth century la piligu puuni saha shɛli ''colonization'' mini ''missionary'' tuma ni daa n pilila ko puuni ka bɛ daa pili n kpuɣiri Africa nima kpaŋmaŋa tuma pam n mali n tahiri Europe, ka daa mali ŋanima m booni ni ''simple curiosities of'' "''pagan''" ''cults''. Lala bɛ biɛhigu ŋɔ daa nyɛla din n taɣi lala Benin Expedition of 1897 maa ni daa n-niŋ n naagi. Yuuni 1897 la puuni, bɛ ni m boli so ni vice consul general la, ''James Robert Phillips'', ka o daa n-nyɛ ''Niger Coast Protectorate'', n ti n tabili gbanpiɛla ninvuɣ'timsa bɛ baa ayobu, daabihi bɛ baa ayi, ban n lɛbigiri yɛltɔɣa,  n ti pahi ''215 porters'', daa nyɛla ban kpuɣi napɔŋ n doli ''small port of'' [[Sapele]], Nigeria, n chaŋ Benin<ref name="Meyerowitz" /> Niiya shɛli zuɣu bɛ ni daa n kpuɣi lala napɔŋ ŋɔ daa nyɛla zabili zuɣu. Lala niriba ŋɔ niiya daa nyɛmi ni bɛ mini Oba of Benin ŋɔ daa n gbaagi bee n di fiila, amaa taarihi shɛŋa gba wuhiya ni di daa n nyɛla ''reconnaissance mission'' shɛli bɛ ni daa n kpuɣi ka suhudoo laɣingu chandi la din daa kuli yɛn n che ka bɛ yihi bɛ tiŋ'naa ''king (Oba) of Benin'' gbana zuɣu.<ref>Philip Igbafe, ''Benin under British Administration: the Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938'' (1979), pp. 56-61</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Annexation of Benin |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_1988-09_19_1/page/29 |first=T. U. |last=Obinyan |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=19 |issue=1 |date=September 1988 |pages=29–40 |publisher=Sage .|jstor=2784423 |doi=10.1177/002193478801900103|s2cid=142726955 }}</ref> Bɛ daa nyɛla ban n yɛli bɛ chandi maa daliri tɔ amaa bɛ daa yɛli ba mi ni shee bɛ na n guhi pɔi ni ka che zino bi kpɛri bɛ tiŋa maa ni saha shɛli bɛ ni na n maani bɛ yɛli maana;<ref name="USA">''Benin Diplomatic Handbook'', p. 21.</ref>{{sfn|Dohlvik|2006|pp=21-2}} tɔ amaa, saanba ŋɔ daa bi n wum n-ti ba ka daa n tuɣi bɛ lala expedition maa.{{sfn|Greenfield|2007|p=123}} Bɛ daa nyɛla Oba tobu bihi ni daa n liri shɛba lala tiŋa maa south ka Europeans nima niriba ayi ko n daa ti n tiligi lala ''ensuing massacre'' maa .<ref name="Meyerowitz" /><ref name="USA" /> [[File:Drawing of Benin City made by an English officer 1897.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of [[Benin City]] in 1897, drawn by a British official]] Yɛli ŋɔ lahabali daa nyɛla din n to London, dabaa anii nyaaŋa ka bɛ daa n niŋ yom n laɣim bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni naval ''punitive expedition'' la,<ref name=Meyerowitz /><ref name=USA />{{sfn|Greenfield|2007|p=123}} ka bɛ niiya daa nyɛ ni bɛ piɛli li m bahi ''Admiral Harry Rawson''. Lala gbanpiɛlla soojanima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban n saɣim ka wurim binshɛlikam din daa m be Benin City puuni.<ref name=Meyerowitz /><ref name=USA /> Lala bɛ lirigu ŋɔ nyaaŋa, ban daa n di nasara lala tobu maa puuni daa n zaŋla art zaŋ n dihi lala ''Royal Palace'' maa mini ban daa n mali zaashehi ni yuya biɛhigu puuni yiya, din daa n-nyɛ bɛ ni daa n zaŋ yun'gbaliŋ n laɣim shɛŋa la n lɛbi bɛ tuma n tumda. Lala ''official'' nima ŋɔ chandi shɛli bɛ ni daa n chaŋ ŋɔ daa nyɛla British nima maa kpema ni daa n sabi shɛli ka di daa n wuhi ni din daa n tahili ka bɛ daa n nya nasara lala bɛ lirigu maa puuni daa nyɛmi ni tinkpaŋnima maa daa n lirimi n saɣim suhudoo chandi ni lala ''expedition'' maa mii daa nyɛla din n-ti sokam soli ni o niŋdi o suhu ni bori shɛli ni di gu li ka che ''reign of terror'' .<ref name=USA /><ref name=Darshana /> Yuuni 2020 buku daa n wuhiya ni; "tum yuuni 1960s saha maa ha, taarihibaŋdiba pam nyɛla ban m baŋ lala expedition shɛli bɛ ni daa n-niŋ ni bɛ n yihi Oba ''Ovonramwen'' Nogbaisi (Overami), bɛ ni daa n ʒili so namkuɣu puuni yuuni 1888 la ni, ka di daa m pa biɛri ka o daa yɛn m bohi amaa ka daa lee nyɛmi ni o beni n lihiri ka tiri zalisi ka di yuugi la zuɣu maa gbunni." <ref name=":2" /> Ninvuɣ'shɛba gbubimi ni dina n che ka ŋun n sulinsi puuni lala bini ŋɔ gbunni bi ne ka di nyɛ di ti yɛn n dalim ''bronzes'' shɛŋa din ti yɛn n labina Benin la zaɣ'pala.<ref>Kiwara-Wilson, Salome. Restituting Colonial Plunder: The Case for the Benin Bronzes and Ivories. DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law. 2013</ref> Lala tum'shɛŋa British nima ŋɔ ni daa n kpuɣi maa daa nyɛla ''treasure hoard of bronze and ivory sculptures'' di bahi m bahindi tiŋ'nanima zuɣuri, ''queen mother'' nima zuɣuri, ''leopard figurines'', buɣliŋbuɣliŋnima, n ti pahi anfooninima shɛŋa bɛ ni daa m maali ka ŋanima kalinli galisi pam zaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n zaŋ  ''lost-wax casting'' n wurim shɛŋa. Yuuni 1910 la puuni, German nima vihigu vihira, ''Leo Frobenius'' daa nyɛla ŋun n ʒi expedition n chaŋ Africa ka o niiya daa nyɛ ni o dehi Africanima ''art'' kpaŋmaŋa tuma nima n-ti niŋ o ya museum nima puuni.{{sfn|Huera|1988|p=20}} Zuŋɔ di din kpalim m be  Nigeria galisim zaa bi yaɣi di bin pihinu tɔ amaa, di kalinli din n yiɣisi ''2,400 pieces'' nyɛla din m be Europeanima mini Americanima sulinsi puuni.{{sfn|Huera|1988|p=35}} === Museums nima ni pu m pu n doya boŋ boŋ shɛm === [[File:Benin Bronzes.jpg|thumb|Two Benin Bronzes in London's [[British Museum]]]] [[File:Benin bronzes british museum 2023.JPG|thumb|A display of Benin Bronzes at the [[British Museum]]]] [[File:Single-figure plaque, Benin Kingdom court style, Edo peoples, Benin City, Nigeria, mid 16th to 17th century, cast copper alloy - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC04934.jpg|thumb|right|Single-figure plaque, mid-sixteenth to seventeenth century, cast copper alloy, [[Dallas Museum of Art]]|upright]] Benin Bronzes shɛŋa din daa m pahi nɛn'zura shɛŋa lala ''punitive expedition of 1897'' ni daa n zu maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n sɔŋ luɣa dam dam puuni: di yaɣ'yini daa n kpalimla lala gbanpiɛlla nima ŋɔ kpamba maŋmaŋa bukaata nima zuɣu soɣili shee; ka bɛ ni m boli shɛba ni Foreign and Commonwealth Office nima la gba daa n kohi di zaɣ'gbaliŋ ka ŋanima zaa daa ti chaŋ n ti be European museums nima puuni, di bahi m bahindi Germany mini American museums nima puuni <ref name=USA23 /> Di din daa m mali dariza pam daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n duhi shɛli liɣir n doli ban darili maa ni daa n dari li daa puuni shɛm. Lala ''Foreign Office'' ŋɔ nima daa nyɛla ban daa n yihi ''bronze wall plaques'' din kalinli daa n galisi pam n-ti  British Museum; lala ''plaques'' nima ŋɔ nyɛla ŋan n zaya n wuhiri Benin Kingdom taarihi nima yuuni fifteenth la mini yuuni sixteenth century nima puuni.<ref name=Darshana>{{cite web|url=http://www.arm.arc.co.uk/CRBBinfo4.html |title=The British and the Benin Bronzes |access-date=26 July 2010 |last=Darshana |first=Soni |publisher=ARM Information Sheet 4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615032008/http://www.arm.arc.co.uk/CRBBinfo4.html |archive-date=15 June 2006 }}</ref> == Kohimma din n niŋ nyaaŋa, sama yobu mini binyɛra mali zali dede n ti pahi yiŋa kundi == ''Benin Bronzes collection'' shɛli din n galisi pam n gari shɛli kam bela Ethnological Museum of Berlin mini [[British Museum]] din m be London nima puuni ka din pahiri ata ka gba n galisi pam la mii be m be museums gbaliŋ shɛŋa din m be  Nigeria (di bahi m bahindi Nigerian National Museum din m be Lagos) la puuni.{{sfn|Dohlvik|2006|p=8}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iyer|first=Aditya|title='Today's fake culture war resurrects an old colonial trick'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/2/3/the-museum-must-change-a-qa-with-dan-hicks|date=3 February 2021|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702060146/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/2/3/the-museum-must-change-a-qa-with-dan-hicks|url-status=live}}</ref> Tum Nigeria nima ni daa n deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1960 la ni hali wayo, bɛ bi che ba suhibu ni bɛ labisi bɛ ''bronzes'' nima n-ti ba.{{sfn|Dohlvik|2006|p=8}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-17|title=The Met ought to have returned two stolen Benin Bronzes years ago|url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/benin-bronzes-metropolitan-museum-barnaby-phillips/|first=Barnaby|last=Phillips|access-date=2021-07-13|website=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]]|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713103039/https://www.apollo-magazine.com/benin-bronzes-metropolitan-museum-barnaby-phillips/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nangbankpeeni n na nyɛla zaŋ kpa ''bronzes'' maa biɛhigu shee ni di ni daa pun m be shɛli polo. Di tooi zooya ka bɛ labuna ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni nya shɛli ka di nyɛla din yɛn ti bahindi ni bɛ n labi Africa tingbani puuni. Lala ''artefacts'' nima ŋɔ lɛbila ''test case'' tinduya nangbankpeeni puuni n jɛndi yɛla mali zali dede bee sama yobu kamani  Elgin Marbles din daa n sɔŋ n taɣi niriba hala zaŋ kpa yiŋa kundi na polo la.{{sfn|Dohlvik|2006|p=24}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Titi |first=Catharine |author-link=Catharine Titi |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6 |title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |publisher=Springer |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6 |s2cid=258846977}}</ref> Yuuni 1950 puuni ka British Museum nima daa m pili n kohi Benin Bronzes din kalinli yaɣi bin pihita n-ti Nigerianima gɔmdanti. Lala saha maa, ŋun daa n guli lala museum maa, Hermann Braunholtz, daa yɛliya ni di bahi m bahindi ninvuɣ'konkoba ni maali li maa zaa yoli di ''203 plaques''  kalinli shɛŋa museum maa ni daa n kpuɣi yuuni 1898 la puuni, din bin pihita daa nyɛla din nyɛ yim; dama ŋanima daa nyɛla din n ŋmani taba ka daa lahi n zaya n-ti binyini ka daa n yɛli ni ŋanima daa nyɛla din n ka museum maa sɔŋsim shɛli.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |date=27 March 2002 |title=Benin bronzes sold to Nigeria |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1896535.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710094109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1896535.stm |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=26 July 2010 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Lala bɛ kohima ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n che shɛli yuuni 1972 la puuni ka bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni ''museum's African art'' la baŋda daa yina n ti yɛli ni o nyɛla ŋun m bohi o suhu ni tun'shɛŋa o ni daa n tum maa.<ref name="BBC" /> Yuuni 1953 la puuni, Sotheby daa n kohila Benin Bronze zuɣu £5,500, din daa nyɛ bɛ ni daa n kohiri shɛli £780 la.<ref name="Phillips">{{cite news|first=Barnaby|last=Phillips|title=The art dealer, the £10m Benin Bronze and the Holocaust|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|date=14 March 2021|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56292809|access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314222855/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56292809|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuuni 1968 la puuni, Christie daa n kohila Benin Bronze zuɣu shɛli pirinkpema ŋun daa m be o yili balinga yil'shɛli din daa n-nyɛ baŋkom puuni la £21,000 .<ref name="Phillips" /> Yuuni 1984 puuni, Sotheby daa n kohila ''plaque'' shɛli din daa zaya n-ti baaŋa; din dariza daa n yiɣisi bin din gbaai £25,000 mini £35,000 sunsuuni n-ti ŋun daa n dali m paai lala liɣiri maa.<ref name="Darshana" /> Yuuni 2015 la ni, bɛ daa n kohila Benin Bronze zuɣu n-ti ŋun daa n za o gama zuɣu n laɣindi li £10 million.<ref name="Phillips" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elwes |first1=Christian |title=Hidden Treasure |url=https://www.entwistlegallery.com/news/2017/january/hidden-treasure |website=Entwistlegallery.com |publisher=Entwistle Gallery |date=9 January 2017 |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329231151/https://www.entwistlegallery.com/news/2017/january/hidden-treasure |url-status=live }}</ref> Yuuni 2018 puuni, bɛ ni m boli shɛba ni Benin Dialogue Group nima mini British nima gɔmdanti daa m palila taba alikauli ni bɛ ni labisi lala Benin Bronzes nima maa din daa yɛn n che ka bɛ gba kpa bɛ maŋmaŋa exhibition Benin Royal Museum pali shɛli din m be Edo State puuni la.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kieron Monks|title=British Museum to return Benin Bronzes to Nigeria|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/26/africa/africa-uk-benin-bronze-return-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=[[CNN]]|date=26 November 2018|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805094930/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/26/africa/africa-uk-benin-bronze-return-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bɛ lala laɣingu ŋɔ daa nyɛla din n malila tinduya puuni museums nima , the Royal Court of Benin, the Edo State government, n ti pahi Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) nima di puuni. Yuuni 2015 la puuni, Mark Walker daa nyɛla ŋun n labisi Benin Bronzes shɛŋa o yabidoo ni daa n kpuɣi siege on Benin Kingdom saha la puuni; Prince Edun Akenzua n daa n deegi o n niŋ o yiŋa [[Benin City]] puuni.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-02-26|title=The man who returned his grandfather's looted art|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31605284|access-date=2021-07-13|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717044259/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31605284|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2018-11-20|title=Easter Island governor begs British Museum to return Moai: 'You have our soul'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/20/easter-island-british-museum-return-moai-statue|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715041436/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/20/easter-island-british-museum-return-moai-statue|url-status=live}}</ref> University of Aberdeen nima gba daa m pali ba alikauli ni bɛ ni labisi bronze zuɣu shɛli din daa n-nyɛ Oba dini la ka daa lahi n-nyɛ bɛ ni daa n da shɛli auction din daa n-niŋ yuuni 1957 puuni la na silimin gɔli March yuuni 2021 puuni.<ref name="Aber">{{cite news |title=University of Aberdeen to repatriate 'looted' Nigerian bronze sculpture |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-56513346 |access-date=25 March 2021 |work=BBC News |date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325063200/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-56513346 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University to return Benin bronze |url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/14790/ |website=www.abdn.ac.uk |publisher=Aberdeen University |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325160401/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/14790/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Labisibu ka n naai la ''handover ceremony'' shɛli bɛ ni daa n-niŋ silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pishi ni anii dali, yuuni 2021 puuni la.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ceremony to complete the return of Benin Bronze |url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/15479/ |website=www.abdn.ac.uk |publisher=Aberdeen University |date=27 October 2021 |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028135744/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/15479/ }}</ref> [[File:Unterzeichnung Vereinbarung zur Eigentumsübertragung Benin-Bronzen der Stadt Köln an Nigeria-4679.jpg|thumb|The signing of a 2022 agreement in Cologne, Germany, to transfer the Benin Bronzes of the city to Nigeria]] Silimin gɔli April yuuni 2021 puuni, German nima gɔmdanti faa yimina n ti yɛli ni bɛ ni yo "looted" Benin Bronzes sama shɛŋa din daa m be ''Germany public collections'' puuni yuuni 2022 la. Hartmut Dorgerloh, ŋun daa n-nyɛ director n-ti Humboldt Forum shɛli din daa n laɣim Ethnological Museum of Berlin ka di lɛbi binyini la daa n yɛliya pɔhim zuɣu laɣingu shɛli puuni ni bɛ ni daa pun n gbaai gbaali shɛli ni bɛ zaŋ bronzes n wuhi ''museum complex'' pali shɛli din daa m be Berlin puuni la daa nyɛla "bɛ ni ku tooi lahi n tɛhi n gbaai shɛli".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hickley |first1=Catherine |title=Germany moves towards full restitution of Benin bronzes |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/germany-moves-towards-full-restitution-of-benin-bronzes |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=The Art Newspaper |date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323005505/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/germany-moves-towards-full-restitution-of-benin-bronzes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Effort to Return Benin Bronzes to Africa Remains Ongoing Challenge|first=Marthe|last=van der Wolf|date=6 April 2021|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_effort-return-benin-bronzes-africa-remains-ongoing-challenge/6204218.html|access-date=13 July 2021|website=Voice of America|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713102759/https://www.voanews.com/europe/effort-return-benin-bronzes-africa-remains-ongoing-challenge|url-status=live}}</ref> Yaha, silimin gɔli April yuuni 2021 puuni, the Church of England nima gba daa lo alikauli ni bɛ ni labisi Benin bronzes dibaa ayi shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋ n-ti lala saha maa Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie pini yuuni 1982 la puuni na.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dex|first=Robert|date=2021-04-12|title=Church of England to return Benin Bronzes as repatriation rows rumble on|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/exhibitions/church-england-return-benin-bronzes-repatriation-rows-b928330.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713102452/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/exhibitions/church-england-return-benin-bronzes-repatriation-rows-b928330.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lala bronzes nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yɛn zaŋ shɛli n tuɣi ''Benin Royal Museum collection'' shɛŋa din daa na yɛn n kana nyavuya ni.{{update inline|date=October 2021}} lala gɔli maa puuni, the Horniman Museum din m be South London la daa n yɛliya ni di daa nyɛla binshɛli din n tuhi ni bɛ labisi ka n yo bin pihinahi ni awei kpaŋmaŋa tuun'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa n kpuɣi Benin City puuni la, di bahi m bahindi Benin Bronzes nima pia ni anu la nima maa zaa sama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=London's Horniman Museum—home to 15 Benin bronzes—announces new 'transparent procedures' for looted object requests|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/horniman-museum-policy-on-restitution|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.theartnewspaper.com|first=Gareth|last=Holmes|date=7 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713090651/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/horniman-museum-policy-on-restitution|url-status=live}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa n zaŋ shɛli n yo British Museum ni bi ni daa n zaɣisi ni bɛ labisi lala looted Benin bronzes la na n daa n-nyɛ the Iyase (''traditional prime minister'') of Benin Kingdom ni daa n pɔbigi bronze plaque zaɣ'karili shɛli din daa n-nyɛ silimin gɔli July  biɛɣu pihita dali, yuuni 2021 puuni dini la. <ref>{{Cite news|last=BENIN|first=NTA BROADCAST|date=2021-08-09|title=UNVEILING OF LARGEST BRONZE PLAQUE IN BENIN|work=Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7Ed6tPT0Xo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/_7Ed6tPT0Xo |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Omotayo|first=Joseph|date=2021-08-05|title=Young Nigerian man makes largest plaque in Benin kingdom, showcases it in video|url=https://www.legit.ng/1427613-young-nigerian-largest-plaque-benin-kingdom-showcases-video.html|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175748/https://www.legit.ng/1427613-young-nigerian-largest-plaque-benin-kingdom-showcases-video.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Owolabi|first1=Tife|last2=Shirbon|first2=Estelle|date=2021-09-22|title=Nigerians offer artworks to British Museum in new take on looted bronzes|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerians-offer-artworks-british-museum-new-take-looted-bronzes-2021-09-22/|access-date=2021-10-05|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175746/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerians-offer-artworks-british-museum-new-take-looted-bronzes-2021-09-22/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lala ''plaque'' ŋɔ daa nyɛla din m mali 2 tons of brass laasabu ka daa nyɛ Iyase Lukas Osarobo Zeickner-Okoro yaansi la ni puuni yino ni daa m maali shɛli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time Scape {{!}} Nigeria: Medical Student Turned Artist Immortalizes Great King Ewuare, Oba of Benin, Unveils Largest-Ever Benin Kingdom Bronze Plaque|url=https://www.timescapemag.com/posts/nigeria-medical-student-turned-artist-immortalizes-great-king-ewuare-oba-of-benin-unveils-largest-ever-benin-kingdom-bronze-plaque|access-date=2021-10-05|website=www.timescapemag.com|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175748/https://www.timescapemag.com/posts/nigeria-medical-student-turned-artist-immortalizes-great-king-ewuare-oba-of-benin-unveils-largest-ever-benin-kingdom-bronze-plaque|url-status=live}}</ref> Bɛ daa m bolila ''The Return of Oba Ewuare'' ni di wuhi Benin nima yɛda ni reincarnation mini Oba Ewuare II saha puuni Benin Bronze Age labi pili. Di daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n zaŋ shɛli n-ti British Museum ka daa taɣi n deei bronzes shɛŋa din daa m be nimaani.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-23|title=Nigerian Artists Offer British Museum Swap|url=https://www.museumnext.com/article/nigerian-artists-offer-british-museum-swap/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=MuseumNext|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108075242/https://www.museumnext.com/article/nigerian-artists-offer-british-museum-swap/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-22|title=Nigerian Contemporary Art is Being Offered in Exchange for the U.K. Benin Bronzes|url=https://observer.com/2021/09/nigerian-contemporary-art-is-being-offered-in-exchange-for-the-u-k-benin-bronzes/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Observer|language=en-US|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175747/https://observer.com/2021/09/nigerian-contemporary-art-is-being-offered-in-exchange-for-the-u-k-benin-bronzes/|url-status=live}}</ref> Silimin gɔli October yuuni 2021 puuni, Jesus College nima daa yina n ti yɛli ni bɛ ni labisi ''sculpture of a cockerel'' shɛli sokam ni daa m mi Okukor la n-ti Nigeria nima di ni daa n-niŋ ka bɛ shukurubihi daa n wuhi di taarihi daa anfaani ni di ni nyɛ ''looted artefact'' maa n naai. Lala statue ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa n yihi shɛli n soɣi yuuni 2016 la puuni ka niriba daa bi lahi n nyari li bɛ ni daa ti n gbaai ni bɛ labisi li; lala kolaji ŋɔ ''Legacy of Slavery Working Party'' nima vihigu daa n wuhiya ni lala ''statue'' ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa n deei shɛli court of Benin maŋmaŋa nima sani pɔi ka kolaji ŋɔ shukuru bi'so ba daa naai n yi zaŋli n lɛbi pini n-ti ba yuuni 1905 puuni .<ref name="guardian cockrel">{{cite web |last=Khomami |first=Naomi |date=15 October 2021 |title=Cambridge college to be first in UK to return looted Benin bronze |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/oct/15/cambridge-college-to-be-first-uk-return-looted-benin-bronze |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211015102501/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/oct/15/cambridge-college-to-be-first-uk-return-looted-benin-bronze |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=theguardian.com |quote="We are indeed very pleased and commend Jesus College for taking this lead in making restitution for the plunder that occurred in Benin in 1897," said the oba of Benin, Omo N'Oba N’Edo Uku Akpolokpolo, Ewuare II. "We truly hope that others will expedite the return of our artworks which in many cases are of religious importance to us. We wish to thank [Nigeria's] President Buhari and our National Commission for Museums and Monuments for their renewed efforts in securing the release of our artefacts on our behalf."}}</ref> Silimin gɔli February yuuni 2022 puuni, University of Aberdeen nima ni daa n labisi Okukor mini lala bronze maa, Oba of Benin, Ewuare II daa n deei li la royal palace shɛli din m be Benin City puuni .<ref name="Welle">{{Cite web |title=Colonial-era looted art returned to Nigeria and Benin {{!}} DW {{!}} 20.02.2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/colonial-era-looted-art-returned-to-nigeria-and-benin/a-60845936 |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221123955/https://www.dw.com/en/colonial-era-looted-art-returned-to-nigeria-and-benin/a-60845936 |url-status=live }}</ref> Silimin gɔli December yuuni 2022 puuni, University of Cambridge nima daa n yihila Benin artefacts din kalinli daa n yaɣi kɔbiga ka daa m be bɛ Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology la puuni n tahi NCMM. Ninvuɣ'so ŋun yɛri n-tiri museum maa daa yɛliya ni di shɛŋa daa yɛn n kpalimla Cambridge "''on extended loan''" din yɛn wuhi ni "west Africa nima ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nina nehi ŋɔ na m be lala museum ŋɔ ''displays'' nima puuni mini shikuru bihi wuhibu shee".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Cambridge University to return over 100 looted Benin bronzes to Nigeria |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/dec/14/cambridge-university-to-return-over-100-looted-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218162152/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/dec/14/cambridge-university-to-return-over-100-looted-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria |url-status=live }}</ref> Hali ni silimin gɔli February yuuni 2025 puuni, bɛ na kuli m bela soli ni bɛ zaŋ lala statues nima ŋɔ n tahi Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Craig |last1=Simpson |first2=Ben |last2=Farmer |title=Cambridge under pressure to return Benin Bronzes as Nigeria promises museum display |date=26 February 2025 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/02/26/cambridge-under-pressure-to-hand-back-benin-bronzes-nigeria/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> Silimin gɔli November yuuni 2021 puuni, bɛ ni m boli shɛba ni Metropolitan Museum of Art la nima daa n yihila ''two sixteenth-century Bronze plaques'', ''Warrior'' ''Chief'' ''and Junior Court Official'', n tahi n ti n-ti NCMM nima.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments Gather to Mark the Transfer of Three Works of Art to the Nigerian National Collections |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/press/news/2021/the-met-and-ncmm-mou |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=www.metmuseum.org |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227133021/https://www.metmuseum.org/press/news/2021/the-met-and-ncmm-mou |url-status=live }}</ref> Bɛ lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyɛla din n yi di ko ka che bɛ mini ba ni gbaai ni bʋ labisi shɛŋa la domin ''160 Benin Bronzes collection'' sama n na n doli ba.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} Silimin gɔli January yuuni 2022 puuni, bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni Great North Museum: Hancock ŋun daa m be [[Newcastle]], England la daa lo alikauli ni o ni labisi ''Benin Bronze stave'' n tahi n ti n-ti Nigeria nima.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-12|title=Newcastle's Hancock museum to repatriate Benin Bronze stave|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-59964386|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113082424/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-59964386|url-status=live}}</ref> Silimin gɔli March yuuni 2022 puuni, Smithsonian Institution nima daa yina n ti yɛli ni bɛ nyɛla ban yɛn n labisi bronzes bin pihita ni awei shɛli bɛ ni daa m mali niiya ni bɛ zaŋ n wuhi salo National Museum of Benin City puuni la.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=McGlone |first=Peggy |date=8 March 2022 |title=Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308232359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frum |first=David |date=2022-09-14 |title=Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/10/benin-bronzes-nigeria-return-stolen-art/671245/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021173357/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/10/benin-bronzes-nigeria-return-stolen-art/671245/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Lala Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art nima daa nyɛla ban n dihi nuu din wuhiri ni bɛ nyɛla ban n yihi Benin bronzes bin pishi ni awei bɛ sulinsi puuni n-ti NCMM nima silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pia ni yini dali, yuuni 2022 puuni, Nigerian kpamba mini cultural officials nima nin'baŋsi puuni; yaha, lala saha maa puuni bɛ ni m boli shɛba ni the National Gallery of Art nima la daa nyɛla ban gba daa n labisi Benin bronze yinga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Smithsonian Returns 29 Benin Bronzes to the National Commission for Museums and Monuments in Nigeria |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-returns-29-benin-bronzes-national-commission-museums-and-monuments |website=Smithsonian |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430160547/https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-returns-29-benin-bronzes-national-commission-museums-and-monuments |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=U. S. Mission |date=2022-10-17 |title=30 Benin bronzes returned to Nigeria |url=https://ng.usembassy.gov/30-benin-bronzes-returned-to-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=U.S. Embassy and Consulate in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Silimin gɔli July yuuni 2022 puuni, Germany daa yina n ti yɛli bɛ ni daa yɛn n yihi 1,100 artefacts shɛŋa din daa m be m be Linden Museum din m be Stuttgart puuni, Humboldt Forum din m be Berlin tingbani puuni, the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum din m be Cologne, the Museum am Rothenbaum din m be Hamburg puuni, n ti pahi ''the State Ethnographic Collections of Saxony'' nima puuni. Ŋanima zaa labisibu nima na daa nyɛla lala German museums nima mini Nigeria gɔmdanti ni daa n gbaai shɛli ni "representative collection of objects" shɛŋa bɛ ni daa n zaŋ n zali mi di kpalim Germay long-term loan puuni.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/01/germany-hands-over-two-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other | title=Germany hands over two Benin bronzes to Nigeria | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=July 2022 | access-date=1 July 2022 | archive-date=1 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701130702/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/01/germany-hands-over-two-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-return-looted-artifacts-to-africa/a-62300419 | title=Germany to return looted artifacts to Africa &#124; DW &#124; 29.06.2022 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] | access-date=1 July 2022 | archive-date=1 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701130702/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-return-looted-artifacts-to-africa/a-62300419 | url-status=live }}</ref> Silimin gɔli November biɛɣu pishi mi anii dali, yuuni 2022 puuni, London Horniman Museum nima daa n ʒinila ʒinahigu ni bɛ n labisi Benin Bronzes  shɛŋa bɛ mi m mali ka di nyɛ Nigeria nima dini n-ti ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/moral-and-appropriate-museum-begins-return-of-artefacts-looted-by-british-troops-12757670|title='Moral and appropriate': Museum begins return of artefacts looted by British troops|website=Sky News|date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129060543/https://news.sky.com/story/moral-and-appropriate-museum-begins-return-of-artefacts-looted-by-british-troops-12757670|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/28/london-museum-returns-looted-benin-city-artefacts-to-nigeria|title=London museum returns looted Benin City artefacts to Nigeria|website=The Guardian|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129003538/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/28/london-museum-returns-looted-benin-city-artefacts-to-nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/what-to-see/wellcome-collection-closes-medicine-man-exhibition-universal/|title=Is the 'world museum' doomed?|website=The Telegraph|last=Sooke|first=Alistair|date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129072121/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/what-to-see/wellcome-collection-closes-medicine-man-exhibition-universal/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kundivihira == <references /> [[Pubu:AfroCuration 2025]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] r0b78v3bjn7fohmkmxelo6wfhbuanmu Bronze Head from Ife 0 31978 146116 145947 2026-08-10T20:51:20Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''B Head from Ife''', bee '''Ife Head''',<ref> Britain Museum yuli</ref> nyɛla kopa pishi ayi'ka mɛhi puuni yini bɛ ni daa yihi polo yuuni 1938, [[Ife]], [[Nigeria]], Yorubanima adiini adiini yaɣ'li. Bɛ dihitabili ni naa so zaani ka di zaya maa. Di ŋmani sɛnchiri pia ni ayi zaŋ chaŋ pia ni ata saha ka bɛ daa mɛ li. Achiika, niŋbu ni hankali shɛli bɛ ni zaŋ mɛli bori ni di bɛ ni yɛli ni bɛ jɛ Africa peentibu la nangbankpeeni. Ife heads ŋɔ nahingbana nyɛla din gahim yi di ko ka di ni ŋmani tab’ shɛm ŋɔ “wuhiri ni ninvuɣu yino n-daa mali be bee luɣi yini ka di daa mali. ==Buɣisibu== Kamani West Africa buronzi, lala dini ŋɔ ŋun nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ kopa aloi mini kuriti dini, ka British Museum ban buɣisi li ni "heavily leaded zinc-brass". Ʒɛmana museum nima mini taarihi vihigu din tam nɛma zuɣu nyɛla din zoori ni di gu ka taɣi bachinima kamani buronzi bee braasi taarihi din yɛn lunzahim sokam ni saɣ’ dee shɛli "kopa aloi]".<ref> British Museum yaɣ'li din sabi "scope note" n-pa "kopa aloi", "braasi" ni "buronzi" karimbu nyɛla "bachi ŋɔ, kopa aloi tumi ni di zaŋ vihi bo neen kpatuɣa shɛŋa shɛŋa bɛ ni buronzi bee braasi mali. Ka ŋɔ daliri nyɛla saha shɛŋa bɛ daa tooi zaŋdi buronzi ŋɔ mini braasi ŋɔ yuya gabiri taba sabbu ni, ka kopa aloi mi nye yu shɛli din za n-ti di diba ayi maa zaa. Yaha, salo ni tooi zooi ka bɛ booni di shɛŋa di yuli din yi polo, kamani 'Benin Buronzinima' din pirigili nye bɛ ni zaŋ brassi mali shɛŋa." [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864 British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"]. Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved on 2014-05-26.</ref> Zuɣu ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ “lost wax” hankali mali ka di galisim paai ʒii buta, measuring 35&nbsp;cm high. Ŋun daa kpɛ li bee mali ŋɔ mali la kamani zuɣu sitaayi. Nini ŋɔ polo nyɛla pɔbi shɛli ni, amaa ka nangban pipa ŋɔ pala bi ni bonbo shɛŋa. Zuɣu ŋɔ naɣ'chiinsi ŋmani la nam zupiligu, bɛ ni zaŋ yaɣ'ri balibu balibu mɛ. Naɣichiinsi ku wuhiri la buronzi zuɣuri din yina Ife.<ref name=galeria> [http://www.galerie-herrmann.com/arts/art6/Kolumnen/2007_04_Bronzen/Artikel_Hecht_engl.htm Bronzes from Ife and Benin], Peter Herrmann, Berlin, 2007, retrieved 30 November 2013</ref>. Zuɣ'piligu nini polo nyɛla a ni ni nya peenta ʒie mini zaɣ sabinli. Mɛhi shɛŋa din yinal Ife ŋɔ nyɛla din gahim Sub-Saharan African art, ka lahabali wuhi ni dini n-nyɛ tuuli tuuli kaya paɣisibu din daa tuɣi Yoruba art, Benin art pili mini din pahi. ==Nyabu mini yihibu== Ife Head ŋɔ pihibu daa nyɛla sarati yuuni 1938, Wunmonije Compound, [[Ife]], din daa niŋ ka o mɛri braasi mini kopa zuɣu pia ni ayobu. Binyɛhi shɛŋa pam bɛ ni daa pihi Wunmonije Compound mini di yaɣa nyɛla din daa bahindi Ife Mɛʒium ni, amaa di biɛla daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpuɣi shɛli yi [[Nigeria]] ka di pa be mɛʒium shɛŋa dabama ni. Lala Ife Head daa nyɛla ninvuɣu so sabiri ''Daily Times of Nigeria'', H. Maclear Bate ni kpuɣi shɛli Nigeria, di ni ni tooi nya ninvuɣu so ŋun daa kohili ti "National Art Collections Fund",<ref>{{cite web |last1=National Art Collections Fund |title=Art we've helped buy |url=https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy?typeahead_artist=Yoruba+People&artist=9102 |website=Art Fund |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy?typeahead_artist=Yoruba+People&artist=9102 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=high>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/b/brass_head_with_a_crown.aspx Ife head Brass head of a ruler], British Museum highlights, retrieved 30 November 2013</ref> ka bɛ gba zaŋ li ti niŋ British Mɛʒium yuuni 1939. Mɛhi ŋɔ nyabu n-daa che ka gɔmnanti ti yiɣisi ni o nini pa bɛ ni ʒiri binyɛhi shɛŋa yiri Nigeria. Pɔi ka ŋɔ daa naan tooi niŋ tabata, zuɣu ŋɔ ŋun daa pun yi Paris paai London ka diba ayi shɛŋa mi daa kuli America. Bɛ ni daa lahi bori ni be gu lala binyɛra ʒin yi, Leo Frobenius ni daa tahi hankali shɛli na, daa nyɛla bɛ ni nya nasara yuuni 1938, din daa niŋ ka kpamba zali zalisi.<ref name=hoffman>{{cite book|editor-last=Hoffman|editor-first=Barbara T.|title=Art and cultural heritage : law, policy, and practice|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521857643|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521857643|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Frobenius daa nyɛla German karachi ŋun mi kaya ni taɣ'da bɔbigu ni nɛma taarihi ŋun daa nyɛ Europe karachinima tuuli puuni yino ŋun niŋ zaɣa ni Africa art, di bahibahindi Yoruba dini. ==Ife== [[File:Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg|thumb|[[Yoruba culture|Yoruba]] copper mask for King [[Obalufon Alayemore|Obalufon II]]; circa 1300 CE; copper; height: 29.2 cm; discovered at [[Ife]]; [[Ife Museum of Antiquities]] ([[Ife]], Nigeria)]] Ife zuɣu ŋɔ nyɛla na kari so zuɣu, ŋun yuli booni ''Ooni or Oni''. Di ni tooi nyɛla Naa ''Obalufon Alayemore'' n-daa puhi ka bɛ mali li. Zuŋɔ Yorubanim’ sani, Obalufon nyɛla bɛ ni mi so ka o nyɛ braasi buɣa kpɛma. Saha shɛli bɛ ni daa mali ŋɔ daa nyɛla Yorubanima ninneesim saha, ka bɛ daa mɛli tam daa din dolisi Niger Mɔɣali zaŋ kpa West Africa. Yorubanima nyɛla ban mi Ife la luɣ'shɛli bɛ buɣa ni daa nam daadama.<ref name=bbc/> Kopa shɛli bɛ ni zaŋ pahi mɛ ŋɔ nyɛla Nigerian oris dini, amaa karachi kura dihitabili ni di daa yila ''Central Europe'', North West [[Mauritania]], Byzantine Empire, bee Southern [[Morocco]]. Buronzi ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni naan tooi zaŋ shɛli mɛ ʒɛmana mɛhi.<ref name=smith>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Robert|title=Kingdoms of the Yoruba|year=1988|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison, Wis.|isbn=0299116042|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0299116042|edition=3rd}}</ref> Ife ŋɔ nyɛla West Africa West African artistic traditions, including the [[Bura archaeological site#Site description|Bura]] of Niger (3rd century CE – 10th century CE), Koma of [[Ghana]] (7th century CE – 15th century CE), [[Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu#Impact on art history|Igbo-Ukwu]] of Nigeria (9th century CE – 10th century CE), ni [[Djenné-Djenno#Terra-cotta figurines from the Inner Niger Delta region|Jenne-Jeno]] of Mali (11th century CE – 12th century CE), din ni tooi nyɛ tuuli West Africa yaɣari ni daa mali nuu timbu ni shɛli Nigeria.<ref name="Ramsamy">{{cite book |last1=Ramsamy |first1=Edward |last2=Elliott |first2=Carolyn M. |last3=Seybolt |first3=Peter J. |title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia |date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=8 |isbn=9781412981767 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&q=Koma%20Ghana}}</ref> ==Nuu timbu ni art taarihi== Di ni daa niŋ ka Frobenius vihi nya lala zuɣu tatabu, di daa lihi ʒiɛm silimin tiŋduya ni mi Africa ninneesim ni paai shɛm. Baŋdiba daa bi bori ni bɛ saɣ'ti ni Africa na min mali lala ninneesim ni bɛ tooi yihi binshɛɣu na ka di viɛli ka mali dariza ka mani ŋɔ. Din yɛn wuhi ka bɛ baŋ ni ka viɛnyɛla ka bɛ mi maa, Frobenius daa wuhi ni ŋɔ nyɛla kurumbuna ha Geek nima biɛhigu shee bɛ ni daa yooi sɛnchiri pia ni ata saha BC.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Frank Willet|journal=The Journal of African History|title=Ife and Its Archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1960_1_2/page/231|volume=1|issue=2|year=1960|pages=231–248|doi=10.1017/s002185370000181x|s2cid=163123186 }}</ref> O daa yɛli yɛltɔɣa, ka di wuligi gili luɣili kam pɔhim zuɣu, ni o ni buɣisi ni kurumbuni ha Greek nima biɛhigu shee ni tooi nyɛla luɣ'shɛli Atlantis kurumbuna ha kpɛma ni daa yina.<ref>[http://www.freunde-afrikanischer-kultur.de/vortraege-und-artikel-bei-vdfak/83-auf-den-truemmern-von-atlantis-leo-frobenius-zwischen-forschung-und-vision.html On the ruins of Atlantis – Leo Frobenius between research and Vision (in German)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022723/http://www.freunde-afrikanischer-kultur.de/vortraege-und-artikel-bei-vdfak/83-auf-den-truemmern-von-atlantis-leo-frobenius-zwischen-forschung-und-vision.html |date=2013-12-03 }}, freunde-afrikanischer-kultur.de, retrieved 1 December 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=German Discovers Atlantis in Africa; Leo Frobenius Says Find of Bronze Poseidon Fixes Lost Continent's Place|newspaper=The New York Times|date= January 30, 1911|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/01/30/104819013.pdf|access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=C. Hercules Read | date=March 1911| number=96|volume=18|title=Plato's "Atlantis" rediscovered|newspaper=Burlington Magazine|pages= 330–5|url=https://archive.org/stream/burlingtonmagazi18londuoft/burlingtonmagazi18londuoft_djvu.txt|access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> Di pa saɣ'ti ni lala mɛhi ŋɔ za la Africa kaya ni ta'ada kura din mali jiri ka nya malibu viɛnyɛla.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |title=BBC - A History of the World - Object : Ife head |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/Z1CgMudYTJWzpTi-TW1IAA |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=2013-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930141731/https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/Z1CgMudYTJWzpTi-TW1IAA |archive-date=2013-09-30 |language=en |date=2015-07-31 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2021}}<ref name="Ramsamy"/> Zuɣuri ŋɔ nyɛla yɛli ni shɛli Africa kaya ni ta'ada kpaŋmaŋa pini, ka di dihitabili ni ninvuɣu yino n-daa ʒini luɣ’ yini mali li.<ref name=bbc/> == Nuu timbu ni ʒɛmana kaya ni ta'ada == Ife Head ŋɔ nyɛla din niŋ bayana ka bɛ mali li kuri bukaata logos ka lahi mali dihiri naɣ'chiinsi Nigeria laɣinsi ni, ni shikuru duri kamani [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] ŋan be Ile-Ife.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bronze Head from Ife|url=https://archive.org/details/bronzeheadfromif0000plat|last=Platte|first=Editha|date=2010|publisher=British Museum Press|others=Hambolu, M. O. (Musa O.)|isbn=9780714125923|location=London|oclc=430498709}}</ref> Ife Head ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ simbuli yuuni 1973 "All-Africa Games" din daa niŋ Lagos la.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2010/kingdom_of_ife.aspx|title=Kingdom of Ife: sculptures from West Africa|website=British Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref> Ife Head shɛli din be Britishers Mɛʒium la daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli pahi yuuni 2010 mɛhi zaŋ wuhi salo laɣingu din daa nyɛ ''Kingdom of Ife: Sculptures from West Africa'' la zuɣu, ka di nyɛla Nigeria laɣingu din nya “National Commission for Museums and Monuments”, ni Africa Art Mɛʒium, New York ni British Mɛʒium n-daa gbuni kpalanzuya ni di niŋ. Lala wuhibu ŋɔ daa pahila Nigeria maŋsulinsi yuun’ pihinu chuɣu puhibu diɛma zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2010/kingdom_of_ife.aspx|title=Kingdom of Ife|website=British Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref> Yuuni 2011, Ife Head ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ ŋa pahi "British Museum/BBC's ''A History of the World in 100 Objects"''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/Z1CgMudYTJWzpTi-TW1IAA|title=BBC - A History of the World - Object : Ife head|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" widths="250px" heights="250px"> File:Comemoração ao Dia da Consciência Negra (37827968524).jpg|Celebrating [[Black Awareness Day]] 2017 at the [[Zumbi|Zumbi dos Palmares]] Monument, [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil </gallery> ==Lahi nyama== *[[Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu]] *[[Benin bronzes]] *[[Bronze Head of Queen Idia]] ==Kundivihira== rbzvf5zxm7xqy5exlobu8d72z4i6xp8 UNESCO 0 32007 146191 145647 2026-08-10T22:47:20Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Specialized agency of the United Nations}} {{pp-move}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date = December 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox organization|logo_size=200px|image=Flag of UNESCO.svg|name=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|caption=[[Flag of UNESCO]]|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|staff=2,341|staff_year=2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unsceb.org/hr-organization | title=PERSONNEL BY ORGANIZATION &#124; United Nations - CEB }}</ref>|type=[[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]]|abbreviation=UNESCO|leader_title=Director-General|leader_name=[[Audrey Azoulay]]|leader_title2=Deputy Director-General|leader_name2=[[Xing Qu]]|status=Active|formation={{start date and age|1945|11|16|df=yes}}|logo=Logo UNESCO 2021.svg|headquarters=[[Paris]], France|website=[https://www.unesco.org/ unesco.org]|parent_organization=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]|subsidiaries=|footnotes={{Portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}}} '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization''' ('''UNESCO''' {{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|k|oʊ}})<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO|url=https://en.unesco.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093242/http://en.unesco.org/|archive-date=25 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013|website=UNESCO}}</ref>{{Efn|{{langx|fr|link=no|Organisation des Nations unites pour l'éducation, la science et la culture}}}} nyɛla tuma du'zuɣu be [[United Nations]] (UN) ka di niya nyɛla di kpaŋsi dunia suhudoo ni gbubu ka di nyɛla di yɛn naala noli ni tiŋ'duya baŋsim lɛbu polo, baŋsim, tabiibi ni kaya ni taɣada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introducing UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818121902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/introducing-unesco|archive-date=18 August 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web|title=UNESCO history|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409011030/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/|archive-date=9 April 2010|access-date=23 April 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Di mali di mini tingbana din laɣindi tumda din kalinli yiɣisi kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi ka naan yi che tingbana pinaayi ban gba pahi,<ref>{{cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815012241/https://en.unesco.org/countries/|archive-date=15 August 2022|access-date=23 August 2022|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>ka naan yi che bɛ mini ʒingama zuɣunima ban laɣindi tumda, gɔmnanti ni timdi shɛba nuu mini ban kuli ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2013|title=Partnerships|url=https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220827/https://en.unesco.org/partnerships|archive-date=23 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}</ref> Di tuma du'zuɣu be la [[Paris]], France, UNESCO ka mali di kpari bɔɣiri yaɣa pihinu ni ata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Field offices|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817141658/https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/|archive-date=17 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}</ref>ni "national commissions" kɔbishii yini ka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=National Commissions|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822204031/https://en.unesco.org/countries/national-commissions|archive-date=22 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=1 August 2019|title=About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States|url=https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/apia/about|access-date=24 July 2023|website=UNESCO|language=en}}</ref> UNESCO daa kpala yuuni1945 ka nyɛ din daa di "[[League of Nations]]' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation" fali.<ref name="intellectualcooperation">{{cite book|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres|date=2018|publisher=Université de Lausanne|location=Lausanne|trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|archive-date=12 September 2018|url-status=live}} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/|date=22 March 2019}}).</ref> UNESCO's kpabu niya, din daa nyɛ World War II ni daa tahi shɛli na, di bɔrila suhudoo kpaŋsibu, lɛbiginsim din za din yaa tooi yuui ni daadama fukumsi ka di nyɛla tingbana n yɛn gbaari shaawara taba sunsuuni.<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org">{{Cite web|title=UNESCO. General Conference, 39th, 2017 [892]|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261751.page=6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409073606/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261751.page=6|archive-date=9 April 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}</ref> Di kpuɣirila lala sochibisi ŋɔ yaɣa dibaa anu polo: shikuru, "natural sciences, social/human sciences", kaya ni taɣada mini lahabaya wuligibu. UNESCO tabiri mi sɔŋdi binshɛŋa din kpaɣisiri shikuru karimbu, tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma baŋsim lɛbu mini shikuru baŋsim lɛbu, tabiibi baŋsim din ti tooni, ka gu pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi mini "press freedom", ka gu ka taɣi kaya ni taɣada taarihi, ka kpaŋsi kaya ni taɣada balibu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOFA: Project list of The UNESCO Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Capacity-building of Human Resources|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/coop/unesco/program/list.html|access-date=30 June 2022|website=mofa.go.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sponsors|url=https://www.climats-bourgogne.com/en/sponsors_30.html|access-date=30 June 2022|website=climats-bourgogne.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sponsors and Contributors|url=https://www.wcrp-climate.org/sponsors|access-date=30 June 2022|website=wcrp-climate.org}}</ref> Di lahi nyɛla din tabiri sɔŋdi "[[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]]" din zani ti kaya ni taɣada mini Naawuni nam din pahi pahi.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728152547/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001499/149999e.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2011|access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> UNESCO nyɛla "General Conference" din nyɛ din tingbana mini tingbani shɛŋa din tabiri sɔŋdi li, ka di ʒiini laɣingu yuma ayi kam n-gbaari shaawara zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm mini di laɣ'dibo polo. di lahi piiri di kpamaba, din tabiri sɔŋdi UNESCO tuma, ka piiri "Director-General" yuma anahi kam, ka o nyɛ UNESCO tuma yaɣa zaa kpɛma. {{TOC limit|}} == Taarihi == === Origins === UNESCO yiko mini di noli naabu ni yingbana din pahi nyɛla din pili [[League of Nations]] saha Anashaara goli 21 September yuuni 1921, ni di pii kpamba ka lahi baŋ di ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ka kaya ni taɣada ka yɛlimuɣisira, shikuru mini tabiibi nasara dibu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Plenary Meetings|date=5 September – 5 October 1921|series=Records of the Second Assembly|place=Geneva|publisher=League of Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987|date=December 1987|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf|series=UNESDOC database|place=Paris|id=LAD.85/WS/4 Rev|quote=The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications.|ref={{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}}|access-date=13 December 2010|archive-date=2 February 2011|url-status=live}}.</ref> Lala yaɣ'palli ŋɔ, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), daa kpala yuuni 1922<ref name="intellectualcooperation" /> ka kali ninvuɣ'kara kamani Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, ni Gonzague de Reynold m pahi bɛ niriba ni (dini n daa nyɛ din pɔri League of Nations din be Western Europe ni<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|date=2020|title=A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939)|url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF|url-status=live|journal=Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America|pages=65–89|doi=10.4324/9780429299407-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117191605/https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_F8F05A6DBC3C.P001/REF|archive-date=17 January 2021|access-date=13 August 2020|doi-access=free|s2cid=243387712}}</ref>). "International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC)" daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli Paris din saha Anashaara goli September yuuni 1924, ni di tabiri sɔŋdi ICIC.<ref>{{Citation|title=International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation|date=1930|url=https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=31390699|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819035239/https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=31390699|publisher=United Nations library resources|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=19 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Amaa, World War II piligu saha daa nyɛla din dam ba daa pili li.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hamen|first1=Susan E|title=The Great Depression and World War II : 1929–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/greatdepressionw0000hame|last2=Wilson|first2=Theodore A|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62403-178-6|oclc=870724668}}</ref> Tɛha din nyɛ ʒingamazuɣu dini ŋuna, International Bureau of Education (IBE) daa pilimi ni ʒingama laɣingu din tumdi tiri "international educational development" tum Anashaara goli December yuuni 1925{{Sfn|UNESCO|1987}} ka daa pahi UNESCO ni yuuni 1969, di ji daa niŋ ka bɛ mini ba laɣi ni tɛhi yini yuuni 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBE — Digital Collections — IBE History, 1925-1969|url=https://digitalcollections.ibe-unesco.org/about/ibe-history/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IBE — Digital Collections|language=en-GB|archive-date=14 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614135143/https://digitalcollections.ibe-unesco.org/about/ibe-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Nambu === Bɛ ni daa dihi gbana ni ti Atlantic Charter mini Declaration of the United Nations naai, Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) daa pili laɣingu ʒinibu London ka di daa tuɣi Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1942 zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 5 December yuuni 1945. Anashaara goli 30 October yuuni 1943, tingbana nangban yini laɣinsi daa niŋ talahi "Moscow Declaration" ni, ka China, United Kingdom, United States ni USSR daa saɣiti li. Din daa doli di nyaaŋa na n daa nyɛ Dumbarton Oaks Conference niya Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1944. Di ni daa niŋ ka CAME tɛha mini United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) wuhibu kana, din daa niŋ San Francisco bɛ ni din gbaai Anashaara goli April zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli June yuuni 1945, United Nations Conference ni di kpa (ECO/CONF) din daa daa niŋ London fbini din gbaai Anashaara goli 1 zaŋ chaŋ 16 November yuuni 1945 ka gɔmnanti pihinahi ji anahi daa be din ni. UNESCO tɛha daa nyɛla Rab Butler, Minister of Education zaŋti United Kingdom ni daa yɛligi shɛli, di n mali sɔŋsi pam zaŋti lɛbiginsim.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco|date=19 October 2017}}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> ECO/CONF ni, UNESCO zalisi daa nyɛla bɛ ni yina ni shɛli, ka di zalisi malizali laɣingu kpabu daa pili.<ref>{{cite web|date=1–16 November 1945|title=United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2012|access-date=8 June 2012|series=UNESDOC database|id=ECO/Conf./29|ref={{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}}|place=The Institute of Civil Engineers, London}}</ref> Di daa niŋla bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 16 November yuuni 1945, mini Anashaara goli 4 November yuuni 1946 — dabisi shɛli UNESCO's zalisi ni daa zani talahi.{{Sfn|Unesco|1945}} Tuuli "General Conference" daa niŋla Anashaara goli 19 November zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 10 December yuuni 1946, ka da piigi Julian Huxley ka o niŋ Director-General.<ref>{{cite conference|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|year=1947|title=General Conference, First Session|place=UNESCO House, Paris|at=Item 14, p. 73|series=UNESDOC database|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> "United States Army colonel", university zuɣulana mini ŋun zabiri ninsalisili zuɣu, Blake R. Van Leer gba daa nyɛla ŋun kpe li.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N_KlLQISQMC&dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&pg=PA35|title=Summary Minutes of Meetings 1956|publisher=United States National Commission for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.|year=1956|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082914/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Summary_Minutes_of_Meeting/3N_KlLQISQMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Bɛ daa labi teei di zalikpana maa Anashaara goli November yuuni 1954 di ni daa niŋ ka "General Conference" yɛli ni ban be din ni yɛn zanimi ti bɛ tiŋgbana ka leei bɛ tumdi bɛ suhuyurilim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095202/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2011|access-date=13 December 2010|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}</ref> Lala zalisi ŋɔ daa be di ko ka che UNESCO di tuuli ha, ICIC, ni di tingbana ni yɛn tumdi shɛm.<ref>{{Citation|title=Peacekeeping in the Cold War/Post-Cold War|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2|work=United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era|pages=23–45|year=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312003333/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/united-nations-peacekeeping-post-cold-war-era-john-terence-neill-nick-rees/10.4324/9780203307434|place=Abingdon, UK|publisher=Taylor & Francis|doi=10.4324/9780203307434_chapter_2|isbn=978-0-203-30743-4|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=12 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schmidt, Christopher.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/650842164|title=Into the heart of darkness : cosmopolitanism vs. realism and the Democratic Republic of Congo|date=2010|oclc=650842164|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312003433/https://www.worldcat.org/title/into-the-heart-of-darkness-cosmopolitanism-vs-realism-and-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/oclc/650842164|archive-date=12 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === Lɛbiginsim === Bɛ kpaŋmaŋa shɛli n-nyɛ di bi gaŋ zuliya shɛli.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Claude Lévi-Strauss and UNESCO|first=Wiktor|last=Stoczkowski|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000162769|access-date=2024-07-26|journal=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France|date=2008|number=5|issn=1993-8616}}</ref> Yuuni 1955, Republic of South Africa daa yiya ka che UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1967|title=Apartheid: its effects on education, science, culture and information|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000002428|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Bɛ daa lahi labi kpe din ni yuuni 1994 Nelson Mandela toon-tali ni saha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thompson, Leonard Monteath|title=A history of South Africa|date=January 2001|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12806-2|edition=Third|location=New Haven|oclc=560542020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Nygren|first=Thomas|title=UNESCO Teaches History: Implementing International Understanding in Sweden|date=2016|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|work=A History of UNESCO|pages=201–230|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082907/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-58120-4_11|isbn=978-1-349-84528-6|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> UNESCO daa pilila bɛ tuma shikuru yaɣili Marbial Valley, Haiti, ka bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1947. Lala dini ŋɔ nyaaŋa, daa pahi yuuni 1949 "mission to Afghanistan" ni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UNESCO at 74: An overview of its laudable progress|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/unesco-at-74-an-overview-of-its-laudable-progress-1573916648|access-date=2024-07-26|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> UNESCO daa yɛliya yuuni 1948 ni niŋmi bihi shikuru chandi yoli.<ref name=":0" /> World Conference on Education for All, din be Jomtien, Thailand, daa pili dunia laɣinsi yuuni 1990 ni bɛ bhe ka bihi, ninsarinsi ni bikura chaŋ shikuru.<ref name=":0" /> Yuuni 2000, World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal,daa yijna ti kpaŋsi bihi shiikuru yuuni 2015.<ref name=":0" /> World Declaration on Higher Education nyɛla UNESCO's World Conference niya zaŋ chaŋ "Higher Education" Anashaara goli 9 October yuuni 1998.<ref>{{cite web|date=1998-10-09|title=World Declaration On Higher Education For The Twenty-First Century: Vision And Action|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000141952|access-date=2012-11-12|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> UNESCO's tuuli tuma zaŋ chaŋ kaya ni taɣada polo n-nyɛ International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia,ka di daa pili yuuni 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nagaoka|first=Masanori|title=Cultural landscape management at Borobudur, Indonesia|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-42046-2|oclc=957437019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Heritage Convention|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Yuuni 1976, World Heritage Committee daa kpaya ka bɛ daa kali li pahi World Heritage List ni yuuni 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2017|title=41st Session of the World Heritage Committee|url=https://www.krakow.pl/krakow_open_city/see_also___/211447,339,komunikat,41st_session_of_the_world_heritage_committee_.html|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=The City of Krakow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-protection-and-promotion-diversity-cultural-expressions|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> UNESCO daa ʒini tiŋ'duya laɣingu Paris Anashaara goli December yuuni 1951 ka daa kpa European Council for Nuclear Research, ka di zuɣu daa tahi European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)<ref>{{Cite web|title=About CERN|url=https://home.cern/about|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=[[CERN]]}}</ref> kpabu na, yuuni 1954.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 November 2020|title=UNESCO must reform to stay relevant – and reconnect people through science|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03311-3|journal=Nature|volume=587|issue=7835|pages=521–522|bibcode=2020Natur.587..521.|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03311-3|pmid=33239811|s2cid=227176079}}</ref> "Arid Zone programming," 1948–1966, lahi nyɛls UNESCO tuuli tumanima puuni yini.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2019|title=UNESCO in the Making|url=https://en.geneva.unesco.org/70years/unesco_making|access-date=16 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France|archive-date=27 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727014353/https://en.geneva.unesco.org/70years/unesco_making|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuuni 1968, UNESCO gɔmnantinima daa ʒini laɣingu zaŋ chaŋ lɛbiginsim polo.Yuuni 1968 laɣingu ʒinibu niya daa nyɛla UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1970|title=Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere, Paris, 4–13 September 1968|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Natural Resources Research|volume=X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031659/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000677/067785eo.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012|access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Finnemore|first=Martha|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|title=National Interests in International Society|date=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8323-3|pages=4|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|archive-date=1 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahabaya wuligibu yaɣili, "lahabaya wuligibu ni bachinima mini anfooni nima" nyɛla din be UNESCO Zalisi ni, "Second World War".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Seeds of Peace, Weeds of War|url=https://irpj.euclid.int/articles/united-nations-educational-scientific-and-cultural-organization-seeds-of-peace-weeds-of-war/|access-date=2024-07-26|website=IRPJ = Intergovernmental Research and Policy Journal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Wouters|first1=Jan|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000156697|title=Normative Action in Education, Science and Culture – Essays in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of UNESCO|last2=Vidal|first2=Maarten|date=29 June 1905|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-104067-2|series=Standard-Setting in UNESCO|volume=1|pages=147–169|chapter=UNESCO and the promotion of cultural exchange and cultural diversity|access-date=2024-07-26}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> UNESCO daa kplala International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), bali-bɔbigu yɛlibu laɣingu tingbana sunsuuni.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication – About|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-programme-development-communication/about|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Yuuni 1993, UNESCO's General Conference daa saɣiti Windhoek Declaration pɔhim zuɣu maŋsulinsi ni, ka di zuɣu daa che ka UN General Assembly daa zali dabisi shɛli bɛ ni yɛn pili li, Anashaara goli 3 May, World Press Freedom Day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Press Freedom Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2024-07-26|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Tum yuuni 1997, UNESCO tiri la UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize Anashaara goli 3 May kam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize?|url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/world/2024/05/03/unesco-guillermo-cano-world-press-freedom-prize.html|access-date=2024-07-26|website=www.manoramayearbook.in}}</ref> === 21st century === UNESCOdaa deei Palestine pahi bɛ ni yuuni 2011.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 October 2011|title=General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date=14 December 2011|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Blomfield|first=Adrian|date=31 October 2011|title=US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html|archive-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> Zalisi din daa zali United States sahashɛli Palestine ni daa bɔri ni bɛ kpe UNESCO mini [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Anashaara goli April yuuni 1989.<ref name="Sakran2019">{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224172201/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|archive-date=24 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413024831/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng|date=13 April 2020}}, UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989</ref><ref>The laws originated in {{USBill|101|hr|2145}} and {{USBill|101|s|875}}; for further details, see committee discussions at: {{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|title=The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1989|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819213216/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sel5XgE6eGQC|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}}. The texts of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: {{USBill|101|hr|3743}} (which produced {{USPL|101|246}}), {{USBill|102|hr|5368}}, {{USBill|103|hr|2295}} and finally {{USBill|103|hr|2333}} (which produced {{USPL|103|236}}). See also: {{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Kirk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287|title=Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-562-3|page=287 online|quote=...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. [[Bob Kasten|Robert Kasten, Jr.]] (R-WI) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. [[Tom Lantos]] sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or its achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the "offending" UN body under these laws.|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091928/https://books.google.com/books?id=gEMJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287|archive-date=19 August 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=31 October 2011|title=U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226162636/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-unesco-usa-funding/u-s-stops-unesco-funding-over-palestinian-vote-idUSTRE79U5ED20111031|archive-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven|last2=Sayare|first2=Scott|date=31 October 2011|title=Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171156/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/middleeast/unesco-approves-full-membership-for-palestinians.html|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 November 2011|title=After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207205936/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-unesco-vote-israeli-sanctions-on-palestinian-authority-anger-u-s-1.393600|archive-date=7 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 December 2011|title=Israel freezes UNESCO funds|publisher=CNN|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|url-status=dead|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106053150/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-03/middleeast/world_meast_israel-unesco_1_unesco-palestinian-bid-palestinian-state?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST|archive-date=6 November 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|date=8 November 2013|title=U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192541/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-unesco-idUSBRE9A70I320131108|archive-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> Yuuni 2019, Israel daa yi UNESCO di ni daa kpe din ni yuun pisopɔin yini ka nyaaŋa, Israel "ambassador" tali zaŋ ti UN Danny Danon sabbu: "UNESCO nyɛla din ;labiri sabiri taarihi, ka lahi nyahiri Jewish biɛhigu ni Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web|title="69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US" – The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230161001/https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/|archive-date=30 December 2019|access-date=2 February 2021|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 November 2023|title=Russia not elected to UNESCO Executive Board for the first time|url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-not-elected-to-unesco-executive-board-for-the-first-time/}}</ref> United States daa yɛli bɛ niya zaŋ chaŋ UNESCO labi-kpe ni yuuni 2023, bɛ ni daa yi din ni yuma anu nyaaŋa, ka yɛn yo di "$600 million" farigu labisi.<ref name="usa2023">{{Cite web|last=Charlton|first=Angela|date=2023-06-12|title=US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence|url=https://apnews.com/article/unesco-us-rejoin-palestine-china-5b7849bd2cae966e4e9837380c0c094f|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-09-26}}</ref> United States nyɛla UNESCO General Conference ni daa saɣiti shɛli Anashaara goli July.<ref name="uspbs">{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Matthew|date=2024-09-26|title=U.S. formally rejoins UNESCO 5 years after withdraw|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-formally-rejoins-unesco-5-years-after-withdraw|website=[[PBS]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|accessdate=2023-07-11}}</ref> == Tuma == [[Lahabali_kɔligu:UNESCO_Brasília_Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]] UNESCO tumdil bɛ tuma yaɣa dibaa anu: shikuru, "natural sciences", "social and human sciences", kaya ni taɣada, ni lahabaya wuligibu ,mini alizama dibu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Expertise|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/fieldoffice/newdelhi/expertise|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> UNESCO tabirimi sɔŋdi vihibu-vihibu din nyɛ "comparative education." UNESCO Chairs, 644 UNESCO kpamba shaawara gbaabu, ka yaɣa din be din ni nyɛ kɔbisiyopɔin ni pisopɔin din yina tingbana kɔbiga ni pihiyɔbu ni anahi ni * Environmental Conservation Organization * Convention against Discrimination in Education bɛ ni daa piigi shɛli yuuni1960 * Organization of the International Conference din jendi Adult Education (CONFINTEA) yuun pinaayi sunsuuni * Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report * Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document * UNESCO ASPNet, tingbana shikuruti din gari 12,000 ka be tingbana kɔbiga ni pihinii ni ayi sunsuuni. <ref>Because [[Diploma mill|diploma mills]] have falsely claimed UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, [http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513185433/http://www.cimea.it/files/fileusers/Diploma_mills_Luca_Lantero_EN.pdf|date=13 May 2015}}, [[Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence|Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA)]], Italy. and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090521152755/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48787&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO "Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions"]</ref> * UNESCO lahi lɛti salo baŋsim: ** Seville Statement on Violence: ** Global Geoparks Network ** Biosphere reserves, zaŋ gbaai Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), tum yuuni 1971 ** City of Literature; yuuni 2007, Ŋun daa deei kpamli tuuli n daa nyɛ Edinburgh, Scotland's tuuli "circulating library" biɛhigu shee.<ref>{{cite book|author=Varga, Susan|title=Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland)|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780752440835|publisher=The History Press Ltd|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7524-4083-5}}</ref> Yuuni 2008, Iowa City, Iowa, daa lee City of Literature.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Schmidt|first1=Mitchell|date=12 October 2017|title=Iowa City, nation's only 'UNESCO City of Literature' disappointed over withdrawal|url=https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082906/https://www.thegazette.com/nation-world/iowa-city-nations-only-unesco-city-of-literature-disappointed-over-withdrawal/|archive-date=9 February 2022|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Phipps|first=Kinsey|date=9 December 2018|title=Iowa City grows after 10 years as City of Literature|url=https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133329/https://dailyiowan.com/2018/12/09/iowa-city-grows-after-10-years-as-city-of-literature/|archive-date=11 December 2018|access-date=23 September 2021|website=The Daily Iowan}}</ref> Bala din bɔri kpihimbu mini bali-bɔbigu tumanima (''UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'') ** Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity ** Memory of the World International Register, tum yuuni 1997 ** Water resources management, zaŋ chaŋ International Hydrological Programme (IHP), tum yuuni 1965 ** [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]] ** World Digital Library * Lahabaya wuligi ni anfooninima mini bachinima kpaŋsibu: * Sokam yɛltɔɣa wumti kpaŋsibu, <ref>{{cite web|title=Fostering Freedom of Expression|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053749/https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression|archive-date=10 December 2019|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}</ref>ni International Programme for the Development of Communication<ref>{{cite web|title=International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618011854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/homepage|archive-date=18 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> ** Lahabali wuligiriba gu ka taɣi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Safety of Journalists|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131159/https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists|archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=UN Plan of Action|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103326/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action|archive-date=11 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> ** Lahabali gu ka taɣi zali,<ref>{{cite web|date=18 June 2013|title=Building Knowledge Societies|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116181422/https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies|archive-date=16 January 2020|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}</ref> ni Memory of the World Programme<ref>{{cite web|title=Memory of the World|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage|archive-date=10 July 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> mini Information for All Programme<ref>{{cite web|title=Information for All Programme (IFAP)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910112204/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/information-for-all-programme-ifap/|archive-date=10 September 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> * Kaya ni taɣada saɣiti pɔhim zuɣu Salo sunsuuni biɛhisi saɣiti (I) [[Human rights|human Rights]]-based, (ii) Open, (iii) Accessible to all, ni (iv) Multi-stakeholder participation (ka bɛ ŋmaai li jia R.O.A.M.)<ref>{{cite web|title=Internet Universality|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033751/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/crosscutting-priorities/unesco-internet-study/internet-universality/|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> ** Baŋsim deebu kundunima ni kamani "''World Trends in Freedom of Expression" mini "Media Development'',"<ref>{{cite web|title=World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826003315/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-media-trends|archive-date=26 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> "UNESCO Series" din jendi Internet Freedom,<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821161616/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/unesco-series-on-internet-freedom|archive-date=21 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> mini Media Development Indicators.<ref>{{cite web|title=Media Development Indicators (MDIs)|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042809/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/intergovernmental-programmes/ipdc/initiatives/media-development-indicators-mdis/|archive-date=12 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> * Binyɛra kpaŋsibu kamani: ** International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World: 2001–2010,UN yuuni 1998<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/decades/international-decade-culture-peace-and-non-violence-children}}</ref> ** World Press Freedom Day, 3 May yuuni kam, ni di kpaŋsi "freedom of expression" mini "freedom of the press."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=World Press Freedom Day - EN|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day|access-date=2025-04-13|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> ** ''Criança Esperança,'' Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Criança Esperança Programme|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/crianca-esperanca-programme}}</ref> ** [[International Literacy Day]], 8 September yuuni ka ** International Year for the Culture of Peace, 2000<ref>{{cite web|title=Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi {{!}} Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/promoting_health_education_among_youth_in_nairobis_kibera|archive-date=20 August 2017|access-date=18 August 2017|website=unesco.org|language=fr}}</ref> ** World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 21 May yuuni kam * Tuma tumbu kamani: ** Migration Museums Initiative:<ref>{{cite web|title=Migration Institutions – Home|url=http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005432/http://www.migrationmuseums.org/web/|archive-date=5 March 2007|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=Migrationmuseums.org}}</ref> ** UNESCO-CEPES, European Centre for Higher Education: din daa kpa yuuni 1972, Bucharest, Romania ** Free Software Directory: tum yuuni 1998 UNESCO mini Free Software Foundation nyɛla ban laɣim kpa free software. ** FRESH, Focusing Resources on Effective School Health<ref>{{cite web|title=Education &#124; EDUCATION –|url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35173&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100958/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35173%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=6 October 2009|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> ** OANA, Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies ** International Council of Science ** UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors ** ASOMPS ** Botany 2000 ** UNESCO Collection of Representative Works, sabbunima bali-bɔbigu ni lɛbigibu yuuni 1948 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 2005 ** GoUNESCO<ref>{{cite web|date=24 March 2014|title=Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi|url=https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815083136/https://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco/|archive-date=15 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019|website=GoUNESCO – Make Heritage Fun!|language=en-US}}</ref> ** UNESCO-CHIC BIRUP, UNESCO-CHIC Group (China) Biosphere Rural and Urbanization Programme<ref name="UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP)">[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_chic_biosphere_integrated_rural_urbanization_project_birup/], UNESCO-CHIC Biosphere Integrated Rural Urbanization Project (BIRUP).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Transparency Portal|url=https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510034410/https://opendata.unesco.org/en/|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=1 March 2021|website=opendata.unesco.org}}</ref> Niya beni ni bɛ yina ni UNESCO yuya dibaa ayi. tuuli dini maa yɛn kalila kaya ni taɣada. Din yɛn be din ni shɛŋa ni tooi nyɛ Jōmon Venus of Japan, ''Mona Lisa'' of France, Gebel el-Arak Knife of [[Egypt]], ''The Ninth Wave'' of Russia, Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük of Turkey, ''David'' (Michelangelo) of Italy, Mathura Herakles of India, Manunggul Jar of the Philippines, Crown of Baekje of South Korea, ''The Hay Wain'' of the United Kingdom mini [[Benin Bronzes]] of Nigeria. Yuya din pahi buyi maa yɛn nyɛla binnɛma<ref>{{cite web|date=20 April 2017|title=Archives|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224552/https://en.unesco.org/courier/archives|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=The UNESCO Courier|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1998|title=Science and Technology Education|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140445/http://www.unesco.org/education/nfsunesco/brochure/E29.PDF|archive-date=13 August 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> == Official UNESCO NGOs == UNESCO malila biɛhigu ni 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs).<ref>{{cite web|title=Quoted on UNESCO official site|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org}}</ref> Di pam n-nyɛ UNESCO ni booni shɛli "operational"; di bela "formal".<ref>{{cite web|title=Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=35293&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000619/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D35293%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=23 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> UNESCO din galisi pam n-nyɛ "formal associate", ni 22 NGOs<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221827/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/s/or/en|archive-date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org}}</ref> ni (ASC) biɛhigu ni UNESCO n-nyɛ: {| class="sortable wikitable" !Abbr !Organization |- |IB |[[International Baccalaureate]] |- |CCIVS |Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service |- |CIPSH |[[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] (''Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines''; publishes [[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]]) |- |CIOFF |[[International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts]] (''Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts Traditionnels'') |- |EI |[[Education International]] |- |IAU |[[International Association of Universities]] |- |IFTC |[[International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication]] |- |ICOM |[[International Council of Museums]] |- |ICSSPE |[[International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education]] |- |ICA |[[International Council on Archives]] |- |ICOMOS |[[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] |- |IFJ |[[International Federation of Journalists]] |- |IFLA |[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] |- |IFPA |International Federation of Poetry Associations |- |IMC |[[International Music Council]] |- |IPA |[[International Police Association]] |- |INSULA |International Scientific Council for Island Development |- |ISC |[[International Science Council]] (formerly [[International Council for Science|ICSU]] and [[International Social Science Council|ISSC]]) |- |ITI |[[International Theatre Institute]] |- |IUCN |[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] |- |IUTAO |International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations |- |UIA |[[Union of International Associations]] |- |WAN |[[World Association of Newspapers]] |- |WFEO |[[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]] |- |WFUCA |World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations |} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Unesco-IHE.JPG|thumb|[[UNESCO-IHE|UNESCO Institute for Water Education]] in [[Delft]]]] == Institutes and centres == {| class="sortable wikitable" !Abbr !Name !Location |- |IBE |[[International Bureau of Education]] |[[Geneva]]<ref>{{cite web|title=International Bureau of Education|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224448/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |UIL |[[UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning]] |[[Hamburg]]<ref>{{cite web|date=29 October 2015|title=About the Institute|url=http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224304/http://uil.unesco.org/unesco-institute|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UIL – UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning}}</ref> |- |IIEP |[[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning]] |Paris (headquarters) and [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Dakar]] (regional offices)<ref>{{cite web|title=IIEP UNESCO|url=http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119121935/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=19 November 2014|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- |IITE |UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education |Moscow<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224424/https://iite.unesco.org/contact-us/|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UNESCO IITE}}</ref> |- |IICBA |UNESCO International Institute for [[Capacity Building]] in Africa |[[Addis Ababa]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node/146|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224657/http://www.iicba.unesco.org/?q=node%2F146|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IICBA|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |IESALC |UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean |[[Caracas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2030&Itemid=1411&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224903/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2030&Itemid=1411&lang=en|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IESALC|publisher=UNESCO|language=es}}</ref> |- |MGIEP |[[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development]] |New Delhi<ref>{{cite web|title=Building Social and Emotional Learning for Education 2030|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092511/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|archive-date=23 March 2018|access-date=3 February 2020|website=UNESCO MGIEP|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |UNESCO-UNEVOC |[[UNESCO-UNEVOC|UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]] |[[Bonn]]<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre|url=https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224349/https://unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=page_contact|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> |- |ICWRGC |International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change |[[Koblenz]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (ICWRGC)|url=https://www.waterandchange.org/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120200655/https://www.waterandchange.org/en/|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=4 July 2022|website=ICWRGC – International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change}}</ref> |- |IHE |[[UNESCO-IHE|IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education]] |[[Delft]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024023035/http://www.un-ihe.org/|archive-date=24 October 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |ICTP |[[International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] |[[Trieste]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mission & History|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224535/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/mission-history.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=ICTP – International Centre for Theoretical Physics|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |UIS |[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]] |[[Montreal]]<ref>{{cite web|date=21 November 2016|title=Contact Us|url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224907/http://uis.unesco.org/en/contact-us|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=14 November 2018|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics}}</ref> |} == Prizes == UNESCO tirila pina pishi ni ayɔbu<ref>UNESCO Executive Board Document [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf 185 EX/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095215/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001892/189255e.pdf|date=2 February 2011}}, Paris, 10 September 2010</ref> shikuru baŋsi ni, "natural sciences, social and human sciences," kaya ni taɣada, lahabaya wuligibu ni suhudoo polo: === Shikuru baŋsim === * UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize * UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy * UNESCO-Japan Prize on Education for Sustainable Development * UNESCO Prize for Girls' and Women's Education * UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers * UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education === Natural Sciences === * L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science<ref>Peccia, Tiziano, Rasha Kelej, Ahmed Hamdy, and Ahmed Fahmi. "A reflection on Public-Private Partnerships’ contribution to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals.", Scienza e Pace - Università di Pisa, 8.1 (2017): Research Papers.</ref><ref>Hamdy, Ahmed, Mohammed Kyari, Marie Johnson, Ahmed Fahmi, and Tiziano Peccia. "Towards Women participation in Scientific Research in Africa." Published by African Union Scientific, Technical and Research Commission (AU-STRC).</ref> * UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science * UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences * Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology * UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation * UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences * UNESCO-Al Fozan International Prize for the Promotion of Young Scientists in STEM * Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management === Social and Human Sciences === * UNESCO Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science * UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean * UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence * UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture * UNESCO/International José Martí Prize * UNESCO-UNAM / Jaime Torres Bodet Prize in social sciences, humanities and arts === Culture === * Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece) === Communication and Information === * UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize * UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities * UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize === Peace === * Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize === Inactive prizes === * International Simón Bolívar Prize (inactive since 2004) * UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education * UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010) * UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts == International Days observed at UNESCO == International Days din niŋdi UNESCOn doli ŋɔ na:<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162831/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/|date=10 November 2012}}. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" !Date !Name |- |14 January |[[World Logic Day]] |- |24 January |World Day for African and [[African diaspora|Afrodescendant]] [[Culture of Africa|Culture]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/decade-people-african-descent/world-day|access-date=16 March 2023|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> |- |24 January |[[International Day of Education]] |- |25 January |[[International Day of Women in Multilateralism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=International Day of Women in Multilateralism|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/women-multilateralism|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |27 January |[[International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust]] |- |11 February |[[International Day of Women and Girls in Science]] |- |13 February |[[World Radio Day]] |- |21 February |[[International Mother Language Day]] |- |4 March |[[UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development]] |- |8 March |[[International Women's Day]] |- |14 March |[[International Day of Mathematics]] |- |20 March |[[International Francophonie Day]] |- |21 March |International Day of [[Nowruz]] |- |21 March |[[World Poetry Day]] |- |21 March |[[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] |- |22 March |[[World Water Day]] |- |5 April |[[International Day of Conscience]] |- |6 April |[[International Day of Sport for Development and Peace]] |- |15 April |[[World Art Day]] |- |23 April |[[World Book and Copyright Day]] |- |30 April |[[International Jazz Day]] |- |3 May |[[World Press Freedom Day]] |- |5 May |[[African World Heritage Day]] |- |5 May |[[World Portuguese Language Day]] |- |16 May |[[International Day of Light]] |- |21 May |[[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]] |- |22 May |[[International Day for Biological Diversity]] |- |5 June |[[World Environment Day]] |- |8 June |[[World Oceans Day]] |- |17 June |[[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]] |- |7 July |[[UN Swahili Language Day|Kiswahili Language Day]] |- |18 July |[[Mandela Day|Nelson Mandela International Day]] |- |26 July |[[International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem]] |- |9 August |[[International Day of the World's Indigenous People]] |- |12 August |[[International Youth Day]] |- |23 August |[[International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition]] |- |8 September |[[International Literacy Day]] |- |9 September |[[International Day to Protect Education from Attack]] |- |15 September |[[International Day of Democracy]] |- |20 September |[[International Day of University Sport|International Day for University Sport]] |- |21 September |[[International Day of Peace]] |- |28 September |[[Access to Information Day|International Day for the Universal Access to Information]] |- |5 October |[[World Teachers' Day]] |- |6 October |International Geodiversity Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.geodiversityday.org/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=Geodiversity Day|language=en}}</ref> |- |11 October |[[International Day of the Girl Child]] |- |13 October |[[International Day for Disaster Reduction]] |- |17 October |[[International Day for the Eradication of Poverty]] |- |24 October |[[United Nations Day]] |- |27 October |[[World Day for Audiovisual Heritage]] |- |2 November |[[International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists]]<ref>{{cite web|title=International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists|url=https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030214202/https://en.unesco.org/day/endimpunity|archive-date=30 October 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |3 November |International Day for Biosphere Reserves<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day for Biosphere Reserves|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/biosphere-reserves?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000da82692511cafaf52f6dc60629ec28f02c5d16a29ee92a049979ffb2615f863908148ab7051430007100a07811529af602e22ee9de55e3b31523e0322c4f6fece108d426e21efdeb40145b3201dea7291bb4b36bf1200928|access-date=20 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |First Thursday of November |[[International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-school-violence-and-bullying?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000215100c9b55f50f01ef1e64051f85d005ed160afdcf1a51bcf3583574677710208e8af9298143000018e9fdf83784eb3679536c40b01a90b0f25955889d57dd8600be4d679c6274bfbe91309740e894263ea1c504e76b6e1|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |5 November |[[World Day of Romani Language]] |- |5 November |[[World Tsunami Awareness Day]] |- |10 November |World Science Day for Peace and Development |- |14 November |International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/against-illicit-trafficking?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000821549653dba7a376b0a5b441f23d8634a07fe1a0b8047f8ed7274eefcb8bf83086389fffe143000c64e4284c7d7279202386844466d3c243ced0a6346867120dacca3b36c89c6166e3a5033c235a8e5bac9a20c2a095b25|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |Third Thursday of November |[[World Philosophy Day]] |- |16 November |[[International Day for Tolerance]] |- |18 November |International International Day of Islamic Art<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Day of Islamic Art|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/international-day-islamic-art?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20007f0fb6123af772d877095c654e99dffd11b638c1dbcfcbe0ded4d7755fbb64e908fe0b245d143000d659354dbf4355519b3d6ff69fa0fe3d4dd01e13569dc94bfb468157404a5baea6571b52e128f194aedd3ef1a92e404c|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |25 November |[[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]] |- |26 November |World Olive Tree Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Day of the Olive Tree|url=https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|access-date=30 March 2023|website=International Olive Council|language=en-US|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330112831/https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/olive-world/world-day-of-the-olive-tree/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |29 November |[[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]] |- |1 December |[[World AIDS Day]] |- |2 December |World Futures Day<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Futures Day|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-futures?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab20005a8944393e54498a6a76c337f206b93f3df96e7230f9cb8d5bfbd1f7d90c5ceb087a862064143000d48518290f2d33eede6cfbd08f9ea8d7ca374e7b1f573d2a3e2d1f9ce27cc48a4f9e190123c7bd6714dba119bd6b04b0|access-date=30 March 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |3 December |[[United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities|International Day of Persons with Disabilities]] |- |10 December |[[Human Rights Day]] |- |18 December |[[International Migrants Day]] |- |18 December |[[UN Arabic Language Day|World Arabic Language Day]] |} == Tingbana din be din ni == {{Main|Member states of UNESCO}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:UNESCO_member_states.png|right|thumb|334x334px|{{legend|#008000|UNESCO member states}}{{legend|#0000FF|UNESCO member state dependent territory with separate NOC}}{{legend|#00FF00|UNESCO associates}}{{legend|#FFFF00|UNESCO observers}}]] Zaŋ kana Anshaara goli July yuuni 2003, UNESCO daa malila tingbana kɔbigu ni piwɔi ni anahi nin ban pahi pinaayi.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of UNESCO members and associates|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries|archive-date=2 November 2011|access-date=3 November 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Shɛba bi ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ka shɛba mi lahi be National Organizing Committees din be tingbana ban ʒi bɛ gama zuɣu ni.<ref name="Palestine">{{cite web|title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=28 July 2009|publisher=WADA|page=2}}</ref> UNESCO ni naai noya ni shɛba n-nyɛ United Nations member states (gbaa yihi Israel<ref>{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|url-status=live}}</ref> mini [[Liechtenstein]]), ni Cook Islands, Niue mini Palestine.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Parties|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|archive-date=31 October 2011|access-date=31 October 2011|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Member States of the United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|archive-date=30 December 2013|access-date=31 October 2011|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> United States mini Israel yila UNESCO Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018,<ref>{{cite news|last=Lazaroff|first=Tovah|date=31 December 2018|title=Israel, U.S. slated to leave UNESCO today to protest anti-Israel bias|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875|url-status=live|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082910/https://www.jpost.com/international/israel-us-slated-to-leave-unesco-today-to-protest-anti-israel-bias-575875|archive-date=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|url-status=live}}</ref>amaa United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2023.<ref name="usa2023" /><ref name="uspbs" /> == Governing bodies == === Director-General === Zaŋ kana Anashaara goli June yuuni 2023 11 Directors-General n zani ti UNESCO tum di ni kpa{{snd}}dobba awɔi ni paɣaba ayi. 11 Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO yila yaɣa ayɔbu na: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), ni East Europe (1). Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, bɛ bi piigi Director-General yaɣa pia din pahi be UNESCO maa ni: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central ni North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, ni South America. Directors-General zaŋti UNESCO tum di kpabu ni yuuni 1946 n doli ŋɔ na:<ref>UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/ Directors-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234457/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/about-us/who-we-are/history/directors-general/|date=18 July 2018}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Directors-General of UNESCO | scope="col" |Order ! scope="col" |Image ! scope="col" |Name ! scope="col" |Country ! scope="col" |Term |- |1st |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Julian_Huxley_1-2.jpg|75x75px]] | scope="row" |[[Julian Huxley]] |{{flagcountry|UK}} |1946–1948 |- |2nd |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:JAIME_TORRES_BODET_1902,_ESCRITOR,_POETA_Y_POLITICO_MEXICANO_(13451293993).jpg|79x79px]] | scope="row" |[[Jaime Torres Bodet]] |{{flagcountry|MEX|1934}} |1948–1952 |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Captura_de_Pantalla_2022-06-03_a_las_23.24.45.png|79x79px]] |[[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]] |{{flagcountry|USA|1912}} | bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |[[Acting (law)|acting]] 1952–1953 |- |3rd |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Luther_Harris_Evans,_Diretor-geral_da_United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization_(UNESCO).tif|79x79px]] | scope="row" |[[Luther Evans]] |{{flagcountry|USA|1912}} |1953–1958 |- |4th |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Contemporary_history,_Italy_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002707_0001.tiff|79x79px]] | scope="row" |[[Vittorino Veronese]] |{{flagcountry|ITA}} |1958–1961 |- |5th |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:René_Maheu_(France),_UNESCO_Director_General_(1961-1974).JPG|76x76px]] | scope="row" |[[René Maheu]] |{{flagcountry|FRA}} |[[Acting (law)|acting]] 1961; 1961–1974 |- |6th |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Unesco_history,_M'Bow_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000002701_0001.tiff|79x79px]] | scope="row" |[[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]] |{{flagcountry|SEN}} |1974–1987 |- |7th |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Federico_Mayor_Zaragoza_et_Alain_Husson-Dumoutier_(cropped).jpg|78x78px]] | scope="row" |[[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]] |{{flagcountry|ESP}} |1987–1999 |- |8th |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Matsuura_Koichiro_1-2.jpg|75x75px]] | scope="row" |[[Koïchiro Matsuura]] |{{flagcountry|JPN}} |1999–2009 |- |9th |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Irina_Bokova_crop.jpg|83x83px]] | scope="row" |[[Irina Bokova]] |{{flagcountry|BUL}} |2009–2017 |- |10th |[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Didier_Plowy_-_Audrey_Azoulay_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]] | scope="row" |[[Audrey Azoulay]] |{{flagcountry|FRA}} |2017–''Incumbent'' |} === General Conference === UNESCO General Conference din ʒini tum yuuni 1946:<ref>UNESCO official site: [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/ Previous Sessions of the General Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045200/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference/previous-sessions/|date=25 October 2011}}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" !Session !Location !Year !Chaired by !from |- |1st |Paris |1946 |[[Léon Blum]] |{{flagcountry|FRA}} |- |2nd |[[Mexico City]] |1947 |[[Manuel Gual Vidal]] |{{flagcountry|MEX}} |- |3rd |[[Beirut]] |1948 |Hamid Bey Frangie |{{flagcountry|LBN}} |- |1st extraordinary |Paris |1948 | | |- |4th |Paris |1949 |[[Edward Ronald Walker]] |{{flagcountry|AUS}} |- |5th |[[Florence]] |1950 |[[Stefano Jacini (1886-1952)|Stefano Jacini]] |{{flagcountry|ITA}} |- |6th |Paris |1951 |[[Howland H. Sargeant]] |{{flagcountry|USA}} |- |7th |Paris |1952 |[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] |{{flagcountry|IND}} |- |2nd extraordinary |Paris |1953 | | |- |8th |[[Montevideo]] |1954 |Justino Zavala Muniz |{{flagcountry|URY}} |- |9th |New Delhi |1956 |[[Abul Kalam Azad]] |{{flagcountry|IND}} |- |10th |Paris |1958 |[[Jean Berthoin]] |{{flagcountry|FRA}} |- |11th |Paris |1960 |Akale-Work Abte-Wold |{{flagcountry|ETH}} |- |12th |Paris |1962 |Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro |{{flagcountry|BRA}} |- |13th |Paris |1964 |[[Norair Sisakian]] |{{flagcountry|USSR|1955}} |- |14th |Paris |1966 |Bedrettin Tuncel |{{flagcountry|TUR}} |- |15th |Paris |1968 |[[William Eteki Mboumoua]] |{{flagcountry|CMR}} |- |16th |Paris |1970 |Atilio Dell'Oro Maini |{{flagcountry|ARG}} |- |17th |Paris |1972 |Toru Haguiwara |{{flagcountry|JPN}} |- |3rd extraordinary |Paris |1973 | | |- |18th |Paris |1974 |Magda Jóború |{{flagcountry|HUN}} |- |19th |[[Nairobi]] |1976 |Taaita Toweett |{{flagcountry|KEN}} |- |20th |Paris |1978 |Napoléon LeBlanc |{{flagcountry|CAN}} |- |21st |[[Belgrade]] |1980 |Ivo Margan |{{flagcountry|YUG}} |- |4th extraordinary |Paris |1982 | | |- |22nd |Paris |1983 |Saïd Tell |{{flagcountry|JOR}} |- |23rd |[[Sofia]] |1985 |[[Nikolai Todorov]] |{{flagcountry|BGR|1967}} |- |24th |Paris |1987 |Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez |{{flagcountry|GTM}} |- |25th |Paris |1989 |[[Anwar Ibrahim]] |{{flagcountry|MYS}} |- |26th |Paris |1991 |[[Bethwell Allan Ogot]] |{{flagcountry|KEN}} |- |27th |Paris |1993 |Ahmed Saleh Sayyad |{{flagcountry|YEM}} |- |28th |Paris |1995 |Torben Krogh |{{flagcountry|DNK}} |- |29th |Paris |1997 |[[Eduardo Portella]] |{{flagcountry|BRA}} |- |30th |Paris |1999 |[[Jaroslava Moserová]] |{{flagcountry|CZE}} |- |31st |Paris |2001 |[[Ahmad Jalali]] |{{flagcountry|IRN}} |- |32nd |Paris |2003 |[[Michael Omolewa]] |{{flagcountry|NGA}} |- |33rd |Paris |2005 |[[Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan]] |{{flagcountry|OMN}} |- |34th |Paris |2007 |[[Georgios Anastassopoulos]] |{{flagcountry|GRC}} |- |35th |Paris |2009 |Davidson Hepburn |{{flagcountry|BHS}} |- |36th |Paris |2011 |[[Katalin Bogyay]] |{{flagcountry|HUN}} |- |37th<ref>{{cite web|title=General Conference 37th|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103414/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-37th/|archive-date=3 October 2015|access-date=25 September 2015|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> |Paris |2013 |[[Hao Ping]] |{{flagcountry|CHN}} |- |38th |Paris |2015 |Stanley Mutumba Simataa<ref>{{cite web|title=President of the 38th session of the General Conference|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135603/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/general-conference-38th/president|archive-date=16 November 2015|access-date=11 November 2015|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Namibia}} |- |39th |Paris |2017 |Zohour Alaoui<ref>{{cite web|date=5 October 2017|title=President of the 39th session of the General Conference|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003114/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/39/president|archive-date=13 November 2017|access-date=12 November 2017|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Morocco}} |- |40th |Paris |2019 |[[Ahmet Altay Cengizer]]<ref>{{cite web|date=14 October 201|title=UNESCO: President of the 40th session of the General Conference|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/presiden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018154954/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/president|archive-date=18 October 2020|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Turkey}} |- |41st<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 June 2021|title=41st Session of the General Conference – 9–24 November 2021|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006085222/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/41|archive-date=6 October 2021|access-date=6 October 2021|website=UNESCO}}</ref> |Paris |2021 |Santiago Irazabal Mourão |{{flagcountry|Brazil}} |- |42nd<ref>{{cite web|date=13 November 2023|title=Address by Ms Simona Mirela Miculescu|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387533?posInSet=16&queryId=ffd33a3a-41f1-4a8b-9543-7f10c0f2dd6a}}</ref> |Paris |2023 |[[Simona Miculescu]] |{{flagcountry|Romania}} |} === Executive Board === {| class="wikitable" !Term !Group I (9 seats) !Group II (7 seats) !Group III (10 seats) !Group IV (12 seats) !Group V(a) (13 seats) !Group V(b) (7 seats) |- style="border-top: 2px solid;" |2017– 2021 |{{flagcountry|Finland}} {{flagcountry|Portugal}} {{flagcountry|Turkey}} |{{flagcountry|Albania}} {{flagcountry|Belarus}} {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} |{{flagcountry|Cuba}} {{flagcountry|Grenada}} {{flagcountry|Jamaica}} {{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}} {{flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} {{flagcountry|Venezuela}} | {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} <br /> {{flagcountry|China}} <br /> {{flagcountry|India}} <br /> {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} <br /> {{flagcountry|Japan}} <br /> {{flagcountry|Philippines}} |{{flagcountry|Burundi}} {{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} {{flagcountry|Madagascar}} {{flagcountry|Zambia}} {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}} |{{flagcountry|Egypt}} {{flagcountry|Jordan}} {{flagcountry|Morocco}} |- |2019–2023<ref>{{cite web|date=16 October 2019|title=40th Session of the General Conference – 12–27 November 2019|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=20 November 2019|website=UNESCO|language=en}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|France}} {{flagcountry|Germany}} {{flagcountry|Italy}} {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} {{flagcountry|Spain}} {{Flag|Switzerland}} |{{Flag|Hungary}} {{Flag|Poland}} {{Flag|Russia}} {{Flag|Serbia}} |{{flagcountry|Argentina}} {{flagcountry|Brazil}} {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} {{Flag|Uruguay}} | {{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}<br /> {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> {{Flag|Philippines}}<br /> {{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /> {{Flag|Republic of Korea}}<br /> {{flagcountry|Thailand}} |{{Flag|Benin}} {{Flag|Congo}} {{Flag|Guinea}} {{Flag|Ghana}} {{flagcountry|Kenya}} {{Flag|Namibia}} {{flagcountry|Senegal}} {{Flag|Togo}} |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} {{Flag|UAE}} {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} |- style="background:#f7f7c7;border-top: 2px solid;" |'''2021–2025'''<ref>{{cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/41/elections?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000296c62ecf70783aa2deb49bab9972b32e78e12a141101e730f19afd71077a454085e4dbe2414300050c3569c0132c2e6ed5d6c59cee0616cbf7eb737bcd75d6d5fbcda198e9ca730a3a536e274d2f7e2f102624759a6d48c}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Austria}} {{flagcountry|Iceland}} {{flagcountry|Turkey}} |{{Flag|Armenia}} {{Flag|Azerbaijan}} {{Flag|Lithuania}} |{{flagcountry|Chile}} {{flagcountry|Grenada}} {{Flag|Haiti}} {{flagcountry|Mexico}} {{flagcountry|Paraguay}} {{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}} | {{Flag|China}}<br /> {{Flag|Cook Islands}}<br /> {{Flag|India}}<br /> {{Flag|Japan}}<br /> {{Flag|Philippines}}<br /> {{flagcountry|Viet Nam}} |{{Flag|Angola}} {{Flag|Botswana}} {{Flag|Congo}} {{Flag|Djibouti}} {{flagcountry|South Africa}} {{Flag|Tanzania}} |{{Flag|Egypt}} {{Flag|Jordan}} {{Flag|Kuwait}} |- style="background:#efe;border-top: 2px solid;" |'''2023–2027'''<ref>{{cite web|date=15 November 2023|title=Elections|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/42/elections}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|France}} {{flagcountry|Germany}} {{flagcountry|Italy}} {{flagcountry|Spain}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} {{Flag|United States}} |{{Flag|Albania}} {{Flag|Czech Republic}} {{Flag|Serbia}} {{Flag|Slovakia}} |{{flagcountry|Argentina}} {{flagcountry|Brazil}} {{Flag|Cuba}} {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} |{{Flag|Australia}} {{Flag|Bangladesh}} {{Flag|Indonesia}} {{Flag|Pakistan}} {{Flag|Republic of Korea}} {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} |{{Flag|Burkina Faso}} {{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} {{Flag|Gabon}} {{Flag|Liberia}} {{flagcountry|Mauritius}} {{Flag|Mozambique}} {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} |{{Flag|Iraq}} {{Flag|Oman}} {{Flag|Qatar}} {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} |} == Offices and headquarters == {{main|World Heritage Centre}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:April_2010,_UNESCO_Headquarters_in_Paris_-_The_Garden_of_Peace_(or_Japanese_Garden)_in_Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace at UNESCO headquarters]] UNESCO tiuma du'zuɣu bela Place de Fontenoy din be Paris, France. Tanmɛriba pam n daa laɣim mɛ li, ban nima n-nyɛBernard Zehrfuss, Marcel Breuer ni Luigi Nervi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO House – visit us {{!}} UNESCO|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/house|access-date=29 March 2023|website=unesco.org|language=en}}</ref>Di shɛli n-nyɛ ''Garden of Peace'' din nyɛ Government of Japan ni daa ti shɛli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO garden|url=https://architectuul.com/architecture/unesco-garden|access-date=31 May 2022|website=Architectuul}}</ref> American-Japanese yaɣ'mɛra Isamu Noguchi n daa dizaani li yuuni 1958 ka Japan nira, Toemon Sano daa bahi naai li. Yuuma 1994–1995, UNESCO yuun pihinu chuɣu puhibu ni, Tadao Ando daa mɛ du'shɛli.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Furuyama|first=Masao|title=Ando (Basic Art Series)|url=https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324030457/https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|archive-date=24 March 2021|access-date=30 January 2021|website=taschen.com|pages=71–72|language=en}}</ref> === Field offices by region === UNESCO Field Offices din doli ŋɔ na zaa nyɛla UNESCO ni bo shɛŋa zali tingbana yaɣa ka UNESCO lahi boi niriba ka bɛ tumdi di yini kam ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908164710/https://en.unesco.org/countries/field-offices|archive-date=8 September 2019|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> ==== Africa ==== * Abidjan – National Office to Côte d'Ivoire * [[Abuja]] – National Office to [[Nigeria]] * [[Accra]] – Cluster Office for [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Ghana]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], Sierra Leone and [[Togo]] * Addis Ababa – Liaison Office with the [[African Union]] and with the Economic Commission for Africa * Bamako – Cluster Office for [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]] * Brazzaville – National Office to the Republic of the Congo * Bujumbura – National Office to [[Burundi]] * Dakar – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for Cape Verde, [[Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Senegal]] * Dar es Salaam – Cluster Office for [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Tanzania]] * Harare – Cluster Office for [[Botswana]], Malawi, [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] * Juba – National Office to South Sudan * Kinshasa – National Office to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * Libreville – Cluster Office for the Republic of the Congo, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and São Tomé and Príncipe * Maputo – National Office to [[Mozambique]] * Nairobi – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], South Sudan and [[Uganda]] * Windhoek – National Office to [[Namibia]] * Yaoundé – Cluster Office to [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[Chad]] ==== Arab States ==== * Amman – National Office to [[Jordan]] * Beirut – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]] and Palestine * [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]] * Doha – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]] * [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in Amman, Jordan) * Khartoum – National Office to [[Sudan]] * Manama – Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage * Rabat – Cluster Office to [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]] * Ramallah – National Office to the Palestinian Territories ==== Asia and Pacific ==== {{see also|UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards}} * Almaty – Cluster Office to [[Kazakhstan]], Kyrgyzstan, [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] * Apia – Cluster Office to Australia, Cook Islands, [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], Federated States of Micronesia, [[Nauru]], New Zealand, Niue, [[Palau]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Vanuatu]] and Tokelau (Associate Member) * Bangkok – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to Thailand, Burma, [[Laos]], Singapore and [[Vietnam]] * Beijing – Cluster Office to [[North Korea]], Japan, [[Mongolia]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[South Korea]] * Dhaka – National Office to [[Bangladesh]] * Hanoi – National Office to [[Vietnam]] * Islamabad – National Office to [[Pakistan]] * Jakarta – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and East Timor * Manila – National Office to the [[Philippines]] * Kabul – National Office to [[Afghanistan]] * Kathmandu – National Office to [[Nepal]] * New Delhi – Cluster Office to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], India, [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]] * Phnom Penh – National Office to [[Cambodia]] * Tashkent – National Office to [[Uzbekistan]] * Tehran – Cluster Office to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] ==== Europe and North America ==== * Brussels – Liaison Office to the European Union and its subsidiary bodies in Brussels * [[Geneva]] – Liaison Office to the United Nations in Geneva * New York City – Liaison Office to the United Nations in New York * [[Venice]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe ==== Latin America and the Caribbean ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Carondolete_en_el_cambio_de_guardia.jpg|thumb|[[Carondelet Palace]], Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The [[Historic Center of Quito]], Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centres in [[the Americas]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|title=City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507190507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2|archive-date=7 May 2009|access-date=30 April 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> This centre was, together with the historic centre of [[Kraków]] in Poland, the first to be declared [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.]] * Brasília – National Office to Brazil<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO Office in Brasilia {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163018/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/home|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|website=unesco.org}}</ref> * Guatemala City – National Office to [[Guatemala]] * Havana – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]] and Aruba * Kingston – Cluster Office to [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], Saint Kitts and Nevis, [[Saint Lucia]], Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as the associate member states of British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten * [[Lima]] – National Office to [[Peru]] * Mexico City – National Office to Mexico * Montevideo – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] and Cluster Office to [[Argentina]], Brazil, Chile, [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]] * Port-au-Prince – National Office to [[Haiti]] * Quito – Cluster Office to [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], Ecuador and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito {{!}} Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145958/http://www.unesco.org/new/es/quito|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|website=unesco.org}}</ref> * San José – Cluster Office to [[Costa Rica]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], Honduras, Mexico, [[Nicaragua]] and [[Panama]] * Santiago de Chile – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to Chile === Partner organizations === * International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) * Blue Shield International (BSI) * International Council of Museums (ICOM) * International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) * International Institute of Humanitarian Law (IIHL) == Yɛl'gɔla == === New World Information and Communication Order === UNESCO nyɛla yɛl'gɔla ni paai shɛba saha din gari, di bahi bahindi bɛ biɛhigu ni United States, United Kingdom, Singapore ni Soviet Union. 1970s mini 1980s saha, UNESCO's sɔŋsim zaŋti "New World Information and Communication Order" mini di MacBride report daa ti bɔri ni di mɔŋla "freedom of the press" zaŋm chaŋ lahabaya wuligibu polo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grahm|first=S. E.|date=April 2006|title=The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diplomatic-history_2006-04_30_2/page/231|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=30|issue=2|pages=231–51|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x|hdl-access=free|hdl=1885/20736}}</ref> Yuuni 1984, United States daa che bɛ tɔhibu laɣingu maa ni ka daa yi din ni, ka United Kingdom daa doli yuuni 1985.<ref>{{Citation|title=UNESCO asks states considering withdrawal to 'reconsider their position'|date=January 1986|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4079804/AONE?u=tamp44898&sid=AONE&xid=ef6d5640|journal=[[UN Chronicle (journal)|UN Chronicle]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082856/https://login.microsoftonline.com/741bf7de-e2e5-46df-8d67-82607df9deaa/saml2|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Singapore gba daa yiya yuuni 1985 naabu ni, ka bɛ daliri daa nyɛla farigu ni pahi zuɣu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO|date=28 December 1984|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19841228&id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&pg=5684,5359479|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19841228&id=Y5srAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qPoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5684,5359479|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>Bɛ ni daa taɣi gɔmnanti yuuni 1997 UK daa labi kpe. United States daa labi kpe yuuni 2003, ka Singapore daa doli Anashaara goli 8 October yuuni 2007.<ref>{{Citation|title=UNESCO|date=14 February 2018|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163139/https://www.britannica.com/topic/UNESCO|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> === China === UNESCO nyɛla bɛ ni gali shɛba ka di nyɛla ni People's Republic of China zaŋ ba mi ka bɛ zaani tiri Chinese Communist Party tɔhibu ni "ethnic minorities in China" kamani Uyghurs mini Tibetans.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 September 2023|title=How China uses UNESCO to rewrite history|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/09/21/how-china-uses-unesco-to-rewrite-history|url-access=subscription|access-date=22 September 2023|issn=0013-0613|quote=To bolster the idea of a Han-centric identity, the party seeks to dilute the contributions of minority groups in UNESCO claims. For example, documents filed with the organisation state that Tibet's Potala Palace, the winter home of Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, exhibits the skills of many ethnic groups, not just Tibetans. The government uses "radical selectivity" in choosing which places, people and practices to emphasise, says Rachel Harris of the School of Oriental and African Studies, part of the University of London.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashgarian|first=Asim|date=16 February 2023|title=UNESCO Accused of Complicity in China's Treatment of Uyghur Heritage|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unesco-accused-of-complicity-in-china-s-treatment-of-uyghur-heritage-/6966959.html|access-date=22 September 2023|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kachmar|first=Oleh|date=24 September 2020|title=Uyghur Heritage and the Charge of Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang|url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/rules-based-international-order/genocide/uyghur-heritage-and-the-charge-of-cultural-genocide-in-xinjiang/|access-date=22 September 2023|website=New Lines Institute|publisher=[[Fairfax University of America]]|language=en}}</ref> === Isr ael === Israel nyɛla UNESCO ni daa deei shɛba yuuni 1949, din nambu yuun yini nyaaŋa. Israel kuli nyɛla ban be din ni tum din saha. Yuuni 2010, Israel daa dizaani Cave of the Patriarchs din be Hebron mini Rachel's Tomb din be [[Bethlehem]] –din zaa be West Bank – ka nyɛ National Heritage Sites.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 February 2010|title=Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803141138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538948.stm|archive-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> Aanshaara goli October yuuni 2010, UNESCO's daa vooti ya ni bɛ moli "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs" mini "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb" ka daa yɛli ni bɛ pahila " occupied Palestinian Territories" ni.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 October 2010|title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/|archive-date=11 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> UNESCO buɣisili mi ka di zani ti "Muslinima, Dolodolo ni Jewish nima kaya ni taɣada".<ref>{{cite news|title=The Two Palestinian sites of Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs in Al-Khalil/Hebron and the Bilal Bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127175323/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001873/187356e.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Hillel Fendel|date=1 November 2010|title=UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104205832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140377|archive-date=4 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva}}</ref> Rabbi of the Western Wall yɛliya ni Rachel's tomb pa bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli leei Muslinima syaɣili.<ref>{{cite web|author=Maayana Miskin|date=29 October 2010|title=UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/140345|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106041213/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/140345|archive-date=6 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Arutz Sheva}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 November 2010|title=Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103210507/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=193893|archive-date=3 November 2010|access-date=3 November 2010|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shalom|first=Rabbi|date=5 November 2010|title=Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083755/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194090|archive-date=5 January 2012|access-date=8 August 2011|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> Anashaara goli 28 June yuuni 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, din be [[Jordan]]'s insistence, daa labi mɛ Mughrabi Gate Bridge din be Jerusalem. Israel daa yɛliya ni Jordan gbaala shaawara ni Israel ka di nyɛla bɛ wurim di kodoriko ka gu ka taɣi sarati; Jordan daa bɛ saɣiti li. Israel gba daa bi tooi mali NESCO committee ni zaɣisibu shɛli [[Egypt]] gba ni daa zaŋ na.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eichner|first1=Itamar|date=20 June 1995|title=UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews|work=Ynetnews|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807130812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4088221,00.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> Anashaara goli January yuuni 2014, pɔi ka bɛ daa zali di yoobu dabisa, UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, "daa tirisi li tooni din ka dali" ka daa nyahi ibushee din daa nyɛ Simon Wiesenthal Centre ni daa niŋ shɛli ka di sabi "The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel". <ref>{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|date=17 January 2014|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|date=21 January 2014|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014}}</ref> Anashaara goli 1 January yuuni 2019, Israel daa yiya ka che UNESCO.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|date=1 January 2019|title=69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/69-years-after-joining-israel-formally-leaves-un-cultural-body/}}</ref> ==== Occupied Palestine Resolution ==== {{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}} Anashaara goli 13 October yuuni 2016, UNESCO daa zali zaligu ti East Jerusalem dinm galindi Israel ni "girigiri" niŋbu Israeli pirinsi ni linjimanima sunsuuni.<ref name="UNESCO adopts anti">{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO adopts anti" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Commission report|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016131113/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=UNESCO Digital Library}}</ref> Israeli soiyaasanima pam ni daa galim ba naai nyaaŋa, n-ti tabili Benjamin Netanyahu mini Ayelet Shaked, Israel daa kahi bɛ ŋmangura ka che laɣingu maa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eichner|first1=Itamar|date=13 October 2016|title=UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount|newspaper=Ynetnews|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225443/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4866113,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211628/http://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-leads-angry-denunciations-of-absurd-unesco-decision/|archive-date=18 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution: Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews, Muslims|newspaper=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|url-status=live|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014113432/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.747466|archive-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> Czech jintɔri duu gba daa zaɣisili ka yɛli ni gbaabu maa nyɛla "hateful anti-Israel sentiment".<ref name="timesofisrael.com">{{cite web|title=Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020050917/http://www.timesofisrael.com/czech-mps-slam-hateful-unesco-jerusalem-resolution/|archive-date=20 October 2016|access-date=19 October 2016|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref name="timesofisrael.com" /> Anashaara goli 26 October, UNESCO daa labi teei bɛ gbaabu maa.<ref>{{cite news|title=UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027112839/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-approves-anti-israel-resolution-jerusalem-161026173149575.html|archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|date=26 October 2016|title=Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027144549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/26/unesco-adopts-controversial-resolution-on-jerusalem-holy-sites-israel|archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 October 2016|title=UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S., Israel|work=CBC/Radio-Canada|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104125858/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/unesco-resolution-holy-sites-un-1.3821919|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Anashaara goli October yuuni 2017, United States mini Israel daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni yi laɣingu maa ni.<ref name="stategov">{{Cite news|title=The United States Withdraws From UNESCO|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408053146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/10/274748.htm|archive-date=8 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its 'Anti-Israel Bias'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017}}</ref> === Palestine === ==== Palestinian youth magazine controversy ==== Anashaara goli February yuuni 2011, lahabali daa yina "Palestinian youth magazine" ni ka bipuɣinbili daa buɣisi o ni lihiri ni o sa be ka so soha-biɛɣu ni, Adolf Hitler. Anashaara goli December yuuni 2011, UNESCO, ban daa tabiri sɔŋdi lala lahabali wuligibu yaɣili ŋɔ daa galim lalal lahabali maa ka daa yihi bɛ nuu bɛ sɔŋbu ni.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 December 2011|title=Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109173826/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8975423/Unesco-cuts-funding-for-Palestinian-youth-magazine-over-Hitler-praise.html|archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> ==== Islamic University of Gaza controversy ==== Yuuni 2012, UNESCO daa gkpuɣi niya ni bɛ pii daanbalo Islamic University of Gaza ka o zani ti "astronomy, astrophysics," ni "space sciences",<ref name="UNESCOIslamicUniversity">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine).|url=http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127035152/http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/arab-states/palestine/unesco-chair-in-astronomy-astrophysics-and-space-sciences-964/|archive-date=27 November 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> ka di daa tahi galimbi ni yɛl'gola na.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&pg=PA211 The Goldstone Report: The Legacy of the Landmark Investigation of the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013070233/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&pg=PA211&dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&f=false|date=13 October 2017}} By Adam Horowitz, Lizzy Ratner and Philip Weiss (2011). Google Books.</ref><ref name="MFAUNESCO">{{cite press release|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm|title=Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University|publisher=Israel ministry of foreign affairs|date=12 July 2012|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715005102/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2012/Israel_shocked_UNESCO_Chair_Gaza_Islamic_University_12-Jul-2012.htm|archive-date=15 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Di kpɛma, Kamalain Shaath, daa pahi UNESCO zuɣu, ka yari ni "the Islamic University nyɛla shikuru din nyɛ baŋsim yɛligibu ni lɛbiginsim dini".<ref name="NationalPostUNESCO">{{cite news|author=Higgins, Michael|date=12 July 2012|title=UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs|work=National Post|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130030307/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/12/unesco-accused-of-endorsing-hamas-terrorists-breeding-ground/|archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="ShalitGazaIslamicUniversity">{{cite news|last1=Shaked|first1=Ronny|date=6 February 2007|title=Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University|newspaper=Ynetnews|publisher=Yedioth Ahronot|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201090827/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361595,00.html|archive-date=1 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="BostonIUGProfile">{{cite news|author=Cambanis, Thanassis|date=28 February 2010|title=Hamas University|work=The Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226015007/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/02/28/hamas_u/|archive-date=26 February 2012}}</ref> Israeli "ambassador" zaŋti UNESCO Nimrod Barkan daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ sabi washiika ti Hamas zaŋ chaŋ shikuru ŋɔ yɛltɔƔa polo, di bahi bahindi bɛ suhuri ni yiɣisi ka di nyɛla dini n-nyɛ Palestinian university tuuli ka UNESCO pii ni bɛ laɣim tum.<ref name="HaaretzUNESCOGaza">{{cite news|author=Ravid, Barak|date=12 July 2012|title=Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715042511/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/israel-furious-at-unesco-decision-to-back-science-chair-at-islamic-university-of-gaza-1.450524|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> Jewish laɣingu B'nai B'rith gba daa galim li.<ref name="BnaiBrithUNESCO">{{cite news|author=Yaakov, Yifa|date=14 July 2012|title=B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University|work=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095157/http://www.timesofisrael.com/bnai-brith-slams-unesco-affiliation-with-gaza-university/|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> === Listing Nanjing Massacre documents === Yuuni 2015, Japan da ti varisigu ni UNESCO ni daa mali niya ni bɛ pahi 1937 Nanjing massacre bɛ ni yɛn ti kali binshɛŋa pahi "Memory of the World" ni.<ref>{{cite web|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|title=Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents – Asia – DW.COM – 19.10.2015|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175825/http://www.dw.com/en/japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/a-18790477|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=29 December 2015|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=14 October 2016|title=Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|url-status=live|access-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030144739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/japan-halts-unesco-funding-nanjing-massacre-row|archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> === US withdrawals === United States yila UNESCO yuuni 1984.<ref name="withdrawal">{{cite web|date=20 November 2003|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|access-date=28 March 2019|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]}}</ref><ref name="withdrawal" /> Anashaara goli 12 October yuuni 2017, United States daa ti UNESCO lahabali ni bɛ ni labi yi laɣingu maa ni, Anashaara goli 31 December yuuni 2018; Israel gba daa kpuɣi lala napɔŋ.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 January 2019|title=U.S. and Israel officially withdraw from UNESCO|publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-and-israel-officially-withdraw-from-unesco|accessdate=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="stategov" /> United States bɛ yo kamani $600&nbsp;million farigu<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Eli|last2=Morello|first2=Carol|date=12 October 2017|title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the UN's cultural organization, citing anti-Israel bias|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/12/u-s-withdraws-from-unesco-the-u-n-s-cultural-organization-citing-anti-israel-bias/?noredirect=on|archive-date=9 February 2022}}</ref> tum di ni che di $80&nbsp;million yɔbu yuuni-yuuni UNESCO farigu di ni daa niŋ ka Palestine daa kpe din ni zaa yuuni 2011. Israel mini United States daa pahila ninvuɣ'pinaanahi ban daa zaɣisirili ni tingnana kɔbigu ni pihiwɔi ni anahi puuni.<ref name="bias">{{cite news|last=Irish|first=John|date=13 October 2017|title=U.S., Israel quit UNESCO over alleged bias|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unesco-election-usa/u-s-israel-quit-u-n-heritage-agency-citing-bias-idUSKBN1CH1YO|archive-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> di ni daa niŋ ka United States daa moli ni bɛ ni lahi labi kpe yuuni 2023, ka bɛ daa ʒiya ni bɛ ni yo farigu din doli ba zaa.<ref name="usa2023" /> === Kurdish–Turkish conflict === Anashaara goli 25 May yuuni 2016, Turkish yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi niŋda Zülfü Livaneli daa wuɣi nuu ka [[Turkey]] UNESCO "goodwill ambassador" tali.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA|date=9 May 2018}}". Reuters. 26 May 2016.</ref> === Campaigns against illicit art trading === Yuuni 2020 UNESCO daa yɛliya ni bɛ ni kuri ariziki shɛli niŋdi kaya ni taɣada ni paai 10&nbsp;billion dollars yuuni zuɣu ni.<ref>Vincent Noice, "Unesco, stop citing 'bogus' $10bn figure, art trade pleads", The Art Newspaper, 12 November 2020 [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115080112/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/unesco-bogus-figure|date=15 November 2020}}.</ref><ref>Nancy Kenney, "Unesco under fire for using Met objects in anti-trafficking campaign", The Art Newspaper, 13 November 2020 [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117145243/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/facing-complaint-unesco-pulls-misleading-images-from-advertisements-about-illicit-art-trafficking|date=17 November 2020}}</ref> == Products and services == * UNESDOC Database<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESDOC Database – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|access-date=8 December 2015|website=unesco.org}}</ref> – di mali UNESCO gban gari 146,000 ka bɛ yihili polotum yuuni 1945 n-ti pahi "metadata" din yina UNESCO Library mini luɣa din pahi pahi. === Information processing tools === UNESCO daa yina ni binshɛŋa din yɛn tabiri sɔŋdi "database management" (CDS/ISIS (IDAMS).<ref>{{cite web|title=Information Processing Tools|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=8 January 2015|publisher=Unesco}}</ref> * OpenIDAMS <ref>{{cite web|title=OpenIDAMS|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150113175706/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D15653%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=13 January 2015|publisher=Unesco}}</ref> * IDIS == Lihi pahi == * Academic mobility network * League of Nations archives * [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]] * ''UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957–58'', sculpture by Henry Moore * UniRef * National Commissions for UNESCO * International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport {{clear}} == Notes == {{notelist}} == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * Finnemore, Martha. 1993. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706939?seq=1 International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural]{{sic|nolink=y}}<span> Organization and Science Policy.</span>" ''International Organization'' Vol. 47, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp.&nbsp;565–597 == External links == {{Commons category}}{{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}} * {{Official website|https://www.unesco.org/}} {{United Nations}} {{ECOSOC}} {{UN Charter}} {{Supranationalism/World government topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Humanitarian partners of the European Commission}} {{Authority control}} [[pUBU:Lahabaya zaa]] 6xui6kkp7s0xdj9sq43kpi129qb28v7 British Museum 0 32013 146208 112891 2026-08-10T23:27:52Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National museum in London, England}} {{Other uses}} {{Use British English|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox museum | name = British Museum | logo = British Museum logo.svg | logo_upright = .8 | image = British Museum (aerial).jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | caption = Aerial view of the British Museum in 2015 | pushpin_map = Central London | established = {{Start date and age|1753|6|7|df=yes}} | collection = Approx. 8 million objects<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/management/about_us.aspx| title= Collection size| work= British Museum| access-date= 22 July 2016| archive-date= 12 August 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170812061205/https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/management/about_us.aspx| url-status= live}}</ref> | location = [[Great Russell Street]], London, England | leader_type = Chair | leader = [[George Osborne]] | director = [[Nicholas Cullinan]] | visitors = 5,820,860 (2023;<ref name=ALVA>{{cite news |title=British Museum is the most-visited UK attraction again |work=BBC News |date=18 March 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-68577122 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318082106/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-68577122 |url-status=live }}</ref> up 42% from 2022) * [[Most visited museums in the United Kingdom|Ranked first nationally]] | publictransit = {{rint|london|underground}} {{rint|london|crossrail}} {{lus|Tottenham Court Road}}<br/>{{rint|london|underground}} {{lus|Goodge Street}}; {{lus|Holborn}}; {{lus|Russell Square}} | website = {{Official URL}} | embedded = {{infobox |child=yes | label1 = Area | data1 = {{convert|807000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}} in<br /> 94 galleries}} }} '''British Museum''' nyɛla sokam zaa taarihi duu din jɛndi ninsalinima taarihi, nucheeni baŋsim n-ti pahi kaya ni taada ka nyɛ din be [[Bloomsbury]] yaɣili zaŋ n-ti London. Di nyɛla di ni tooi deegi tumanima kamani miliyɔŋ dibaa anii, di ni nyɛ bari dunia zaa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Riel |first=Cees |date=30 October 2017 |title=Ranking The World's Most Admired Art Museums, And What Big Business Can Learn From Them |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rsmdiscovery/2017/10/30/ranking-the-worlds-most-admired-art-museums-and-what-big-business-can-learn-from-them/?sh=1f0cee263b33 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Forbes |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518003932/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rsmdiscovery/2017/10/30/ranking-the-worlds-most-admired-art-museums-and-what-big-business-can-learn-from-them/?sh=1f0cee263b33 |url-status=live }}</ref> Di nyɛla din mali taarihi zaŋ jɛndi ninsalinima kaya ni taada tum biɛhigu piligu zaŋ hali na ni zuŋɔ.<ref group="lower-alpha">Among the national museums in London, sculpture and [[Decorative art|decorative]] and [[applied art]] are in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]; the British Museum houses earlier art, non-Western art, prints and drawings. The [[National Gallery]] holds the national collection of Western European art to about 1900, while art of the 20th century on is at [[Tate Modern]]. [[Tate Britain]] holds British Art from 1500 onwards. Books, manuscripts and many works on paper are in the [[British Library]]. There are significant overlaps between the coverage of the various collections.</ref> Bɛ daa miɛ li la yuuni 1753, the British Museum ŋɔ n daa nyɛ tuuli sokam dunia zaa national museum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/the_museums_story/general_history.aspx|title=History of the British Museum|website=The British Museum|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009092417/http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/the_museums_story/general_history.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuuni 2023, salo ban kalinli yiɣisi 5,820,860 nyɛla ban daa chaŋ museum ŋɔ ni, ka di kalinli ŋɔ nyɛla din gari yuun shɛŋa din gari maa kalinli kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 42%. Laɣingu shɛli nyɛla ban yɛlli ni di ni gaŋdu United Kingdom.<ref name=ALVA /> Di piligu, museum ŋɔ nyɛla din daa na mali Anglo-Irish physician mini tabibi baŋda [[Sir Hans Sloane]]<nowiki/>lahabaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/events/the-life-and-curiosity-of-hans-sloane|title=The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane|website=The British Library|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119150309/https://www.bl.uk/events/the-life-and-curiosity-of-hans-sloane|url-status=live}}</ref> Di nyɛla bɛ ni daa yoogi shɛli n-ti lahabali kam deebu yuuni 1759, [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]]. Museum ŋɔ nyɛla din daa yɛligi pam yuun kɔbishii ni pihinu din daa doli na maa.<ref name="rosetta stone">{{cite web |title=The Big Question: What is the Rosetta Stone, and should Britain return |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-big-question-what-is-the-rosetta-stone-and-should-britain-return-it-to-egypt-1836610.html |website=The Independent |access-date=2 April 2020 |date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311015133/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-big-question-what-is-the-rosetta-stone-and-should-britain-return-it-to-egypt-1836610.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="looted art">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jun/29/museums-looting-art-artefacts-world-culture|title=Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures|last=Tharoor|first=Kanishk|date=29 June 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610134203/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jun/29/museums-looting-art-artefacts-world-culture|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuuni 1973, British Library Act 1972<ref>{{Cite web |date=1972 |title=British Library Act 1972 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/54/contents |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808215058/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/54/contents |url-status=live }}</ref> nyɛla bɛ ni daa waligi shɛli ka che British Museum amaa ka leei na kuli mali [[British Library]] din be lala karimbu shee ŋɔ hali ni yuuni 1997. Kamani UK national museums zaa, di ni bi deeri kpɛbu na liɣiri zaŋ n-ti "loan exhibitions".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/admission_and_opening_times.aspx|title=Admission and opening times|work=British Museum|date=14 June 2010|access-date=4 July 2010|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708182945/http://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/admission_and_opening_times.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Taarihi== === Sir Hans Sloane === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Sir_Hans_Sloane,_an_engraving_from_a_portrait_by_T._Murray.jpg|thumb|[[Hans Sloane|Sir Hans Sloane]]]] Di mini di malila kaya ni taɣada maa zaa yoli, British Museum daa nyɛla di kpa ka di nyɛla binshɛɣu kam ni tooi be din ni "universal museum". Di kpami doli [[Anglo-Irish]] [[physician]] mini [[Natural history|naturalist]] [[Hans Sloane|Sir Hans Sloane]] (1660–1753) suhuyurilim, London dɔɣitɛ mini tabiibi-baŋda ŋun yina [[Ulster]]. O ni daa be o nyɛvuli ni, ni o ni daa bo Jamaica pakoli naai,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC – History – British History in depth: Slavery and the Building of Britain|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/building_britain_gallery_05.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205004223/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/building_britain_gallery_05.shtml|archive-date=5 December 2019|access-date=12 November 2019|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sloane daa laɣim "[[Cabinet of curiosities|collection of curiosities]]" pam, ka daa bi yu ni o zali shɛli maa ti lahi kani o kalinsi nyaaŋa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating a Great Museum: Early Collectors and The British Museum|url=http://www.fathom.com/course/21701728/session1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102202555/http://www.fathom.com/course/21701728/session1.html|archive-date=2 January 2010|access-date=4 July 2010|publisher=Fathom|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="sloaneletters.com2">{{Cite web|title=Introducing Sir Hans Sloane – the Sloane Letters Project|url=http://sloaneletters.com/about-sir-hans-sloane/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Hans Sloane's Will of 1739 – The Sloane Letters Project|url=http://sloaneletters.com/will-sloane/|website=sloaneletters.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 June 2010|title=General history|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412162528/http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx|archive-date=12 April 2012|access-date=4 July 2010|work=British Museum}}</ref><ref>[[Gavin de Beer|de Beer, Gavin R.]] (1953). ''Sir Hans Sloane and the British Museum''. London.</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:The_North_Prospect_of_Mountague_House_JamesSimonc1715.jpg|right|thumb|[[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]], {{circa|1715}}]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Entrance_ticket_to_the_British_Museum,_London_March_3,_1790.jpg|left|thumb|Entrance ticket to the British Museum, London 3 March 1790]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:P8282318.1.JPG|right|thumb|Left to Right: [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]], Townley Gallery and [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Sir Robert Smirke]]'s west wing under construction, July 1828]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Mauso03.JPG|thumb|The [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus|Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]] Room, 1920s]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:England;_London_-_The_British_Museum,_Archive_King_Edward_VII's_Galleries_~_North_Wing_(1914).2.jpg|thumb|Opening of The North Wing, [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII's]] Galleries, 1914]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Woolley_holding_the_hardened_plaster_mold_of_a_lyre.jpg|thumb|Sir [[Leonard Woolley]] holding an excavated plaster cast of the [[Sumer|Sumerian]] [[Queen's Lyre]], 1922.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|year=1998|editor-last=Zettler|editor-first=Richard L.|pages=31|editor-last2=Horne|editor-first2=Lee}}</ref>]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:The_Duveen_Gallery_(1980s).jpg|thumb|The re-opened [[Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen|Duveen]] Gallery, 1980]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:British_Museum_Great_Court,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|thumb|The [[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court|Great Court]] was developed in 2001 and surrounds the original [[British Museum Reading Room|Reading Room]].]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:TombofNebamun-2.jpg|thumb|Room 61 – The famous false fresco 'Pond in a Garden' from the [[Tomb of Nebamun]], {{circa|1350 BC}}]] [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Rosetta_Stone.JPG|thumb|Room 4 – The [[Rosetta Stone]], key to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs, 196 BC]] * '''Roman saha (30 BC – 641 AD)''' "Schist" zuɣu din nyɛ bi'polli dini, [[Alexandria]] ( 30 BC nyaaŋa) * "Meriotic [[Hamadab Stela]]" din yina [[Kingdom of Kush]] din kpa m-miri Meroë din be Sudan, 24 BC * Soter mini Cleopatra kum adaka yɔrigu din yina Qurna, Thebes ( 2nd century AD piligu) * [[Hawara]] ma anfooni(100–200 AD) * [[Fayum mummy portraits]] din gari kalinli pihita ka yina [[Hawara]] ni [[Fayum]] yaɣ'shɛŋa (40–250 AD) * Bronzefurila mini patera din yina X-group gbala ni, [[Qasr Ibrim]] (1st–6th centuries AD) * "Coptic wall" peentibu zaŋti [[martyrdom]] din nyɛ saints, Wadi Sarga dini (6th century AD) ==Departments== ===Department of Egypt and Sudan=== [[File:TombofNebamun-2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Room 61 – The famous false fresco 'Pond in a Garden' from the [[Tomb of Nebamun]], {{circa|1350 BC}}]] [[File:Rosetta Stone.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Room 4 – The [[Rosetta Stone]], key to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs, 196 BC]] British Museum nyɛ din mali taarihi binyɛra pam dunia zaa<ref group="lower-alpha">The Cairo Museum has 200,000 artefacts, with leading collections reposited at the Egyptian Museum of Berlin (100,000), Musée du Louvre (60,000), Petrie Museum (80,000), The Metropolitan Museum of art (26,000), University of Pennsylvania (42,000), Ashmolean Museum (40,000), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (40,000), Museo Egizio, Turin (32,500 objects).</ref> ka lahi mali [[Art of Ancient Egypt|Egyptian antiquities]] pam (kamani kalinli din gari 100,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/departments/ancient_egypt_and_sudan/history_of_the_collection/development_of_the_collection/development_since_world_war_ii.aspx |title=Development since World War II (1945 – ) |work=British Museum |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203000546/http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/departments/ancient_egypt_and_sudan/history_of_the_collection/development_of_the_collection/development_since_world_war_ii.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> ) [[Egyptian Museum]] din be [[Cairo]]. Di nyɛla din lahi mali kaya ni taada binyɛra zaŋ n-ti [[Nile|Nile Valley]] ( [[Nubia]]), bin din gbaai [[Predynastic Egypt|Predynastic]] [[Neolithic]] saha ({{circa|10,000 [[Anno Domini|BC]]}}), [[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic (Christian)]] saha (12th century [[Anno Domini|AD]]) zaŋ hali na ni zuŋɔ, di yuma nyɛla din gari 11,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/departments/ancient_egypt_and_sudan.aspx |title=Department of Egypt and Sudan |work=British Museum |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326112938/https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/departments/ancient_egypt_and_sudan.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> * <gallery widths="190px" heights="190px"> File:Bm-ginger.jpg|Room 64 – Egyptian grave containing a [[Gebelein predynastic mummies|Gebelein predynastic mummy]], late [[predynastic]], 3400 BC File:London - British Museum - 2273.jpg|Room 4 – Three black granite statues of the pharaoh [[Senusret III]], {{circa|1850 BC}} File:ThreeStatuesOfGoddessSakhmet-ProfileView-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|Room 4 – Three black granite statues of the goddess [[Sakhmet]], {{circa|1400 BC}} File:British Museum Egypt 086.JPG|Room 4 – Colossal statue of Amenhotep III, {{circa|1370 BC}} File:Colossal quartzite head of Amenhotep III, British Museum EA7.jpg|Great Court – [[Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III]], {{circa|1350 BC}} File:Egyptian Couple BM (1).JPG|Room 4 - Limestone [[Statue of Horemheb and Amenia|statue of a husband and wife]], 1300–1250 BC File:P1050700 (5022075232).jpg|Room 63 - Gilded outer coffins from the tomb of [[Henutmehyt]], Thebes, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, 1250 BC File:Book of the Dead of Hunefer sheet 5.jpg|Book of the Dead of [[Hunefer]], sheet 5, 19th Dynasty, 1250 BC File:British Museum Egypt 101.jpg|Room 4 – Ancient Egyptian bronze statue of a [[Gayer-Anderson cat|cat]] from the Late Period, {{circa|664}}–332 BC File:British Museum Egypt 107.jpg|Room 4 – Green siltstone head of a Pharaoh, 26th–30th Dynasty, 600–340 BC File:The black siltstone obelisk of Pharaoh Nectanebo II, c.350 BCE. From Cairo, Egypt. British Museum.jpg|Great Court – Black siltstone [[Obelisks of Nectanebo II|obelisk of King Nectanebo II]] of Egypt, Thirtieth dynasty, {{Circa|350 BC}} File:Fayum-66.jpg|Room 62 – Detail from the mummy case of Artemidorus the Younger, a Greek who had settled in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], Egypt, during Roman times, 100–200 AD </gallery> <gallery widths="190" heights="190"> File:Aegina treasure 01.jpg|Room 12 – A gold earring from the [[Aegina Treasure]], Greece, 1700–1500 BC File:BM; RM18 - GR, The Parthenon Galleries 1 Temple of Athena Parthenos (447-438 B.C) + North Slip Room, -Full Elevation & Viewing North-.JPG|Room 18 – Parthenon statuary from the east pediment and [[Metopes of the Parthenon|Metopes]] from the south wall, Athens, Greece, 447–438 BC File:BM, GNR; The Acropolis & The late 5th C BC ~ Erechtheum Caryatid + Ionic Column (Room 19).jpg|Room 19 – [[Caryatid]] and [[Ionian order|Ionian]] column from the [[Erechtheion]], Acropolis of Athens, Greece, 420–415 BC File:Tomb of Payava 2.jpg|Room 20 – [[Tomb of Payava]], Lycia, Turkey, 360 BC File:Fragmentary horse from the colossal four-horses chariot group which topped the podium of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, British Museum (8245662728).jpg|Room 21 – Fragmentary horse from the colossal chariot group which topped the podium of the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]], Turkey, {{Circa|350 BC}} File:Gold wreath BM 1908.4-14.1.jpg|Room 22 - Gold oak wreath with a bee and two cicadas, western Turkey, {{Circa|350–300 BC}} File:Column drum Ephesus.JPG|Room 22 – Column from the [[Temple of Artemis|Temple of Artemis in Ephesus]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]], Turkey, early 4th century BC File:Asklepios Melos BM Sc550.jpg|Room 22 - Colossal [[Asclepius of Milos|head of Asclepius]] wearing a metal crown (now lost), from a cult statue on [[Melos]], Greece, 325–300 BC File:Head and left hand from a bronze cult statue of Anahita, a local goddess shown here in the guide of Aphrodite, 200-100 BC, British Museum (8167358544).jpg|Room 22 – Bronze head and hand of an ancient [[Satala Aphrodite|Hellenistic statue]] discovered in [[Satala]], Turkey, 200–100 BC File:SFEC BritMus Roman 011.JPG|Room 1 - Farnese [[Hermes]] in the Enlightenment Gallery, Italy, 1st century AD File:GladiatorHelmetBM.jpg|Room 69 - Roman gladiator helmet from [[Pompeii]], Italy, 1st century AD File:Lely Venus BM 1963.jpg|Room 23 - The famous version of the '[[Crouching Venus]]', Roman, {{Circa|1st century AD}} File:Spinario-British Museum.jpg|Room 22 – Roman marble copy of the famous '[[Boy with Thorn|Spinario (Boy with Thorn)]]', Italy, {{Circa|1st century AD}} File:Apollo Kitharoidos BM 1380.jpg|Room 22 – [[Apollo of Cyrene]] (holding a [[lyre]]), Libya, {{Circa|2nd century AD}} </gallery> {{anchor|Islamic art}} * <gallery widths="190px" heights="190px"> File:Raminathicket2.jpg|Room 56 – The '[[Ram in a Thicket]]' figure, one of a pair, from [[Ur]], Southern Iraq, {{circa|2600 BC}} File:Standard of Ur - War.jpg|Room 56 – The famous '[[Standard of Ur]]', a hollow wooden box with scenes of war and peace, from [[Ur]], {{circa|2600 BC}} File:British Museum Middle east 14022019 Panel Imdugud 2500 BC 3640.jpg|Room 56 - [[Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel|Sculpture of the god Imdugud]], lion-headed eagle surmounting a lintel made from sheets of copper, Temple of Ninhursag at [[Tell al-'Ubaid]], Iraq, {{circa|2500 BC}} File:Statue Kurlil BM WA114207.jpg|Room 56 - Statue of Kurlil, from the Temple of [[Ninhursag]] in Tell al-'Ubaid, southern Iraq, {{circa|2500 BC}} File:Ishtar goddess.jpg|Room 56 – The famous Babylonian '[[Burney Relief|Queen of the Night relief]]' of the goddess [[Ishtar]], Iraq, {{circa|1790 BC}} File:Carved ivory depicting a woman at a window.jpg|Room 57 - Carved ivory object from the [[Nimrud Ivories]], Phoenician, Nimrud, Iraq, 9th–8th century BC File:Jehu-on-Obelisk-of-Shalmaneser.jpg|Room 6 – Depiction of the hypocrite, [[Jehu]], King of Israel on the [[Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III]], Nimrud, c. 827 BC File:Winged Human-headed Bulls.JPG|Room 10 – [[Lamassu|Human Headed Winged Bulls]] from [[Khorsabad]], companion pieces in the [[Musée du Louvre]], Iraq, 710–705 BC File:BM; ANE - RM 55, Cuneiform Tablets Display.1.JPG|Room 55 – Cuneiform Collection, including the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]], Iraq, {{circa|669}}–631 BC File:Dying Lion.R.jpg|Room 55 – ''[[Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal]]'' (detail), [[Nineveh]], Neo-Assyrian, Iraq, {{circa|645 BC}} File:BabylonLion-BM.JPG|Room 55 - Panel with striding lion made from glazed bricks, Neo-Babylonian, [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], Southern Iraq, 604–562 BC File:Britishmuseumoxustreasuregoldchariotmodel.jpg|Room 52 – A chariot from the [[Oxus Treasure]], the most important surviving collection of [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian]] metalwork, c. 5th to 4th centuries BC File:Decorated column base from Persepolis.jpg|Great Court - Decorated column base from Hundred Column Hall, [[Persepolis]], 470–450 BC File:Bmane2002-1-114,1.jpg|Room 53 - Stela said to come from Tamma' cemetery, [[Yemen]], 1st century AD File:British Museum Yemen 07d.jpg|Room 53 - [[Alabaster]] statue of a standing female figure, Yemen, 1st-2nd centuries AD File:Brass box BM 1878 12-30 674.jpg|Room 34 - Cylindrical lidded box with an Arabic inscription recording its manufacture for the ruler of Mosul, [[Badr al-Din Lu'lu']], Iraq, {{Circa|1233}} – 1259 AD </gallery> ===Department of Prints and Drawings=== <gallery widths="190" heights="190"> File:Rogier van der Weyden - Portrait of an unknown young woman - British Museum 180945001.jpg|[[Rogier van der Weyden]] - ''[[Portrait of a Young Woman (van der Weyden)|Portrait of a Young Woman]]'', {{circa|1440}} File:A fool, seated on a basket, about to be shaved by a nun holding a wafer iron by Hieronymus Bosch.jpg|[[Hieronymus Bosch]] - A comical barber scene, {{circa|1477}}–1516 File:Botticelli, allegoria dell'abbondanza, disegno.jpg|[[Sandro Botticelli]] - ''Allegory of Abundance'', 1480–1485 File:Leonardo da vinci, Study for the Burlington House Cartoon.jpg|[[Leonardo da Vinci]] – The [[Islamic views of Mary|Virgin]] and [[Jesus in Islam|Child]] with [[Saint Anne]] and the Infant Saint [[John the Baptist]] (prep for '[[The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist|The Burlington House Cartoon]]'), {{circa|1499}}–1500 File:Adam study - Michelangelo.jpg|[[Michelangelo]] – Studies of a reclining male nude: [[Adam]] in the fresco ''[[The Creation of Adam|The Creation of Man]]'' on the vault of the [[Sistine Chapel]], {{circa|1511}} File:Raffaello, studio di testa di madonna e bambino.jpg|[[Raphael]] – ''Study of Heads, Mother and Child'', {{circa|1509}}–1511 File:Titian - Drowning of the Pharaoh's Host in the Red Sea - WGA22989.jpg|[[Titian]] – ''[[Crossing the Red Sea|Drowning of the Pharaoh's Host in the Red Sea]]'', 1515–1517 File:Albrecht Dürer - Walrus - WGA07101.jpg|[[Albrecht Dürer]] - Drawing of a walrus, 1521 File:A Lady, called Anne Boleyn, by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg|[[Hans Holbein the Younger]] - ''Portrait of Anne Boleyn'', 1536 File:Joris and Jacob Hoefnagel - Allegory on Life and Death.jpg|[[Joris Hoefnagel]] and [[Jacob Hoefnagel]] - ''Allegory on Life and Death'', circa 1598 File:Peter Paul Rubens - Study for the figure of Christ on the Cross (cropped).jpg|[[Peter Paul Rubens]] - ''Study for the figure of Christ on the Cross'', 1610 File:Head of a monk, 1625-64, Francisco de Zurbarán. Drawing, 277 x 196 mm. British Museum.jpg|[[Francisco de Zurbarán]] - ''Head of a monk'', 1625–1664 File:Drawing of mules by Claude Lorrain.jpg|[[Claude Lorrain]] - Drawing of mules, including one full-length, 1630–1640 File:The Lamentation at the Foot of the Cross by Rembrandt van Rijn.jpg|[[Rembrandt]] – ''[[Lamentation of Christ|The Lamentation at the Foot of the Cross]]'', 1634–35 File:A woman with a rose drawn by Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|[[Thomas Gainsborough]] - Drawing of a woman with a rose, 1763–1765 File:Newport Castle by JMW Turner.jpg|[[J. M. W. Turner]] - Watercolour of Newport Castle, 1796 File:The happy effects of that grand systom of shutting ports against the English!!.jpg|[[Isaac Cruikshank]] - 'The happy effects of that grand system of shutting ports against the English!!', 1808 File:Hampstead Heath by John Constable watercolour.jpg|[[John Constable]] - ''London from Hampstead Heath in a Storm'', (watercolour), 1831 File:Notes Nocturne lithograph by James McNeill Whistler 1878.jpg|[[James McNeill Whistler]] - ''View of the Battersea side of Chelsea Reach'', London, (lithograph), 1878 File:Van Gogh - In the Orchard - 1883.jpg|[[Vincent van Gogh]] - Man Digging in the Orchard (print), 1883 </gallery> ===Department of Britain, Europe and Prehistory=== [[File:British Museum (6425125707).jpg|thumb|250px|Gallery 50 – View down the Roman Britain gallery]] [[File:Waddesdon_Bequest_(2).JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|Gallery 2a – Display case of Renaissance metalware from the [[Waddesdon Bequest]]]] <gallery widths="190px" heights="190px"> File:British Museum Olduvai handaxe.jpg|Room 2 – [[Handaxe]], [[Lower Palaeolithic]], [[Olduvai Gorge]], Tanzania, {{circa|1.2&nbsp;million years BC}} File:Sleeping Reindeer 4512630872 d31dcb1207 o.jpg|Room 3 – [[Swimming Reindeer]] carving, France, {{circa|13,000 years BC}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://my.page-flip.co.uk/?userpath=00000013/00012513/00053413/&page=11|title=BM Reindeer|work=page-flip.co.uk|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301030041/http://my.page-flip.co.uk/?userpath=00000013%2F00012513%2F00053413%2F&page=11|url-status=dead}}</ref> File:Ain Sakhri Lovers - British Museum - Joy of Museums.jpg|Room 2 – [[Ain Sakhri lovers]], from the cave of [[Ain Sakhri]], near [[Bethlehem]], {{circa|9000 BC}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/p/ain_sakhri_lovers_figurine.aspx|title=British Museum - Ain Sakhri lovers figurine|work=British Museum|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021025025/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_prb/p/ain_sakhri_lovers_figurine.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> File:British Museum gold thing 501594 fh000035.jpg|Room 51 – [[Mold cape|Mold gold cape]], North Wales, Bronze Age, {{circa|1900}}–1600 BC File:Wandsworth Shield.png|Room 50 – [[Wandsworth Shield]], Iron Age shield boss in La Tène style, England, 2nd century BC File:IronAgeTorcBritishMuseum.JPG|Room 50 – Gold torc found in [[Needwood Forest]], central England, 75 BC File:Roman emperor head.jpg|Room 49 - Bronze head of a Roman emperor, [[Claudius]] or [[Nero]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=figure {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1965-1201-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708040219/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1965-1201-1 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The British Museum |url-status=live }}</ref> from Rendham in Suffolk, eastern England, 1st century AD File:Romano-British crown and diadem.jpg|Room 49 – Romano-British crown and diadem found in [[Hockwold cum Wilton]], England 1st century AD File:Mosaic2 - plw.jpg|Room 49 – [[Hinton St Mary Mosaic]] with face of Christ in the centre, from Dorset, southern England, 4th century AD File:Corbridge lanx.jpg|Room 49 – [[Corbridge Lanx]], silver tray depicting a shrine to Apollo, northern England, 4th century AD File:British Museum Coleraine Hoard.jpg|Room 41 – Silver objects from the Roman [[Coleraine]] Hoard, Northern Ireland, 4th-5th centuries AD File:Sutton Hoo helmet 2016.png|Room 41 – [[Sutton Hoo helmet]], Anglo-Saxon, England, early 7th century AD File:Virgin and Child BM PE1978-05.02-3.jpg|Room 40 – Ivory statue of [[Virgin and Child]], who is crushing a dragon under her left foot from Paris, France, 1310-1330 AD File:Chaucer Astrolabe BM 1909.6-17.1.jpg|Room 40 – Chaucer [[Astrolabe]], the oldest dated in Europe, 1326 AD File:British Museum Royal Gold Cup.jpg|Room 40 – [[Royal Gold Cup]] or [[Saint Agnes Cup]], made in Paris, France, 1370–80 AD File:Holy Thorn Reliquary front 2018 (cropped).JPG|Room 2a – [[Holy Thorn Reliquary]], made in Paris, {{circa|1390s AD}} File:Ship Clock at British Museum.jpg|Room 38 – [[Mechanical Galleon]] clock, Augsburg, Germany, around 1585 AD File:Carillon Clock with Automata, by Isaac Habrecht - British Museum.jpg|Room 38 – Carillon clock with automata by [[Isaac and Josias Habrecht|Isaac Habrecht]], Switzerland, 1589 AD File:Inside the British Museum, London - DSC04228.JPG|Room 39 – Ornate clock made by [[Thomas Tompion]], England, 1690 AD </gallery> ===Department of Asia=== [[File:BrMus Amravati.jpg|thumb|Room 33a – [[Amaravati Sculptures]], southern India, 1st century BC and 3rd century AD]] [[File:Room 95-6752.JPG|thumb|Room 95 – The [[Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art|Percival David collection]] of Chinese ceramics]] [[File:Lord Shiva Nataraja at the British Museum.jpg|thumb|Statue of Lord Shiva Nataraja.]] * <gallery widths="190" heights="190"> File:Poids cubiques harappéens - BM.jpg|Room 33 - Cubic weights made of [[chert]] from [[Mohenjo-daro]], Pakistan, 2600-1900 BC File:Periodo degli zhou dell'est, coppia di vasi rituali hu. V sec. ac. 01.JPG|Room 33 - One of the [[hu (vessel)|hu]] from Huixian, China, 5th century BC File:CrystalGoose.JPG|Room 33 - A [[hamsa (bird)|hamsa]] sacred goose vessel made of [[crystal]] from Stupa 32, [[Taxila]], Pakistan, 1st century AD File:Death of the Buddha BM.jpg|Room 33 - Stone sculpture of the death of Buddha, Gandhara, [[Pakistan]], 1st-3rd centuries AD File:Ku K'ai-chih 001.jpg|Room 91a - Section of the [[Admonitions Scroll]] by Chinese artist [[Gu Kaizhi]], China, c. 380 AD File:Denesar Khera Buddha.JPG|Room 33 - Gilded bronze [[Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription|statue of the Buddha]], Dhaneswar Khera, India, 5th century AD File:Amitabha Buddha Statue, British Museum - panoramio.jpg|The [[Amitābha]] Buddha from Hancui on display in the museum's stairwell, China, 6th century AD File:Luóhàn at British Museum.jpg|Room 33 - The [[arhat|luohan]] from Yixian made of glazed stoneware, China, 907-1125 AD File:Goddess Ambika from Dhar.JPG|Sculpture of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Goddess Ambika]] found at [[Dhar]], India, 1034 AD File:Tirthankaras.jpg|Sculpture of the two Jain tirthankaras [[Rishabhanatha]] and [[Mahavira]], [[Orissa, India]], 11th-12th century AD File:British Museum Kang Hou Gui Top.jpg|Room 33 - Western Zhou bronze ritual vessel known as the "[[Kang Hou Gui]]", China, 11th century BC File:Seated Avalokiteshvara BM OA 1985.5-11.1.jpg|Room 33 - A crowned figure of the [[Bodhisattva]] Khasarpana Avalokiteśvara, India, 12th century AD File:British Museum Asia 2 (cropped).jpg|Room 33 - Covered hanging jar with underglaze decoration, Si Satchanalai (Sawankalok), north-central [[Thailand]], 14th-16th centuries AD File:Hu-shaped altar vessel BM 1989.0309.1.jpg|Room 33 - [[Hu (vessel)|Hu]]-shaped altar flower vessel, Ming dynasty, China, 15th -16th centuries AD File:Judge assistant hell BM OA1917.11-16.1 n02.jpg|Room 33 - An assistant to the Judge of Hell, figure from a judgement group, [[Ming dynasty]], China, 16th century AD File:British Museum Asia 41-2.jpg|Room 33 - Statue of Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, gilded bronze. [[Nepal]], 16th century AD File:Indischer Maler um 1615 (I) 001.jpg|Portrait of Ibrâhîm 'Âdil Shâh II (1580–1626), [[Mughal Empire]] of India, 1615 AD File:Utagawa Toyoharu (attributed to), Courtesans of the Tamaya House.jpg|Room 90 - Courtesans of the Tamaya House, attributed to Utagawa Toyoharu, screen painting; Japan, [[Edo period]], late 1770s or early 1780s AD File:SFEC BritMus Asia 027.JPG|Room 33 - Large statue of [[Buddha]] made of [[lacquer]] from Burma, 18th-19th century AD File:Seated.Lama-01-British.Museum.jpg|Room 33 - Figure of seated Lama; of painted and varnished papier-mâché, [[Ladakh]], India, 19th century AD </gallery> === Copyright settlement === Silimiin goli August yuuni 2023, British Museum nyɛla ban daa di alizama ni lahabali lɛbigira Yilin Wang din daa niŋ ka bɛ zaŋ lahabali shɛli o ni daa lɛbigi ka di nyɛ yɛltɔɣa taɣimalisi tum tuma ka di pa o yidani la [[Qiu Jin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=The British Museum reaches settlement with translator whose work was used without permission |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/british-museum-reaches-settlement-translator-whose-work-was-used-permi-rcna98999 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=NBC News |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828000552/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/british-museum-reaches-settlement-translator-whose-work-was-used-permi-rcna98999 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Tibet naming conventions === Silimiin goli January yuuni 2025, British Museum nyɛla [[Tibetans|Tibetan]] ni daa galim shɛba ka fii pirinla bɛ daa zami ni [[Tibet]] nyɛla "Xizang," saha ŋɔ di nyɛla [[government of the People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Socktsang |first=Loboe |date=24 January 2025 |title=Tibetans demand apology from the British Museum for use of 'Xizang' |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/tibet/2024/12/24/tibet-british-museum-xizang/ |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Radio Free Asia]]}}</ref> ==Galleries== ;Building <gallery> File:BM, Main Floor Main Entrance Hall ~ South Stairs.6.JPG|Main Staircase, ''[[Discobolus]]'' of [[Myron]] (the Discus-Thrower) File:British Museum Reading Room Panorama Feb 2006.jpg|[[British Museum Reading Room]] File:British Museum 2010-06-04 B.jpg|Ceiling of the Great Court and the black siltstone obelisks of [[Nectanebo II]], {{Circa|350 BC}} File:Flickr - Nic's events - British Museum with Cory and Mary, 6 Sep 2007 - 183.jpg|Detail of an [[Ionic order|Ionic]] capital on a pilaster in the Great Court File:England; London - The British Museum, Facade South Front ~ -Main Entrance + West Wing- Colonnade + The Africa Garden.2.jpg|African Garden – created by [[BBC TV]] programme [[Ground Force]] </gallery> ;Museum galleries ''Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan'' <gallery> File:BM, AES Egyptian Sculpture (Room 4), View South + Towards Assyrian Sculpture Gallery (Room 6).JPG|Room 4 – Egyptian Sculpture, view towards the Assyrian Transept File:BM, AES Egyptian Sculpture (Room 4), View North.3.JPG|Room 4 File:Egyptian Gallery.JPG|Room 4 </gallery> ''Department of the Middle East'' <gallery> File:BM; RM6 - ANE, Assyrian Sculpture 32 -East (N), Centre Island + North Wall- ~ Assyrian Empire + -Lamassu, Stela's, Statue's, Obelisk's, Relief Panel's & Full Projection.1.jpg|The British Museum, Room 6 – Assyrian Sculpture File:BM; RM8 - ANE, Nimrud Palace Reliefs 75 South + East Wall (S) ~ Central Palace of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 B.C) + Full Elevation & Viewing South.1.JPG|Room 8 – Pair of [[Lamassu]] from [[Nimrud]] and reliefs from the palace of [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] File:BM; RM7 - ANE, Nimrud Palace Reliefs 1 Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 B.C) ~ Full Elevation & Viewing South.JPG|Room 7 – Reliefs from the North-west palace of [[Ashurnasirpal II]], [[Nimrud]] File:BM; ANE - RM 89, Assyrian Reliefs ~ Nineveh.JPG|Room 89 – [[Nimrud]] and Nineveh Palace Reliefs File:BM; ANE - Nineveh, The Royal Lion Hunt (Room 10).JPG|Room 10 – Nineveh, The Royal Lion Hunt </gallery> ''Department of Greece and Rome'' <gallery> File:Parthenon Frieze.JPG|Room 18 – Ancient Greece File:Tomb of Merehi 1.jpg|Room 20a – Tomb of Merehi and Greek vases, [[Lycia]], 360 BC File:British Museum - Room 85, Roman Portrait Sculpture.JPG|Room 85 – Portrait Sculpture, Roman File:Townley Sculptures.JPG|Room 84 – [[Charles Towneley|Towneley]] Roman Sculptures File:SFEC BritMus Roman 022.JPG|Main Staircase – ''[[Discobolus]]'', Roman File:The Townley Caryatid (anterior).jpg|Main Staircase – [[Townley Caryatid]], Roman, 140–160 AD </gallery> ===Digital and online=== Museum ŋɔ nyɛla din mali saawara ni Google Cultural Institute din yɛn che ka bɛ lahabaya ŋɔ tooi be pohim zuɣu.<ref name="gci">{{cite web|title=British Museum Online|url=https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/partner/the-british-museum|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103081312/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/partner/the-british-museum|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Exhibitions== * ''[https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/RP_Exhibitions_Chronology.pdf Chronology of Temporary Exhibitions at the British Museum]'', by Joanna Bowring (British Museum Research Paper 189, 2012) lists all temporary exhibitions from 1838 to 2012. * Helen Wang, 2022. ‘Displays of money and medals at the British Museum, 1759 to 2022’, ''Numismatic Chronicle'' 182, pp.&nbsp;313–338. ''Forgotten Empire Exhibition'' (October 2005 – January 2006) <gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow="4"> File:Forgotten Empire Exhibition, (Room 5).1.JPG|Room 5 – Exhibitions Panorama File:The British Museum, Room 5-Persepolis Bas-relief.jpg|Room 5 – The [[Persepolis]] Casts File:BM; ANE - Forgotten Empire Exhibition, (Room 5).3.JPG|Room 5 – Exhibitions Relics File:BM; ANE - Forgotten Empire Exhibition, The Cyrus Cylinder (Room 5).JPG|Room 5 – The [[Cyrus Cylinder]] </gallery> Bin din gbaai Silimiin goli January zaŋ hali ni Silimiin goli April yuuni 2012, museum ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa ti ''[[Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam]]'', tuuli din daa galisi zaŋ n-ti [[Hajj]], di nyɛla musuliminima daantali dibaa anu la zaɣ'yini.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Maev |title=Hajj exhibition at British Museum |journal=The Guardian |date=25 January 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/25/hajj-exhibition-british-museum |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215193919/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/25/hajj-exhibition-british-museum |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berns |first1=Steph |title=Hajj journey to the heart of islam |url=https://archive.org/details/material-religion_2012-12_8_4/page/543 |journal=Material Religion |date=December 2012 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=543–544 |doi=10.2752/175183412X13522006995213|s2cid=192190977 }}</ref> ==Lihimi m-pahi== *[[2016–17 all-female UK terror plot]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * Anderson, Robert (2005). ''The Great Court and the British Museum''. London: [[The British Museum Press]] * Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MIBNXScRj3QC&lpg=PP1&dq=modernism%20and%20the%20museum&pg=PP1 ''Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African and Pacific Art and the London Avant Garde'']. [[Oxford University Press]], 2011, pp.&nbsp;103–164. {{ISBN|978-0-19-959369-9}}. * Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modernism-modernity/summary/v018/18.1.arrowsmith.html "The Transcultural Roots of Modernism: Imagist Poetry, Japanese Visual Culture, and the Western Museum System"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000000/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modernism-modernity/summary/v018/18.1.arrowsmith.html |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''[[Modernism/modernity]]'' Volume 18, Number 1, January 2011, pp.&nbsp;27–42. {{ISSN|1071-6068}}. * Bowring, Joanna (2012). ''[https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/RP_Exhibitions_Chronology.pdf Chronology of Temporary Exhibitions at the British Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119160033/https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/RP_Exhibitions_Chronology.pdf |date=19 November 2018 }}'' London: British Museum Research Paper 189. * Caygill, Marjorie (2006). ''The British Museum: 250 Years''. London: The British Museum Press * Caygill, Marjorie (2002). ''The Story of the British Museum''. London: The British Museum Press * --do.-- (2009) ''Treasures of the British Museum'' London: The British Museum Press {{ISBN|0714150622}} (1st ed. 1985; 2nd ed. 1992) * Cook, B. F. (2005). ''The Elgin Marbles''. London: The British Museum Press * Esdaile, Arundell (1946) ''[[The British Museum Library: a Short History and Survey]]''. London: [[Allen & Unwin]] * Jacobs, Norman (2010) ''Behind the Colonnade''. Stroud: The History Press * Jenkins, Ian (2006). ''Greek Architecture and its Sculpture in The British Museum''. London: The British Museum Press * [[Frank Francis|Francis, Frank]], ed. (1971) ''Treasures of the British Museum''. London: Thames & Hudson (rev. ed., 1975) * [[Stephanie Moser|Moser, Stephanie]] (2006). ''Wondrous Curiosities: Ancient Egypt at The British Museum''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press * Reade, Julian (2004). ''Assyrian Sculpture''. London: The British Museum Press * Reeve, John (2003). ''The British Museum: Visitor's Guide''. London: The British Museum Press * Wilson, David M. (2002). ''The British Museum: a history''. London: The British Museum Press {{Refend}} == External links == {{Commons and category|British Museum}} * {{Official website}} * [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45210&strquery=museum The British Museum] from ''[[Survey of London|The Survey of London]]'' * [http://www.streetsensation.co.uk/sights/british_museum.htm British Museum elevation] * {{EW charity|1140844|The British Museum Trust Ltd.|ref=none}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=British+Museum | name=British Museum}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=British Museum}} *[https://artsandculture.google.com/u/0/partner/the-british-museum?hl=en%3F%3F Virtual tour of the British Museum] provided by [[Google Arts & Culture]] {{WikidataCoord}} {{British Museum}} {{London museums}} {{Department for Culture, Media and Sport}} {{London landmarks}} {{Libraries in London}} {{Bloomsbury}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:British Museum| ]] <!-- Please respect alphabetical order --> [[Category:1753 establishments in England]] [[Category:Archaeological museums in London]] [[Category:Art museums and galleries in London]] [[Category:Asian art museums in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Charities based in London]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1847]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2000]] [[Category:Egyptological collections in London]] [[Category:Exempt charities]] [[Category:History of museums]] [[Category:Georgian architecture in the London Borough of Camden]] [[Category:Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden]] [[Category:Grade I listed museum buildings]] [[Category:Greek Revival architecture in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Horological museums in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Mesoamerican art museums]] [[Category:Museums in the London Borough of Camden]] [[Category:Museums of ancient Greece in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Museums of the ancient Near East in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Museums established in 1753]] [[Category:Museums sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport]] [[Category:Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government]] [[Category:Robert Smirke (architect) buildings]] [[Category:Neoclassical architecture in London]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Bloomsbury]] [[Category:Foster and Partners buildings]] [[Category:Physical museums with virtual catalogues and exhibits]] acjbh3gse64twyu35ewvm42fg86sfv4 Scramble for Africa 0 32014 146166 145747 2026-08-10T22:08:59Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image |total_width=350px |image1=African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg |caption1= Major [[List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history|pre-colonial states in Africa]] (excluding East African states such as [[Ajuran Sultanate|Ajuran]], [[Adal Sultanate|Adal]], [[Kingdom of Buganda|Buganda]], [[Kingdom of Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa]], and [[Merina Kingdom|Imerina]], and southern African ones: [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe|Mapungubwe]], [[Rozvi Empire|Rozvi]], [[Maravi]], [[Uukwanyama]], and [[Mthwakazi]]) |image2=Africa map 1914.svg |caption2=Areas of Africa controlled by [[history of colonialism|Western European colonial powers]] in 1913: [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]] (orange), [[British Empire#Cape to Cairo|British]] (pink), [[French colonial empire|French]] (purple), [[German colonial empire|German]] (blue), [[Italian Empire|Italian]] (lime green), [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] (dark green), and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] (yellow) empires }} [[File:Colonial Africa 1913 map.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Areas of Africa controlled by [[Western European]] colonial empires in 1913, with current national boundaries superimposed {{Legend|#f7fab2|[[Belgian colonial empire|Belgium]]}} {{Legend|#b6e3fc|[[French colonial empire|France]]}} {{Legend|#bbfdd9|[[German colonial empire|Germany]]}} {{Legend|#d2f89b|[[Italian Empire|Italy]]}} {{Legend|#c0a6f2|[[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]]}} {{Legend|#eaaff7|[[Spanish Empire|Spain]]}} {{Legend|#fbc5c0|[[British Empire|United Kingdom]]}} {{Legend|#f6f6f6|Independent}}]] '''Scramble for Africa'''{{Efn|Also known as the '''Partition of Africa''', the '''Conquest of Africa''', or the '''Rape of Africa'''}} daa nyɛla lirigu, ŋme n-fa, ni [[Africa]] nima shɛba gbahibu din nyɛ Western European ya' shɛli bɛ ni daa wuhi Second Industrial Revolution saha din gbaai 19th century mini 20th century piligu zaŋ chaŋ "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal ni Spain. Yuuni 1870, vaabu 10% n daa be European sulinsi ni lala yaɣili ŋɔ. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1914, lala kalinli ŋɔ daa du zuɣiusaa ni vaabu 90%; tiŋgbana di da na kuli ba maŋsulinsi ni n-nyɛ [[Liberia]], Ethiopia, Egba,{{Efn|The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognised by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914.<ref name=daly>{{Cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Samuel Fury Childs |title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=4 May 2019 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=474–489 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833 |s2cid=159124664 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833 |issn=0308-6534}}</ref>}} Aussa, Senusiyya,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hadaway |first=Stuart |title=Pyramids and Fleshpots: The Egyptian, Senussi and Eastern Mediterranean Campaigns (1914–1916) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFGpBAAAQBAJ&dq=senussi+campaign&pg=PA15 |year=2014|publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-5808-0 }}</ref> Mbunda,<ref name=cheke>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUgwAQAAIAAJ|title=The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples|last=Association|first=Cheke Cultural Writers|date=1994|publisher=The Association|isbn=9789982030069|language=en|chapter=Chapter 14: The Kolongongo War Against the Portuguese}}</ref> Dervish State, Darfur Sultanate,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bassil |first=Noah R. |date=2006-12-01 |title=The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629380601036098 |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=347–364 |doi=10.1080/13629380601036098 |issn=1362-9387}}</ref> ni Ovambo kingdoms,<ref name=frieda>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Frieda-Nela |url=https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |title=Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600–1920 |publisher=National Archives of Namibia |year=1991 |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307225349/https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fokkens |first=Andries |title=The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=2023 |pages=382–421 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468}}</ref> di shɛŋa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti lahi ŋme n deei shɛŋa. Yuuni 1884 [[Berlin Conference]] daa milisi ?European colonisation" ka niŋ daabiligu Africa, ka bɛ nyɛ ka dini n daa tahi "scramble" na.{{Sfn|Brantlinger|1985|pages=166–203}} 19th century bahigu, siyaasa nyintahili daa be European empires.{{Sfn|Robinson|Gallagher|Denny|1961|p=175}} 19th century yuma din daa doli na daa ʒi taɣibu na ni "informal imperialism".{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=301}} "European colonial empires" ni daa ti labiri nyaaŋa dunia tɔbiri dibaa ayi din daa ŋme yiɣisibu ni, African tinsi pam daa deei maŋsulinsi Cold War ni, ka daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ niŋ ningbuna ni "Organisation of African Unity" laɣingu ni yuuni 1964 ka di nyɛla bɛ daa zorila dabiɛm ni tiŋ'bihili rtɔbu ŋmebu, ka zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ pan-Africanism ni.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Touval |first=Saadia |title=The Organization of African Unity and African Borders |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-organization_winter-1967_21_1/page/102 |journal=International Organization |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=102–127 |date=1967 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300013151 |jstor=2705705}}</ref> ==Pilli== {{Campaignbox Exploration of Africa}} {{Campaignbox Scramble for Africa}} {{New Imperialism}} Zaŋ kana yuuni 1841, daabihi ban daa yina Europe daa kpala luɣ'shɛŋa bɛ ni niŋdi daabiligu Africa yaɣa, amaa "seldom" daa kpe inland, ka mali niya ni bɛ biɛhigu shee kuli miri kuliga. Tuuli bɛ daa niŋdila daabiligu ni tiŋ'bihi. Doriti kamani kpaɣ'ʒiɛɣu doro nyɛla din daa che ka biɛhigu nima ni niŋ tɔm toi European nim ŋɔ.{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991|loc=ch 1}} Kamani zaŋ chaŋ 1870s bahigu, Europeans daa sula kamani 10% African tingbana ni, ka bɛ biɛhisi shee zaa miri kulisi. Bɛ ni daa su yaɣ'shɛŋa pam n-nyɛ Angola ni Mozambique, ban daa gbubi li n-nyɛ [[Portugal]]; Cape Colony, ni United Kingdom; ni Algeria, ka [[France]] gbubi li. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1914, [[Ethiopia]] mini [[Liberia]] daa nyɛla ban daa na kuli ka European sulinsi ni, <ref>Compare: {{cite book |last=Killingray |first=David |year=1998 |chapter=7: The War in Africa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbYoAwAAQBAJ |quote=In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia. |editor-last=Strachan |editor-first=Hew |editor-link=Hew Strachan |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War: New Edition |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |edition=2nd |publication-date=2014 |page=101 |access-date=2017-02-21 |isbn=978-0-19-164040-7}}</ref> Tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma daa sɔŋsi European ka bɛ duri kulisi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/quinine|title=Quinine|website=broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=2020-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216122141/http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/quinine|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Din daa tahili na == ===Africa and global markets=== Sub-Saharan Africa, Dunia luɣ'shɛli "informal imperialism" ni daa bi paai, daa nyɛla daabihi ni yu shɛli.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=301}}<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Ewout |last1=Frankema |author-link2=Jeffrey G. Williamson |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Williamson |first3=Pieter |last3=Woltjer |author-link3=Pieter Woltjer |title=An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=78 |issue=1 |date=2018 |pages=231–267|doi=10.1017/S0022050718000128 |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/55912025/Scramble_for_Africa.pdf }}</ref> Aʒianima din daa guui pam nyɛla din daa kpalim mɔɣ'duya, luɣ'shɛli binyɛra ni be alaha.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Lynn |author-link=Lynn Hunt |last=Hunt |title=The Making of the West |volume=C |location=Bedford |publisher=St. Martin |date=2005}}</ref> Luɣ'shɛli din daa ti leei Union of South Africa yuuni 1910, European daa dii bi zaŋ bɛ aʒianima pam niŋ Africa ni.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobson |first=John Atkinson |title=Imperialism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |date=2011 |page=77 |isbn=978-0-511-79207-6 |oclc=889962491}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Easterly|first=William|title=The Imperial Origins of State-Led Development|url=http://aidwatchers.com/2009/09/the-imperial-origins-of-state-led-development/|date=September 17, 2009|publisher=New York University Blogs|access-date=2009-09-23|archive-date=2016-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205113614/http://aidwatchers.com/2009/09/the-imperial-origins-of-state-led-development/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Strategic rivalry=== [[File:LeCommandantMarchand.jpg|thumb|Contemporary French propaganda poster hailing Major [[Jean-Baptiste Marchand|Marchand]]'s [[Fashoda Incident|trek across Africa toward Fashoda]] in 1898]] Di ni niŋ ka Africa daa dii pa bɛ ni kuri liɣiri niŋdi shɛli maa, mɔg'duya luɣ'shɛna ka bɛ daa dirili niŋda.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Langer|first1=William A|title=The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902|last2=Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College|publisher=Alfred A Knopf|year=1935|volume=1|location=New York and London}}</ref>{{Sfn|Robinson|Gallagher|Denny|1961|p=175}}<ref>Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." ''English Historical Review'' (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114114902/http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html |date=2012-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gjersø |first=Jonas Fossli |title=The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95 |journal= Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=831–860 |date=2015 |s2cid=143514840 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131 |doi-access=free}}</ref><!-- What do they say in contrast? --> 'Scramble for African' gba daa lahi nyɛla din tabi linjima tuma.<ref name="autogenerated1982">H.R. Cowie, ''Imperialism and Race Relations''. Revised edition, Nelson Publishing, Vol. 5, 1982.</ref> Sal'nim zaŋ bɛ mansi ti tiŋgbanma saha di daa niŋ talahi ni tiŋ ka pii di "status symbol"; tɛhi kara tɛha "greatness" daa nyɛla din zaŋ gɔhi "White Man's Burden", bee tuma tumbu, ka nyɛ tiŋgbana pam sochibisi.<ref name="autogenerated1982" /> 1880s piligu, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza daa gorimi gindi Congo River zaŋti France, lala saha maa zuɣu ni Henry Morton Stanley daa zani Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo zaani n-gɔri ginda, ka Leopold II of Belgium tabiri sɔŋdi o, ŋun daa yɛn suli o maŋmaŋ ka din yɛ Congo Free State.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa.|url=https://archive.org/details/kingleopoldsghos0000hoch_a7b3|last=Hochschild|first=Adam|date=1999|publisher=Mariner Books|isbn=0-358-21250-2|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kingleopoldsghos0000hoch_a7b3/page/281 281]|oclc=1105149367}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=International Relations|last=Khanna|first=V. N.|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=2013|isbn=9789325968363|edition=5th|location=India|pages=55}}</ref> Yuuni 1884, Germany daa yɛliya ni Togoland, Cameroons ni South West Africa nyɛla din be bɛ ni guri yaɣ'shɛŋa ni;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h50imp.htm|title=Africa and Empire in the 1880s and '90s|last=Smitha|first=Frank E.|website=www.fsmitha.com|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> ka France daa deeiGuinea. French West Africa nyɛla din daa pili yuuni 1895 ka French Equatorial Africa pili yuuni 1910.{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991}}<ref>Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion'' (1996).</ref> French Somaliland, Russian nima ban daa be "Egyptian fort" sahabiɛla zaŋ chaŋ Sagallo daa nyɛla Terek Cossacks ni deei shɛli sahabiɛla yuni 1889.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Borrero|first=Mauricio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC|title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7475-4|pages=69–70|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Preaching from a Waggon (David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|left|[[David Livingstone]], early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the [[African slave trade|slave trade]]]] ====Germany's ''Weltpolitik''==== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA6364, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Polizeiaskaris.jpg|thumb|The [[Askari]] colonial troops in [[German East Africa]], c. 1906]] Germany, daa nyɛla din piri din piri tiŋmgbani. Yuuni 1862, Otto von Bismarck daa leei Minister-President zaŋti Kingdom of Prussia, ni tɔbiri din daa ŋme Austria in 1866 mini France in 1870. <ref>George Shepperson, "The centennial of the West African conference of Berlin, 1884–1885." Phylon 46.1 (1985): 37–48 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/274944 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021013746/https://www.jstor.org/stable/274944 |date=2019-10-21 }}.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The origins of totalitarianism|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=1973|isbn=9780156701532|edition=New|location=New York|pages=222|oclc=614421}}</ref> Zaŋ gbaai 1880s, ''Deutscher Kolonialverein'' daa nam ya, ka ''Kolonialzeitung daa yi polo''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kitson |first=Alison |title=Germany, 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival |url=https://archive.org/details/germany18581990h0000kits |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2001 |pages=64 |isbn=0-19-913417-0 |oclc=47209403}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=German Colonial Rule |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199846733/obo-9780199846733-0020.xml |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> ====Italy's expansion==== [[File:Zaptié, Arabien.jpg|thumb|An Italian [[Carabiniere]] and a Libyan colonial [[Zaptié]] patrolling in Tripoli, [[Italian Tripolitania]], 1914]] Tɔbu din daa tuhi ni France nyaaŋa Crimean War (1853–1856) ni, Kingdom of Sardinia daa nyɛla din mali niya ni di laɣim Italian peninsula, ni French sɔŋsim. Taba laɣimbu nyaaŋa, Italy daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ yɛligi bɛ kpari bɔɣiri ka nya yaa,ka deein[[Eritrea]] yaɣ'shɛŋa yuuni 1870<ref>{{cite book |last=Ullendorff |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Ullendorff |title=The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People |url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansintrod0000ulle/page/90/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |edition=2nd|year=1965 |pages=90 |isbn=0-19-285061-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Eritrea|volume=9|page=747}}</ref> ni yuuni 1882.Yuuni 1889–90, din daa deei Horn of Africa, ka pili luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni booni Italian Somaliland.{{Sfn|Pakenham|1991|p=281}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Micheal |last=Clodfelter |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures |edition= 4th |publisher=McFarland |year=2017|page=202}}</ref> ====Herero Wars and the Maji Maji Rebellion==== {{Main|Herero Wars|Maji Maji Rebellion}} {{See also|Herero and Namaqua genocide}} [[File:Herero Nama Shark Island Death Camp Lieutenant von Durling 05.jpg|thumb|upright|Lieutenant von Durling with prisoners at [[Shark Island concentration camp|Shark Island]], one of the German concentration camps used during the [[Herero and Namaqua genocide]]]] Bini din gbaai yuuni 1904 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1908, Germany "colonies" din be German South West Africa mini German East Africa daa nyɛ tuhibu ni nbɛ zalisi. Tiŋgbani yaɣa maa zaa varisigu zaŋti "German rule" nyɛla Germany ni daa tuhi nyaŋ shɛli, ka di [[Herero people|Herero]] daa bɔhi bɛri German South West Africa ka daa bi di nasara Battle of Waterberg ni mini Maji-Maji daa bɔhi bɛri German East Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prein |first=Philipp |date=1994 |title=Guns and Top Hats: African Resistance in German South West Africa, 1907–1915 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637122 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=99–121 |doi=10.1080/03057079408708389 |jstor=2637122 |bibcode=1994JSAfS..20...99P |issn=0305-7070}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1bRcJ885fAC|title=The Revolt of the Hereros|last=Bridgman|first=Jon|date=1981|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04113-4|language=en}}</ref> German kpaŋmaŋa ni German South West Africa tiŋ'bihi mɔri ni yihibu ni salo maa polo. Di zaa kalilnli, kamani tuhi pihiyɔbiu ni kɔbisinu (65,000 Herero) (vaabu 80% Herero daadam biɛligyu maa puuni), ni vaabu tuhi pia (10,000 Namaqua) (vaabu 50% Namaqua daadam biɛligu puuni) daa nyɛla ban be kum ni, n-kpi ni ko'nyuri, bee ka bɛ tum kpi "Shark Island concentration camp" ni bini din gbaai yuuni 1904 mini yuuni 1908. Bini din gbaai 24,000 mini 100,000 Hereros sunsuuni, 10,000 Nama, ni San kalinli din bi mi nyɛla ban daa kpi "genocide" maa ni.<ref name="Walter Nuhn 1904">{{cite book |author = Nuhn, Walter | year = 1989 | title = Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 | language = de | location = Koblenz, DEU | publisher = Bernard & Graefe-Verlag | isbn = 978-3-7637-5852-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Schaller | first = Dominik J. | editor-last = Moses | editor-first = A. Dirk | title = From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. | trans-title = Empire, Colony Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History | edition = first | year = 2008 | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-1-84545-452-4 | page = 296 | quote = see his footnotes to German language sources citation #1 for Chapter 13. }}</ref><ref name=sarkin>Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008) ''Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908'', p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn. {{ISBN|978-0-31336-256-9}}</ref><ref name=moses>{{cite book |author = Moses, A. Dirk | year = 2008 | title = Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History |url = https://archive.org/details/empirecolonygeno0000unse | location = New York | publisher = Berghahn Books | isbn = 978-1-84545-452-4 }}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author = Schaller, Dominik J. | year = 2008 | title = From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa | location = New York | publisher = Berghahn Books | page= 296 | isbn = 978-1-84545-452-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1 = Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L. |author2=Lennox, Sara |author3=Zantop, Susanne M. | year = 1998 | title = The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy | location = Ann Arbor, MI | publisher = University of Michigan Press | page= 87 | isbn = 978-0-472-09682-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor = Baronian, Marie-Aude |editor2=Besser, Stephan |editor3=Jansen, Yolande | year = 2007 | title = Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics | series = Thamyris, Intersecting Place, Sex and Race, Issue 13 | location = Leiden, NDL | publisher = Brill/Rodopi | page= 33 | issn = 1381-1312 | isbn = 978-9042021297 }}</ref> "Genocide" nahingbana daa nyɛla kum kubu, ko'nyuri, ni pooʒini zaŋ ku niriba, ka bɛ daa gbahiba niŋ Namib Desert.<ref>Ulrich van der Heyden; Holger Stoecker (2005) ''Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800–1945'', p. 394, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart {{ISBN|978-3-515-08423-9}}</ref><ref name=totten>Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&dq=Herero+Poisoned+wells&pg=PA51 ''Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts''], Routledge, NY {{ISBN|978-0-203-89043-1}} p. 22</ref><ref name=kroll>Dan Kroll (2006) ''Securing Our Water Supply: Protecting a Vulnerable Resource'', p. 22, PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press {{ISBN|978-1-59370-069-0}}</ref> ===African colonies listed by colonising power=== ====Belgium==== [[File:Leopold II Statue at Place du Trône - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Equestrian statue of [[Leopold II of Belgium]], the Sovereign of the [[Congo Free State]] from 1885 to 1908, Regent Place in [[Brussels]], Belgium]] * Belgian Congo (1908–1960, din pa nyɛ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) Ruanda-Urundi (1922–1962, din pa nyɛ [[Rwanda]] mini [[Burundi]]) ====France==== {{Further|French Africa}} [[File:Mission Foureau-Lamy.jpg|thumb|The [[Amédée-François Lamy|Foureau-Lamy]] military expedition sent out from [[Algiers]] in 1898 to conquer the [[Chad Basin]] and unify all French territories in West Africa.]] [[File:Desembarco en Cotonou de tropas senegalesas. Le Petit Journal, 21may1892.jpg|thumb|The [[Senegalese Tirailleurs]], led by Colonel [[Alfred-Amédée Dodds]], conquered Dahomey (present-day Benin) in 1892]] {| |- | valign="top" | * [[French West Africa]]: ** [[Mauritania]] ** [[Senegal]] ** [[Albreda]] (1681–1857, now part of [[Gambia]]) ** [[French Sudan]] (now [[Mali]], 1880 – 1958) ** [[Liberia]] Territorial losses of Liberia ** [[French Guinea]] (now [[Guinea]]) ** [[Ivory Coast]] ** [[Colony of Niger|Niger]] ** [[French Upper Volta]] (now [[Burkina Faso]]) ** [[French Dahomey]] (now [[Benin]]) ** [[French Togoland]] (1916–60, now [[Togo]]) ** [[Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo]] (in modern [[Nigeria]]) * [[French Equatorial Africa]]: ** [[Gabon]] ** [[French Cameroun]] (1922–60) ** [[French Congo]] (now [[Republic of the Congo]]) ** [[Ubangi-Shari|Oubangui-Chari]] (now [[Central African Republic]]) ** [[Colonial Chad|Chad]] * [[French North Africa]]: ** [[French Algeria]] (1830–1962; was administered as an integral part of France itself from 1848) ** [[French Protectorate of Tunisia]] ** [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Protectorate of Morocco]] ** [[Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)|Fezzan-Ghadames]] (1943–1951) (administration given by the UNO after its conquest by [[Charles de Gaulle]]) ** [[Egypt]] (ownership (1798–1801)) ([[Condominium (international law)|Condominium]] of [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] (1876–1882))<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf |title=Centenaire de l'Entente cordiale: les accords franco-britanniques de 1904 |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004005739/http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-04 |language=fr}}</ref> * [[French East Africa]]: ** [[French Madagascar]] ** [[Comoros]] ** [[Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean]] ** [[French Somaliland]] (now [[Djibouti]]) ** [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (1715–1810) (now [[Mauritius]]) |} ====Germany==== * German Kamerun (din pa nyɛ [[Cameroon]] mini [[Nigeria]] yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1884–1916) * German East Africa (din pa nyɛ [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] ni [[Tanzania]] yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1885–1919) * German South-West Africa (din pa nyɛ [[Namibia]], 1884–1915) * German Togoland (din pa nyɛ [[Togo]] ni [[Ghana]] east yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1884–1914) ====Italy==== [[File:CH-NB - Italienisch-Ostafrika, Massana (Massawa, Massaua)- Hafen - Annemarie Schwarzenbach - SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg|thumb|Italian settlers in [[Massawa]]]] * Italian Eritrea (1882–1936) * Italian Somalia (1889–1936) * Italian Ethiopia (1936–1941) ** ''Oltre Giuba'' {{small|(annexed into Italian Somalia in 1925)}} * Libya ** Italian Tripolitania (1911–1934) ** Italian Cyrenaica (1911–1934) ** Italian Libya {{small|(from the unification of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in 1934)}} (1934–1943; coastal regions administered as an integral part of Italy itself from 1939–1943) ====Portugal==== [[File:Combat de marracuene.jpg|thumb|[[Marracuene]] in [[Portuguese Mozambique]] was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese and [[Gaza Empire|Gaza]] king [[Gungunhana]] in 1895]] {| |- | valign="top" | * [[Portuguese Angola]] (now [[Angola]]) (1575–1975) ** Mainland [[Angola]] ** [[Portuguese Congo]]<br />(now [[Cabinda Province]] of [[Angola]]) * [[Portuguese Mozambique]]<br />(now [[Mozambique]]) (1505–1975) * [[Portuguese Guinea]]<br />(now [[Guinea-Bissau]]) (1588–1974) * [[Portuguese Gold Coast]] (now part of [[Ghana]]) (1482–1642) * [[Portuguese Cape Verde]] (1462–1975) * [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe]] (1485–1975) ** [[São Tomé Island]] ** [[Príncipe Island]] ** [[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]]<br />(now [[Ouidah]], in [[Benin]]) |} On 11 June 1951, Portugal would begin to administer its colonies, including its ones in Africa, as Overseas provinces. ====Spain==== {| |- | valign="top" | * Northern [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish Morocco]] ** Chefchaouen (''Chauen'') *** Jebala (''Yebala'') *** Kert *** Loukkos (''Lucus'') *** Rif * [[Spanish West Africa]] (1946–1958) ** [[Ifni]] (1934–1969) ** Southern Spanish Morocco ([[Cape Juby]]) ** [[Spanish Sahara]] (now [[Western Sahara]]) (1884—1958 as a colony of Spain; 1958–1976 as a [[Provinces of Spain|Province of Spain]]) *** [[Saguia el-Hamra]] *** [[Río de Oro]] * [[Spanish Guinea]]<br />(now [[Equatorial Guinea]]) (1858–1968) ** [[Bioko|Fernando Pó]] ** [[Río Muni]] ** [[Annobón]] | valign="top" | |} {{anchor|United Kingdom}}<!-- linked --> ====United Kingdom==== {{Further|Historiography of the British Empire}} [[File:1899railroad salisbury.jpg|thumb|Opening of the railway in [[Southern Rhodesia|Rhodesia]], 1899]] [[File:Prempeh-124-palaver-and-submission.jpg|thumb|Following the [[Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War]] in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over the [[Ashanti Kingdom]].]] The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to [[India]], which led to initial interest in [[Egypt]] and [[South Africa]]. Once these two areas were secure, it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape-Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources. Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage. Overall, by 1921, the British had control approximately 33.23% of Africa, or 3,897,920&nbsp;mi<sup>2</sup> (10,09,55,66&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>).<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Africa |url=https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1922-23/192202180178_p.%20178.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=British Africa |url=https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1922-23/192202190179_p.%20179.pdf}}</ref> {| |- | valign="top" | * [[British Egypt|Egypt]] * [[British Military Administration (Libya)|British Cyrenaica]] (1943–1951, now part of [[Libya]]) * [[British Military Administration (Libya)|British Tripolitania]] (1943–1951, now part of [[Libya]]) * [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (1899–1956) * [[British Somaliland]] (now part of [[Somalia]]) * [[British East Africa]]: ** [[Kenya Colony]] ** [[Uganda Protectorate]] ** [[Tanzania]]: *** [[Tanganyika Territory]] (1919–61) *** [[Zanzibar]] * [[British Mauritius]] * [[Bechuanaland]] (now [[Botswana]]) * [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) * [[Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zambia]]) * [[History of Seychelles#British rule|British Seychelles]] * [[Union of South Africa|British South Africa]] ** [[South Africa]]: *** [[Transvaal Colony]] *** [[Cape Colony]] *** [[Colony of Natal]] *** [[Orange River Colony]] ** [[South-West Africa]] (from 1915, now [[Namibia]]) * [[British West Africa]] ** [[Gambia Colony and Protectorate]] ** [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|British Sierra Leone]] ** [[Colonial Nigeria]] ** [[British Togoland]] (1916–56, today part of [[Ghana]]) ** [[Cameroons]] (1922–61, now part of [[Cameroon]] and [[Nigeria]]) ** [[Gold Coast (British colony)]] (now [[Ghana]]) * [[Nyasaland]] (now [[Malawi]]) * [[Basutoland]] (now [[Lesotho]]) * [[Swaziland Protectorate|Swaziland]] (now [[Eswatini]]) * [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] |} ==Lihi pahi== ===Kalinli=== * Chronology of Western colonialism * List of European colonies in Africa * List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history * List of former sovereign states * List of French possessions and colonies ===Din pahi pahi=== * Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization * Durand Line * Economic history of Africa * French colonial empire * Historiography of the British Empire * International relations (1814–1919) * Scramble for China * Sykes–Picot Agreement * White Africans of European ancestry ==Kundivihira == {{notelist}} ==Kundivihira== {{reflist}} ===Works cited=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brantlinger |first=Patrick |title=Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent |journal=Critical Inquiry |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=1985 |pages=166–203 |jstor=1343467 |s2cid=161311164 |doi=10.1086/448326 |url=http://www.uwf.edu/dearle/imperialadventure/imperial%20adventure/documents/brantlinger%20victorians%20and%20africans.pdf }} * {{cite book |last=Hochschild |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Hochschild |title=[[King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa]] |publisher=Pan Books |location=London |year=2006 |orig-year=1998 |isbn=978-0-330-44198-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Pakenham |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Pakenham (historian) |title= The Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 |title-link=The Scramble for Africa (book) |location=London |publisher=Abacus |date=1991 |ol=9863165M |isbn=978-0-349-10449-2}} * {{Cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Ronald |first2=John |last2=Gallagher |last3=Denny |first3=Alice |title=Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism |url=https://archive.org/details/africavictorians00robi_0 |publisher=Macmillan |date=1961 |ol=17989466M |edition=2 |isbn=9780333310069}} * {{cite book |last=Shillington |first=Kevin |title=History of Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrica0002shil |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-59957-0}} * {{Cite book |last1=Southall |first1=Roger |last2=Melber |first2=Henning |author-link=Henning Melber |title=A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal Press |date=2009}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Aldrich, Robert. ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) * Atkinson, David. "Constructing Italian Africa: Geography and Geopolitics". ''Italian colonialism'' (2005): 15–26. * Axelson, Eric. ''Portugal and the Scramble for Africa: 1875–1891'' (Johannesburg, Witwatersrand UP, 1967) * Betts, Raymond F., ed. ''The scramble for Africa: causes and dimensions of empire'' (Heath, 1972), short excerpts from historians. [https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric0000bett online] * Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "What Caused the Scramble for Africa?" ''African History'' (2012). [https://www.seal-pa.org/hs/staff/teachers/wswitala/courses/wahg2/SiteAssets/SitePages/colonial/What%20Caused%20the%20Scramble%20for%20Africa%20KINDLE.pdf online] * Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. ''The scramble for Africa'' (4th ed. Routledge, 2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Scramble-Africa-Seminar-Studies/dp/1408220148/ excerpt and text search]; also [https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric0000cham/page/n3/mode/2up complete text of 2nd edition 1999] * Curtin, Philip D. ''Disease and empire: The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa'' ([[Cambridge University Press]], 1998) * Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." ''English Historical Review'' (1997) 112#447 pp.&nbsp;614–42. * Finaldi, Giuseppe. ''Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa: Italy's African Wars in the Era of Nation-building, 1870–1900'' (Peter Lang, 2009) * Förster, Stig, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson, eds. ''Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa conference 1884–1885 and the onset of partition'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 1988) [https://archive.org/details/bismarckeuropeandafricatheberlinafricaconference18841885andtheonsetofpartitionst online] * Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. ''France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule'' (1971) * Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. ''Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial rivalry and colonial rule'' (1967) [https://archive.org/details/britaingermanyin0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up online]. * {{cite journal |last=Gjersø |first=Jonas Fossli |title=The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95 |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=831–860 |date=2015 |s2cid=143514840 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131 |doi-access=free}} * Hammond, Richard James. ''Portugal and Africa, 1815–1910: a study in uneconomic imperialism'' ([[Stanford University Press]], 1966) [https://archive.org/details/portugalafrica180000hamm online] * Henderson, W.O. ''The German Colonial Empire, 1884–1919'' (London: Frank Cass, 1993) * Hinsley, F.H. ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98'' (1962) [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2010_334.pdf contents] pp.&nbsp;593–40. * Klein, Martin A. ''Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998) * Koponen, Juhani, ''The Partition of Africa: A Scramble for a Mirage?'' Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2, no. 1 (1993): 134. * Lewis, David Levering. ''The race to Fashoda: European colonialism and African resistance in the scramble for Africa'' (1988) [https://archive.org/details/racetofashodaeur0000lewi_u0m1 online] * Lovejoy, Paul E. ''Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011) * Lloyd, Trevor Owen. ''Empire: the history of the British Empire'' (2001). * Mackenzie J.M. ''The Partition of Africa, 1880–1900, and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century'' (London 1983) [https://archive.org/details/partitionofafric0000mack online] * Middleton, Lamar. ''The Rape Of Africa'' (London, 1936) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77361/page/n207/mode/2up online] * Minawi, Mustafa. ''The Ottoman Scramble for Africa Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz'' (2016) [https://archive.org/details/kaoikaprophe007_gmail_20180922 online] * Oliver, Roland, ''Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa'' (1959) [https://archive.org/details/sirharryjohnston0000oliv online] * Penrose, E.F., ed. ''European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa'' (London, 1975). * Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. ''German colonialism and national identity'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 2010). * Porter, Andrew, ed. ''The Oxford history of the British Empire: The nineteenth century. Vol. 3'' (1999) [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofthebritishempirevol3_829_k online], pp. 624–650. * Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. "The partition of Africa", in ''The New Cambridge Modern History'' vol XI, pp.&nbsp;593–640 (Cambridge, 1962). * Rotberg, Robert I. ''The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power'' (1988) [https://www.amazon.com/The-Founder-Cecil-Rhodes-Pursuit/dp/0195066685/ excerpt and text search]; * Sarr, Felwine, and Savoy, Bénédicte, ''The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage, Toward a New Relational Ethics'' (2018) http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204535/http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf |date=2021-03-26 }} * Sanderson, G.N., "The European partition of Africa: Coincidence or conjuncture?" ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' (1974) 3#1 pp.&nbsp;1–54. * Stoecker, Helmut. ''German imperialism in Africa: From the beginnings until the Second World War'' (Hurst & Co., 1986.) * Thomas, Antony. ''Rhodes: The Race for Africa'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Rhodes-Race-Africa-Antony-Thomas/dp/0312169825/ excerpt and text search] * Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. ''French West Africa'' (Stanford University Press, 1958) * Vandervort, Bruce. ''Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830―1914'' ([[Indiana University Press]], 2009). * Wesseling, H.L. and [[Arnold J. Pomerans]]. ''Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914'' (Praeger, 1996.) {{Refend}} ===Primary sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Brooke-Smith, Robin. '' Documents And Debate: The Scramble For Africa'' (Macmillan Education, 1987) [https://archive.org/details/DocumentsAndDebatesRobinBrookeSmithB.A.M.Sc.auth.TheScrambleForAfricaMacmillanEducationUK1987 online] * Chamberlain. M.E. ''The Scramble for Africa'' (2nd ed. 1999) pp. 94–125 [https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric0000cham/page/n3/mode/2up online] {{Refend}} ==External links== * {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/13/humanities.artsandhumanities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 July 2002|title=Belgium exhumes its colonial demons|last1=Osborn|first1=Andrew}} * {{cite thesis|url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=42990|last=Gülstorff|first=Torben|year=2016|place=Berlin|title=Trade follows Hallstein? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble.|doi=10.18452/17628}} * {{cite news|last=Fischer|first=Hilke|date=25 February 2015|title=130 years ago: carving up Africa in Berlin|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/130-years-ago-carving-up-africa-in-berlin/a-18278894|access-date=6 June 2021}} {{Africa topics}} {{Great Power diplomacy}} {{World War I}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scramble For Africa}} [[Category:19th century in Africa]] [[Category:19th century in international relations]] [[Category:20th century in international relations]] [[Category:European colonisation of Africa]] [[Category:Geopolitical rivalry]] [[Category:Partition (politics)]] [[Category:Political geography]] [[Category:History of Africa]] [[Category:History of international relations]] [[Category:New Imperialism]] [[Category:David Livingstone]] [[Category:20th century in Africa]] [[Category:Western culture]] siliff5ky2hv1krbcjpsufaycedbyni African diaspora 0 32015 146127 145631 2026-08-10T21:03:04Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Spread of people with African heritage}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}} {{Use American English|date= September 2017}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = African diaspora | flag = File:Flag of the UNIA.svg | flag_caption = Flag of [[Pan-Africanism]] | image = Map of the African Diaspora in the World.svg | caption = World map of African diaspora | region1 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | pop1 = [[Afro-Brazilians|20,656,458–112,739,744]] (2022){{efn|In the [[2022 Brazilian census]], 20,656,458 Brazilians self-identified as ''preto'' (black), while 92,083,286 identified as ''pardo'' (brown), a category that designates individuals of mixed racial ancestry. There is debate over whether all ''pardos'' have African ancestry. While some pardos may have mixed heritage without African descent, this is considered marginal as the majority have some degree of African ancestry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reiter |first=Bernd |url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=idyIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT275&dq=#v=|title=Routledge Handbook of Afro-Latin American Studies |last2=Sánchez |first2=John Antón |date=2022-11-08 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-68546-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afro-Brazilians |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/afro-brazilians/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Minority Rights Group International |quote=<small>An estimated 91 million Brazilians are of African ancestry, according to the 2010 census, which found that more than half (50.7 per cent) of the Brazilian population now identified as preto (black) or pardo (mixed ethnicity).</small>}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maioria da população do Brasil se declara parda |url=https://www.ufrn.br/imprensa/noticias/77639/maioria-da-populacao-do-brasil-se-declara-parda |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte |quote=<small>(Translated) The figures show that 45.3% of the population of the country declared themselves brown; 43.5% declared themselves white, 10.2% black, 0.8% indigenous and 0.4% yellow. In the sum, 56.7% of Brazilians are non-white, of these, 55.5% are afrodescendant.</small>}}</ref>}} | ref1 =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos |url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/9605#resultado |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afro-Brazilians |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/afro-brazilians/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Minority Rights Group International |quote=<small>An estimated 91 million Brazilians are of African ancestry, according to the 2010 census, which found that more than half (50.7 per cent) of the Brazilian population now identified as preto (black) or pardo (mixed ethnicity).</small>}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maioria da população do Brasil se declara parda |url=https://www.ufrn.br/imprensa/noticias/77639/maioria-da-populacao-do-brasil-se-declara-parda |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte |quote=<small>(Translated) The figures show that 45.3% of the population of the country declared themselves brown; 43.5% declared themselves white, 10.2% black, 0.8% indigenous and 0.4% yellow. In the sum, 56.7% of Brazilians are non-white, of these, 55.5% are afrodescendant.</small>}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop2 = [[African Americans|41,104,200–46,936,733]] (2020) | ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Colombia}} | pop3 = [[Afro-Colombians|4,671,160–10,500,000]] (2018) | ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|title= visibilización estadística de los gruposétnicos|url=https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5|work=Censo General 2018|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Haiti}} | pop4 = [[Afro-Haitians|10,114,378]] | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/|title=Haiti: People and society: Population|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=July 2017|access-date=May 25, 2025|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region5 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop5 = [[Black French people|5,000,000]] (2009) | ref5 = <ref>{{citation|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1887106,00.html|first=Bruce|last=Crumley|title=Should France Count Its Minority Population?|magazine=Time|date=March 24, 2009|accessdate=October 11, 2014|archive-date=August 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808014355/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1887106,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} | pop6 = [[Afro-Saudis|3,600,000]] | ref6 = <ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Saudi-Arabia| access-date=25 March 2017 |year=2017}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Yemen}} | pop7 = [[Afro-Yemenis (disambiguation)|3,500,000]] | ref7 = <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2014|title=Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression – CNN iReport|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084527/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239|archive-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|Mexico}} | pop8 = [[Afro-Mexicans|2,576,213]] (2020) | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/nueva_estruc/702825198060.pdf|language=es|title=Principales resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020|website=inegi.org.mx|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=April 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420074127/https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/nueva_estruc/702825198060.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Jamaica}} | pop9 = [[Afro-Jamaicans|2,510,000]] | ref9 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamaica – People|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop10 = [[Black British people|2,485,724]] (2021) | ref10 = <ref name=2021censusUK>{{cite web|url= https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021|title= 2021 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher= Office for National Statistics|date= November 11, 2022|access-date= February 28, 2022}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Iraq}} | pop11 = [[Afro-Iraqis|2,000,000]] | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a53600d7.html | title=Refworld &#124; World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Iraq : Black Iraqis }}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} | pop12 = [[Afro-Dominicans|1,704,000]] (2017)<br>[[Mulatto|8,000,000]](Mixed) | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web | title = The ethnicity of the Dominican population |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dominican-Republic/Settlement-patterns#ref54434}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Ethnic groups of the Dominican Republic|date=April 25, 2017|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-the-dominican-republic.html}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Panama}} | pop13 = [[Afro-Panamanians|1,258,915]] (2023) | ref13 = <ref name=Panama>{{cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/panam%C3%A1-censo_el-32-8---de-la-poblaci%C3%B3n-de-panam%C3%A1-se-reconoce-como-afrodescendiente/48328376 |title=El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente|date=March 2023 }}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} | pop14 = [[Afro-Spaniards|1,206,701]]{{efn|79% being North African}} | ref14 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Población extranjera por país de nacionalidad, edad (grupos quinquenales) y sexo|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9691|access-date=December 17, 2022|archive-date=October 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025102106/https://ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9691|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop15 = [[Black Canadians|1,547,870]] | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |access-date=6 November 2017 |date=9 February 2022}}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop16 = [[African emigrants to Italy|1,140,000]]{{efn|60% being North African}} | ref16 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.neodemos.info/2019/11/12/africani-ditalia/ |title=Africani d'Italia |website=Neodemos |date=November 12, 2019 |author=Fabrizio Ciocca |language=Italian}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Venezuela}} | pop17 = [[Afro-Venezuelans|1,087,427]] (2011) | ref17 = <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2014|title=XIV Censo National de Poblacion y Vivienda|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805193838/http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|Cuba}} | pop18 = [[Afro-Cubans|1,034,044]] | ref18 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Población por sexo y zona de residencia según grupos de edades y color de la piel|url=http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603230454/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2014}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop19 = [[Afro-Germans|1,000,000]] | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein?|url=https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html|quote=Rund eine Million schwarzer Menschen leben laut ISD hierzulande.|trans-quote=About one million black people are living in this country according to ISD.}}</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Peru}} | pop20 = [[Black Peruvians|828,894]] (2017) | ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1642/cap03_03.pdf|title=La Autoidentificación Étnica: Población Indígena y Afroperuana.| page = 123|language=es|date=2018|access-date=January 16, 2024}}</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Oman}} | pop21 = [[Afro-Arabs|750,000]] | ref21 = | region22 = {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} | pop22 = [[Afro-Ecuadorians|569,212]] (2022)<br>[[Mulatto|245,256]] (Mixed) | ref22 = <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|date=September 2, 2011|title=Población del país es joven y mestiza, dice censo del INEC|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2011/09/02/1/1356/poblacion-pais-joven-mestiza-dice-censo-inec.html|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=El Universo|language=es}}</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop23 = [[Afro-Dutch people|507,000]] | ref23 = | region24 = {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}} | pop24 = [[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians|452,536]] | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf|title= Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census: Demographic Report|page= 94|publisher= Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Statistical Office|year= 2012|access-date= August 20, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211618/https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf|archive-date= October 19, 2017|url-status=dead|df= mdy-all}}</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | pop25 = [[Black Belgians|358,268]] (2023) | ref25 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin {{!}} Statbel |url=https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population/origin#figures |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=statbel.fgov.be}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop26 = [[African Australians|326,673]] (2021) | ref26 = <ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{Cite web|url=http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_ERP_COB_MAG_SEXRATIO#|title=ABS Statistics|website=stat.data.abs.gov.au|date=November 25, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728212457/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_ERP_COB_MAG_SEXRATIO|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}} | pop27 = [[Afro-Portuguese people|967,899]] | ref27 = {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} | region28 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} | pop28 = [[Afro-Argentines|302,936]] (2022) | ref28 = <ref name='Censo 2022'>{{cite news |access-date=8 March 2024 |agency=INDEC |title=Censo 2022 |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel4-Tema-2-41-165}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> | region29 = {{flagcountry|Barbados}} | pop29 = [[Afro-Barbadians|270,853]] | ref29 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/ Barbados] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123091149/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/ |date=January 23, 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> | region30 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop30 = [[African immigrants to Sweden|250,881]] (2022) | ref30 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/?rxid=b83e5bbd-958a-4655-aa40-486ba2ca09a3 |title=Foreign-born by county, municipality, sex and country of birth 31 December 2022 |website=www.scb.se |publisher=Statistics Sweden}}</ref> | region31 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} | pop31 = [[Siddi|250,000]] | ref31 = <ref>{{Cite web|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=August 26, 2018|title=Smokers' corner: Sindh's African roots|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1428950|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> | region32 = {{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}} | pop32 = [[Afro–Puerto Ricans|228,711]] | ref32 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html | title=Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% from 2010 to 2020 }}</ref> | region33 = {{flagcountry|Guyana}} | pop33 = [[Afro-Guyanese|225,860]] | ref33 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Chapter2_Population_Composition.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 23, 2017 |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084856/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Chapter2_Population_Composition.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region34 = {{flagcountry|Suriname}} | pop34 = [[Afro-Surinamese|200,406]] | ref34 = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |title= Censusstatistieken 2012 |website= Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname) |page= 76 |access-date= October 23, 2017 |archive-date= March 5, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071544/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|format= XLS|url= http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P42-Total_pais.xls|title= Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010|trans-title= Table P42. Total for the country. Afro-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010|language= es|website= [[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]]|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193258/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P42-Total_pais.xls|archive-date= October 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|format= XLS|url= http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P43-Total_pais.xls|title= Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010|trans-title= Table P43. Total for the country. Afro-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010|language= es|website= [[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]]|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140418145946/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/cuadrosDefinitivos/Total_pais/P43-Total_pais.xls|archive-date= April 18, 2014}}</ref> | region35 = {{flagcountry|Chile}} | pop35 = [[Afro-Chileans|195,809]] (2017){{efn|Including [[Haitian Chileans|Haitian]] immigrants}} | ref35 = <ref name=":3">{{cite journal |date=November 2018 |periodical=Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas |title=Medición de Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes en el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017 |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/presentations/03_magdalena_iraguen_ine_chile.pdf}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2018/04/09/901867/Extranjeros-en-Chile-superan-el-millon-110-mil-y-el-72-se-concentra-en-dos-regiones-Antofagasta-y-Metropolitana.html|title=Extranjeros en Chile superan el millón 110 mil y el 72% se concentra en dos regiones: Antofagasta y Metropolitana|publisher=El Mercurio|date=9 April 2018|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref> | region36 = {{flagcountry|Uruguay}} | pop36 = [[Afro-Uruguayans|149,689]] (2011) | ref36 = <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=La población afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011 |url=https://www.ine.gub.uy/documents/10181/34017/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf/ec7ecb3f-ca0a-4071-b05f-28fdc20c94e2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307090250/https://www.ine.gub.uy/documents/10181/34017/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf/ec7ecb3f-ca0a-4071-b05f-28fdc20c94e2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2021 |language=es}} [https://www.ine.gub.uy/documents/10181/34017/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf/ec7ecb3f-ca0a-4071-b05f-28fdc20c94e2 Alt URL]</ref> | region37 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop37 = [[African immigration to Norway|149,502]] (2023) | ref37 = <ref name="Statnorpim">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef |title=Statistics Norway - Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 6 March 2023 |access-date=2024-01-19 }}</ref> | region38 = {{flagcountry|Grenada}} | pop38 = [[Afro-Grenadians|108,700]] | ref38 = <ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/grenada/ |title= Grenada |website= The World Factbook |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |access-date= May 3, 2021 |archive-date= August 11, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220811231159/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/grenada/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> | region39 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop39 = [[Afro-Turks|100,000]] | ref39 = <ref name="trthaber.com">{{Cite web|title=İstanbul'da yaşayan Afrikalıların sayısı 70 bine yakın. Ten renklerinden ötürü ötekileştirilmiyor olmak onları Türkiye'ye bağlıyor.|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/yasam/esenyurtun-afrikali-gocmenleri-538129.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 26, 2021|website=www.trthaber.com|date=December 13, 2020 |language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213134049/https://www.trthaber.com/haber/yasam/esenyurtun-afrikali-gocmenleri-538129.html |archive-date=December 13, 2020 }}</ref> | region40 = {{flagcountry|Finland}} | pop40 = [[African diaspora in Finland|70,592]] (2023) | ref40 = <ref name="finland-1">{{cite web |url=https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/ |title=11rv -- Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990-2023 |website=[[Statistics Finland]] |access-date=September 29, 2024 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007212017/https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/ |url-status=dead }}{{br|2}}Note:{{br|2}}{{cite web |url=https://stat.fi/meta/kas/syntypera_ja_ta_en.html |title=Origin and background country |website=[[Statistics Finland]] |access-date=September 29, 2024 |quote=Origin and background country&nbsp;...&nbsp;All such persons who have at least one parent who was born in Finland are also considered to be persons with Finnish background.&nbsp;...&nbsp;Persons whose both parents or the only known parent have been born abroad are considered to be persons with foreign background.&nbsp;...&nbsp;If either parent's country of birth is unknown, the background country for persons born abroad is their own country of birth.&nbsp;...&nbsp;For children adopted from abroad, the adoptive parents are regarded as the biological parents. }}{{br|2}}I.e., according to [[Statistics Finland]], people in Finland:<br />{{•}} whose both parents are African-born,<br />{{•}} or whose only known parent was born in Africa,<br />{{•}} or who were born in Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.{{br|2}}Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one African parent or people with more distant African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.<br />Also, African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.</ref> | region41 = {{flagcountry|Jordan}} | pop41 = [[Afro-Arabs|60,000]] | ref41 = <ref>http://www.africanviews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724014025/http://www.africanviews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 |date=July 24, 2014 }} Jordan</ref> | region42 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop42 = [[Afro-Russians|50,000]] | ref42 = <ref>Gribanova, Lyubov [http://www.nashi-deti.ru/articles/15/ "Дети-метисы в России: свои среди чужих"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104180141/http://www.nashi-deti.ru/articles/15/|date=November 4, 2008}} (in Russian). Nashi Deti Project. Retrieved February 25, 2010.</ref> (est. 2009) | region43 = {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}} | pop43 = [[Afro-Costa Ricans|45,228]] (2018)<br>[[Mulatto|289,209]] (Mixed) | ref43 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Costa Rica: Población total por autoidentificación étnica-racial, según provincia y sexo. (Spanish)|url=http://www.inec.go.cr/social/grupos-etnicos-raciales|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Costa Rica)|access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref> | region44 = {{flagcountry|Guatemala}} | pop44 = [[Afro-Guatemalans|27,647]] (2018)<br>[[Garifuna|19,529]] (Mixed) | ref44 = <ref name="censopoblacion.gt">{{cite web |url=https://www.censopoblacion.gt/mapas |title=Portal de Resultados del Censo 2018 |publisher=Censopoblacion.gt |date= |accessdate=2022-04-14 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217015625/https://www.censopoblacion.gt/mapas |url-status=live }}</ref> | region45 = {{flagcountry|India}} | pop45 = [[Siddi|19,514]] (2011) | ref45 = <ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|access-date=2017-03-24|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref> | region46 = {{flagcountry|Paraguay}} | pop46 = [[Afro-Paraguayans|8,013]] (2022) | ref46 = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://otramerica.com/comunidades/afroparaguayos-condenados-a-no-existir/720 | title=Afroparaguayos, condenados a no existir }}</ref> | languages = [[North American English|English]] ([[African American English|American]], [[Caribbean English|Caribbean]]), [[American French|French]] ([[Canadian French|Canadian]], [[Haitian French|Haitian]]), [[Haitian Creole]], [[Spanish language in the Americas|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language in the Americas|Portuguese]], [[Papiamento]], [[Surinamese Dutch|Dutch]], [[Palenquero]] and [[Languages of Africa|African languages]] | rels = [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Traditional African religions]], [[African diaspora religions|Afro-American religions]] | related_groups = [[Demographics of Africa|Africans]] }} '''African diaspora''' ŋɔ nyɛla dunia zaa dabba ban nyɛ gbaŋsabila ni be tiŋgbani shɛŋa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Diaspora {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/human-evolution/african-diaspora |access-date=May 23, 2022 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Lala yuli ŋɔ nyɛla din zani n-ti bilichininima zaŋ n-ti [[West Africa|West]] mini [[Central Africa]]ns dabba shɛba bɛ ni daa gbahi labisi ka di nyɛ [[Atlantic slave trade]] bin din gbaai 16th zaŋ hali ni 19th centuries, ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din galisi [[Brazil]], [[United States]], [[Colombia]], n-ti pahi [[Haiti]].<ref name="Uiscftdgha">{{cite book | title = General History of Africa | isbn = 978-0-520-06701-1 | last1 = Ade Ajayi | first1 = J. F. | last2 = International Scientific Committee For The Drafting Of a General History Of Africa | first2 = Unesco | date = July 1, 1998 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/unescogeneralhis00jfad/page/305 305–15] | title-link = General History of Africa | publisher = University of California Press }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=VC7kKcXdDhkC&pg=PA305 via Google Books]</ref><ref name="warren" /> Lala yuli ŋɔ gba nyɛla din ni tooi zani n-ti gbansabila bilichininima ban yi labi tiŋgbani shɛŋa dabam dunia ŋɔ ni. Baŋdiba nyɛla ban pu lala chani ŋɔ bunahi zuɣu zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana.<ref>Harris, J. E. (1993). "Introduction" In J. E. Harris (ed.), ''Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora'', pp. 8–9.</ref> Yɛltɔɣili din nyɛ ''African diaspora'' nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli bolibu bee zaŋ tum tuma 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Books Ngram Viewer|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=African+diaspora&year_start=1750&year_end=1989&corpus=15&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2CAfrican%20diaspora%3B%2Cc0t1|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=books.google.com|language=en}}</ref> Yɛltɔɣili din nyɛ "''diaspora" nyɛla din yina'' Greek {{Wikt-lang|el|διασπορά}} (''diaspora'', "scattering") ka di Silimiinsili nya naba zani di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ nya di kundivihirili [[Jewish diaspora]] pɔi ka bɛ naayi piligi di zaŋ tum tuma luɣ'shɛŋa din pahi ni.<ref>In an article published in 1991, [[William Safran]] set out six rules to distinguish "diasporas" from general migrant communities. While Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the [[Jewish diaspora]], he recognised the expanding use of the term. [[Rogers Brubaker]] (2005) also noted that use of the term "diaspora" had started to take on an increasingly general sense. He suggests that one element of this expansion in use "involves the application of the term diaspora to an ever-broadening set of cases: essentially to any and every nameable population category that is to some extent dispersed in space". An early example of the use of "African diaspora" appears in the title of Sidney Lemelle, Robin D. G. Kelley, ''Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora '' (1994).</ref> Saha ŋɔ, lala yɛltɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tumdi tuma "scholarship" ni ka di gbunni nyɛ ninvuɣ shɛba ban yi gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ni kpɛ gbaŋpiɛlla tiŋgbani.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Akyeampong | first1 = E. | year = 2000 | title = Africans in the Diaspora: The Diaspora and Africans | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2000-04_99_395/page/183 |journal = African Affairs | volume = 99 | issue = 395 | pages = 183–215 | doi = 10.1093/afraf/99.395.183 }}</ref> [[African Union]] (AU) nyɛla ban yɛlli ni African diaspora nyɛla bilichininima zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila bee ban tabi gbaŋsabila nyɛ ban yi bɛ tiŋgbana ni labi gbaŋpiɛlla tiŋgbana ni ka nyɛ ban mali niya ni bɛ sɔŋ lala tiŋgbani maa tooni chandi mini African Uniontabi sɔŋ .<ref name="AU definition">{{Cite web |title=The Diaspora Division {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/diaspora-division |access-date=May 23, 2022 |website=au.int |archive-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714200154/https://au.int/en/diaspora-division |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CIDO"> {{cite web | url = http://pages.au.int/cido/pages/diaspora-division | title = The Diaspora Division | website = Statement | publisher = The Citizens and Diaspora Organizations Directorate (CIDO) | access-date = January 7, 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151201073646/http://pages.au.int/cido/pages/diaspora-division | archive-date = December 1, 2015 |df = mdy-all }} </ref> == History == [[File:African Diaspora.jpg|thumb|18th-century painting showing a family of Africans]] === Dispersal through slave trade === Gbaŋsabila pam nyɛla ban be [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], ni [[Asia]] saha shɛli [[Atlantic slave trade|Atlantic]], [[Trans-Saharan slave trade|Trans-Saharan]], [[Red Sea slave trade|Red Sea]] n-ti pahi [[Indian Ocean slave trade|Indian Ocean]] dabba daabiligu ni daa be ni. Aithiopian dabba nyɛla ban daa tooi tumdi yiŋ tuma mini diɛma tuma.<ref>{{Citation |title=Slavery in Antiquity |date=September 29, 2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203787946-2 |work=Jews and the American Slave Trade |pages=17–32 |access-date=June 27, 2023 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203787946-2 |isbn=978-0-203-78794-6 }}</ref> === Dispersal through voluntary migration === {{Further|Emigration from Africa}} Tum Spanish dabba gbahibu kpɛhi America, gbaŋsabila nyɛla ban tooi kpɛri gbaŋpiɛlla tiŋgbana ŋɔ ni bɛ suhi yurilim mini yaa zaŋ gbahi ba kpɛhi ka bɛ nyɛ dabba.<ref name="warren">{{cite book |title = The Conquest of Michoacán |url = https://archive.org/details/conquestofmichoa0000warr |isbn = 978-0-8061-1858-1 |first = J. Benedict |last = Warren |publisher = [[University of Oklahoma Press]] |year = 1985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first = James |last = Krippner-Martínez |title = The Politics of Conquest: An Interpretation of the Relación de Michoacán |journal = The Americas |volume = 47 |issue = 2 |date = October 1990 |pages = 177–97 |doi = 10.2307/1007371 |jstor = 1007371 |s2cid = 146963730 }}</ref> [[Juan Garrido]] daa nyɛla African [[conquistador]]. O nyɛla ŋun daa gari Atlantic yuuni 1510s ka nyɛ ŋun daa be [[siege of Tenochtitlan]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |author1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah |author-link = Kwame Anthony Appiah |author2 = Henry Louis Gates |author2-link = Henry Louis Gates |page = 327 }}</ref> Gbaŋsabila nyɛla ban daa pun be Asia mini Europe saha waɣala pɔi ka Columbus's chandi daa naayi piligi. 20th century naabu ni, gbaŋsabila nyɛla ban piligi Europe kpɛbu ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din daa kuli pahiri America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defining and Studying the Modern African Diaspora {{!}} Perspectives on History {{!}} AHA |url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-1998/defining-and-studying-the-modern-african-diaspora |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=www.historians.org}}</ref>[[File:The Negro in literature and art in the United States (1918) (14576607030).jpg|alt=Du Bois looking to the camera|thumb|20th-century American philosopher and sociologist [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] wrote extensively on the black experience in his homeland and abroad; he spent the last two years of his life in the newly independent [[Ghana]] and got citizenship there.]] == Populations and estimated distribution == African diaspora kalinli nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ: * [[African Americans]], [[Afro-Caribbeans]], [[Afro-Latin Americans]], [[Black Canadians]] –dabba ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa tooi yirina [[West Africa|West]] mini [[Central Africa]]ns ka bɛ daa leei tooi zaŋdi ba na [[United States]], [[Caribbean]], [[Central America]] n-ti pahi [[South America]] saha shɛli [[Atlantic slave trade]] ni daa be ni. * [[Afro-Arabs]] ([[Afro-Saudis]], [[Afro-Omanis]], [[Afro-Syrians]], [[Afro-Palestinians]], [[Afro-Iraqis]], [[Afro-Jordanians]], .), [[Afro-Iranians]], [[Afro-Turks]] – bilichininima zaŋ n-ti [[Zanj]] dabba nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛba na [[Near East]] mini Asia yaɣa shɛŋa saha shɛli [[Indian Ocean slave trade]] ni daa be ni.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10&notFound=true |title =A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight|newspaper =The Washington Post|date=January 11, 2004|first = Theola |last =Labbż |url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514025929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10&notFound=true|archive-date = May 14, 2011}}</ref> * [[Siddi]]s – bilichininima zaŋ n-ti [[Zanj]] dabba nyɛla nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛba na [[Indian subcontinent]] ([[Pakistan]] mini [[India]]). ka bɛ lahi booni li Makrani din be [[Pakistan]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! Continent or region ! Country population ! Afro-descendants ! <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |title = The World Factbook> |publisher = cia.gov |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110220105711/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |archive-date = February 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> African and African-mixed population |- style="background:#ccf;" ! [[Caribbean]] || 41,309,327 || 67% || 27,654,061 |- | {{flagu|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} || 39,619 || 98% || 38,827 |- | {{flagu|Dominica}} || 71,293 || 96% (87% African + 9% Mixed) || 61,882 + 9,411 |- | {{flagu|Haiti}} || 10,646,714 || 95% || 10,114,378 |- | {{flagu|Antigua and Barbuda}} || 78,000 || 95% || 63,000 |- | {{flagu|Jamaica}}<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/ Jamaica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023238/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica |date=January 11, 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref>|| 2,812,090 || 92.1% || 2,663,614 |- | {{flagu|Grenada}}|| 110,000 || 91% || 101,309 |- | {{flagu|The Bahamas}} || 332,634 || 90.6% (African + British mixed)|| 301,366 |- | {{flagu|Barbados}} || 281,968 || 90% || 253,771 |- | {{flagu|Netherlands Antilles}}|| 225,369 || 85% || 191,564 |- | {{flagu|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} || 118,432 || 85% || 100,667 |- | {{flagu|British Virgin Islands}} || 24,004 || 83% || 19,923 |- | {{flagu|Saint Lucia}} || 172,884 || 83% || 142,629 |- | {{flagu|Dominican Republic}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/23.htm |website = Countrystudies.us |publisher= U.S. Library of Congress |title = Dominican Republic: Racial and Ethnic Groups }}</ref><ref name="Inter-American Dialogue">http://www.informaworld.com/index/902542287.pdf Inter-American Dialogue {{Dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref>|| 10,090,000 || 83% (11% Afro, 72% Mixed) || 1,109,900 + 8,000,000 |- | {{flagu|US Virgin Islands}} || 108,210 || 80% || 86,243 |- | {{flagu|Bermuda}} || 66,536 || 61% || 40,720 |- | {{flagu|Cayman Islands}} || 47,862 || 60% || 28,717 |- | {{flagu|Cuba}}<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ Cuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170744/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ |date=August 12, 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref>|| 11,116,396 || 35% || 3,890,738 |- | {{flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}}<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063840/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago |date=January 9, 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref>|| 1,215,527 || 34.2% || 415,710 |- | {{flagu|Puerto Rico}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html |title=Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 7, 2022}}</ref> || 3,285,874 || 17.5% (African + Taino mixed)|| 558,598 |- style="background:#ccf;" ! [[South America]] || 388,570,461 || N/A || N/A |- | {{flagu|French Guiana}} || 199,509 || 66% || 131,676 |- | {{flagu|Suriname}} || 632,638 || 37% || 223,718 |- | {{flagu|Guyana}} || 770,794 || 36% || 277,486 |- | {{flagu|Colombia}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/grupos-etnicos/informacion-tecnica|title = Colombia una nación multicultural: su diversidad étnica|language = es|website = dane.gov.co|access-date = November 6, 2021|archive-date = April 8, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200408132304/https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/grupos-etnicos/informacion-tecnica|url-status = dead}}</ref>|| 53,093,632 || 10.6–25% (10% African, 15% Mulattoes, Mixed and other groups) || 7,800,000–13,000,000; <small>Some studies (from the United Nations) suggests that the percentage of Afro-Colombians (including mixed race groups) are around 25% or lower than the entire population in Colombia. The city of [[Quibdo]], ([[Chocó department|Chocó]]){{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} has the highest percentage of Afro-Colombians than any other city in the country with 95.3% of its residents. The Colombian government estimates that 10.6% of Colombia's population are entirely of African descent.</small> |- | {{flagu|Brazil}} || 213,650,000 || 55.5% || 117,983,981<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maioria da população do Brasil se declara parda |url=https://www.ufrn.br/imprensa/noticias/77639/maioria-da-populacao-do-brasil-se-declara-parda |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte |quote=<small>(Translated) The figures show that 45.3% of the population of the country declared themselves brown; 43.5% declared themselves white, 10.2% black, 0.8% indigenous and 0.4% yellow. In the sum, 56.7% of Brazilians are non-white, of these, 55.5% are afrodescendant.</small>}}</ref> |- | {{flagu|Ecuador}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.inec.gov.ec/cpv_indigenas/cpv_in_g07.htm|title = Población Ecuatoriana Por Autodefinición Étnica en El VI Censo de Población del Año |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208150541/http://www.inec.gov.ec/cpv_indigenas/cpv_in_g07.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2008|website = INEC|language = es }}</ref>|| 13,927,650 || 5% || 680,000 |- | {{flagu|Uruguay}} || 3,494,382 || 4% || 255,074 |- | {{flagu|Venezuela}}<ref name="ine.gov.ve">[http://www.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203105548/http://www.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf |date=December 3, 2017 }}, (p. 14).</ref> || 27,227,930 || 3% (African) || 1,087,427 |- | {{flagu|Peru}} || 29,496,000 || 3% || 828,841 |- | {{flagu|Chile}} || 17,094,270 || 1% || 170,943* |- | {{flagu|Argentina}} || 46,044,703 || <1% || 302,936 |- | {{flagu|Bolivia}} || 10,027,254 || <1% || 23,330 |- | {{flagu|Paraguay}} || 6,109,903 || <1% || 8,013 |- style="background:#ccf;" ! [[North America]] || 450,545,368 || 10% || 42,907,538 |- | {{flagu|United States}}<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |title = CIA – The World Factbook – United States |publisher = Cia.gov |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-date = December 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211212224932/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> || 328,745,538 || 12% || 42,020,743 <small>According to the genomics company 23andMe, less than 4% of White Americans have 1% or more of African ancestry.</small><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-18 |title=Ancestry Across the United States |url=https://blog.23andme.com/articles/history-written-in-our-dna |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=23andMe Blog |language=en}}</ref> <small>Including this figure changes the total to '''49,241,508'''</small> |- | {{flagu|Canada}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo52a.htm |title = Visible minority population, by province and territory (2001 Census) |publisher = 0.statcan.ca |date = September 11, 2009 |access-date = February 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916102016/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo52a.htm |archive-date = September 16, 2008 }}</ref> || 39,566,248|| 4% || 1,547,870 |- | {{flagu|Mexico}} || 108,700,891 || 1% || 1,386,556<ref name="Encuesta Intercensal 2015">{{cite web | title = Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos | url = http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf | publisher = [[INEGI]] | access-date = December 9, 2015 | pages = 77 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033628/http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf | archive-date = April 22, 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- style="background:#ccf;" ! [[Central America]] || 41,283,652 || 4% || 1,453,761 |- | {{flagu|Belize}} || 301,270 || 31% || 93,394 |- | {{flagu|Panama}} || 3,292,693 || 11% || 362,196 |- | {{flagu|Nicaragua}} || 5,785,846 || 9% || 520,726 |- | {{flagu|Costa Rica}} || 4,195,914 || 3% || 125,877 |- | {{flagu|Honduras}} || 7,639,327 || 2% || 152,787 |- |- style="background:#ccf;" ! [[Europe]] || 738,856,462 || 1% || < 8,000,000 |- | {{flagu|France}}<!--<ref>{{cite web |url = http://paceebene.org/pace/nvns/nonviolence-news-service-archive/in-officially-colorblind-f |title=|access-date = March 7, 2007 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>--><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/6797730|title=Demographic report 2022|website=[[INSEE]]|author=Sylvain Papon}}</ref> || 68,000,000 || 8% || Approximately 3–5 millions.<ref name="Kimmelman"/> It is illegal for the French State to collect data on ethnicity and race. |- | {{flagu|Portugal}} || 10,467,366 || 7% || 645,000 (People with recent immigrant background are only 325,000 (2023)) <small>It is illegal for the Portuguese State to collect data on ethnicity and race. the percentage is likely much higher.</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal: Comunidade cabo-verdiana está muito bem integrada mas embaixador admite desafios |url=https://ilhas.li/aMZv |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Expresso das Ilhas |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola – Emigrantes totais 2020 {{!}} Countryeconomy.com |url=https://pt.countryeconomy.com/demografia/migracao/emigracao/angola |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=pt.countryeconomy.com |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Visão {{!}} Guineenses em Portugal elegem liberdade como maior conquista da Guiné-Bissau |url=https://visao.pt/atualidade/mundo/2023-11-15-guineenses-em-portugal-elegem-liberdade-como-maior-conquista-da-guine-bissau/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Visão |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moçambique – Emigrantes totais 2020 {{!}} Countryeconomy.com |url=https://pt.countryeconomy.com/demografia/migracao/emigracao/mocambique |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=pt.countryeconomy.com |language=pt}}</ref> |- | {{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 67,886,004 || 5% ([[British Mixed|inc. partial]]) || 3,000,000 |- | {{flagu|Netherlands}}{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} || 16,491,461 || 3% || 507,000|- |- | {{flagu|Belgium}} || 10,666,866 ||3%||~300,000 |- | {{flagu|Spain}} || 47,615,033 ||2,5% (including Maghrebis) ||1,206,701 (Of those ~300,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African) |- | {{flagu|Sweden}} || 10,379,295 (2020) || 2.3% || 236,975 (2020) |- | {{flagu|Italy}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://demo.istat.it/pop2015/index.html |title = ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), Popolazione residente 2015 |publisher = Demo.istat.it |access-date = July 23, 2016 |archive-date = September 20, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160920225743/http://demo.istat.it/pop2015/index.html |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html |title = ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), Cittadini Stranieri, Bilancio Demografico 2015 Africa |publisher = Demo.istat.it |access-date = July 23, 2016 |archive-date = June 13, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160613091718/http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> || 60,795,612 || 2% (including Maghrebis)||1,036,653 (Of those ~450,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African) |- | {{flagu|Ireland}}<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/ |title = Ireland: People |access-date = December 20, 2008 |website = The World Factbook |publisher = Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date = January 9, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210109164445/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> || 4,339,000 || 1.38% || 64,639 |- | {{flagu|Germany}} || 82,000,000 || 1.2% (including Maghrebis) || 1,000,000 (Of those ~500,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African)<ref name="focus 2021">{{Cite news|last=OnlineFOCUS Staff Writer |title=Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein? [Can place names be racist?] |url=https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html |date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=April 27, 2021 |work=FOCUS Online|language=de}}</ref> |- | {{flagu|Finland}} || 5,603,851 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rb.px/ |title=11rb -- Population and change in population size by sex, 1750-2023 |website=[[Statistics Finland]] |access-date=September 29, 2024 |archive-date=January 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101203935/https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rb.px/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1.26% || [[African diaspora in Finland|70,592]] (2023){{r|finland-1}} |- | {{flagu|Norway}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2010-04-29-04-en.html |title = Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex. 1 January 2010 |language = no |publisher = Ssb.no |date = January 1, 2010 |access-date = February 22, 2011 }}</ref> || 4,858,199 || 1% || 67,000 |- | {{flagu|Switzerland}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/07/blank/key/01/01.Document.67321.xls |title = Federal Office of Statistics |access-date = February 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116072408/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/07/blank/key/01/01.Document.67321.xls |archive-date = January 16, 2013 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> || 7,790,000 ||1%||57,000 |- | {{flagu|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm |title = Мймй Зпмдео Й Мймй Дйлупо. Фемертпелф "Юетоще Тхуулйе": Уйопруйу |publisher = Africana.ru |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110115174736/http://africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm |archive-date = January 15, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> || 141,594,000 || <1% || 50,000 |- |- style="background:#ccf;" ! [[Asia]] || 3,879,000,000 || <1% || ≈327,904 |- | {{flagu|Israel}}<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/05/ap/world/mainD8GPUNGG8.shtml |title = Music Earns Black Hebrews Some Acceptance |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060408073137/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/05/ap/world/mainD8GPUNGG8.shtml |archive-date = April 8, 2006 |access-date = May 20, 2013 }}</ref> || 7,411,000 || 3% || 200,000 |- | {{flagu|India}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.colaco.net/1/siddhi0.htm |title = colaco.net |publisher = colaco.net |access-date = February 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226105055/http://www.colaco.net/1/siddhi0.htm |archive-date = February 26, 2009 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> || 1,132,446,000 || <1% || 40,000 |- | {{flagu|Malaysia}}<ref>{{cite news |url = http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/5/6/nation/11153134&sec=nation |title = Fear and prejudice |work = The Star |author = Lisa Goh |access-date = February 20, 2013 |date = May 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120506050537/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2012%2F5%2F6%2Fnation%2F11153134&sec=nation |archive-date = May 6, 2012 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> || 28,334,135 || <1% || 31,904 |- | {{flagu|Hong Kong}} || 7,200,000 || <1% || < 20,000<ref name="chinadaily">Fenn, Andrea, [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2010-07/06/content_10067689.htm The pride, passion and purpose of HK's Africans], ''[[China Daily]]'', July 6, 2010.</ref> |- | {{flagu|China}}<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_yu/20050630.html |title = Global View: China: Foreign ghosts |publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date = June 30, 2005 |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110120113017/http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_yu/20050630.html |archive-date = January 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1,321,851,888 || <1% || 16,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1629415/guangzhou-clarifies-size-african-community-amid-fears-over-ebola-virus |title=Guangzhou clarifies size of African community amid fears over Ebola virus |author=Zhuang Pinghui |date=November 1, 2014 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=February 11, 2018 }}</ref> |- | {{flagu|Japan}}<ref>[http://popafrica.homiez.net/15th/day15th1/15_1_1/ POP AFRICA]{{dead link|date=July 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ([[Nagoya University]]) from the statictics at 2005 by the Immigration Bureau of Japan</ref>|| 127,756,815 || <1% || 10,000 |- |} == The Americas == [[File:Neger_und_Negermischlinge.JPG|thumb|Map of the Black African population in the Americas (1901).]] * [[African Americans]] – Salo ban kalinli yiɣisi kamani 43&nbsp;million nyɛla gbaŋsabila ban be United States. * [[Afro-Latin Americans]] – Lahabali din yina Pew Research Center calculates wuhiya ni kalinli din yiɣisi 100&nbsp; million nyɛla ban yi gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ni na be Latin America.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=López |first1=Gustavo |last2=Gonzalez-Barrera |first2=Ana |title=Afro-Latino: A deeply rooted identity among U.S. Hispanics |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/01/afro-latino-a-deeply-rooted-identity-among-u-s-hispanics/ |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=Pew Research Center |date=March 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> Di kpa talahi ni a baŋ ni, dabba tali daabiligu din be US ŋɔ nyɛla di ni tooi be di koŋko ka che tiŋgbani shɛŋa ban gba dari dabba.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |title = Brazil |website = The World Factbook |date = December 15, 2021 |access-date = May 25, 2025 |archive-date = August 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210812124129/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pena|first1=Sérgio D. J.|last2=Pietro|first2=Giuliano Di|last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes|first3=Mateus|last4=Genro|first4=Julia Pasqualini|last5=Hutz|first5=Mara H.|last6=Kehdy|first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes|last7=Kohlrausch|first7=Fabiana|last8=Magno|first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana|last9=Montenegro|first9=Raquel Carvalho|last10=Moraes|first10=Manoel Odorico|last11=Moraes|first11=Maria Elisabete Amaral de|date=February 16, 2011|title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=e17063|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063|pmid=21359226|pmc=3040205|bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaha, sizeable African bilichininima nyɛla ban be[[Cuba]], [[Haiti]], [[Colombia]] n-ti pahi [[Dominican Republic]]. * [[Afro-Caribbeans]] – Salo ban be [[Caribbean]] kalinli nyɛla din yiɣisi kamani 23&nbsp;million. Kalinli zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila bilichini ban nyɛ dabba ka be [[Haiti]] – 8&nbsp;million, [[Dominican Republic]] – 7.9&nbsp;million n-ti pahi [[Jamaica]] – 2.7&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/World_Population_2004_chart.pdf |title = World Population 2004 chart, UN |publisher = United Nations |access-date = September 2, 2017 }}</ref> === France === Salo ban kalinli yiɣisi kamani miliyɔŋ dibaa ata zaŋ ni miliyɔŋ dibaa anu nyɛla African dabba,<ref name="Kimmelman">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/arts/17abroad.html|title=For blacks in France, Obama's rise is reason to rejoice, and to hope|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=June 17, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 18, 2021}}</ref> amaa dibaa anahi puuni kalinli zaɣ'yini nyɛla Afro-French kalinli. Lala kalinli ŋɔ nyɛla din baŋbu niŋdi tɔm pam saha shɛŋa dama French "census" nyɛla din bi mali tumdi tuma.<ref>1/4 of the French African population comes from the [[Caribbean]] islands. [http://www.institutmontaigne.org/medias/im_rapport_oublies-de-legalite-des-chances.pdf in French] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926063003/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/medias/im_rapport_oublies-de-legalite-des-chances.pdf |date=September 26, 2007 }}</ref> === Germany === Bin din gbaai yuuni 2020, kalinli din yiɣisi kamani 1,000,000 nyɛla [[Afro-Germans]].<ref>{{cite web |date=December 30, 2020 |title=Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein? |url=https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html |quote=Rund eine Million schwarzer Menschen leben laut ISD hierzulande.}}</ref> Lala kalinli ŋɔ nyɛla din baŋbu niŋdi tɔm pam saha shɛŋa dama German "census" nyɛla din bi mali tumdi tuma.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mazon|first=Patricia|url=https://archive.org/details/notsoplainasblac0000unse/page/3|title=Not So Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000|publisher=University of Rochester Press|year=2005|isbn=1-58046-183-2|location=Rochester|pages=3}}</ref> === Spain === Bin din gbaai yuuni 2021, salo kalinli din yiɣisi 1,206,701 daa nyɛla gbaŋsabila ban be [[Andalusia]], [[Catalonia]], [[Madrid]] n-ti pahi [[Canary Islands|Canaries]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Población residente por fecha, sexo, nacionalidad (agrupación de países) y lugar de nacimiento (agrupación de países)(9691) |url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9691 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=INE |language=es |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025102106/https://ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lihimi m-pahi == * [[African apologies for the Atlantic slave trade]] * [[Africanisms]] * [[African Australians]] * ''[[African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter]]'' * [[African immigration to Europe]] * [[Afro-Latin Americans]] * [[African diaspora religions]] * [[Black-brown unity]] * [[Blaxit]] * [[Emigration from Africa]] * [[Genetic history of the African diaspora]] * [[List of topics related to the African diaspora]] {{Clear}} == Kundivihira == {{Notes}} {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OHg2eXlVMykC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = The African Diaspora in the United States and Europe: the Ghanaian experience |first1 = John A. |last1 = Arthur |publisher = Ashgate |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0-7546-4841-3 }} * {{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&q=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20African%20diaspora%3A%20origins%2C%20experiences%20and%20culture&pg=PP1 |title = Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: origins, experiences and culture, Volume 1 |first = Carole |last = Boyce Davies |author-link = Carole Boyce Davies |location = Santa Barbara, Calif |publisher = ABC-CLIO |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-1-85109-700-5 }} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i2ub33rbk3MC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = Navigating the African Diaspora: The Anthropology of Invisibility |first = Donald Martin |last = Carter |publisher = University of Minnesota Press |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-8166-4777-4 }} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e7uVp3ipwW0C&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = Racial Structure and Radical Politics in the African Diaspora |first = James L. Jr. |last = Conyers |publisher = London: Transaction |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-4128-1045-6 }} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxYa1HpdbgC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = Extending the Diaspora: New Histories of Black People |first1 = Dawne Y. |last1 = Curry |first2 = Eric D. |last2 = Duke |first3 = Marshanda A. |last3 = Smith |publisher = University of Illinois Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-252-03459-6 }} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YH-DgrHLu1UC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = Black Europe and the African Diaspora |first1 = Darlene Clark |author-link=Darlene Clark Hine|last1 = Hine |first2 = Trica |last2 = Danielle Keaton |first3 = Stephen |last3 = Small |publisher = University of Illinois Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-252-07657-2 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Karmwar |first1=Manish |title=African Diaspora in India |journal=Diaspora Studies |date=January 1, 2010 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=69–91 |doi=10.1080/09739572.2010.10597342 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |s2cid=152992988 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09739572.2010.10597342 |access-date=November 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175346/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09739572.2010.10597342 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CMg--t-YQWQC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = The New African Diaspora |first1 = Isidore |last1 = Okpewho |author-link1 = Isidore Okpewho |first2 = Nkiru |last2 = Nzegwu |publisher = Indiana University Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-253-35337-5 }}. * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KEsqd8CkCZ8C&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = The African Diaspora and the Disciplines |first1 = Tejumola |last1 = Olaniyan |first2 = James H |last2 = Sweet |publisher = Indiana University Press |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-253-35464-8 }} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hCcMb_2i0SUC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = The Latin American Identity and the African Diaspora: Ethnogenesis in Context |first = Antonio |last = Olliz-Boyd |publisher = Cambria Press |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-60497-704-2 }} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QpoxptJZ73sC&q=The%20African%20diaspora%20in%20Canada%3A%20negotiating%20identity%20%26%20belonging&pg=PP1 |title = The African Diaspora in Canada: negotiating identity & belonging |last1 = Wisdom |first1 = Tettey |first2 = Korbla P. |last2 = Puplampu |publisher = University of Calgary Press |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-1-55238-175-5 }} {{Refend}} == External links == {{Sister project links|c=Category:African diaspora|wikt=Afrodiasporic|n=no|q=History of Free African Diaspora|s=no|b=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|v=no|voy=no|d=Q385967}} * [http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africansindianocean/index2.php "The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019050614/http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africansindianocean/index2.php |date=October 19, 2019 }}, Omar H. Ali, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture * [http://www.blackpresence.co.uk/ The History of Black People in Britain] * [http://www.moadsf.org/ "Museum of the African Diaspora"], Online exhibits and other resources from the San Francisco-based museum. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171016071153/http://www.diaspora-centre.org/ The African Diaspora Policy Centre (ADPC)] {{African diaspora|state=expanded}} {{Immigration from Africa}} {{Pan-Africanism}}{{Diasporas}} [[Category:African diaspora| ]] 19gw16opxvao0l8hdfulz4b8rulzhy1 Maroons 0 32016 146181 145712 2026-08-10T22:30:46Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146181 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Body of Maroon child brought before medicine man, 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Ndyuka people|Ndyuka]] man bringing the body of a child before a [[shaman]]. Suriname, 1955]] '''Maroons''' nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban yina Africanima ban be Americanima mini Island nima ban be India nima "Ocean" ka daa daa zo n-tiligi ka che dab'tali, ka di nyɛla bɛ tuhi mi bee "manumission" ka bɛ niŋ, ka me bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu sheei. Bɛ mini "Indigenous peoples" tooi gabirila taba, ka bɛ kaya ni taɣa leei waligira<ref>{{Cite book|title=Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons|url=https://archive.org/details/slaverysexilesst0000diou|last=Diouf|first=Sylviane A.|publisher=NYU|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8147-2449-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaverysexilesst0000diou/page/81 81], 171–177, 215, 309|oclc=864551110}}</ref>kamani Garifuna mini Mascogos. [[File:Wikibruz23.jpg|thumb|upright|''Maroons surprised by dogs'' (1893) (Brussels) by [[Louis Samain]].]] == Pilli == ''Maroon'', bɛ ni tooi che shɛli labi ka di nyɛla di ka la aʒianima pam, daa kpela Silimi'tiŋa kamani yuma din gbaai 1590s, French bachibuɣisirili puuni "{{Lang|fr|marron}}",<ref>{{cite web |title=Maroon definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maroon |website=Collins Dictionary |access-date=16 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> din nyɛ 'feral' bee 'fugitive'. Din mini di bachinima ŋmebu nyɛ yim maa yoli, 'reddish brown' zaŋti ''maroon'' gbunni bi yi polo zaŋ na hali ni yuma din gbaai 1700s, amaa dini tooi nyɛ di daa yila "maroon" niriba sani na.<ref name="OED">{{Cite OED|maroon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Neil |title=Freedom as Marronage |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-20118-4 |location=Chicago, Illinois |pages=4–5 |oclc=899240409}}</ref> American Spanish bachi "{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}" gba tooi nyɛla din zani ti Siliminsili bachi "''maroon" ni yina shɛli'', ka di buɣisiri daba ban daa zo Florida biɛhisi sheei, "Great Dismal Swamp" din daa be Virginia mini North Carolina tarisi, Caribbean daba gbahibu tingbana,ni New World yaɣ'shɛŋa. Linguist Lyle Campbell yɛliya ni Spanish bachi din nyɛ "''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}''" gbunni nyɛla 'yɔɣu, gamazuɣu' bee 'dabili ŋun zo'.<ref name="Campbell2000">{{cite book|author-link=Lyle Campbell|last=Campbell|first=Lyle|title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3g8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514050-7|page=400}}</ref> Yuma 1570s piligu, Sir Francis Drake's daa goya gili Spanish din be Panama ka "''Symerons''," daa sɔŋ o, din ni tooi nyɛ "''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}''" ka bɛ sabi chirim.<ref name="OED"/> Bala baŋda Leo Spitzer, yɛliya balli lahabali sabbu puuni,, "ningbuna niŋbu yi beni ni Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''{{Lang|fr|marron}}'', ni Sp. ''{{Lang|es|cimarrón}}'', Spain (bee Spanish America) di nyɛla din ni tooi zani dede n-ti England (bee English America)."<ref name="Spitzer1938">{{cite journal|author-link=Leo Spitzer|last=Spitzer|first=Leo|title=Spanish cimarrón|journal=Language|date=1938|volume=14|issue=2|pages=145–147|doi=10.2307/408879|jstor=408879|publisher=Linguistic Society of America"|quote=The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. ''cimarrón'', wild, untamed'. But Eng. ''maroon'' is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. ''marron'' 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''marron'', and Sp. ''cimarrón'', Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).}}</ref> Lala n lahi nyɛli, Cuban "philologist José Juan Arrom" nyɛla ŋun bo "''maroon" ni yi shɛli na'' n-ti tooni gari Spanish ''cimarrón'', din daa zaŋ tum tuma tuuli Hispaniola ni di zani ti "feral" niɣi, n naan yi zaŋ paai India daba ban zo n kuli zoya ni, ka zaŋ chaŋ yuma 1530s piligu din chaŋ ti kpe Africa daba ban gba niŋ lala kpee. O buɣisi ni American Spanish bachi yimina Arawakan bachi din nyɛ "{{Lang|awd|simarabo}}" puuni, ka bɛ leei li 'fugitive', Arawakan balli ni, Taíno ni tɔɣisiri shɛli.<ref name="Arrom1983">{{cite journal|author-link=José Juan Arrom|last=Arrom|first=José Juan|title=Cimarrón: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen|language=es|trans-title=Cimarrón: Notes on its first documentation and probable origin|journal=Revista Española de Antropología Americana|date=1983|volume=XII|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/REAA/article/viewFile/REAA8383110047A/25067|publisher=Universidad Complutense|location=Madrid|quote={{langx|es|Y si prestamos atención al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, después de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrón «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedaría demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano préstamo de la lengua taina.»|link=no}} English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón "means, in the language of this island, fugitives", it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language.|page=10}}</ref><ref name="ArromArévalo1986">{{cite book|author-link=José Juan Arrom|last1=Arrom|first1=José Juan|first2=Manuel Antonio |last2=García Arévalo|title=Cimarrón|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij5IAAAAYAAJ&q=%22cimarr%C3%B3n%20es%20un%20indigenismo%22|year=1986|publisher=Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo|page=30|quote={{langx|es|En resumen, los informes que aquí aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la propia metrópoli.|link=no}} English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that ''cimarrón'' is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself.}}</ref><ref name="Price1996">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Price|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5496-5|pages=xi–xii}}</ref><ref name="Arrom2000">{{cite book|author-link=José Juan Arrom|first=José Juan|last=Arrom|title=Estudios de lexicología antillana|language=es|trans-title=Antillean Lexicology Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr4uAAAAYAAJ|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico|isbn=978-0-8477-0374-6|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tardieu |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique|language=fr|trans-title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note |journal=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire |date=2006 |volume=93 |issue=350 |pages=237–247 |doi=10.3406/outre.2006.4201 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2006_num_93_350_4201}}</ref> == Taarihi == === Colonial era === [[File:The Maroons In Ambush On The Dromilly Estate In The Parish Of Trelawney, Jamaica in 1795.jpg|thumb|1801 [[aquatint]] of a maroon raid on the Dromilly estate, Jamaica, during the Second Maroon War of 1795–1796.]] New World ni, kamani di yi daa kuli daŋ, yuuni 1512, Africa daba daa zo Spanish n chaŋ ti pahi shɛba zuɣu bee ka bɛ daa bo bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu shee.<ref name="Drake1">{{cite book|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|last=Drake|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Drake|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/34.html|publisher=The Harvard Classics|date=1909–1914|at=para. 21|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}</ref> Tuuli daba tuhibu daa niŋla [[Dominican Republic]] lache buu din daa nyɛ Admiral Diego Columbus ni su shɛli, Anashaara goli 26 December yuuni 1522, ka Admiral daa dahim li ka di bi viɛla.<ref name="Franco1996">{{cite book|first=José|last=Franco|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=1996}}</ref>{{Rp|35}} Tuuli maroon tinsi din nyɛ Americanima dini daa kpala lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyaaŋa, dini daa niŋ ka lala daba ŋɔ shɛba daa tooi zo n-tili. Di daa lahi nyɛla daliri din yɛn ti Dominican yaa maroons ban daa chaŋ ti su maroon tuma Americanima sani. Sebastián Lemba, bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Africa, daa tooi tuhi Spaniards di nasra yuuni 1532, ka daa naai noli ni Africanima shɛba o yuun poinaanu zaŋ tuhi Spanish dab gbahiriba ŋɔ. Din tooi niŋ ka Lemba daa nya maroons shɛba pahi o ma`n zuɣu kamani Juan Vaquero, Diego del Guzmán, Fernando Montoro, Juan Criollo ni Diego del Ocampo o dabili tuhibu saha. Dini daa niŋ ka maroons tuhi Spanish daabili, Spanish kpamba daa pilila maroon zobu ni bɛ ti fa island maa. Zaŋ kana 1540s, maroons daa tooi deei island maa puuni zaa, amaa yaɣ'shɛŋa din daa be east, north, ni western yaɣa din daa be island gba daa na nyɛla din yɛn kpe maroon sulinsi ni. Maroon <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwaller|first1=Robert C. |title=Contested Conquests: African Maroons and the Incomplete Conquest of Hispaniola, 1519–1620|language=en |journal=The Americas |date=2018 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=609-638 |doi=10.1017/tam.2018.3|hdl=1808/29355 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Dominican maroons nyɛla ban yɛn be island maa ni hali ni 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=López de Cerrato |first=Alonso |chapter=Lemba and the Maroons of Hispaniola |date=2014 |title=The Dominican Republic Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822356882 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822356882/page/66 66]–67 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.1215/9780822376521-015 |isbn=978-0-8223-5688-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Deive, Carlos Esteban |title=Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo |date=1997 |publisher=Fundación Cultural Dominicana |oclc=44735015}}</ref> Sir Francis Drake daa kali ''cimarrones'' pam o go n gili Spanish ni.<ref name="Drake2">{{cite book|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|last=Drake|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Drake|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/35.html|publisher=The Harvard Classics|date=1909–1914|at=para. 101|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}</ref> Kamani yuuni 1655, Africanima daa kpala tinsi inland [[Jamaica]], ka zaŋ chaŋ 18th century, Nanny Town mini Jamaican maroon tinkpan shɛŋa daa pili maŋsulinsi zuɣu zabbu.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Mavis Christine|date=1988|title=The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal|location=Granby, Massachusetts|publisher=Bergin & Garvey|isbn=0-89789-148-1}}.</ref> Di ni daa niŋ ka Amerindians mini daba ban daa zo n tiligi daa laɣim taba bɛ daa booni ba la "maroons". Caribbean islands ni, bɛ daa kpala laɣisni islands, armed camps. Maroon daa niŋ wahala pam,<ref>{{cite book|title=American Vistas: 1607–1877|editor1-last=Dinnerstein|editor1-first=Leonard|editor2-first=Kenneth T.|editor2-last=Jackson|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnAKAQAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press |page=64}}</ref> bindirigu nya n-di,<ref name="Ohadike2002">{{cite book|first=Don C. |last=Ohadike|title=Pan-African Culture of Resistance: A History of Liberation Struggles in Africa and the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_u_6ZA8BYUC |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Global Publications, Binghamton University |isbn=978-1-58684-175-1 |page=22}}</ref> ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛ dɔɣi ka yɛligi.<ref name="brief">{{cite book|first= Jan|last= Rogozinski|year= 1999|title= A Brief History of the Caribbean|edition= revised|publisher= Facts on File Inc.|location= New York|pages= 155–168|isbn= 0-8160-3811-2|url= https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/155|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Tuuli maroon tinsi daa kuli bela yerayera. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1700, maroon daa zoya ka che islands. Biɛhigu daa niŋla tom pam zaŋti ba, di daa kuli ʒimi ni bɛ tiuhima ka lahi bɔri bindirigu.<ref name="brief"/>Maroons so ŋun daa tooi mali yiko n daa nyɛ François Mackandal, ŋun daa nyɛ "houngan" bee "voodoo."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm |title=The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution |publisher=The City of Miami |access-date=2007-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826170155/http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm |archive-date=2007-08-26}}</ref> [[Cuba]] tingbani ni, maroon tinsi daa be di zolona ni, luɣ'shɛli Africa daba ni daa zo n-tiligi chaŋ ti pahi Taínos ni.<ref name="Aimes">{{cite book|last=Aimes|first=Hubert H. S.|date=1967|title=A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868|location=New York|publisher=Octagon Books}}</ref> Pɔi ka pala daa naan yi ti mali chaŋ Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Franklin W.|last=Knight|title=Review of Benjamin Nistal-Moret, ''Esclavos prófugos y cimarrones: Puerto Rico, 1770–1870''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hispanic-american-historical-review_1986-05_66_2/page/381|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=66|issue=2|date=May 1986|pages=381–382|jstor=2515149 }}</ref> Maroon tinsi pam daa kpaya Caribbean (St&nbsp;Vincent mini [[Dominica]]), amaa di shɛli da pa arisigu zaŋ ti British kamani Jamaican Maroons.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Bryan|date=1801|title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo|location=London|publisher=J. Stockdale}}</ref> 17th century piligu, Jamaican Maroons daa kuli tuhirila British daba-gbahiriba sahakam, ka di daa ti tahi "First Maroon War" na (1728–1740). Yuuni 1739 mini yuuni 1740,British gɔmnanti zaŋti Colony of Jamaica, Edward Trelawny, daa dihi gbana ni ka lo ba alikaule ni {{convert|2500|acres|0|abbr=on}} luɣa buyi ni, Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) din be western Jamaica mini Crawford's Town din be eastern Jamaica, din yɛn che ka bɛ che taba tuhibu.<ref name="Colonies">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Alan|date=2001|title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780965037068|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books}}</ref><ref name="Siva2018">{{cite thesis |first=Michael |last=Siva |title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 |type=PhD |location=Southampton, England |publisher=Southampton University |date=2018 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf}}</ref>{{Rp|31–46}} === Modern era === Maroon tinkura din daa be Spanish Caribbean daa na kuli beni zaŋ kana yuuni 2006, kamani Viñales, Cuba,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |last=Sartorio |first=Blanchie |date=2004-03-13 |title=El Templo de los Cimarrónes |trans-title=The Temple of the Maroons |url=http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508202938/http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm |archive-date=2008-05-08 |website=Guerrillero: Pinar del Río |language=es}}</ref> ni Adjuntas, Puerto Rico. Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, Jamaican Maroon nyɛla ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ka waligi ka che Jamaica tinsi.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Bryan |title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo |date=1801 |publisher=J. Stockdale |location=London |pages=303–360 |chapter=Observations on the disposition, character, manners, and habits of life, of the Maroons of the island of Jamaica; and a detail of the origin, progress, and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants |orig-date=1796}}</ref> Ndyuka na kuli nyɛla din niŋ talahi ti Ndyuka mini saha ŋɔ Surinamese gɔmnanti, ka di daliri nyɛla dii buɣisila Maroons fukumsi din be "[[gold]]-rich inlands" zaŋit Suriname.<ref>{{cite book |last=van Stipriaan |first=Alex |title=Surinaams Contrast. Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie, 1750–1863 |date=1995 |publisher=KITLV Uitgeverij |isbn=90-6718-052-1 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=Surinamese Contrast. Robbery and Survival in a Caribbean Plantation Colony, 1750–1863}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Buddingh' |first=Hans |url=https://www.onlinebibliotheek.nl/catalogus/376317221/de-geschiedenis-van-suriname-hans-buddingh- |title=Geschiedenis van Suriname |date=2012 |publisher=Nieuw Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-468-1172-6 |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=The History of Suriname}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Kunst van Overleven. Marroncultuur uit Suriname |date=2009 |publisher=KIT Publishers |isbn=978-94-6022-040-1 |editor1-last=van Stipriaan |editor1-first=Alex |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |language=nl |trans-title=Art of Survival. Maroon culture from Suriname |editor2-last=Polimé |editor2-first=Thomas}}</ref>[[File:Maroon flag outside St John’s Church, Freetown.jpg|thumb|Maroon flag in [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone]] [[File:Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955.jpg|thumb|Maroon village, [[Suriname River]], 1955]] == Lihi pahi == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Slave catcher]] * [[Slave rebellion]] * [[Afro-Latin American]]: [[Latin Americans]] of significant or mainly African ancestry. * [[Black Seminoles]]: Indians associated with the [[Seminole]] people in Florida and Oklahoma. * [[Bushinengue]]s: in [[French Guiana]], meaning people of the forest, descendants of slaves who escaped enslavement and established independent communities in the forest. * [[Gaspar Yanga]]: an African known for being the leader of a maroon colony of slaves in New Spain. * [[Saramaka]]: one of six Maroon peoples in the Republic of Suriname and one of the Maroon peoples in French Guiana. * [[Jamaican Maroons]]: one of the few countries where Maroon communities still exist. * ''[[Quilombo (film)|Quilombo]]'' a 1985 film about Quilombo dos Palmares, a fugitive community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil. * [[Jean Dugain]] {{div col end|2}} {{Clear}} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} == Sources == === Literature === *[https://archive.org/details/historyofmaroons02dalliala/page/n8?q=%22halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia%22 History of the Maroons] * [[Russell Banks]] (1980), ''The Book of Jamaica''. * Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), ''The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration & betrayal'', Granby, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey. {{ISBN|0-89789-148-1}} * Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), ''Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression'' (translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2803-3}} * [[Robert Charles Dallas|Dallas, R. C.]] ''The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone''. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803. * De Granada, Germán (1970), ''Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas "Criollas" en Hispanoamérica'' Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/37821053 OCLC 37821053] (in Spanish) * Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), ''Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons'', New York: NYU Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-2437-8}} * Honychurch, Lennox (1995), ''The Dominica Story'', London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-62776-8}} (Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica) * Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), ''The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname'', Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-09303-6}} * Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), ''Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas'' Garland Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8153-1543-0}} * Price, Richard (ed.) (1973), ''Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas'', Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. {{ISBN|0-385-06508-6}} *Schwaller, Robert, ed. ''African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents.'' University of Oklahoma Press, 2021. * Thompson, Alvin O. (2006), ''Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas'' University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica, {{ISBN|976-640-180-2}} *{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Alvin O. |title=Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814 |date=1976 |publisher=Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJm4AAAAIAAJ&q=%222,000%20Maroons%22%20%22French%20official%22}} * van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), ''In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society'', Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. {{ISBN|1-57766-323-3}} == External links == {{Commons category|Maroons}} * {{cite web|author=Chaglar, Alkan |website=toplumpostasi.net |url=http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |title=The World of Surinam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061031/http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |archive-date=September 28, 2007}} (The Maroons, Hindustanis and others of Surinam.) * {{cite web|url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |title=Society-BUSH-NEGROES: Culture summary |author=Lagace, Robert O. |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212555/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |archive-date=2014-03-12 }} A good short history of the "Bush Negroes" of Suriname. * {{cite web|url=http://www.kingbotho.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421170257/http://kingbotho.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 21, 2004 |website=Kingbotho|author=Mosis, André |title= Articles on Suriname Maroons and their culture in Dutch and English}} * {{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Maroon+culture+of+endurance.-a08929661 |title=The Maroon Culture of Endurance |author=Reidell, Helen Reidell|work=Américas |volume= 42|date= January–February 1990|pages=46–49}} (A history of Jamaican Maroons.) * {{cite web|website=Smithsonian|url=http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/presentation.htm|title=Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas|author=Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) in collaboration with the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, with the support of the Special Exhibition Fund of the Smithsonian Institution|date=March 1999|access-date=2025-05-25|archive-date=2004-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206195046/http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/presentation.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/music-from-aluku-maroon-sounds-of-struggle-solace-and-survival/world/album/smithsonian |title=Music from Aluku: Maroon Sounds of Struggle, Solace, and Survival|website=Smithsonian Folkways|author=Various artists}} *[https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/portchester-castle/history-and-stories/black-prisoners-at-portchester/ ''Black Prisoners of War at Porchester Castle''] *[https://amazonteam.org/maps/lands-of-freedom ''Lands of Freedom: the oral histories and cultural heritage of the Matawai Maroons in Suriname''] {{Maroons}}{{African diaspora}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Maroons (people)| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:16th century in the Colony of Santo Domingo]] [[Category:People of African descent]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in South America]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Suriname]] [[Category:People from Saint-Domingue]] [[Category:People from the Colony of Santo Domingo]] [[Category:Pre-emancipation African-American history]] [[Category:Fugitive American slaves]] 48xrfb6s3g18neyfdnxri6f90lnmyc9 Atlantic slave trade 0 32018 146206 145944 2026-08-10T23:26:29Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Slave trade between Africa and the Americas}} [[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], British [[Province of South Carolina]], in 1769|upright=1.1]] '''Atlantic slave trade''' bee '''transatlantic slave trade''' nyɛla dabba daabiligu zaŋ gbaŋsabila labisi [[Americas]] ka bɛ nyɛ dabba. Gbaŋpiɛlla nyɛla ban daa piligi dabba daabilim 15th century ka bɛ zaŋ kpɛhi Americas nyɛla din daa piligi 16th century, ka daa chɛ 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diffie |first=Bailey |title=Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator |url=https://archive.org/details/preludetoempirep0000diff |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=1963 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/preludetoempirep0000diff/page/58 58]}}</ref> Ninsalinima shɛba bɛ ni daa mali niŋdi dabba tali daabilim ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa yina [[Central Africa]] mini [[West Africa]] ka nyɛ West African dabba ɔdaabihi ni daa kɔhi shɛba n-ti European dabba daabihi.<ref name="apology">{{Cite news |last=Gates |first=Henry Louis Jr. |author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |date=22 April 2010 |title=Opinion – How to End the Slavery Blame-Game |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426120726/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html |archive-date=26 April 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=112}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exchanging People for Trade Goods |url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215214335/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=African American Heritage and Ethnography |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> European dabba daabihi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa laɣindi gbaŋsabila ban nyɛ dabba ŋɔ mali ba n tahiri Americas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implications of the slave trade for African societies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717094706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Africa – National Museums Liverpool |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa#section--the-capture-and-sale-of-enslaved-africans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155135/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=14 October 2015 |publisher=[[International Slavery Museum]] |location=[[Liverpool]]}}</ref> Portuguese mini European shɛba nyɛla ban daa be dabba tali daabilim ŋɔ ni. Kamani [[National Museums Liverpool]] ni yɛlli shɛm: "European dabba daabihi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa yi dari dabba ŋɔ African bee African-European daabhi sani."<ref>{{cite web |title=The capture and sale of enslaved Africans |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa |website=[[National Museums Liverpool]] |access-date=15 August 2024 }}</ref> South Atlantic mini Caribbean daabihi nyɛla ban daa mali gbaŋsabila dabba ŋɔ n tumdi pukparilim tuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise and Fall of King Sugar |url=https://www.natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/pdfs/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-King-Sugar.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625094400/http://natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/pdfs/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-King-Sugar.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sugar Plantations |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archaeologyofslavery/sugar-plantations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127075115/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archaeologyofslavery/sugar-plantations |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=National Museums Liverpool}}</ref> Gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ daa nya ka di mali ba anfaani pam.<ref name="Mannix 1962 Introduction-1–5">{{Cite book |last=Mannix |first=Daniel |url=https://archive.org/details/blackcargoeshist00mann |title=Black Cargoes |publisher=The Viking Press |year=1962 |pages=Introduction–1–5 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ives Bortolot |first=Alexander |title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117150911/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2024 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Department of Art History and Archaeology, [[Columbia University]]}}</ref> Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla din niŋ talahi n-ti Western European tingbana ka bɛ daa mali niya ni bɛ lahi nam "[[Colonial empire|overseas empires]]" shɛŋa pahi.<ref name="Mannix 1962 Introduction-1–52">{{Cite book|last=Mannix|first=Daniel|url=https://archive.org/details/blackcargoeshist00mann|title=Black Cargoes|publisher=The Viking Press|year=1962|pages=Introduction–1–5|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ives Bortolot|first=Alexander|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117150911/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm|archive-date=17 January 2024|access-date=17 January 2024|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=Department of Art History and Archaeology, [[Columbia University]]}}</ref> Portuguese maa, 16th century saha, n daa nyɛ tuuli ban zaŋ daba duhi Atlantic. Yuuni 1526, bɛ daa naai tuuli daba "voyage" zaŋ chaŋ [[Brazil]], ka European shɛba gba daa doli na din nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weber|first=Greta|date=5 June 2015|title=Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150605-shipwreck-slave-trade-south-africa-18th-century-brazil|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607030319/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150605-shipwreck-slave-trade-south-africa-18th-century-brazil/|archive-date=7 June 2015|access-date=8 June 2015|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref> Ban daa mali shitimanima daa nyɛla daba ka bɛ nyɛ nɛma ka bɛ ʒiriba tahiri Americas nini pɔbbu ni nɛma ni alaha,<ref name="Mannix 1962 Introduction-1–52" /> ni bɛ kɔhiba ka bɛ tumdi "coffee", taba, cocoa, sichiri ni boraadenima tuma,salma ni "silver" gbibu, shinkaafa puri, ni pala malibu tuma du'zuɣuri, taabonima ŋmabu, ni yinsi tuma tumbu.<ref name="Covey-Eisnach 2009">{{Cite book|title=What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways from the Slave Narratives|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-313-37497-5|editor-last=Covey|editor-first=Herbert C.|location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]|pages=49–72|chapter=Slave Cooking and Meals – Arrival in the Americas|lccn=2009003907|editor-last2=Eisnach|editor-first2=Dwight|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhpBsIa5yqEC&pg=PA49}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa zaŋ ba ni aʒianima maa zuɣu, bɛ daa nyami ka bɛ nyɛ tumtumdiba, ka bɛ daa kɔhiri bɛ mini neen shɛŋa dabam dahi ni.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Berlin|first=Ira|date=9 April 2012|title=The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/imperial-rivalries/essays/discovery-americas-and-transatlantic-slave-trade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117153933/https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/imperial-rivalries/essays/discovery-americas-and-transatlantic-slave-trade|archive-date=17 January 2024|access-date=17 January 2024|website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> Atlantic daba dab tiŋgbana din daa mali yaa, zaŋ chaŋ daabiligu yaa polo, n daa nyɛ [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], [[British Empire|Britain]], [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], [[French colonial empire|France]], [[Dutch Empire|Netherlands]], ni [[United States]], n-ti pahi [[Danish overseas colonies|Denmark]]. Shɛba daa bo la ʒi'shɛhi African teeku noya ni, n dari Africa kpamba ban daa kɔhiri daba sani.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Klein|first1=Herbert S.|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade|url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticslavetra0000klei|last2=Klein|first2=Jacob|date=1999|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlanticslavetra0000klei/page/103 103]–139}}</ref> Saha ŋɔ buɣisibu wuhiya ni kamani "12 million" zaŋ chaŋ "12.8&nbsp;million" African nim ka bɛ daa mali niŋdi shitimanima ni n duhiri Atlantic kamani yuun kɔbisinahi polo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Segal|first=Ronald|title=The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780374524906|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=1995|isbn=0-374-11396-3|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780374524906/page/4 4]|quote=It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic|author-link=Ronald Segal}}, citing {{cite journal|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|year=1989|title=The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1989_30_3/page/368|journal=[[Journal of African History]]|volume=30|issue=3|page=368|doi=10.1017/S0021853700024439}}</ref>{{sfn|Meredith|2014|p=194}} Daabihi ŋɔ ni daa dari shɛba daa galisiya pam, amaa soli maa daa kuri niriba pam, ka niriba kamani 1.2 ni 2.4&nbsp;million kpiri din ni. Tɔbu daa lahi nyɛla din kuri niriba pam, ni daba zaŋ chaŋ Europe n-ti niŋ daabiligu.<ref name="online at pp. 119–120">{{Cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=1992|isbn=0-8223-8237-7|editor1-last=Inikori|editor1-first=Joseph E.|pages=119–120|chapter=The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System|author-link=Patrick Manning (historian)|editor2-last=Engerman|editor2-first=Stanley L.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abvkqNGSTZ0C&pg=PA119}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|last=Stannard|first=David|title=American Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1993|author-link=David Stannard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Eltis|first1=David|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade|last2=Richardson|first2=David|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|year=2002|editor-last=Northrup|editor-first=David|edition=2nd|page=95|chapter=The Numbers Game}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Basil|title=The African Slave Trade|year=1980|url=https://archive.org/details/africanslavetrad0000davi}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}</ref> 19th century ni daa miri, gɔmnanti nim' pam daa mɔŋla lala daabiligu ŋɔ, amaa sɔɣi niŋ daa na nyɛla din beni. Amaa di daa naaya yuuni 1867, amaa shɛhira nim' wuhiya ni di daa kuli zaŋ ya hali ni yuuni 1873.<ref name="alberge">{{cite news|last=Alberge|first=Dalya|date=4 January 2024|title=Transatlantic slavery continued for years after 1867, historian finds|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/04/transatlantic-slavery-continued-for-years-after-1867-historian-finds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611231817/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/04/transatlantic-slavery-continued-for-years-after-1867-historian-finds|archive-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> 21st century piligu, daa tim sandaani ni daba daabiligu niŋbu. == Pilli == {{See also|History of slavery}} === Atlantic travel === {{Main|Age of Discovery|European colonization of the Americas|Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas}} {{Further|British colonization of the Americas|Dutch colonization of the Americas|Danish colonization of the Americas|French colonization of the Americas|Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonization of the Americas}} Atlantic slave trade daa pilila sha shɛli di ni daa niŋ ka daba daabiligu pili "[[Old World]]" ([[Afro-Eurasia]]) ni "[[New World]]" (the Americas). Yuun gbaliŋ, ko'gbana yaa nyɛla din che ka kom ni chandi niŋ tɔm ka daa nyɛ pɔhili n-ti shitimnanima ban daa beni lala saha.{{sfn|Thornton|1998|pp=15–17}} 15th century, European daa ʒi kom ni chandi tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma na, kamani [[caravel]] malibu, din daa sɔŋdi shitimanima ka bɛ tooi chani ko'gbana ni,ka bɛ ni tooi chani Atlantic Ocean ni.{{sfn|Christopher|2006|p=127}}Lala ŋɔ niŋbu ni, bɛ daa niŋ ningbuna ni west African teeku noli daba dabu zaŋ chaŋ Americas.{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=13}} <ref>{{cite book|last=Chaunu|first=Pierre|title=Conquête et exploitation des nouveaux mondes (xvie siècles)|date=1969|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|pages=54–58|language=fr|trans-title=Conquest and exploitation of new worlds (16th centuries)|author-link=Pierre Chaunu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Launching the Portuguese Slave Trade in Africa|url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/launching_the_portuguese_slave|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011824/http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/launching_the_portuguese_slave|archive-date=18 May 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|website=Lowcountry History Digital Initiative|publisher=Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston}}</ref> Taarihi baŋda [[John Thornton (historian)|John Thornton]] wuhiya, "ni tiŋgbani mini tabiibi-baŋsim zaŋ tum tumadalirinima n daa che ka Europe nim daa nyɛ ban tooi go n-gili Atlantic ka yɛligi di daabiligu".{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=24}} European daa niŋdila daabiligu bɔri salima, bɛ ni daa yɛn tooi nya shɛli western Africa, ka bo kom ni soli din yɛn tooi kuli "the Indies" (India), bɛ ni yɛn tooi daa nɛma din mali liɣiri luɣ'shɛli.{{sfn|Thornton|1998|pp=24–26}} [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg|thumb|Portuguese mariners used [[caravel]] ships and traveled south along the West African coast and colonized [[Cape Verde]] in 1462.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caravel|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Caravel/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705055424/https://www.worldhistory.org/Caravel/|archive-date=5 July 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref>]] {{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=27}} European kom ni yɛligibu daa che ka yaɣ'kura mini zaɣ'pala din maani "[[Columbian exchange]]", yuli daa boli Italy baŋda yuli, [[Christopher Columbus]].<ref name="McNeill 2019">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=McNeill|first1=J. R.|author1-link=J. R. McNeill|last2=Sampaolo|first2=Marco|last3=Wallenfeldt|first3=Jeff|date=30 September 2019|orig-date=28 September 2019|title=Columbian Exchange|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Columbian-exchange|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|location=[[Edinburgh]]|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421055242/https://www.britannica.com/event/Columbian-exchange|archive-date=21 April 2020|url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> Di daa pilia "[[global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries]]" ka daa che ka European mali nuu timbu ni "[[Chinese export porcelain|Chinese porcelain trade]]".<ref name="oxfordbibliographies1">{{cite web|last=Hahn|first=Barbara|date=31 July 2019|title=Tobacco - Atlantic History|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0141.xml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028093226/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0141.xml|archive-date=28 October 2020|access-date=4 September 2021|website=oxfordbibliographies.com|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Oxford]]|doi=10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0141|orig-date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Escudero 2014">{{cite book|last=Escudero|first=Antonio Gutiérrez|title=Global Goods and the Spanish Empire, 1492–1824: Circulation, Resistance, and Diversity|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-137-32405-4|editor1-last=Aram|editor1-first=Bethany|location=[[Basingstoke]]|pages=216–229|chapter=Hispaniola's Turn to Tobacco: Products from Santo Domingo in Atlantic Commerce|doi=10.1057/9781137324054_12|editor2-last=Yun-Casalilla|editor2-first=Bartolomé}}</ref><ref name="Knight 2010">{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Frederick C.|title=Working the Diaspora: The Impact of African Labor on the Anglo-American World, 1650–1850|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8147-4818-3|location=New York and London|pages=65–85|chapter=Cultivating Knowledge: African Tobacco and Cotton Workers in Colonial British America|doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814748183.003.0004|lccn=2009026860|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqQUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65}}</ref><ref name="Nater 2006">{{cite book|last=Nater|first=Laura|title=From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8223-3753-9|editor1-last=Topik|editor1-first=Steven|location=[[Durham, North Carolina]]|pages=93–117|chapter=Colonial Tobacco: Key Commodity of the Spanish Empire, 1500–1800|doi=10.1215/9780822388029-005|access-date=5 September 2021|editor2-last=Marichal|editor2-first=Carlos|editor3-last=Frank|editor3-first=Zephyr|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnvBYQqpJbQC&pg=PA93|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726153759/https://books.google.com/books?id=mnvBYQqpJbQC&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=26 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> === European slavery in Portugal and Spain === [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Amaro_Pargo.jpg|thumb|The Spanish corsair [[Amaro Pargo]], a well-known privateer of the [[Golden Age of Piracy]], participated in the African slave trade in [[Hispanic America]].]] Zaŋ chaŋ 15th century, daa be Iberian Peninsula (Portugal mini Spain) zaŋ chaŋ Western Europe.Roman Empire daa malila di ni niŋdi di daba daabiligu shɛm.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Isaac|first=Benjamin|date=2006|title=Proto-Racism in Graeco-Roman Antiquity|url=https://archive.org/details/569b-9a-1361d-9e-34093c-859718f-6ae-9f-4/mode/2up?q=proto-racism|journal=[[World Archaeology]]|volume=38|issue=1|pages=32, 42|doi=10.1080/00438240500509819|jstor=40023593?seq=11|access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Isaac|first1=Benjamin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eem1AQAAQBAJ&q=racism|title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781400849567|pages=26, 142, 175}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Isaac|first1=Benjamin|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/267/monograph/chapter/1205947/pdf|title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781400849567|pages=55–60}}</ref> Tum Western Roman Empire ni lu n naai, dailim balibu daa piliya Musulinsi ni Asori tiŋgbana din be peninsula zaŋ chaŋ ʒaamani Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Phillips|first1=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbboAQAAQBAJ&q=racism|title=Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia|date=2014|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780812244915|pages=9, 18, 32, 57, 150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2012|title=Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1640|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/324|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810140644/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/origins-slavery/essays/iberian-roots-transatlantic-slave-trade-1440%E2%80%931640|archive-date=10 August 2016|access-date=3 September 2020|website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History|language=en}}</ref> 1441–1444, Portuguese daabihi daa tuui gbahila Africa nim ban be Atlantic coast of Africa, zuŋɔ bɛ ni booni shɛli [[Mauritania]], daa malila bɛ daba tahir [[Europe]], ka bo bɛ biɛhigu shee Bay of Arguin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Caldeira|first=Arlindo|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History|year=2024|isbn=978-0-19-027773-4|series=Oxford Reference|chapter=The Portuguese Slave Trade|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.903|access-date=20 May 2024|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-903|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511002522/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-903|archive-date=11 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Iberian_Union_Empires.png|right|thumb|A map of the [[Spanish Empire]] (red) and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Empires]] (blue) in the period of their personal union (1581–1640)]] <ref name="Korpela, J. 2018">Korpela,&nbsp;J.&nbsp;(2018).&nbsp;Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600.&nbsp;Nederländerna:&nbsp;Brill. 242</ref><ref name="Korpela, J. 2018" /><ref name="Roşu, Felicia 2021 p. 35-36">{{cite book|last=Roşu|first=Felicia|title=Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2021|series=Studies in Global Slavery|volume=11|pages=35–36}}</ref> 15th century saha, di ni daa niŋ ka Balkan daba dabu daa du zuɣusaa ka che Ottoman Empire<ref>The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 117-120</ref>mini Black Sea slave trade.<ref>Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 29-31</ref><ref>The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420.&nbsp;(2021).&nbsp;(n.p.):&nbsp;Cambridge University Press. 48-49</ref> Jews mini Mussulinima shɛba daa leei la Dolodolonima ka mali tahima ni di nyɛla din yɛn ti ba faako "Spanish laws" ni. Di ni daa ti niŋ ka bɛ nya tiŋgbani pala zaŋ chaŋ Atlantic, Spain daa bi bɔri ni Jews Musulinima kperi Amerikas ka di daliri nyɛla Spanish Crown Musulinima mini ban pa Dolodolonima nyɛla ban ni tooi zaŋ bɛ adiini wuhi Americans bilichininima.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Emperor Charles V|url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/emperor_charles_v|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726153802/https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/emperor_charles_v|archive-date=26 July 2024|access-date=1 March 2024|website=Lowcountry Digital History Initiative|publisher=[[College of Charleston]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Maria|first1=Martinez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cUo8JqYztoC&q=limpieza+de+sangre|title=Genealogical Fictions Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=9780804756488|pages=1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dunbar-Ortiz|first1=Roxanne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btpmDwAAQBAJ&q=limpieza%20de%20sangra|title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States|publisher=Beacon Press|year=2019|isbn=9780807049402|pages=36–38}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Blood Cleansing Statutes|url=https://pachami.com/Inquisicion/LimpiezaSangre.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123142530/https://pachami.com/Inquisicion/LimpiezaSangre.html|archive-date=23 January 2024|access-date=23 January 2024|website=Pachami.com|publisher=Center for Research and Dissemination of Sephardic Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mayeaux|first1=Stephen|date=10 September 2021|title=Limpieza de Sangre: Legal Applications of the Spanish Doctrine of "Blood Purity"|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2021/09/limpieza-de-sangre-legal-applications-of-the-spanish-doctrine-of-blood-purity/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601050537/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2021/09/limpieza-de-sangre-legal-applications-of-the-spanish-doctrine-of-blood-purity/|archive-date=1 June 2024|access-date=23 January 2024|website=Library of Congress Blogs|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spain and the Human Diaspora in 1492|url=https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/islamic/pages/spain.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713195143/https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/islamic/pages/spain.html|archive-date=13 July 2024|access-date=23 January 2024|website=[[John Carter Brown Library]]|publisher=[[Brown University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Hugh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=conversos%20Jews|title=The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2013|isbn=9781476737454|pages=12–13|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726155144/https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=conversos%20Jews#v=snippet&q=conversos%20Jews&f=false|archive-date=26 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> New Spain tiŋgbani ni, Spaniards malila "{{lang|es|limpieza de sangre}}" kuri bukaata Africans mini Americans bilichinima zuɣu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martinez|first1=Maria|date=2004|title=The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico|url=https://userpages.umbc.edu/~kars/history%20200/martinez.htm|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=61|issue=3|pages=479–520|doi=10.2307/3491806|jstor=3491806|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123145808/https://userpages.umbc.edu/~kars/history%20200/martinez.htm|archive-date=23 January 2024|access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sweet|first1=James H.|date=1997|title=The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953315|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=54|issue=1|pages=143–166|doi=10.2307/2953315|jstor=2953315|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Simms|first1=Ellen Yvonne|date=2008|title=Miscegenation and Racism: Afro-Mexicans in Colonial New Spain|url=https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol2no3/MiscegenationandRacism.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[The Journal of Pan African Studies]]|volume=2|issue=3|pages=228–254|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227194333/https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol2no3/MiscegenationandRacism.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2024|access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref> Europe daa niŋla Musulinima fukumsi din yɛn che ka bɛ deei Dolodolo adiini.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mark|first1=Charles|url=https://globalhealth.emory.edu/_includes/documents/unsettling-truths_chapter-1.pdf|title=Unsettling Truths: The Ongoing, Dehumanizing Legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery|last2=Rah|first2=Soon-Chan|date=2019|publisher=Intervarsity Press|isbn=9780830887590|page=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715213110/https://globalhealth.emory.edu/_includes/documents/unsettling-truths_chapter-1.pdf|archive-date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Hugh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=dum%20diversas|title=The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2013|isbn=9781476737454|page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Colonization, Captivity, and Catholic Authority|url=https://www.searchablemuseum.com/1400s-papal-bulls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140128/https://www.searchablemuseum.com/1400s-papal-bulls/|archive-date=1 August 2023|access-date=20 January 2024|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture}}</ref> Dum Diversas mini Romanus Pontifex daa naan tooi mali nuu timbu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lind|date=2020|title=Doctrines of Discovery|url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=law_jurisprudence|journal=Wash. U. Jue. Rev|volume=13|issue=1|pages=15–25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630221307/https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=law_jurisprudence|archive-date=30 June 2024|access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/doctrine-discovery-1493?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIz86r6e7pgwMVGWlHAR3vlgo9EAAYASAAEgL66PD_BwE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119170040/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/doctrine-discovery-1493?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIz86r6e7pgwMVGWlHAR3vlgo9EAAYASAAEgL66PD_BwE|archive-date=19 January 2024|access-date=19 January 2024|website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mark|first1=Joshua|title=Doctrine of Discovery|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Doctrine_of_Discovery/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705054414/https://www.worldhistory.org/Doctrine_of_Discovery/|archive-date=5 July 2024|access-date=19 January 2024|website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AD 1493: The Pope asserts rights to colonize, convert, and enslave|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/171.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228150254/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/171.html|archive-date=28 December 2023|access-date=20 January 2024|website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref> Inter Caetera gba daa lahi nyɛla ŋun bo maligu Portugal mini Spain sunsuuni zaŋ chaŋ tingban polo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Modrow|last2=Smith|title=The Papal Bull Inter Caetera of May 4, 1493|url=https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/assets/pdfs/Inter_Caetera_Modrow&Smith.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326213351/https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/assets/pdfs/Inter_Caetera_Modrow&Smith.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|website=Doctrineofdiscovery.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The bull of Julius II in Portuguese archives|url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=3907968|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730145139/https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=3907968|archive-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Noah curses Ham (89393683).jpg|right|thumb|[[Noah]] curses [[Ham (Bible)|Ham]] by [[Gustave Dore|Gustave Doré]] – the [[curse of Ham]] was used as a justification to enslave Africans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sweet|first1=James H.|date=1997|title=The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953315|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=54|issue=1|page=149|doi=10.2307/2953315|jstor=2953315|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Africans in Spanish America|url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/SpanishAmA.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240831185137/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/SpanishAmA.htm|archive-date=31 August 2024|access-date=16 August 2024|website=African American Heritage and Ethnography|publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> Din bɔŋɔ mini sabiri shɛŋa nyaaŋa, European sasabiriba wuhi kari ni be shƐba zuɣu, Africa mini daba, din tahi daba daabiligu na.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Onyemechi Adiele|first1=Pius|url=https://archive.org/details/the-popes-the-catholic-church-and-the-transatlantic-enslavement-of-black-africa/mode/2up?q=curse+of+ham|title=The Popes, the Catholic Church and the Transatlantic Enslavement of Black Africans 1418-1839|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag|year=2017|isbn=9783487312026|pages=185–188}}</ref><ref name="Whitford 105">{{Cite book|last=Whitford|first=David M.|title=The Curse of Ham in the Early Modern Era|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2017|isbn=9781315240367|pages=105ff|doi=10.4324/9781315240367}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Historical Origins and Development of Racism|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214145648/https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|archive-date=14 February 2024|access-date=16 January 2024|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Hugh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=christian%20slaves|title=The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870|date=2013|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=9781476737454|pages=35–40|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726155146/https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=christian%20slaves#v=snippet&q=christian%20slaves&f=false|archive-date=26 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rattansi|first1=Ali|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/28433/chapter-abstract/228912770?redirectedFrom=fulltext|title=Racism: A Very Short Introduction (2nd edn)|date=2020|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780198834793|access-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116155602/https://academic.oup.com/book/28433/chapter-abstract/228912770?redirectedFrom=fulltext|archive-date=16 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Barksdale|first1=Dante|last2=Hutton|first2=Shennan|title=Was Slavery Always Racial?|url=https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/ojtyhrs56f1fqruhe701oo4drhv8r96z|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116162459/https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/ojtyhrs56f1fqruhe701oo4drhv8r96z|archive-date=16 January 2024|access-date=16 January 2024|website=[[University of California, Davis Campus]]|publisher=California Historical Society & California History-Social Science Project}}</ref><ref name="amaropargoesclavitud_1">{{Cite web|date=17 December 2023|title=Los destellos humanistas de Amaro Pargo contra la esclavitud|url=https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2023/12/amaro-pargo-esclavitud/|website=diariodeavisos.elespanol.com}}</ref> Yuuni 1710, ʒingama nira daa niŋ shaawara ni Alonso García Ximénez,ŋun zilisi o ni o daa nyɛla ŋun bo faako ti African dabili yuli booni Sebastián, bɛ ni daa zaŋ so kulisi [[Venezuela]] ka o doli Amaro shitimanima ni yini. <ref name="amaropargoesclavitud_1" /> Yaha! Alhali ka 'Yahuudawa' ban daa leei 'Katolika' ni 'Musulinima daa nyela bi ni malindi sheba ansarisi, be sheba daa nyela ban mali nuu timbu ni Africa daba dabu maa puuni. Lisbon puuni zaŋ chaŋ 16th mini 17 centuries, Musilinim sheba daa nyala Jewish conversos ni bɔ ariʒichi zaŋ ti ka bi kohi Africa daba zaŋ kpa Sahara Desert polo ŋɔ yaha bi daa lahi gbahi Africa nim daba pɔi ni Atlantic slave trade ni di ʒemani Europe mini Africa puuni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Atlantic slave trade|date=2025-07-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=1299964614|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2025-07-14}}</ref> New Spain puuni, Spaniards daa zaŋ ´limpieza de sangre´ daa niŋdi Africa ni Native Americans ka bɛ zaŋ li daa labisi bilfu ('race') yɛla niŋbu ni, ka bɛ daa mali dihitabli ni bi ka kasi domini bi daa pa dolo dolo nima.<ref>{{Citation|title=Atlantic slave trade|date=2025-07-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=1299964614|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2025-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Atlantic slave trade|date=2025-07-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=1299964614|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2025-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Atlantic slave trade|date=2025-07-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=1299964614|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2025-07-14}}</ref> Europeans daa nyala ban gbahi Musilinim daba ni ban kam daa doli adiini shela ka di pa Dolo dolo adiini ni di zugu chɛ ka bi gba leegi dolo dolo nima. Yuuni 1452, Pope Nicholas V daa nyala ŋun ti shahara gbaŋ yuli booni papal bull ''Dum Diversas, lala shahara gbaŋ ŋɔ nyala dini daa ti Portugal Naa maa soli ni o gbaagi ŋun kam zaa pa dolo dolo nira dabli. Shahara gbaŋ maa daa nyala din ti Naa maa soli ni o gbahi Musilinim ban be West Africa polo ŋɔ ka lahi yoogi daba kohibu ni dabu soli ka di nyala Catholic Church maa nuu n pa di zugu.''<ref>{{Citation|title=Atlantic slave trade|date=2025-07-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=1299964614|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2025-07-15}}</ref>[[File:ElMina AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg|thumb|[[Elmina Castle]] in the [[Guinea (region)|Guinea coast]], present-day [[Ghana]], was built in 1482 by Portuguese traders and was the first European-slave trading post in Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elmina Castle |url=https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi3/elmina.htm#:~:text=Located%20on%20the%20western%20coast,British%20ownership%20in%20the%201800s. |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118160445/https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi3/elmina.htm#:~:text=Located%20on%20the%20western%20coast,British%20ownership%20in%20the%201800s. |archive-date=18 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Womber |first1=Peter Kwame |title=From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British |journal=[[Athens Journal of History]] |date=2020 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=349–372 |doi=10.30958/ajhis.6-4-4 |url=https://www.athensjournals.gr/history/2020-6-4-4-Womber.pdf |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118160446/https://www.athensjournals.gr/history/2020-6-4-4-Womber.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] [[File:Cannons at Cape Coast Castle.JPG|thumb|Established in [[Ghana]] by the [[Swedish Africa Company|Swedish African Company]], [[Cape Coast Castle]] was built in 1653 as a trading post that later expanded to other European nations. With the arrival of British colonization, Cape Coast Castle became the headquarters of British colonial administration. "Throughout the 18th century, the Castle served as a 'grand emporium' of the [[Bristol slave trade|British slave trade]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Cape Coast Castle, Cape Coast (1653) |url=https://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/cape-coast-castle.php#:~:text=Cape%20Coast%20Castle%2C%20Cape%20Coast%20(1653)&text=The%20Swedes%2C%20led%20by%20Krusenstjerna,King%20Charles%20X%20of%20Sweden. |website=Ghana Museums and Monuments Boards |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709053738/https://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/cape-coast-castle.php |archive-date=9 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roth |first1=Catherine |title=Cape Coast Castle (1652- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/cape-coast-castle/ |website=Blackpast.org |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211111323/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/cape-coast-castle/ |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cape Coast Castle History |url=https://www.everycastle.com/Cape-Coast-Castle.html |website=Castles and Places of the World |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711042755/https://everycastle.com/cape-coast-castle/ |archive-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>]] ===African awareness of the conditions of slavery in the Americas=== [[File:FORBES(1851) p1.133 SCENE AT SLAVE MARKET.jpg|thumb|A slave market in Dahomey]] Di nyɛla din niŋ tom pam zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila shɛba ban be gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ŋɔ ni ni bɛ tooi baŋ Atlantic slave trade ni nyɛ shɛli.<ref name="law">{{cite book |last1=Law |first1=Robin |title=Ouidah: the social history of a West African slaving 'port', 1727–1892 |url=https://archive.org/details/ouidahsocialhist0000lawr |date=2004 |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, Ohio |isbn=978-0-8214-1572-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ouidahsocialhist0000lawr/page/148 148]–149}}</ref>{{sfn|Sparks|2014|p=243}} Fenda Lawrence nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ dabili ŋun yina [[Gambia]] ka daa be [[Georgia]] mini [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akyeampong |first1=Emmanuel Kwaku |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis Jr. |title=Dictionary of African Biography |date=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=Fenda+Lawrence&pg=RA2-PA475 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726160701/https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=Fenda+Lawrence&pg=RA2-PA475#v=snippet&q=Fenda%20Lawrence&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Slave market regions and participation=== [[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries]] Europeanima nyɛla ban daa dari dabba gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ni kpɛhiri Western Hemisphere dahi din be West Africa. Dabba kalinli shɛli bɛ ni kɔhi zaŋ n-ti New World nyɛla din wali. Bin din gbaai yuuni 1650 mini yuuni 1900 sunsuun, 10.2&nbsp;million gbaŋsabila dabba nyɛ ban daa kpɛ America ka nyɛ ban daa yina tiŋgbani koŋkoba ni:{{sfn|Lovejoy|2000|pp=}}{{page needed|date=July 2024}} * [[Senegambia (geography)|Senegambia]] ([[Senegal]] mini [[the Gambia]]): 4.8% * [[Upper Guinea]] ([[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Guinea]] mini [[Sierra Leone]]): 4.1% * [[Pepper Coast|Windward Coast]] ([[Liberia]] mini [[Ivory Coast]]): 1.8% * [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] ([[Ghana]] mini [[Ivory Coast]]): 10.4% * [[Bight of Benin]] ([[Togo]], [[Benin]] mini [[Nigeria]] west of the Niger Delta): 20.2% * [[Bight of Biafra]] ([[Nigeria]], [[Niger Delta]], [[Cameroon]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] ni [[Gabon]]): 14.6% * West Central Africa ([[Republic of Congo|Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] n-ti pahi [[Angola]]): 39.4% * Southeastern Africa ([[Mozambique]] mini [[Madagascar]]): 4.7% ====Ethnic groups==== Balli koŋkoba zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila nyɛ ninvuɣ shɛba bɛ ni gbahiri dabba mali kpɛri America. Balli koŋkoba din gari pihinahi ni anu nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛba kpɛhi Amerca, lala balla ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ.<ref name="Hall">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Gwendolyn Midlo |author1-link=Gwendolyn Midlo Hall |title=Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas |url=http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/book_detail?title_id=742 |access-date=24 January 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=978-0-8078-5862-2 |page={{page needed|date=January 2011}} |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118132059/http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/book_detail?title_id=742}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zakharia |first1=Fouad |last2=Basu |first2=Analabha |last3=Absher |first3=Devin |last4=Assimes |first4=Themistocles L. |last5=Go |first5=Alan S. |last6=Hlatky |first6=Mark A. |last7=Iribarren |first7=Carlos |last8=Knowles |first8=Joshua W. |last9=Li |first9=Jun |last10=Narasimhan |first10=Balasubramanian |last11=Sidney |first11=Steven |last12=Southwick |first12=Audrey |last13=Myers |first13=Richard M. |last14=Quertermous |first14=Thomas |last15=Risch |first15=Neil |date=22 December 2009 |title=Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans |journal=[[Genome Biology]] |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=R141 |doi=10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141 |issn=1474-760X |pmc=2812948 |pmid=20025784 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Veeramah |first1=Krishna R. |last2=Connell |first2=Bruce A. |last3=Pour |first3=Naser Ansari |last4=Powell |first4=Adam |last5=Plaster |first5=Christopher A. |last6=Zeitlyn |first6=David |last7=Mendell |first7=Nancy R. |last8=Weale |first8=Michael E. |last9=Bradman |first9=Neil |last10=Thomas |first10=Mark G. |date=31 March 2010 |title=Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria |journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=92 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-92 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=2867817 |pmid=20356404 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10...92V |doi-access=free}}</ref> # [[Kongo people|BaKongo]] zaŋ n-ti [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Republic of the Congo]] ni [[Angola]] # [[Mandé peoples|Mandé]] zaŋ n-ti Upper [[Guinea]] # [[Gbe languages|Gbe]] bilichininima zaŋ n-ti [[Togo]], [[Ghana]], mini [[Benin]] ([[Fon people|Fon]], [[Ewe people|Ewe]], [[Adja people|Adja]], Mina) # [[Akan people|Akan]] zaŋ n-ti Ghana mini [[Ivory Coast]] # [[Wolof people|Wolof]] zaŋ n-ti [[Senegal]] mini [[the Gambia]] # [[The Igbo in the Atlantic slave trade|Igbo]] zaŋ n-ti [[Nigeria]] # [[Ambundu]] zaŋ n-ti [[Angola]] # [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] zaŋ n-ti [[Nigeria]] mini [[Benin]] # [[Tikar people|Tikar]] mini [[Bamileke people|Bamileke]] zaŋ n-ti [[Cameroon]] # [[Makua people|Makua]] zaŋ n-ti [[Mozambique]] == Human toll == [[Lahabali_kɔligu:African_Slave_Trade.png|thumb|Slave trade out of Africa, 1500–1900]] Daba dabu nyɛla din che ka Africa nim kɔŊ bɛ nyɛvuya pam Africa mini zaŋ yi Americas zaa. Buɣisibu wuhiya kamani 2 million<ref name="HjLHH">{{cite web|last1=Greenberg|first1=Jon|title=Jon Stewart: Slave trade caused 5 million deaths|url=https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2014/mar/18/jon-stewart/jon-stewart-slave-trade-caused-5-million-deaths/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401164051/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2014/mar/18/jon-stewart/jon-stewart-slave-trade-caused-5-million-deaths/|archive-date=1 April 2023|website=Pundit Fact}}</ref> zaŋ chaŋ 60 million.<ref name="egC2A">{{cite book|last1=Stannard|first1=David|url=https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan|title=American Holocaust|date=1992|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA|isbn=978-0-19-508557-0|author1-link=David Stannard}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|date=15 March 2007|title=Quick guide: The slave trade; Who were the slaves?|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6445941.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712115442/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6445941.stm|archive-date=12 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA2">{{Cite book|last=Stannard|first=David|title=American Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1993|author-link=David Stannard}}</ref> Lala daabiligu ŋƆ nyɛla din saɣim daadama nim mini kaya ni taɣada.<ref>''Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities, and Images''.</ref><ref name="FreedmensInquiry">[[American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission]] report, page 43-44</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|title=Contours of the world economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in macro-economic history|url=https://archive.org/details/contoursofworlde0000madd|date=2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/contoursofworlde0000madd/page/90 90]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Adam|title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/genocidecomprehe0000jone|date=2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-35385-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/genocidecomprehe0000jone/page/23 23]–24|author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hartman|first=Saidiya V.|title=Lose your mother: a journey along the Atlantic slave route|url=https://archive.org/details/loseyourmotherjo0000said|date=2021|publisher=Serpent's Tail|isbn=978-1-78816-814-4|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/loseyourmotherjo0000said/page/31 31]|oclc=1255859695}}</ref> === Destinations and flags of carriers === Atlantic slave trade daa tooi zooi la tiŋgbana dibaa ayopɔin ni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates|url=https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718062916/https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates|archive-date=18 July 2024|access-date=5 February 2021|website=slavevoyages}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates |url=https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates |website=slavevoyages |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718062916/https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates |archive-date=18 July 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |+ Flag of vessels carrying the slaves |- !scope="col"| Destination !scope="col"| Portuguese !scope="col"| British !scope="col"| French !scope="col"| Spanish !scope="col"| Dutch !scope="col"| American !scope="col"| Danish !scope="col"| Total |- !scope="row"| [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese Brazil]] | 4,821,127 || 3,804 || 9,402 || 1,033 || 27,702 || 1,174 || 130 || 4,864,372 |- !scope="row"| [[British West Indies|British Caribbean]] | 7,919 || 2,208,296 || 22,920 || 5,795 || 6,996 || 64,836 || 1,489 || 2,318,251 |- !scope="row"| [[French West Indies#French Caribbean|French Caribbean]] | 2,562 || 90,984 || 1,003,905 || 725 || 12,736 || 6,242 || 3,062 || 1,120,216 |- !scope="row"| [[Hispanic America|Spanish Americas]] | 195,482 || 103,009 || 92,944 || 808,851 || 24,197 || 54,901 || 13,527 || 1,061,524 |- !scope="row"| [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch Americas]] | 500 || 32,446 || 5,189 || 0 || 392,022 || 9,574 || 4,998 || 444,729 |- !scope="row"| [[United States|North America]] | 382 || 264,910 || 8,877 || 1,851 || 1,212 || 110,532 || 983 || 388,747 |- !scope="row"| [[Danish West Indies]] | 0 || 25,594 || 7,782 || 277 || 5,161 || 2,799 || 67,385 || 108,998 |- !scope="row"| [[Europe]] | 2,636 || 3,438 || 664 || 0 || 2,004 || 119 || 0 || 8,861 |- !scope="row"| Africa | 69,206 || 841 || 13,282 || 66,391 || 3,210 || 2,476 || 162 || 155,568 |- !scope="row"| ''did not arrive'' | 748,452 || 526,121 || 216,439 || 176,601 || 79,096 || 52,673 || 19,304 || 1,818,686 |-style="font-weight:bold;" !scope="row"| '''Total''' | 5,848,266 | 3,259,443 | 1,381,404 | 1,061,524 | 554,336 | 305,326 | 111,040 | 12,521,339 |} [[File:Slaves transported per 25 year period by 6 nations.png|thumb|center|400px]] {{clear}} Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana yaɣa shɛŋa lala bɛ daa tooi dari dabba ŋɔ nyɛ din be teebuli shɛli din doli na ŋɔ.<!-- as what? Which source?? --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:right; |+ Source of slaves, by region !scope="col"| Region !scope="col"| Embarked !scope="col"| Disembarked !scope="col"| ''did not arrive'' !scope="col"| ''% did not arrive'' |- !scope="row"| [[Angola|Angola Coast]], [[Loango slavery harbour|Loango Coast]], and [[Saint Helena]] | 5,694,570 | 4,955,430 | 739,140 | 12.98% |- !scope="row"| [[Bight of Benin]] | 1,999,060 | 1,724,834 | 274,226 | 13.72% |- !scope="row"| [[Bight of Biafra]] | 1,594,564 | 1,317,776 | 276,788 | 17.36% |- !scope="row"| [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] | 1,209,322 | 1,030,917 | 178,405 | 14.75% |- !scope="row"| [[Senegambia]] and [[Islands of Africa|off-shore Atlantic]] | 755,515 | 611,017 | 144,498 | 19.13% |- !scope="row"| [[Southeast Africa]] and [[Islands of Africa|Indian Ocean islands]] | 542,668 | 436,529 | 106,139 | 19.56% |- !scope="row"| [[Sierra Leone]] | 388,771 | 338,783 | 49,988 | 12.87% |- !scope="row"| [[Windward Coast]] | 336,869 | 287,366 | 49,503 | 14.70% |-style="font-weight:bold;" !scope="row"| '''Total''' | 12,521,339 | 10,702,652 | 1,818,687 | 14.52% |} ===Russia=== Bin din gbaai yuuni 1802, Russian bilichininima nyɛla ban daa nya ka "Boston" (U.S.-based) daa mali gbaŋsabila dabba niŋdi daabilim ni [[Tlingit people]] din be [[Southeast Alaska]].<ref name=Dauenhauer>{{Cite book |last1=Dauenhauer |first1=Nora Marks |first2=Richard |last2=Dauenhauer |first3=Lydia T. |last3=Black |title=''Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká'', Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804. |url=https://archive.org/details/anooshilingitaan0000unse |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2008 |location=Seattle |pages=XXVI |isbn=978-0-295-98601-2}}</ref> [[File:Atlantic Ocean slave location map by source and destination.png|thumb|upright=1.3|West Central Africa was the most common source region of Africa, and Portuguese America (Brazil) was the most common destination.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |+ Distribution of slaves (1519–1867)<ref>Stephen D. Behrendt, [[W. E. B. Du Bois Institute|W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research]], [[Harvard University]]. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". {{cite book|last=Behrendt|first=Stephen|url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|publisher=Basic Civitas Books|year=1999|isbn=0-465-00071-1|location=New York|chapter=Transatlantic Slave Trade|url-access=registration}}</ref> |- !scope="col"| Destination !scope="col"| Percent |- !scope="row"| [[Portuguese America]] | 38.5% |- !scope="row"| [[British West Indies]] | 18.4% |- !scope="row"| [[Spanish Empire]] | 17.5% |- !scope="row"| [[French West Indies]] | 13.6% |- !scope="row"| [[English overseas possessions#The Americas|English]]/[[British America|British North America]] / [[United States]] | 9.7% |- !scope="row"| [[Dutch West Indies]] | 2.0% |- !scope="row"| [[Danish West Indies]] | 0.3% |} * <gallery widths="160px" heights="130px"> File:Punishing negroes at Cathabouco, Rio de Janeiro.png|Punishing slaves at Calabouço, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], {{circa|1822}} File:Slaves resting by Rugendas 01.jpg|Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them {{Circa|1830}} File:Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Objectnumber 3581-33h Ingekleurde litho voorstellende de oo.jpg|A 19th-century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname </gallery> ==Effects== {{col-begin}}{{col-2}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |+World population (in millions)<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf |title=The World at Six Billion |publisher=[[United Nations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101220025/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> |- !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"| 1750 !scope="col"| 1800 !scope="col"| 1850 !scope="col"| 1900 !scope="col"| 1950 !scope="col"| 1999 |- !scope="row"| World | 791 | 978 | 1,262 | 1,650 | 2,521 | 5,978 |- !scope="row"| Africa | 106 | 107 | 111 | 133 | 221 | 767 |- !scope="row"| Asia | 502 | 635 | 809 | 947 | 1,402 | 3,634 |- !scope="row"| Europe | 163 | 203 | 276 | 408 | 547 | 729 |- !scope="row"| Latin America and the Caribbean | 16 | 24 | 38 | 74 | 167 | 511 |- !scope="row"| Northern America | 2 | 7 | 26 | 82 | 172 | 307 |- !scope="row"| Oceania | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 13 | 30 |} {{col-break}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |+World population (by percentage distribution) |- !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"| 1750 !scope="col"| 1800 !scope="col"| 1850 !scope="col"| 1900 !scope="col"| 1950 !scope="col"| 1999 |- !scope="row"| World | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |- !scope="row"| Africa | 13.4 | 10.9 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 12.8 |- !scope="row"| Asia | 63.5 | 64.9 | 64.1 | 57.4 | 55.6 | 60.8 |- !scope="row"| Europe | 20.6 | 20.8 | 21.9 | 24.7 | 21.7 | 12.2 |- !scope="row"| Latin America and the Caribbean | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 8.5 |- !scope="row"| Northern America | 0.3 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 5.1 |- !scope="row"| Oceania | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |} {{col-end}} ==Lihimi m-pahi== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Atlantic history]] * [[Atlantic slave trade to Brazil]] * [[Balkan slave trade]] * [[Barbary slave trade]] * [[Blackbirding]] * [[Black Sea slave trade]] * [[Bristol slave trade]] (UK) * [[Edward Colston]] * [[European enslavement of Indigenous Americans]] * [[Indian indenture system]] * [[Indian Ocean slave trade]] * [[Liverpool slave trade]] * [[Piracy]] * [[Red Sea slave trade]] * [[The Slave Route Project]] * [[Slave Trade Acts]] * [[Slavery in Britain]] * [[Slavery in Canada]] * [[Slavery in contemporary Africa]] * [[Slavery in South Africa]] * [[Slavery in the colonial United States]] * [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire]] * [[Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies]] * [[Slavery in the United States]] * ''[[Tobacco and Slaves]]'' (1986 book) * [[Trans-Saharan slave trade]] * [[United States labor law]] * [[Zephaniah Kingsley]] {{div col end}} ==Kundivihira== ===Citations=== {{reflist|30em}} ===General bibliography=== ====Academic books==== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Austen |first=Ralph |year=1987 |title= African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency |publisher=James Currey |location=London |isbn=978-0-85255-009-0}} * {{cite book |last=Christopher |first=Emma |year=2006 |title= Slave Ship Sailors and Their Captive Cargoes, 1730–1807 |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveshipsailors0000chri |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-67966-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Hair |first1=Paul |last2=Law |first2=Robin |chapter=The English in western Africa to 1700 |pages=241–263 |editor=Nicholas Canny |title=Oxford History of the British Empire volume 1: The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth century |date=1998 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-164734-5}} * {{cite book |first=Paul E. |last=Lovejoy |author-link=Paul Lovejoy |date=1983 |title=Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love |series=African Studies |number=36 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-78430-1}} * {{cite book |last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E. |date=2000 |title=Transformations in Slavery: a history of slavery in Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}} * {{cite book |last=Rodney |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Rodney |year=1972 |title=How Europe Underdeveloped Africa |publisher=Bogle L'Ouverture |location=London |isbn=978-0-9501546-4-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |year=2006 |author1-link=Simon Schama |title=Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution |title-link=Rough Crossings |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0-06-053916-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Sparks |first1=Randy J. |title=Where the Negroes are masters: an African port in the era of the slave trade |url=https://archive.org/details/wherenegroesarem0000spar |date=2014 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-72487-7}} * {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=John |author-link=John Thornton (historian) |year=1998 |title=Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 |url=https://archive.org/details/africaafricansin0000thor |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-62217-2}} * {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Williams |year=2021 |orig-date=1944 |title=[[Capitalism and Slavery]] |edition=Third |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=978-1-4696-6369-2}} {{refend}} ====Academic articles==== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |last1=Borucki |first1=Alex |last2=Eltis |first2=David |last3=Wheat |first3=David |title=Atlantic History and the slave Trade to Spanish America |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=120 |issue=2 |date=1 April 2015 |pages=433–461 |issn=1937-5239 |doi=10.1093/ahr/120.2.433 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.institutomora.edu.mx/Documentos_RHITMO/Atlantic-History-and-the-Slave-Trade-to-Spanish-America.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619035246/https://www.institutomora.edu.mx/Documentos_RHITMO/Atlantic-History-and-the-Slave-Trade-to-Spanish-America.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2024}} * {{cite journal |title= Back to Africa: Issues of hosting 'Roots' tourism in West Africa |last=Handley |first=Fiona J. L. |year=2006 |journal=African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora |location=London |publisher=[[University College London Press]] |pages=20–31}} * {{cite journal|title= Contested Monuments: African-Americans and the commoditization of Ghana's slave castles |last= Osei-Tutu, Brempong |year= 2006|journal= African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora |location= London: UCL Press |pages=9–19 |ref=Ose06}} {{refend}} ====Non-academic sources==== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Meredith |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Meredith |title=The Fortunes of Africa |date=2014 |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61039-635-6}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Anstey |first=Roger |title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1975 |isbn=0-333-14846-0 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Araujo |first=Ana Lucia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kymzngEACAAJ |title=Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic |publisher=[[Cambria Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60497-714-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Anne |title=African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame |url=https://archive.org/details/africanvoicesofa0000bail |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8070-5513-7 |location=Boston}} * {{Cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Blackburn |title=The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation and Human Rights |url=https://archive.org/details/americancrucible0000blac |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84467-569-2 |location=London & New York}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Boruki |first1=David Eltis |last2=Wheat |first2=David |date=April 2015 |title=Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=120 |issue=2}} * {{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=John Henrik |author-link=John Henrik Clarke |title=Christopher Columbus and the Afrikan Holocaust: Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism |publisher=A & B Books |year=1992 |isbn=1-881316-14-9 |location=Brooklyn, NY}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtin |first=Philip D. |url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticslavetra0000curt |title=The Atlantic Slave Trade |date=1969 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn=978-0-299-05400-7 |location=Madison |oclc=46413 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite journal |last=Daudin |first=Guillaume |date=2004 |title=Profitability of Slave and Long-Distance Trading in Context: The Case of Eighteenth-Century France |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8fbd/65cbaf8c100207702a7442256ece292d43bd.pdf |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=144–171 |doi=10.1017/S0022050704002633 |issn=1471-6372 |s2cid=154025254 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809134718/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8fbd/65cbaf8c100207702a7442256ece292d43bd.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2020}} * {{Cite book |last=Domingues da Silva |first=Daniel B. |title=The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867 |url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticslavetra0000domi |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-17626-3 |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |last=Drescher |first=Seymour |title=From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/fromslaverytofre0000seym |date=1999 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=0-333-73748-2 |location=New York |oclc=39897280}} * {{Cite journal |last=Eltis |first=David |year=2001 |title=The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_2001-01_58_1/page/n18 |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=17–46 |doi=10.2307/2674417 |jstor=2674417 |pmid=18630381}} * {{Cite book |last=Eltis |first=David |title=The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofafricansla0000elti |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780521652315 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |title=Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780300134360 |editor-last=Eltis |editor-first=David |location=New Haven |editor-last2=Richardson |editor-first2=David}} * {{Cite book |last=Emmer |first=Pieter C. |title=The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation |publisher=Variorum |year=1998 |isbn=9780860786979 |series=Variorum Collected Studies Series |volume=CS614 |location=Aldershot}} * {{Cite book |last=French |first=Howard |title=Born in Blackness: Africa, Africans, and the Making of the Modern World, 1471 to the Second World War |url=https://archive.org/details/borninblacknessa0000howa |publisher=Liveright Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-63149-582-3 |location=New York |oclc=1268921040}} * {{Cite book |last=Green |first=Toby |title=The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=9781107014367 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Guasco |first=Michael |title=Slaves and Englishmen: Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic |url=https://archive.org/details/slavesenglishmen0000guas |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780812245783 |location=Philadelphia}} * {{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Gwendolyn Midlo |author-link=Gwendolyn Midlo Hall |title=Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryafricanet0000hall |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-8078-2973-0 |location=Chapel Hill, NC}} * {{Cite book |last1=Heywood |first1=Linda |title=Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660 |url=https://archive.org/details/centralafricansa0000heyw |last2=Thornton |first2=John K. |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Horne |first=Gerald |title=The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/deepestsouthunit0000horn |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8147-3688-3 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abvkqNGSTZ0C |title=The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=0-8223-8237-7 |editor-last=Inikori |editor-first=Joseph E. |editor-last2=Engerman |editor-first2=Stanley L.}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Jensen |first1=Niklas Thode |last2=Simonsen |first2=Gunvor |year=2016 |title=Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950–2016 |journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of History]] |volume=41 |issue=4–5 |pages=475–494 |doi=10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Landers |first=Jane |date=1984 |title=Spanish Sanctuary: Fugitives in Florida, 1687–1790 |journal=Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=296–313 |jstor=30146288}} * {{Cite book |last=Lindsay |first=Lisa A. |title=Captives as Commodities: The Transatlantic Slave Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/captivesascommod0000lind |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-13-194215-8}} * {{Cite book |last=McMillin |first=James A. |title=The Final Victims: Foreign Slave Trade to North America, 1783–1810 |date=2004 |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |isbn=978-1-57003-546-3}} {{endash}} Includes database on CD-ROM. * {{Cite book |last=Meltzer |first=Milton |title=Slavery: A World History |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryworldhist0000melt |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-306-80536-7 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Christopher L. |title=The French Atlantic Triangle: Literature and Culture of the Slave Trade |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8223-4127-7 |location=Durham, NC}} * {{Cite book |last1=Nimako |first1=Kwame |title=The Dutch Atlantic: Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation |url=https://archive.org/details/dutchatlanticsla0000nima |last2=Willemsen |first2=Glenn |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7453-3108-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last1=Newson |first1=Linda |title=From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/fromcapturetosal0000news |last2=Minchin |first2=Susie |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2007 |isbn=9789004156791 |location=Leiden}} * {{Cite book |title=The Atlantic Slave Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticslavetra0000unse |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-618-64356-1 |editor-last=Northrup |editor-first=David |location=Independence, KY}} * {{Cite book |last1=Rawley |first1=James A. |title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History |last2=Behrendt |first2=Stephen D. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=9780803239616 |edition=Rev.}} * {{Cite book |last=Rediker |first=Marcus |title=The Slave Ship: A Human History |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveshiphumanhi0000redi |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-311425-3 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Rodney |first=Walter |title=How Europe Underdeveloped Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/howeuropeunderde00rodn |publisher=[[Howard University Press]] |year=1981 |isbn=0-88258-096-5 |edition=Revised |location=Washington, DC}} * {{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofem0000unse_b7y2 |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7656-1257-1 |editor-last=Rodriguez |editor-first=Junius P. |location=Armonk, NY}} * {{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=Stephanie E. |title=Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora |url=https://archive.org/details/saltwaterslavery00smal_0 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-674-03068-8 |location=Cambridge, MA}} * {{Cite journal |last=Schultz |first=Kara |year=2015 |title=The Kingdom of Angola is not very far from here: The South Atlantic Slave Port of Buenos Aires, 1585–1640 |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=36 |issue=3|pages=424–444 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067397}} * {{Cite book |title=Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521400909 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-521-40090-2 |editor-last=Solow |editor-first=Barbara |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |title=The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/slavetradehistor0000thom |publisher=Picador |year=1997 |isbn=0-330-35437-X |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Wheat |first=David |title=Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, 1570–1640 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=9781469623412 |location=Chapel Hill}} * {{Cite journal |last=Wheat |first=David |date=March 2011 |title=The First Great Waves: African Provenance Zones for the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Cartagena de Indias |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2011_52_1/page/1 |journal=[[Journal of African History]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S0021853711000119 |jstor=23017646}} * {{Cite web |last=Poulter |first=Emma |title=Slave-grown cotton in Greater Manchester museums |url=http://www.revealinghistories.org.uk/how-did-money-from-slavery-help-develop-greater-manchester/articles/slave-grown-cotton-in-greater-manchester-museums.html |website=Revealing Histories, Remembering Slavery}} * {{Cite web |title=Afro Atlantic Histories resource |url=https://www.nga.gov/learn/teachers/lessons-activities/afro-atlantic-histories.html |website=National Gallery of Art |location=Washington, DC}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Atlantic slave trade}} {{Wikivoyage|Atlantic slave trade}} {{Wikisource|On the Horrors of the Slave Trade}} <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> <!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |--> <!--| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |--> <!--| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |--> <!--| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)|--> <!--| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |--> <!--| |--> <!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |--> <!--| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details |--> <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> * [http://digitalscholarship.emory.edu/projects/featured/voyages-slave-trade.html Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705223316/http://digitalscholarship.emory.edu/projects/featured/voyages-slave-trade.html |date=2019-07-05 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6445941.stm Quick guide: The slave trade]&nbsp;– [[BBC News]] * [http://www.blackhistory4schools.com/slavetrade/ Slave Trade and Abolition of slavery]&nbsp;– Teaching resources at Black History 4 Schools * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612112047/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HT857xA1/stamenu.html British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 1788–1793] {{navboxes |list1= {{African topics}} {{US history}} {{African American topics}} {{Gullah topics|state=collapsed}} {{Black British topics}} {{Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States}} {{Pirates}} {{Dominican Republic topics}} {{Slave narrative}} }} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Atlantic Slave Trade}} [[Category:Atlantic slave trade| ]] [[Category:1525 establishments]] [[Category:1870 disestablishments]] [[Category:African slave trade]] [[Category:Black British history]] [[Category:Early modern period]] [[Category:European colonisation of Africa]] [[Category:European colonization of the Americas]] [[Category:Forced migration]] [[Category:Genocides in North America]] [[Category:Genocides in South America]] [[Category:History of English colonialism]] [[Category:History of sugar]] [[Category:History of the Atlantic Ocean|Slave trade]] [[Category:Slavery in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Slavery in North America]] [[Category:Slavery in South America]] [[Category:Slavery in the British Empire]] [[Category:Trade routes]] [[Category:Death marches]] [[Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa]] mz3t53k4n7uozkrith5joip5jm1n0hf Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution 0 32023 146172 145839 2026-08-10T22:20:45Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1865 Reconstruction amendment}} {{pp-move}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{good article}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}} {{US Constitution article series}}{{United States constitutional law}} '''Thirteenth Amendment''' ('''Amendment XIII''') zaŋti [[United States Constitution]] karila daba dabu mini tum ti di pa suhuyurilim, gbaa yihi din nyɛ tibili darigibu. Senate n daa zali zaligu maa Anashaara goli April 8, yuuni 1864, House of Representatives daa zali li Anashaara goli January 31, yuuni 1865. ==Text== {{blockquote| '''Section 1.''' Daba dabu n-nyɛli bee tum ti din pa suhuyurilim, gbaa yihi din nyɛ tibili darigibu, nyɛla zaligu ni yɛn di shɛli, ka nyɛ din yɛn be United States, be luɣ'li kam ni be bɛ nuuni. '''Section 2.''' Laɣingu maa mali yaa ni bɛ zali zaligu ŋɔ bɛ ni bɔrili shɛm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiii.html|title=13th Amendment|publisher=Cornell University Law School|work=Legal Information Institute|date=November 20, 2012|access-date=November 30, 2012|archive-date=November 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124154844/http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiii.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} == United States dab' tali == {{Main|Slavery in the United States}} {{See also|History of the United States|History of the United States (1849–1865)|Outline of United States history}} [[File:Scourged back by McPherson & Oliver, 1863, retouched.jpg|thumb|left|Abolitionist imagery focused on atrocities against slaves.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth M. Stampp|title=The Imperiled Union:Essays on the Background of the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6I87GxnOBEC&pg=PA85|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=85|isbn=9780199878529}}</ref> (Photo of [[Peter (enslaved man)|Peter]], 1863.)]] Da' tali daa nyɛla din be United States of America ka nyɛ bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli tum di ni pili yuuni 1776. Di nyɛla [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] ni pili shɛli "[[thirteen American colonies]]" din be [[British America]] yaɣili zaa.<ref>[[#Allain2012|Allain, 2012]], pp. 116-117</ref> [[Fugitive Slave Clause]] ni, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, "No person held to Service or Labour in one State" would be freed by escaping to another. [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 9: Limits on Congress|Article I, Section 9, Clause 1]] ti la Congress maa soli ni di zali zaligu ni "[[Atlantic slave trade|Importation of Persons]]", ka bi yɛ zaŋ tum tuma zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1808. Amaa, "[[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]]" daliri zuɣu—din yɛli ni "Ninvuɣ' so n ka{{nbsp}}...ka bɛ yɛn mɔŋ o ni benibu, gamazuɣu zanibu, bee n su o ni mali shɛli, ka di pala zaligu pala di zuɣu"—daba daa nyɛla aʒianima.<ref>[[#Allain2012|Allain, 2012]], pp. 119–120</ref>Amaa daba dabu karibu daa zaŋla "Fifth Amendment" n-ŋme nangbankpeeni ni dabilim, di daa pahi ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' (1857) zalisi din kari daba nahimbu ni bɛ aʒia'tali.<ref>Tsesis, ''The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom'' (2004), p. 14.</ref><ref name="Foner—2010——20&amp;ndash;22">[[#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], pp. 20–22</ref><ref name="Vile">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2003|title=Thirteenth Amendment|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues: 1789–2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|editor-first=John R.|editor-last=Vile|pages=449–52}}</ref> Di ni daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani maa yɛligira ,tiŋgbani pala daba daabiligu niŋbu n daa pa lahi nyɛ yɛltɔɣa.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——123">[[#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 123</ref> Yuuni 1820 [[Missouri Compromise]] daa deei la Missouri ka di niŋ daba tiŋgbani ka Maine mi leei vuhim tiŋgban<ref name="Goodwin—2005——123" /> [[Compromise of 1850]] daa na zaŋla California "free state" saha biɛla zuɣu ni, ka zaani [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850|Fugitive Slave Act]] din mali yaa, ka kariti Washington, D.C., ka che ka New Mexico mini Utah gba yina ni bɛ tɛha zaŋ chaŋ daba dabu polo.<ref name="Foner—2010——59">[[#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], p. 59</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gathering Storm: The Secession Crisis|url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/gathering-storm-secession-crisis|access-date=July 4, 2020|website=American Battlefield Trust|date=April 4, 2017|archive-date=December 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217210042/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/gathering-storm-secession-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Proposal and ratification== {{See also|Presidency of Abraham Lincoln}} ===Crafting the amendment=== [[File:Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abraham Lincoln]]]] Tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali yaa zaŋ tum tuma puuni zaŋ chaŋ tɔbu polo, Lincoln daa yina ni "[[Emancipation Proclamation]]" Anashaara goli September 22, yuuni 1862, ka di daa piini Anashaara goli January 1, yuuni 1863.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Emancipation Proclamation|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|access-date=2013-06-27|archive-date=June 7, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607051115/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bɛ lahi tɛha zaŋ chaŋ zalisi maa taɣibu siɣim buta zuɣu. Ka tuuli dini nyɛ tiŋgbani maa yɛn bɔrimi ni bɛ kari daba dabu Anashaara goli January 1, yuuni 1900.<ref>Lind, Michael, ''What Lincoln believed. The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President'' (2004). Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York {{ISBN|1-4000-3073-0|978-1-4000-3073-6}}. Chapter Six ''Race and Restoration'', pp. 205–212.</ref><ref name="McPherson—1988——558">[[#CITEREFMcPherson1988|McPherson, 1988]], p. 558</ref>Zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli December yuuni 1863, Lincoln daa lahi zaŋ o tɔbu yaa n yina ni "[[Ten percent plan|Proclamation for Amnesty and Reconstruction]]", din ti Southern states soli ni bɛ labi kpe nangbanyini laɣingu ni.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 47.</ref> Southern states daa bɛ niŋ shili ni bɛ saɣiti li, ka daba dabu na ka di ni za shɛli. [[File:James Mitchell Ashley - Brady-Handy.jpg|left|thumb|Representative [[James Mitchell Ashley]] proposed an amendment abolishing slavery in 1863.]] Tiŋ'bihi tɔbu ŋmebu yuma ni, ban zaani zalisi laɣinsi ni daa tɛhiya ni bɛ labi mali bɛ zalisi zali.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 48–51.</ref> Di shɛli n daa nyɛ bɛ boli soli kari daba dabu luɣ'li kam ka di ku lahi labina dahinshɛli kam. Anashaara goli December 14, yuuni 1863, [[James Mitchell Ashley]] ŋun yina Ohio daa yina ni lala zalisi maa.<ref>Leonard L. Richards, ''Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Who-Freed-Slaves-Thirteenth-Amendment-ebook/dp/B00SLVOLU0/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504191736/http://www.amazon.com/Who-Freed-Slaves-Thirteenth-Amendment-ebook/dp/B00SLVOLU0 |date=May 4, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=129|title=James Ashley|work=Ohio History Central|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|access-date=December 5, 2012|archive-date=March 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305102746/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=129|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[James F. Wilson]] ŋun yina Iowa gba daa ti yina ni di kpee. [[Radical Republicans]] din nyɛ Massachusetts Senator [[Charles Sumner]] mini Pennsylvania nira [[Thaddeus Stevens]] gba daa yina ni pahisi di yɛliri zalisi maa labi teei.<ref>Tsesis, ''The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom'' (2004), (2001), pp. 38–42.</ref>Anashaara goli February 8, yuuni 1864, Sumner daa zaŋ tiŋgbani zalisi labi-teei n-ti ka di yɛra: <blockquote>Zaligu maa nyɛla din ni tooi di sokam, din yɛn che ka so ku tooi gbaai be n gbubi so dabili.<ref>Stanley, "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment" (2010), pp. 741–742.</ref><ref name="SocietyCommission1901">{{cite book|author=Michigan State Historical Society|title=Historical collections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx0zAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA582|access-date=December 5, 2012|year=1901|publisher=Michigan Historical Commission|page=582}}</ref></blockquote> Sumner daa moya ni o zaŋ o tɛha pahi o maŋmaŋa komitii maa ni, ka di pa ni Judiciary Committee, din daa be Trumbull nuu ni, amaa ka Senate maa daa zaɣisi.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), pp. 52–53. "Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8, when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee. So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well-accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee. His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it.</ref> Anashaara goli February 10, Senate Judiciary Committee daa zani Senate zaani ni zalisi maa labi teei din nyɛ Ashley ni daa tɛhi shɛŋa, Wilson n-ti pahi Henderson.<ref>[http://13thamendment.harpweek.com/hubpages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=05ProposalPassage "Congressional Proposals and Senate Passage"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107164011/http://13thamendment.harpweek.com/hubpages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=05ProposalPassage|date=November 7, 2006}}, ''Harpers Weekly'', ''The Creation of the 13th Amendment'', Retrieved Feb 15, 2007</ref><ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 53. "It was no coincidence that Trumbull's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons 'equal before the law'. The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action."</ref> Komitii maa yaɣili daa malila sabbu din yina [[Northwest Ordinance]] yuuni 1787 tumdi tuma, din wuhira ni, "Daba dabu bee talahi tumti nyɛla din bi yɛn be tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣ'shɛli, gbaa yihi ban tum taali ka di yɛn darigi bɛ tibili<ref>{{cite web|title=Northwest Ordinance; July 13, 1787|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/nworder.asp|work=Avalon Project|publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School|access-date=February 17, 2014|archive-date=August 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810205304/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/nworder.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=McAward_McCulloch>{{cite journal|last=McAward|first=Jennifer Mason|title=''McCulloch'' and the Thirteenth Amendment|journal=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=112|issue=7|pages=1769–1809|publisher=[[Columbia Law School]]|jstor=41708164|date=November 2012|url=http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030315/http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/|archive-date=November 17, 2015|df=mdy-all}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205538/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1769-1810.pdf Pdf.]</ref>{{rp|1786}}<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 54. "Although it made Henderson's amendment the foundation of the final amendment, the committee rejected an article in Henderson's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two-thirds of the states."</ref> ===Passage by Congress=== {{Further|38th United States Congress}} Senate daa zali zaligu maa mali niŋ Anashaara goli April 8, yuuni 1864..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voteview {{!}} Plot Vote: 38th Congress > Senate > 134 |url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0380134 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=voteview.com |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126202456/https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0380134 |url-status=live }}</ref> Amaa, Anashaara goli June 15, chira ayi nyaaŋa, bɛ daa bɛ tooi niŋli.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——686">[[#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 686</ref> Yuuni 1864 gɔmanti tali kpaɣiri bo ni, [[Free Soil Party]] nira [[John C. Frémont]] daa varisi Lincoln, ka saɣiri tiri dab'tali karibu.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——624&amp;ndash;25">[[#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], pp. 624–625</ref><ref name="Foner—2010——299">[[#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], p. 299</ref> Frémont daa yi kpaɣiribu maa ni Anashaara goli September 22, yuuni 1864, ka daa saɣiti Lincoln.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——639">[[#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 639</ref> Southern states shɛli nuu daa ka din ni, Congress maa shɛba daa yina ni biɛhigu ni adiini yɛltɔɣa din zaɣisi dab'tali.<ref>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 179.</ref> <ref>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), pp. 179–180. Benedict quotes Senator [[Garrett Davis]]: "there is a boundary between the power of revolution and the power of amendment, which the latter, as established in our Constitution, cannot pass; and that if the proposed change is revolutionary it would be null and void, notwithstanding it might be formally adopted." The full text of Davis's speech, with comments from others, appears in ''[https://archive.org/stream/greatdebatesina17millgoog/greatdebatesina17millgoog_djvu.txt Great Debates in American History]'' (1918), ed. Marion Mills Miller.</ref> Ŋun daa be din ni [[Chilton A. White]], ni ban pahi pahi, daa kpahi bɛ zuɣuni ni lala taɣibu ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn che kansabila lee bilichini nima.<ref name="Colbert, 1995 p. 10">Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), pp. 10–11.</ref><ref>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 182.</ref> Shɛba mi daa ʒimi ni lala zalisi ŋɔ nyɛla din mali barina n-ti gbanpiɛla.<ref name="Colbert, 1995 p. 10" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=tenBroek |first=Jacobus |date=June 1951 |title=Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment |url=https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1109320 |journal=California Law Review |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=180 |doi=10.2307/3478033 |jstor=3478033 |quote=''It would make it possible for white citizens to exercise their constitutional right under the comity clause to reside in Southern states regardless of their opinions. It would carry out the constitutional declaration "that each citizen of the United States shall have equal privileges in every other state". It would protect citizens in their rights under the First Amendment and comity clause to freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and freedom of assembly''}}</ref> Gbanpiɛla, Northern Republicans mini Democrats daaniŋ suhupiɛlli ni lala zzalisi ŋɔ taɣibu, ka ʒini laɣinsi ka bɔri maligu soya.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 61.</ref> Gbansabila ban daa be South, daa zaŋla bɛ zaɣa niŋ tiŋgbani mini shikuru baŋsim bɔbu ni.<ref name="TreleaseXvii">Trelease, ''White Terror'' (1971), p. xvii. "Negroes wanted the same freedom that white men enjoyed, with equal prerogatives and opportunities. The educated black minority emphasized civil and political rights more than the masses, who called most of all for land and schools. In an agrarian society, the only kind most of them knew, landownership was associated with freedom, respectability, and the good life. It was almost universally desired by Southern blacks, as it was by landless peasants the world over. Give us our land and we can take care of ourselves, said a group of South Carolina Negroes to a Northern journalist in 1865; without land the old masters can hire us or starve us as they please."</ref> Di ni daa niŋ ka siyaasa ka nuu timbu daba dabu ni, Northern Democrats shɛba daa yina ti moli ni bɛ ni tim nuu lala zalisi ŋɔ labi-teei ni, n-ti pahi [[James Brooks (politician)|James Brooks]],<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 73. "The first notable convert was Representative James Brooks of New York, who, on the floor of Congress on February 18, 1864, declared that slavery was dying if not already dead, and that his party should stop defending the institution."</ref> Senator [[Reverdy Johnson]],<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 74. "The antislavery amendment caught Johnson's eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery."</ref> ni New York [[political machine]] so bɛ ni booni [[Tammany Hall]] gba daa bela din ni.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 203.</ref> [[File:AdoptionOf13thAmendment.jpg|thumb|Celebration erupts after the Thirteenth Amendment is passed by the House of Representatives.]] Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Lincoln daa malila tɛha ni "Emancipation Proclamation" zaŋti yuuni 1863 ni tooi lahi labi niŋ bee ka bɛ nya ka di bi niŋ dee tɔbu maa nyaaŋa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?298113-1/reputation-abraham-lincoln|title=The Reputation of Abraham Lincoln|website=C-SPAN.org|access-date=August 18, 2018|archive-date=December 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217210042/https://www.c-span.org/video/?298113-1%2Freputation-abraham-lincoln|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Foner—2010——312&amp;ndash;14">[[#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], pp. 312–14</ref><ref name="Donald—1996——396">[[#CITEREFDonald1996|Donald, 1996]], p. 396</ref> O nyɛla ŋun ka zaashee lala zalisi labi-teei ŋɔ ni ka o daliri nyɛla din nyɛla din nyɛ pɔhili zaŋti siyaasa.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 48. "The president worried that an abolition amendment might foul the political waters. The amendments he had recommended in December 1862 had gone nowhere, mainly because they reflected an outdated program of gradual emancipation, which included compensation and colonization. Moreover, Lincoln knew that he did not have to propose amendments because others more devoted to abolition would, especially if he pointed out the vulnerability of existing emancipation legislation. He was also concerned about negative reactions from conservatives, particularly potential new recruits from the Democrats."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/willis/Civil_War/documents/republican.html|title=Republican Party Platform, 1864|author=Willis, John C.|publisher=University of the South|access-date=2013-06-28|quote=Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength of this Rebellion, and as it must be, always and everywhere, hostile to the principles of Republican Government, justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic; and that, while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government, in its own defense, has aimed a deathblow at this gigantic evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329015755/http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/documents/republican.html|archive-date=March 29, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/vote/1864/index.html|title=1864: The Civil War Election|publisher=Cornell University|work=Get Out the Vote|year=2004|access-date=2013-06-28|quote=Despite internal Party conflicts, Republicans rallied around a platform that supported restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery.|archive-date=June 7, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607064739/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/vote/1864/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> O ni daa lahi labi di piibu-piibu maa naai yuuni [[1864 United States presidential election|1864]], Lincoln daa zaŋ "Thirteenth Amendment" zaŋ tum tuma ka di niŋ talahi ti o.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——686&amp;ndash;87">[[#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], pp. 686–87</ref><ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), pp. 176–177, 180.</ref><ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 178.</ref> Lincoln daa yɛli gbaŋ ŋmari zaŋti ti tiŋgbani maa William H. Seward, ŋun daa zani ti [[John B. Alley]] ni bɛ kpaŋ bɛ maŋ nya vootinima ni soli kam bɛ ni yɛn doli.<ref name="Foner—2010——312&amp;ndash;13">[[#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], pp. 312–13</ref><ref name="Goodwin—2005——687">[[#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 687</ref><ref name="Goodwin—2005——687&amp;ndash;689">[[#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], pp. 687–689</ref><ref name="Donald—1996——554">[[#CITEREFDonald1996|Donald, 1996]], p. 554</ref><ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 187. "But the clearest sign of the people's voice against slavery, argued amendment supporters, was the recent election. Following Lincoln's lead, Republican representatives like Godlove S. Orth of Indiana claimed that the vote represented a 'popular verdict{{nbsp}}... in unmistakable language' in favor of the amendment."</ref> Yuuni 1864 Democratic ni daa piigi so ni o zani tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa, [[George H. Pendleton]],daa varila ban ka nam ni haŋkaya kpari lala polo.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——688">[[#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 688</ref><ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 191. "The necessity of keeping support for the amendment broad enough to secure its passage created a strange situation. At the moment that Republicans were promoting new, far-reaching legislation for African Americans, they had to keep this legislation detached from the first constitutional amendment dealing exclusively with African American freedom. Republicans thus gave freedom under the antislavery amendment a vague construction: freedom was something more than the absence of chattel slavery but less than absolute equality."</ref><ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), pp. 191–192. "One of the most effective methods used by amendment supporters to convey the measure's conservative character was to proclaim the permanence of patriarchal power within the American family in the face of this or ''any'' textual change to the Constitution. In response to Democrats who charged that the antislavery was but the first step in a Republican design to dissolve all of society's foundations, including the hierarchical structure of the family, the Iowa Republican [[John A. Kasson]] denied any desire to interfere with 'the rights of a husband to a wife' or 'the right of [a] father to his child'."</ref> {{Infobox election | election_name = Congressional Vote on the 13th Amendment | country = United States | flag_year = 1863 | type = legislative | ongoing = no | votes_for_election = | needed_votes = 131 electoral | election_date = April 8, 1864 (Senate)<br>January 31, 1865 (House) | 1blank = Ayes | 2blank = Nays | party1 = [[Republican Party (US)|Republican]]{{efn|These numbers include those ballots cast by members that were Independent Republicans in the total.}} | 1data1 = '''31''' (Senate)<br>'''81''' (House) | 2data1 = 0 (Senate)<br>0 (House) | party2 = Democratic Party (US) | 1data2 = '''2''' (Senate)<br>'''14''' (House) | 2data2 = 5 (Senate)<br>50 (House) | party3 = [[Unionist politician (American Civil War)|Unionist]]{{efn|These numbers include those ballots cast by members of the Unconditional Union and Emancipation-Union parties in the total.}} | 1data3 = '''5''' (Senate)<br>'''19''' (House) | 2data3 = 1 (Senate)<br>6 (House) | map_size = 350px | map_image = {{switcher|[[File:1865_senate_vote_on_13th_amendment.svg|350px]]|Vote in the Senate|[[File:1865 house vote on 13th amendment.svg|350px]]|Vote in the House|default=2}} | map_caption = {{legend0|#CA0120|Republican aye}} {{legend0|#F48882|Republican nay}}<br />{{legend0|#0671B0|Democratic yay}} {{legend0|#92C5DE|Democratic nay}}<br />{{legend0|#dd3497|Unconditional Union aye}} {{legend0|#fa9fb5|Unconditional Union nay}}<br />{{legend0|#66c2a5|Emancipation-Union aye}} {{legend0|#e63e01|Independent Republican aye}}<br />{{legend0|#808080|Abstain}} {{legend0|#000000|Vacant}} }} Anashaara goli January ni daa ti pirigi yuuni 1865, ŋun diri aliza tiri jinaduu [[Schuyler Colfax]] daa buɣisiya ka niriba anu vootibu kani ka di zuɣu che ka taɣibu maa ku tooi niŋ. Ashley daa tirisi vootibu maa.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), pp. 197–198.</ref>Lala saha ŋɔ, Lincoln daa kpaŋsi o niya ni di taɣibu polo, ka daa gindi balindi bɛ shɛba.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 198. "It was at this point that the president wheeled into action on behalf of the Amendment [...] Now he became more forceful. To one representative whose brother had died in the war, Lincoln said, 'your brother died to save the Republic from death by the slaveholders' rebellion. I wish you could see it to be your duty to vote for the Constitutional amendment ending slavery.{{'"}}</ref> Anashaara goli January 31, yuuni 1865, jinaduu daa labi boli niriba ni bɛ ti niŋ taɣibu vootibu ŋɔ. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/38-2/h480|title=TO PASS S.J. RES. 16. (p. 531-532).|work=GovTrack.us|access-date=September 29, 2013|archive-date=October 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002062655/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/38-2/h480|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Foner—2010——313">[[#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], p. 313</ref> Din nyaaŋa bɛ shɛba daa diri dari, ka bɛ shɛba mi yi zahara kuhiri nintam.<ref name="Foner—2010——314">[[#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], p. 314</ref><ref name="McPherson—1988——840">[[#CITEREFMcPherson1988|McPherson, 1988]], p. 840</ref> Zaligu daa bi ti tiŋgbani zuɣulana tuun shɛli zaligu ŋɔ mali niŋ ni, bɛ ni daa gbaai shɛm nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli ti Lincoln ka o dihi gbana ni.<ref>Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), p. 389. "For reasons that have never been entirely clear, the amendment was presented to the President pursuant to Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution, and signed.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Resolution Submitting 13th Amendment to the States; signed by Abraham Lincoln and Congress|work=The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress |series=Series 3. General Correspondence. 1837–1897 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&fileName=mal3/436/4361100/malpage.db&recNum=0 |date=February 1, 1865 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208175447/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&fileName=mal3/436/4361100/malpage.db&recNum=0 |archive-date=Feb 8, 2022 }}</ref> Anashaara goli February 7, Congress daa yina ti yɛli ni tiŋgbani zuɣulana gbana ni dihibu maa bi kpa talahi.<ref>Thorpe, ''Constitutional History'' (1901), p. 154. "But many held that the President's signature was not essential to an act of this kind, and, on the fourth of February, Senator Trumbull offered a resolution, which was agreed to three days later, that the approval was not required by the Constitution; 'that it was contrary to the early decision of the Senate and of the Supreme Court; and that the negative of the President applying only to the ordinary cases of legislation, he had nothing to do with propositions to amend the Constitution.{{'"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 26th Amendment |url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/news/26th-amendment |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Richard Nixon Museum and Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephenson |first=Cassandra |title=Election Day 2018: Meet the woman who signed the amendment allowing 18-year-olds to vote |url=https://www.jacksonsun.com/story/news/local/2018/11/06/meet-woman-who-signed-amendment-allowing-18-year-olds-vote/1905213002/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=The Jackson Sun |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Thorpe, ''Constitutional History'' (1901), p. 154. "The President signed the joint resolution on the first of February. Somewhat curiously the signing has only one precedent, and that was in spirit and purpose the complete antithesis of the present act. President Buchanan had signed the proposed amendment of 1861, which would make slavery national and perpetual."</ref><ref>Lincoln's struggle to get the amendment through Congress, while bringing the war to an end, is portrayed in ''[[Lincoln (film)|Lincoln]]''.</ref> [[File:13th amendment ratification.svg|thumb|400px|right|{{Legend|#0050ff|Ratified amendment, 1865}} {{legend|#00ff74|Ratified amendment post-enactment, 1865–1870}} {{legend|#d500ff|Ratified amendment after first rejecting amendment, 1866–1995}} {{legend|#b8b8b8|[[United States territory|Territories of the United States]] in 1865, not yet states}}]] {{Slavery}}<ref>Harrison (2001), ''Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments'', p. 390.</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Oxford History of the American People|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori|url-access=registration|year=1965|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori/page/710 710]|author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison}}</ref> <ref>Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), pp. 394–397.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Eric L. McKitrick|title=Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqL8lmT74HEC&pg=PA178|year=1960|publisher=U. Chicago Press|page=178|isbn=9780195057072}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Clara Mildred Thompson|title=Reconstruction in Georgia: economic, social, political, 1865–1872|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i5shAQAAIAAJ|year=1915|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i5shAQAAIAAJ/page/n162 156]}}</ref><ref>Vorenberg (2001), ''Final Freedom'', pp. 227–228.</ref><ref name="Vorenberg, 2001 p. 229">Vorenberg (2001), ''Final Freedom'', p. 229.</ref> <ref name="Vorenberg, 2001 p. 229" /><ref>Du Bois (1935), ''Black Reconstruction'', p. 208.</ref><ref name="McAward_McCulloch" />{{rp|1786–1787}}<ref>Thorpe (1901), ''Constitutional History'', p. 210.</ref> Alabama mini Louisiana ni di saɣiti maa pala din gbubi dab' kura.<ref name="McAward_McCulloch" />{{rp|1787}}<ref>Tsesis (2004), ''The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom'', p. 48.</ref> Anashaara goli December tuuli dabisa ni, North Carolina mini Georgia daa niŋ di vootibu din tu ni di niŋ ka bɛ zaŋli pahi zalisi ni. Tuuli tiŋgbana pishi ni ayopɔin ban daa saɣiti " Amendment" n daa nyɛ:<ref name="U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 2013 30">{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s|access-date=February 17, 2014|last=U.S. Government Printing Office|first=112th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 112–9|page=30|date=2013|archive-date=February 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225114303/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> # Illinois: February 1, 1865 # Rhode Island: February 2, 1865 # Michigan: February 3, 1865 # Maryland: February 3, 1865 # New York: February 3, 1865 # Pennsylvania: February 3, 1865 # West Virginia: February 3, 1865 # Missouri: February 6, 1865 # Maine: February 7, 1865 # Kansas: February 7, 1865 # Massachusetts: February 7, 1865 # Virginia: February 9, 1865 # Ohio: February 10, 1865 # Indiana: February 13, 1865 # Nevada: February 16, 1865 # Louisiana: February 17, 1865 # Minnesota: February 23, 1865 # Wisconsin: February 24, 1865 # Vermont: March 9, 1865 # Tennessee: April 7, 1865 # Arkansas: April 14, 1865 # Connecticut: May 4, 1865 # New Hampshire: July 1, 1865 # South Carolina: November 13, 1865 # Alabama: December 2, 1865 # North Carolina: December 4, 1865 # Georgia: December 6, 1865 <ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=803 Seward certificate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318085717/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013%2Fllsl013.db&recNum=803 |date=March 18, 2021 }} proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865.</ref><ref name=V32>Vorenberg (2001), ''Final Freedom'', p. 232.</ref> "Thirteenth Amendment" daa ti nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛŋa din daa pahi ni saɣiti shɛli, din nim n doli ŋɔ na:<ref name="U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 2013 30"/>{{rp|30}} {{ordered list|start=28 | Oregon: December 8, 1865 | California: December 19, 1865 | Florida: December 28, 1865 (reaffirmed June 9, 1868) | Iowa: January 15, 1866 | New Jersey: January 23, 1866 (after rejection March 16, 1865) | Texas: February 18, 1870 | Delaware: February 12, 1901 (after rejection February 8, 1865) | Kentucky: March 18, 1976<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kentucky.com/2013/02/23/2528807/kentucky-supported-lincolns-efforts.html|title=Kentucky supported Lincoln's efforts to abolish slavery—111 years late|access-date=February 17, 2014|first=Greg|last=Kocher|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|date=February 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220035343/http://www.kentucky.com/2013/02/23/2528807/kentucky-supported-lincolns-efforts.html |archive-date=February 20, 2014 }}</ref> (after rejection February 24, 1865) | Mississippi: March 16, 1995 (after rejection December 5, 1865; not certified until February 7, 2013)<ref name="Mississippi13thAmendmentABCNews">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/|title=Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment|author=Ben Waldron|publisher=ABC News|date=February 18, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2013|archive-date=June 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627203637/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/|url-status=live}}</ref> }} * ==Lihi pahi== * [[Crittenden Compromise]] * [[End of slavery in the United States]] * [[History of unfree labor in the United States]] * [[History of slavery in the United States by state]] * [[List of amendments to the United States Constitution]] * [[Marriage of enslaved people (United States)]] * [[National Freedom Day]] * [[Slave Trade Act]]s * [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] in the United Kingdom * [[United States labor law]] * [[13th (film)|''13th'']], a 2016 documentary on the Thirteenth Amendment ==Kundivihira== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ===Bibliography=== * {{cite book|editor-last=Allain |editor-first=Jean |editor-link=Jean Allain |title=The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |location=Oxford, UK |url=https://archive.org/details/legalunderstandi0000unse/mode/2up |isbn=978-0199660469}} * {{cite book | last = Belz | first = Herman | title = Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era | url = https://archive.org/details/emancipationequa0000belz | url-access = registration | publisher = W.W. 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Flores'' | journal = [[Washington University Law Review]] | volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–147 | publisher = [[Washington University School of Law]] | date = 2010 | url = http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol88/iss1/2/ }} [http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=law_lawreview Pdf.] :* ''Response to McAward:'' {{cite journal | last = Tsesis | first = Alexander | title = Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment | journal = Maryland Law Review | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–59 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | ssrn = 1753224 | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=7&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3532&context=mlr Pdf.] ::* ''Response to Tsesis:'' {{Cite journal | last = McAward | first = Jennifer Mason | title = Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment: a response to Professor Tsesis | journal = Maryland Law Review | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–82 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | ssrn = 2271791 | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=8&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3533&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{cite journal | last = McConnell | first = Joyce E. | title = Beyond metaphor: battered women, involuntary servitude and the Thirteenth Amendment | journal = [[Yale Journal of Law and Feminism]] | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–253 | publisher = [[Yale Law School]] | date = Spring 1992 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yjfem4&div=23&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=yjlf Pdf.] * {{cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|title=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era|url=https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed00mcph|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195038637}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=a3nX48n4oeIC Preview.] * {{cite book | last = Novak | first = Daniel A. | title = The Wheel of Servitude: Black Forced Labor after Slavery | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | location = Kentucky | year = 1978 | isbn = 0813113717 | url = https://archive.org/details/wheelofservitude00dani }} * {{cite book | last = Richards | first = Leonard L. | title = Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment | url = https://archive.org/details/whofreedslavesfi0000rich | year = 2015 }} [https://www.amazon.com/Who-Freed-Slaves-Thirteenth-Amendment-ebook/dp/B00SLVOLU0/ Excerpt.] Emphasis on the role of Congressman [[James Mitchell Ashley|James Ashley]]. * Samito, Christian G., ''Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 2015) xii, 171 pp. * {{cite journal | last = Stanley | first = Amy Dru | author-link = Amy Dru Stanley | title = Instead of waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: the war power, slave marriage, and inviolate human rights | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_2010-06_115_3/page/732 | journal = [[The American Historical Review]] | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | pages = 732–765 | publisher = [[Oxford Journals]] for the [[American Historical Association]] | doi = 10.1086/ahr.115.3.732 | jstor = 10.1086/ahr.115.3.732 | date = June 2010 | doi-access = free }} [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20190412042254/https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/115/3/732/41294?redirectedFrom=PDF Pdf.] * {{cite journal |last=tenBroek |first=Jacobus |title=Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment |journal=California Law Review |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=171–203 |publisher=California Law Review, Inc. |doi=10.2307/3478033 |jstor=3478033 |date=June 1951 |url=https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1109320}} * {{cite web | last = Thorpe | first = Francis Newton | author-link = Francis Newton Thorpe | title = The Constitutional History of the United States, vol. 3: 1861–1895 | url = https://archive.org/stream/constitutionalh00thorgoog | location = Chicago | date = 1901 }} * {{cite book | last = Trelease | first = Allen W. | title = White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction | publisher = Harper & Row | location = New York | year = 1971 | isbn = 9780807119532 | url = https://archive.org/details/whiteterrorkuklu0000trel/page/n5/mode/2up | url-access=registration}} * {{cite book | last = Tsesis | first = Alexander |author-link=Alexander Tsesis| title = The Thirteenth Amendment and American freedom: a legal history | url = https://archive.org/details/thirteenthamendm0000tses | publisher = New York University Press | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 0814782760 }} * {{cite book |last1=Vicino |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Hanlon |first2=Bernadette |title=Global Migration The Basics |url=https://archive.org/details/globalmigrationb0000hanl |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134696871 |ref=Hanlon}} * {{cite book | last = Vorenberg | first = Michael | title = Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment | url = https://archive.org/details/finalfreedomcivi0000vore | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge | year = 2001 | isbn = 9781139428002 }} [https://archive.org/details/finalfreedomcivi0000vore/page/n7/mode/2up Preview.] * {{cite journal |last= Barrington Wolff |first= Tobias |title= The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy |journal= [[Columbia Law Review]] |volume= 102 |issue= 4 |pages= 973–1050 |publisher= [[Columbia Law School]] |doi= 10.2307/1123649 |jstor= 1123649 |date= May 2002 |s2cid= 155279033 |url= https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3712&context=faculty_scholarship }} * {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gordon S |title=Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780195039146 |ref=Wood |url=https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood }}, [https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood Book] <br />'''''[[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]]'', special issue: Symposium—the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze''' * {{cite journal |last= Garber |first= Mark A. | title= Foreword: Plus or minus one: the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments |journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] |volume = 71 |issue=1 |pages = 12–20 |publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] |date = 2011 |url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=5&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3530&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{cite journal | last = Carter | first = William M. Jr. | title = The Thirteenth Amendment, interest convergence, and the badges and incidents of slavery | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–39 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | ssrn = 1932762 | date = 2011 | url =http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=6&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3531&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{cite journal | last = Tsesis | first = Alexander | title = Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–59 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | ssrn = 1753224 | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=7&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3532&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal | last = McAward | first = Jennifer Mason | title = Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment: a response to Professor Tsesis | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–82 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | ssrn = 2271791 | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=8&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3533&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal | last = McClain | first = Linda C. | title = Involuntary servitude, public accommodations laws, and the legacy of Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–162 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | ssrn = 2188939 | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=9&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3534&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal | last = Benedict | first = Michael Les | author-link = Michael Les Benedict | title = Constitutional politics, constitutional law, and the Thirteenth Amendment | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 163–188 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=10&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3535&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal | last = Pope | first = James Gray | title = What's different about the Thirteenth Amendment, and why does it matter? | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 189–202 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | ssrn = 1894965 | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=11&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3536&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal | last = Novkov | first = Julie | author-link = Julie Novkov | title = The Thirteenth Amendment and the meaning of familial bonds | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 203–228 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=12&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3537&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal | last = Kersch | first = Ken I. | title = Beyond originalism: conservative declarationism and constitutional redemption | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 229–282 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=13&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3538&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal | last = Zietlow | first = Rebecca E. I. | title = Conclusion: the political Thirteenth Amendment | journal = [[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]] | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 283–294 | publisher = [[University of Maryland School of Law]] | ssrn = 2000929 | date = 2011 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=14&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3539&context=mlr Pdf.] <br />'''''[[Columbia Law Review]]'', special issue: Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, and Contemporary Implications''' * ''Introduction'' :* {{cite journal | last = Tsesis | first = Alexander | title = Into the light of day: relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment to contemporary law | journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] | volume = 112 | issue = 7 | pages = 1447–1458 | publisher = [[Columbia Law School]] | jstor = 41708155 | date = November 2012 | url = http://columbialawreview.org/into-the-light-of-day/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024639/http://columbialawreview.org/into-the-light-of-day/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015649/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1447-1458.pdf Pdf.] * ''Panel I: Thirteenth Admendment in Context'' :* {{cite journal | last1 = Balkin | first1 = Jack M. | last2 = Levinson | first2 = Sanford | author-link1 = Sanford Levinson | author-link2 = Jack Balkin | title = The dangerous Thirteenth Amendment | journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] | volume = 112 | issue = 7 | pages = 1459–1499 | publisher = [[Columbia Law School]] | jstor = 41708156 | date = November 2012 | url = http://columbialawreview.org/the-dangerous-thirteenth-amendment/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030325/http://columbialawreview.org/the-dangerous-thirteenth-amendment/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030331/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1459-1500.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal | last = Graber | first = Mark A. | title = Subtraction by addition?: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments | journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] | volume = 112 | issue = 7 | pages = 1501–1549 | publisher = [[Columbia Law School]] | jstor = 41708157 | date = November 2012 | url = http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030319/http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203113/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1501-1550.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal | last = Rutherglen | first = George | title = The Thirteenth Amendment, the power of Congress, and the shifting sources of civil rights law | journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] | volume = 112 | issue = 7 | pages = 1551–1584 | publisher = [[Columbia Law School]] | jstor = 41708158 | date = November 2012 | url = http://columbialawreview.org/the-thirteenth-amendment-the-power-of-congress-and-the-shifting-sources-of-civil-rights-law/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063232/http://columbialawreview.org/the-thirteenth-amendment-the-power-of-congress-and-the-shifting-sources-of-civil-rights-law/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021725/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1551-1584.pdf Pdf.] * ''Panel II: Reconstruction Revisited'' :* {{cite journal | last = Foner | first = Eric | author-link = Eric Foner | title = The Supreme Court and the history of reconstruction—and vice-versa | journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] | volume = 112 | issue = 7 | pages = 1585–1606 | publisher = [[Columbia Law School]] | jstor = 41708159 | date = November 2012 | url = http://columbialawreview.org/the-supreme-court-and-the-history-of-reconstruction-and-vice-versa/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015834/http://columbialawreview.org/the-supreme-court-and-the-history-of-reconstruction-and-vice-versa/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015028/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1585-1606.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal | last = Soifer | first = Aviam | author-link = Aviam Soifer | title = Federal protection, paternalism, and the virtually forgotten prohibition of voluntary peonage | journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] | volume = 112 | issue = 7 | pages = 1607–1639 | publisher = [[Columbia Law School]] | jstor = 41708160 | date = November 2012 | url = http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015332/http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140316183615/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1607-1640.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal|last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |title=Gender discrimination and the Thirteenth Amendment |journal=[[Columbia Law Review]] |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1641–1695 |publisher=[[Columbia Law School]] |jstor=41708161 |date=November 2012 |url=http://columbialawreview.org/gender-discrimination-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128003532/http://columbialawreview.org/gender-discrimination-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 28, 2014 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023921/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1641-1696.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal | last = Zietlow | first = Rebecca E. | title = James Ashley's Thirteenth Amendment | journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] | volume = 112 | issue = 7 | pages = 1697–1731 | publisher = [[Columbia Law School]] | jstor = 41708162 | date = November 2012 | url = http://columbialawreview.org/james-ashley-thirteenth-amendment/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023749/http://columbialawreview.org/james-ashley-thirteenth-amendment/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2015-11-17 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030329/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1697-1732.pdf Pdf.] * ''Panel III: The Limits of Authority'' :* {{cite journal |last=Greene |first= Jamal |title= Thirteenth Amendment optimism |journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] |volume= 112 |issue= 7 |pages= 1733–1768 |publisher= Columbia Law School |jstor= 41708163 |date= Nov 2012 |url= http://columbialawreview.org/thirteenth-amendment-optimism/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150107063310/http://columbialawreview.org/thirteenth-amendment-optimism |url-status= dead |archive-date = 2015-01-07 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023919/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1733-1768.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=McAward |first= Jennifer Mason |title=''McCulloch'' and the Thirteenth Amendment |journal=[[Columbia Law Review]] |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1769–1809 |publisher=[[Columbia Law School]] |jstor= 41708164 |date=November 2012 |url= http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030315/http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |df=mdy-all }} (link: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205538/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1769-1810.pdf Pdf]) :* {{cite journal |last=Miller |first= Darrell A.H. |title= The Thirteenth Amendment and the regulation of custom |journal= [[Columbia Law Review]] |volume= 112 |issue=7 |pages= 1811–1854 |publisher= [[Columbia Law School]] |jstor= 41708165 |date= November 2012 |url= http://columbialawreview.org/regulation-of-custom/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063516/http://columbialawreview.org/regulation-of-custom |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2015-11-17 }} (link: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063353/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Miller-D.A.H..pdf Pdf]) * ''Panel IV: Contemporary Implications'' :* {{cite journal | last=Carter | first=William M. Jr. |title= The Thirteenth Amendment and pro-equality speech |journal= [[Columbia Law Review]] |volume= 112 |issue=7 |pages= 1855–1881 |publisher= [[Columbia Law School]] |ssrn= 2166859 |date= November 2012 |jstor= 41708166 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021729/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Carter-W.M..pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last= Delgado |first= Richard |author-link= Richard Delgado |title= Four reservations on civil rights reasoning by analogy: the case of Latinos and other Nonblack groups |journal= [[Columbia Law Review]] |volume= 112 |issue=7 |pages= 1883–1915 |publisher= [[Columbia Law School]] |jstor= 41708167 |date= November 2012 |url= http://columbialawreview.org/four-reservations-on-civil-rights-reasoning-by-analogy/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115164847/http://www.columbialawreview.org/four-reservations-on-civil-rights-reasoning-by-analogy/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2013-01-15 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024114/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1883-1916.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=Koppelman |first= Andrew |author-link = Andrew Koppelman |title= Originalism, abortion, and the Thirteenth Amendment |journal= [[Columbia Law Review]] |volume= 112 |issue=7 |pages= 1917–1945 | publisher= [[Columbia Law School]] |jstor= 41708168 |date= November 2012 |url= http://columbialawreview.org/originalism-abortion-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115140706/http://www.columbialawreview.org/originalism-abortion-and-the-thirteenth-amendment |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2013-01-15 }} (link: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141029130128/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1917-1946.pdf Pdf]) ==Further reading== * Ripley, C. Peter et al., eds. (1993). [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=37435583 ''Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation'']; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816095051/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=37435583 |date=August 16, 2011 }}. ==External links== {{wikiquote}} {{commons category}} * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html Thirteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress] * [https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt13toc_user.html CRS Annotated Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment] * [http://www.footnote.com/viewer.php?image=4346710 Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040723201255/http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/model_state_law.pdf Model State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute—U.S. Dept of Justice] * "[http://www.sethkaller.com/freedomdocuments/13th-amendment/ Abolishing Slavery: The Thirteenth Amendment Signed by Abraham Lincoln] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421092632/http://www.sethkaller.com/freedomdocuments/13th-amendment/ |date=April 21, 2021 }}"; website of Seth Kaller, a dealer who has sold six Lincoln-signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment. * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=803 Seward certificate] announcing the Amendment's passage and affirming the existence of 36 States * [http://www.aleksandreia.com/2012/05/07/when-was-the-thirteenth-amendment-ratified/ When Was The Thirteenth Amendment Ratified?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312092343/http://www.aleksandreia.com/2012/05/07/when-was-the-thirteenth-amendment-ratified/ |date=March 12, 2021 }} {{US Constitution|state=expanded}} {{History of slavery in the United States}} {{Abraham Lincoln}} {{Reconstruction Era}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:13}} [[Category:Reconstruction Amendments]] [[Category:1865 in American politics]] [[Category:1865 in American law|Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] [[Category:Amendments to the United States Constitution|13]] [[Category:Economic history of the United States]] [[Category:Reconstruction Era]] [[Category:Aftermath of the American Civil War]] [[Category:Forced labour by country]] [[Category:United States slavery law]] [[Category:1864 in American law]] [[Category:1864 in American politics]] [[Category:Schuyler Colfax]] 4irk5b2zlleft9f52c82ucw4xbi480o White guilt 0 32025 146175 145673 2026-08-10T22:24:02Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{redirect|White Guilt||White guilt (disambiguation)}}{{short description|Guilt felt by some white people for harm resulting from racist treatment of ethnic minorities}} '''White guilt'''<ref>{{cite book|author=Warren F. Kimball|title=Journal of Transatlantic Studies|title-link=Journal of Transatlantic Studies|date=2013|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|edition=Volume 11, Issue 3|pages=231–233|chapter=Introduction|quote=The politics of the players raised barriers - from European/white guilt to the exaggerated, I would argue, argument that imperialism ‘caused’ the failed-state syndrome that afflicts so much of the post-colonial world.|author1-link=Warren F. Kimball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=Sibel Boran|title=Critiquing Whole Language and Classroom Inquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/critiquingwholel0000unse|author2=Barbara Comber|date=2001|publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of English]]|isbn=978-0814123423|quote=The potential risks of imposing on students White or European guilt, or of mystifying certain cultures and ethnocentric perceptions of human rights struggles, can be addressed in at least two ways}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Eric Gans|author-link=Eric Gans|date=December 26, 2009|title=Pascal Bruckner's La tyrannie de la pénitence|url=http://anthropoetics.ucla.edu/views/vw385/|work=Anthropoetics|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]]|quote=Bruckner’s lucid analysis of European white guilt and its dangers offers finally little reassurance against Mark Steyn’s ominous vision of Europe|edition=No. 385}}</ref> nyɛla dihitabili din wuhiri ni gbanpiɛla nuu be bala din pahi gaŋbu ni, kamani shɛhinima shɛli nyɛla din be [[Atlantic slave trade]], [[European colonialism]], ni [[genocide of indigenous peoples]].{{cn|date=March 2023}} [[Western world]] yaɣ'shɛŋa, bɛ booni li la " '''white settler guilt"''',<ref name="aboriginalliterature2015">{{cite book|author=Jennifer Jones|title=A Companion to Australian Aboriginal Literature|date=2015|publisher=Camden House Companions|isbn=978-1571139382|editor=Belinda Wheeler|page=35|chapter=Australian Aboriginal Life Writers and Their Editors: Cross-Cultural Collaboration, Authorial Intention, and the Impact of Editorial Choices|doi=10.1515/9781571138620-006|quote=Aboriginal scholars found a "soft analysis" (Huggins and Tarrago, 143) of the colonial past that allowed for a “catharsis” of white settler guilt (Langton, 31).}}</ref>" '''white colonial guilt''',"<ref>{{cite book|author=Sneja Gunew|title=Post-Multicultural Writers as Neo-cosmopolitan Mediators|url=https://archive.org/details/postmulticultura0000gune|date=2017|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1783086658|chapter=Who Counts As Human Within (European) Modernity?|quote=It endlessly reproduces white colonial guilt and folds it back into a certain streamlined history of oppression and colonialism that leaves no room for alternative agency.}}</ref> ni din kuli pahi pahi, ka di zaa kuli nyɛ din tiriti wuhiri European biɛhisi shee mini niriba gbahibu ni. Di nyɛla din daa mali taarihi [[United States]], [[Australia]] n-ti pahi [[Canada]], ka na kuli nyɛ din be din ni, [[The Netherlands]], [[South Africa]], [[France]], ni [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite video|people=[[Shelby Steele]]|title=A World of Difference: White Guilt|url=http://streams.wpsx.psu.edu/White_Guilt10102.html|publisher=[[WPSU-FM]]|location=internet|access-date=2007-09-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619072350/http://streams.wpsx.psu.edu/White_Guilt10102.html|archive-date=2010-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Spanierman|first1=Lisa Beth|author-link1=Lisa Spanierman|last2=Todd|first2=Nathan R.|last3=Anderson|first3=Carolyn J.|date=2009|title=Psychosocial costs of racism to Whites: Understanding patterns among university students.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-counseling-psychology_2009-04_56_2/page/239|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|language=en|volume=56|issue=2|pages=239–252|doi=10.1037/a0015432|issn=1939-2168|pmc=3164804|pmid=21866985}}</ref> == Taarihi == === Piligu zaŋ tum tuma === Yɛltɔɣa ŋmaa din nyɛ "white guilt" daa nyɛla zilisigu, saha shɛli [[James Baldwin]] ni daa sabi ni lahabali jendi "The White Man's Guilt", ka daa tuui yihili na yuuni 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baldwin|first=James|date=August 1965|title=The White Man's Guilt|journal=Ebony Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Baldwin|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162814884|title=Collected essays|date=6 May 2020|publisher=BN|isbn=978-5-476-68327-8|oclc=1162814884}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution"|url=https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/CommAddress.html|access-date=2022-12-22|website=www2.oberlin.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Martin Luther Kings Jr. Speech, Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution|url=https://www.seemeonline.com/history/mlk-jr-awake.htm|access-date=2022-12-22|website=www.seemeonline.com}}</ref> Lala yɛltɔɣa ŋmaa ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli kuri bukaata haŋkaya ni, ka di wuhiri Siliminsi tuma. Judith Katz, ŋun daa sabi yuuni 1978 lahabali "''White Awareness": Handbook for Anti-Racism Training'', nyɛla yɛltɔɣa kpeeni din wuhiri "white guilt fixations."<ref>{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Judy|title=White awareness : handbook for anti-racism training|url=https://archive.org/details/whiteawarenessha00katz|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1978|isbn=0806114665|location=Norman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alcoff|first=Linda Martín|title=What Should White People Do?|url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/alcoffwhitepeople.html|work=Historyisaweapon.com}}</ref> "''[[The Washington Post]]" lahabali din yina'' yuuni 1978 wuhirila "white guilt."<ref name=":0">[[Lou Cannon]]. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/01/16/phony-ad-salesmen-prey-on-white-guilt/b55ad4a6-8ee0-4b3b-9949-581347e47bbd/ Phony Ad Salesmen Prey on "White Guilt"]. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' January 16, 1978. Accessed October 25, 2021.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Tiŋgbani yaɣa == === In the United States === American nira ŋun yuli booni [[Bayard Rustin]] daa sabiya ni "[[reparations for slavery]]" nyɛla din yɛn yɛligi "white guilt" ka saɣim "integrity of blacks".<ref>{{cite news|date=March 21, 2019|title=Should black Americans get slavery reparations?|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47643630}}</ref> Yuuni 2006, din saha Senator [[Barack Obama]] daa sabi o buku ''[[The Audacity of Hope]] ni'' di viɛli bee di be, "white guilt" nyɛla din wurim di maŋa America".<ref>{{cite news|last=Baldwin|first=Tom|date=April 27, 2007|title=The great black and white hope?|work=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/the-great-black-and-white-hope-l8j3tmrpkdh|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210429184010/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-great-black-and-white-hope-l8j3tmrpkdh|archive-date=29 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Younge|first=Gary|author-link=Gary Younge|date=April 10, 2015|title=White guilt won't fix America's race problem. Only justice and equality will|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/10/white-guilt-america-walter-scott-us}}</ref> == Tumanima din jendi "white guilt" == {{Unsourced|section|date=February 2023}} * ''[[The Tears of the White Man|The Tears of the White Man: Compassion as Contempt]]'', a 1983 book by the French philosopher [[Pascal Bruckner]]{{cn|date=November 2023}} * ''[[The Tyranny of Guilt|The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism]]'', a 2006 book by [[Pascal Bruckner]]{{cn|date=November 2023}} * ''[[White Guilt: How Blacks and Whites Together Destroyed the Promise of the Civil Rights Era]]'', a 2006 book by American author [[Shelby Steele]]{{cn|date=November 2023}} * ''[[Whites, Jews, and Us: Toward a Politics of Revolutionary Love]]'', a 2016 book by the French-Algerian political activist [[Houria Bouteldja]]{{cn|date=November 2023}} * ''[[White Fragility|White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism]]''; a 2018 book by [[Robin DiAngelo]] about race relations in the United States{{cn|date=November 2023}} == Lihi pahi == {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[White savior]] * [[Anti-Japaneseism]] * [[Colonial mentality]] * [[German collective guilt]] * [[Internalized racism]] * [[Reverse racism]] * [[Self-hating Jew]] * [[Holocaust]] * [[Romani genocide]] * [[California genocide]] * [[Slavery in the United States]] * [[Treatment of slaves in the United States]] * [[Racism against Black Americans]] * [[Self-hatred]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Anti-Romani sentiment]] * [[Anti-Mexican sentiment]] * [[Native American genocide]] * [[Australian history wars]] {{Div col end}} == Kundivihira == {{reflist|30em}} == Karim pahi == * [http://psp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/4/500 White Guilt: Its Antecedents and Consequences for Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action] * [http://psp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/117 White Guilt and Racial Compensation: The Benefits and Limits of Self-Focus] * [http://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=107 Teaching White Students About Racism: The Search for White Allies and the Restoration of Hope] * [http://hdl.handle.net/1903/10333 White Guilt: Race, Gender, Sexuality and Emergent Racisms in the Contemporary United States] {{White people}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] 30p2b3i2lyl5d6hf4ceti42p9rho7q2 Colonisation of Africa 0 32028 146146 145772 2026-08-10T21:37:29Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} {{Use British English|date=January 2013}} <!-- Please use British English spelling, esp. do not change colonisation (as in the article name) to colonization --> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] mini [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] daa bo la biɛhisi sheei Africa tiŋgbana yaɣa [[North Africa]],kamani bɛ ni daa kuli bo biɛhisi shee [[Eurasia]] shɛm. Din bɔŋ nim pam nyɛla din daa yuui pam; amaa, amaa lahabaya pam jendila [[history of colonialism|European conquests]] zaŋ chaŋ [[List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history|African states]] mini tiŋgbana pam din be [[Scramble for Africa]] (1884–1914)ni [[New Imperialism]] saha, pɔi ka bɛ daa naan yi ti tuhi nyaŋ daba dabu [[World War II]]. Yahinima ban daa gbahiri Africa nim n daa nyɛ [[British Empire|Britain]], [[French colonial empire|France]], [[German colonial empire|Germany]], [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], [[Belgian Empire|Belgium]], ni [[Italian Empire|Italy]]. {{sfn|Mamdani|1996|p={{pn|date=May 2024}}}} == Ancient and medieval colonies == {{main|Roman Africans|Romans in sub-Saharan Africa}}<!-- Please use AD/BC per [[WP:ERA]] --> [[File:Roman Empire 125.svg|thumb|The Roman Empire in the time of [[Hadrian]], c. 125 AD]] Tuuli taarihi puuni, bɛ daa bela [[North Africa]] ka di nyƐla bɛ daa nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban yina Europe mini Western Asia, di bahi bahindi [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] mini[[Phoenicia|Phoenecians]].<ref>{{harvp|Boardman|1973|p=114}}</ref> Greeks daa deii [[Cyrenaica]] fukumsi lala saha.<ref>{{harvp|Boardman|1973|p=151f}}</ref> == Early modern period == {{Main|European exploration of Africa}} {{further|European enclaves in North Africa before 1830}} Tuuli European zaɣa daa bela daabiligu yɛligibu ni, ka lahi fari tinsi kamani [[Cape Verde]] Islands mini [[São Tomé Island]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Adhikari |date=2017 |title=Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863 |journal=African Historical Review |volume=49 |number=1 |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref> == Lihi pahi == {{Portal|Africa}} *[[Colonial Africa]] *[[Economic history of Africa]] *[[Neocolonialism]] *[[Third world]] == Noosi == {{Reflist|21em}} ==Kundivihira== *{{cite book |last=Bensoussan |first=David |year=2012 |title=Il était une fois le Maroc - Témoignages du passé judéo-marocain |publisher=iUniverse |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-4759-2609-5 }} *{{cite book |last=Boardman |first=John |year=1973 |title=The Greeks Overseas |url=https://archive.org/details/greeksoverseasar0000boar |publisher=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth |orig-year=1964 }} *{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Stephanie Terreni|date=2014-01-02|title=Planning Kampala: histories of sanitary intervention and in/formal spaces|journal=Critical African Studies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=71–90|doi=10.1080/21681392.2014.871841|s2cid=220331354 |issn=2168-1392}} *{{cite journal|last=Clay|first=Dean|date=2016|title=Transatlantic Dimensions of the Congo Reform Movement, 1904–1908|journal=English Studies in Africa|volume=59|number=1|pages=18–28|doi=10.1080/00138398.2016.1173274 |s2cid=148204694 }} *{{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Daniel|date=2003|editor-last1=Anderson|editor-first1=Kay|editor-last2=Domosh|editor-first2=Mona|editor-last3=Pile|editor-first3=Steve |editor-last4=Thrift|editor-first4=Nigel| title=Handbook of Cultural Geography |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookcultural00ande |url-access=limited |publisher=Sage London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookcultural00ande/page/n374 354]–368 |chapter=Chapter 18: Critical Imperial and Colonial Geographies|isbn=9780761969259 }} *{{cite journal|last=Copans|first=Jean|date=1998|title=Review of Citizen and Subject|journal=Transformation|volume=36|pages=102–105}} *{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson |year=2003 |title=Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/empirehowbritain0000ferg_l3o5 |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-9615-9 }} *{{cite book |last=Harden |first=Donald |year=1971 |title=The Phoenicians |publisher=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth |orig-year=1962 }} *{{cite book |last=Khapoya |first=Vincent B. |year=1998 |title=The African Experience |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |orig-year=1994 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0137458523 |url=https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap }} *{{cite book |last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E. |year=2012 |title=Transformations of Slavery: a History of Slavery in Africa |location=London |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |edition=3rd |isbn=9780521176187 }} *{{Cite book|last=Mamdani|first=Mahmood|date=1996|title=Citizen and subject : contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism|publisher=Fountain Publishers|isbn=9780852553992|location=Kampala|oclc=35445018}} *{{Cite journal|last=Mbembe|first=Achille|date=1992|title=Provisional Notes on the Postcolony|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_1992_62_1/page/3|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|volume=62|issue=1 |pages=3–37|doi=10.2307/1160062|jstor=1160062|s2cid=145451482 }} *{{cite book |last=Rodney |first=Walter |year=1972 |title=How Europe Underdeveloped Africa |location=London |publisher=[[Bogle-L'Ouverture]] |isbn=978-0-9501546-4-0 |title-link=How Europe Underdeveloped Africa }} *{{cite book |last=Scullard |first=H.&nbsp;H. |year=1976 |title=From the Gracchi to Nero |publisher=Methuen and Co. |location=London |orig-year=1959 }} *{{cite journal|last=Shepperson|first=George|date=1985|title=The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884-1885|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phylon_1985-03_46_1/page/37|journal=Phylon|volume=4|number=1|pages=37–48|doi=10.2307/274944 |jstor=274944}} *{{cite book |last=Shillington |first=Kevin |year=1995 |title=History of Africa |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York |orig-year=1989 |edition=2nd |isbn=9780312125981 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrica00shil }} *{{cite journal|last=Terretta|first=Meredith|date=2002|title=Review Work: On the Postcolony by Achille Mbembe|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=36|issue=1|pages=161–163}} == Further reading == *{{cite book |last=Crowther |first=Michael |year=1978 |title=The Story of Nigeria |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |location=London |orig-year=1962 }} *{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |year=1966 |title=The African Past |publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=Harmondsworth |orig-year=1964 }} * Gann, Lewis H. ''Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960'' (1969) [https://archive.org/details/colonialisminafr0001gann Online] *{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Norman Dwight |year=1914 |title=Intervention and Colonization in Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/interventionand00harrgoog |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] }} * Hoskins, H.L. ''European imperialism in Africa'' (1967) [https://archive.org/details/europeanimperial0000hosk online] *Michalopoulos, Stelios; Papaioannou, Elias (2020-03-01). "[https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20181447 Historical Legacies and African Development]." ''Journal of Economic Literature''. '''58''' (1): 53–128. *{{cite book |last1=Miers |first1=Suzanne |last2=Klein |first2=Martin A. |year=1998 |title=Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa (Slave and Post-Slave Societies and Cultures) |url=https://archive.org/details/slaverycolonialr0000unse |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780714644363 }} * Nabudere, D. Wadada. ''Imperialism in East Africa'' (2 vol 1981) [https://archive.org/details/imperialismineas0001nabu online] * Olson, James S., ed. ''Historical Dictionary of the British Empire'' (1996) [https://www.questia.com/library/7774952/historical-dictionary-of-the-british-empire Online] * Olson, James S., ed. '' Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism'' (1991) [https://www.questia.com/library/3017749/historical-dictionary-of-european-imperialism online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021032542/https://www.questia.com/library/3017749/historical-dictionary-of-european-imperialism |date=21 October 2019 }} * Pakenham, Thomas (1992). ''The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912'' (13th ed.). London: Abacus. {{ISBN|978-0-349-10449-2}}. * Phillips, Anne. ''The enigma of colonialism : British policy in West Africa'' (1989) [https://archive.org/details/enigmaofcolonial0000phil Online] == External links == {{commons category|Colonial Africa}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140904081130/http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1182&context=utk_chanhonoproj Economic Impact of Colonialism] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040203145656/http://www.africana.com/articles/daily/index_20021014.asp Germany Refuses to Apologize for Herero Holocaust] – from Africana.com * Andre Osborn, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/13/humanities.artsandhumanities "Belgium exhumes its colonial demons"], ''The Guardian'', 12 July 2002 *{{cite web |last1=Blakemore |first1=Erin |title=What is colonialism? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/colonialism |website=National Geographic |access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408084551/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/colonialism |archive-date=8 Apr 2024 |language=en |date=6 October 2023 |url-status=live}} {{Africa topics}} {{Colonization}} [[Category:European colonisation of Africa| ]] [[Category:Western culture]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] 56g4rtdpds8937pusgtpdhpz9kl8kk5 Peace and Security Council 0 32051 146203 121726 2026-08-10T23:16:32Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|African Union's security council}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} '''Peace and Security Council''' ('''PSC''') nyɛla [[African Union]] kparibɔɣu din su zalisi zalibu. Di daa pilila [[United Nations Security Council]] nyaaŋa. PSC gba nyɛla daatali kpeeni [[African Peace and Security Architecture]] (APSA) ni, ka lahi tumdi ni APSA daantali shɛŋa din yɛn che ka suhudoo mini gu ka taɣi kpaŋsi Africa".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://au.int/en/psc|title=The Peace & Security Council|website=African Union|access-date=2020-03-27|archive-date=5 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605044640/https://au.int/en/psc|url-status=dead}}</ref> Peace and Security Council (PSC) niya kuli nyɛla din gu ka taɣi zabazaba.<ref name=":0" /> Pɔi ka lala niya ŋɔ niŋ tabata, shee yaɣa kamani Military Staff Committee mini Committee of Experts niŋ nuu timbu. Ban be din ni nyɛla African Union Executive Council ni vootiri shɛba ka Assembly of the African Union mi saɣiritira din yɛn che ka laɣim tum be [[Africa]] yaɣa.<ref name=":0" /> == Taarihi == === Pilli === Yuma din gbaai 1990s piligu, ban daa be [[Organisation of African Unity|Organization of African Unity]] (OAU), ban daa di [[African Union]] (AU) fali,daa zaŋla bɛ yaa niŋ gu ka taɣi ni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Paul D.|date=2009-11-12|title=The Peace and Security Council of the African Union: evaluating an embryonic international institution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_2009-12_47_4/page/603|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=47|issue=4|pages=603–626|doi=10.1017/s0022278x09990048|s2cid=154680567|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Amaa, bɛ daa taɣi bɛ zaashee di ni daa niŋ ka shintoni niŋ [[Rwandan genocide|Rwanda]] mini [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi|Burundi]] naai.<ref name=":1" /> Yuuni 1995,ban daa be OAU daa gbaaya ka saɣiti suhudoo gubu laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni daa ʒini Addis Ababa ni daa naai. Amaa, OAU na nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni [[United Nations]] tu ni bɛ yaa n daa suhudoo zuɣu lihibu.<ref name=":1" /> Zaba din daa ti doli nyaaŋa na niŋ Africa daa nyɛla African tuma du'zuɣiuri ni daa zaŋ bɛ nuu niŋ shɛli ni n-gari UN. Kamanai ŋmahinli, zaba din daa niŋ [[Liberia]] mini [[Sierra Leone]] nyɛla [[Economic Community of West African States]] ni daa mali shɛli. Lala n lahi nyɛli, zaba din daa niŋ [[Lesotho]] mini [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] nyɛla [[Southern African Development Community]] ni daa bo maligu ti shɛli.<ref name=":1" /> Lala yaɣa ŋɔ nyɛla din mali kpaŋmaŋa pam suhudoo bɔbu ni ka di zuɣu che ka nangbankpeeni beni zaŋ chaŋ OAU tumbu polo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Powell|first1=Kristiana|last2=Tieku|first2=Thomas Kwasi|date=Autumn 2005|title=The African Union's New Security Agenda: Is Africa Closer to a Pax Pan-Africana?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal_autumn-2005_60_4/page/937|journal=International Journal|volume=60|issue=4|pages=937–952|doi=10.2307/40204092|jstor=40204092|issn=0020-7020}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Møller|first=Bjørn|date=2005-01-01|title=THE PROS AND CONS OF SUBSIDIARITY: THE ROLE OF AFRICAN REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN ENSURING PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA|publisher=Danish Institute for International Studies|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13438|access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref> Yuuni 2001, OAU Assembly laɣingu daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli labisi OAU's: African Union.<ref name=":1" /> African Union palli daa nyɛla bɛ saɣiti ni shɛli yaa dahi shaawara ni zalisi, laɣingu din gba ŋmani li ka tiŋgbana pinaa anu be din ni.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> ===Ban be din ni === Di mini PSC nyɛla United Nations Security Council ni daa kpaŋsiri shɛli maa zaa yoli, kamani UNSC, PSC dii ka ban kuli be din ni. Tiŋgban dibaa anu din be din ni maa zaa nyɛla din mali zaa din ni.<ref name=":5" /> Bɛ piiri la kpamaba pia din ni yuma ayi kam ka piiri kpama niriba anu yuma anu kam puuni. Yaɣili kam piini la Anashaara goli April dahin yini dali ka naari Anashaara goli 31st March. Zaŋ kana Anashaara goli April yuuni 2020, tiŋgbana ŋɔ n daa be PSC ni:<ref>{{cite web|website=African Union – Peace and Security Department|title=Composition of the PSC|url=http://www.peaceau.org/en/page/88-composition-of-the-psc|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> Morocco,Peace and Security Council zaŋti African Union ni ka bɛ be,<ref name="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/ 2024 i658">{{cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Morocco Assumes Presidency of African Union Peace, Security Council for 3rd Term |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/02/360517/morocco-assumes-presidency-of-african-union-peace-security-council-for-3rd-term |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.moroccoworldnews.com/}}</ref><ref name="Le Ministère délégué auprès du Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, de la Coopération Africaine et des Marocains Résidant à l'Étranger, chargé des Marocains Résidant à l'Étranger 2024 p048">{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-11 |date=2024-02-05 |language=fr |title=Le Royaume du Maroc, membre du Conseil de Paix et de Sécurité de l'Union Africaine pour un mandat de trois ans (2022-2025), accédera, à partir du 1er février 2024, à la présidence de cet important organe décisionnel de l'Union Africaine, chargé de promouvoir la paix, la sécurité et la stabilité sur le continent africain. |url=https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/le-royaume-du-maroc-membre-du-conseil-de-paix-et-de-securite-de-lunion-africaine-pour-un-mandat-de-trois-ans-2022-2025-accedera-a-partir-du-1er-fevrier-2024-a-la-presidence-de-cet-important-or/ |website=Le Ministère délégué auprès du Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, de la Coopération Africaine et des Marocains Résidant à l&#039;Étranger, chargé des Marocains Résidant à l&#039;Étranger |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105029/https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/le-royaume-du-maroc-membre-du-conseil-de-paix-et-de-securite-de-lunion-africaine-pour-un-mandat-de-trois-ans-2022-2025-accedera-a-partir-du-1er-fevrier-2024-a-la-presidence-de-cet-important-or/ |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="Le Ministère délégué auprès du Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, de la Coopération Africaine et des Marocains Résidant à l'Étranger, chargé des Marocains Résidant à l'Étranger 2024 p0482">{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-11 |date=2024-02-05 |language=fr |title=Le Royaume du Maroc, membre du Conseil de Paix et de Sécurité de l'Union Africaine pour un mandat de trois ans (2022-2025), accédera, à partir du 1er février 2024, à la présidence de cet important organe décisionnel de l'Union Africaine, chargé de promouvoir la paix, la sécurité et la stabilité sur le continent africain. |url=https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/le-royaume-du-maroc-membre-du-conseil-de-paix-et-de-securite-de-lunion-africaine-pour-un-mandat-de-trois-ans-2022-2025-accedera-a-partir-du-1er-fevrier-2024-a-la-presidence-de-cet-important-or/ |website=Le Ministère délégué auprès du Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, de la Coopération Africaine et des Marocains Résidant à l&#039;Étranger, chargé des Marocains Résidant à l&#039;Étranger |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105029/https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/le-royaume-du-maroc-membre-du-conseil-de-paix-et-de-securite-de-lunion-africaine-pour-un-mandat-de-trois-ans-2022-2025-accedera-a-partir-du-1er-fevrier-2024-a-la-presidence-de-cet-important-or/ |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="القدس العربي 2024 y842">{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-11 |date=2024-02-01 |language=ar |title=المغرب يتولى رئاسة مجلس السلم والأمن الإفريقي |url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7/ |website=القدس العربي}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="LesEco.ma 2024 r357">{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-11 |date=2024-02-02 |language=fr |title=Union africaine : le Maroc accède à la présidence du Conseil de paix et de sécurité |url=https://leseco.ma/maroc/union-africaine-le-maroc-accede-a-la-presidence-du-conseil-de-paix-et-de-securite.html |website=LesEco.ma}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="أ 2023 e692">{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-11 |date=2023-11-17 |first=أ ش |language=ar |last=أ |title=المغرب يتولى رئاسة مجلس السلم والأمن التابع للاتحاد الإفريقي |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/4692312.aspx |website=بوابة الأهرام}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="الحساني 2024 i771">{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-11 |date=2024-02-01 |first=ثريا |language=ar |last=الحساني |title=ابتداء من اليوم..المغرب يتولى رئاسة مجلس السلم والأمن بالاتحاد الأفريقي |url=https://cap24.ma/?p=286004 |website=Cap24 - كاب 24}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="Hebdo h182">{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-11 |first=Maroc |language=fr |last=Hebdo |title=Le maroc prend les rênes du conseil de paix et de sécurité de l'UA |url=https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/maroc-prend-renes-conseil-paix-securite-lua |website=Maroc Hebdo |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519020543/https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/maroc-prend-renes-conseil-paix-securite-lua |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="Agence Congolaise d'Information 2024 u387">{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-11 |date=2024-02-02 |title=Afrique/Sécurité : Le Maroc préside pour les 3e fois le Conseil de paix et de sécurité de l'Ua |url=https://www.aci.cg/afrique-securite-le-maroc-preside-pour-les-3e-fois-le-conseil-de-paix-et-de-securite-de-lua/ |website=Agence Congolaise d&#039;Information}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="Taibi Technology 2024 w171">{{cite web |last1=Taibi |first1=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-01-17 |title=Morocco Assumes Presidency of AU Peace and Security Council |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-assumes-presidency-au-peace-and-security-council |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible" !Term ! colspan="3" |Central Africa ! colspan="3" |Eastern Africa ! colspan="2" |Northern Africa ! colspan="3" |Southern Africa ! colspan="4" |Western Africa |- !1 April 2017 | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Republic of the Congo|name=Congo-Brazzaville}} | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Kenya}} | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Egypt}} | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Zambia}} | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Nigeria}} | rowspan="2" | | |- !2018 | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Togo}} |- !2019 | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Gabon}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Djibouti}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Morocco}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Angola}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Liberia}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Sierra Leone}} |- !2020 | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Burundi}} | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Kenya}} | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Algeria}} | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Lesotho}} | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Benin}} | rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|Nigeria}} |- !2021 | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Cameroon}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Chad}} | rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Egypt}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Malawi}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Mozambique}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Ghana}} | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Senegal}} |- !2022 |} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} == Maŋmaŋa lahabali == * {{cite journal |last=Aboagye |first=Festus |date=January 2004 |title=The African Mission in Burundi: Lessons learned from the first African Union peacekeeping operation |journal=Conflict Trends |issue=2 |pages=9–15 |hdl=10520/EJC15836 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/african-mission-burundi-lessons-learned-first-african-union-peacekeeping-operation |access-date=2022-06-15}} * {{cite journal |last1=Boutellis |first1=Arthur |last2=Williams |first2=Paul D. |date=2013-04-23 |title=Peace Operations, the African Union and the United Nations: Toward More Effective Partnerships in Peace Operations |publisher=[[International Peace Institute]] |location=New York |url=https://www.ipinst.org/2013/04/peace-operations-the-african-union-and-the-united-nations-toward-more-effective-partnerships |access-date=2022-06-15}} * {{cite journal |last=Maru |first=Mehari Taddele |date=2013-02-14 |title=African-Led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA): Military ahead of Politics |publisher=Al Jazeera Centre for Studies |url=https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/reports/documents/2013214835996734AFISMA_MilitaryaheadofPolitics.pdf |access-date=2022-06-15}} * {{cite journal |last=Murithi |first=Tim |date=September 2007 |title=The responsibility to protect, as enshrined in article 4 of the Constitutive Act of the African Union |journal=African Security Review |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=14–24 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2007.9627428|s2cid=143571654 }} * {{cite journal |last=Murithi |first=Tim |date=March 2008 |title=The African Union's evolving role in peace operations: the African Union Mission in Burundi, the African Union Mission in Sudan and the African Union Mission in Somalia |journal=African Security Review |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=69–82 |url=https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/17NO1MURITHI.PDF |access-date=2022-06-15 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2008.9627460|s2cid=144103501 }} * {{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Paul D. |date=2013-07-31 |title=Peace Operations in Africa: Lessons Learned Since 2000 |journal=Africa Security Brief |publisher=[[Africa Center for Strategic Studies]] |issue=25 |url=https://africacenter.org/publication/peace-operations-in-africa-lessons-learned-since-2000/ |access-date=2022-06-15}} * {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Paul D. |date=May 2015 |title=Enhancing U.S. Support for Peace Operations in Africa |type=Special Report |issue=73 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87609-624-6 |url=https://www.cfr.org/report/enhancing-us-support-peace-operations-africa |access-date=2022-06-15}} * {{cite book |publisher=[[World Peace Foundation]] |date=July 2016 |title=African Politics, African Peace |isbn=978-0-9801452-4-3 |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/wpf/african-peace-missions-2/ |access-date=2022-06-15}} ==External links== *[https://www.peaceau.org/en/ Peace and Security Council website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080306020011/http://www.africa-union.org/rule_prot/PROTOCOL-%20PEACE%20AND%20SECURITY%20COUNCIL%20OF%20THE%20AFRICAN%20UNION.pdf Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (pdf)], 9 July 2002 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180047/http://www.au2002.gov.za/docs/summit_council/secprot.htm HTML version]) {{African Union}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Organs of the African Union]] [[Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty]] [[Category:Organizations established in 2003]] [[Category:2003 establishments in Africa]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] n68xb37v74oviilba5kboewjrmnlw2o United Nations Security Council 0 32052 146154 145695 2026-08-10T21:48:51Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|One of the six principal organs of the UN}} {{redirect-multi|2|Security Council|UNSC}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} '''United Nations Security Council''' ('''UNSC''') nyɛla [[United Nations]] (UN) kparibɔɣiri dibaa ayɔbu puuni yini<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 7 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> ka di yaa dalim suhudoo zaŋ chaŋ tiŋ'duya sunsuuni ([[international security|international peace and security]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 24 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> ka wuhiri nivuɣ'pala tiri [[UN members|UN]] zaŋ chaŋ [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] polo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 4 (2) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> ka saɣiritiri yori din be [[UN Charter]] ni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 108 of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> Di tumanima shɛŋa zaŋ chaŋ United Nations Charter nyɛl;a suhdoo kpaŋsibu, mini tiŋ'duya zalisi zaalibu.UNSC ko n-nyɛ UN kparibɔɣu din bɔri nangbayini tiŋgbana taba sunsuuni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data for November 2021|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping_missions_factsheet_246_nov2021_en.pdf|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en|access-date=2022-06-19|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711144842/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping_missions_factsheet_246_nov2021_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> == Taarihi == === Background and creation === {{Further|History of the United Nations}} Pɔi ka bɛ naan yi kpa UN, laɣinsi daa puni beni bɔri maligu bee sintoni goobu tiŋgbana sunsuuni, kamani [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] mini [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=5}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=8}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=10}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=13–24}} [[File:Cairo conference.jpg|thumb|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] met at the [[Cairo Conference (1943)|Cairo Conference]] in 1943 during [[World War II]].]] [[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and Soviet general secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] at the [[Yalta Conference]], February 1945]] == Ban be din ni == === Permanent members === {{Main|Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council}} {{See also|China and the United Nations|France and the United Nations|Russia and the United Nations|Soviet Union and the United Nations|United Kingdom and the United Nations|United States and the United Nations}} Security Council's maa nyɛla tiŋgbana dibaa anu ni be shɛli ni.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}} {| class="wikitable" |- " ! width=14% | Country ! width=18% | Regional group ! width=34% | Current state representation ! width=34% | Former state representation |- |style="background:#EAECF0"| {{flag|China}} |[[Group of Asia and the Pacific Small Island Developing States|Asia-Pacific]] |{{flagicon|China}} [[China|People's Republic of China]] |{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[China and the United Nations#Republic of China in the United Nations (1945–1971)|Republic of China]]{{efn|name=China|On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, the [[People's Republic of China]] on the [[Mainland China|mainland]] was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the [[Republic of China]] on the [[Taiwan (island)|island of Taiwan]]. The [[Charter of the United Nations]] still lists the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] as the member.}} ([[Republic of China (1912-1949)|1945–1949]],<br/>[[Taiwan|1949–1971]]) |- |style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|France}} |[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]] |{{flagicon|France}} [[French Fifth Republic|French Republic]] |{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|Provisional Govt.]] (1945–1946)<br/>[[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958) |- |style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|Russia}} |[[Eastern European Group|Eastern Europe]] |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia|Russian Federation]] |{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (1945–1991){{efn|name=ussr}} |- |style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]] |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]}} |{{N/A}} |- |style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|United States}} |[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]] |{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States|United States of America]] |{{N/A}} |} === Non-permanent members === {{See also|List of members of the United Nations Security Council|United Nations Security Council elections|2023 United Nations Security Council election{{!}}2023|2024 United Nations Security Council election{{!}}2024|2025 United Nations Security Council election{{!}}2025}} Tiŋgbana di baa anu din be din ni maa nuu yi yi, Security Council zaŋti United Nations shɛba lahi be din ni ka di pala bɛ kuli bela ni sahakam.<ref>{{YouTube|id=FgthI1fdRYA|title=U.N. Security Council Briefing on the U.S. Air Strike in Syria}} [[Time (magazine)|Time]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The UN Security Council |url= http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html |publisher= United Nations Foundation |access-date=15 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Saha ŋɔ bɛ ni vooti shɛba ka bɛ be din ni, ni yaɣ'shɛŋa bɛ ni pii ba ni bɛ zani ti, n-nyɛ din doli ŋɔ na:<ref>{{cite web|title=Current Members|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members|publisher=United Nations|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232811/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=General Assembly Elects Estonia, Niger, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Tunisia, Viet Nam as Non-Permanent Members of Security Council for 2020–2021|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12152.doc.htm|publisher=United Nations|access-date=1 January 2020|date=7 June 2019|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625072237/https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12152.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kenya wins final contested seat on Security Council |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1066632 |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=UN News |date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621054759/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1066632 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kenya defeats Djibouti to win a seat at the UN Security Council |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/kenya-defeats-djibouti-win-seat-security-council-200618194420819.html |access-date=19 June 2020 |work=Aljazeera |date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618222028/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/kenya-defeats-djibouti-win-seat-security-council-200618194420819.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hamill|first=James|title=South Africa returns to UN Security Council: here's the role it should play|url=http://theconversation.com/south-africa-returns-to-un-security-council-heres-the-role-it-should-play-111371|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Conversation|date=19 February 2019 |language=en|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024111635/https://theconversation.com/south-africa-returns-to-un-security-council-heres-the-role-it-should-play-111371|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Term ! colspan="3"| Africa ! colspan="2"| Asia-Pacific !Eastern Europe ! colspan="2"| Latin America<br/>and Caribbean ! colspan="2"| Western Europe<br/>and Other<!-- THE REGIONS ARE THE UN REGIONS - PLEASE DO_NOT CHANGE "WESTERN EUROPE AND OTHER" TO "EUROPE" ETC. --> |- !2022 | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Gabon}} [[Gabon]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]}} | {{flag|Kenya}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|United Arab Emirates}} [[United Arab Emirates]]}} | {{flag|India}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Albania}} [[Albania]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]}} | {{flag|Mexico}} | {{flag|Ireland}} | {{flag|Norway}} |- !2023 | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Mozambique}} [[Mozambique]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Japan]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Malta}} [[Malta]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]}} |- !2024 | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Algeria }} [[Algeria ]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Sierra Leone}} [[Sierra Leone]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Republic of Korea}} [[Republic of Korea]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Guyana}} [[Guyana]]}} |- !2025 |{{Nobr|{{flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Somalia]]}} |{{Nobr|{{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]}} |{{Nobr|{{flagdeco|Panama}} [[Panama]]}} |{{Nobr|{{flagdeco|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]}} |{{Nobr|{{flagdeco|Greece}} [[Greece]]}} |} === Zuɣulana === {{Main|President of the United Nations Security Council}} Ŋun nyɛ [[President of the United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] zuɣulana tuma tuma nyɛla o booni laɣinsi ka bɛ bɔri maligu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/notes/PresidentialNotesEng.htm |title=Notes by the president of the Security Council |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330212749/http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/notes/PresidentialNotesEng.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="un.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements08.htm |title=UN Security Council: Presidential Statements 2008 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811210203/http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements08.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="un.org"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sc/presidency.asp |title=Security Council Presidency in 2011 – United Nations Security Council |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603183638/http://www.un.org/sc/presidency.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> Tiŋgbana din yɛn deei zuɣulana tali yuuni 2025 n-nyɛ din doli ŋɔ na:<ref>{{cite web|title=Security Council Presidency|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidency|website=United Nations Security Council|publisher=United Nations|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322133448/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidency|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Presidency in 2025 |- style="background:#ccc" ! Month ! Country |- | January | {{flag|Algeria}} |- | February | {{flag|China}} |- | March | {{flag|Denmark}} |- | April | {{flag|France}} |- | May | {{flag|Greece}} |- | June | {{flag|Guyana}} |- | July | {{flag|Pakistan}} |- | August | {{flag|Panama}} |- | September | {{flag|South Korea}} |- | October | {{flag|Russia}} |- | November | {{flag|Sierra Leone}} |- | December | {{flag|Slovenia}} |} == Lihi pahi == {{Portal|Politics|Law}} * [[Reform of the United Nations]] * [[Small Five Group]], a group formed to improve the working methods of the Security Council * [[United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs]], provides secretarial support to the Security Council * [[United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee]], a standing committee of the Security Council * [[Passblue|PassBlue]] == Explanatory notes == {{notelist}} == Kundivihira == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin|35em}} * {{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Titus |year=1996 |title=Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=978-0-7456-1353-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/unravellinggloba0000alex }} * {{cite journal |last=Blum |first=Yehuda Z. |author-link=Yehuda Zvi Blum |year=1992 |title=Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations |url=http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/3/2/2045.pdf |journal=European Journal of International Law |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=354–362 |doi=10.1093/ejil/3.2.354 |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324194024/http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/3/2/2045.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Coulon |first1=Jocelyn |author-link1=Jocelyn Coulon |year=1998 |title=Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping, and the New World Order |url=https://archive.org/details/soldiersofdiplom0000coul |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-0899-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Deni |first=John R. |year=2007 |title=Alliance Management and Maintenance: Restructuring NATO for the 21st Century |location=Aldershot, England |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-7039-1 }} * {{cite book |last1=Fasulo |first1=Linda |year=2004 |title=An Insider's Guide to the UN |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10155-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/insidersguidetou00lind }} * {{cite book |last1=Fomerand |first1=Jacques |year=2009 |title=The A to Z of the United Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/atozofunitednati0000jacq |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5547-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Gaddis |first=John Lewis |author-link=John Lewis Gaddis |year=2000 |orig-year=1972 |title=The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12239-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Hillier |first1=Timothy |year=1998 |title=Sourcebook on Public International Law |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookonpubl0000timh |series=Sourcebook Series |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=978-1-85941-050-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Hoopes |first1=Townsend |author-link1=Townsend Hoopes |last2=Brinkley |first2=Douglas |author-link2=Douglas Brinkley |year=2000 |orig-year=1997 |title=FDR and the Creation of the U.N. |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08553-2 }} * {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Kennedy |year=2006 |title=[[The Parliament of Man]]: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-375-50165-4 }} * {{cite book |last1=Köchler |first1=Hans |author-link1=Hans Köchler |year=2001 |title=The Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in the Context of Modern Power: Is the Revival of the Doctrine of "Just War" Compatible with the International Rule of Law? |series=Studies in International Relations 26 |location=Vienna |publisher=International Progress Organization |isbn=978-3-900704-20-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Magliveras |first1=Konstantinos D. |year=1999 |title=Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership |location=The Hague |publisher=Kluwer Law International |series=Studies and Materials on the Settlement of International Disputes |volume=5 |isbn=978-90-411-1239-2 }} * {{cite book |last1=Manchester |first1=William |author-link1=William Manchester |last2=Reid |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Reid (writer) |year=2012 |title=[[The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill]] |volume=3: ''Defender of the Realm'' |location=New York |publisher=Little Brown and Company |isbn=978-0-316-54770-3 }} * {{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Ken |year=1993 |title=The Gulf Conflict and International Relations |url=https://archive.org/details/gulfconflictinte0000matt |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-07519-0 }} * {{cite book |last1=Meisler |first1=Stanley |year=1995 |title=United Nations: The First Fifty Years |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_z7w4 |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press }} * {{cite book |last1=Mikulaschek |first1=Christoph |year=2010 |chapter=Report from the 39th International Peace Institute Vienna Seminar on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping |editor1-last=Winkler |editor1-first=Hans |editor2-last=Rød-Larsen |editor2-first=Terje |editor2-link=Terje Rød-Larsen |editor3-last=Mikulaschek |editor3-first=Christoph |title=The UN Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect: Policy, Process, and Practice |url=http://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/favorita_paper_2010.pdf |series=Favorita Papers |publisher=Diplomatic Academy of Vienna |pages=20–49 |isbn=978-3-902021-67-0 |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213172615/http://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/favorita_paper_2010.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2016 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Mires |first1=Charlene |year=2013 |title=Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/capitalofworldra0000mire |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-0794-4 }} * {{cite book |last1=Neuhold |first1=Hanspeter |year=2001 |chapter=The United Nations System for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes |editor1-last=Cede |editor1-first=Frank |editor2-last=Sucharipa-Behrmann |editor2-first=Lilly |title=The United Nations: Law and Practice |location=The Hague |publisher=Kluwer Law International |isbn=978-90-411-1563-8 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Osmańczyk |first=Edmund Jan |author-link=Edmund Osmańczyk |editor-last=Mango |editor-first=Anthony |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements |volume=4 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-93924-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Stephen C. |author-link1=Stephen Schlesinger |year=2003 |title=Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World |location=Boulder, Colorado |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-3324-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/actofcreationfou00schl_0 }} * {{cite journal |last=Wilcox |first=Francis O. |author-link=Francis O. Wilcox |year=1945 |title=The Yalta Voting Formula |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_1945-10_39_5/page/943 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=943–956 |doi=10.2307/1950035 |issn=0003-0554 |jstor=1950035 |s2cid=143510142 }} * {{cite journal |last=Zunes |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Zunes |year=2004 |title=International Law, the UN and Middle Eastern Conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/peace-review_2004-09_16_3/page/285 |journal=Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=285–292 |doi=10.1080/1040265042000278513 |s2cid=143010895 |issn=1040-2659 }} {{refend}} == Further reading == {{refbegin|35em}} * {{Cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Sydney D. |last2=Daws |first2=Sam |year=1998 |title=The Procedure of the UN Security Council |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-828073-6 }} * {{Cite book |last=Bosco |first=David L. |author-link=David Bosco |year=2009 |title=Five to Rule Them All: The UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532876-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc }} * {{Cite book |last1=Cockayne |first1=James |last2=Mikulaschek |first2=Christoph |last3=Perry |first3=Chris |year=2010 |title=The United Nations Security Council and Civil War: First Insights from a New Dataset |url=http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/298-the-united-nations-security-council-and-civil-war-first-insights-from-a-new-dataset.html |location=New York |publisher=International Peace Institute |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418051722/http://ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/298-the-united-nations-security-council-and-civil-war-first-insights-from-a-new-dataset.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Grieger |first=Gisela |title=Reform of the UN Security Council |year=2013 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130451/LDM_BRI(2013)130451_REV1_EN.pdf |publisher=Library of the European Parliament |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615203132/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130451/LDM_BRI(2013)130451_REV1_EN.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last=Hannay |first=David |author-link=David Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick |year=2008 |title=New World Disorder: The UN after the Cold War – An Insider's View |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-719-1 }} * {{Cite book |last=Hurd |first=Ian |year=2007 |title=After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council |url=https://archive.org/details/afteranarchylegi0000hurd |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12866-5 }} * {{cite book |last1=Köchler |first1=Hans |author-link1=Hans Köchler |year=1991 |title=The Voting Procedure in the United Nations Security Council: Examining a Normative Contradiction in the UN Charter and its Consequences on International Relations |url=http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Voting_Procedure-UN_Security_Council.pdf |series=Studies in International Relations |volume=17 |location=Vienna |publisher=International Progress Organization |isbn=978-3-900704-10-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906014909/http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Voting_Procedure-UN_Security_Council.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2006 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |year=2008 |editor-last1=Lowe |editor-first1=Vaughan |editor-link1=Vaughan Lowe |editor-last2=Roberts |editor-first2=Adam |editor-link2=Adam Roberts (scholar) |editor-last3=Welsh |editor-first3=Jennifer |editor-link3=Jennifer Welsh |editor-last4=Zaum |editor-first4=Dominik |title=The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-953343-5 }} * {{Cite book |last=Malone |first=David |author-link=David M. Malone |year=1998 |title=Decision-Making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990–1997 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-829483-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/decisionmakingin0000malo }} * {{Cite book |last=Matheson |first=Michael J. |year=2006 |title=Council Unbound: The Growth of UN Decision Making on Conflict and Postconflict Issues after the Cold War |location=Washington |publisher=US Institute of Peace Press |isbn=978-1-929223-78-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |last2=Zaum |first2=Dominik |year=2008 |title=Selective Security: War and the United Nations Security Council since 1945 |journal=Strategic Survey: The Annual Review of World Affairs |series=Adelphi Paper |volume=395 |location=Abingdon, England |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-47472-6 |issn=0567-932X }} * {{Cite book |last1= Vreeland |first1=James |author-link=James Vreeland |last2=Dreher |first2=Axel |author-link2=Axel Dreher |year=2014 |title= The Political Economy of the United Nations Security Council: Money and Influence |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51841-3 }} {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} * [http://research.un.org/en/docs/sc UN Security Council Research Guide] * [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/index.htm Global Policy Forum&nbsp;– UN Security Council] * [http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/ Security Council Report]&nbsp;– information and analysis on the council's activities ** [https://www.whatsinblue.org/ What's In Blue] – a series of insights on evolving Security Council actions * [http://www.centerforunreform.org/ Center for UN Reform Education&nbsp;– information on current reform issues at the United Nations] * [http://www.undemocracy.com/ UN Democracy: hyperlinked transcripts of the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council] {{UN Security Council}} {{United Nations}} {{United Nations Security Council elections}} {{UN Charter}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:United Nations Security Council| ]] [[Category:International security]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1946]] [[Category:United Nations organs]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] jbq5vhw6yyfnjtpspjhb15ai7f9pb3x Slaves in Algiers 0 32065 146237 128022 2026-08-11T00:32:23Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|1794 American comedic play}} {{use mdy dates|date=April 2024}} '''''Slaves in Algiers, or A Struggle for Freedom''''' nyɛla kpɛri shɛli [[Susanna Rowson|Susanna Haswell Rowson]] ni sabi yuuni 1794.<ref name="umich">{{cite book|last=Rowson|first=Susanna|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/N21056.0001.001|title=Slaves in Algiers; or, A struggle for freedom: a play, interspersed with songs, in three acts|date=March 2005}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> di ko n-nyɛ o ni sabi kpɛri shɛli,<ref name="BostonCollege">{{cite web|title=Susanna Haswell Rowson (1762–1824), ''Slaves in Algiers, or A Struggle for Freedom''|url=http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/chapter-6/susanna-haswell-rowson-1762%E2%80%931824-slaves-algiers-or-struggle-freedom-philadelphia-wrigley.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004232430/http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/chapter-6/susanna-haswell-rowson-1762%e2%80%931824-slaves-algiers-or-struggle-freedom-philadelphia-wrigley.html|archive-date=4 October 2021|access-date=30 September 2021|website=Boston Literary History|publisher=Trustees of Boston College}}</ref><ref name="Margulis">{{cite web|title=''Slaves in Algiers; or A Struggle for Freedom''|url=https://www.jennifermargulis.net/books/slaves-in-algiers/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004235030/https://www.jennifermargulis.net/books/slaves-in-algiers/|archive-date=October 4, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|website=jennifermargulis.net}}</ref> din daa tuumi du akpaaku zuɣu "New Theatre" (ka bɛ daa naan yi ti taɣi yuli boli li [[Chestnut Street Theatre]]) ka di be Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Anashaara goli June 30, 1794.<ref name="Reed">{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Peter P.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304691322|title=Rogue Performances|year=2009|isbn=978-1-349-37466-3|pages=53–77|chapter=Algerians, Renegades, and Transnational Rogues in Slaves in Algiers|doi=10.1057/9780230622715_3|access-date=2021-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004222535/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304691322_Algerians_Renegades_and_Transnational_Rogues_in_Slaves_in_Algiers|archive-date=2021-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref> bɛ daa zaŋla di mini yila dibaa ata n-dɛm,<ref name="umich" /> di jendila [[Barbary pirates#18th–19th centuries|Barbary captivity crisis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dillon|first=Elizabeth Maddock|date=September 1, 2004|title=''Slaves in Algiers'': Race, Republican Genealogies, and the Global Stage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literary-history_fall-2004_16_3/page/407|journal=[[American Literary History]]|volume=16|issue=3|pages=407–436|doi=10.1093/alh/ajh022|issn=0896-7148|jstor=3568058}}</ref> Di nyɛla din lahi ʒiri siyaasa lahabali, ka kahigiri US tuuli ha taarihi. Di kahigiri tuuli paɣaba yɛltɔɣa, ka buɣisiri American nuu timbu Musulinsi Adiini ni dunia. == Nahingbana == * Augustus: Rebecca mini Constant bi'dibiga * Ben Hassan: British nira ka bɛ leei dɔɣi o Jew ka o daa kpe [[Islam]] * Constant: Rebecca's British yidana * Fetnah:Ben Hassan bi'puɣinga * Frederic: American dabili * Henry: American dabili, Olivia's fiancé * Muley Moloc: [[Dey]] (ruler) of Algiers * Mustapha: ŋun daa nyɛ tumtumda * Olivia: Rebecca mini Constant bi'puɣinga * Rebecca: Zealous American dabili * Sadi: Tumtumda * Sebastian: Spaniard sailor * Selima: Tumtumda * Zoriana: Dey, bipuɣinga ŋun daa kpee [[Christianity]] == Tarisi lahabali jia == {{small|Di ni daa dɛm New Theatres din be Philadelphia mini Baltimore, yuuni 1794.}}<ref name="umich" /> == Zaŋ dɛm dɛma == ''Slaves in Algiers'' nyɛla [[Susanna Rowson]] ni kpɛri kpɛri shɛli ka di nyɛ di ko ka o kuli sabi biɛhigu ni.<ref name="BostonCollege" /><ref name="Margulis" /> Di dɛma tulli daa dɛm la New Theatre (bɛ ni daa ti labi boli shɛli [[Chestnut Street Theatre]]) din be [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, Anashaara goli June 30, 1794.<ref name="Reed" /> Din nyaaŋa di daa nya dɛmbu pam Baltimore mini New York City. Bɛ daa labi neei kpɛrigu ŋɔ yuuni 1816, Boston, din nyaaŋa ka "[[Second Barbary War]]" (1815) daa niŋ.<ref name="Reed" /> == Noosi == {{Notelist|45em}} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist|30em}} == Further reading == * {{cite book|last=Rowson|first=Susanna Haswell|url=https://www.jennifermargulis.net/books/slaves-in-algiers/|title=Slaves in Algiers; or A Struggle For Freedom|publisher=Copley Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=1583900144|editor-last1=Margulis|editor-first1=Jennifer|ref=none|editor-last2=Poremski|editor-first2=Karen|access-date=May 26, 2025|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004235030/https://www.jennifermargulis.net/books/slaves-in-algiers/|url-status=dead}} (Annotated classroom edition with introduction) == External links == * [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=div2;view=toc;idno=N21056.0001.001;node=N21056.0001.001:6.1 ''Slaves in Algiers; or, A Struggle for Freedom''] – full text at [[Early American Imprints|Evans Early American Imprints Collection]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] n8g6j727yp4m3wc0d3aqnujzq4oheye Islamic views on slavery 0 32079 146163 145696 2026-08-10T22:03:31Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} {{about|Islamic views on slavery|other uses|Islam and slavery (disambiguation)}} {{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} '''Islamic views on slavery''' zanimi ti tɛhi bɔbigu din jendi Musulinsi Adiini,<ref name="auto">Brockopp, Jonathan E., "Slaves and Slavery", in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.</ref><ref>Brunschvig, R., “ʿAbd”, in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.</ref> ka Musulinsi ADiini laɣinsi pam kahigiri bɛ tɛha zaŋ kpa di polo.<ref name="Lewis">Lewis 1994, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Ch.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html |date=2001-04-01 }}</ref> Daba dabu daa nyɛla din zooi [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] saha mini tiŋgbana din ba`gi li.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="OEIW" /> [[Quran]] mini ''[[hadith]]'' ([[Muhammad]] ni yɛli shɛm) nyɛla di darigi yɛligi daba yɛltɔɣa, ka nya ka di nyɛ din be bi~higu ni ka leei mali tarisi.<ref name="OEIW">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Dror Ze’evi|title=Slavery|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/214|access-date=2017-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125519/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/214|archive-date=2017-02-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Islamic law]] rsaɣimi ti daba ban pa mMuslinima gbahibu bee bɛ ni daa shɛba ka di pa Musulinsi ni, bee ban nyɛ ban be dab'lim ni ni dɔɣi shɛba.<ref name="OEIW" /><ref name="Lewis" /> ===Contemporary=== Zaŋ chaŋ 1950s–1960s, Musulinima pam daa saɣimi ti ni bɛ kari daba dabu.{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=221}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2009-09-07 |title=Slavery in Islam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml |access-date=2023-06-24 |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=greattheft>{{cite book|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|author=[[Khaled Abou El Fadl]]|year=2009|publisher=[[HarperOne]]|pages=255–266}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> [[File:Sayyid Qutb.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Sayyid Qutb]]]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dijit New Media, +44 20 7436 5222, www.dijit.net |title=Staff: Professor William Gervase Clarence-Smith |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staffinfo.cfm?contactid=36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165626/http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staffinfo.cfm?contactid=36 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=www.soas.ac.uk |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/188 188]}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf3_WCSmith.pdf|first= William Gervase |last=Clarence-Smith |title=Islam and Slavery|website=London School of Economics and Political Science|access-date=2015-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603012804/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf3_WCSmith.pdf|archive-date=2016-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Clarence-Smith|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/186 186]}} [[File:Taqiuddin Al Nabhani.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Taqiuddin al-Nabhani]]]] <blockquote><ref>''al-Shakhsiyah al-Islamiyyah'' (The Islamic Personality) by [[Taqiuddin al-Nabhani]], Volume 3, Slavery Section</ref><ref>[http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/the-khilafah/foreign-policy/2764-the-islamic-view-on-slaves-and-slavery "The Islamic view on Slaves and Slavery"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111114656/http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/the-khilafah/foreign-policy/2764-the-islamic-view-on-slaves-and-slavery |date=2010-11-11 }}, khilafah.com 13 May 2008</ref></blockquote>Yuuni 2014, [[ayatollah]] [[Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi]] daa chaŋ ya ti paai [[Pope Francis]] mini Adiini kpamba shɛba ni bɛ kari dab'tali dunia yaɣa pam yuuni 2020 mini kuli mali chana. [[Shi'ite]] mini Sunni [[Grand Imam of Al Azhar]] kpamba daa dihi di gbana.<ref name="Belardelli">{{cite news|last1=Belardelli|first1=Guilia|title=Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/02/pope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640.html|access-date=3 November 2015|agency=Huffpost Religion|date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018013533/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/02/pope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640.html|archive-date=2015-10-18|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuuni 1993, [[ayatollah]] [[Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi]] ni Musulinsi Adiini bo so' shɛŋa din yɛn kari dab'tali, amaa di bi wuhiri ni Musulunsi Adiini zaɣisi dabilim .<ref name="Rajaee-176">see also: {{cite book|last1=Rajaee|first1=Farhang|title=Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran|date=2007|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin TX|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV0gqOX6gDEC&pg=PA178|access-date=3 November 2015|quote=Islam has devised solutions and strategies for ending slavery, but this does not mean that slavery is condemned in Islam. If, in a legitimate war, Muslims gain dominance over unbelievers and take them captive, in the hand of the victorious Muslims they are considered slaves and the ordinances of slavery apply to them. [source: ''Ettela'at'', 10 Mehr 1372/October 1, 1993]|isbn=9780292774360}}</ref><ref name="Rajaee-176" /><ref>[http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-HomaTV.html Transcript of TV interview with Dr. Soroush by Dariush Sajjadi, Broadcast, Homa TV, 9 March 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220623/http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-HomaTV.html |date=2015-09-23 }} Retrieved 15 July 2009</ref><ref>see also {{cite web|title=متن مصاحبه داريوش سجادی با دکتر سوش|url=http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/Interviews/P-INT-13841218-HomaTV.html|publisher=Dr. Soroush|access-date=7 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307050311/http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/Interviews/P-INT-13841218-HomaTV.html|archive-date=2008-03-07|url-status=live}}{{in lang|fa}}<!--Persian--></ref> Iran [[ayatollah]] [[Mohsen Kadivar]] zaŋ Musulinsi Adiini so'chibi shɛli bɛ ni boli ''naskh aqli'' ni o wuhi ni Musulinsi adiini bi lahi saɣiti dab'tali.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slavery and Islam|author=Jonathan A.C. Brown|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|pages=219–220}}</ref> {{further|Slavery in 21st-century jihadism}} <ref name=CNNEssenceTerror>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/ |publisher=CNN |title=Boko Haram: The essence of terror |last=Lister |first=Tim |date=6 May 2014 |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513033040/http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/ |archive-date=2014-05-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ferran|first1=Lee|title=Boko Haram: Kidnappers, Slave-Owners, Terrorists, Killers|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers/story?id=23598347|publisher=ABC News|date=5 May 2014|access-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104104804/https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers/story?id=23598347|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek">[http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100 "Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101221822/http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100|date=2014-11-01}}, ''[[Newsweek]]'', 10-13-2014</ref><ref>Allen McDuffee, [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ "ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830060025/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/|date=2017-08-30}}, ''[[The Atlantic]]'', October 13, 2014</ref><ref>Salma Abdelaziz, [http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery/ "ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621204748/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery|date=2017-06-21}}, ''[[CNN]]'', October 13, 2014</ref><ref>Richard Spencer, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html "Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409195532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html|date=2018-04-09}}, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 13 October 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold "To have and to hold: Jihadists boast of selling captive women as concubines"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829145631/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold|date=2017-08-29}}, ''[[The Economist]]'', October 18, 2014</ref> ==Notable enslaved people and freedmen== {{columns-list| *[[Bilal ibn Rabah]], the first [[muezzin]] *[[Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi]] *[[Ammar ibn Yasir]] *[[Hurrem Sultan]] *[[Suhayb the Roman]] *[[Ata ibn Abi Rabah]] *[[Al-Sindi ibn Shahak]] *[[Wahshi ibn Harb]] *[[Malik Ambar]] *[[Alam al-Malika]] *[[Qutuz]] *[[Baibars]] *[[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] *[[Iltutmish]] *[[Malik Kafur]] *[[Malik Ayaz]] *[[Aybak]] }} ==Lihi pahi== {{columns-list| * ''[[That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260-1500]]'' *[[Balkan slave trade]] *[[Black Sea slave trade]] *[[Abu Bakr#CITEREFHuthayfa2013|Slaves freed by Abu Bakr]] *[[Anjasha al-Hadi]] *[[Cariye]] }} ==Kundivihira== ===Notes=== {{reflist|group=n}} ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite web | title = Islam and Slavery | last = Ali | first = Kecia | publisher = The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project, Brandeis University | url = https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html | date = 2 February 2004 | access-date = 24 September 2020 | archive-date = 1 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201101014010/https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html | url-status = live }} *{{Cite book|first=Kecia|last=Ali|author-link=Kecia Ali|year=2010|title=Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C229nbjq8TMC|access-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104104847/https://books.google.com/books?id=C229nbjq8TMC&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=2018-11-04|url-status=live|oclc=705930348|isbn=9780674059177}} *{{Cite book |last=Chase |first=Kenneth Warren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C |title=Firearms: A Global History to 1700 |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82274-9 |language=en}} * {{cite book | last=Clarence-Smith | first=Willian Gervase | year=2006 | title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | url=https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar | url-access=registration | isbn=978-0-19-522151-0 }} * {{cite book| authorlink = John Esposito|last=Esposito|first=John| year = 1998| title=Islam: The Straight Path| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn=0-19-511233-4| url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0}} – First Edition 1991; Expanded Edition : 1992. * {{cite book | last=Gordon|first= Murray | title=Slavery in the Arab World | publisher=New York: New Amsterdam Press | year=1987 | isbn=9780941533300 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC }} *{{cite book |last= Hazelton |first= Jacqueline L.| title=Beyond Slavery: Overcoming Its Religious and Sexual Legacies| publisher = Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaVhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3 |year= 2010 |isbn =978-0-230-11389-3}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Thomas Patrick Hughes |last=Hughes|first=Thomas Patrick |title=A Dictionary of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla0000hugh | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1996| isbn=978-81-206-0672-2 }} * {{cite book | author=Ingrams, W. H.| title=Zanzibar | url=https://archive.org/details/zanzibaritshisto0000whin| location=UK |publisher=Routledge | year=1967| isbn=0-7146-1102-6}} * {{cite book | author=Khalil bin Ishaq | title=Mukhtasar tr. Guidi and Santillana |location=Milan |year=1919}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ |title=A History of Islamic Societies |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |authorlink=Bernard Lewis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdjvedBeMHYC |title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505326-5 |language=en}} * {{cite book | last=Lewis|first= Bernard | title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1990 | isbn=0-19-505326-5 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi }} * {{cite book |last=Levy|first=Reuben | title=The Social Structure of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy | url-access=registration | location=UK | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1957 | isbn=9780521091824 }} * {{cite book| last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E.| title=Transformations in Slavery| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=2000| isbn=0-521-78430-1| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love}} * {{cite book | last=Manning|first= Patrick|authorlink=Patrick Manning (historian) | title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades| url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryafricanli0067mann| publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1990 | isbn=0-521-34867-6}} * {{cite book | last=Mendelsohn|first=Isaac | title=Slavery in the Ancient Near East | url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7521 | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1949 | oclc= 67564625 }} * {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Judith E. |last2=Nashat|first2=Guity | title=Women in the Middle East and North Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninmiddleeas0000nash_a4t3 | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=1999 | isbn=0-253-21264-2}} * {{cite book | author=Sachau | title=Muhammedanisches Recht [cited extensively in Levy, R 'Social Structure of Islam'] | location=Berlin, Germany | year=1897 }} * {{cite book | authorlink=Annemarie Schimmel|last=Schimmel |first= Annemarie | title=Islam: An Introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/islamintroductio0000schi| location=US | publisher=SUNY Press | year=1992 | isbn=0-7914-1327-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Segal |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdh3GYnXvrAC |title=Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora |year=2002 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-374-52797-6 |language=en}} * {{cite journal|first=Ahmad A. |last=Sikainga |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/221303 |title=Shari'a Courts and the Manumission of Female Slaves in the Sudan 1898–1939| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430121313/http://www.jstor.org/stable/221303 |archive-date=2016-04-30 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=28|issue=1 |year=1995|pages=1–24|doi=10.2307/221303 |jstor=221303}} * {{cite book | last=Sikainga |first=Ahmad A. | title=Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan | publisher=University of Texas Press | year=1996 | isbn=0-292-77694-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/slavesintoworker0000sika }} * {{cite book |last=Smiley|first= Will| title=From Slaves to Prisoners of War: The Ottoman Empire, Russia and International Law | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2018| isbn=9780198785415}} * {{cite book|last=Sonn|first=Tamara|title=Islam: History, Religion, and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CS6wCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|authorlink=Tamara Sonn|year = 2015| publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn = 9781118972311}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * Habeeb Akande, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OqAlCQAAQBAJ Illuminating the Darkness: Blacks and North Africans in Islam]'' (Ta Ha 2012) * {{cite journal| last = Al-Hibri| first = Azizah Y.| year = 2003| title = An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence| journal = 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195| url = http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1917&context=ilj| access-date = 2018-06-06| archive-date = 2021-04-11| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210411122411/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1917&context=ilj| url-status = live}} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online| title = Abd| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | issn = 1573-3912}} * {{cite book |author1=Bloom, Jonathan |author2=Blair, Sheila |title=Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-300-09422-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220 }} * {{cite book| author=Davis, Robert C.| title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| year=2004| isbn=1-4039-4551-9| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392}} * {{cite journal|last1=Frank|first1=Alison|title=The Children of the Desert and the Laws of the Sea: Austria, Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire and the Mediterranean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_2012-04_117_2/page/410|journal=American Historical Review|date=2012|volume=117|issue=2|pages=410–444|doi=10.1086/ahr.117.2.410|s2cid=159756171 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book | author=[[Javed Ahmed Ghamidi]] | title=[[Mizan]] | location=Lahore | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid]] | year = 2001 | id=OCLC 52901690}} * {{cite book |author1=Hasan, Yusuf Fadl |author2=Gray, Richard | title=Religion and Conflict in Sudan |url=https://archive.org/details/religionconflict0000unse_q6x1 | publisher=Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa | year=2002| isbn=9966-21-831-9}} * {{cite book | editor1-last= Holt|editor1-first=P. M|editor2-last=Lambton |editor2-first=Ann |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=Bernard| title=The Cambridge History of Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1977| isbn=0-521-29137-2}} * {{cite book| last=Jok|first=Jok Madut| title=War and Slavery in Sudan| url=https://archive.org/details/warslaveryinsuda0000jokj| url-access=registration| publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press| year=2001| isbn=0-8122-1762-4|oclc=1132022782}} * {{cite book | last=Juynboll |first=Theodor Willem| title=Handbuch des Islämischen Gesetzes | url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesislmi00juyn | location=Leiden |publisher=Brill| year=1910 |language=de|oclc=1045985910}} * {{cite book | author=Martin, Vanessa| title=The Qajar Pact | url=https://archive.org/details/qajarpactbargain0000mart| publisher=I.B. Tauris | year=2005| isbn=1-85043-763-7}} * {{cite book | author=Montana, Ismael| title=The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia | publisher=University Press of Florida | year=2013| isbn=978-0813044828}} * {{cite book | author=[[Seyyed Nasr|Nasr, Seyyed]] | title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity | location=US | publisher=HarperSanFrancisco | year=2002 | isbn=0-06-009924-0 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060099244 }} * {{cite book | author=Pankhurst, Richard | title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century | publisher=The Red Sea Press | year=1997| isbn=0-932415-19-9}} * {{cite book | author=Toledano, Ehud | title=The Ottoman Slave Trade and its Suppression | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2014| isbn=978-0691613932}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{commons category-inline|Slavery in Islam}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Race and Slavery in the Middle East] by [[Bernard Lewis]] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml BBC Documentary, Religion and Ethics – Islam and Slavery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170710110010/http://www.arabslavetrade.info/ Arab Slave Trade] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160531155248/http://ebooks.i360.pk/2016/04/28/slavery-historic-perspective-islamic-reforms-by-dr-hafiz-safwan-muhammad-chohan/ Slavery: Historic Perspective & Islamic Reforms] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed] (via the WayBack Machine) {{Islam topics|state=collapsed}} {{Religion and slavery}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Islam And Slavery}} [[Category:Islam and slavery| ]] [[Category:Islam-related controversies]] [[Category:Islamic ethics|Slavery]] [[Category:Point of view]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] ppqmfu7d52cp4ql6n26e6nq8j72myi5 Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 0 32081 146233 145794 2026-08-11T00:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} [[File:Gefangene Schriften gegen Constantinopel gebracht - Schweigger Salomon - 1608.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Ottomans with European slaves, depicted in a 1608 engraving in [[Salomon Schweigger]]'s account of his 1578 journey in the [[Ottoman Empire]].]] [[Chattel slavery]] n daa nyɛ daba tuma duu sheei mini luɣ'shɛli din daa kpa talahi [[Ottoman Empire]] daabiligu niŋbu sheei.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supply of Slaves |url=http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504102244/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html |archive-date=2017-05-04 |access-date=2007-10-30}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa tooi gbahiri daba shɛm daa nyɛla tɔbu ni mini siyaasa zaŋ dalim [[Caucasus]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Southern Europe]], [[Central Europe]], [[Southeast Europe]], ni [[Western Mediterranean]] mini [[Africa]]. Lahabali daa yina wuhiri ni daba daa nyɛla din daa siɣi tiŋa di ni daa ti niŋ ka linjimanima nuu kpe din ni naai.<ref name="Spyropoulos">Spyropoulos Yannis, Slaves and freedmen in 17th- and early 18th-century Ottoman Crete, ''Turcica'', 46, 2015, p. 181, 182.</ref> [[Constantinople]] tiŋgbani ni, bɛ ni pa booni shɛli ([[Istanbul]]), siyaassa yaa sheei Ottoman Empire, kamani 16th- 17th-century vaabu bunu daa nyɛla daba.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History].</ref> Daba shɛba bɛ ni daa ʒi n-kpe Ottoman Empire kalinli na dii pa din yi polo. Ottoman taarihi baŋdiba, [[Halil İnalcık]] mini [[Dariusz Kołodziejczyk]] ni daba kamani miliyɔŋ dibaa ayi n daa yina Rus, Pole, ni Ukrain<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Craig |last2=Eltis |first2=David |last3=Engerman |first3=Stanley L. |last4=Richardson |first4=David |title=The Cambridge world history of slavery. Volume 2: AD 500-AD 1420 / Craig Perry (Emory University), David Eltis (Emory University), Stanley L. Engerman (University of Rochester), David Richardson (University of Hull) |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge New York, NY Port Melbourne, VIC New Delhi Singapore |isbn=9781139024723 |pages=414–15}}</ref> Amaa, taarihi baŋdiba shɛba, kamani Alan Fisher, ʒimi ni [[Black Sea slave trade]] ni tooi duhi kaloinli shɛli bɛ ni buɣisi maa zuɣusaa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=Alan W. |title=Muscovy and the Black Sea Slave Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-american-slavic-studies_winter-1972_6_4/page/582 |journal=Canadian-American Slavic Studies |date=1972 |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=582 |doi=10.1163/221023972X00039}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Craig |last2=Eltis |first2=David |last3=Engerman |first3=Stanley L. |last4=Richardson |first4=David |title=The Cambridge world history of slavery. Volume 2: AD 500-AD 1420 / Craig Perry (Emory University), David Eltis (Emory University), Stanley L. Engerman (University of Rochester), David Richardson (University of Hull) |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge New York, NY Port Melbourne, VIC New Delhi Singapore |isbn=9781139024723 |page=415}}</ref> ==Di pilli == {{Further|Slavery in the Byzantine Empire|History of slavery in the Muslim world|Slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate}} Daba dabu tuma duri din be Ottoman Empire daa mɛmi tam Musulinima daba dabu biɛhisi shee Middle East: [[Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate]] (632–661),[[slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750), [[slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate]] (750–1258) ni [[slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate]] (1258–1516), din zaa daa me n tam [[Islamic views on slavery|slavery in Islamic Law]] zuɣu.{{Sfn|Toledano|2014|pages=6-7}} ==Lihi pahi== * ''[[That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260-1500]]'' * [[History of slavery]] * [[History of slavery in the Muslim world]] * [[Islamic views on slavery]] * [[Slavery and religion]] * [[Slavery in the Regency of Algiers]] * [[Slavery in Ottoman Tripolitania]] * [[Slavery in Ottoman Egypt]] * [[Slavery in Ottoman Palestine]] * [[Slavery in Ottoman Syria]] * [[Slavery in Ottoman Iraq]] ==Kundivihira== ===Footnotes=== {{Notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Walter G. |title=The Age of the Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society |publisher=Duke University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-8223-3450-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Artan |first=Tulay |title=The Emperor's House: Palaces from Augustus to the Age of Absolutism |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorshousepal0000unse |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=2015 |isbn=978-3-1103-3163-9 |editor-last=Featherstone |editor-first=Michael |location=Berlin, Germany |pages=[https://archive.org/details/emperorshousepal0000unse/page/378 378] |chapter=The politics of Ottoman imperial palaces: waqfs and architecture from the 16th to the 18th centuries |editor-last2=Spieser |editor-first2=Jean-Michel |editor-last3=Tanman |editor-first3=Gulru |editor-last4=Wulf-Rheidt |editor-first4=Ulrike}} * {{Cite journal |last=Baldwin |first=James |date=2012 |title=Prostitution, Islamic Law and Ottoman Studies |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=55 |pages=118–148 |doi=10.1163/156852012X628518}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ben-Naeh |first=Yaron |date=2006 |title=Blond, Tall, with Honey-Colored Eyes: Jewish Ownership of Slaves in the Ottoman Empire |journal=Jewish History |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=315–332 |doi=10.1007/s10835-006-9018-z |s2cid=159784262}} * {{Cite book |last=Bloxham |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Bloxham |title=The Historiography of Genocide |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-2302-9778-4 |editor-last=Weiss-Wendt |editor-first=Anton |chapter=The Armenian Genocide |ref=none |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzIWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA361}} * {{Cite book |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-6911-3484-0 |editor-last=Bowering |editor-first=Gerhard |location=Princeton, NJ |pages=[https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/page/455 455] |chapter=Racism |editor-last2=Crone |editor-first2=Patricia |editor-last3=Kadi |editor-first3=Wadad}} * {{Cite book |last=Clarence-Smith |first=William Gervase |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1151280156 |title=Islam and the abolition of slavery |date=2020 |publisher=C Hurst & Co |isbn=978-1-7873-8338-8 |oclc=1151280156}} * {{Cite book |last1=Connellan |first1=Mary Michele |title=A Gendered Lens for Genocide Prevention |last2=Fröhlich |first2=Christiane |date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-1376-0117-9 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Doughty |first=Charles Montagu |title=Travels in Arabia Deserta |publisher=Ltd. Editions Club |date=1953 |location=New York |pages=vol. I 603, vol. II 250, 289}} * {{Cite book |last=Duindam |first=Jeroen |title=Dynasties A Global History of Power, 1300-1800 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-1070-6068-5 |page=196}} * {{Cite book |last=Dursteler |first=Eric |title=Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean |url=https://archive.org/details/venetiansinconst0000durs |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8324-8}} * {{Cite book |last1=Eltringham |first1=Nigel |title=Remembering Genocide |last2=Maclean |first2=Pam |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3177-5422-0}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=A. |date=1980 |title=Chattel slavery in the Ottoman empire |url=https://archive.org/details/slavery-abolition_1980-05_1_1/page/25 |journal=Slavery and Abolition |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–45 |doi=10.1080/01440398008574806}} * {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Murray |title=Slavery in the Arab World |publisher=New Amsterdam Books |date=1998 |isbn=978-1-5613-1023-4 |location=New York |pages=173}} * {{Cite journal |last=Karamursel |first=Ceyda |date=2016 |title=The Uncertainties of Freedom: The Second Constitutional Era and the End of Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-womens-history_fall-2016_28_3/page/138 |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=138–161 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2016.0028 |s2cid=151748082}} * {{Cite book |last=Keddie |first=Nikki R. |title=Women in the Middle East: past and present |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2012 |pages=26–48 |chapter=From the Pious Caliphs Through the Dynastic Caliphates}} * {{Cite book |last=Kemball |first=Arnold |title=Suppression of the Slave Trade in the Persian Gulf |publisher=Bombay Education Society Press |date=1856}} * {{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Kerry F. |title=Wartime Sexual Violence: From Silence to Condemnation of a Weapon of War |url=https://archive.org/details/wartimesexualvio0000craw |publisher=Georgetown University Press |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-6261-6466-6 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Demirdjian |first=Alexis |author-link=Alexis Demirdjian |title=The Armenian Genocide Legacy |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-1375-6163-3 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Erdem |first=Y. |title=Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise 1800-1909 |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryinottoman00erde |date=1996 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-2303-7297-9}} * {{Cite book |last1=Glaz |first1=Adam |title=The Linguistic Worldview: Ethnolinguistics, Cognition, and Culture |last2=Danaher |first2=David |last3=Lozowski |first3=Przemyslaw |date=2013 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-8-3765-6074-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/76 |title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-1950-5326-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie P. |title=The imperial harem: women and sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire |date=1993 |isbn=0-1950-7673-7 |location=New York |oclc=27811454}} * {{Cite book |last=Segal |first=Ronald |title=Islam's Black Slaves: The History of Africa's Other Black Diaspora |publisher=Atlantic Books |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-9038-0981-5}} * {{Cite journal |last=Shihade |first=Magid |date=2007 |title=Edmund Burke, III and David N. Yaghoubian, eds. Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East, Second Edition (2006) |journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin |type=Book review |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=185–186 |doi=10.1017/s002631840005063x |issn=0026-3184 |s2cid=164562066}} * {{Cite book |last=Sjoberg |first=Laura |author-link=Laura Sjoberg |title=Women as Wartime Rapists: Beyond Sensation and Stereotyping |date=2016 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-6983-6 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tezcan |first=Baki |date=2007a |title=Dispelling the Darkness: The Politics of 'Race' in the Early Seventeenth Century Ottoman Empire in the Light of the Life of Mullah Ali |journal=International Journal of Turkish Studies |volume=13 |pages=75–82}} * {{Cite book |last=Tezcan |first=Baki |title=The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007b |isbn=978-0-5215-2085-0 |editor-last=Aksan |editor-first=Virginia |location=Cambridge |chapter=Politics of early modern Ottoman historiography |editor-last2=Goffman |editor-first2=Daniel}} * {{Cite book |last=Tezcan |first=Baki |title=The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-5215-1949-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Tinker |first=Keith L. |title=The African Diaspora to the Bahamas: The Story of the Migration of People of African Descent to the Bahamas |date=2012 |publisher=FriesenPress |isbn=978-1-4602-0554-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Toledano |first=Ehud R. |title=The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840-1890 |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press}} * {{Cite book |last=Yermolenko |first=Galina I. |title=Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-1-4094-0374-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Zilfi |first=Madeline C. |title=Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/womenslaveryinla0000zilf |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5215-1583-2}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: Histories of Trans-Saharan Africans in Nineteenth-century Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Mediterranean |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-9-7741-6398-2 |editor-last=Walz |editor-first=Terence |editor-last2=Cuno |editor-first2=Kenneth M.}} * {{Cite book |last=Toledano |first=Ehud R. |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00ehud/mode/2up |title=Slavery and abolition in the Ottoman Middle East |date=1998 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-2958-0242-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Toledano |first=Ehud R. |title=As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/asifsilentabsent0000tole |date=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press}} * Çetin, Osman. "Slavery and Conversion of the Slaves to Islam in the Ottoman Society: According to the Canonical Registers of Bursa Between XVth and XVIIIth Centuries." Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10.1 (2001): 1–8.[https://www.eskieserler.com/dosyalar/mpdf%20(910).pdf] * ''[[Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters]]'' {{Refend}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Ottoman Empire topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Slavery In The Ottoman Empire}} [[Category:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Slavery in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Social class in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:History of slavery in the Muslim world]] [[Category:Sexual slavery]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] sfvx7pjbdlivkzhdkxpt6cscs53tjz6 Slave ship 0 32083 146188 145734 2026-08-10T22:43:36Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Cargo ship carrying slaves onboard from Africa to the Americas}} {{Other uses|Slave ship (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} [[File:Slaveshipposter.jpg|right|thumb|A plan of the British slave ship [[Brookes (ship)|''Brookes'']], showing how 454 slaves were accommodated on board after the [[Slave Trade Act 1788]]. This same ship had reportedly carried as many as 609 slaves and was 267&nbsp;tons burden, making 2.3 slaves per ton.<ref name="Walvin 2011, p. 27">Walvin 2011, p. 27.</ref> Published by the [[Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade]]]] '''Slave ships''' daa nyɛla " [[cargo ship]]s" kara ka bɛ daa mali li 17th zaŋ chaŋ 19th century ka di nyɛla daba ka bɛ daa mali li n-vara. Bɛ daa lahi booni la lala shitimanima ŋɔ "'''Guineamen'''" ka di nyɛla daabiligu maa ni daa lahi chani ni nisalinima fitiina niŋbu [[Guinea (region)|Guinea coast]] din be West Africa.<ref>[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/82385?redirectedFrom=Guineaman#eid "Guineaman"] at [[Oxford English Dictionary]]; retrieved 24 October 2017</ref> ==Atlantic slave trade== Zaŋ chaŋ 17th century, di daa gari yuun pia [[European emigration|Europeans]] ni daa chaŋ [[Americas]],<ref>[http://www.historycentral.com/Indians/Before.html Native Americans Prior to 1492]. Historycentral.com. Retrieved on 3 December 2015.</ref> n-ti bɔri ni bɛ mali dab n tumdi tuma. [[Atlantic slave trade]] daa nyɛla di du zuɣussaa 18th century bahigu polo, [[Kongo Civil War]] saha mini di naabu nyaaŋa.<ref>{{cite book |last= Thornton |first= John |author-link= John Thornton (historian) |year= 1998 |title= Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 |url= https://archive.org/details/africaafricansin0000thor |edition= 2nd |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-521-62217-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/africaafricansin0000thor/page/304 304]–5}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa yɛn niŋ shɛ ka nyɔri be din ni, ban daa su shitimanima maa daa pirila tuma maa bu shɛm, ka bɛ ni tooi ʒi daba pam bɛ yaa tariga, [[dehydration]], [[dysentery]], ni [[scurvy]] daa kurila daba pam kamani vaabu pinaanu<ref>Mancke, Elizabeth and [[Carole Shammas|Shammas, Carole]]. ''The Creation of the British Atlantic World''. 2005, pages 30–1</ref> ni kamani bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba buta ni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melfisher.org/exhibitions/henriettamarie/middlepassage.htm |work=The Middle Passage – A Slave Ship Speaks: The Wreck of the Henrietta Marie. |title=History: The Middle Passages |publisher=Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109054343/http://www.melfisher.org/exhibitions/henriettamarie/middlepassage.htm |archive-date=9 November 2007 |access-date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> Shitimanima maa soya pam daa yila north-western mini western teeku polo Africa zaŋ chaŋ South America mini south-east teeku yaɣili din nyɛ bɛ ni pa booni shɛli United States, ni [[Caribbean]]. Kamani Africa miliyɔŋ pishi ka bɛ daa mali shitima maa ʒira.<ref name="Shillington">{{cite journal| last =Shillington| first =Kevin| title =Abolition and the Africa Trade | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_2007-03_57_3/page/18| journal =History Today| volume =57| issue =3| pages =20–27| year =2007}}</ref> ==Lihi pahi == * ''[[Biography and the Black Atlantic]]'' * [[List of slave ships]] * [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]], [[Gorée]] ("Slave island") * [[Slave rebellion#Slave ship revolts|Slave ship revolts]] * [[Slave Trade Act]]s == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{Cite book | last = Baroja | first = Pio | author-link = Pio Baroja | title = Los pilotos de altura | publisher = Anaya | year = 2002 | location = Madrid | url = http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0836/2003429983-d.html | isbn = 978-84-667-1681-9}} *{{Cite book |last=Costello |first=R. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801365216 |title=Black salt : seafarers of African descent on British ships |date=2012 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-84631-767-5 |location=Liverpool |oclc=801365216}} *{{Cite book |last=Hochschild |first=Adam |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62225209 |title=Bury the chains : the British struggle to abolish slavery |date=2006 |publisher=Pan |isbn=0-330-48581-4 |location=London |oclc=62225209}} *{{Cite book |last = Rediker |first = Marcus |author-link = Marcus Rediker |title = The Slave Ship: A Human History |publisher = Viking |year = 2007 |location = New York |url = http://www.marcusrediker.com/Books/Slave_Ship/Synopsis_of_Slave_Ship.htm |isbn = 978-0-670-01823-9 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120331141713/http://www.marcusrediker.com/Books/Slave_Ship/Synopsis_of_Slave_Ship.htm |archive-date = 31 March 2012 }} *{{Cite book |last=Walvin |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/758389538 |title=The Zong : a massacre, the law and the end of slavery |date=2011 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-18075-6 |location=New Haven |oclc=758389538}} == External links == {{Commons category|Slave ships}} *[http://lateinamerika.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/sites/aspla/bilder/arbeitspapiere/weindl.pdf Paper on German Transatlantic trade, including list of slave ships] (in German) *[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice] *[https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-rights-inclusion/slave-route UNESCO — The Slave Route] *[http://www.slavevoyages.org Voyages — The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database] *[https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/slave-ships-and-the-middle-passage/ Slave Ships and the Middle Passage] *[https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/atlantic-slave-trade The Slave Trade] *[http://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/browse/slavery/category/enslaved-people Bristol UK Slave Ship Muster Roles] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ship types]] [[Category:Slave ships| ]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] 31ad5fq8qjqrhusj64qr3x58z6hivzc Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 0 32085 146184 145447 2026-08-10T22:33:11Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{short description|none}} [[File:Biard Abolition de l'esclavage 1849.jpg|250px|thumb|upright=1.6|''[[Proclamation of the Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonies, 27 April 1848]]'', 1849, by [[François-Auguste Biard|François Auguste Biard]], [[Palace of Versailles]]]] {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} '''Abolition of slavery''' bɛ ni saha yinsi tiŋgbana sunsuuni. Di tooi zooya ka di niŋdi m-doli taba gari yim zuɣu – kamani shɛhira, kamani daba daabiligu karibu tiŋgbani shɛli ni, ni dab'tali karibu tiŋgbana zaa ni. Di zaa daa malila di ni niŋ shɛm mini zalisi din gbubi li.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/maps/#prevalence|title = Maps &#124; Global Slavery Index}}</ref><!--references for this sentence are found at the bottom of the article--> ==Daadaa saha== ==Medieval times== {{main|Slavery in medieval Europe}} :''N.B.: Many of the listed reforms were reversed over succeeding centuries.'' {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- | 590–604 || {{flag|Rome}} || [[Pope Gregory I]] mɔŋla [[Jew]]s ka bɛ ku tooi gbubi daba ban be Dolodolo Adiini ni.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13798-slave-trade Isidore Singer, Joseph Jacobs: SLAVE-TRADE] ''jewishencyclopedia.com'', accessed 30 August 2019</ref> |- | 7th century || [[Francia]] || Queen [[Balthild]], dab'kurili mini Council of [[Chalon-sur-Saône]] (644–655) daa chɔɣim Christians ban nyɛ daba gbahibu. Balthild tooi darila daba [[Saxon people|Saxon]], mini manumits (frees).<ref>Paul Fouracre, Richard A. Gerberding (1996), Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|0-7190-4791-9}}, p. 97–99 & 111.</ref> |- | 741–752 || {{flag|Rome}} || [[Pope Zachary]] bans the sale of Christian slaves to Muslims, purchases all slaves acquired in the city by [[Venetian slave trade]]rs, and sets them free. |- | 840 || [[File:Triquetra-Cross.svg|23px]] [[Carolingian Empire]]<br />{{Flag|Republic of Venice|name=Venice}}||''[[Pactum Lotharii]]'': Venice pledges to neither buy Christian slaves in the Empire, nor sell them to Muslims. [[Venetian slave trade]]rs switch to trading [[Slav]]s from the East ([[Balkan slave trade]]). |- | 873 || [[Christendom]] || [[Pope John VIII]] declares the enslavement of fellow Christians a [[sin]] and commands their release.<ref>{{Cite book |author-link= Heinrich Denzinger |last= Denzinger |first=Heinrich P. |title= Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals |publisher= Ignatius Press |location=Santa Francisco, California |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-89870-746-5 |page=229}}</ref> |- | ~900 || [[Byzantine Empire]] || Emperor [[Leo VI the Wise]] prohibits voluntary self-enslavement and commands that such contracts shall be null and void and punishable by flagellation for both parties to the contract.<ref>Novel 59 of Leo VI the Wise, D. Karampelas (ed.), Legal History Resources, Patakis Publishers, 2008 [Δ. Καράμπελας (επιμ.), Πηγές Ιστορίας του Δικαίου, Εκδόσεις Πατάκη, 2008], p. 68-69</ref> |- |956 |[[Goryeo|Goryeo Dynasty (Korea)]] |Slaves were freed on a large scale in 956 by the Goryeo dynasty.<ref>Junius P. Rodriguez (1 January 1997). ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 392–393. {{ISBN|978-0-87436-885-7}}.</ref> [[Gwangjong of Goryeo]] proclaimed the ''Slave and Land Act (노비안검법, 奴婢按檢法)'', an act that "deprived nobles of much of their manpower in the form of slaves and purged the old nobility, the meritorious subjects and their offspring and military lineages in great numbers".<ref>Breuker, Remco E. ''Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918–1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty''. BRILL. p. 150. {{ISBN|978-90-04-18325-4}}.</ref> |- | 960 ||{{Flag|Republic of Venice|name=Venice}}|| Slave trade banned in the city under the rule of [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] [[Pietro IV Candiano]] (Council of Venice). |- | 1080 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of Normandie.svg}} [[Norman England]] ||[[William the Conqueror]] prohibits the sale of any person to "heathens" (non-Christians) as slaves. |- | 1100 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of Normandie.svg}} [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]|| Serfdom no longer present.<ref>Sept essais sur des Aspects de la société et de l'économie dans la Normandie médiévale (Xe – XIIIe siècles) Lucien Musset, Jean-Michel Bouvris, Véronique Gazeau -Cahier des Annales de Normandie- 1988, Volume 22, Issue 22, pp. 3–140</ref> |- | 1102 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of Normandie.svg}} [[Norman England]]|| The [[Council of London]] bans the slave trade: "Let no one dare hereafter to engage in the infamous business, prevalent in England, of selling men like animals."<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Pijper |first1= Frederik |year= 1909 |title= The Christian Church and Slavery in the Middle Ages |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1909-07_14_4/page/681 |journal= [[The American Historical Review]] |publisher= [[American Historical Association]] |volume= 14 |issue= 4 |pages= 681 |jstor= 1837055 | doi = 10.1086/ahr/14.4.675 }}</ref><ref name="sourcebooks.fordham.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1171latrsale.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref> |- | c. 1160 ||{{Flagicon image|Raven Banner.svg}} [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]]|| The [[Gulating]] bans the sale of house slaves out of the country.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} |- | 1171 ||{{Flag|Lordship of Ireland|name=Ireland}}|| All English slaves in the island freed by the Council of [[Armagh]].<ref name="sourcebooks.fordham.edu"/> |- | 1198 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg}} [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]||[[Trinitarian Order]] founded with the purpose of redeeming war captives. |- | 1214 || [[Korčula]] || The Statute of the Town abolishes slavery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.korculainfo.com/history/statute-korcula-town-1214.html |title=Statute of Korcula from 1214 – Large Print |publisher=Korculainfo.com |access-date=2013-08-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043710/http://www.korculainfo.com/history/statute-korcula-town-1214.html |archive-date=16 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-09-12 |title=The Statute of the town and island of Korčula from 1214 |url=https://korcula.net/statute-island-korcula/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Korcula.net |language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=This is wrong – korčula abolished slavery in statute written in first half of 15. Century (Antun Cvitanić: statut grada i otoka korčule. 2002 Korčula. Str. 160.)|date=February 2023}} |- | 1218 || {{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] || [[Mercedarians]] founded in [[Barcelona]] with the purpose of ransoming poor Christians enslaved by Muslims. |- | ~1220 ||{{Flagicon image|War flag of the Holy Roman Empire (1200-1350).svg}} [[Holy Roman Empire]]|| The [[Sachsenspiegel]], the most influential German code of law from the [[Middle Ages]], condemns slavery as a violation of man's likeness to God.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewJDxG4cCeMC&q=sachsenspiegel+slavery+serfs&pg=PA33 |title=Hans A. Frambach in Jürgen Georg Backhaus: "The Liberation of the Serfs" |page=33 |date=2012-05-31 |access-date=2013-08-28|isbn=9781461400851 |last1=Backhaus |first1=Jürgen |publisher=Springer }}</ref> |- | 1245 || {{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]||[[James I of Aragon|James I]] bans Jews from owning Christian slaves, but allows them to own Muslims and [[pagan]]s.<ref>Roth, Norman (1994). ''Jews, Visigoths & Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict.'' Leiden: Brill. pp. 160–161.</ref> |- | 1256 || {{flag|Bologna}} || [[Liber Paradisus]] promulgated. Slavery and serfdom abolished, all serfs in the [[Medieval commune|commune]] are released. |- | 1315 || [[File:Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg|23px]] [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]||[[Louis X of France|Louis X]] publishes a decree abolishing [[slavery]] and proclaiming that "France signifies freedom", that any slave setting foot on French ground should be freed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller |first=Christopher L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=480BBURkreYC&pg=PA122 |title=The French Atlantic triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade |page=20 |date= 11 January 2008|publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=2013-08-28|isbn=978-0822341512 }}</ref> However some limited cases of slavery continued until the 17th century in some of France's Mediterranean harbours in [[Provence]], as well as until the 18th century in some of [[Overseas France|France's overseas territories]].<ref name=EltisBradley2011 /> Most aspects of serfdom are also eliminated de facto between 1315 and 1318.<ref name="encyclopedia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/S/SLA/slavery-12.html|title=Disappearance of Serfdom. France. England. Italy. Germany. Spain.|website=1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> |- |1318 |[[File:Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg|23px]] [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] |King [[Philip V of France|Philip V]] abolishes serfdom in his [[Crown lands of France|domain]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=PITTORESQUE|first=LA FRANCE|date=2018-01-23|title=23 janvier 1318 : le roi Philippe V affranchit les serfs de ses domaines|url=https://www.france-pittoresque.com/spip.php?article316|access-date=2021-03-20|website=La France pittoresque. Histoire de France, Patrimoine, Tourisme, Gastronomie|language=fr-FR}}</ref> |- | 1335 || [[File:Royal_Banner_of_Sweden_(14th_Century).svg|23px]] [[History of Sweden (800–1521)|Sweden]] || Slavery abolished (including Sweden's territory in [[Finland]]). However, slaves are not banned entry into the country until 1813.<ref>{{cite book |title=Police and public order in Europe |author1=John Roach |author2=Jürgen Thomaneck |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7099-2242-1 |page=256 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA256 }}</ref> Between 1784 and 1847, slavery was practiced in the Swedish-ruled Caribbean island of [[Saint Barthélemy]]. Sweden never practiced serfdom, except in a few territories it later acquired which were ruled under a local legal code. |- | 1347 ||{{Flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]]|| The [[Statutes of Casimir the Great]] issued in [[Wiślica]] emancipate all non-free people.<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Augustus Mitchell|title=A general view of the world: comprising a physical, political, and statistical account of its grand divisions ... with their empires, kingdoms, republics, principalities, &c.: exhibiting the history of geographical science and the progress of discovery to the present time ... Illustrated by upwards of nine hundred engravings ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D81JAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA335|access-date=1 April 2012|year=1859|publisher=H. Cowperthwait & Co.|page=335}}</ref> |- | 1368 || [[File:Ming dynasty (Chinese characters).svg|23px]] [[Ming Dynasty]] || [[Emperor Hongwu]] abolished most forms of slavery,<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanti00hink|title=Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2011|isbn=9780313331435|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanti00hink/page/n203 155]|url-access=limited}}</ref> limiting even the highest ranks of household to less than 20 household slaves. Later in the dynasty saw a resurgence of [[debt servitude]], primarily in the south, as a result of population growth against the dearth of arable lands, often taking euphemisms like "adoption" to circumvent its still outlawed status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wap.cnki.net/touch/web/Journal/Article/SDZS198804016.html|title=明代的义男买卖与雇工人}}</ref> |- | 1416 || {{flag|Ragusa}} || Slavery and slave trade abolished. |- |1423 |{{Flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] |King orders to free all [[Christians|Christian]] slaves.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mizerski|first=Witold|title=Tablice historyczne|publisher=adamantan|year=2013|isbn=978-83-7350-246-8|location=Warsaw|pages=113|language=Polish}}</ref> |- | 1435 ||{{Flagicon image|Royal banner of Jean de Béthencourt.svg}} [[Kingdom of the Canary Islands|Canary Islands]]||[[Pope Eugene IV]]'s [[Sicut Dudum]] bans enslavement of baptised Christians, "or those freely seeking baptism" in the Canary Islands on pain of excommunication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Eugene04/eugene04sicut.htm|title=Sicut Dudum Pope Eugene IV – January 13, 1435 – Papal Encyclicals|date=13 January 1435|website=papalencyclicals.net|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> |- | 1477 || {{flagicon|Crown of Castile}} [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] || [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]] bans slavery in newly conquered territories.<ref name="Sanchez Galera">Sánchez Galera, Juan y Sánchez Galera, José María. Vamos a contar mentiras. Madrid, México, Buenos Aires, San Juan, Santiago, Miami. Edaf, 2012</ref> |- | 1480 || [[File:ArmorialsegarXIII.jpg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]] || Remnant serfdom abolished by the [[Catholic Monarchs]].<ref>Payne, Stanley G. (1973) ''A History of Spain and Portugal''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> |- | 1486 || {{flagicon|Crown of Aragon}} [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] || [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] promulgates the [[:es:Sentencia arbitral de Guadalupe|Sentence of Guadalupe]], abolishing [[Carolingian]]-remnant serfdom (''remença'') in [[Old Catalonia]]. |- | 1490 || rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|Crown of Castile}} [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] || After a long court case, the Catholic Monarchs order that all [[La Gomera]] natives enslaved in the aftermath of the 1488 rebellion must be freed and returned to the island at [[Conquistador]] Pedro de Vera's expense. De Vera is also relieved from his post as Governor of [[Gran Canaria]] in 1491.<ref>Trujillo Cabrera, J. (2007) ''Episodios Gomeros del siglo XV''. Ed. IDEA, 359 pages.</ref> |- | 1493 || Queen Isabella bans the enslavement of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s unless they are hostile or [[Human cannibalism|cannibal]]istic.<ref name="Sanchez Galera"/> Native Americans are ruled to be subjects of the Crown. [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] is preempted from selling Indian captives in [[Seville]] and those already sold are tracked, purchased from their buyers and released. |} ==1500–1700== {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- | 1503 || rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|Crown of Castile}} [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] || Native Americans allowed to travel to Spain only on their own free will.<ref>Mira Caballos, Esteban (1997). "El envío de indios americanos a la península Ibérica: aspectos legales (1492–1542)". Studia Historica, Historia Moderna (20): 201–215.</ref> |- | 1512 || The [[Laws of Burgos]] establish limits to the treatment of natives in the [[Encomienda]] system. |- | 1518 || rowspan="4" | {{flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] || Decree of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] establishing the importation of African slaves to the Americas, [[Asiento|under monopoly]] of [[Laurent de Gouvenot]], in an attempt to discourage enslavement of Native Americans. |- | 1528 || Charles V forbids the transportation of Native Americans to Europe, even on their own will, in an effort to curtail their enslavement. [[Encomienda]]s are banned from collecting tribute in gold with the reasoning that Natives were selling their children to get it.<ref>Piqueras, J.A. (2020) ''La esclavitud en las Españas''. Los Libros de la Catarata, 258 pages.</ref> |- | 1530 || Outright slavery of Native Americans under any circumstance is banned under the [[New Laws|New laws.]] |- | 1536 || The [[Welser]] family is dispossessed of the [[Asiento]] monopoly (granted in 1528) following complaints about their treatment of Native American workers in [[Venezuela]]. |- | 1537 || [[New World]] || Pope [[Paul III]] forbids slavery of the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] and any other population to be discovered, establishing their right to freedom and property ([[Sublimis Deus]]).<ref>{{Cite book |author-link= Heinrich Denzinger |last= Denzinger |first=Heinrich P. |title= Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals |publisher= Ignatius Press |location=Santa Francisco, California |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-89870-746-5 |pages=367–8}}</ref> |- | 1542 || rowspan="4" | {{flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] || The [[New Laws]] ban slave raiding in the Americas and abolish the slavery of natives, but replace it with other systems of forced labor like the [[repartimiento]]. Slavery of Black Africans continues.<ref name="EltisBradley2011">{{cite book|author1=David Eltis|author2=Keith Bradley|author3=Paul Cartledge|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420 – AD 1804|date=25 July 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84068-2|pages=142–143–326–327–331–332–333–602}}</ref> New limits are imposed to the Encomienda. |- | 1549 || Encomiendas banned from using forced labor. |- | 1550-1551 || [[Valladolid Debate]] on the innate rights of indigenous peoples of the Americas. |- | 1552 ||[[Bartolomé de las Casas]], "the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolome-de-Las-Casas|title = Bartolome de las Casas &#124; Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance, & Facts &#124; Britannica| date=27 June 2023 }}</ref> |- |1562 |[[File:Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire (4).svg|23x23px]] [[Mughal Empire]] |[[Akbar|Akbar I]] restricted enslavement by his soldiery.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bano |first=Shadab |date=2001 |title=Professor J.S. Grewal Prize Essay: SLAVE ACQUISITION IN THE MUGHAL EMPIRE |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155776 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=62 |pages=317–324 |jstor=44155776 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> |- | 1570 || {{flag|Portugal|1578}} || King [[Sebastian of Portugal]] bans the enslavement of Native Americans under Portuguese rule, allowing only the enslavement of hostile ones. This law was highly influenced by the [[Society of Jesus]], which had missionaries in direct contact with [[Brazil]]ian tribes. |- | rowspan=2|1574 || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} || Last remaining serfs emancipated by [[Elizabeth I]].<ref name="encyclopedia1"/> |- | {{flag|Philippines|1535}} || Slavery abolished by royal decree.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&q=Philippines+1574+royal+slavery |title=Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians |page=36 |date= 23 June 2014|isbn=9781107063129 |access-date=2019-05-17|last1=Seijas |first1=Tatiana |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> |- | 1588 ||{{Flagicon image|Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]]|| The [[Statutes of Lithuania|Third Statute of Lithuania]] abolishes slavery.<ref>{{cite book |title =The union of Lublin, Polish federalism in the golden age |first=Harry E. |last=Dembkowski |publisher=East European Monographs, 1982 |isbn= 978-0-88033-009-1 |page=271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svAaAAAAMAAJ&q=poland+lithuania+1588+slavery |year =1982 }}</ref> |- | 1590 || {{flag|Japan|1870}} || [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] bans slavery except as punishment for criminals.<ref>Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0YIbNlliRswC&pg=PA31#PPA31,M1 ''Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan'', pp. 31]–32.</ref> |- | 1595 || {{flag|Portugal|1578}} || Trade of Chinese slaves banned.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHm4AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Japanese+and+the+Chinese+showed+strong+reluctance+to+the+idea+of+their+people+being+taken+as+slaves+by+the+Portuguese.|title=Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives|author=Maria Suzette Fernandes Dias|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|page=71|isbn=978-1-84718-111-4|access-date=2010-07-14}}</ref> |- | 1602 || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} || The [[Clifton Star Chamber Case]] set a precedent, that impressing / enslaving children to serve as actors was illegal. |- | 1609 || {{flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] || The [[Moriscos]], many of whom are serfs, are expelled from [[Peninsular Spain]] unless they become slaves voluntarily (known as ''moros cortados'', "cut [[Moors]]") However, a large proportion avoid expulsion or manage to return.<ref>Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vicent, Bernard (1993) [1979]. Historia de los moriscos. Vida y tragedia de una minoría. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. p. 265.</ref> |- | 1624 || {{flag|Portugal|1578}} || Enslavement of Chinese banned.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&q=chinese+declared+that+they+cannot+and+should+not+be+made+captive&pg=PA115|title=Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao|author=Gary João de Pina-Cabral|year=2002|publisher=Berg Publishers|page=114|isbn=0-8264-5749-5|access-date=2010-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&q=chinese+declared+that+they+cannot+and+should+not+be+made+captive&pg=PA115|title=Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao|author=Gary João de Pina-Cabral|year=2002|publisher=Berg Publishers|page=115|isbn=0-8264-5749-5|access-date=2010-07-14}}</ref> |- | 1648 || {{flagcountry|Cossack Hetmanate}} || The system of serfdom was partially weakened, a part of serfs were freed. Manors of the Polish szlachta and the Catholic Church were given under the government control. |- | 1649 || [[File:Russian coa 1589 grozny.png|23px]] [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] || The sale of Russian slaves to Muslims is banned.<ref>[[Mikhail Kizilov|KIZILOV, MIKHAIL]] (2007). Journal of Early Modern History. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. 11: 16</ref> |- | 1652 || [[File:Ensign_of_New_England_(St_George's_Cross).svg|23px]] [[Providence Plantations]] || [[Roger Williams]] and [[Samuel Gorton]] work to pass legislation abolishing slavery in Providence Plantations, the first attempt of its kind in North America. It does not go into effect.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.rihs.org/assetts/files/publications/2002_Fall.pdf |title=Rhode Island and the Slave Trade |first=J. Stanley |last=Lemons |journal=Rhode Island History |date=Fall 2002 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=95–104 |publisher=Rhode Island Historical Society}}</ref> |- |1660 |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} |[[Tenures Abolition Act 1660]] |- | 1677 || [[File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Empire]] || [[Shivaji|Shivaji I]] banned, freed and stopped import and export of all slaves under his [[Maratha Empire|Empire]].<ref>K.A.NiIakanta Sastri, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252462 Sivaji's Charter to the Dutch on the Coromandel Coast], Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 1939, Vol. 3 (1939), pp. 1156–1165</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heeres |first1=J. E. |url=https://cortsfoundation.org/pdf/web/viewer.html?file=%2Fpdf/CD3.pdf#pagemode=thumbs&zoom=page-fit&page=72 |title=Corpus Diplomaticum Neerlando-Indicum: Verzameling van Politieke Contracten en verdere Verdragen door de Nederlanders in het Oosten gesloten, van Privilege brieven, aan hen verleend, enz. |last2=Stapel |first2=F. W. |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1934 |volume=3 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |pages=61–65 |language=nl |trans-title=Corpus Diplomaticum Neerlando-Indicum: Collection of Political Contracts and Further Treaties concluded by the Dutch in the East, of Privilege Letters granted to them, etc. |chapter=386. Koromandel: 24 Augustus 1677 |quote="Maar nu mag UEd., soo lange ik meester van dese landen ben, geen slaven nog slavinnen kopen, nog vervoeren. (As long as I am master of these lands, you may not buy slaves, nor transport slaves.)" |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817143825/https://www.cortsfoundation.org/pdf/web/viewer.html?file=%2Fpdf/CD3.pdf#pagemode=thumbs&zoom=page-fit&page=72 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/en/research/archive/1.04.02/invnr/11193/file/NL-HaNA_1.04.02_11193_0562?query=voc%2011193 |title=Kopieboeken van verdragen gesloten met Aziatische vorsten 1612 – 1773 in het bijzonder betreffende Coromandel en de staten in zuidelijk India: Thevar, Thanjavur, Travancore en Madurai 1612 – 1773 |location=Nationaal Archief, The Hague |pages=562 |language=nl |trans-title=Copybooks of treaties concluded with Asian monarchs 1612 – 1773 in particular concerning Coromandel and the states in southern India: Thevar, Thanjavur, Travancore and Madurai 1612 – 1773 |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> |- | 1679 || {{flag|Russia|1668}} || [[Feodor III]] converts all Russian field slaves into serfs.<ref>[[Richard Hellie]], Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 (1984)</ref><ref>Hellie, Richard (2009). "Slavery and serfdom in Russia". In Gleason, Abbott. A Companion to Russian History. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. 10. John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. {{ISBN|9781444308426}}. Retrieved 2015-09-14.</ref> |- | 1683 || {{flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Colonial Chile|Spanish Chile]] || [[Colonial Chile#Formal slavery|Slavery of Mapuche]] prisoners of war abolished.<ref>{{cite book |last=Valenzuela Márquez |first=Jaime |editor1-last=Gaune |editor1-first=Rafael |editor2-last=Lara |editor2-first=Martín |title=Historias de racismo y discriminación en Chile |date=2009 |pages=234–236 |chapter=Esclavos mapuches. Para una historia del secuestro y deportación de indígenas en la colonia|language=es}}</ref> |- | 1687 || {{flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Spanish Florida]] || [[Fugitive slaves]] from the [[Thirteen Colonies]] granted freedom in return for conversion to [[Catholicism]] and four years of military service. |- | 1688 || [[File:English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg|23px]] [[Pennsylvania]] || The [[1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery|Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery]] is the first religious petition against [[Slavery in the colonial United States|African slavery]] in what would become the United States. |} ==1701–1799== {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- | 1706 || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} || In ''Smith v. Browne & Cooper'', [[John Holt (Lord Chief Justice)|Sir John Holt]], [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales|Lord Chief Justice of England]], rules that "as soon as a Negro comes into England, he becomes free. One may be a [[Villeins|villein]] in England, but not a slave."<ref>[http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00023686/00001/18j?search=smith+browne+cooper Catterall, Helen Tunnicliff. ''Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro,'' Vol. I: Cases from the Courts of England, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926.] accessed 2 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/PULA/pula003002/pula003002007.pdf V.C.D. Mtubani, African Slaves and English Law, PULA Botswana Journal of African Studies Vol 3 No 2 Nov 1983] retrieved 24 February 2011</ref> |- | 1711–1712 || [[File:Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Imereti.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Imereti|Imereti]] || Slave trade banned by [[Mamia III Gurieli|Mamia I of Imereti]]. |- | 1712 || {{flag|Spain|1701}} || ''Moros cortados'' expelled.<ref>Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vicent, Bernard (1993) [1979]. Historia de los moriscos. Vida y tragedia de una minoría. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. p. 265</ref> |- | 1715 ||{{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] <br />{{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]]||[[Indian slave trade in the American Southeast|Native American slave trade in the American Southeast]] reduces with the outbreak of the [[Yamasee War]]. |- | 1723 || {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} || [[Peter the Great]] converts all house slaves into house serfs, effectively making slavery illegal in Russia. |- | 1723–1730 || [[File:Seal of Qing dynasty.svg|23px]] [[Qing Dynasty]] || The Yongzheng emancipation seeks to free all slaves to strengthen the autocratic ruler through a kind of social leveling that creates an undifferentiated class of free subjects under the throne. Although these new regulations freed the vast majority of slaves, wealthy families continued to use slave labor into the twentieth century.<ref> {{Cite book | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 9780313331435 | title = Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition | year = 2011 | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanti00hink | url-access = limited | page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanti00hink/page/n204 156] }}</ref> |- | 1732 ||{{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]]|| Province established without African slavery in sharp contrast to neighboring [[Province of Carolina|colony of Carolina]]. In 1738, [[James Oglethorpe]] warns against changing that policy, which would "occasion the misery of thousands in Africa."<ref>Wilson, Thomas D., ''The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond'', Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012. p. 130.</ref> [[Indian slave trade in the American Southeast|Native American slavery is legal throughout Georgia, however]], and African slavery is later introduced in 1749. |- | 1738 || {{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Spanish Florida]] || [[Fort Mose Historic State Park|Fort Mosé]], the first legal settlement of free blacks in what is today the [[United States]], is established. Word of the settlement sparks the [[Stono Rebellion]] in [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]] the following year. |- | rowspan="2" |1746 | rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} |[[Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746]] |- |[[Tenures Abolition Act 1746]] |- | 1761 || {{flag|Portugal|1750}} || The [[Marquis of Pombal]] bans the importation of slaves to metropolitan Portugal.<ref name="Blackburn">Blackburn, Robin (1988) ''The overthrow of colonial slavery, 1776–1848.'' Verso, 560 pages.</ref> encouraging instead the trade of African slaves to Brazil.<ref>{{cite book|date=1922|first=J. Lucio de|last=Azevedo|page=332|publisher=Annuario do Brasil|title=O Marquês de Pombal e a sua época}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|date=2013|first=Arlindo Manuel|last=Caldeira|pages=219–224|publisher=A Esfera dos Livros|title=Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1971|first=Luís O.|last=Ramos|title=Pombal e o esclavagismo|url=https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/7680/2/3108.pdf|website=Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|date=1969|first=Charles|last=Boxer|page=191|publisher=Ediçoes 70|title=O Império colonial português (1415–1825)}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |- | 1766 ||{{flag|Spain|1701}}||[[Mohammed ben Abdallah|Muhammad III]] of [[Morocco]] purchases the freedom of all Muslim slaves in [[Seville]], [[Cádiz]], and [[Barcelona]].<ref name="artic1">[http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf Profa. Mª Magdalena Martínez Almira APUNTES sobre la ABOLICIÓN ESCLAVITUD EN ESPAÑA.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123091201/http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }} ''artic.ua.es'', accessed 30 August 2019</ref> |- | 1770 || {{flagcountry|Circassia}} || The [[Circassians]] of the [[Abdzakh]] region started a great revolution in Circassian territory in 1770. Classes such as slaves, nobles and princes were completely abolished. The Abdzakh Revolution coincides with the French Revolution. While many French nobles took refuge in Russia, some of the Circassian nobles took the same path and took refuge in Russia.<ref>Vorlesungen von Prof. Dr. M. Sarkisyanz. SAI- Heidelberg . Trubetykoy, Nikolaj Sergejewitsch Fürst Erinnerungen an einen Aufenthalt bei den Tscherkessen des Kreises Tuapse. In: Caucasica, 1934, 11, S. 1–39</ref> |- | 1771 || {{flagicon| Kingdom of Sardinia|1720}} [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] || [[Serfdom]] abolished in the lands ruled by the [[House of Savoy]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/124853/1/The_Emancipaton_of_Sefs_in_Europe_.pdf |chapter=The Emancipation of the Serfs in Europe |last=O'Rourke |first=Shane |editor-last=Eltis |editor-first=David |title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery |volume=4: AD 1804- AD 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=422–440 |date=2017}}</ref> |- | 1772 || {{flagcountry| Kingdom of England}} || [[Somersett's case]] rules that no slave can be forcibly removed from England. This case was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under [[English law]] in England and Wales.<ref>Heward, Edmund (1979). Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years. p. 141. Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd. {{ISBN|0-85992-163-8}}</ref> |- | 1773 || {{flag|Portugal|1750}} || A new decree by the [[Marquis of Pombal]], signed by the king [[Joseph I of Portugal|Dom José]], emancipates fourth-generation slaves<ref name="Blackburn"/> and every child born to an enslaved mother after the decree was published.<ref>Both decrees are published in a 1971 [http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/3108.pdf article by Oliveira e Costa]</ref> |- |1774 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] |[[Bengal Presidency|Government of Bengal]] passed regulations 9 and 10 of 1774, prohibiting the trade in slaves without written deed, and the sale of anyone not already enslaved.<ref name="Major2012">{{cite book|author=Andrea Major|title=Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772–1843|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo|url-access=registration|year=2012|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-84631-758-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo/page/52 52]–55}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1775 |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} |[[Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775]] |- | {{flagicon|United States|1776}} [[Pennsylvania]] || [[Pennsylvania Abolition Society]] formed in [[Philadelphia]], the first abolition society within the territory that is now the United States of America. |- | {{Flag|United States|1776}} ||[[Atlantic slave trade]] banned or suspended in the United Colonies during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. This was a continuation of the Thirteen Colonies' non-importation agreements against Britain, as an attempt to cut all economic ties with Britain during the war.<ref name="Finkelman, Paul 2007">{{cite web | url=http://abolition.nypl.org/print/us_constitution/ | title=The Abolition of The Slave Trade | publisher=New York Public Library | date=2007 | access-date=25 June 2014 | author=Finkelman, Paul}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|1777 || {{flagicon|Portugal|1750}} [[Madeira]] || Slavery abolished.<ref name="timeline">Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. ''Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery'', 1995. Pages 33–34.</ref> |- |{{Flag|Vermont Republic|name=Vermont}}|| The [[Constitution of the Vermont Republic]] partially bans slavery,<ref name="timeline"/> freeing men over 21 and women older than 18 at the time of its passage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Vermont (1777)|url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx#ChapterI|publisher=State of Vermont|access-date=7 June 2014|location=Chapter I, Article I|year=1777|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228110403/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx#ChapterI|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ban is not strongly enforced.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee Ann|first=Cox|title=UVM historian examines Vermont's mixed history of slavery and abolition|url=https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/patchwork-freedom}}</ref><ref>Harvey Amani Whitfield, ''The Problem of Slavery in Early Vermont'', Vermont Historical Society (2014)</ref> |- | 1778 || {{flag|Scotland}} || [[Joseph Knight (slave)|Joseph Knight]] successfully argues that [[Scots law]] cannot support the status of slavery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case|url=http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/071022.asp|publisher=The National Archives of Scotland|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> |- | 1779 || {{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[British America]] || The [[Philipsburg Proclamation]] frees all slaves who desert the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|American rebels]], regardless of their willingness to fight for the Crown. |- | 1780 || {{flagicon|United States|1777}} [[Pennsylvania]] || ''[[An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery]]'' passed, freeing future children of slaves. Those born prior to the Act remain enslaved for life. The Act becomes a model for other [[Northern United States|Northern states]]. Last slaves freed 1847.<ref>A Leon Higginbotham, Jr., ''In the Matter of Color: Race & the American Legal Process'', Oxford University Press, 1978. p. 310.</ref> |- | 1781 || {{flagicon|Archduchy of Austria}} [[Archduchy of Austria]] || [[Joseph II]] abolishes personal bondage of serfs and allows their freedom of movement with the [[Serfdom Patent (1781)|Serfdom Patent of 1781]]. |- | rowspan="5"|1783 || {{flag|Russian Empire}} || Slavery abolished in the recently annexed [[Crimean Khanate]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |title=Historical survey of Slave societies |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> |- | [[File:Ensign_of_New_England_(pine_only).svg|23px]] [[Massachusetts]] || [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] rules [[Quock Walker|slavery unconstitutional]], a decision based on the [[Massachusetts Constitution|1780 Massachusetts constitution]]. All slaves are immediately freed.<ref>A. Leon Higginbotham, ''In the matter of color: race and the American legal process'' (1980) p. 91</ref> |- |{{Flag|Austrian Empire}}||[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] abolishes slavery in [[Bukovina]].<ref>Viorel Achim, ''The Roma in Romanian History'', Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004. {{ISBN|963-9241-84-9}}, p. 128</ref> |- | [[File:ColonyofNewHampshireSeal.png|20px]] [[New Hampshire]] || Gradual abolition of slavery begins. |- | {{Flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg}} [[British America]] || After being settled into by [[Quaker]]s, [[Beaver Harbour, New Brunswick]] becomes the first settlement in British North America to ban slavery, forbidding slave masters from entering.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ceremony held for N.B. village's role in elimination of slavery |url=https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/ceremony-held-for-n-b-village-s-role-in-elimination-of-slavery-1.2571544 |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=CTV Atlantic |date=19 September 2015 |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212150457/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/ceremony-held-for-n-b-village-s-role-in-elimination-of-slavery-1.2571544 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|1784 || {{Flagicon image|Ensign of New England (pine only).svg}} [[Connecticut]] || Gradual abolition of slavery, freeing future children of slaves, and later all slaves.<ref>Higginbotham, p. 310.</ref> |- | {{Flagicon image|Ensign of New England (pine only).svg}} [[Rhode Island]]|| Gradual abolition of slavery begins. |- | 1785 ||{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]] || In response to the [[Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan|Revolt of Horea]], [[Joseph II]] abolishes personal bondage and allows freedom of movement for peasants in Hungary with the urbarium of 22 August 1785.<ref>Ingrao, Charles W. (2000), The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107268692</ref> |- | 1786 ||{{Flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[New South Wales]]|| A policy of completely banning slavery is adopted by governor-designate [[Arthur Phillip]] for the soon-to-be established colony.<ref>Britton (ed.) 1978, p. 53</ref> |- | rowspan="3"|1787 ||{{Flag|United States|1777}}||[[Congress of the Confederation|The United States in Congress Assembled]] passes the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, outlawing any new slavery in the [[Northwest Territory|Northwest Territories]]. |- |{{Flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Sierra Leone]]|| Founded by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] as a [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|colony]] for emancipated slaves.<ref>A. B. C. Sibthorpe, ''The history of Sierra Leone'' (1970) p. 8</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} || [[Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade]] founded in Great Britain.<ref name="timeline"/> |- | rowspan="3"|1788 ||[[Slave Trade Act 1788|Sir William Dolben's Act]] regulating the conditions on British [[slave ship]]s enacted. |- | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}} | Abolitionist [[Society of the Friends of the Blacks]] founded in [[Paris]]. |- | {{flagcountry|Denmark}} | Limits imposed to serfdom under the [[Stavnsbånd]] system. |- | 1789 || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}} || Last remaining [[Manorialism|seigneurial privileges]] over peasants abolished.<ref>1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref> |- | 1791 ||{{Flag|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|name=Poland-Lithuania}} || The [[Constitution of May 3, 1791]] introduced elements of political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government; thus, it mitigated the worst abuses of serfdom. |- | 1791 || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France|1790}} || Emancipation of second-generation slaves in the colonies.<ref name="artic1"/> |- | 1792 || {{flag|Denmark-Norway}} || Transatlantic slave trade declared illegal after 1803, though slavery continues in Danish colonies to 1848.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&q=abolish+slavery+iceland&pg=PA8 |title=The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 1 |access-date=2013-08-28|isbn=9780874368857 |year=1997 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> |- ||1792 || {{Flagicon|UK|1707}} [[Saint Helena]] || The importation of slaves to the island of Saint Helena was banned in 1792, but the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]] passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies.<ref name="sthelena.uk.net">New research published on http://sthelena.uk.net {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506123722/http://sthelena.uk.net/ |date=6 May 2013 }}; shortened extract published in the Saint Helena Independent on 3 June 2011.</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|1793 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of Haiti (1791–1798).svg}} [[Saint-Domingue]] || Commissioner [[Leger-Felicite Sonthonax]] abolishes slavery in the northern part of the colony. His colleague Etienne Polverel does the same in the rest of the territory in October. |- |{{Flag|Upper Canada}}|| Importation of slaves banned by the [[Act Against Slavery]]. |- | rowspan="3"|1794 || {{flagcountry|French First Republic}} || Slavery abolished in all French territories and possessions.<ref>David B. Gaspar, David P. Geggus, ''A Turbulent time: the French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean'' (1997) p. 60</ref> |- |{{Flag|United States|1777}}|| The [[Slave Trade Act of 1794|Slave Trade Act]] bans both American ships from participating in the slave trade and the export of slaves in foreign ships.<ref name="Finkelman, Paul 2007"/> |- |{{Flag|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|name=Poland-Lithuania}}|| The [[Proclamation of Połaniec]], issued during the [[Kościuszko Uprising]], ultimately abolished serfdom in Poland, and granted substantial [[Civil and political rights|civil liberties]] to all peasants. |- | 1798 || {{flagicon|French First Republic}} [[French occupation of Malta|French Malta]] || Slavery banned in the islands after their capture by [[French First Republic|French]] forces under the command of [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Xuereb|first1=Charles|title=Slavery in Malta|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070410/letters/slavery-in-malta.20844|access-date=12 February 2015|work=[[Times of Malta]]|date=10 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="wettinger1981">{{cite journal |last1=Wettinger |first1=Godfrey |title=The abolition of slavery in Malta |journal=Archivum: the journal of Maltese historical research |date=1981 |volume=1 |pages=1–19 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/42085/1/Archivum_-_A1.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617082959/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/42085/1/Archivum_-_A1.pdf}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|1799 ||{{Flag|New York|1778}}|| Gradual emancipation act freeing the future children of slaves, and all slaves in 1827.<ref>{{cite book|author=David N. Gellman|title=Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWKTiIL6mVcC&pg=PA215|year=2008|publisher=LSU Press|pages=2, 215|isbn=9780807134658}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Scotland}} || The [[Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775|Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799]] ends the legal servitude or slavery of coal and salt miners that had been established in 1606.<ref>{{Citation |last=May |first=Thomas Erskine |author-link=Thomas Erskine May |year=1895 |contribution=Last Relics of Slavery |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCwYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA274 |title=The Constitutional History of England (1760–1860) |volume=II |publisher=A. C. Armstrong and Son |publication-date=1895 |location=New York |pages=274–275 }}</ref> |} ==1800–1829== {{gallery | mode=packed | align=center | File:Petition-slavery-1826.jpg|Illustration from the book: ''The Black Man's Lament, Or, How to Make Sugar'' by [[Amelia Opie]] (London, 1826) }} {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- |rowspan="3"|1800 |[[File:Coat of Arms of Joseon Korea.svg|20px]] [[Joseon]] |State slavery banned in 1800. Private slavery continued until being banned in 1894. |- |{{Flagicon image|Unofficial Flag of Malta (pre-1943).svg}} [[Malta]] || Despite being [[Siege of Malta (1798–1800)|in rebellion]] against the French, the National Congress confirms the validity of Napoleon's 1798 abolition of slavery, and [[Alexander Ball]] issues a proclamation to this effect.<ref name="wettinger1981"/> |- |{{flag|United States|1795}} || American citizens banned from investment and employment in the international slave trade in an additional [[Slave Trade Act of 1800|Slave Trade Act]]. |- |rowspan="2"|1802 || {{flagcountry|French First Republic}} || [[Napoleon]] re-introduces slavery in sugarcane-growing colonies.<ref>Hobhouse, Henry. ''Seeds of Change: Six Plants That Transformed Mankind'', 2005. Page 111.</ref> |- |{{flagicon|United States|1795}} [[Ohio]] || [[Constitution of Ohio|State constitution]] abolishes slavery. |- |1803 || {{Flag|Denmark-Norway}} || Abolition of Danish participation in the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]] takes effect on 1 January. |- |rowspan="2"|1804 || {{flag|New Jersey}} || Slavery abolished.<ref>"1804: With passage of the law excerpted here, New Jersey became the last state in the North to abolish slavery." Howard L. Green, ''Words that Make New Jersey History: A Primary Source Reader'' (1995) p 84.</ref> |- |{{flag|Haiti|1803}} || [[Haiti]] declares independence and abolishes slavery.<ref name="timeline"/> |- |1805 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || A bill for abolition passes in [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] but is rejected in the [[House of Lords]]. |- |1806 || rowspan="2" | {{flag|United States|1795}} || In a message to Congress, [[Thomas Jefferson]] calls for criminalizing the international slave trade, asking Congress to "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights ... which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe." |- |rowspan="5"|1807 || International slave trade made a felony in [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves]]; this act takes effect on 1 January 1808, the earliest date permitted under the Constitution.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/opinion/30foner.html Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom,"] ''The New York Times''. 30 December 2007.</ref> |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || [[Abolition of the Slave Trade Act]] abolishes slave trading throughout the [[British Empire]]. Captains fined £100 per slave transported. Patrols sent to the African coast to arrest slaving vessels. The [[West Africa Squadron]] ([[Royal Navy]]) is established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore] BBC</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Duchy of Warsaw|Warsaw]] || Constitution abolishes serfdom.<ref name="Kantowicz1975"/> |- |{{flag|Prussia|1803}} || The [[Prussian reforms|Stein-Hardenberg Reforms]] abolish serfdom.<ref name="Kantowicz1975">{{cite book|last=Kantowicz|first=Edward R.|title=Polish-American politics in Chicago, 1888–1940|url=https://archive.org/details/polishamericanpo0000kant|url-access=registration|access-date=30 January 2012|year=1975|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-42380-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/polishamericanpo0000kant/page/6 6]}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|United States|1795}} [[Michigan Territory]] || Judge Augustus Woodward denies the return of two slaves owned by a man in [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[Upper Canada]]. Woodward declares that any man "coming into this Territory is by law of the land a freeman."<ref>{{cite web|last=Woodward|first=Augustus|title=Slavery in the Northwest Territory|date=3 August 2006|url=http://www.absolutemichigan.com/dig/michigan/slavery-in-the-northwest-territory/|publisher=Leelanau Communications, Inc|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=6 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006070212/http://www.absolutemichigan.com/dig/michigan/slavery-in-the-northwest-territory/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |1808 || {{flag|United States|1795}} || Importation and exportation of slaves made a crime.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Allain|title=The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_KAvAjkEbsC&pg=PA121|year=2012|page=121|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780199660469}}</ref> |- |1810 ||{{Flagicon image|Bandera de la Nueva España.svg}} [[New Spain]]|| [[Mexican War of Independence|Independence leader]] [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] proclaimed the abolition of slavery three months after the start of the Independence of Mexico from Spain. |- |rowspan="4"|1811 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || Slave trading made a felony punishable by transportation for both British subjects and foreigners. |- |{{flag|Spain|1785}} || The [[Cortes of Cádiz]] abolish the last remaining seigneurial rights.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company|British East India Company]] |The Company issued regulations 10 of 1811, prohibiting the transport of slaves into Company territory, adding to the 1774 restrictions.<ref name="Major2012" /> |- |{{flag|Chile|1812}} || The First National Congress approves a proposal of [[:es:Manuel de Salas|Manuel de Salas]] that declares Freedom of Wombs, freeing the children of slaves born in Chilean territory, regardless of their parents' condition. The slave trade is banned and the slaves who stay for more than six months in Chilean territory are automatically declared freedmen. |- |rowspan="2"|1812 || {{flagicon|UK}} [[Malta Protectorate]] || British protectorate authorities issue a proclamation declaring that "negroes cannot be considered as objects of trade" in response to reports of African slaves being imported into Malta from North Africa, despite slavery having previously been abolished on Malta in 1798.<ref name="wettinger1981"/> |- |{{flag|Spain|1785}} || The [[Cortes of Cádiz]] pass the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]], giving citizenship and equal rights to all residents in Spain and her territories, excluding slaves. During deliberations, Deputies [[José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer]] and [[Agustín Argüelles]] unsuccessfully argue for the abolition of slavery.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |rowspan="2"|1813 ||{{Flagicon image|Bandera de la Nueva España.svg}} [[New Spain]]|| Independence leader [[José María Morelos y Pavón]] declares slavery abolished in Mexico in the documents [[Sentimientos de la Nación]]. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Belgrano (1812).svg}} [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|United Provinces]]||[[Freedom of Wombs|Law of Wombs]] passed by the Assembly of Year XIII. Slaves born after 31 January 1813 will be granted freedom when they are married, or on their 16th birthday for women and 20th for men, and upon their manumission will be given land and tools to work it.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carole Elizabeth Boyce Davies|title=Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&pg=PA95|year=2008|page= 95|publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781851097050}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|1814 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of Belgrano (1812).svg}} [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|United Provinces]]|| After the occupation of [[Montevideo]], all slaves born in modern [[Uruguay]]an territory are declared free. |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} || Slave trade abolished. |- |rowspan="4"|1815 || {{flagcountry|French First Republic}} || [[Napoleon]] abolishes the slave trade. |- |{{flag|Portugal|1750}} || Slave trade banned north of the [[Equator]] in return for a £750,000 payment by Britain.<ref name="britpay">"Blacks in Latin America", Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation.</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Florida|Florida]] || British withdrawing after the [[War of 1812]] leave a fully armed fort in the hands of [[maroons (people)|maroons]], escaped slaves and their descendants, and their Seminole allies. Becomes known as [[Negro Fort]]. |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Portugal|1750}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Swedish and Norwegian merchant flag 1818-1844.svg}} [[Sweden-Norway]]<br />{{flagcountry|Bourbon Restoration}}<br />{{flagicon|AUT|empire}} [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]<br />{{flag|Russia}}<br />{{flag|Spain|1785}}<br />{{flag|Prussia|1803}}|| The [[Congress of Vienna]] declares its opposition to the slave trade.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Jarrett|title=The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-B7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|year=2014|page=144|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781784530563}}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|1816 || [[File:Eestimaa värvid.svg|23px]] [[Governorate of Estonia|Estonia]] || Serfdom abolished. |- |{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Florida|Florida]] || Negro Fort destroyed in the [[Negro Fort#Battle of Negro Fort (African Fort)|Battle of Negro Fort]] by U.S. forces under the command of General [[Andrew Jackson]]. |- |[[File:AlgierRegency2.svg|20px]] [[Ottoman Algeria|Algeria]]||[[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Algiers bombarded]] by the British and Dutch navies in an attempt to end [[Barbary pirates|North African piracy and slave raiding]] in the Mediterranean. 3,000 slaves freed. |- |rowspan="6"|1817 || [[File:Flag of the Courland Governorate.svg|23px]] [[Governorate of Courland|Courland]] || Serfdom abolished. |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Spain|1785}} || Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1818/jan/28/copy-of-the-treaty-with-spain-for TREATY between his Britannic Majesty and his Catholic Majesty, for preventing their subjects from engaging in any illicit traffic in slaves. Signed at Madrid the 23rd of September 1817.], api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1818/jan/28</ref> |- |{{flag|Spain|1785}} || [[Ferdinand VII]] signs a cedula banning the importation of slaves in Spanish possessions beginning in 1820,<ref name="artic1"/> in return for a £400,000 payment from Britain.<ref name="britpay"/> However, some slaves are still smuggled in after this date. Both slave ownership and internal commerce in slaves remained legal. |- |{{Flagicon image|Bandera de Angostura (20 de noviembre de 1817).svg}} [[Third Republic of Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[Simon Bolivar]] calls for the abolition of slavery.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |{{Flag|New York|1778}}|| 4 July 1827 set as date to free all ex-slaves from indenture.<ref>Higginbotham, pp. 146–47.</ref> |- |[[File:Flag of Argentina (civil).svg|23px]] [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|United Provinces]] || Constitution supports the abolition of slavery, but does not ban it.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |rowspan="3"|1818 ||{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Portugal|1816}} || Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg">"Chronological Table of the Statutes" (1959 edition)</ref> |- |{{flagcountry|Bourbon Restoration}} || Slave trade banned. |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Netherlands}} || Bilateral treaty taking additional measures to enforce the 1814 ban on slave trading.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |rowspan="3"|1819 || [[File:Livonian colours.svg|23px]] [[Governorate of Livonia|Livonia]] || Serfdom abolished. |- |{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Upper Canada]] || Attorney-General [[Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto|John Robinson]] declares all [[Slavery in Canada|black residents]] free. |- |{{flag|Hawaii|1816}} || The [[ancient Hawaii]]an [[Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|kapu]] system is abolished during the [[ʻAi Noa]], and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the maka{{okina}}āinana (commoners).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Levin|first=Stephenie Seto|title=The Overthrow of the Kapu System in Hawaii|journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=77|year=1968|publisher=Polynesian Society|location=Wellington, NZ|pages=402–430|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_77_1968/Volume_77,_No._4/The_overthrow_of_the_kapu_system_in_Hawaii,_by_Stephenie_Seto_Levin,_p_402_-_430/p1|access-date=27 May 2025|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419202518/https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_77_1968/Volume_77,_No._4/The_overthrow_of_the_kapu_system_in_Hawaii,_by_Stephenie_Seto_Levin,_p_402_-_430/p1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|1820 || {{flag|United States|1820}} || The [[Compromise of 1820]] bans slavery north of the 36º 30' line; the [[Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy]] is amended to consider the maritime slave trade as piracy, making it punishable with death. |- |[[File:Indiana-StateSeal.svg|23px]] [[Indiana]] || The supreme court orders almost all slaves in the state to be freed in ''[[Polly v. Lasselle]]''. |- |{{flag|Spain|1785}} || The 1817 abolition of the slave trade takes effect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/localhistory/journey/american_connection/slavery/timeline.shtml|title=BBC - Liverpool Local History - American Connections - Slavery Timeline|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> |- |rowspan="4"|1821 ||{{Flag|First Mexican Empire|1821|name=Mexico}}|| The [[Plan of Iguala]] frees the slaves born in Mexico.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |{{Flag|United States|1820}}<br />{{flag|Spain|1785}} || In accordance with [[Adams–Onís Treaty]] of 1819, [[History of Florida|Florida]] becomes a territory of the United States. A main reason was Spain's inability or unwillingness to capture and return escaped slaves. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Peru (1821–1822).svg}} [[Peru]]|| Abolition of slave trade and implementation of a plan to gradually end slavery.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |{{flag|Gran Colombia}} || Emancipation for sons and daughters born to slave mothers, program for [[compensated emancipation]] set.<ref name="aguilera">{{cite book | last = Aguilera| first = Miguel| title = La Legislacion y el derecho en Colombia| series = Historia extensa de Colombia| volume = 14| publisher = Lemer | year = 1965| location = Bogota| pages = 428–442}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1822 || {{flagicon|Haiti|1859}} [[Unification of Hispaniola|Haiti]] || [[Jean Pierre Boyer]] annexes [[Republic of Spanish Haiti|Spanish Haiti]] and abolishes slavery there. |- |{{flagicon|Liberia|1822}} [[Liberia]] || Founded by the [[American Colonization Society]] as a colony for emancipated slaves. |- |{{flagicon|Muscat}} [[Muscat and Oman]]<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}} || First bilateral treaty limiting the [[Zanzibar slave trade|slave trade in Zanzibar]] ([[Moresby Treaty]]). |- |rowspan="3"|1823 || {{flag|Chile}} || Slavery abolished.<ref name="timeline"/> |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || The [[Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions]] (Anti-Slavery Society) is founded. |- | [[File:Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] || Prohibition of slavery is enshrined in the [[Greek Constitution of 1823]], during the [[Greek War of Independence]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Greek Constitution of 1823, article 9 |url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn07.pdf}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1824 |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |[[Slave Trade Act 1824]] |- | {{flag|Mexico|1823}} || The [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|new constitution]] effectively abolishes slavery. |- |{{flagdeco|Federal Republic of Central America}} [[Federal Republic of Central America|Central America]] || Slavery abolished.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Robert S.|date=1 November 1963|title=Financing the Central American Federation, 1821–1838|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|language=en|location=[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], [[North Carolina]]|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|volume=43|issue=4|page=510|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/43/4/483/159631/Financing-the-Central-American-Federation-1821|doi=10.1215/00182168-43.4.483|doi-access=free|jstor=2509898|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|1825 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Treinta y Tres.svg}} [[Uruguay]]|| Importation of slaves banned. |- |{{flagicon|Haiti|1859}} [[Haiti]]|| France, with warships at the ready, demanded [[Haiti indemnity controversy|Haiti compensate France]] for its loss of slaves and its slave colony |- |rowspan="3"|1827 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Swedish and Norwegian merchant flag 1818-1844.svg}} [[Sweden-Norway]]|| Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |{{Flag|New York|1778}}|| Last vestiges of slavery abolished. Children born between 1799 and 1827 are indentured until age 25 (females) or age 28 (males).<ref>{{cite book|author=David N. Gellman|title=Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWKTiIL6mVcC&pg=PA215|year=2008|pages=2, 215|publisher=LSU Press |isbn=9780807134658}}</ref> |- | {{Flagicon|UK|1801}} [[Saint Helena]] || Phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves, some six years before the British parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in all colonies.<ref name="sthelena.uk.net"/> |- |1829 || {{flag|Mexico|1823}} || Last slaves freed just as the first president of partial African ancestry ([[Vicente Guerrero]]) is elected.<ref name="timeline"/> |} ==1830–1849== {{gallery | height=100 | align=center | File:Julius Rubens Ames My Country Is The World 1847 Cornell CUL PJM 2051 02.jpg|An anti-slavery map with an unusual perspective centered on West Africa, which is in the light, and contrasting the Americas and Europe in the dark. By Julius Rubens Ames, 1847.}} {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- |1830 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of Coahuila y Tejas.svg}} [[Coahuila y Tejas]]|| Mexican President [[Anastasio Bustamante]] attempts to implement the abolition of slavery. To circumvent the law, Anglo-Texans declare their slaves "indentured servants for life".<ref>{{cite book|author=Alwyn Barr|title=Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmK6Sq0ojOUC&pg=PA15|year=1996|page=15|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=9780806128788}}</ref> |- |1830 || {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} || The [[Firman of 1830]] theoretically emancipates all white slaves in the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Global Slavery Throughout History 2023 p536">The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536</ref> |- |1830 || {{flag|Uruguay}} || Slavery abolished. |- |rowspan="2"|1831 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg}} [[Bolivia]]|| Slavery abolished.<ref name="timeline"/> |- |{{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] || Law of 7 November 1831, abolishing the maritime slave trade, banning any importation of slaves, and granting freedom to slaves illegally imported into Brazil. The law was seldom enforced prior to 1850, when Brazil, under British pressure, adopted additional legislation to criminalize the importation of slaves. |- |1832 |{{Flag|Kingdom of Greece|1822|name=Greece}} |Slavery abolished with independence. |- |1832 |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Coahuila y Tejas.svg}} [[Coahuila y Tejas]] |[[Anahuac Disturbances]]: [[Juan Davis Bradburn]], American-born Mexican officer at Anahuac, Texas, confronts slave-owning American settlers, enforcing Mexican abolition of slavery and refusing to hand over two escaped slaves. |- |rowspan="2"|1834 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || The [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the [[British Empire]] but on a gradual basis over the next six years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml |title=British Anti-slavery |last=Oldfield |first= Dr John |date=17 February 2011 |website=BBC History |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 January 2017 |quote=the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an apprenticeship of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field hands}}</ref> Legally frees 700,000 in the [[West Indies]], 20,000 in [[Mauritius]], and 40,000 in [[South Africa]]. The exceptions are the territories controlled by the [[East India Company]] and [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]].<ref>Finkelman and Miller, ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' 1:293</ref> |- |{{flagcountry|July Monarchy}} || French Society for the Abolition of Slavery founded in Paris.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Nelly_Schmidt_Eng_01.pdf Nelly Schmidt: Slavery and its Abolition, French colonies, Research and Transmission of Knowledge] ''unesco.org'', accessed 30 August 2019</ref> |- |rowspan="4"|1835 || {{flag|Principality of Serbia|name=Serbia}} || Freedom granted to all slaves in the moment they step on Serb soil.<ref>Serbian: {{cite web|url=http://serbum.com/?p%3D1253 |title=Сретењски устав – Устав Књажества Сербије |trans-title= Sretenski Constitution – Constitution of the Principality of Serbia|access-date=2013-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213301/http://serbum.com/?p=1253 |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flagcountry|July Monarchy}} || rowspan=2|Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Denmark}} |- |{{flag|Peru|1825}} || A decree of [[Felipe Santiago Salaverry]] re-legalizes the importation of slaves from other [[Latin America]]n countries. The line "no slave shall enter Peru without becoming free" is taken out of the Constitution in 1839.<ref>''Código Civil de 1852: Lo nacional y lo importado,'' by César Luna Victoria León.</ref> |- |1836 || {{flag|Portugal|1830}} || Prime Minister [[Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquis of Sá da Bandeira|Sá da Bandeira]] bans the transatlantic slave trade and the importation and exportation of slaves to or from the Portuguese colonies south of the equator. |- |1837 || {{flag|Spain|1785}} || Slavery abolished outside of the colonies.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |1838 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || Most slaves in the colonies become free after a period of forced apprenticeship following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions (now London Anti-Slavery Society) winds up. |- |rowspan="3"|1839 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || The [[British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society]] (after several changes, now known as Anti-Slavery International) is founded. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]]|| The [[Indian indenture system]] is abolished in territories controlled by the company, but this is reversed in 1842. |- | {{flagicon|Papal States}} [[Catholic Church]] || [[Pope Gregory XVI]]'s ''[[In supremo apostolatus]]'' resoundingly condemns slavery and the slave trade. |- |rowspan="3"|1840 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Venezuela|1836}} || Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade. |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || First [[World Anti-Slavery Convention]] meets in [[London]]. |- |{{flagcountry|New Zealand|1834}} || Taking slaves banned by [[Treaty of Waitangi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theprow.org.nz/maori/slavery-in-colonial-times/|title=Slavery in Colonial Times|date=2010|access-date=27 May 2025|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521000057/https://www.theprow.org.nz/maori/slavery-in-colonial-times|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|1841 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flagcountry|July Monarchy}}<br />{{flag|Russia}}<br />{{flag|Prussia|1803}}<br />{{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] || [[Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade|Quintuple Treaty]] agreeing to suppress the slave trade.<ref name="timeline"/> |- |{{flag|United States|1837}} || ''[[United States v. The Amistad]]'' finds that the slaves of ''[[La Amistad]]'' were illegally enslaved and were legally allowed, as free men, to fight their captors by any means necessary. |- |rowspan="2"|1842 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Portugal|1830}} || Bilateral treaty extending the enforcement of the slave trade ban to Portuguese ships south of the Equator. |- |{{flag|Paraguay|1842}} || Law for the gradual abolition of slavery passed.<ref name="artic1"/> |- | rowspan="6" |1843 |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |[[Slave Trade Act 1843]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]]|| The [[Indian Slavery Act, 1843]], Act V abolishes slavery in territories controlled by the company. |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Uruguay}} || rowspan="4" | Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Mexico|1824}} |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Chile}} |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />[[File:Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg|23px]] [[Bolivia]] |- | rowspan="4" |1844 || {{flag|Moldavia}} || [[Mihail Sturdza]] abolishes slavery in Moldavia. |- |{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary}} |The serfs were given the [[Right to property|Right to Property]]. But until the [[April Laws]], they were subject to different taxes and legal procedures (jus gladii) than burghers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A jobbágyfelszabadítás |url=https://rubicon.hu/cikkek/a-jobbagyfelszabaditas |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Rubicon |language=hu}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Paraguay|1844}} || Slave trade abolished.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic|1844}} ||[[Dominican Republic]] declares independence from [[Haiti]]; abolition of slavery reinforced.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hoy.com.do/la-abolicion-de-la-esclavitud-en-la-independencia-dominicana-y-de-las-americas/ |title=La abolición de la esclavitud en la independencia dominicana y de las Américas |website=Hoy |language=es |first=Amaurys |last=Pérez Vargas |date=3 September 2022 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|1845 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || 36 [[Royal Navy]] ships assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world. |- |[[File:Seal of Illinois.svg|23px]] [[Illinois]] || In ''Jarrot v. Jarrot,'' the [[Illinois Supreme Court]] frees the last indentured ex-slaves in [[History of slavery in Illinois|the state]] who were born after the Northwest Ordinance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomtrails2legacies.org/slavery.htm |title=Slavery in Illinois: How and Why the Underground Railroad Existed |last1=Dexter |first1=Darrel |date=2004 |website=Freedom Trails: Legacies of Hope |publisher=Illinois Freedom Trail Commission |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204033514/http://freedomtrails2legacies.org/slavery.htm |archive-date=4 February 2016 }}</ref> |- |1846 || {{flag|Tunisia}} || Slavery abolished in Tunisia under [[Ahmad I ibn Mustafa|Ahmed Bey]] rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-1/the-abolition-of-slavery-in-tunisia-1841-1846/|title=The Abolition of Slavery in Tunisia 1841–1846 &#124; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> |- |rowspan="4"|1847 || {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} ||[[Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf]]: slave trade from Africa (via the Persian Gulf route) abolished.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ehûd R. Tôledānô|title=Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7p_S58y2BUC&pg=PA11|year=1998|page=11|publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295802428}}</ref> |- |{{Flagicon image|Swedish norwegian union flag.svg}} [[Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy|Saint Barthélemy]]|| Last slaves freed.<ref name="nordic">Cobb, Thomas Read Rootes. ''An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America: To which is Prefixed An Historical Sketch of Slavery'', 1858. Page cxcii.</ref> |- |{{flag|Pennsylvania}} || The last indentured ex-slaves, born before 1780 (fewer than 100 in the 1840 census<ref>1840 US Census, Pennsylvania</ref>) are freed. |- |{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish West Indies]] || Royal edict ruling the freedom of children born from female slaves and the total abolition of slavery after 12 years. Dissatisfaction causes a slave rebellion in [[Saint Croix]] the next year. |- | rowspan="6" |1848 || {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]|| The [[April Laws|April laws]] completely abolished serfdom in [[Hungarian State|Hungary]] (excluding Transylvania) and Croatia. |- |{{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] |Serfdom abolished.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSsCocp6p8YC&pg=PA77 |title=Marx at the margins: on nationalism, ethnicity, and non-western societies |date=15 May 2010 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-01983-3 |page=77 |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=William Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WM8c8VdqCV8C&pg=PA65 |title=Catholic Church Milestones: People and Events That Shaped the Institutional Church |date=November 2010 |publisher=Dog Ear Publishing |isbn=978-1-60844-821-0 |page=65 |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kamusella |first=Tomasz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt3WuwSbItAC&pg=PA73 |title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918 |publisher=Purdue University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-55753-371-5 |page=73 |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flagcountry|French Second Republic}} || Slavery abolished in the colonies. [[Gabon]] is founded as a settlement for emancipated slaves. |- |{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish West Indies]] || Governor [[Peter von Scholten]] declares the immediate and total emancipation of all slaves in an attempt to end the slave revolt. For this he is recalled and tried for treason, but the charges are later dropped.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="nordic"/><ref>Bricka, C.F. (1901). Dansk Biografisk Lexikon. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. pp. 255–256.</ref> |- |{{flag|Denmark}} || Last remains of the [[Stavnsbånd]] effectively abolished. |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flagicon|Muscat}} [[Muscat and Oman]] || rowspan=2|Bilateral treaties abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |rowspan="2"|1849 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Trucial States}} |- |{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Sierra Leone]] || The Royal Navy destroys the slave factory of [[Lomboko]]. |} ==1850–1899== {{gallery | height=100 | align=center | File:Gordon, scourged back, NPG, 1863.jpg|Medical examination photo of [[Gordon (slave)|Gordon]] showing his scourged back, widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery}} {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- |rowspan="2"|1850 || {{flag|United States|1848}} || The [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]] requires the return of escaped slaves to their owners regardless of the state they are in. |- |{{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] || [[Eusébio de Queirós Law]] (Law 581 of 4 September 1850) criminalizing the maritime slave trade as piracy, and imposing other criminal sanctions on the importation of slaves (already banned in 1831).<ref>{{cite book|author=David T. Haberly|title=Abolitionism in Brazil: Anti-slavery and anti-slave|publisher=Luso-Brazilian|year=1972|pages=30–46}}</ref> |- |rowspan="5"|1851 |{{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Brazil]] {{flag|Uruguay}} |Bilateral treaty of 12 October, Uruguay accepts returning to Brazil the escaped slaves from that country. Brazilians who owned land in Uruguay were allowed to have slaves in their properties. |- |[[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]]|| Slavery nominally abolished along with opium, gambling, polygamy and [[foot binding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taiping.html |title=Chinese Cultural Studies: The Taiping Rebellion, 1851–1864 |access-date=2015-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201013616/http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taiping.html |archive-date=1 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/sub4/item54.html|title=TAIPING REBELLION – Facts and Details |first=Jeffrey |last=Hays |website=factsanddetails.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/inst203/taiping.txt Lester K. Buehler, Ph.D: A Study of the Taiping Rebellion] ''olemiss.edu'', accessed 30 August 2019</ref> |- |[[File:Flag of New Granada.svg|23px]] [[Republic of New Granada|New Granada]] || Slavery abolished.<ref name="aguilera" /> After years of laws that only purported a partial advancement towards abolition, President [[José Hilario López]] pushed Congress to pass total abolition on 21 May. Former owners were compensated with government issued bonds.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tovar Pinzón|first=Hermes|date=November 1994|title=La manumisión de esclavos en Colombia, 1809– 1851, Aspectos sociales, económicos y políticos|work=Revista Credencial|url=https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-59/la-manumision-de-esclavos-en-colombia-1809-1851|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ecuador|1845}} || Slavery abolished in the country by [[José María Urvina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/esclavitud/|title=Esclavitud – Historia del Ecuador – Enciclopedia Del Ecuador|date=28 March 2016|website=enciclopediadelecuador.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419113209/https://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/historia-del-ecuador/esclavitud/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Lagos]] || [[Reduction of Lagos]]: The British capture the city of [[Lagos]] and replace King [[Kosoko]] with [[Akitoye]] because of the former's refusal to ban the [[Slavery in Africa|slave trade]]. |- |rowspan="2"|1852 || {{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaii]] || [[1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1852 Constitution]] officially declared slavery illegal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wong |first1=Helen |last2=Rayson |first2=Ann |title=Hawaii's Royal History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY8iLDyCltMC |year=1987 |publisher=Bess Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-935848-48-9 |page=101}}</ref> |- |{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />[[Lagos]] || [[Treaty Between Great Britain and Lagos, 1 January 1852|Bilateral treaty]] banning the slave trade and [[human sacrifice]]. |- |1853 || {{flagicon|Argentine Confederation}} [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]] || Slavery abolished with the sanction of a new federal Constitution.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert J. Cottrol|title=The Long, Lingering Shadow: Slavery, Race, and Law in the American Hemisphere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcv0b9Ym43cC&pg=PA121|year=2013|publisher=University of Georgia Press|page=121|isbn=9780820344058}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1854 || {{flag|Peru|1825}} || Slavery abolished by [[Ramón Castilla]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jorge Basadre|title=Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 – 1933|year=1998|orig-year=First published 1939|publisher=Ricardo Parma University Press|volume=4|edition=8th|pages=833–835|language=es}}</ref><ref name="timeline"/> |- |{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} || The [[Firman of 1854]] prohibit the [[Circassian slave trade]].<ref name="Global Slavery Throughout History 2023 p536"/> |- |{{flag|Venezuela|1836}} || Slavery abolished.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="aguilera" /> |- |1855 || {{flag|Moldavia}} || rowspan="2" | Slavery abolished. |- |1856 || {{flag|Wallachia}} |- |rowspan="2"|1857 || {{flag|United States|1851}} || ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' rules that black slaves and their descendants cannot gain [[Citizenship of the United States|American citizenship]] and are not entitled to freedom even if they live in a [[Slave states and free states|free state]] for years. |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg}} [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]]|| [[Firman of 1857]] banning the trade of [[Demographics of Africa|Black African]] ([[Zanj]]) slaves.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} |- |1857 || {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} || The [[Firman of 1857]] prohibit the African slave trade.<ref name="Global Slavery Throughout History 2023 p536"/> |- |1858 || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || British government takes direct control of all land owned by the East India Company, making previously East India Company directly managed territory subject to the slavery laws applicable in the rest of the British Empire. |- |rowspan="3"|1859 || [[Atlantic Ocean]] || Definitive suppression of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]]. |- |{{flag|United States|1859}} || The [[Wyandotte Constitution]] establishes the future state of [[Kansas]] as a free state, after [[Bleeding Kansas|four years of armed conflict]] between [[Border Ruffian|pro-slavery]] and [[Free-Stater (Kansas)|anti-slavery]] groups in the territory. [[Southern United States|Southern]] dominance in the [[Senate of the United States|U.S. Senate]] delays the admission of Kansas as a state until 1861. |- | {{Flag|Russia}} || [[Kazakh people|Kazakhs]] banned from having slaves, although slavery persists in some areas through the rest of the century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html |title=Traditional Institutions in Modern Kazakhstan |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904124830/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2018}} |- | 1860 || {{flag|United States|1859}} |Last known [[slave ship]] to unload illegally on U.S. territory, the ''[[Clotilda (slave ship)|Clotilda]]''. |- |rowspan="3"|1861 || {{flag|Russia}} || The [[Emancipation reform of 1861]] abolishes serfdom.<ref>Peter Kolchin, ''Unfree Labor'' (1987)</ref> |- |{{flag|United States|1861}} || The election of [[Abraham Lincoln]] leads to the attempted secession of [[Confederate States of America|eleven slaveholding states]] and the [[American Civil War]]. |- |{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />[[British India]] || [[Indian Penal Code]] explicitly prohibits slavery in British administered territory. |- | rowspan="4" |1862 |{{flag|United States|1861}} |Congress passes the [[District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act]], freeing all slaves in the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=The District of Columbia Emancipation Act |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/dc-emancipation-act |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{flag|United States|1861}}<br />{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade (African Slave Trade Treaty Act).<ref name="britleg" /> |- |{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Cuba]] || Slave trade abolished.<ref name="timeline"/> |- | {{flag|United States|1861}} || [[Nathaniel Gordon]] becomes the only person hanged in U.S. history "for being engaged in the slave trade". |- |rowspan="4"|1863 || {{flag|Netherlands}} || Slavery abolished in the colonies, emancipating 33,000 slaves in [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Surinam]], 12,000 in [[Curaçao and Dependencies]],<ref>Finkelman and Miller, ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' 2:637</ref> and an indeterminate number in the [[Dutch East Indies|East Indies]]. |- |{{flag|United States|1863}} || Lincoln issues the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], freeing all slaves in [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]]-controlled areas. Most slaves in [[border states (American Civil War)|"border states"]] are freed by state action, and a separate law frees the slaves in [[Washington, D.C.]] |- |{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Iceland]] || Exemptions introduced to serfdom under the [[Vistarband]] system. |- |{{flag|Chatham Islands}} || Slavery abolished.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1= Davis|first1= Denise|last2= Solomon|first2= Māui|encyclopedia= [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|title= Moriori – The impact of new arrivals|url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/page-4}}</ref> |- |1864 ||{{Flagicon image|Military ensign of Vistula Flotilla of Congress Poland.svg}} [[Congress Poland]]||[[Abolition of serfdom in Poland|Serfdom abolished.]]<ref>Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, ''Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego'', > *Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 389–394</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|1865 || {{flag|United States|1865}} || Slavery and involuntary servitude abolished, except as punishment for crime, by the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. It frees all remaining slaves, about 40,000, in the border slave states that did not secede.<ref>Michael Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment'' (2004)</ref> Thirty out of thirty-six states vote to ratify it; [[New Jersey]], [[Delaware]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Mississippi]] vote against. Mississippi does not officially ratify it until 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/|title=Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment|author=Ben Waldron|publisher=ABC News|date=18 February 2013|access-date=23 April 2013|archive-date=27 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627203637/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Republic of Texas|1839|name=Texas}} || [[Juneteenth]]: U.S. General [[Gordon Granger]] proclaims the end of slavery in [[Galveston]]. |- |{{flag|Spain|1785}} || Spanish Abolitionist Society founded in [[Madrid]] by [[Julio Vizcarrondo]], [[José Julián Acosta]] and [[:ca:Joaquim Maria Sanromà|Joaquín Sanromá]].<ref name="artic1"/> |- |rowspan=3|1866 || {{flagicon|Oklahoma|1925}} [[Oklahoma]] || Slavery abolished.<ref>{{cite book| last=Hornsby | first=Alton Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqIJ278VHuwC&pg=PA127 |title=A Companion to African-American History |year=2008 |page=127 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405137355 |access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> U.S. government treaties with the [[Five Civilized Tribes|Five Tribes]] that governed the [[Indian Territory]], which previously allied with the Confederacy, required them to abolish slavery for renewed U.S. recognition of their continued independence. |- | [[File:Iowa-StateSeal.svg|20px]] [[Iowa]] || rowspan=2|Thirteenth Amendment ratified. |- | {{flag|New Jersey}} |- |rowspan="2"|1867 || {{flag|Spain|1785}} || Law of Repression and Punishment of the Slave Trade.<ref name="artic1"/> |- |{{flag|United States|1865}} || [[Peonage Act of 1867]], mostly targeting use of Native American peons in [[New Mexico Territory]]. Slavery among native tribes in Alaska was abolished after the purchase from Russia in 1867.<ref>{{cite book|author=Leland Donald |title=Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRHLy4xwcboC&pg=PA244 |year=1997 |page=244 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520918115}}</ref> |- |1868 || {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Cuba]] || [[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes]] and other independence leaders free their slaves and proclaim the independence of Cuba, starting the [[Ten Years War]]. |- |rowspan="2"|1869 || {{flag|Portugal|1830}} || [[Louis I of Portugal|Louis I]] abolishes slavery in all Portuguese territories and colonies. |- || {{flag|Paraguay}} || Slavery abolished. |- |rowspan=2|1870 || {{flag|Spain|1785}} || Amidst great opposition from the Cuban and Puerto Rican planters, [[Segismundo Moret]] drafts a "Law of Free Wombs" that frees children of slaves, slaves older than 65 years, and slaves serving in the [[Spanish Army]], beginning in 1872.<ref name="artic1"/> |- | {{flag|Republic of Texas|1839|name=Texas}} || Thirteenth Amendment ratified. |- | rowspan="2" |1871 || {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] || [[Rio Branco Law]] (Law of Free Birth) declares the children born to slave mothers free.<ref>Robert E. Conrad, ''The destruction of Brazilian slavery, 1850–1888'' (1972) p. 106</ref> |- |{{flag|Japan|1870}} |[[Abolition of the han system]] or Japanese feudalism. |- | rowspan="3" |1873 |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |[[Slave Trade Act 1873]] |- |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Puerto Rico (1873–1875).svg}} [[Puerto Rico]]|| Slavery abolished. |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg}} [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Merina Kingdom flag.svg}} [[Merina Kingdom|Madagascar]]|| Triple treaty abolishing the slave trade.<ref name="britleg" /> |- |1874 || {{flag|Gold Coast}} || Slavery abolished.<ref>Suzanne Miers and Richard L. Roberts, ''The End of slavery in Africa'' (1988) p. 79</ref> |- |1877 || {{flagicon|Khedivate of Egypt}} [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] || The [[Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention]] abolishes the slave trade gradually in 1877–1884. This also gradually abolishes [[Slavery in Egypt|slavery itself]] over the next decades. |- |1879 || {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || Slavery abolished with independence. The Constitution states that any slave that enters Bulgarian territory is immediately freed. |- |1880 || {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} || The [[Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880]] prohibit the [[Red Sea slave trade]] and give the British the right to stop all slave ships in Ottoman waters.<ref name="Global Slavery Throughout History 2023 p536"/> |- |1882 || {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} || A [[firman]] emancipates all slaves, white and black.<ref>Y. Hakan Erdem, ''Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800–1909'' (1998).</ref> |- |1884 || {{flag|Cambodia|1863}} || Slavery abolished. |- |1885 || {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] || [[Saraiva-Cotegipe Law]] passed, freeing all slaves over the age of 60 and creating other measures for the gradual abolition of slavery, such as a Manumissions Fund administered by the State. |- |1886 || {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Cuba]] || Slavery abolished.<ref name="timeline"/> |- |1888 || {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] || [[Lei Áurea|Slavery abolished]].<ref>Finkelman and Miller, ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' 1:124</ref> |- |1889 || {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] || An Italian court finds that [[Josephine Bakhita]] was never legally enslaved according to Italian, British, or Egyptian law and is a free woman. |- |1889 || {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} || The [[Kanunname of 1889]] prohibit the African slavery and slave trade in the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800-1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 144</ref> |- |1890 || {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />{{flag|France}}<br />{{flagicon|Germany|empire}} [[German Empire|Germany]]<br />{{flag|Portugal|1830}}<br />{{flagicon|Congo Free State}} [[Congo Free State|Congo]]<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]<br />{{flag|Spain|1785}}<br />{{flag|Netherlands}}<br />{{flag|Belgium}}<br />{{flag|Russia}}<br />{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Union Jack of Sweden and Norway (1844-1905).svg}} [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden-Norway]]<br />{{flag|Denmark}}<br />{{flag|United States|1890}}<br />{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg}} [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] {{Flagicon image|Tricolour Flag of Iran (1886).svg}} [[Qajar dynasty|Persia]] |[[Brussels Conference Act of 1890|Brussels Conference Act]] – a collection of anti-slavery measures to put an end to the slave trade on land and sea, especially in the [[Congo Basin]], the Ottoman Empire, and the [[East Africa]]n coast. |- |rowspan=2|1894 || {{flagicon|Korean Empire}} [[Joseon|Korea]] || Slavery abolished, but it survives in practice until 1930.<ref>{{cite book|author=Junius P. Rodriguez|title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr |url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=xxiii|isbn=9780874368857 }}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Iceland]] || [[Vistarband]] effectively abolished (but not de jure). |- |1895 || {{flagicon|Taiwan|japan}} [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Taiwan]] || Taiwan is annexed by Japan, where slavery has been abolished. |- |rowspan=2|1895 || [[File:Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg|23px]] [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] || Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1895/TS0016%20(1895)%201895%2021%20NOV,%20CAIRO%3B%20CONVENTION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20EGYPT%20FOR%20THE%20SUPPRESSION%20OF%20SLAVERY%20AND%20THE%20SLAVE%20TRADE.pdf |title=Convention between Great Brittain and Egypt |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709170319/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1895/TS0016%20(1895)%201895%2021%20NOV,%20CAIRO%3B%20CONVENTION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20EGYPT%20FOR%20THE%20SUPPRESSION%20OF%20SLAVERY%20AND%20THE%20SLAVE%20TRADE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italian Somaliland}} || First slaves freed<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hartfordinfo.org/issues/wsd/immigrants/somali_bantu.pdf|title=The Somali Bantu Their History and Culture}}</ref> |- |1896 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Madagascar Protectorate (1885-1896).svg}} [[Malagasy Protectorate|Madagascar]]|| Slavery abolished. |- |rowspan="3"|1897 || [[File:Flag of Zanzibar Under British Rule.svg|23px]] [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] || Slavery abolished<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033344/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2005 |title=Swahili Coast |work=National Geographic |date=2002-10-17 |access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> except in the case of [[concubinage in Islam|concubines]] (abolished in 1909<ref>The End of Slavery in Africa. (1988). USA: University of Wisconsin Press. 23</ref>). |- |{{flagicon|Thailand|1855}} [[Siam]] || Slave trade abolished.<ref name="Baker">Baker, Chris; Pasuk Phongpaichit. ''A History of Thailand'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 61.</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Bassora]] || Children of freedmen issued separate certificates of liberation to avoid enslavement and separation from their parents.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} |- |1899 || {{flagicon|France|variant=1794}} [[Ndzuwani]]|| Slavery abolished. |} ==1900–1949== {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- |1900 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Guam]] || Slavery abolished 22 February 1900, by proclamation of Richard P. Leary.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Affairs in America|journal=CyclopeReview of Current History|date=1901|volume=10: 1900|publisher=Current History Co|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA54}}</ref> |- |1901 || {{flag|Delaware}} || Thirteenth Amendment ratified. |- |1902 || {{flagicon image|Reichskolonialflagge.svg}} [[German Cameroon|Cameroon]] || Gradual abolition of slavery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cecult.ifch.unicamp.br/pf-cecult/public-files/projetos/9585/eckert._slavery_in_colonial_cameroon_1998.pdf|title=Slavery in Colonial Cameroon, 1880s to 1930s}}</ref> |- |1903 || {{flag|French Sudan}} || "[[Slavery in Mali#French control|Slave]]" no longer used as an administrative category. |- |rowspan=2|1904 || {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />{{flag|Germany|empire}}<br />{{flag|Denmark}}<br />{{flag|Spain|1785}}<br />{{flag|France}}<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]<br />{{flag|Netherlands}}<br />{{flag|Portugal|1830}}<br />{{flag|Russia}} || [[International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic]] signed in Paris. Only France, the Netherlands and Russia extend the treaty to the whole extent of their colonial empires with immediate effect, and Italy extends it to [[Eritrea]] but not to [[Italian Somaliland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/whiteslavetraffic1904.html|title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|website=hrlibrary.umn.edu|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kenya_(1895–1921).svg}} [[British East Africa]] || Slavery abolished.<ref name=afr>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283055675|title=SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN EASTERN AFRICA|website=ResearchGate}}</ref> |- |1905 || {{flag|French West Africa}} || [[Slavery in Mali#French control|Slavery formally abolished]]. Though up to one million slaves gain their freedom, slavery continues to exist in practice for decades afterward. |- |rowspan="2"|1906 || {{flag|Qing Dynasty|name=China}}|| Slavery abolished beginning on 31 January 1910. Adult slaves are converted into hired laborers and the minors freed upon reaching age 25.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Barotseland}} || Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48707/|title=The ends of slavery in Barotseland, Western Zambia (c.1800–1925)|first=Jack|last=Hogan|date=26 August 2014|publisher=University of Kent|type=phd|via=kar.kent.ac.uk}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|1908 || {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} || The [[Young Turk Revolution]] eradicates the open trade of Zanj and Circassian women from [[Constantinople]].<ref>Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press.</ref> |- | {{flag|Congo Free State}} ||[[Belgium]] annexes the [[Congo Free State]], ending the practice of slavery there. |- |1912 || {{flagicon|Thailand|1855}} [[Siam]] || Slavery abolished.<ref name="Baker"/> |- |1915 || {{flagicon|Malaysia|1895}} [[British Malaya]] || Slavery abolished.<ref name=dat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanabolitionists.com/international-abolition-and-anti-slavery-timeline.html|title=International Abolition and Anti-Slavery Timeline American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists|website=americanabolitionists.com}}</ref> |- |1917 ||{{Flag|British Raj}}|| Indian indenture system abolished.<ref>{{cite news|title=The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21727896-century-after-india-ended-system-indentured-labour-its-diaspora-building|access-date=2 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=2 September 2017}}</ref> |- |1918 ||{{Flag|United States}}|| Supreme Court rules in ''[[Arver v. United States]]'' that the 13th Amendment prohibition against involuntary servitude does not apply to conscription. The government can constitutionally force people to serve in the military against their will. |- |1919 || {{Flag|Tanganyika}} || Slavery abolished.<ref name = afr/> |- |1922 || {{flag|Morocco}} || [[Slavery in Morocco|Slave trade abolished]], slave holding remained legal.<ref name="Goodman, R. David 2012">Goodman, R. David. 2012. "Demystifying 'Islamic Slavery': Using Legal Practices to Reconstruct the End of Slavery in Fes, Morocco." History in Africa 39: 143–74.</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|1923 || {{flag|Afghanistan|1919}} || [[Slavery in Afghanistan|Slavery abolished]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afghangovernment.com/Constitution1923.htm |title=Afghan Constitution: 1923 |publisher=Afghangovernment.com |access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Florida}} || Convict lease abolished after the death of [[Martin Tabert]], who was whipped for being too ill to work.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{Flag|British Hong Kong|1876|name=Hong Kong}}|| Slavery of [[Mui tsai]] abolished. |- |rowspan="4"|1924 || {{flagicon|Kingdom of Iraq}} [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] || [[Slavery in Iraq|Slavery abolished]].<ref>Human Trafficking: Exploring the International Nature, Concerns, and Complexities. (2012). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p. 21</ref> |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg}} [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] || Slavery abolished<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm|title=Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|last=Department of State. The Office of Electronic Information|website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref> |- |{{flag|League of Nations}} || [[Temporary Slavery Commission]] appointed. |- |{{flag|Turkey}} || [[Slavery in Turkey|Slavery abolished]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnysBwAAQBAJ&q=slavery+turkey+1924&pg=PT1329 |title=Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World |date= 26 March 2015|isbn=9781317471790 |access-date=2019-05-17|last1=Rodriguez |first1=Junius P. |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |1926 || {{flag|Nepal|old}} || [[Slavery in Nepal|Slavery abolished]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/08/30/archives/slavery-in-nepal-is-finally-abolished-more-than-55000-are-freed.html|title=Slavery in Nepal Is Finally Abolished; More Than 55,000 Are Freed From Bondage|first=Special Cable to THE NEW YORK|last=TIMES|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 August 1926}}</ref> |- |{{flag|League of Nations}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention|Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery]]. |- | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Burma]] || Slavery abolished.<ref name=dat/> |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Law of Property Act 1925]]. |- |rowspan="2"|1927 || {{flag|Spain|1785}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />{{flagicon|Nejd}} [[Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz|Nejd]]<br />{{Flag|Kingdom of Hejaz|1920|name=Hejaz}}||[[Treaty of Jeddah (1927)]] abolishing the slave trade. |- |rowspan="2"|1928 ||{{Flagicon image|Flag of Sierra Leone 1916-1961.gif}} [[Sierra Leone]]|| Abolition of domestic slavery practised by local African elites.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Committee Office, House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmintdev/923/923m21.htm |title=House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |date=2006-03-06 |access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> Although established as a place for freed slaves, a study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} |- |{{flag|Alabama}} || Convict lease abolished, the last state in the Union to do so. |- |1929 ||{{Flag|Persia|1910}}|| [[Slavery in Iran|Slavery abolished]] and criminalized.<ref> {{cite court |litigants =Law for prohibition of slave trade and liberation of slaves at the point of entry |vol =1 |reporter = Iranian National Parliament |opinion =7 |pinpoint = Page 156 |date =1929 |url= http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/91872}} </ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1930 || rowspan="3" | {{flag|League of Nations}} || [[Forced Labour Convention]]. |- |Forced Labour (Indirect Compulsion) Recommendation |- |Forced Labour (Regulation) Recommendation |- |1932 || {{flag|League of Nations}} || [[Committee of Experts on Slavery]] appointed. |- |1934 || {{flag|League of Nations}} || [[Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery]] appointed. |- |1935 || {{flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] || The invading Italian General [[Emilio De Bono]] claims to have abolished slavery in the [[Ethiopian Empire]].<ref>Barker, A. J., ''The Rape of Ethiopia 1936'', p. 36</ref> |- |1936 |{{flag|League of Nations}} |Elimination of Recruiting Recommendation |- |rowspan=2|1936 || {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914).svg}} [[Northern Nigeria]] || Slavery abolished.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter8.shtml |title=The End of Slavery |publisher=BBC |access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]] || Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03057077608707953|title=Slaves or workers? Relations between Bushmen, Tswana, and Boers in the Kalahari|first=Margo|last=Russell|date=1 April 1976|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=178–197|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/03057077608707953|url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |1937 || {{flagicon image|Flag of Bahrain (1932–1972).svg}} [[Bahrain]] || [[Slavery in Bahrain|Slavery abolished]].<ref name=key>{{cite web |url=http://memorial.nantes.fr/en/key-dates-in-the-chronology-of-abolitions/ |title=Key dates in chronology of abolitions|access-date=3 May 2019 }}</ref> |- |1937 |{{flag|League of Nations}} |Public Works (International Co-operation) Recommendation |- |1941 || {{flag|United States|1912}} || [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs Circular 3591 abolishing all forms of [[convict leasing]]. |- |rowspan=2|1945 ||{{Flagicon image|Merchant Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg}} [[Occupied Germany]]|| Millions of [[forced labourers]] and slaves are freed after the fall of the [[Third Reich]]; see [[forced labour under German rule during World War II]]. |- | {{flag|Japanese Empire}} || Millions of [[forced labourers]] and [[Comfort women|sex slaves]] are freed after the defeat of the [[Japanese Empire]]; see [[comfort women]], ''[[rōmusha]]'', [[East Asia Development Board]]. |- |rowspan="2"|1946 ||{{Flagicon image|Merchant Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg}} [[Occupied Germany]]||[[Fritz Sauckel]], [[Nazi]] official responsible for procuring forced labor in occupied Europe during [[World War II]], is [[Nuremberg Trial|convicted]] of [[crimes against humanity]] and hanged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/05-28-46.asp#sauckel|title=The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany|website=avalon.law.yale.edu|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|French Sudan}} || Beginning of large slave defections encouraged by the [[French Fourth Republic]] and the [[Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally]] party. |- |1948 || {{flag|United Nations}} || Article 4 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] declares slavery contrary to human rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |date=10 December 1948 |access-date=13 December 2007 |publisher=United Nations|quote=Adopted and proclaimed by [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution|General Assembly resolution]] 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948 ... Article 4.&nbsp;No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. }} </ref> |- |1949 || {{flag|Kuwait|1940}}|| [[Slavery in Kuwait|Slavery abolished]].<ref name=key/> |} ==1950–1999== {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- |1950 || {{flag|United Nations}} || [[Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery]]. |- |1952 || {{flag|Qatar|1949}} || [[Slavery in Qatar|Slavery abolished]].<ref name="1962abolition">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Slavery in Islam|publisher=BBC|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hay |first=Rupert |url=https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/98464/n/7 |title=FO 371/98464: Abolition of slavery in Qatar; Saudi Arabia's request for return of runaway slaves; Sultan of Oman's protest over Buraimi slave trade; no formal abolition of slavery in Trucial States. Code EA file 2181 |year=1952 |location=Bahrain |pages=7 |chapter=(Draft) Ala'n on Slavery |quote=And whereas it is our intention to ensure an equitable social system of life to all our subjects, We, Ali bin Abdullah bin Jasim al Thani, Ruler of Qatar hereby proclaim that – 1. Slavery shall be abolished in all territories under our jurisdiction as from the 10th day of April, 1952 |author-link=Rupert Hay |access-date=27 May 2025 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107134735/https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/98464/n/7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |1953 || {{flag|Australia}}<br />{{flag|Canada|1921}}<br />{{flag|Liberia}}<br />{{flag|New Zealand}}<br />{{flag|South Africa|1928}}<br />{{flag|Switzerland}}<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}} || rowspan="3" | [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1954 || {{flag|Afghanistan|1930}}<br />{{flag|Austria}}<br />{{flag|Cuba}}<br />{{flag|Denmark}}<br />{{flag|Egypt|1922}}<br />{{flag|Finland}}<br />{{flag|India}}<br />{{flag|Italy}}<br />{{flag|Mexico}}<br />{{flag|Monaco}}<br />{{flag|Sweden}}<br />{{flag|Syria|1932}} |- |1955 || {{flag|Ecuador}}<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Greece]]<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Iraq}} [[Iraq]]<br />{{flag|Israel}}<br />{{flag|Netherlands}}<br />{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{flag|Philippines|1936}}<br />{{flag|Republic of China|name=Republic of China (Taiwan)}}<br />{{flag|Turkey}} |- |rowspan="2"|1956 || {{flag|United Nations}} || [[Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery]]. |- |{{flagicon|Byelorussian SSR}} [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]]<ref>The [[Byelorussian SSR]] and the [[USSR]] had separate representation at the [[UN]].</ref><br />{{flag|Soviet Union}}<br />{{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[United States]]<br />{{flag|South Vietnam}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |rowspan="2"|1957 || {{flag|United Nations}} || The [[Abolition of Forced Labour Convention]] eliminates some exceptions admitted in the 1930 Forced Labour Convention. |- |{{flag|Albania|1946}}<br />{{flag|Libya}}<br />{{flag|Burma|1948}}<br />{{flag|Norway}}<br />{{flag|Romania|1952}}<br />{{flag|Sudan|1956}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |rowspan="2"|1958 || {{flag|Bhutan}} || Slavery abolished.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36041907|title = Bhutan: Things you may not have known about the country|publisher = BBC News|date = 14 April 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hungary}}<br />{{flag|Ceylon|1951}} || rowspan="2" | [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1959 || {{flag|Jordan}}<br />{{flag|Morocco}}<br />{{flagicon|Ukrainian SSR}} [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukraine]]<ref>The [[Ukrainian SSR]] and the [[USSR]] had separate representation at the [[UN]].</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|1960 || {{flag|Niger}} || Slavery abolished.<ref name=NigerSlavery>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/27/humanrights1 |title=Niger slavery: Background |last1= Anti-Slavery International|date= 28 October 2008|website= [[The Guardian]]|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mali|1959}} || First president [[Modibo Keita]] makes the effective abolition of slavery a prominent goal of the government. However, his efforts are largely abandoned during the dictatorship of [[Moussa Traoré]] (1968–1991). |- |1961 || {{flag|Nigeria}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1961 || {{flag|Morocco}} || Slavery abolished under Moroccan Constitution, although domestic slave practices continued.<ref name="Goodman, R. David 2012"/> |- |rowspan="3"|1962 || {{flag|Saudi Arabia|1938}} || rowspan="2" | [[Slavery in Saudi Arabia|Slavery abolished]].<ref name="1962abolition"/> |- |{{flag|North Yemen}} |- |{{flag|Belgium}}<br />{{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br />{{flagcountry|Tanganyika (1961–1964)}} || rowspan="2" | [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1963 || {{flag|Algeria}}<br />{{flag|France}}<br />{{flag|Guinea}}<br />{{flag|Kuwait}}<br />{{flag|Nepal}} |- |rowspan="2"|1964 || {{flag|Trucial States}} ||Slavery abolished.{{Efn|Except [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], the rest of [[Slavery in the Trucial States|the Trucial States]] officially abolished slavery by a joint declaration in 1956. Abu Dhabi officially abolished it in 1963.<ref>{{cite book |last1=T. F. |first1=Brenchley |author1-link=Frank Brenchley |title=FO 371/179785: Slavery in the Persian Gulf |date=27 May 1965 |page=8 |url=https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/179785/n/8 |access-date=4 July 2022 |chapter=The Trucial States |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704065225/https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/179785/n/8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Jamaica}}<br />{{flag|Madagascar}}<br />{{flag|Niger}}<br />{{flag|Uganda}} || rowspan="3" | [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1965 || {{flag|Malawi}} |- |1966 || {{flag|Brazil|1960}}<br />{{flag|Malta}}<br />{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br />{{flag|Tunisia}} |- | rowspan="2" |1966 || rowspan="2" | {{flag|United Nations}} || [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]. |- |[[First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]. |- |1967 || {{flag|South Yemen}} || [[Slavery in Yemen|Slavery abolished]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1967+South+Yemen+slavery&pg=PA352 |title=Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem |isbn=9780759103405 |access-date=2019-05-17|last1=Miers |first1=Suzanne |year=2003 |publisher=Rowman Altamira }}</ref> |- |1968 || {{flag|Mongolia|1945}} || rowspan="2" | [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1969 || {{flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Empire of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]<br />{{flag|Mauritius}} |- |1970 || {{flag|Oman|1970}} || [[Slavery in Oman|Slavery abolished]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=oman+slavery+1970&pg=PA347|title=Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem|first=Suzanne|last=Miers|date=21 March 2018|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=9780759103405|access-date=21 March 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> |- |1972 || {{flag|Fiji}} || rowspan="4" | [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1973 || {{flag|West Germany}}<br />{{flag|Mali}}<br />{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />{{flag|Zambia}} |- |1974 || {{flag|Lesotho|1966}} |- |rowspan=2|1976 || {{flag|Bahamas}}<br />{{flag|Barbados}} |- | {{flag|Kentucky}} || Thirteenth Amendment ratified. |- |rowspan="2"|1981 || {{flag|Mauritania|1959}} || [[Slavery in Mauritania|Slavery abolished]],<ref>[http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR380032002?open&of=ENG-MRT Slavery in Mauritania] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323120431/http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR380032002?open&of=ENG-MRT |date=23 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Disposable People|isbn = 0520243846|last1 = Bales|first1 = Kevin|year = 2004| publisher=University of California Press |url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/disposablepeople0000bale}}</ref> though the ban was not enforced and many people continued to be held as slaves.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law | date=9 August 2007 | access-date=8 January 2011 | archive-date=6 January 2010 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20100106014658/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|1979}}<br />{{flag|Solomon Islands}} || rowspan="12" | [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1982 || {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} |- |1983 || {{flag|Bolivia}}<br />{{flag|Guatemala}} |- |1984 || {{flag|Cameroon}} |- |1985 || {{flag|Bangladesh}} |- |1986 || {{flag|Cyprus|1960}}<br />{{flag|Mauritania|1959}}<br />{{flag|Nicaragua}} |- |1987 || {{flag|North Yemen}} |- |1990 || {{flag|Bahrain|1972}}<br />{{flag|Saint Lucia}} |- |1992 || {{flag|Croatia}} |- |1993 || {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina|1992}} |- |1994 || {{flag|Dominica}} |- |rowspan=2|1995 || {{flag|Chile}} |- | {{Flag|Mississippi|2001}} || The [[Mississippi Legislature]] unanimously votes to ratify the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] after a clerk discovers it never had. It is the last eligible state in the union to do so. However, state officials fail to send the required documentation to the state register.<ref name="calendar.eji.org">{{Cite web|url=https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/mar/16|title=Mar. 16, 1995 &#124; Mississippi Ratifies Abolition of Slavery, 130 Years After its Adoption|website=calendar.eji.org}}</ref> |- |1996 || {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |1997 || {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />{{flag|Turkmenistan}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- | rowspan="2" |1998 || {{flag|Ghana}} || Forced [[ritual servitude]] of girls in [[Ewe people|Ewe]] shrines banned. |- |{{flag|United Nations}} |[[Rome Statute]] |} == 2000–zaŋ kana zuŋɔ == {| class=wikitable |- ! Date ! Jurisdiction ! Description |- |2001 || {{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]<br />{{flag|Uruguay}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |2003 || {{flag|Niger}} || Slavery criminalized.<ref name=NigerSlavery/> |- |rowspan="2"|2006 || {{flag|Montenegro}} || [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |{{flag|Mali}} || ''Temedt'', an organization against slavery and the discrimination of former slaves, is founded in [[Essakane]]. |- |rowspan="2"|2007 || {{flag|Mauritania|1959}} || Slavery criminalized.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html Slavery's last stronghold]. CNN.com (16 March 2012). Retrieved 20 March 2012.</ref> |- |{{flag|Paraguay}} || rowspan="2" | [[1926 Slavery Convention]] ratified. |- |2008 || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} |- |2009 || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || Section 71 of the [[Coroners and Justice Act 2009]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/71|title=Coroners and Justice Act 2009}}</ref> |- |2010 || {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} || Slavery criminalized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/algeria1014web.pdf|title=Human rights in Tindouf refugee camp}}</ref> |- |2013 || {{flag|Mississippi|2001}} || Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment legally recorded.<ref name="calendar.eji.org"/> |- | rowspan="2" |2014 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|United Nations}} |Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention |- |Forced Labour (Supplementary Measures) Recommendation |- |2015 || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || [[Modern Slavery Act 2015]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/30/contents/enacted?view=plain|title=Modern Slavery Act 2015}}</ref> |- |rowspan=2|2017 ||[[Navajo Nation]]|| Criminalization of [[human trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/politics/navajo-sign-law-criminalizing-human-trafficking/?mqsc=ED3903095|title=Navajo Sign Law Criminalizing Human Trafficking – Indian Country Media Network|website=indiancountrymedianetwork.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chad}} || Slavery criminalized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5b3e0b7aa.html|title=Refworld &#124; 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report – Chad|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld}}</ref> |- |2018 || {{flag|Colorado}} || Prison exception removed from Colorado's constitutional ban on slavery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/colorado-abolishes-prison-slavery-in-huge-win-for-prisoners-rights/ar-BBPsem4?ocid=spartanntp|title=Colorado Abolishes Prison Slavery in Huge Win for Prisoners Rights|work=Microsoft News|date=7 November 2018}}</ref> |- |2019 || {{flag|Iraq}} <br />{{Flag|Syria}}|| Defeat and ''[[debellatio]]'' of the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] leads to the freeing of thousands of slaves, including [[Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency|Yazidi and Christian sex slaves]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_life-under-islamic-state-child-slaves/6179266.html|title=Life Under Islamic State: Child Slaves|website=Voice of America|date=12 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/27/world/middleeast/isis-yazidi-women-rape-iraq-mosul-slavery.html|title=Freed From ISIS, Yazidi Women Return in 'Severe Shock'|first=Rukmini|last=Callimachi|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/middle-east/2019/06/five-years-slave-islamic-state|title=Five years a slave of Islamic State|website=newstatesman.com}}</ref> |- |2020 || {{flag|Utah|2020}} <br />{{flag|Nebraska}}|| Prison exception removed from both states' constitutional ban on slavery.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc4.com/news/election/utahns-vote-to-remove-slavery-as-a-punishment-for-a-crime-from-constitution/|title=Utahns vote to remove slavery as a punishment for a crime from constitution|date=3 November 2020|access-date=12 November 2020|first=Josh|last=Rose|publisher=ABC4|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302142458/https://www.abc4.com/news/election/utahns-vote-to-remove-slavery-as-a-punishment-for-a-crime-from-constitution/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.3newsnow.com/news/election-2020/nebraska-votes-to-remove-slavery-language-from-state-constitution|title=Nebraska votes to remove slavery language from state constitution|date=4 November 2020|access-date=12 November 2020|first=Ruta|last=Ulcinaite|publisher=News Now Omaha}}</ref> |- |2022 |{{flag|Alabama}}<br/>{{flag|Oregon}}<br/>{{flag|Tennessee}}<br/>{{flag|Vermont}} |Prison exception removed from the states' constitutional ban on slavery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-10 |title=Four states voted to abolish slavery, but not Louisiana. Here's why |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63578133 |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> |- |Present || Worldwide || Although slavery is now abolished ''[[de jure]]'' in all countries,<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Bales|title=New Slavery: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Cw6EsO59aYC&pg=PA4|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-815-6|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Shelley K. White|author2=Jonathan M. White|author3=Kathleen Odell Korgen|title=Sociologists in Action on Inequalities: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsruAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|date=27 May 2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-1147-0|page=43}}</ref> ''de facto'' [[contemporary slavery|practices akin to it]] continue today in many places throughout the world,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/30-million-people-still-live-slavery-human-rights-group-says-f8C11409499|title= 30 million people still live in slavery, human rights group says|last1= Smith|first1= Alexander|date= 17 October 2013|publisher= [[NBC News]]|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/apr/03/modern-day-slavery-explainer|title= Modern-day slavery: an explainer|last1= Kelly|first1= Annie|date= 3 April 2013|website= The Guardian|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml |title= Ethics – Slavery: Modern Slavery |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/opinion/qatars-showcase-of-shame.html|title= Qatar's Showcase of Shame|last1= Aziz|first1= Omer|last2= Hussain|first2= Murtaza|date= 5 January 2014|website= The New York Times|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> almost exclusively in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} |} ==See also== {{portal|History}} *[[Abolitionism]] *[[History of slavery]] *[[List of abolitionist forerunners]] (by Thomas Clarkson) *[[Reparations for slavery]] *[[Slave Trade Act]]s *[[Sexual slavery]] *[[Slavery at common law]] *[[Slavery in modern Africa]] *[[Slavery in the 21st century]] *[[Timeline of the civil rights movement]] ==Noosi== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Main|Bibliography of slavery in the United States}} * Campbell, Gwyn. ''The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia'' (Frank Cass, 2004) * Davis, David Brion. ''Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World'' (2008) excerpt * Drescher, Seymour. ''Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery'' (Cambridge University Press, 2009) * Drescher, Seymour. ''Pathways from slavery: British and colonial mobilizations in global perspective'' (Routledge, 2018). * Drescher, Seymour. "Civil Society and Paths to Abolition." ''Journal of Global Slavery'' 1.1 (2016): 44–71. * Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (2 vol 1998) * Finkelman, Paul, and [[Seymour Drescher]]. "The eternal problem of slavery in international law: Killing the vampire of human culture." ''[[Michigan State Law Review]]'' (2017): 755+ [https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1203&context=lr online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124101519/https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1203&context=lr |date=24 January 2021 }}. * Gordon, M. ''Slavery in the Arab World'' (1989) * Grindal, Peter. ''Opposing the Slavers; The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade'' (L.B. Tauris 2016) {{ISBN|978-1-78831-286-8}} * Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition'' (2 vol. 2007) 795pp; {{ISBN|978-0-313-33142-8}} * Lovejoy, Paul. ''Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa'' (Cambridge UP, 1983) * Mathews, Nathaniel. "The 'Fused Horizon' of Abolitionism and Islam: Historicism, the Quran and the Global History of Abolition." ''Journal of global slavery'' 4.2 (2019): 226–265. * Morgan, Kenneth. ''Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America'' (2008) * Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (1997) * Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World'' (2007) * Sinha, Manisha. "The Problem of Abolition in the Age of Capitalism The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823, by David Brion Davis." ''American Historical Review'' 124.1 (2019): 144–163. ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150303204014/http://royalnavalmuseum.org/visit_see_victory_cfexhibition_timepre1807.htm Timeline – What happened before 1807?] The Royal Naval Museum * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130531004750/http://royalnavalmuseum.org/visit_see_victory_cfexhibition_timepost1807.htm Timeline – What happened after 1807?] The Royal Naval Museum * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100519193417/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/slavery/DG_065902 Slavery and Abolition] [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] * [http://www.americanabolitionists.com/timeline.html American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists], comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including US and international anti-slavery timelines. {{DEFAULTSORT:Slavery, Abolition of timeline}} [[Category:Abolitionism]] [[Category:History of slavery]] [[Category:Society-related timelines|Abolition of slavery and serfdom]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya Zaa]] mvmo5arzz7f8t6x6lcna27hksq98ysz Augustine of Hippo 0 32123 146170 145979 2026-08-10T22:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Augustine of Hippo''' (<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Augustine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120650/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Augustine |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2022 |title=Augustine |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli November bɛɣu pinaata dali, yuuni 354 – ka o kani silimiingoli August bɛɣu pishi ni anahi dali, yuuni 430){{sfn|Wells|2000|p=54}} o nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ theologian mini philosopher din jendi [[Berbers|Berber]] pilli, n ti lahi pahi ni [[bishop of Hippo Regius]] in [[Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], [[Roman North Africa]]. O sabbu nim nyɛla din kpaŋsiri [[Western philosophy]] n ti pahi [[Western Christianity]], ka lahi nyɛ bɛ ni lihi so ka o nyɛ [[Latin Church Fathers|Church Fathers of the Latin Church]] din be [[Patristic Period]] ni la ninvuɣi gahinda la ni yino. O tuun gahinda shɛŋa n nyɛ ''[[The City of God]]'', ''[[De Doctrina Christiana|On Christian Doctrine]]'', n ti pahi ''[[Confessions (Augustine)|Confessions]]''. Maan lihimi ŋɔ nim yaha * ''[[Cogito, ergo sum]]'' * [[Rule of Saint Augustine]] * ''[[Augustinus-Lexikon]]'' == Kundivihira == === Notes === {{Notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Cited sources === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite CE1913| last=A'Becket| first=John| wstitle=Adeodatus| volume=1}} * {{Cite book|author=Ambrose|author-link=Ambrose|editor=James Herbert Strawley|title=St. Ambrose. on the Mysteries and the Treatise, on the Sacraments, by an Unknown Author – Scholar's Choice Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/StAmbroseOnTheMysteries/page/n39/mode/2up|year=1919|publisher=[[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]]|translator=Tom Thompson}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/divine-c/#H2 | title=Divine Command Theory | encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=2006 | access-date=15 August 2012 | last=Austin | first=Michael W. }} * {{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Wm B Eerdmans | isbn = 978-0-8028-3843-8 | editor-first = Allan D | editor-last = Fitzgerald | last = Bauerschmidt | first = John C | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GcVhAGpvTQ0C&pg=PA1 | title = Abortion | encyclopedia = Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia | year = 1999 }} * {{Cite book|last=BeDuhn|first=Jason|series=Augustine's Manichaean Dilemma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEmZaq1Gg3wC&pg=PA163|title=Conversion and Apostasy, 373–388 C.E.|year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4210-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Blomberg|first=Craig L.|title=From Pentecost to Patmos: An Introduction to Acts Through Revelation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwGyU5DSwxYC|year=2006|publisher=B&H|isbn=978-0-8054-3248-0}} * {{Cite book |title=St. Augustine of Hippo. Life and Controversies |url=https://archive.org/details/staugustineofhip0000bonn_a6w4 |last=Bonner |first=G | publisher = The Canterbury Press | location=Norwich |year=1986 | isbn = 978-0-86078-203-2}} * {{Cite book |last= Bonner |first= Gerald |chapter= Rufinus of Syria and African Pelagianism |title= God's Decree and Man's Destiny |url= https://archive.org/details/godsdecreemansde0000bonn |location= London |year= 1987 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/godsdecreemansde0000bonn/page/31 31]–47 |isbn= 978-0-86078-203-2 |publisher= Variorum Reprints}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brachtendorf |first=J. |year=1997 |title=Cicero and Augustine on the Passions |journal=REAug |number=2 |hdl=2042/23075 |url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/23075 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223054618/http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/23075 |archive-date=23 February 2012 }} * {{Cite journal|last1=Burke|first1=Cormac|title=A Postscript to the "Remedium Concupiscentiae"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_thomist-a-speculative-quarterly-review_2006-10_70_4/page/481|journal=The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review|volume=70|issue=4|year=2006|pages=481–536|issn=2473-3725|doi=10.1353/tho.2006.0000|s2cid=171345213}} * {{Cite book|last1=Brett|first1=Michael|last2=Fentress|first2=Elizabeth W.B.|title=The Berbers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exgzxgEACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-16852-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Brown| first=Peter| title=Augustine of Hippo: A Biography| url=https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo00brow_0| url-access=registration| year=2000| publisher=University of California Press| location=Berkeley| isbn=978-0-520-22757-6}} * {{Cite journal| last = Burrus| first=Virginia| year=2011| title='Fleeing the Uxorious Kingdom': Augustine's Queer Theology of Marriage | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-early-christian-studies_spring-2011_19_1/page/1| journal =Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=19| issue=1| pages = 1–20| doi=10.1353/earl.2011.0002| s2cid=144407492}} * {{Cite book|last=Carroll|first=James|author-link=James Carroll (author)|title=Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FewzTELynqUC|year=2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-618-21908-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Augustine: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuxXNesm9dYC&pg=PT26|year=2001|publisher=University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-160663-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Augustine of Hippo: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grTukN3p7bYC|year=2010|publisher=University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-161533-7}} * {{Cite journal| last=Chiba|first= Shin| title= Hannah Arendt on Love and the Political: Love, Friendship, and Citizenship| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-politics_summer-1995_57_3/page/505| journal=The Review of Politics| volume= 57| issue= 3 | year=1995| pages= 505–535 | jstor=1408599| doi=10.1017/S0034670500019720|s2cid= 146790136}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Elizabeth A.|title='Adam's Only Companion': Augustine and the Early Christian Debate on Marriage|journal=Recherches Augustiniennes et Patristiques|volume=21|year=1986|pages=139–162|issn=0484-0887|doi=10.1484/J.RA.5.102318|doi-access=free}} * {{Cite book|editor-first=Elizabeth|editor-last=Clark|title=St. Augustine on Marriage and Sexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FttsYc-EaPYC|year=1996|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=978-0-8132-0867-1}} * {{Cite journal |last= Clarke|first= T.E. |title=St. Augustine and Cosmic Redemption |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_theological-studies_1958-06_19_2/page/151|journal= Theological Studies |volume=19 |year= 1958 |issue= 2 |page= 151|doi= 10.1177/004056395801900201 |s2cid= 170987704 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Cross|first1=Frank Leslie|last2=Livingstone|first2=Elizabeth A.|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ|year=2005|publisher=University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-280290-3}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Dale|first1=Sharon|title=A house divided: San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia and the politics of Pope John XXII|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-history_2001-03_27_1/page/55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|volume=27|issue=1|year=2001|pages=55–77|issn=0304-4181|doi=10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00016-6|s2cid=153446043}} * {{Cite book|last=De Paulo|first=Craig J. N.|title=The Influence of Augustine on Heidegger: The Emergence of an Augustinian Phenomenology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bg1-AAAAMAAJ|year=2006|location=[[Lewiston, New York]]|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=978-0-7734-5689-1}} * {{Cite book|editor-last1=Demacopoulos|editor-first1=George E.|editor-last2=Papanikolaou|editor-first2=Aristotle|title=Orthodox Readings of Augustine|year=2008|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimirs Seminary Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGxG8wTFymEC|isbn=978-0-88141-327-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Dihle|first=Albrecht|title=The Theory of Will in Classical Antiquity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OoFVMjknjcC|year=1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04059-5}} * {{Cite book|editor-first=Wendy|editor-last=Doniger|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|chapter=Manichaeanism}} * {{Cite book|last=Durant|first=Will|title=Caesar and Christ: A History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from Their Beginnings to A.D. 325|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boYHAAAACAAJ|year=1992|publisher=MJF Books|isbn=978-1-56731-014-6|author-link=Will Durant}} * {{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=John|title=The Spanish Inquisition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNdAAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Tempus|isbn=978-0-7524-1770-7}} * {{Cite web |title=Augustinian Values |first=Alberto |last=Esmeralda |url=http://www.merrimack.edu/uploads/Dean_of_the_College/files/esmeralda.pdf |access-date=23 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901144844/http://www.merrimack.edu/uploads/Dean_of_the_College/files/esmeralda.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2006 |date=n.d. }} * {{Cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Everett|title=Christianity in Relation to Jews, Greeks, and Romans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB7NgObOBE0C|year=1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-3069-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Flinn|first=Frank K.|title=Encyclopedia of Catholicism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxEONS0FFlsC&pg=PA4|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7565-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Franklin-Brown|first=Mary|title=Reading the World: Encyclopedic Writing in the Scholastic Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oG8ttUuJrgUC|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-26070-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Gerson|first=Lloyd P.|title=Plotinus : Arguments of the philosophers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=359nRoAU4iEC|year=1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-20352-4}} * {{Cite book|last=González|first=Justo L.|series=A History of Christian Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VMeQcNyDjYC|title=From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation|year=1987|publisher=Abingdon Press|isbn=978-0-687-17183-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Gonzalez|first=Justo L.|series=The Story of Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian01gonz|title=Volume 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation|year=2010|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-185588-7}} * {{Cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/06/19/how-st-augustine-invented-sex |title=How St. Augustine Invented Sex |first=Stephen |last=Greenblatt |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=19 June 2017 }} * {{Cite book| last=Hägglund| first=Bengt| title=Teologins historia| language=de|trans-title=History of Theology| translator= Gene J. Lund| edition= 4th revised| year=2007| publisher=Concordia Publishing House| location=St. Louis, Missouri| orig-year=1968| author-link=Bengt Hägglund| isbn=978-0-7586-1348-6}} * {{Cite journal |jstor = 43705747|title = St Augustine on the Trinity – I|journal = Life of the Spirit |volume = 15|issue = 180|pages = 540–548|last1 = Hill|first1 = Edmund|year = 1961| doi=10.1017/S0269359300011873 }} * {{Cite book|last=Hollingworth|first=Miles|title=Saint Augustine of Hippo: An Intellectual Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q3W7jYz7ZsC&pg=PA51|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-986159-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Howie|first=George|title=Educational theory and practice in St. Augustine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yo8AAAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London}} * {{Cite web |title=Solution to many a problem: Take a walk |last=Huffington |first=Arianna |work=baltimoresun.com |date=3 September 2013 |access-date=11 March 2020 |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/bs-xpm-2013-09-03-bal-solution-to-many-a-problem-take-a-walk-20130830-story.html }} * {{Cite book|last=Husserl|first=Edmund|title=The Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLKYDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-04199-9}} * {{Cite book|last=James|first=Frank A.|title=Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsXM9vKcSg0C&pg=PR12|year=1998|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-826969-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|title=Comprehensive History of Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n77z4tabLXcC&pg=PA51|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0073-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Jenson|first=Matt|title=The Gravity of Sin: Augustine, Luther and Barth on 'homo Incurvatus in Se'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwsRAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-567-03137-2}} * {{Cite book|first=Barry|last=Jones|title=Dictionary of World Biography|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIopDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|date=2017|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=978-1-76046-126-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Jurgens|first=William|title=The Faith of the Early Fathers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkvLsueY_DwC&pg=PA20|volume=3|year=1970|publisher=Liturgical Press|location=Collegeville, MN|isbn=978-0-8146-1021-3}} * {{Cite journal| last1=King| first1=Peter| first2=Nathan| last2=Ballantyne| title=Augustine on Testimony| journal=[[Canadian Journal of Philosophy]]| year=2009| volume=39| issue=2| doi=10.1353/cjp.0.0045| url=http://www.canadianjournalofphilosophy.com/PDFs/cjp39-2--195-214--Ballantyne-King.pdf| page=195| s2cid=660491| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911164130/http://www.canadianjournalofphilosophy.com/PDFs/cjp39-2--195-214--Ballantyne-King.pdf| archive-date=11 September 2011}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kishlansky|first1=Mark A.|last2=Geary|first2=Patrick J.|last3=O'Brien|first3=Patricia|series=Civilization in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xKUDDmbp18C|title=To 1715|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-321-23621-0|ol=27691066M}} * {{Cite book|last1=Knowles|first1=Andrew|last2=Penkett|first2=Pachomios|title=Augustine and His World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzuZPwAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-2356-7}} * {{Cite web <!-- or other cite template --> |title=Morality and Capitalism: Learning from the Past |last=Lal |first=Deepak |work=No 812, UCLA Economics Working Papers from UCLA Department of Economics |date=1 March 2002 |access-date=21 March 2020 |url= https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cla:uclawp:812 }} * {{Cite book|last=Lancel|first=Serge|title=Saint Augustine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8gMywEACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=SCM Press|isbn=978-0-334-02866-6}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fromgenerationto0000leit|url-access=registration|title=From Generation to Generation: The Renewal of the Church According to Its Own Theology and Practice|last=Leith|first=John H.|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-664-25122-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Levering |first=Matthew |title=Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-960452-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLBS6Dl1OYgC }} * {{Cite book|last=Luker|first=Kristin|title=Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SZnZTSQV9EC&pg=PA12|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90792-8}} * {{Cite book|last1=Lysaught|first1=M. Therese|last2=Kotva|first2=Joseph|last3=Lammers|first3=Stephen E.|first4=Allen|last4=Verhey|title=On Moral Medicine: Theological Perspectives on Medical Ethics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4__yBKLGRngC|year=2012|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-6601-1}} * {{Cite book|author-link=Diarmaid MacCulloch|first=Diarmaid M|last=MacCulloch|title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1eTZKpJVS4C&pg=PT319|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-102189-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Magill|first=Frank N.|title=The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NVFUi7G6TEC&pg=PA172|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45740-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Mann|first=WE|editor=Gareth B. Matthews|title=The Augustinian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouXatAEACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20999-2|chapter=Inner-Life Ethics}} * {{Cite book|last=Matthews|first=Gareth B.|title=Thought's Ego in Augustine and Descartes|url=https://archive.org/details/thoughtsegoinaug00matt|year=1992|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-2775-4}} * {{Cite web|last=McCloskey|first=Gary N.|date=April 2008|url=http://www.merrimack.edu/academics/augustinian_pedagogy/documents/encountering_0408.pdf|title=Encounters of Learning: Saint Augustine on Education|publisher=Saint Augustine Institute for Learning and Teaching, [[Merrimack College]]|access-date=1 January 2013|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119161450/https://www.merrimack.edu/academics/augustinian_pedagogy/documents/encountering_0408.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=McIntire|first= C.T. |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Lindsay |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion |volume=5 |date=2005 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |location=Farmington Hills, MI |edition=2nd |article=Free Will and Predestination: Christian Concepts}} * {{Cite book|last1=Meister|first1=Chad V.|last2=Copan|first2=Paul|title=The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KrAa6e_VN4C|edition=2nd|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-78294-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Munteanu |first=E. |date=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtCAAAAQBAJ |chapter=On the Object-Language / Metalanguage Distinction in Saint Augustine's Works. De Dialectica and de Magistro |editor1-last=Cram |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=Linn |editor2-first=A.R. |editor3-last=Nowak |editor3-first=E. |series=History of Linguistics |title=Volume 2: From Classical to Contemporary Linguistics |publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company|John Benjamins]] |isbn=978-9027283818 }} * {{Cite book| last1=Nguyen| first1=vanThanh| last2=Prior| first2=John M.| title=God's People on the Move: Biblical and Global Perspectives on Migration and Mission| date=2014| publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdF2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66| quote=Paul Orosius was a fifth century CE historian and theologian and a student of St. Augustine of Hippo| isbn=978-1-63087-751-4}} * {{Cite book|last=O'Donnell|first=James Joseph|title=Augustine: A New Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQqB_hiupPgC|year=2005|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-053537-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Oakes|first=Jonathan|title=Algeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyg7ViBs4JAC&pg=PA183|year=2008|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-232-3}} * {{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Jae-Eun |title=Lacking love or conveying love?: The fundamental roots of the Donatists and Augustine's nuanced treatment of them |journal=The Reformed Theological Review |volume=72 |issue=2 |date=August 2013 |pages=103–121 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=646939318099580;res=IELHSS |access-date=22 April 2020 }} * {{Cite CE1913|wstitle= Pope Boniface VIII| first=Thomas |last=Oestreich|volume=2}} * {{Cite CE1913| last= Pope | first = Hugh | wstitle = St. Monica| volume=10}} * {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Life of St. Augustine of Hippo|volume=2|last=Portalié|first=Eugène|year=1907a}} * {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Teaching of St. Augustine of Hippo|volume=2|last=Portalié|first=Eugène|year=1907b}} * {{Cite book|author=Possidius|author-link=Possidius|title=The Life of Saint Augustine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFt_6GNlsjkC|year=2008|publisher=Arx|isbn=978-1-889758-90-9|translator=Herbert T. Weiskotten}} * {{Cite book|last=Power|first=Kim|date=1999|chapter=Family, Relatives|title=Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia|editor=Allan D. Fitzgerald|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]]|isbn=978-0-8028-3843-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcVhAGpvTQ0C}} * {{Cite book|author=Quintilian|title=Institutio Oratoria|location=London|publisher=W. Heinemann|date=1939|url=https://archive.org/details/institutioorato01butlgoog/page/n84/mode/2up|translator=H.E. Butler}} * {{Cite book|last=Ranke-Heinemann|first=Uta|title=Eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven: women, sexuality and the Catholic Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svclAQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-26527-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Riggs |first=John |year=2015 |title=The Lord's Supper in the Reformed Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/lordssupperinref0000rigg |location=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox |isbn=978-0-664-26019-4 }} * {{Cite book|author-link=Bertrand Russell|last=Russell|first= Bertrand|year=1945|title=A History of Western Philosophy|publisher = Simon & Schuster|title-link = A History of Western Philosophy}} * {{Cite CE1913|last=Ryan|first= M.J|wstitle= Character (in Catholic Theology)|volume=3}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Salway|first1=Benet|title=What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700|journal=Journal of Roman Studies|volume=84|year=1994|pages=124–145|issn=0075-4358|doi=10.2307/300873| jstor= 300873|s2cid=162435434 }} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Schaff |editor-first=Philip |date=1887 |series=A Select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church |title=Volume II: St Augustine's ''City of God'' and ''Christian Doctrine'' |url=https://archive.org/details/selectlibraryofn02auguuoft/page/n7/mode/2up/search/concerning+plato |publisher=The Christian Literature Company |location=Buffalo }} * {{Cite book |title=Enkrateia e Antropologia. Le motivazioni protologiche della continenza e della verginità nel christianesimo del primi secoli e nello gnosticismo |last=Sfameni Gasparro |first=G. |year=2001 |series= Studia Ephemeridis «Augustinianum» 20| location=Rome }} * {{Cite book|last1=Schnaubelt|first1=Joseph C.|last2=Van Fleteren|first2=Frederick|title=Augustine in Iconography: History and Legend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhTqAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-2291-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Siecienski|first=A. Edward|title=The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auT8VbgOe48C|date=2010|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-537204-5}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7vpR97_-VIC&pg=PA98|title=A History of the Oratorio|last=Smither|first=Howard E.|date=1977|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-1274-7}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Somers|first1=H.|title=S.J. : Image de Dieu. Les sources de l'exégèse augustinienne|journal=Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques|volume=7|issue=2|year=1961|pages=105–125|issn=1768-9260|doi=10.1484/J.REA.5.104017}} * {{Cite book |title=The Making of the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmiddleag00sout |url-access=registration |last=Southern |first=R.W. |year=1953 |publisher=New Haven, Yale University Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-300-00967-5 }} * {{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Harold Samuel|title=St. Augustine's Bones: A Microhistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr_YAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=978-1-55849-387-2}} * {{Cite book |last1=Stroumsa |first1=Gediliahu |chapter=Titus of Bostra and Alexander of Lycopolis: A Christian and a Platonic Refutation of Manichaean Dualism |date=1992 |editor1=Richard T. Wallis |editor2=Jay Bregman |title=Neoplatonism and Gnosticism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gibdkdPp0IC |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2313-5 }} * {{Cite book|last=TeSelle|first=Eugene|title=Augustine the Theologian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sRKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343|year=2002|publisher=Wipf and Stock|isbn=978-1-57910-918-9}} * {{Cite book | title= Saint Augustin et Cicéron, I. Cicéron dans la formation et l'oeuvre de saint Augustin | last = Testard| first= M |year= 1958| publisher= Études Augustiniennes | location= Paris | language = fr}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |publisher=Wm B Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-3843-8 |editor-first=Allan D. |editor-last=Fitzgerald |last=Teske |first=Roland J. |title=Genesi ad litteram liber imperfectus, De |encyclopedia=Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia |year=1999}} * {{Cite journal| last=Tinder|first= Glenn| journal=[[American Political Science Review]]| volume= 91| issue= 2| year=1997| title=Review of Augustine and the Limits of Politics, by Jean Bethke Elshtain| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_1997-06_91_2/page/432| pages= 432–433| doi=10.2307/2952372|jstor=2952372|s2cid= 151790345}} * {{Cite book|last=Trapè|first=Agostino|title=S. Agostino, introduzione alla dottrina della grazia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bqc2fEu2IxAC|volume=1|year=1987|publisher=Città Nuova|isbn=978-88-311-3402-6|trans-title=St. Augustine, introduction to the doctrine of grace|language=it}} * {{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1864878,00.html|first=David|last=Van Biema|title=Paula Fredriksen Was Saint Augustine Good for the Jews?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]|date=7 December 2008|access-date=28 May 2025|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204003746/https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1864878,00.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book| title = Augustine the Bishop. The Life and Work of the Father of the Church| url = https://archive.org/details/augustinebishopl0000meer/page/60| url-access = registration| last = Van Der Meer| first = F| year = 1961| location = London & New York}} * {{Cite journal |last1=van Oort |first1=Johannes |title=Manichaean Christians in Augustine's Life and Work |journal=History and Religious Culture |date=2010 |volume=90 }} * {{Cite book |last=Wells |first=J. |author-link=John C. Wells |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=[[Longman]] |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-582-36467-7 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia00jcwe/page/54/mode/2up/ }} * {{Cite book |last1=Widengren |first1=Geo |title=Der Manichäismus |date=1977 |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |location=Darmstadt }} * {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Heroic virtue|last=Wilhelm|first=Joseph|volume=7}} * {{Cite book |last=Wilken |first=Robert L. |title=The Spirit of Early Christian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/spiritofearlychr0000wilk_i4u6 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-300-10598-8 }} * {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Kenneth M.|title=Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxhdDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|location=Tübingen|isbn=978-3-16-155753-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Ken|title=The Foundation of Augustinian-Calvinism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0VMyAEACAAJ|year=2019|publisher=Independently Published|isbn=978-1-08-280035-1}} * {{Cite journal |last= Woo |first= B. Hoon |journal= Political Theology |volume= 16 |issue= 5 |year= 2015 |title= Pilgrim's Progress in Society{{snd}}Augustine's Political Thought in ''The City of God'' |pages= 421–441 |url= https://www.academia.edu/16870779 |doi= 10.1179/1462317X14Z.000000000113 |s2cid= 218691369 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Frederick Adam|last2=Sinclair|first2=Thomas Alan|title=A History of Later Latin Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxUxwEACAAJ|year=1931|publisher=Routledge}} {{refend}} === Further reading === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |title=Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation |year=1978 |publisher=Newman Press |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Augustine |first=Saint |title=The Essential Augustine |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialaugusti0000augu |year=1974 |publisher=Hackett |location=Indianapolis |edition=2nd |editor=Vernon Joseph Bourke}} * {{Cite book |title=Augustine and the Trinity |author-link=Lewis Ayres |author=Ayres, Lewis |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-83886-3}} * {{cite book |last=Beierwaltes |first=Werner |author-link=Werner Beierwaltes |date=1980 |editor-last= |editor-first= |title=Regio Beatitudinis: Augustine's Concept of Happiness |publisher=[[Villanova University|Villanova University Institute for the Study of Augustine and Augustinian Tradition]] |url=https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/provost/institutes/augustinianinstitute/lectures/staugustine/_jcr_content/widgetiparsys/download_8/file.res/as_1980.pdf |orig-date= |chapter= |access-date=2025-05-28 |archive-date=2024-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113080546/https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/provost/institutes/augustinianinstitute/lectures/staugustine/_jcr_content/widgetiparsys/download_8/file.res/as_1980.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Bourke |first=Vernon Joseph |title=Augustine's Quest of Wisdom |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-CDS-996 |year=1945 |publisher=Bruce |location=Milwaukee}} * {{Cite book |last=Bourke |first=Vernon Joseph |title=Wisdom From St. Augustine |year=1984 |publisher=Center for Thomistic Studies |location=Houston}} * {{Cite journal |author=Brachtendorf J |issue=1997 |title=Cicero and Augustine on the Passions |journal=Revue des Études Augustiniennes |volume=43 |pages=289–308 |hdl=2042/23075 |doi=10.1484/J.REA.5.104767 |year=1997}} * {{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Cormac |author-link=Cormac Burke (priest) |title=St. Augustine and Conjugal Sexuality |journal=[[Communio]] |year=1990 |volume=IV |issue=17 |url=http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 |pages=545–565 }} * {{Cite book |last=Burnaby |first=John |title=Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St. Augustine |url=https://archive.org/details/amordeistudyofre0003burn |year=1938 |publisher=The Canterbury Press Norwich |isbn=978-1-85311-022-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Conybeare |first=Catherine |author-link=Catherine Conybeare |title=The Irrational Augustine |url=https://archive.org/details/irrationalaugust0000cony |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926208-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Mary T. |author-link=Mary T. Clark |title=Augustine |year=1994 |publisher=Geoffrey Chapman |isbn=978-0-225-66681-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Deane |first=Herbert A. |title=The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalsociali0000dean |year=1963 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |author-link=Herbert A. Deane}} * {{Cite book |last=de Paulo |first=Craig J.N. |title=Augustinian Just War Theory and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: Confessions, Contentions and the Lust for Power |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinianjustw0000unse |year=2011 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4331-1232-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Dodaro |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Dodaro |title=Christ and the Just Society in the Thought of Augustine |year=2004 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/religion/theology/christ-and-just-society-thought-augustine |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521069649 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Doull |first=James A. |author-link=James Doull |title=Augustinian Trinitarianism and Existential Theology |journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] |year=1979 |volume=III |pages=111–159}} * {{Cite journal |last=Doull |first=James A. |author-link=James Doull |title=What is Augustinian 'Sapientia' of? |journal=Dionysius |year=1988 |volume=XII |pages=61–67}} * {{cite book |last=Fairweather |first=E.R. |author-link=E.R. Fairweather |date=1954 |editor-last= |editor-first= |title=Augustinus Magister: Congrès International Augustinien, 1954 |publisher=Études Augustiniennes |orig-date= |pages=897–903 |chapter=St. Augustine's Interpretation of Infant Baptism |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/augustinusmagist0002cong/page/n3/mode/2up |asin=B000R97CFU |name-list-style=amp }} * {{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Robin Lane |author-link=Robin Lane Fox |title=Augustine: Conversions to Confessions |url=https://archive.org/details/augustineconvers0000lane |year=2015 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Gilson |first=Etienne |author-link=Étienne Gilson |title=The Christian Philosophy of St. Augustine |url=https://archive.org/details/christianphiloso00gilsrich |url-access=registration |year=1960 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |others=L.E.M. Lynch, trans }} * Green, Bradley G. [http://www.jamesclarke.co/product_info.php/products_id/1675?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6 ''Colin Gunton and the Failure of Augustine: The Theology of Colin Gunton in the Light of Augustine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518162919/https://www.jamesclarke.co/product_info.php/products_id/1675?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6 |date=18 May 2019 }}, James Clarke and Co. (2012), {{ISBN|978-0227680056}} * {{Cite book |title=Augustine and Tradition: Influences, Contexts, Legacy |year=2021 |publisher=Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, MI |editor-last=Hunter |editor-first=David G. |editor2-last=Yates |editor2-first=Jonathan P. |isbn=978-0-8028-7699-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kolbet |first=Paul R. |title=Augustine and the Cure of Souls: Revising a Classical Ideal |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |location=Notre Dame, Indiana |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-268-03321-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Lawless |first=George P. |title=Augustine of Hippo and His Monastic Rule |url=https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo0000lawl |year=1987 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |editor1-last=LeMoine |editor1-first=Fannie |editor2-first=Christopher |editor2-last=Kleinhenz |series=Garland Medieval Casebooks |volume=9 |title=Saint Augustine the Bishop: A Book of Essays |location=New York |publisher=Garland |year=1994}} * {{Cite book |last=Lubin |first=Augustino |title=Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum ordinis eremitarum Sancti Augustini – chorographica et topographica descriptio |location=Paris |year=1659 |url=http://www.cassiciaco.it/ita/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321185503/http://www.cassiciaco.it/ita/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm |archive-date=21 March 2005 }} * {{Cite book |last=Mackey |first=Louis |author-link=Louis H. Mackey |title=Faith Order Understanding: Natural Theology in the Augustinian Tradition |publisher=PIMS |location=Totonto |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-88844-421-9}} * {{Cite book |title=Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinecollect00mark |url-access=registration |year=1972 |publisher=Anchor |location=Garden City, NY |editor=Markus, R.A. }} * {{Cite book |title=Augustine |url=https://archive.org/details/augustine0000matt |author=Matthews, Gareth B. |publisher=Blackwell |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-631-23348-0}} * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Mayer |editor1-first=Cornelius P. |title=Augustinus-Lexikon |title-link=Augustinus-Lexikon |publisher=Schwabe AG |location=[[Basel]]}} * Miles, Margaret R. (2012). ''[http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php/products_id/1674?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6 Augustine and the Fundamentalist's Daughter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516211705/https://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php/products_id/1674?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6 |date=16 May 2019 }}'', [[Lutterworth Press]], {{ISBN|978-0718892623}}. * {{Cite book |last=Nash |first=Ronald H |title=The Light of the Mind: St Augustine's Theory of Knowledge |url=https://archive.org/details/lightofmind0000nash |year=1969 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Wiener |editor-first=Philip |title=Dictionary of the History of Ideas |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-684-13293-8 |volume=3 |chapter=Platonism in the Renaissance |chapter-url=http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist3.xml;chunk.id=dv3-64 |last=Nelson |first=John Charles |pages=510–515 (vol. 3) |quote=(...) Saint Augustine asserted that Neo-Platonism possessed all spiritual truths except that of the Incarnation. (...) |access-date=2025-05-28 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824201435/http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist%2FuvaBook%2Ftei%2FDicHist3.xml%3Bchunk.id%3Ddv3-64 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=O'Daly |first=Gerard |title=Augustine's Philosophy of the Mind |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesphilos0000odal |year=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley}} * {{Cite book |last=O'Donnell |first=James |author-link=James J. O'Donnell |title=Augustine: A New Biography |publisher=ECCO |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-06-053537-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/augustine00jame_qqt |ref=none }} * {{Cite book |last=Pagels |first=Elaine |author-link=Elaine Pagels |title=Adam, Eve, and the Serpent: Sex and Politics in Early Christianity |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-679-72232-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/adameveserpent00elai }} * {{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Jae-Eun |url=https://www.academia.edu/4811679 |title=Lacking Love or Conveying Love? The Fundamental Roots of the Donatists and Augustine's Nuanced Treatment of Them |journal=The Reformed Theological Review |volume=72 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=103–121 }}. * {{Cite book |author=Plumer, Eric Antone |title=Augustine's Commentary on Galatians |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-924439-3}} * {{Cite book |title=Saint Augustine the Algerian |author=Pollman, Karla |publisher=Edition Ruprecht |location=Göttingen |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-89744-209-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Pottier |first=René |title=Saint Augustin le Berbère |publisher=Fernand Lanore |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-85157-282-0 |language=fr}} * ''Règle de St. Augustin pour les religieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congrégation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarné et du Saint-Sacrament'' (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp.&nbsp;28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire,1962), pp.&nbsp;22–24. English edition, (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp.&nbsp;33–35. * {{Cite book |last=Starnes |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Starnes |title=Augustine's Conversion: A Guide to the Arguments of Confessions I–IX |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesconver0000star |year=1990 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |location=Waterloo, Ontario}} * {{Cite book |last=Tanquerey |first=Adolphe |title=The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on Ascetical and Mystical Theology |publisher=Tan Books & Publishers |location=Rockford, Illinois |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-89555-659-2 |page=37 |title-link=Ascetical theology}} * {{Cite book |chapter=S. Agostino: Introduzione alla Dottrina della Grazia |last=Trapè |first=A. |location=Rome |publisher=Città Nuova |year=1990 |series=Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 |title=I – Natura e Grazia |page=422 |isbn=978-88-311-3402-6}} * {{Cite book |last=von Heyking |first=John |title=Augustine and Politics as Longing in the World |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinepolitic0000heyk |publisher=University of Missouri Press |location=Columbia |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8262-1349-5}} * {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Gerard |author-link1=Gerard Watson |collaboration= |year=1982 |orig-date= |orig-year= |title=St. Augustine's Theory of Language |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20556950 |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |department= |journal=[[Maynooth University|The Maynooth Review / Revieú Mhá Nuad]] |script-journal= |trans-journal= |type= |series= |language= |volume=6 |issue=2 |name-list-style= |edition= |publication-place=[[Maynooth]] |publisher=[[Maynooth University|Faculty of Arts, Celtic Studies & Philosophy NUIM]] |minutes= |time-caption= |time= |pages=4–20 |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |ismn= |issn=0332-4869 |jfm= |jstor=20556950 |jstor-access= |access-date=3 March 2025 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Gerard |author-link1=Gerard Watson |collaboration= |year=1985 |orig-date= |orig-year= |title="I Doubt, Therefore I Am": St. Augustine and Scepticism |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20556991 |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |department= |journal=[[Maynooth University|The Maynooth Review / Revieú Mhá Nuad]] |script-journal= |trans-journal= |type= |series= |language= |volume=12 |issue= |name-list-style= |edition= |publication-place=[[Maynooth]] |publisher=[[Maynooth University|Faculty of Arts, Celtic Studies & Philosophy NUIM]] |minutes= |time-caption= |time= |pages=42–50 |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |ismn= |issn=0332-4869 |jfm= |jstor=20556991 |jstor-access= |access-date=3 March 2025 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Woo |first=B. Hoon |title=Augustine's Hermeneutics and Homiletics in ''De doctrina christiana'' |journal=Journal of Christian Philosophy |year=2013 |volume=17 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5228314 |pages=97–117 }} * {{Cite book |last=Zumkeller O.S.A. |first=Adolar |title=Augustine's Ideal of the Religious Life |publisher=Fordham University Press |location=New York |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8232-1105-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesidealo00zumk }} * {{Cite book |last=Zumkeller O.S.A. |first=Adolar |title=Augustine's Rule |publisher=Augustinian Press |location=Villanova |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-941491-06-8}} {{refend}} [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] gekgairvdnapzdc0zefd2w3mrhru9gz Slavery in ancient Rome 0 32130 146219 145846 2026-08-10T23:46:39Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dougga cup-bearers mosaïc.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Roman mosaic from [[Dougga]], Tunisia (2nd/3rd&nbsp;century&nbsp;AD): Two large slaves carrying wine jars each wear an [[amulet]] against the [[evil eye]] on a necklace, with one in a loincloth ''(left)'' and the other in an ''[[exomis]]'';{{efn|Aliza Steinberg notes the decorated tunics ''(tunicae manicatae)'' of the two free men being served.{{sfn|Steinberg, ''Weaving in Stones''|p=97}}}} the young slave to the left carries water and towels, and the one on the right a bough and a basket of flowers.<ref>Described by Mikhail Rostovtzev, ''The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire'' (Tannen, 1900), p.&nbsp;288.</ref>]] '''Slavery in ancient Rome''' nyɛla din sɔŋ tiŋgbana pam mini daabiligu. Bɛ daa malila daba tumdi tumanima kamani salimanima gbibu ka bɛ ka bɛ suhuyurilim. Daba ban na mali baŋsim kamani nuuni tuunbaŋsim nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛba n kuri bukaata nima kamani daabiligu niŋbu ka daa nyɛ bɛ ni lahi tiri shɛba tahima ni dahinshɛli kanina ka bɛ ni deei bɛ maŋsulinsi. ==Di piligu== {{Quote box | width = 20em | bgcolor = #faecc8 | title = Periodization of Roman History | fontsize = 80% | align = right | quote = {{ubl| <small>''Terminology and dates as used in this article''</small>{{efn|This timeline is a framework for understanding periods of Roman history as they are referred to in this article. It is not meant as definitional.<!--In other words, this is not the place to argue about periodization unless you have read the article and find that the infobox does not accurately reflect terminology as actually used within this article. That's why there is overlapping periodization. "Early Byzantine" ends with Justinian because the compilation of law reaches it zenith, and sources past the 7th century aren't used for this article-->}} |'''[[Roman Kingdom|Regal]]''' 753–509 BC (semilegendary) |'''[[Roman Republic|Republican]]''' 509–27 BC :Early Republic 509–280s/260s BC :Middle Republic 280s–146 BC '''Classical''', 2nd century BC–2nd century AD{{efn|A core period of Roman history producing the most abundant extant literary sources.{{according to whom|date=February 2025}}}} :Late Republic 146–44 BC '''[[Roman Empire|Imperial]]''' 27 BC–AD 313{{efn|This article treats the Christianization of the Roman Empire as a turning point that affects legislative, moral, social, and cultural concerns.}} :[[Principate]] 27 BC–AD 284 ::[[Augustus|Augustan era]] 27 BC–AD 14 ::''[[Pax Romana]]'' 1st–2nd century AD <!--:[[Dominate]] AD 284–641--> :[[Crisis of the Third Century]] '''[[Christianization of the Roman Empire|Christianization]]''' beginning AD 313{{efn|The [[Edict of Milan]] is here taken as the beginning of the Christianization of the Roman state and the eventual suppression of [[Religion in ancient Rome|religious pluralism]] in the Roman Empire.}} :Reign of [[Constantine I]] AD 306–337 [[Late antiquity]] AD 313–mid 7th century |[[Byzantine Empire|Early Byzantine Empire]] 330–636{{efn|[[Isidore of Seville]] is the latest primary source regarded as "ancient" by the scholarship on which this article is based.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}}} :Reign of [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]] 379–395 :Reign of [[Justinian]] 527–565 }} }} Rome tuuli taarihi ni wuhi shɛm, daba shɛba bɛ ni daa mali tumdi yiŋa tuma daa pahila "''familia.''"<ref>[[Richard Saller|Richard P. Saller]], "''Familia'', ''Domus'', and the Roman Conception of the Family", ''Phoenix'' 38:4 (1984), p. 343.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome"|p=515}}, citing</ref>{{sfn|Pliny, ''Natural History''|p=33.26}} ===Manumission <span class="anchor" id="Emancipation"></span>=== [[File:Mariemont manumission relief 02.JPG|thumb|Fragment of a marble relief (1st century BC) depicting a manumission ceremony and the wearing of the ''[[Pileus (hat)|pileus]]'', a felt cap that was a symbol of liberation]] Bɛ daa faarila daba bahiri bɛ dab' ba nim sani ka di nyɛla zaligu din nyɛ "''manumissio"'' ("[[manumission]]") ka bɛ daa mali n-tumdi tuma, ka di gbunni nyɛ zaŋ nuuni bahi{{sfn|Berger|1953|loc=''manumissio''|p=476}} ''(de manu missio)''.<ref>Jakob Fortunat Stagl, "''Favor libertatis'': Slaveholders as Freedom Fighters", in ''The Position of Roman Slaves'', p. 211, citing Ulpian, ''Institutiones'' 4 (Digest 1.1.4).</ref><ref>Ulrike Roth, "''Peculium'', Freedom, Citizenship: Golden Triangle or Vicious Circle? An Act in Two Parts", ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'' suppl. 109 (2010), pp. 99–105.</ref><ref>Johnston, ''Roman Law in Context'', p 39</ref>{{sfn|Berger|1953|loc=''emancipatio''|p=461}}{{efn|See also [[#Parental sale|"Parental sale"]].}} ===Serfdom=== 3rd century AD, [[Roman Empire]] tumtumdiba daa bi lahi galisi.<ref name="Mackay298">{{cite book |last=Mackay |first=Christopher |title=Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientromemilit0000mack |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientromemilit0000mack/page/298 298] |isbn=978-0-521-80918-4 }}</ref> ==Demography== {|class="wikitable" |+ Estimated distribution of citizenship in the Roman Empire<br />(middle of the 1st century AD)<ref name=Goldhill>{{cite book|last1=Goldhill|first1=Simon|title=Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, The Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=John W Welch |author2=John F Hall |title=Charting the New Testament |section-url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/further-study-chart/6-4-estimated-distribution-of-citizenship-in-the-roman-empire/ |section=Chart 6-4: Estimated Distribution of Citizenship in the Roman Empire}}</ref> |- ! Region !! Citizens<br />(per cent) !! Noncitizen<br />residents<br />(per cent) !! Slaves<br />(per cent) |- | Rome || 55 || 15 || 30 |- | Italy || 70 || 5 || 25 |- | Spain and Gaul || 10 || 70 || 20 |- | Other Western Provinces || 3 || 80 || 17 |- | Greece and Asia Minor || 3 || 70 || 27 |- | North African Provinces || 2 || 70 || 28 |- | Other Eastern Provinces || 1 || 80 || 19 |} === Race and ethnicity === Roman dab'tali daa bi doli zuliya,<ref>Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A. J. McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2004), p.&nbsp;15.</ref>{{efn|In ''Africa in Europe: Antiquity into the Age of Global Expansion'', Stefan Goodwin explains that "Roman slavery was a nonracist and fluid system."{{sfn|Goodwin, ''Africa in Europe''|p=41}}}} di bahi bahindi ningbungbaŋ nahingbaŋ{{sfn|Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave"|p=111}}{{sfn|Noy, ''Foreigners at Rome''|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}<ref>The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p.29</ref> {{sfn|Terence, ''Andria''|p=}} ==Lihi pahi== * [[Slavery in ancient Greece]] * [[Slavery in antiquity]] * [[History of slavery]] * [[Slavery in the Byzantine Empire|Slavery in the Eastern Roman Empire]] ==Noosi== {{notelist}} ==Kundivihira== {{reflist|21em}} ===Works cited=== * {{Cite book|author=St. Augustine of Hippo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2py5DgAAQBAJ|year=2015|title=The Letters of St. Augustine|publisher=Jazzybee Verlag|isbn=978-3-8496-9286-5|ref={{harvid|St. Augustine, ''The Letters of St. Augustine''}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Bankston |first=Zach |year=2012 |title=Administrative Slavery in the Ancient Roman Republic: The Value of Marcus Tullius Tiro in Ciceronian Rhetoric |journal=[[Rhetoric Review]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=203–218 |doi=10.1080/07350198.2012.683991 |s2cid=145385697 |ref={{harvid|Bankston, ''Administrative Slavery in the Ancient Roman Republic: The Value of Marcus Tullius Tiro in Ciceronian Rhetoric''}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Barton|first=Carlin A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CS7QgAACAAJ|title=The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster|date=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-05696-8|ref={{harvid|Barton, :''The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans''}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Bederman|first=David J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCcS8FPLzysC|title=International Law in Antiquity|date=2001-03-05|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79197-7|ref={{harvid|Bederman, International Law in Antiquity}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Beek|first=Aaron L.|year=2016|title=The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26401804|journal=TAPA|volume=146|issue=1|pages=99–116|jstor=26401804 |issn=2575-7180|ref={{harvid|Beek, "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East"}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Berger |first=Adolf |year=1953 |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=43 |issue=2 |issn=0065-9746 <!--eissn=2325-9264--> |oclc=522130 |pages=624, 706 |doi=10.2307/1005773 |jstor=1005773 |ref={{harvid|Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bosworth|first=A. B.|year=2002|title=Vespasian and the Slave Trade|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-quarterly_2002_52_1/page/350|journal=The Classical Quarterly|volume=52|issue=1|pages=350–357|doi=10.1093/cq/52.1.350 |jstor=3556462 |issn= 0009-8388 |ref={{harvid|Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade"}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Keith R. |year=1983 |title=Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily |journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques |volume=10 |issue=3 |publisher=Berghahn Books |issn=0315-7997 <!-- eissn=1939-2419--> |pages=435–451 |jstor=41292832 |ref={{harvid|Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily"}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Keith R.|year=1985|title=Child Labour in the Roman World|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41298859|journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques|volume=12|issue=2|pages=311–330|jstor=41298859 |issn=0315-7997|ref={{harvid|Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World"}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Keith R. |year=1985 |title=The Early Development of Slavery at Rome |journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques |volume=12 |issue=1 |publisher=Berghahn Books |issn=0315-7997 <!-- eissn=1939-2419--> |pages=1–8 |jstor=41298844 |ref={{harvid|Bradley, "The Early Development of Slavery at Rome"}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Bradley|first=Keith R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu3rkG9dVY8C|title=Slavery and Society at Rome|date=1994-10-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37887-1|ref={{harvid|Bradley, ''Slavery and Society at Rome''}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Keith|date=November 2000|title=Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/animalizing-the-slave-the-truth-of-fiction/BF1848E76276723DA302F5734CED5F43|journal=The Journal of Roman Studies|language=en|volume=90|pages=110–125|doi=10.2307/300203|jstor=300203 |issn=1753-528X|ref={{harvid|Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave"}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Keith|year=2004|title=On Captives under the Principate|journal=Phoenix|volume=58|issue=3/4|pages=298–318|doi=10.2307/4135171|jstor=4135171 |issn=0031-8299|ref={{harvid|Bradley, "On Captives under the Principate"}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Cantarella|first=Eva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clZgThbI5yIC|title=Bisexuality in the Ancient World|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09302-5|ref={{harvid|Cantarella, ''Bisexuality in the Ancient World''}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Cheesman |first=Clive |date=1 December 2009 |title=Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=59 |issue=2 |issn=0009-8388 |oclc=9970879337 |jstor=20616703 |pages=511–531 |via=[[WP:TWL|TWL]] |doi=10.1017/S0009838809990152 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1338C88AA0361205BD9CF29F861B6D45/S0009838809990152a.pdf/div-class-title-names-in-span-class-italic-por-span-and-slave-naming-in-republican-rome-div.pdf|ref={{harvid|Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome"}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7MwDwAAQBAJ|title=Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art, 100 B.C. – A.D. 250|date=2001-04-16|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22904-4|ref={{harvid|Clarke, ''Looking at Lovemaking''}}}} * {{Cite book|last1=Clauss|first1=Manfred|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrrjd|title=The Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and His Mysteries|last2=Gordon|first2=Richard|date=2000|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-1396-0|jstor=10.3366/j.ctvxcrrjd |ref={{harvid|Clauss, ''The Roman Cult of Mithras''}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Cook|first=John Granger|year=2008|title=Envisioning Crucifixion: Light from Several Inscriptions and the Palatine Graffito|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25442603|journal=Novum Testamentum|volume=50|issue=3|pages=262–285|doi=10.1163/156853608X262918 |jstor=25442603 |issn=0048-1009|ref={{harvid|Cook, "Envisioning Crucifixion"}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Croom|first=Alexandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXOoAwAAQBAJ|title=Roman Clothing and Fashion|date=2010-09-15|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-1244-7|ref={{harvid|Croom, ''Roman Clothing and Fashion''}}}} * {{cite book |last=Dolansky |first=Fanny |year=2010 |chapter=Celebrating the Saturnalia: religious ritual and Roman domestic life |pages=488–503 |title=A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds |editor=Beryl Rawson |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Oxford, UK |doi=10.1002/9781444390766.ch29 |isbn=978-1-4051-8767-1 |ref={{harvid|Dolansky, ''A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds''}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Flemming|first=Rebecca|year=1999|title=Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire|journal=The Journal of Roman Studies|volume=89|pages=38–61|doi=10.2307/300733|jstor=300733 |issn=0075-4358|ref={{harvid|Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit"}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Forbes |first=Clarence A. |year=1955 |title=Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=86 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |issn=0065-9711 |oclc=5548698284 |pages=321–360 |jstor=283628 |doi=10.2307/283628 |ref={{harvid|Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity"}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Fuhrmann|first=Christopher J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yspXtgPVoJQC|title=Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order|date=2012-01-12|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-973784-0|ref={{harvid|Fuhrmann, ''Policing the Roman Empire''}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Joshel|first=Sandra R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovvgg3EyTyQC|title=Slavery in the Roman World|date=2010-08-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53501-4|ref={{harvid|Joshel, ''Slavery in the Roman World''}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Gaca |first1=Kathy |editor1-last=Kamen |editor1-first=Deborah |editor2-last=Marshall |editor2-first=C. W.|title=Slavery and Sexuality in Classical Antiquity |date=29 June 2021 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres |isbn=978-0-299-33190-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BD8yEAAAQBAJ |chapter=Controlling Female Slave Sexuality and Men's War-Driven Sexual Desire|ref={{harvid|Gaca, "Controlling Female Slave Sexuality and Men's War-Driven Sexual Desire"}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Gamauf |first=Richard |year=2009 |title=Slaves Doing Business: The role of Roman Law in the Economy of a Roman Household |journal=[[European Review of History]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=331–346 |doi=10.1080/13507480902916837 |s2cid=145609520 |ref={{harvid|Gamauf, "Slaves Doing Business"}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Goldhill|first=Simon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgudmyuEAs0C|title=Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire|date=2001-06-07|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66317-5|ref={{harvid|Goldhill, ''Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire''}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Stefan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKVzUulsp8EC|title=Africa in Europe, Volume One: Antiquity into the Age of Global Exploration|date=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1726-2|ref={{harvid|Goodwin, ''Africa in Europe''}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Gruen|first=Erich S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joedtN6nKXQC|title=The Last Generation of the Roman Republic|date=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02238-6|ref={{harvid|Gruen, ''The Last Generation of the Roman Republic''}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Harper|first=Kyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPU8ZAcrOtIC|title=Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425|date=2011-05-12|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50406-5|ref={{harvid|Harper, ''Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425''}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=William V.|year=1980|title=Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade|journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome|volume=36|pages=117–140|doi=10.2307/4238700|jstor=4238700 |issn=0065-6801|ref={{harvid|Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade"}}}} * {{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=W. V. |author1-link=William V. Harris |title=Child-Exposure in the Roman Empire |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |year=1994 |volume=84 |pages=2, 18 |doi=10.2307/300867 |publisher=[[Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies]] |location=Cambridge University Press |jstor=300867 |s2cid=161878092 |issn=0075-4358 |oclc=997453470 |ref={{harvid|Harris, "Child-Exposure in the Roman Empire"}}}} * {{Citation|last=Howley|first=Joseph A.|title=Why Read the Jurists? Aulus Gellius on Reading Across Disciplines|date=2013-01-21|work=New Frontiers|pages=8–30|editor-last=du Plessis|editor-first=Paul J.|url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/21609/chapter/181483095|access-date=2025-05-17|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748668175.003.0002|isbn=978-0-7486-6817-5|ref={{harvid|Howley, "Why Read the Jurists?"}}|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal |last=Huzar |first=Eleanor G. |year=1962 |title=Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-journal_1962-01_57_4/page/169 |journal=The Classical Journal |volume=57 |issue=4 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |issn=0009-8353 |oclc=9974043824 |jstor=3293859 |pages=169–178|ref={{harvid|Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos"}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Kamen |first=Deborah |year=2010 |title=A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity |journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome |volume=55 |issue=95 |issn=0065-6801 |oclc=9970145185 |jstor=41419689 |via=[[WP:TWL|TWL]] |pages=95–110 |ref={{harvid|Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions"}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Laes|first=Christian|date=2008-12-31|title=Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity|url=http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url&#61;article&id&#61;2033278|journal=Ancient Society|volume=38|pages=235–283|doi=10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278|issn=0066-1619|ref={{harvid|Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity"}}|url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite book|last=McGinn|first=Thomas A. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmH31IK-OgEC|title=Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516132-8|ref={{harvid|McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome''}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Millar |first=Fergus |year=1984 |title=Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine |author-link=Fergus Millar |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=52 |issn=0068-2462 |oclc=9972877460 |jstor=40310809 |pages=124–147 |doi=10.1017/S006824620000876X |ref={{harvid|Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire"}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Mouritsen|first=Henrik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOWxzU66-7sC|title=The Freedman in the Roman World|date=2011-01-27|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49503-5|ref={{harvid|Mouritsen, ''The Freedman in the Roman World''}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Noy|first=David|title=Foreigners at Rome: citizens and strangers|date=2002|publisher=Duckworth &#91;u.a.]|isbn=978-0-7156-2952-9|edition=Reprinted|location=London}|ref={{harvid|Noy, ''Foreigners at Rome''}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Parker |first=Holt |year=1989 |title=Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch: The Servus Callidus and Jokes about Torture |journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association |volume=119 |issn=0360-5949 |doi=10.2307/284273 |oclc=5548685767 |jstor=284273 |pages=233–246 |ref={{harvid|Parker, "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch"}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Pleket |first1=H. W. |editor1-last=Garnsey |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Hopkins |editor2-first=Keith |editor3-last=Whittaker |editor3-first=C. R. |title=Trade in the Ancient Economy |date=1 January 1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04803-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UY0zhHU9tzkC |chapter=Urban Elites and Business in the Greek Part of the Roman Empire|ref={{harvid|Pleket, "Urban Elites and Business in the Greek Part of the Roman Empire"}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Pritchard|first=R. T.|year=1969|title=Land Tenure in Sicily in the First Century B.C.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435103|journal=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte|volume=18|issue=5|pages=545–556|jstor=4435103 |issn=0018-2311|ref={{harvid|Pritchard, "Land Tenure in Sicily in the First Century B.C."}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Roselaar|first=Saskia T.|year=2012|title=The Concept of Commercium in the Roman Republic|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7834/phoenix.66.3-4.0381|journal=Phoenix|volume=66|issue=3/4|pages=381–413|doi=10.7834/phoenix.66.3-4.0381|jstor=10.7834/phoenix.66.3-4.0381 |issn=0031-8299|ref={{harvid|Roselaar, "The Concept of Commercium in the Roman Republic"}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Saller|first=Richard P.|date=April 1999|title=Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449430|journal=Classical Philology|volume=94|issue=2|pages=182–197|doi=10.1086/449430|issn=0009-837X|ref={{harvid|Saller, "''Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household''"}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Scheidel |first=Walter |year=1987 |title=Quantifying the Sources of Slaves in the Early Roman Empire |journal=Journal of Roman Studies |volume=87 |publisher=Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies |issn=0075-4358 |oclc=8271582373 |pages=156–169 |doi=10.2307/301373 |jstor=301373 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/quantifying-the-sources-of-slaves-in-the-early-roman-empire/C0981C8851D925FD1019FF93985F23AF|ref={{harvid|Scheidel, "Quantifying the Sources of Slaves in the Early Roman Empire"}}|url-access=subscription }} * {{cite book |last1=Scheidel |first1=Walter |title=The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78053-7 |pages=38–86 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-economic-history-of-the-grecoroman-world/demography/4D4C2E2D1669317B44CAF7A1E46CED14 |chapter=Demography|ref={{harvid|Scheidel, ''The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World''}}}} * {{cite book |last=Scheidel |first=Walter |date=2011 |title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume 1 |chapter=<!--Ch. 14:-->The Roman Slave Supply |editor1-last=Eltis |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Engerman |editor2-first=Stanley L. |editor3-last=Bradley |editor3-first=Keith R. <!--more editors: Paul Cartledge, Seymour Drescher--> |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Complete Cambridge histories online |isbn=978-0-521-84066-8 <!--isbn2=052184066X--> |oclc=320803187 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeworldhi0001unse_i1l2/page/287 287]–310 <!--total-pages=620--> |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeworldhi0001unse_i1l2|ref={{harvid|Scheidel, The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume 1}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Schermaier |first1=Martin |title=The Position of Roman Slaves: Social Realities and Legal Differences |date=6 March 2023 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-098719-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXPEEAAAQBAJ |ref={{harvid|Schermaier, ''The Position of Roman Slaves''}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Silver|first=Morris|title=Contractual Slavery in the Roman Economy|url=https://www.academia.edu/2360176|journal=Ancient History Bulletin|issue=25|year=2011|pages=73–132|ref={{harvid|Silver, "Contractual Slavery in the Roman Economy"}}}} * {{Cite book|last1=Steinberg|first1=Aliza|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1120098888|title=Weaving in stones: garments and their accessories in the mosaic art of Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity|last2=Manor|first2=Debi|date=2020|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing|isbn=978-1-78969-321-8|series=Archaeopress archaeology|location=Oxford|oclc=on1120098888|ref={{harvid|Steinberg, ''Weaving in Stones''}}}} * {{Cite 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Rome|volume=16|issue=2|pages=195–204|doi=10.1017/S0017383500017034 |jstor=642848 |issn=0017-3835|ref={{harvid|Treggiari, "The Freedmen of Cicero"}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Trimble|first=Jennifer|year=2016|title=The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery|url=https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-archaeology_july-october-2016_120_3-4/page/447|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=120|issue=3|pages=447–472|doi=10.3764/aja.120.3.0447|jstor=10.3764/aja.120.3.0447 |issn=0002-9114|ref={{harvid|Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery"}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Verbrugghe|first=Gerald P.|year=1972|title=Sicily 210-70 B. C.: Livy, Cicero and Diodorus|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935992|journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association|volume=103|pages=535–559|doi=10.2307/2935992|jstor=2935992 |issn=0065-9711|ref={{harvid|Verbrugghe, "Sicily 210-70 B. C.: Livy, Cicero and Diodorus"}}|url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite journal|last=Verbrugghe|first=Gerald P.|date=January 1973|title=The Elogium from Polla and the First Slave War|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/365919|journal=Classical Philology|volume=68|issue=1|pages=25–35|doi=10.1086/365919|issn=0009-837X|ref={{harvid|Verbrugghe, "The ''Elogium'' from Polla and the First Slave War"}}|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal |last=Vuolanto |first=Ville |year=2003 |title=Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World |journal=Ancient Society |volume=33 |issn=0066-1619 |oclc=9978191698 |pages=169–207 |doi=10.2143/AS.33.0.503599 |url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?id=503599&url=article|ref={{harvid|Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child"}}|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Alan|year=1983|title=Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087314|journal=Phoenix|volume=37|issue=1|pages=53–65|doi=10.2307/1087314|jstor=1087314 |issn=0031-8299|ref={{harvid|Watson, "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology"}}|url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Alan|url=https://archive.org/details/romanslavelaw0000wats/mode/2up|title=Roman Slave Law|date=1987|publisher=Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-8018-3439-4|ref={{harvid|Watson, ''Roman Slave Law''}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Westbrook|first=Raymond|year=1999|title=Vitae Necisque Potestas|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436540|journal=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte|volume=48|issue=2|pages=203–223|jstor=4436540 |issn=0018-2311|ref={{harvid|Westbrook, ''"Vitae Necisque Potestas"''}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Westermann|first=William Linn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FF-uCZRXiO4C|title=The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity|date=1955|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-040-1|ref={{harvid|Westermann, ''The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity''|}}}} * {{cite thesis |last=Wickham |first=Jason Paul |year=2014 |title=The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146&nbsp;BC |publisher=[[Liverpool University]] |degree=[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] |url=https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/17893/1/WickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf |ref={{harvid|Wickham, ''The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146&nbsp;BC''}}}} ===General references=== * {{Cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhNUGgG2eacC|title=The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192|last2=Garnsey|first2=Peter|last3=Rathbone|first3=Dominic|date=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26335-1}} * {{cite book |last=Santosuosso |first=Antonio |year=2001 |title=Storming the Heavens |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-3523-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stormingheavenss00sant_0 |ref={{harvid|Santosuosso, ''Storming the Heavens''}}}} ==Karim pahi== * Fitzgerald, William. 2000. ''Slavery and the Roman Literary Imagination.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. * Hunt, Peter. 2018. ''Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery.'' Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. * {{cite book | last=Garrido | first=Jacobo Rodríguez | title=Emperadores y esclavos <!-- | location=Besançon -->| date=2023 | publisher=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté | isbn=978-2-84867-961-7 | language=es}} * {{cite book | last=Sayın | first=Baha Yigit | title=Roma'da Köle ve Hukuku <!-- | location=İstanbul: Oniki Levha -->| date=2020 | publisher=XII Levha Yayınevi | isbn= 978-625-7899-42-0 | language=tr}} * {{Cite book|last=Yavetz|first=Zvi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3w3dqCYyT0C|title=Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Rome|date=1988-01-01|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3413-1}} == External links == {{commons category|Slavery in ancient Rome}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Slavery in ancient Rome |viaf= |lcheading= |wikititle= }} {{Ancient Rome topics}} [[Category:Slavery in ancient Rome| ]] [[Category:Social class in ancient Rome]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] mawnmtbfcnbvcluct6icksumf3te4ur League of Nations 0 32137 146213 145924 2026-08-10T23:35:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|20th-century international organisation}} {{Distinguish|Commonwealth of Nations|Nations League (disambiguation){{!}}Nations League}} {{About|the intergovernmental organisation|the group in professional wrestling|League of Nations (professional wrestling)}} {{Use British English|date=November 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} '''League of Nations''' ('''LN''' bee '''LoN)'''; di ni n daa nyɛ tuuli dunia zaa tiŋgbana laɣinsi ni<!-- "organisation" is correct in British English --> ka di niya nyɛla di bo suhudoo na dunia zaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Christian |first=Tomuschat |title=The United Nations at Age Fifty: A Legal Perspective |year=1995 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-411-0145-7 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iz55RRayP34C&pg=PA77}}</ref> Di daa kpala Anashaara goli 10 January yuuni 1920, [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] din daa che ka [[World War I|First World War]] zani tariga n daa kpa li. Lala laɣingu ŋɔ daa che tuma tumbu Anashaara goli 18 April yuuni 1946 di ni daa niŋ ka di yaɣa pam yi n looi [[United Nations]] (UN) bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli [[World War II|Second World War]] nyaaŋa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Covenant of the League of Nations |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp|publisher=The Avalon Project|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726080156/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>See Article 23, {{cite web|title=The Covenant of the League of Nations|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726080156/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp|archive-date=26 July 2011|access-date=20 April 2009|publisher=The Avalon Project}}, {{cite book|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles|title=Treaty of Versailles|access-date=23 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119080339/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles|archive-date=19 January 2010|url-status=live}} and [[Minority Treaties]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldsite.transnational.org/Area_MiddleEast/2008/Jahanpour_SC-Iran.pdf|title=The Elusiveness of Trust: the experience of Security Council and Iran|access-date=27 June 2008|publisher=Transnational Foundation of Peace and Future Research|last=Jahanpour|first=Farhang|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727102504/http://www.oldsite.transnational.org/Area_MiddleEast/2008/Jahanpour_SC-Iran.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Di ni daa ti yɛligi pam bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 28 September yuuni 1934 zaŋ chaŋ 23 February yuunu 1935, tiŋgbana pihiyɔbu ayi ka n daa be din ni. Di ni daa niŋ ka di kuli luri ka yiɣisiri 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The participation of the Soviet Union in universal international organizations.: A political and legal analysis of Soviet strategies and aspirations inside ILO, UNESCO and WHO|author=Osakwe, C O|year=1972|publisher=Springer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2OmtJvNjHoC|page=5|isbn=978-90-286-0002-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pericles, Lewis|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|title=Modernism, Nationalism, and the Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-ImKOwYvsoC|page=52|isbn=978-1-139-42658-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations|author=Ginneken, Anique H. M. van|year=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mjkuGZLhBIC|page=174|isbn=978-0-8108-6513-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=The Origin, Structure & Working of the League of Nations | author=Ellis, Charles Howard | year=2003 | publisher=Lawbook Exchange Ltd | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmIsAveUZRgC | page=169| isbn=978-1-58477-320-7 }}</ref><ref name="Pedersen2007">{{cite journal|last1=Pedersen|first1=Susan|author1-link=Susan Pedersen (historian)|date=October 2007|title=Back to the League of Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_2007-10_112_4/page/1091|journal=The American Historical Review|publisher=American Historical Review|volume=112|issue=4|pages=1091–1117|doi=10.1086/ahr.112.4.1091|jstor=40008445}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kennedy|1987}} ==Di pilli== ===Background=== [[File:Original Geneva Conventions.jpg|thumb|right|The [[First Geneva Convention|1864 Geneva Convention]], one of the earliest formulations of written [[international law]]]] Di kpabu nari nyɛla din daa pun nari tum yuuni 1795, di ni daa niŋ ka "[[Immanuel Kant]]'s ''[[Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm|last=Kant|first=Immanuel|publisher=Mount Holyoke College|title=Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch|access-date=16 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514211750/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm|archive-date=14 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> tɛhi ni di nyɛla din ni tooi laɣim tiŋgbana nangbanyini ka lahi bo suhudoo na tiŋgbana sunsuuni.{{sfn|Skirbekk|Gilje|2001|p=288}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm|title=Perpetual Peace|author=Kant, Immanuel|year=1795|publisher=Constitution Society|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007175416/http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Reichard|2006|p=9}}{{sfn|Rapoport|1995|pp=498–500}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2506&context=mlr|title=International Organization and World Peace--A Critique of the League of Nations Covenant|website=University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository}}</ref> {{ multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width = 300 | image1 = 1st Viscount Bryce 1902b.jpg | caption1 = [[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|Lord Bryce]], one of the earliest advocates for a League of Nations | image2 = Jan Smuts 1947.jpg | caption2 = [[Jan Smuts]] helped to draft the [[Covenant of the League of Nations]]. }} [[File:19181225 League of Nations - promotion - The New York Times.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5| The [[League to Enforce Peace]] published this full-page promotion in ''The New York Times'' on Christmas Day 1918.<ref name=NYTimes_19181225/> It resolved that the League "should ensure peace by eliminating causes of dissension, by deciding controversies by peaceable means, and by uniting the potential force of all the members as a standing menace against any nation that seeks to upset the peace of the world".<ref name=NYTimes_19181225>{{cite news |title=Victory / Democracy / Peace / Make them secure by a League of Nations |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-dec-25-1918-p-11/ |work=The New York Times |date=25 December 1918 |page=11}}</ref>]] [[File:19181215 Woodrow Wilson Sees Enduring Peace Only In A League of Nations - The New York Times.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0| On his December 1918 trip to Europe, Woodrow Wilson gave speeches that "reaffirmed that the making of peace and the creation of a League of Nations must be accomplished as one single objective".<ref name=NYTimes_19181215>{{cite news |title=Text of the President's Two Speeches in Paris, Stating His Views of the Bases of a Lasting Peace |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-dec-15-1918-p-1/ |work=The New York Times |date=15 December 1918 |page=1 }}</ref>]] <ref name="jclare">{{cite web|title=The League of Nations – Karl J. Schmidt|url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1901-/the-league-of-nations-karl-j-schmidt.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219081141/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1901-/the-league-of-nations-karl-j-schmidt.php|archive-date=19 December 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|publisher=American History}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1017/s0018246x00011481|title=Lord Cecil and the Pacifists in the League of Nations Union |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1977-12_20_4/page/949|year=1977 |last1=Thompson |first1=J. A. |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=949–959 |s2cid=154899222 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first1= Christof |last1=Heyns |year=1995 |title=The Preamble of the United Nations Charter: The Contribution of Jan Smuts |journal=African Journal of International and Comparative Law |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/afjincol7&div=23&id=&page= |volume=7 |pages=329+ }}</ref> [[File:18-IV-1946.png|right|thumb|500px|World map showing [[member states of the United Nations]] (in green and blue) and [[member states of the League of Nations]] (in green and red) on 18 April 1946, when the League of Nations ceased to exist]] [[File:Humanités Numériques.JPG|thumb|right|League of Nations archives, Geneva<ref>League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. Network visualization and analysis published in {{Cite journal| volume = 10| issue = 3| last = Grandjean| first = Martin| title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal = Les Cahiers du Numérique| access-date = 15 October 2014| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| doi = 10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150627140457/http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=LCN_103_0037| archive-date = 27 June 2015| url-status=live| df = dmy-all}}</ref>]] == Lihi pahi == {{Portal|1920s|Law|Politics|World}} * [[France and the League of Nations]] * [[International relations (1919–1939)]] * [[Latin America and the League of Nations]] * [[League against Imperialism]] * [[League of Small and Subject Nationalities]] * [[Minority rights]] * [[United Kingdom and the League of Nations]] == Citations == {{Reflist}} == General and cited references == ===Surveys=== {{refbegin}} * Bendiner, Elmer. [https://archive.org/details/timeforangelstra0000bend ''A time for angels: the tragicomic history of the League of Nations''] (1975); well-written popular history. * Brierly, J. L. and P. A. Reynolds. "The League of Nations" ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. XII, The Shifting Balance of World Forces'' (2nd ed. 1968) Chapter IX, . * {{cite EB1922 |wstitle=League of Nations | |last= Cecil|first= Lord Robert}} * Gill, George. ''The League of Nations : from 1929 to 1946'' (1996) [https://archive.org/details/leagueofnationsf0000gill online] * Ginneken, Anique H.M. van. ''Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionaries-International-Organizations-ebook/dp/B002CQUSQ6/ excerpt and text search] * {{cite book |editor-last = Henig|editor-first = Ruth B |year = 1973 |title = The League of Nations |publisher = Oliver and Boyd |isbn = 978-0-05-002592-5}} * Henig, Ruth. ''The Peace that Never was: A History of the League of Nations'' (Haus Publishing, 2019), a standard scholarly history. * Housden, Martyn. ''The League of Nations and the organisation of peace'' (2012) [https://archive.org/details/leagueofnationso0000hous online] * Ikonomou, Haakon, Karen Gram-Skjoldager, eds. ''The League of Nations: Perspectives from the Present'' (Aarhus University Press, 2019). [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54781 online review] * Joyce, James Avery. ''Broken Star: the Story of the League of Nations (1919–1939)'' (1978) [https://archive.org/details/brokenstarstoryo0000joyc online] * Myers, Denys P. ''Handbook of the League of Nations : a comprehensive account of its structure, operation and activities'' (1935) [https://archive.org/details/handbookofleague00myer online]. * {{cite book |last = Northedge |first = F.S |year = 1986 |title = The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946 |url = https://archive.org/details/leagueofnationsi0000nort |publisher = Holmes & Meier|isbn = 978-0-7185-1316-0}} * Ostrower, Gary B. ''The League of Nations: From 1919 to 1929'' (1996) [https://archive.org/details/leagueofnationsf00ostr online], brief survey * [[Susan Pedersen (historian)|Pedersen, Susan]]. ''The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire'' (2015) [https://archive.org/details/guardiansleagueo0000pede online]; in-depth scholarly history of the mandate system. * {{cite book |last = Raffo |first = P |year = 1974 |title = The League of Nations |publisher = The Historical Association}} * {{cite book |last = Scott |first = George | author-link = George Scott (broadcaster) |year = 1973 |title = The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations |publisher = Hutchinson & Co Ltd |isbn = 978-0-09-117040-0|url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofleague0000scot | url-access = registration}} * Steiner, Zara. ''The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933'' (Oxford University Press, 2005). * Steiner, Zara. ''The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939'' (Oxford University Press, 2011). * Temperley, A.C. ''The Whispering Gallery Of Europe'' (1938), highly influential account of League esp disarmament conference of 1932–34. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.216023 online] * {{cite book |last= Walters| first = F. P. |year= 1952 |title = A History of the League of Nations |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=32146299| ref=walters}} [https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ld.php?content_id=32146299 online free]; the standard scholarly history {{refend}} === League topics === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1017/s1740022816000310|title=Imperial polities, intercolonialism, and the shaping of global governing norms: Public health expert networks in Asia and the League of Nations Health Organization, 1908–37 |year=2017 |last1=Akami |first1=Tomoko |journal=Journal of Global History |volume=12 |pages=4–25 |s2cid=159733645 }} * Azcarate, P. de. ''League of Nations and National Minorities'' (1945) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55314/page/n5/mode/2up online] * Barros, James. ''Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond 1919–1933'' (Oxford 1979). * Barros, James. ''The Corfu incident of 1923: Mussolini and the League of Nations'' (Princeton UP, 2015). * Borowy, Iris. ''Coming to terms with world health: the League of Nations Health Organisation 1921–1946'' (Peter Lang, 2009). * Burkman, Thomas W. ''Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and world order, 1914–1938'' (U of Hawaii Press, 2008). * {{cite book|last1=Caravantes|first1=Peggy|title=Waging Peace: The story of Jane Addams|date=2004|publisher=Morgan Reynolds|isbn=978-1-931798-40-2|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/stream/wagingpeace00pegg_0#page/102/mode/2up/search/Ramondt-Hirschmann}} * Chaudron, Gerald. ''New Zealand in the League of Nations: The Beginnings of an Independent Foreign Policy, 1919–1939'' (2014): * [[Patricia Clavin|Clavin, Patricia]]. ''Securing the world economy: the reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946'' (Oxford UP, 2013). * [[Cooper, John Milton]]. ''Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations'' (2001) 454pp]; a major scholarly study * {{cite journal|doi=10.1080/17539153.2013.764103 |title="International terrorism" in the League of Nations and the contemporary terrorism dispositif |year=2013 |last1=Ditrych |first1=Ondrej |journal=Critical Studies on Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=225–240 |s2cid=144906326 }} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1080/07075332.2014.966134 |title=How International was the Secretariat of the League of Nations? |year=2015 |last1=Dykmann |first1=Klaas |journal=The International History Review |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=721–744 |s2cid=154908318 }} * {{cite book|last=Egerton|first= George W|title=Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations: Strategy, Politics, and International Organization, 1914–1919|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807813201|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1978|isbn=978-0-807-81320-1}} * Ekbladh, David. ''Plowshares into Swords: Weaponized Knowledge, Liberal Order, and the League of Nations'' (U of Chicago Press, 2022) [https://issforum.org/ISSF/PDF/RJISSF-Roundtable-15-18.pdf online book review] * {{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s11698-010-0049-9 |title=Why did the League of Nations fail? |year=2011 |last1=Eloranta |first1=Jari |journal=Cliometrica |volume=5 |pages=27–52 |s2cid=19944887 }} * {{cite book|last=Gill|first=George|year=1996|title=The League of Nations from 1929 to 1946|publisher=[[Avery Publishing|Avery Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-89529-637-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/leagueofnationsf0000gill}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0265691419854634|title=Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat – Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration |year=2019 |last1=Gram-Skjoldager |first1=Karen |last2=Ikonomou |first2=Haakon A. |journal=European History Quarterly |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=420–444 |s2cid=199157356 }} * {{cite thesis |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903 |language=fr |publisher=Université de Lausanne |type=phdthesis }} * {{cite Q|Q105700467}}<!-- The League of Nations (Grey) --> * {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0010836705055066|title=On the Origins of 'Parliamentary Diplomacy'|journal=Cooperation and Conflict|volume=40|issue=3|pages=263–279|year=2005|last1=Götz|first1=Norbert|s2cid=144380900}} * Housden, Martyn. ''The League of Nations and the Organization of Peace'' (Routledge, 2014). * Jenne, Erin K. ''Nested Security: Lessons in Conflict Management from the League of Nations and the European Union'' (Cornell UP, 2015). * {{cite book|last1=Johnson |first1=Gaynor |title=Lord Robert Cecil: Politician and Internationalist |year=2013 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-6944-9 }} * Kaiga, Sakiko. ''Britain and the Intellectual Origins of the League of Nations, 1914–1919'' (Cambridge University Press, 2021). * {{cite journal|doi=10.1515/ngs-2018-0039 |title=Pioneers in International Administration: A Prosopography of the Directors of the League of Nations Secretariat |year=2019 |last1=Kahlert |first1=Torsten |journal=New Global Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=190–227 |s2cid=201719554 }} * {{cite book |last = Knock |first = Thomas J |year = 1995 |title = To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order |url = https://archive.org/details/toendallwarswood0000knoc |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 978-0-691-00150-0}} * {{cite book|last=Kuehl|first= Warren F|author2=Dunn, Lynne K |title=Keeping the Covenant: American Internationalists and the League of Nations, 1920–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/keepingcovenanta0000kueh|year=1997}} * La Porte, Pablo. "Dissenting Voices: The Secretariat of the League of Nations and the Drafting of Mandates, 1919–1923." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 32.3 (2021): 440–463. * {{cite book | author = League of Nations | title = Essential Facts about the League of Nations | place = Geneva | year = 1935 | url = http://digitalcollections.graduateinstitute.ch/records/item/1273-essential-facts-about-the-league-of-nations-1935?offset=1 }} * Lloyd, Lorna. "'On the side of justice and peace': Canada on the League of Nations Council 1927–1930." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 24#2 (2013): 171–191. * Ludi, Regula. "Setting New Standards: International Feminism and the League of Nations' Inquiry into the Status of Women." ''Journal of Women's History'' 31.1 (2019): 12–36 [https://www.remedialherstory.com/uploads/1/5/3/1/15313606/the_league_of_nations_and_status_of_women_.pdf online]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124032257/https://www.remedialherstory.com/uploads/1/5/3/1/15313606/the_league_of_nations_and_status_of_women_.pdf |date=24 November 2020 }} * McCarthy, Helen. ''The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, citizenship and internationalism, c. 1918–45'' (Oxford UP, 2011). [http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1235 online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221165745/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1235 |date=21 February 2019 }} * Macfadyen, David, et al. eds. ''Eric Drummond and his Legacies: The League of Nations and the Beginnings of Global Governance'' (2019) * McPherson, Alan, and Yannick Wehrli, eds. ''Beyond geopolitics: New histories of Latin America at the League of Nations'' (UNM Press, 2015). * {{cite book|last=Marbeau|first= Michel|year=2001|title=La Société des Nations|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-051635-4|language=fr}} * Mulder, Nicholas. ''The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Economic-Weapon-Rise-Sanctions-Modern/dp/0300259360/ excerpt] also see [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-economic-weapon-book-review-the-limits-of-sanctions-from-abyssinia-to-ukraine-11643302954?mod=djembooks online review] * Mumby, Jane. ''Dismantling the League of Nations: The Quiet Death of an International Organization, 1945-8'' (Bloomsbury Academic, 2024) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=61071 online review of this book] * {{cite book |last1=Olivier |first1=Sydney |author1-link=Sydney Olivier |title=[[s:The League of Nations and primitive peoples|The League of Nations and primitive peoples]] |date=1918 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=1}} * {{cite book|last=Ostrower|first=Gary|year=1995|title=The League of Nations from 1919 to 1929 (Partners for Peace|publisher=[[Avery Publishing|Avery Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-89529-636-8|url=https://archive.org/details/leagueofnationsf00ostr}} * {{cite journal | last = Shine| first = Cormac| title = Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ecclesiastical-history_january-october-2018_69_1-4/page/785| journal = [[The Journal of Ecclesiastical History]] | volume = 69| issue = 4| pages = 785–805| date = 2018 | doi = 10.1017/S0022046917002731}} * Swart, William J. "The League of Nations and the Irish Question." ''Sociological Quarterly'' 36.3 (1995): 465–481. * Thorne, Christopher G. ''The limits of foreign policy; the West, the League, and the Far Eastern crisis of 1931–1933'' (1972) [https://archive.org/details/limitsofforeignp00thor online] * Tollardo, Elisabetta. ''Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922–1935'' (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). * Tournès, Ludovic. "American membership of the League of Nations: US philanthropy and the transformation of an intergovernmental organisation into a think tank." ''International Politics'' 55.6 (2018): 852–869. * {{cite journal|doi=10.1093/ahr/rhz577 |doi-access=free|title=Communicable Disease: Information, Health, and Globalization in the Interwar Period |year=2019 |last1=Tworek |first1=Heidi J. S. |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=813–842 }} * Wemlinger, Cherri. "Collective Security and the Italo‐Ethiopian Dispute Before the League of Nations." ''Peace & Change'' 40.2 (2015): 139–166. * Wertheim, Stephen. "The League of Nations: a retreat from international law?" ''Journal of Global History'' 7.2 (2012): 210–232. [http://www.columbia.edu/~saw2156/TheLeagueAsARetreat.pdf online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214064233/http://www.columbia.edu/~saw2156/TheLeagueAsARetreat.pdf |date=14 December 2013 }} * Wertheim, Stephen. "The League That Wasn't: American Designs for a Legalist‐Sanctionist League of Nations and the Intellectual Origins of International Organization, 1914–1920." ''Diplomatic History'' 35.5 (2011): 797–836. [http://www.columbia.edu/~saw2156/TheLeagueThatWasn%27t.pdf online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216184951/http://www.columbia.edu/~saw2156/TheLeagueThatWasn't.pdf |date=16 December 2011 }} * Winkler, Henry R. ''Paths Not Taken: British Labour & International Policy in the 1920s'' (1994) [https://archive.org/details/pathsnottakenbri0000wink online] * Yearwood, Peter J. ''Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925'' (Oxford UP, 2009). ** Yearwood, Peter. "'On the Safe and Right Lines': The Lloyd George Government and the Origins of the League of Nations, 1916–1918." ''Historical Journal'' 32.1 (1989): 131–155. ** Yearwood, Peter J. "'Consistently with Honour'; Great Britain, the League of Nations and the Corfu Crisis of 1923." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 21.4 (1986): 559–579. ** Yearwood, Peter J. "'Real securities against new wars': Official British thinking and the origins of the League of Nations, 1914–19." ''Diplomacy and Statecraft'' 9.3 (1998): 83–109. * Yearwood, Peter. ""A Genuine and Energetic League of Nations Policy": Lord Curzon and the New Diplomacy, 1918–1925." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 21.2 (2010): 159–174. * Zimmern, Alfred. ''The League of Nations and the Rule of Law 1918-1935'' (1939) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276396/page/n7/mode/2up online] {{refend}} === Related topics === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Archer |first=Clive |title=International Organizations |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalorg0000arch_d4u9 |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-24690-3}} * {{cite book |last=Baer |first=George W |title=Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/testcaseitalyeth0000baer |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-8179-6591-4}} * {{cite book |last=Barnett |first=Correlli |title=The Collapse of British Power |url=https://archive.org/details/collapseofbritis0000barn |publisher=Eyre Methuen |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-413-27580-6}} * {{cite book |last=Baumslag |first=Naomi |year=2005 |title=Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-98312-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/murderousmedicin0000baum}} * {{cite book |last=Bell |first=P.M.H |year=2007 |title=The Origins of the Second World War in Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw0000bell_m5f6 |publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=978-1-4058-4028-6}} * {{cite book |last=Bethell |first=Leslie |year=1991 |title=The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume VIII 1930 to the Present |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26652-9}} * {{cite book |last1=Bouchet-Saulnier |first1=Françoise |last2=Brav |first2=Laura |last3=Olivier |first3=Clementine |year=2007 |title=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law |url=https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto0000bouc |url-access=registration |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-5496-2}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |year=1986 |title=The Second World War: Volume I The Gathering Storm |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books |isbn=978-0-395-41055-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gatheringstorm00chur_0}} * {{cite book |last=Crampton |first=Ben |year=1996 |title=Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofeasterneu0000cram |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-16461-0}} *{{cite book |last1=Everard |first1=Myriam |last2=de Haan |first2=Francisca |title=Rosa Manus (1881-1942): The International Life and Legacy of a Jewish Dutch Feminist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MydoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |year=2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-33318-5}} * {{cite book |last1=Frowein |first1=Jochen A |last2=Rüdiger |first2=Wolfrum |year=2000 |title=Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-411-1403-7}} * {{cite book |last=Goldblat |first=Jozef |year=2002 |title=Arms control: the new guide to negotiations and agreements |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |isbn=978-0-7619-4016-6}} * {{cite book |last=Gorodetsky |first=Gabriel |year=1994 |title=Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective |url=https://archive.org/details/sovietforeignpol0000unse_e6b5 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-4506-3}} * Haigh, R. H. et al. ''Soviet Foreign Policy, the League of Nations and Europe, 1917-1939'' (1986) * {{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Arthur |author1-link=Arthur Henderson |title=[[s:The League of Nations and labour|The League of Nations and labour]] |date=1918 |publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Robert |last2=Garvey |first2=Marcus |author3=Universal Negro Improvement Association |year=1995 |title=The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07208-4 |ref=CITEREFHillGarvey1995}} * {{cite book |last=Iriye |first=Akira |year=1987 |title=The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw0000iriy |publisher=Longman Group UK Limited |isbn=978-0-582-49349-0}} *{{cite book |last1=Jacobs |first1=Aletta Henriette |editor-last1=Feinberg |editor-first1=Harriet |translator=Annie Wright |title=Memories: My Life as an International Leader in Health, Suffrage, and Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X_Ed9pZnMMC&pg=PA94 |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at City of New York |isbn=978-1-55861-138-2}} * {{cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=David |title=The Move to Institutions |journal=Cardozo Law Review |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=841–988 |date=April 1987 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/16136131}} * {{cite book |last=Lannon |first=Frances |year=2002 |title=The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-369-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar100lann}} * {{cite book |last1=Levinovitz |first1=Agneta Wallin |last2=Ringertz |first2=Nils |year=2001 |title=The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-02-4665-5}} * {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Marcela López |year=2001 |title=Bolivia: Oxfam Country Profiles Series |url=https://archive.org/details/bolivia0000lope |publisher=Oxfam Publishing |isbn=978-0-85598-455-7}} * {{cite book |last=Magliveras |first=Konstantinos D |year=1999 |title=Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-411-1239-2}} *{{cite book |last=Marchand |first=C. Roland |title=The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1889-1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYh9BgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT69 |year=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7025-7}} * {{cite book |last=McAllister |first=William B |year=1999 |title=Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century: An International History |url=https://archive.org/details/drugdiplomacyint0000mcal |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-17990-4}} * {{cite book |last=McDonough |first=Frank |year=1997 |title=The Origins of the First and Second World Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/originsoffirstse0000mcdo |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56861-6}} * {{cite book |last=Miers |first=Suzanne |year=2003 |title=Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-0340-5}} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Meyer |editor1-first=Mary K. |editor2-last=Prügl |editor2-first=Elisabeth |title=Gender Politics in Global Governance |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-9161-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMqz7LLP3VwC&pg=PA20}} * Mulder, Nicholas. ''The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Economic-Weapon-Rise-Sanctions-Modern/dp/0300259360/ excerpt] * {{cite book |last=Nish |first=Ian |year=1977 |title=Japanese foreign policy 1869–1942:Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka |url=https://archive.org/details/japaneseforeignp0000nish |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-415-27375-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Osmanczyk |first1=Edmund Jan |last2=Mango |first2=Anthony |year=2002 |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun0004osma |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-93924-9}} * {{cite conference |last=Pietilä |first=Hilkka |author-link=Hilkka Pietilä |title=Engendering the Global Agenda: A Success Story of Women and the United Nations |url=https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/81ecca4f-4dc8-4050-990c-c861489849f2.pdf |date=31 March 1999 |conference=European Consortium for Political Research Workshop |conference-url=https://ecpr.eu/Events/PanelList.aspx?EventID=44 |publisher=[[University of Mannheim]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513171348/https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/81ecca4f-4dc8-4050-990c-c861489849f2.pdf |archivedate=13 May 2017 |accessdate=31 August 2017}} * {{cite book |last=Rapoport |first=Anatol |title=The Origins of Violence: Approaches to the Study of Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofviolenc0000rapo |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56000-783-8}} * {{cite book |last=Reichard |first=Martin |title=The EU-NATO relationship: a legal and political perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/eunatorelationsh0000reic |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7546-4759-1}} * {{cite book |last=Scheina |first=Robert L |year=2003 |title=Latin America's Wars:Volume 2 The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001 |url=https://archive.org/details/latinamericaswar0000robe |publisher=Potomac Books Inc |isbn=978-1-57488-452-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Skirbekk |first1=Gunnar |last2=Gilje |first2=Nils |year=2001 |title=History of Western Thought: From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern0000skir |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-22073-6}} * {{cite book |last=Torpey |first=John |author-link=John Torpey |year=2000 |title=The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State |url=https://archive.org/details/pdfy-S0NQwPjPkMlzZ2eS |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63493-9}} * {{cite book |last=Tripp |first=Charles |author-link=Charles R. H. Tripp |year=2002 |title=A History of Iraq |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofiraq0000trip_l9l3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52900-6}} *{{cite book |last1=Wiltsher |first1=Anne |title=Most Dangerous Women: Feminist peace campaigners of the Great War |date=1985 |publisher=Pandora Press |isbn=978-0-86358-010-9 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/mostdangerouswom00anne_0#page/111/mode/1up}} {{refend}} ===Historiography=== {{refbegin}} * Almada e Santos, Aurora & Santos, Yvette (Hrsg.): ''[https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111063973 The League of Nations Experience: Overlapping Readings.]'' Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024. ISBN 9783111056586 * Aufricht, Hans "[[Guide to League of Nations Publications]]" (1951). * Gram-Skjoldager, Karen, and Haakon A. Ikonomou. "Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat–Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration." ''European History Quarterly'' 49.3 (2019): 420–444. * Jackson, Simon. "From Beirut to Berlin (via Geneva): The New International History, Middle East Studies and the League of Nations." ''Contemporary European History'' 27.4 (2018): 708–726. [https://scholar.archive.org/work/eojbh2ckxbajrnuqickinvw2ki/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2E6F619930F69BC168347369C909F899/S0960777318000231a.pdf/div-class-title-from-beirut-to-berlin-via-geneva-the-new-international-history-middle-east-studies-and-the-league-of-nations-div.pdf online] * Juntke, Fritz; Sveistrup, Hans: "[[Das deutsche Schrifttum über den Völkerbund]]" (1927). * [[Susan Pedersen (historian)|Pedersen, Susan]] "Back to the League of Nations." ''American Historical Review'' 112.4 (2007): 1091–1117. {{JSTOR|40008445}}. * {{cite Q|Q105626947}}<!-- The League of Nations in history --> {{refend}} ==External links== {{wikisourcecat}} {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://librivox.org/author/17753 ''The Covenant of the League of Nations''] audio recording at [[LibriVox]] (public domain audiobooks) * [http://www.leagueofnationshistory.org/ History of the League of Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103171122/http://www.leagueofnationshistory.org/ |date=3 January 2021 }}, University of Oxford-led project * [https://lontad-project.unog.ch/records?search=&sort=Date,_score&perpage=10&page=1&&page=1&refine%5BCategories%5D%5B%5D=Photos#title League of Nations Photo archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903142004/https://lontad-project.unog.ch/records?search=&sort=Date,_score&perpage=10&page=1&&page=1&refine&#91;Categories&#93;&#91;&#93;=Photos#title |date=3 September 2021 }} * [http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/%28httpAssets%29/3DA94AAFEB9E8E76C1256F340047BB52/$file/sdn_chronology.pdf League of Nations chronology] * [https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/36BC4F83BD9E4443C1257AF3004FC0AE/%24file/Historical_overview_of_the_League_of_Nations.pdf History (1919–1946)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307125836/https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/36BC4F83BD9E4443C1257AF3004FC0AE/%24file/Historical_overview_of_the_League_of_Nations.pdf |date=7 March 2019 }} from the [[United Nations Office at Geneva]] * [https://libraryresources.unog.ch/leagueofnationsarchives League of Nations Archives] from the [[United Nations Office at Geneva]] * [http://www.indiana.edu/~league/tcassemblies.htm Table of Assemblies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716150842/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/tcassemblies.htm |date=16 July 2019 }} Dates of each annual assembly, links to list of members of each country's delegation * [https://lontad-project.unog.ch/ Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520152315/https://lontad-project.unog.ch/ |date=20 May 2020 }} * [http://www.lonsea.org/ LONSEA – League of Nations Search Engine, Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context", Universität Heidelberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107224111/http://www.lonsea.org/ |date=7 January 2020 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518143316/http://libcudl.colorado.edu/wwi/pdf/i73728238.pdf ''The League of Nations.''], Boston: Old Colony Trust Company, 1919. A collection of charters, speeches, etc. on the topic. {{LN and UN Secretaries-General}} {{Paris Peace Conference navbox|state=collapsed}} {{United Nations}} {{Woodrow Wilson}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:League Of Nations}} [[Category:League of Nations| ]] [[Category:Government agencies established in 1920]] [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1946]] [[Category:Former international organizations]] [[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]] [[Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty]] [[Category:20th century in Geneva]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] sb9t53imujkshosbrpv3rcnbhafcikj Cape Coast Castle 0 32146 146239 115226 2026-08-11T00:33:54Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Former fortified colonial trading post in Ghana}} '''Cape Coast Castle''' di nyɛla din be daba kasitilinima ([[slave fort|"slave castles"]]) din ni paai pihinahi puuni yini, bee "fort" kara din nyɛ daabiligu dini puuni yini, ka bɛ mɛli [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] din be [[West Africa]] (saha ŋɔ bɛ ni pa booni shɛli [[Ghana]]), European daabihi n daa mɛ li. Di daa na nyɛla Portuguese "feitoria" bee daabiligu niŋbu sheei, ka daa mɛ yuuni 1555, ka bɛ daa ti li yuli boli li ''Cabo Corso''. Yuuni 1653, bɛ daa zaŋ taabonim mali "fort" shɛli [[Swedish Africa Company]]. Di daa nyɛla daabonim mini salimanim daabiligu niŋbu shee, ka bɛ daa naan yi ti zaŋli leei [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.everycastle.com/Cape-Coast-Castle.html|title=Cape Coast Castle - Castles, Palaces and Fortresses|website=www.everycastle.com|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref> [[List of castles in Ghana|Ghanaian slave castles]] shɛŋa n-nyɛ [[Elmina Castle]] mini [[Fort Christiansborg]]. BBɛ daa malila Africans shɛba bɛ ni gbahi n-niŋdi din ni ka ʒiriba kuni Americas,di bahi bahindi Caribbean. Luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa booni "gate of no return" n daa nyɛ zanibu shee bahigu pɔi ka bɛ naan yi du Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghana-s-slave-castles-the-shocking-story-of-the-ghanaian-cape-coast/|title=Ghana's Slave Castles: The Shocking Story of the Ghanaian Cape Coast|website=theculturetrip.com|access-date=2025-05-28|archive-date=2022-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425143613/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/ghana-s-slave-castles-the-shocking-story-of-the-ghanaian-cape-coast/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cape Coast Castle, n-ti Ghana kasitilinim shɛŋa, nyɛla din be [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] ka di nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali li kɔhiri salimanim mini daba la zuɣu.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34 |title = Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions |website = UNESCO World Heritage Convention |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 9 Oct 2022}}</ref> ==Daabiligu taarihi== Salima din galisi be Ghana n daa nyɛ tuuli binshɛɣu din che ka Europe nim su kpe Ghana, ka Cape Coast nim pam daa zaŋli niŋ anfaani. Salimanima,daba mini African nima shɛba deerila situra,kuntunima,sichiri ni din pahi pahi. [[File: Cape Coast dungeon.JPG|thumb|Inside the dungeon of Cape Coast Castle, where hundreds of enslaved people were held in cramped conditions before being transferred to boats bound for the western hemisphere]] [[File: Obama and family in Cape Coast Castle.jpg|thumb|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and his family inside one of the dungeons during a visit to the Cape Coast Castle in 2009]] Lala saha maa, Africa daba shɛba bɛ ni daa gbahi daa nyɛla anfaani n zaŋti America nima mini luɣ'shɛŋa, ka di nyɛ bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba daba n daa nyɛ daabiligu pam Cape Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-02 |title=Cape Coast Castle (1652- ) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/cape-coast-castle/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, taɣibunima pam daa niŋya "fort" maa ni. == 3D documentation with terrestrial laser scanning == Yuuni 2015, [[Zamani Project]] daa dokumentila Cape Coast Castle ni "[[3D laser scanning]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zamaniproject.org/site-ghana-cape-coast-cape-coast-castle.html|title=Site - Cape Coast Castle|website=zamaniproject.org|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/05/africa/preserving-heritage-african-sites-3-d/index.html|title=Meet the scientists immortalizing African heritage in virtual reality|author=Chris Giles|website=CNN|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> Ban niŋdi vihigu ka di pala bɛ bɔrila nyɔri yaa dahila "3D [[Digital cultural heritage|digital documentation of tangible cultural heritage]]" polo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiv/6-w6/papers/ruther.pdf|title=An African heritage database, the virtual preservation of Africa's past|last=Rüther|first=Heinz|website=www.isprs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajan|first=Rahim S.|last2=Rüther|first2=Heinz|date=2007-05-30|title=Building a Digital Library of Scholarly Resources from the Developing World: An Introduction to Aluka|journal=African Arts|volume=40|issue=2|pages=1–7|doi=10.1162/afar.2007.40.2.1|issn=0001-9933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rüther|first1=Heinz|last2=Rajan|first2=Rahim S.|date=December 2007|title=Documenting African Sites: The Aluka Project|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_society-of-architectural-historians-journal_2007-12_66_4/page/437|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|publisher=University of California Press|volume=66|issue=4|pages=437–443|doi=10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437|jstor=10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437}}</ref> == Anfooninima == <gallery> File:Cape Coast.jpg|Cape Coast Castle File:Cape Coast Slave Castle - panoramio.jpg|The wall File:Cape coast castle II.JPG|Cape Coast Castle, as rebuilt by the British in the 18th century File:Mortar in Cape Coast.jpg|Cape Coast Castle, Ghana File:Cannonballs at Cape Coast Castle.jpg|Cannonballs at Cape Coast Castle, a structure used in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. File:Cape Coast Castle 3.jpg|Cape Coast Castle, Ghana File:First Lady Melania Trump's Visit to Ghana 1.jpg|First Lady Melania Trump tours the Cape Coast Castle File:Cape Coast Castle 4.jpg|Cape Coast Castle, Ghana File:Cape Coast Castle 8.jpg|Male Slave Dungeon File:Cape Coast Castle 9.jpg|Cape Coast Castle, Ghana File:Cape Coast, Ghana; wounded soldiers going out to hospital sh Wellcome V0015335.jpg|1874, during the Third [[Anglo-Ashanti wars|Anglo-Ashanti war]] File:Cape Coast Castle 37.jpg|Cape Coast Castle </gallery> ==Lihi pahi== * Town of [[Cape Coast]], Ghana * [[Cape Coast Castle Museum]], Cape Coast, Ghana * [[List of castles in Ghana]] ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Sources== *Osei-Tutu, Brepong (2004), "African American reactions to the restoration of Ghana's 'slave castles' ", in: ''Public Archaeology''; 3/4, 2004, pp.&nbsp;195–204. {{ISSN|1465-5187}}. *Shumway, Rebecca (2011), ''The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade''. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. {{ISBN|9781580463911}}. *St. Clair, William (2006), ''The Grand Slave Emporium: Cape Coast Castle and the British slave trade''. London: Profile Books {{ISBN|1-86197-904-5}}. * {{cite book | last=Van Dantzig | first=Albert | title=Forts and Castles of Ghana | publisher=Sedco Publishing | year=1999 | location=Accra | url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Forts_and_castles_of_Ghana.html?id=YhZyAAAAMAAJ | isbn=9964-72-010-6 }} *[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ghana.html#Prussian%20Gold%20Coast WorldStatesmen - Ghana] * {{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=Julie |title=Poisoned Lives: The Regency Poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.) and British Gold Coast Administrator George Maclean |date=2010 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-84519-420-8 |language=en}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Cape Coast Castle}} *[http://www.capecoastcastlemuseum.com Cape Coast Castle Museum] *[http://www.theviproom.com/visions/slave.htm Cape Coast Slave Castle] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607001520/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~rmcamara/page7.htm Cape Coast Castle] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208090050/http://advance05.williamhaun.com/ghana/slavecastle/index.html British Slave Castle, Cape Coast Photo Gallery] (12 July 2005) {{Gold Coast}} {{Ghana topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Castles in Ghana]] [[Category:Cape Coast]] [[Category:Forts in Ghana]] [[Category:Gold Coast (British colony)]] [[Category:Slave forts]] [[Category:Swedish colonisation in Africa]] [[Category:1653 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1653 establishments in the Swedish colonial empire]] [[Category:17th century in Ghana]] [[Category:Ghana–Sweden relations]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Ghana]] [[Category:Slavery museums]] [[Category:Swedish colonial empire]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] hrjzbfrijp8qwpizcxbfas8wbzl5tsa Fort Saint Anthony 0 32157 146221 113849 2026-08-10T23:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Material cultural heritage site in Ghana}} [[File:Fort Saint Anthony.jpg|thumb|Fort Saint Anthony]] '''Fort Saint Anthony''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Forte de Santo António''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Fort Sint Anthony'') nyɛla "fort" shɛli [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ni mɛ yuuni 1515 ka di miri tiŋa yuli booni [[Axim]], luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni pa booni [[Ghana]]. Yuuni 1642, Dutch daa ti zaŋlimi pahi [[Dutch Gold Coast]] ni. Dutch daa yɛli li mi pɔi ka naan yi lɛbigili, ni bɛ biɛhisi sheei zaa, zaŋti British yuuni 1872.{{sfn|Doortmont|2013|p=78}} Fort Saint Anthony na kuli nyɛla "fort" din niŋ talahi Dutch ni su binshɛŋa ni.{{sfn|Doortmont|2013|p=71}}{{sfn|Doortmont|Smit|2007|p=263}} Pirimla di ni mali taarihi ni Europe daabiligu maa zuɣu, Fort Saint Anthony nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli pahi [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] ni yuuni 1979 n-ti pahi [[List of castles in Ghana|Ghana]] kasitili shɛŋa.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|title=Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/|website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention|access-date=9 Oct 2022}}</ref> == 3D Model == YuunI 2013, [[Zamani Project]] daa dokumentila Fort Saint Anthony ni "[[3D laser scanning]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zamaniproject.org/site-ghana-axim-fort-saint-anthony.html#header5-1i|title=Site - Fort Saint Anthony in Axim|website=zamaniproject.org|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rüther|first=Heinz|last2=Rajan|first2=Rahim S.|date=2007|title=Documenting African Sites: The Aluka Project|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_society-of-architectural-historians-journal_2007-12_66_4/page/437|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|volume=66|issue=4|pages=437–443|doi=10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437|issn=0037-9808|jstor=10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiv/6-w6/papers/ruther.pdf|title=An African Heritage Database: The Virtual Preservation of Africa's Past|last=Rüther|first=Heinz|date=2002|publisher=International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing|access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> Vihigu laɣingu din bi niŋdi bɔri liɣiri ka yina University of Cape tiŋ'puuni (South Africa) ka di yaa dalim "3D [[Digital cultural heritage|digital documentation of tangible cultural heritage]]." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiv/6-w6/papers/ruther.pdf|title=An African heritage database, the virtual preservation of Africa's past|last=Rüther|first=Heinz|website=www.isprs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajan|first=Rahim S.|last2=Rüther|first2=Heinz|date=2007-05-30|title=Building a Digital Library of Scholarly Resources from the Developing World: An Introduction to Aluka|journal=African Arts|volume=40|issue=2|pages=1–7|doi=10.1162/afar.2007.40.2.1|issn=0001-9933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rüther|first1=Heinz|last2=Rajan|first2=Rahim S.|date=December 2007|title=Documenting African Sites: The Aluka Project|url=https://jsah.ucpress.edu/content/66/4/437|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|publisher=University of California Press|volume=66|issue=4|pages=437–443|doi=10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437|jstor=10.1525/jsah.2007.66.4.437|access-date=2019-10-08|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924062926/https://jsah.ucpress.edu/content/66/4/437|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Anfooninima == <gallery> File:Overzicht bovenop bastion rechts voor met zicht op beide hoger gelegen bouwdelen - Axim - 20374980 - RCE.jpg|Fort Saint Anthony today. File:Fort Saint Anthony 22.jpg|Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Ghana File:Fort Saint Anthony 14.jpg|Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Ghana File:Fort Saint Anythony 2.jpg|Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Ghana File:Fort Saint Anthony 19.jpg|Prison cell at Fort Saint Anthony at Axim in Ghana File:Fort Saint Anythony.jpg|Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Ghana File:Fort Saint Anthony 18.jpg|Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Ghana File:Fort Saint Anythony 8.jpg|Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Ghana File:Fort Saint Anthony 15.jpg|Fort Saint Anthony at Axim, Ghana File:AMH-7679-NA Floor plan of Fort St. Antonie at Axim.jpg|Floor plan of Fort Saint Anthony from the 18th century. File:Julius Vitringa Coulon (1859) Figuratieve kaart der afdeeling Axim, kust van Guinea.jpg|Map of the District of Axim drawn by [[Julius Vitringa Coulon]] in 1859. File:Fort Saint Anthony.jpg </gallery> ==Noosi== {{reflist|2}} == Kundivihira == {{commons category|Fort San Antonio (Ghana)}} * {{cite book |last=Doortmont |first=Michel R. |editor-last1=Doortmont |editor-first1=Michel R. |editor-last2=Valsecchi |editor-first2=Pierluigi |editor-last3=Anquandah |editor-first3=James R. |title=The Ankobra Gold Route: Studies in the Historical Relationship between Western Ghana and the Dutch |publisher=The Ankobra Gold Route Project |date=2013 |location=Accra |pages=63–96 |chapter=The Dutch Forts at Axim and Butre: Buildings, people, politics |isbn=978-90-367-6210-6 }} * {{cite book | last1=Doortmont | first1=Michel R. | last2=Smit | first2=Jinna | title=Sources for the mutual history of Ghana and the Netherlands. An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593-1960s | publisher=Brill | year=2007 | location= Leiden | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SBwMhYAZw0C | isbn = 978-90-04-15850-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Valsecchi |first=Pierluigi |editor-last1=Doortmont |editor-first1=Michel R. |editor-last2=Valsecchi |editor-first2=Pierluigi |editor-last3=Anquandah |editor-first3=James R. |title=The Ankobra Gold Route: Studies in the Historical Relationship between Western Ghana and the Dutch |publisher=The Ankobra Gold Route Project |date=2013 |location=Accra |pages=33–52 |chapter=European and Africans in the Seventeenth Century Western Gold Coast|isbn=978-90-367-6210-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Van Dantzig |first=Albert | author-link= Albert van Dantzig |editor-last1=Doortmont |editor-first1=Michel R. |editor-last2=Valsecchi |editor-first2=Pierluigi |editor-last3=Anquandah |editor-first3=James R. |title=The Ankobra Gold Route: Studies in the Historical Relationship between Western Ghana and the Dutch |publisher=The Ankobra Gold Route Project |date=2013a |location=Accra |pages=183–196 |chapter=The Ankobra Gold Interest |isbn=978-90-367-6210-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Van Dantzig |first=Albert | author-link= Albert van Dantzig |editor-last1=Doortmont |editor-first1=Michel R. |editor-last2=Valsecchi |editor-first2=Pierluigi |editor-last3=Anquandah |editor-first3=James R. |title=The Ankobra Gold Route: Studies in the Historical Relationship between Western Ghana and the Dutch |publisher=The Ankobra Gold Route Project |date=2013b |location=Accra |pages=209–218 |chapter=The Jurisdiction of Fort St. Anthony at Axim |isbn=978-90-367-6210-6 }} {{Gold Coast}} {{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire |state=collapsed}} {{Ghana topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Forts in Ghana|Santo Antonio]] [[Category:Portuguese colonial architecture in Ghana]] [[Category:Portuguese Gold Coast]] [[Category:Dutch Gold Coast]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1515]] [[Category:1515 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1515 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]] [[Category:16th century in Ghana]] [[Category:Castles in Ghana]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] 9i1x7joe49jvay0nw4y1e0d4hiweamg Eliza Acton 0 32167 146118 145749 2026-08-10T20:53:47Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Eliza Acton''' (Silimin goli April biɛɣu pishi ni ayopɔi yuuni1799 -Silimin goli February biɛɣu pia ni ata yuuni 1859) daa nyɛla silimiinsi sasabira n-jɛndiri bindirigu,ka lahi nyɛ ŋun sabiri yɛltɔɣitaɣimali. Tuun'shɛli sokam ni daa mi ka o tumda.O daa nyɛla ŋun duɣiri zaamani bindira n-tiri niriba.Bɛ daa dɔɣila Acton yuuni 17 April 1799 tiŋa yuli booni Battle, Sussex, England. Amaa o daa lee kpila 13 February 1859 tiŋa yuli booni Hampstead, London, England.O ni daa tumdi tuun'shɛli n-nyɛ yɛltɔɣitaɣimali sabibu, bindirigu sabibu. Bɛ daa dɔɣila Acton yuuni 1799 tiŋa yuli booni Sussex. Bɛ daa wumsi o la tiŋa yuli booni Suffolk,nimaani o daa kpala bipuɣinsi shikuru din nyɛ bɛ ni gberi shɛli pɔi ka daa naanyi labi France.O ni daa yi England labina yuuni 1826, O daa nyɛla ŋun zaŋ yɛltɔɣitaɣimalisi shɛŋa o daa sabi ni o bindira duɣibu bukunima m-bahi pɔhim zuɣu yuuni 1845,ka di nyɛla bi'shɛba ban yina daŋ shɛŋa puuni ban dii bi nyanida.yuuni 1857 puuni, Acton daa nyɛla ŋun lahi zaŋ silimiinsili buku shɛli din yuli booni paanu buku la n-lahi bahi pɔhim zuɣu. ==O maŋmaŋa yɛltɔɣa== Eliza Acton daa nyɛla bɛ dɔɣi so yuuni 17 April 1799 tiŋa yuli booni Battle, Sussex, ka bɛ daa lee babitaazo o cheechi yuli booni Parish cheehi June 5. O daa nyɛla o ba bihi puuni ŋun nyɛ bipuɣinsi mini bidibisi puuni zaa sa kpɛma.O ba yuli daa booni John ka o ma yuli booni Elizabeth, nee Mercer. 1800 yuma din gari maa, O niriba zaa daa yimi chaŋ Ipswich, Suffolk.yuuni 1811, Trotman daa nyɛla ŋun kpi, John daa niŋ saha ka bɛ zaŋ tuma maa puuni toontali n-ti o.O daa nyɛla taɣi deei toontali maa ka bɛ daa lahi ti li yuli Stud,Halliday ni Acton.Sheila Hardy,Eliza maŋmaŋa lahibali puuni. 1817 yuma din gari maa, Acton mini Nicolson daa nyɛla ban yooi paɣiba shikuru ka bɛ gberi di puuni, Claydon puuni,amaa kadi leei yi kpaŋa ka che Ipswich. 1819 yuma din gari maa, Acton daa nyɛla ŋun zo ka che shikuru maa ka chaŋ ka o mi o tuzopaɣa ti kpa shikuru shɛli September ni,lala shikuru ŋɔ din daa pa yili kpaŋa kamani maali dibaata laasabu zaŋ chaŋ Woodbrige,bɛ din gbaai yuuni 1825 mini 1825 sunsuuni. Acton daa na bela France tuuli maa,nti lahi be paris, di daa bi yuuigi ka o lahi labi England;Hardy daa kpuɣi li mi ka di ŋmanila o gɔmi kamani yuuni 1823 la.Bindirigu lahibali tiri ŋun yuli booni Elizabeth Ray la,ŋun daa sabiri Dictionary of National Biography,yɛliya ni Acton daa gɔmi n-chaŋ tiŋ'duya, ni ka di nyɛla o bo alaafee n-ti maŋmaŋa,domini o daalaafee da bi saɣisi o.Dihitabili daa yina wuhi o daa malila pua o ni daa yi Paris, lala zuɣu o daa dɔɣila bipuɣimbila o ni daa be tiŋ'duya ni maa ka so leei bi mi o ba ni nyɛ so.O tuzobila so ŋun yuli booni Sarah daa nyɛ ŋun wumsi o. Bɛ niriba ayi maa kpahimi n-ti nya ka daliri shɛli kani n-wuhiri a ni bɛ daŋ maa biɛhigu m-bala.Hardy daa bi saɣi ti lala yɛligu maa,ka yɛli ni Acton ka tuzopaɣa ŋun yuli booni Sarah,bɛ di ti yɛri o kuli doo; O daa yɛliya ni o bi nya shɛli din wuhiri ni o bia yɛlimaŋli m-bala.Acton ni daa be France o daa nyɛla ŋun kpuɣi mamli ni bipuɣimbila French army Officer ; dihitabili wuhiya ni bɛ daa shiri be mamli puuni, amaa bahigu bɛ daa bahi taba. O daa yi England kuna na 1826 yuuni maa. == Notes == === Sources === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Acton|first=Eliza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmnn0to-a8oC&pg=PR3|title=Poems|publisher=Longman & Co|year=1826|location=London|oclc=13284872}} * {{cite book|last1=Acton|first1=Eliza|url=https://archive.org/stream/moderncookeryin00actogoog#page/n6/mode/2up|title=Modern Cookery in all its Branches|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans|year=1845|edition=2|location=London|oclc=40747609}} * {{cite book|last1=Acton|first1=Eliza|title=Modern Cookery for Private Families|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans|year=1855|location=London|oclc=758341567}} * {{cite book|last1=Acton|first1=Eliza|url=https://archive.org/stream/b21531006#page/n5/mode/2up|title=The English Bread-Book for Domestic Use|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green Longmans and Roberts|year=1857|location=London|oclc=14352867}} * {{cite book|last=Ashley|first=Bob|title=Food and Cultural Studies|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0-4152-7039-7|location=London}} * {{cite book|last1=Aylett|first1=Mary|title=First Catch Your Hare|last2=Ordish|first2=Olive|publisher=Macdonald|year=1965|location=London|oclc=54053}} * {{cite web|last1=Black|first1=Maggie|date=12 December 1981|title=The Englishman's Plum Pudding|url=http://www.historytoday.com/maggie-black/englishmans-plum-pudding|access-date=10 January 2018|website=History Today}} * {{cite journal|last1=Broomfield|first1=Andrea|date=Summer 2008|title=Rushing Dinner to the Table: ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'' and Industrialization's Effects on Middle-Class Food and Cooking, 1852–1860|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_victorian-periodicals-review_summer-2008_41_2/page/101|journal=Victorian Periodicals Review|volume=41|issue=2|pages=101–123|doi=10.1353/vpr.0.0032|jstor=20084239|s2cid=161900658}} * {{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Mark|date=2 June 2006|title=Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042814/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books|archive-date=8 December 2015}} * {{cite web|last1=Burnett|first1=John|author-link1=John Burnett (historian)|date=April 1964|title=Plenty and Want: The Social History of English Diet|url=http://www.historytoday.com/john-burnett/plenty-and-want-social-history-english-diet|access-date=15 January 2018|website=History Today}} {{subscription required}} * {{cite book|last=Colquhoun|first=Kate|title=Taste: The Story of Britain through Its Cooking|url=https://archive.org/details/tastestoryofbrit0000kate|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7475-9306-5|location=London}} * {{cite news|last1=Cooke|first1=Rachel|author-link1=Rachel Cooke|date=15 March 2015|title=Jane Grigson: her life and legacy|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/15/jane-grigson-her-life-and-legacy}} * {{Cite book|last=David|first=Elizabeth|title=The Best of Eliza Acton|url=https://archive.org/details/bestofelizaacton0000eliz|publisher=Penguin|year=1974|isbn=978-0-14-046205-0|editor-last=Ray|editor-first=Elizabeth|location=London|pages=xxv–xxx|contribution=Introduction|author-link=Elizabeth David|orig-year=1968}} * {{Cite book|last=David|first=Elizabeth|title=English Bread and Yeast Book|publisher=Penguin|year=2001|isbn=978-0-1402-9974-8|location=London|author-link=Elizabeth David|orig-year=1977}} * {{cite journal|last1=Davidson|first1=Alan|author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer)|date=Winter 1983|title=Food: The Natural History of British Cookery Books|journal=The American Scholar|volume=52|issue=1|pages=98–106|jstor=41210911}} * {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Alan|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000davi_m3c8|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-1910-4072-6|location=Oxford|author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer)}} * {{cite book|last=Driver|first=Christopher|title=The British at Table 1940–1980|url=https://archive.org/details/britishattable190000driv|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1983|isbn=978-0-7011-2582-0|location=London}} * {{cite web|last1=Freeman|first1=Len|date=5 February 2011|title=How Britain Converted to Decimal Currency|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12346083|website=BBC News}} * {{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Sarah|title=Isabella and Sam: The Story of Mrs. Beeton|publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd|year=1977|isbn=978-0-575-01835-8|location=London}} * {{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Sarah|title=Mutton and Oysters: The Victorians and Their Food|url=https://archive.org/details/muttonoystersvic0000free|publisher=Gollancz|year=1989|isbn=978-0-575-03151-7|location=London}} * {{cite book|last1=Hardy|first1=Sheila|url=https://archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard|title=The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton|date=2011|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-0-7524-6122-9|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Kathryn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5NvuLMB3tYC&pg=PP1|title=The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7524-6122-9|location=London|author-link=Kathryn Hughes}} * {{cite web|last1=Hughes|first1=Kathryn|author-link1=Kathryn Hughes|date=15 May 2014|title=Mrs Beeton and the Art of Household Management|url=http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106044610/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management|archive-date=6 January 2016|access-date=27 November 2015|publisher=British Library}} * {{cite book|last=Humble|first=Nicola|title=Culinary Pleasures|url=https://archive.org/details/culinarypleasure0000humb|publisher=Faber and Faber|year=2006|isbn=978-0-571-22871-3|location=London}} * {{cite book|last=Jack|first=Albert|title=What Caesar Did For My Salad: Not to Mention the Earl's Sandwich, Pavlova's Meringue and Other Curious Stories Behind Our Favourite Food|url=https://archive.org/details/whatcaesardidfor0000jack_x9a7|date=2010|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-84614-254-3|location=London}} * {{cite journal|last1=Lieffers|first1=Caroline|date=June 2012|title='The Present Time is Eminently Scientific': The Science of Cookery in Nineteenth-Century Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_summer-2012_45_4/page/936|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=45|issue=4|pages=936–959|doi=10.1093/jsh/shr106|jstor=41678945|s2cid=145735940}} * {{cite news|date=25 January 1845|title=Literary Memoranda|page=11|work=The Atlas|ref={{sfnRef|"Literary Memoranda", ''The Atlas''}}}} * {{cite news|date=25 January 1845|title=Literature|page=4|work=Woolmer's Exeter and Plymouth Gazette|ref={{sfnRef|"Literature", ''Woolmer's Exeter and Plymouth Gazette''}}}} * {{cite news|date=17 February 1845|title=Literature|page=3|work=The Morning Post|ref={{sfnRef|"Literature", ''The Morning Post''}}}} * {{cite news|date=18 January 1845|title=Literature Received|page=66|work=The Spectator|ref={{sfnRef|"Literature Received", ''The Spectator''}}}} * {{cite news|date=28 January 1845|title=Modern Cookery|page=3|work=Kentish Gazette|ref={{sfnRef|"Modern Cookery", ''Kentish Gazette''}}}} * {{cite book|last=Notaker|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RywtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=A History of Cookbooks: From Kitchen to Page over Seven Centuries|publisher=University of California Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-520-96728-1|location=Oakland, CA}} * {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Lee Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3PuR90PiC8C&pg=PP1|title=The Romance of the Lyric in Nineteenth-Century Women's Poetry: Experiments in Form|publisher=University of Delaware|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61149-392-4|location=Newark, DE}} * {{cite book|last=Quayle|first=Eric|title=Old Cook Books: an illustrated history|publisher=Studio Vista|year=1978|isbn=978-0-2897-0707-4|location=London|author-link=Eric Quayle}} * {{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Elizabeth|title=The Best of Eliza Acton|url=https://archive.org/details/bestofelizaacton0000eliz|publisher=Penguin|year=1974|isbn=978-0-14-046205-0|editor-last=Ray|editor-first=Elizabeth|location=London|pages=xix–xxiii|contribution=Preface|orig-year=1968}} * {{cite ODNB|last=Ray|first=Elizabeth|title=Acton, Eliza (1799–1859)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/73|access-date=2 January 2018|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/73|year=2008}} * {{cite journal|date=September 1990|title=Resources|journal=The Digest|volume=10|issue=2|ref={{sfnRef|"Resources", ''The Digest''}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Hardy|first1=Sheila|url=https://archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard|title=The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton|date=2011|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-0-7524-6122-9|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|contribution=Foreword|url-access=registration|contributor-last=Smith|contributor-first=Delia|contributor-link=Delia Smith}} * {{cite web|title=Search results for 'Acton The English Bread Book'|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=acton+The+English+Bread+Book|access-date=22 February 2018|website=WorldCat|ref={{sfnRef|"Search results for 'acton The English Bread Book'". ''WorldCat''}}}} * {{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire|author-link=Mary Ellen Snodgrass}} * {{Cite OED|Spaghetti|id=185485|access-date=10 January 2018|ref={{sfnRef|"Spaghetti". ''Oxford English Dictionary''}}}} * {{cite news|last1=Stein|first1=Rick|author-link1=Rick Stein|date=29 November 2003|title=Let's live a little|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2003/nov/29/weekend7.weekend6}} * {{cite book|last=Walker|first=Julian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gLDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|title=Discovering Words in the Kitchen|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-7478-0952-4|location=London}} * {{cite news|last1=Wilson|first1=Bee|author-link1=Bee Wilson|date=8 May 2011|title=Eliza Acton, my heroine|work=The Sunday Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/8489744/Eliza-Acton-my-heroine.html}} * {{cite journal|last1=Zlotnick|first1=Susan|date=1996|title=Domesticating Imperialism: Curry and Cookbooks in Victorian England|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_frontiers_1996_16_2-3/page/51|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=16|issue=2/3|pages=51–68|doi=10.2307/3346803|jstor=3346803}} {{refend}} ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} 5qw2vv2qdsxdg3cegrez6x1a24oof8v Elgin Marbles 0 32275 146147 145655 2026-08-10T21:38:10Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146147 wikitext text/x-wiki == Soli maŋa zaŋ kpa Athens yihibu == Yuuni 1816 February, House of Commons nim’ kpɛma yaɣili daa ʒia ninsala wuhibu ni di niŋ vihigu Elgin ni daa deei maasim ŋɔ shɛm ni di yi niŋ ka gomnanti tali daa dee li bee ka bi dee li.O ni daa ti o nangbankpeeni n-ti kpɛma yaɣili maa,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles; &c|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383/page/n39/mode/2up|access-date=13 January 2023|website=Internet Archive}}</ref>Elgin daa yɛliya ni o niriba ni daa tumdi tuma shɛŋa Acropolis ni, ni maasim ŋɔ ni daa yɛn yi shɛm, di daa nyɛla bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli ''firman'' (Lala yuli ŋɔ nyɛla yuli shɛli din zaa niŋ tɔɣa puuni) ka bɛ mali li boli Ottoman zaligu ni yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa din nyɛ nasara nima ban chani ti ŋmɛri gbana ni yɛli shɛli ka di nyɛla Ottoman gomnanti tali ni daa ti shɛli July 1800 yuuni puuni, ka di daa niŋ ka voivode (ŋun su Athens tiŋgbani zuɣu) mini ''dizdar'' (military zuɣu lana zaŋti Acropolis citadel). yuuni silimin goli March 1810 dali, ''firman'' shɛli daa kpami, N doli soli shɛli din nyɛ di baayi zuɣu shipment bolli bihi Britain nim sani. Elgin daa yɛli committee maa, "Bin shɛŋa bi ni niŋ pollo ni dunia ni zaa... ni tiŋkpaŋ authorities daa zaŋ zaɣa n niŋ, zaŋ gbai Turkish government".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Dyfri|date=2009|title=Lord Elgin's Firman|journal=Journal of the History of Collections|pages=1–28}}</ref> == Maan lihimi ŋɔ nim yaha == * [[Pedimental sculpture]] * [[Palermo Fragment]] * [[Greece–United Kingdom relations]] * [[Las Incantadas]], portico taken from [[Thessaloniki]] * [[Caryatids of Eleusis|Saint Demetra]], sculpture taken from [[Eleusis]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ==Sources== * {{cite book |author-link=Mary Beard (classicist) |first=Mary |last=Beard |title=The Parthenon |url=https://archive.org/details/parthenon0000mbea |publisher=[[Profile Books]] |edition=2nd |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84668-349-7}} * {{cite book |first=Alexander |last=Herman |title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |place=London|edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/}} * {{Cite book |first=Tiffany |last=Jenkins |author-link=Tiffany Jenkins |title=Keeping Their Marbles: How the Treasures of the Past Ended Up in Museums{{nbsp}}... and Why They Should Stay There |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-965759-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/keepingtheirmarb0000jenk}} * {{cite book |first=William |last=St Clair |author-link=William St Clair |title=Lord Elgin and the Marbles |url=https://archive.org/details/lordelginmarbles0000stcl |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=Oxford |edition=4th |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-288053-5}} * {{cite book |author-link= |first=Catharine |last=Titi |title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Dyfri |title=Lord Elgin's firman |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-history-of-collections_2009_21_1/page/49 |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |date=7 January 2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhn033}} ==Karimbu nim yaha== * {{cite magazine |first=Marc |last=Fehlmann |url=http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |title=Casts and Connoisseurs: the early reception of the Elgin Marbles |magazine=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]] |date=June 2007 |pages=44–51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506011222/http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |archive-date=6 May 2012}} * {{cite book |first=Jeanette |last=Greenfield |title=The Return of Cultural Treasures |url=https://archive.org/details/returnofcultural0000gree |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |place=Cambridge |edition=3rd |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-80216-1}} * {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |author-link=Christopher Hitchens |title=Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles |publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] |place=London |isbn=978-0-8090-4189-3 |year=1987 |title-link=Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles}} (with essays by Robert Browning and Graham Binns) * {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Jenkins |title=The Parthenon Frieze |publisher=[[British Museum Press]] |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7141-2200-7}} * {{cite book |last=King |first=Dorothy |author-link=Dorothy King |title=The Elgin Marbles |publisher=[[Hutchinson Heinemann]] |place=London |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-09-180013-0 |title-link=The Elgin Marbles (book)}} * {{cite book |first=François |last=Queyrel |title=Le Parthénon, Un monument dans l'Histoire |publisher=Éditions Bartillat |location=Paris |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-84100-435-5 |url=http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281 |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929162206/http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Stallings |first=A. E. |author-link=A. E. Stallings |title=Frieze Frame: How Poets, Painters, and their Friends Framed the Debate Around Elgin and the Marbles of the Parthenon |publisher=Paul Dry Books|place=Philadelphia |date=2025 |isbn=9781589882003}} ==External links== {{Commons}}{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Elgin Marbles |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle=}} <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ==={{No more links}}=========--> *[http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/?pname=Home&la=2 Acropolis Museum] *[http://www.parthenonfrieze.gr/ The Parthenon Frieze] *[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/ancient_greece_and_rome/rooms_18,_18a,_18b_parthenon.aspx The British Museum Parthenon pages] ===Pros and cons of restitution=== <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ===={{No more links}}==========--> *[http://www.parthenonuk.com/ British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles' site] *[https://parthenonproject.co.uk/#overview The Parthenon Project] *[https://classicsforall.org.uk/reading-room/ad-familiares/case-lord-elgin "The Case for Lord Elgin," Classics for All] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040814225306/http://prometheus.cc.emory.edu/panels/5E/G.Wood.html Gillen Wood, "The strange case of Lord Elgin's nose"]: the cultural context of the early 19th century debate over the marbles, the politics & the aesthetics, imperialism and hellenism *[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmcumeds/371/371ap20.htm Two memorandums submitted to the UK Parliamentary Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport in 2000.] *[https://aothenmagazine.com/#torrettamarbles "Keeping our share", Aothen Magazine]: Argues for the dismissal of the Greek claim, and for retaining the Marbles as part of cultural history. {{Phidias}} {{British Museum}} {{Acropolis of Athens}} {{Sculptures}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|51.5192|-0.1283|display=title}} [[Category:Elgin Marbles| ]] [[Category:5th-century BC Greek sculptures]] [[Category:Parthenon]] [[Category:Art and cultural repatriation]] [[Category:Greece–United Kingdom relations]] [[Category:Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures in the British Museum]] [[Category:History of museums]] [[Category:History of Athens]] [[Category:Marble sculptures in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Sculptures by Phidias]] [[Category:Greek artifacts outside Greece]] [[Category:19th century in Athens]] [[Category:Horses in art]] [[Category:Architectural sculpture]] [[Category:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin]] [[Category:Sculptures of Dionysus]] 1ojcq2rgwld3e29rvge9ln7x8enkkdv Gold Coast (British colony) 0 32289 146139 145657 2026-08-10T21:23:53Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gold Coast''' daa nyɛla''" British Crown colony" d''in daa be ''"Gulf of Guinea"'' din be [[West Africa]] tiŋgbanni, bini din gbaai yuuni 1821 zaŋ hali ni maŋsulinsi deebu ni yuuni 1957 ka bɛ daa naan yi ti boli li [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Citation|title=One-Man Policy—A Curse to West Africa|date=2013-09-13|work=The Gold Coast Nation and National Consciousness|pages=54–59|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315033044-11|isbn=978-1-315-03304-4}}</ref> Bachi din nyɛ Gold Coast daa buɣisirila yaɣa dibaanahi din daa tumdi tuma [[Gold Coast]] gɔmnanti saha. Dina n-daa nyɛ Gold Coast maŋmaŋa, [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]], [[Northern Region|Northern]] tiŋgbani yaɣa mini British Togoland trust territory.<ref name="Chipp 1922">{{Cite book|last=Chipp|first=Thomas Ford|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45233|title=Forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories.|date=1922|publisher=Waterlow & sons limited|location=London [etc.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.45233}}</ref> Tuuli Europe nim ban daa kpɛ ni daa nyɛla Portuguese ban daa kpɛ ni yuuni 1471. Bɛ daa kpɛ [[Afrika|Africa]] tingbana nim pam, di pam daa nyɛla salima ni zooi shɛli.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gold Coast|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.41463|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Tiŋgbana kamani Ghana (Gold Coast) Senegal (Senegambia Region), Guinea (Guinea-Conakry) Sierra Leone, Angola. Yuuni 1483, Portuguese daa kpɛna n ti kpaŋsi daabiligu.<ref>{{Citation|title=57. How It Came About That Children Were First Whipped|work=African Folktales|pages=209–211|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1353/chapter.1546551|isbn=978-1-4008-7294-7}}</ref> Bani n-daa mɛ Kastili din be Elmina ŋɔ, tuuli Europe nim ban ʒini Gold Coast. Ni ka bɛ daa dari daba mini salima m-mali chani Europe, kamani su'bihi din nyɛ kuriti, yari, diɣisi, ni malifa nima.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Irwin|first=Graham W.|date=1971|title=Gold and Guns on the Gold Coast – Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast 1600–1720. A Study of the African Reaction to European Trade. By Kwame Yeboa Daaku. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. Pp. xviii + 219; maps. £2.50.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1971_12_2/page/330|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=12|issue=2|pages=330–331|doi=10.1017/s0021853700010744|issn=0021-8537|s2cid=155038059}}</ref> Daabiligu niŋ di nasara daa kuli nyɛla wuligiri yomyom, n-ti pahi British, Dutch, Danish, ''Prussian'' ni [[Sweden|Swedish]] daabihi gbaa nyɛla ban kpe ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sutton|first=Angela|date=2015-07-03|title=The Seventeenth-century Slave Trade in the Documents of the English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Prussian Royal Slave Trading Companies|journal=Slavery & Abolition|volume=36|issue=3|pages=445–459|doi=10.1080/0144039x.2015.1067975|issn=0144-039X|s2cid=143085310}}</ref> Europe daa nyɛla ban mɛ daba biɛhisi sheei pam n-dolisi teeku noli.<ref>{{Citation|last=Corliss|first=Timothy|title=New World Trading of Old World Markets: European Derivatives|date=2015-09-26|work=Master Traders|pages=242–262|place=Hoboken, NJ, USA|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9781119205043.ch12|isbn=978-1-119-20504-3}}</ref> Gold Coast daa nyɛla bɛ ni mali booni yaɣ'shɛŋa Europe nim ni daa be.<ref name="Chalmers 1900 1262–1264">{{Cite journal|last=Chalmers|first=AlbertJ.|date=1900|title=Uncomplicated Æstivo-Autumnal Fever in Europeans in the Gold Coast Colony, West Africa|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1673316|journal=The Lancet|volume=156|issue=4027|pages=1262–1264|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(01)99958-1|issn=0140-6736}}</ref>Lala saha ŋɔ, Europe tingbana daa nyɛla din pili America yaɣa deebu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Klein|first=Herbert S.|title=Major slaving ports of the Gold Coast and the Bights of Benin and Biafra|work=The Atlantic Slave Trade|pages=xiii|year=2010|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511779473.003|isbn=978-0-511-77947-3}}</ref> Di daa bi yuui ka Portuguese mini Spanish daa piligi Africa ʒi n-kpe Caribbean, mini North mini South America. Dutch mini British gba daa nyɛla ban kpe daba daabiligu ni, ka daa tuui ʒiri daba kperi Caribbean zaŋ chaŋ Caribbean teeku polo South America.<ref>{{Citation|title=Time On The Coast|work=From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century|pages=72–100|year=2007|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373.17|isbn=978-90-04-15679-1|s2cid=128336362}}</ref> Royal Trading Company daa nyɛla British Crown ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 1752 ka African Company of Merchants daa ti deei li, ka di daa che ka British kpaŋsi bɛ daabiligu 19th century.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Gelder|first1=M. Van|title=Introduction|work=Trading Places Trading Places: The Netherlandish Merchants in Early Modern Venice|pages=1–20|year=2009|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004175433.i-246.10|isbn=978-90-04-17543-3}}</ref> Yuuni 1821, British gɔmnanti daa yihi bɛ nuu ni kompini maa ka fa di yaɣa teeku ma polo,<ref>{{Citation|title=10. Crown and Charter|date=1974-12-31|work=Crown and Charter|pages=310–340|publisher=University of California Press|doi=10.1525/9780520338456-011|doi-broken-date=3 December 2024|isbn=978-0-520-33845-6}}</ref>ka zaŋli pahi British Gold Coast yaɣa ni mini Europe tiŋgbana suhuyurilim ni.<ref name="Horton 2011 104–123">{{Citation|last=Horton|first=James Africanus Beale|title=Self-Government of the Gold Coast|work=West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native|pages=104–123|year=2011|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511983146.010|isbn=978-0-511-98314-6}}</ref> Bɛ daa dala Danish Gold Coast yuuni 1850 mini [[Dutch Gold Coast]], n-ti pahi Fort Elmina, yuuni 1872.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feinberg|first=H. M.|date=1970|title=An Incident in Elmina-Dutch Relations, The Gold Coast (Ghana), 1739–1740|journal=African Historical Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=359–372|doi=10.2307/216221|issn=0001-9992|jstor=216221}}</ref> Britain daa nyɛla ban yɛligi Ashanti mini Fante confederacies.<ref>{{Citation|title=Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064}}</ref> Ashanti daa nyɛla ban su Ghana yaa pam pɔi ka Europe nim ti paai na, ka di daa zooi pam ka bɛ mini ba mali zabili.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giles|first=Jim|date=2007|title=Before settlers arrived, California's wildfires were much worse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-scientist_2007-11-03_196_2628/page/9|journal=New Scientist|volume=196|issue=2628|pages=9|doi=10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62754-7|issn=0262-4079}}</ref>Yuuni 21st century bɛ daa pahiya ka Ghana niŋ galisim. Anglo-Ashanti tɔbiri dibaanahi n daa tuhi Ashanti (Asante) mini British sunsuuni, ka di shɛŋa daa zooi ka di Fante.<ref>{{Citation|title=Who were the Gentry?|work=The Medieval Gentry : Power, Leadership and Choice during the Wars of the Roses|year=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781472599179.ch-002|isbn=978-1-4411-9064-2}}</ref> Tuuli Anglo-Ashanti tɔbu (1822–24), daa nyɛla bɛ daa tula Kambonsi Naa. Sergeant Kujo Otetfo zaŋti British Royal African Colonial Corps, di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ ŋme nangbankpeeni ni Ashanti daabia, "ka di daa dam Ashanti Naa pam, ka di daa tahi tɔbu na".<ref>{{Citation|last=Busia|first=K. A.|title=British Rule and the Chief|date=2018-08-16|work=The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti|pages=139–164|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781351030823-7|isbn=978-1-351-03082-3|s2cid=233065561}}</ref> Ashanti tɔbu din daa pahi buyi ni (1873–74), British daa karila Ashanti tiŋ'zuɣu [[Kumasi]]. Ashanti War din daa pahiri ata (1893–94) ŋmebu daa nyɛla Ashanti kpɛma ''Asantehene'' daa bɔhiri ni o wuhi o nam yaa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brackenbury|first=Henry, Sir|title=Fanti and Ashanti|url=https://archive.org/details/FantiAshanti00Brac|date=1873|publisher=W. Blackwood and Sons|doi=10.5479/sil.204747.39088000128199}}</ref> Bini din gbaai yuuni 1895 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1896 British mini Ashanti daa tuhi bɛ tɔbu kpalinkpaa din daa pahiri anahi, din ni ka Ashanti daa deei bɛ maŋsulinsili.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1895|title=The Ashanti Expedition|journal=The Lancet|volume=146|issue=3768|pages=1246–1247|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(00)31670-1|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> Yuuni 1900, bɛ daa tuhi bɛ Ashanti Uprising, amaa British daa nyaŋ ba ka deei Kumasi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Armitage|first1=Cecil Hamilton|title=Shut up in Kumasi|work=The Ashanti Campaign of 1900|pages=34–44|year=2011|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139058032.006|isbn=978-1-139-05803-2|last2=Montanaro|first2=Arthur Forbes}}</ref> [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]] niriba daa nyɛla British ni daa guiri shɛba Anashaara goli January yuuni 1902.<ref>{{Citation|last=Thompson|first=Larry|title=Ashanti soll geheilt werden|date=1995|work=Der Fall Ashanti|pages=12–50|place=Basel|publisher=Birkhäuser Basel|doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-6006-2_1|isbn=978-3-0348-6007-9}}</ref> Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1901, British daa kpa biɛhigu sheei ka Gold Coast be din ni, ka bɛ zuliya nima zaa laɣim luɣ'yini. British daa ʒi aʒiya pam chaŋ: salima, kuriti, daamoni, wab'nyina, naanzua, ni binyɛra pam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Milburn|first=Josephine|date=1970|title=The 1938 Gold Coast Cocoa Crisis: British Business and the Colonial Office|journal=African Historical Studies|volume=3|issue=1|pages=57–74|doi=10.2307/216480|issn=0001-9992|jstor=216480}}</ref>British daa malila ziliji pala Ghana n-ʒiri bɛ aʒianima yira.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 2.20 Transport infrastructure spending has been below OECD average|doi=10.1787/888933318975}}</ref> Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1945, Dunia zaa tɔbu din pahiri buyi ni daa yɛn ŋme, tiŋ'bihi ban daa be Gold Coast daa yiɣisi zani ni bɛ deei maŋsulinsi,<ref>{{Citation|last=Drew|first=Allison|title=The Nation in Formation: Communists and Nationalists During the Second World War|date=2014-11-01|work=We are no longer in France|pages=110–144|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719090240.003.0006|isbn=978-0-7190-9024-0}}</ref> ka bɛ mini Britain piri yaa ti taba din gbaai yuuni 1951 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1955. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1956, British Togoland, Northern Territories protectorate ni Ashanti ni daa su yaɣ'shɛŋa daa laɣim taba Gold Coast.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McKay|first1=Vernon|last2=Bourrett|first2=F. M.|date=1950|title=The Gold Coast: A Survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, 1919–1946|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1950-01_55_2/page/345|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=55|issue=2|pages=345|doi=10.2307/1843737|issn=0002-8762|jstor=1843737}}</ref>Ghana Independence Act 1957 n daa yina ni Gold Coast Crown Colony ka di pahi Ghana yaɣ'zuɣuri ni.<ref name="Howe 1957 155–1613">{{Cite journal|last=Howe|first=Russell Warren|date=1957|title=Gold Coast into Ghana|journal=The Phylon Quarterly|volume=18|issue=2|pages=155–161|doi=10.2307/273187|issn=0885-6826|jstor=273187}}</ref> == Taarihi == === Gbaŋpiɛla gbubbu === Zaŋ kana 19th century, British maa, bɛ daa da yaɣa pam teeku noli. Yɛli kpana dibaayi n daa be Gold Coast: British ni daa niŋ shɛm zaŋ chaŋ Asante tɔbiri ni ka di dam bɛ daabiligu, ni Britain ni daa niŋ shɛm ni [[History of slavery|slave trade]](daba daabiligu) karibu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lambert|first=David|title=Slave-trade suppression and the image of West Africa in nineteenth-century Britain|date=2015-09-01|work=The suppression of the Atlantic slave trade|pages=146–165|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719085116.003.0007|isbn=978-0-7190-8511-6}}</ref><ref name="bgc">McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), ''Britain and the Gold Coast: the Early Years''</ref> 19th century saha, Asante, Akan tiŋgbani din daa mali yaa pam, ka daa kpuɣi niya ni di gu ka taɣi din tiŋgbana ni daba dabu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=P. Hagan|first=George|date=1980|title=The Rule of Law in Asante, A Traditional Akan State|journal=Présence Africaine|volume=113|issue=1|pages=193–208|doi=10.3917/presa.113.0193|issn=0032-7638}}</ref> Asante nim kpebu teeku yaɣili ŋɔ tuuli niŋbu daa nyɛla yuuni 1807; Asante daa lahi chaŋ south polo yaha, Ga-Fante War din daa niŋ yuuni 1811 ni Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War din daa niŋ yuunu 1814–16.<ref>{{Citation|last=Austin|first=Gareth|title=Asante, 1807–1956: The State, Output and Resources|work=Labour, Land and Capital in Ghana|pages=34–71|year=2012|place=Woodbridge, UK|publisher=Boydell and Brewer Limited|doi=10.1017/upo9781580466363.008|isbn=978-1-58046-636-3}}</ref> Lala lirigu ŋɔ daa nyɛla din dam daabiligu, ka daa lahi dam Europe daabiligu niŋbu shɛhi. Local British, Dutch, ni Danish kpamba daa bi yurimi ka bɛ mini Asante ni tɔɣisi.<ref>{{Citation|title=British traders and the restructuring of the palm products trade|date=1997-12-11|work=Commerce and Economic Change in West Africa|pages=128–150|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511582035.008|isbn=978-0-521-59074-7}}</ref> Yuuni 1817, African Company of Merchants daa dihi zosimli gbana ni ti Asante maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana yaɣa pam.<ref name="bgc2">McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), ''Britain and the Gold Coast: the Early Years''</ref><ref name="Ross 2003">{{Citation|last=Ross|first=Doran H.|title=Asante and related peoples|date=2003|work=Oxford Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t004502|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref> African Company of Merchants nim daabiligu daa niŋdila yaɣa dibaa anahi: [[Fort William, Ghana|Fort William]], Fort James, Fort Sekondi, Fort Winneba, [[Fort Apollonia]], Fort Tantumquery, [[Fort Metal Cross]], [[Fort Komenda]], ni [[Cape Coast Castle]], din kpalinkpaa daa nyɛla bɛ binshɛɣu kam niŋbu sheei.<ref>{{Citation|last=Nassaney|first=Michael S.|title=Fort St. Joseph Revealed Then and Now|date=2019-08-27|work=Fort St. Joseph Revealed|pages=223–246|publisher=University Press of Florida|doi=10.5744/florida/9780813056425.003.0010|isbn=978-0-8130-5642-5|s2cid=213549340}}</ref> Niriba ban daa be teeku maa yaɣili, di bahi bahindi Fante nim mini ban daa be [[Accra]], ban daa zooi Ga niriba, daa zaŋla bɛ maŋ niŋ British gubu ni ka che Asante.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sowerby|first=James|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/120056|title=The British Miscellany: or coloured figures of new, rare, or little known animal subjects; many not before ascertained to be inhabitants of the British Isles and chiefly in the possession of the author /|date=1804|publisher=printed by R. Taylor & Co.; and sold by the author, J. Sowerby; by White; Johnson; Symonds; and by all booksellers, &c. in town and country|location=London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.120056}}</ref> Amaa bɛ daa di ka yaa ni lala gubu ŋɔ. British Crown daa kpihi lala kompini ŋɔ yuuni 1821, ka zaŋ yaa British "forts" nuuni Gold Coast, ''Charles MacCarthy'', ŋun daa nyɛ zuɣulana n zaŋti ''Sierra Leone''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Islamic Triumphalism in a Christian Colony: Temne Agency in the Spread and Sierra Leonization of Islam|date=2017-11-09|work=The Temne of Sierra Leone|pages=127–165|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108182010.006|isbn=978-1-108-18201-0}}</ref> British "forts" mini Sierra Leone daa nyɛla ban tuui be yaɣ'yini.<ref>{{Citation|last=Starbuck|first=David R.|title=British Forts in Northern New York State|date=2018-04-10|work=British Forts and Their Communities|publisher=University Press of Florida|doi=10.5744/florida/9780813056753.003.0002|isbn=978-0-8130-5675-3}}</ref> MacCarthy niya daa nyɛla o bo suhudoo na ka gu ka taɣi daba daabiligu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Antislavery on a Slave Coast|work=Freedom's Debtors|pages=28–64|year=2017|publisher=Yale University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1vgwbg8.5|isbn=978-0-300-23152-6}}</ref> Yuuni 1824, MacCarthy daa nyɛla bɛ ni ku so ka Asante linjimanima kari bɛ niriba pam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piette|first=A.|date=2013-08-20|title=Childhood Wiped Out: Larkin, His Father, and the Bombing of Coventry|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76445/3/WRRO_76445.pdf|journal=English|volume=62|issue=238|pages=230–247|doi=10.1093/english/eft030|issn=0013-8215}}</ref>British daa tooi tuhi nyaŋ Asante liribu teeku ŋɔ ni yuuni 1826 dini daa niŋ ka British mini shɛba laɣim bɛ yaa n-ti pahi Fante mini Accra niriba.<ref name="bgc2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Connaughton|first=Richard M.|date=2000-01-01|title=Organizing British Joint Rapid Reaction Forces (Joint Force Quarterly, Autumn 2000)|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ada426696|doi-access=}}</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Aschanti_Gefecht_11_july_1824_300dpi.jpg|thumb|270x270px|The [[First Anglo-Ashanti War]]]] Di ni daa niŋ ka British gɔmnanti che ka Gold Coast su yaa ni bɛ tooi labisi British African Company of Merchants na yuuni 1820s, biɛhigu ni Asante daa nyɛla yɛltɔɣa muɣisirii.<ref name="Horton 2011 104–1232">{{Citation|last=Horton|first=James Africanus Beale|title=Self-Government of the Gold Coast|work=West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native|pages=104–123|year=2011|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511983146.010|isbn=978-0-511-98314-6}}</ref> Bini din gbaai Asante tɛha puuni, British daa bɛ tooi tuhi nyaŋ bɛ maŋa yɛla.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ahmadiyya Expansion to Asante|work=The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast|pages=199–217|year=2017|publisher=Indiana University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt2005s3h.15|isbn=978-0-253-02951-5}}</ref> Di yi di daa niŋ ka lala niŋ, Asante daa naan ku bɔri ni bɛ dam bɛ suhudoo. MacCarthy daa kpaŋsiri mi ni bɛ fa teeku yaa ka che Asante ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1824 British linjimanima daa liri Asante kpamba Europe, di bahi bahindi British, bɛ daa bi ti Asante jilima.<ref name="bgc2" /><ref name="Ross 2003" /> Yuuni 1830, London committee zaŋti daabihi daa piila Captain ''George Maclean'' ni o niŋ daabihi kpɛma n zaŋti tiŋpuuni daabihi.<ref>{{Citation|title=de Mel, Sir Henry Lawson, (1877–8 May 1936), Member of the Legislative Council; Member of the Municipal Council; JP for the island; President Plumbago Merchants' Union; Proprietor H. L. de Mel & Co., merchants|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u213981}}</ref> amaa o daa malila o yaa tariga, Maclean ni daa di nasara yaɣ'shɛŋ daa malila tariga; kamani ŋmahinli, o daa bo suhudoo maligu Asante sunsuuni yuuni 1831.<ref>{{Citation|title=de Mel, Sir Henry Lawson, (1877–8 May 1936), Member of the Legislative Council; Member of the Municipal Council; JP for the island; President Plumbago Merchants' Union; Proprietor H. L. de Mel & Co., merchants|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u213981}}</ref> Maclean daa lahi nyɛla ŋun lihiri yeeku maa yaɣili salo zuɣu ka di nyɛla o daa dirila kootu sariya [[Cape Coast]], ka daa bɔri tibi-darigibo n-tiri ban je suhudoo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Rachel|date=2015-07-06|title=HIV researcher found guilty of research misconduct sentenced to prison|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.caredit.a1500171|issn=1095-9203}}</ref> Bini din gbaai yuuni 1830 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1843, di ni daa niŋ ka Maclean daa su Gold Coast, saawara daa ka bɛ mini Asante sunsuuni. ka daabiligu daa du zuɣusa kamani buta zuɣu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grenfell-Williams|first=Dorothy|date=1962|title=Maclean of the Gold Coast|journal=African Affairs|volume=61|issue=245|pages=348–350|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095044|issn=1468-2621}}</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Elmina_slave_castle.jpg|right|thumb|The Portuguese-built [[Elmina Castle]] was purchased by Britain in 1873. Also known as St. George Castle, it is now a [[World Heritage Site]]]] Maclean zalisi yaa daa saɣiya ka British gɔmnanti jinaduu saɣiti bɛ tumtumsa ka daa kpuɣi soya ka Britain mini ba gbaai suhudoo shaawara.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Précis of the Treaties and Engagements between the British Government and the Chiefs of the Arabian Coast of the Persian Gulf.|doi=10.1163/2405-447x_loro_com_110031}}</ref> [[Gominanti|Gɔmnanti]] maa daa niŋla lala ŋɔ yuuni 1843, yuun shɛli bɛ ni daa lahi labi piigi tiŋgbani zuɣulana. Linjin'kpɛma ''Henry Worsley Hill'' n daa nyɛ bɛ ni piigi so tuuli gɔmnanti zaŋti Gold Coast. Maclean tootali saha, taaku maa yaɣili pam daa zaŋ bɛ maŋ ti niŋ British sulinsi ni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Thorburn, James Jamieson, (1864–14 Sept. 1929), Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Gold Coast Colony, 1910–12|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u218141}}</ref> Hill daa zaŋ zalisi pa yaɣ'shɛŋa zuɣu. O mini Fante mini na shɛba daa daa dihi suhudoo zalisi gbana ka boli li Bond of 1844.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mackenzie|first=Alexander|title=Notifications Defining the "Inner Line" of British Jurisdiction in Frontier Districts|work=History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal|pages=395–398|year=2012|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139192149.026|isbn=978-1-139-19214-9}}</ref> Lala gbaŋ ŋɔ daa che ka nanima gbahiri ninvuɣ'biɛri kamani, ban kuri niriba mini ban ŋmeri ka fara, zaŋ chaŋ British zalisi yaɣa.<ref name="bgc3" /> Teeku maa tiŋgbani yaɣa maa shɛŋa gba daa nyɛla ban ti dihi lala gbana ŋɔ ni, ka British gba ha`nkaya nyɛ bɛ ni daa deei shɛŋ pahi, ka kpaŋsi ka lahi yɛligi biɛhigu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Other dimensions of well-being: performance indicators: United States|doi=10.1787/888932778157}}</ref> Yuuni 1844 shili malibu ni, British daa nyɛla ban bɔri gubu tiri teeku maa yaɣa; din ni nyɛ, lahabaya gu ka taɣi.<ref>{{Citation|title=British Informal Influence in Ottoman Cyprus|date=2015|work=Protectorate Cyprus|publisher=I.B.Tauris|doi=10.5040/9780755623624.ch-001|isbn=978-1-78076-114-5}}</ref>Bɛ ni daa kpaŋsi lala gu ka taɣi ŋɔ, Gold Coast kpamli daa waligiya ka che Sierra Leone yuuni 1850.<ref name="bgc3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaberry|first=Phyllis|date=1952|title=Western Africa: Part II. The Peoples of Sierra Leone Protectorate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1952-01_28_1/page/117|journal=International Affairs|volume=28|issue=1|pages=117|doi=10.2307/2605063|issn=1468-2346|jstor=2605063}}</ref> Lala saha maa yaha, British sɔŋsim nyɛla bɛ ni daa lahi saɣoiri deeri shɛli.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Rachel|date=2015-01-09|title=NIH takes another step in recognizing same-sex marriage|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.caredit.a1500011|issn=1095-9203}}</ref>Anashaara goli April yuuni 1852, kpamba mini nanima daa laɣim taba [[Cape Coast]] ni bɛ mini gɔmnanti gbaai shaawara ni liɣiri nyɔri nyabu. Di ni daa niŋ ka gɔmnanti saɣiti, bɛ daa kpa bɛ maŋmaŋa laɣingu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sharwood-Smith, Sir Bryan (Evers), (5 Jan. 1899–10 Oct. 1983), Governor, Northern Nigeria, 1954–57 (Lieut-Governor, and President Northern House of Chiefs, 1952–54); retd 1957|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u169029}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa yɛn saɣiti li, bɛ daa gbaaya ni nanima tu ni bɛ mali yaa din ni, amaa asambuli kpamba daa dii ka bɛ ni yihi tuunshɛli ni bɛ tumda.<ref name="bgc3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Levy|first=Leonard|title=Encyclopedia of the American Constitution|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028655826|date=2000|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=0-02-864880-3|oclc=43648650}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Barnett|first=Randy E.|title=Constitutional Legitimacy without Consent: Protecting the Rights Retained by the People|date=2013-11-24|work=Restoring the Lost Constitution|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.23943/princeton/9780691159737.003.0003|isbn=978-0-691-15973-7}}</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Prempeh-124-palaver-and-submission.jpg|thumb|Following the [[Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War]] in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over the [[Ashanti Kingdom]].]] Yuuni 1872, British yaa zaŋ chaŋ Gold Coast daa kpaŋsiya di ni daa niŋ ka Britain da [[Dutch Gold Coast]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Ahmadiyya Arrival in the Gold Coast|work=The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast|pages=163–180|year=2017|publisher=Indiana University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt2005s3h.13|isbn=978-0-253-02951-5}}</ref> Asante nima, ban daa zaŋ Dutch nim ban daa be Elmina niŋ bɛ mabihi, daa kɔŋ bɛ daabiligu soya teeku maa ni. Din daa yɛn niŋ ka bɛ gu ka taɣi lala lubu ŋɔ, Asante daa kpuɣu bɛ liribu soya din daa nyɛ kpalinkpaa yuuni 1873.<ref>{{Citation|last=YARAK|first=LARRY W.|title=Asante, the Dutch, and Elmina: An Overview, 1701–1872|date=1990-07-19|work=Asante and the Dutch 1744–1873|pages=93–132|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221562.003.0003|isbn=978-0-19-822156-2}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa ti di nasara naai piligu, bɛ daa ti ahi yina ti tuhi British ban daa muɣisiba ni kɔŋ Pra River.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1994|title=83 The Fathers who Came after Them|journal=International Migration Review|volume=28|issue=1_suppl|pages=267–268|doi=10.1177/019791839402801s84|issn=0197-9183|s2cid=220340725}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa ti bɔri ni bɛ mini British kpamba laɣim ʒini, bɛ linjima kpema daa zaɣisiya, ''Major General'' ''Sir Garnet Wolseley''. Di daa yɛn che ka bɛ mini ba zabili kuli ŋmaai zaazaa ka che Asante, British daa lirila Asante ni linjimanima shɛba.<ref>{{Citation|title=Redgrave, Maj.-Gen. Sir Roy Michael Frederick, (16 Sept. 1925–3 July 2011), Commander, British Forces, Hong Kong, and Major-General Brigade of Gurkhas, 1978–80|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u32068}}</ref> Lala lirigu ŋɔ, din daa pili Anashaara goli January yuuni 1874 ni British linjimanima tuhi kɔbishii ni pihinu ni Africa niriba pam, ka di daa tahi daabiligu na [[Kumasi]], Asante tiŋ'zuɣu.<ref name="bgc3" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Asante and Kumasi: A Muslim Minority in a "Sea of Paganism"|date=2004-01-12|work=Muslim Societies in African History|pages=124–138|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511811746.010|isbn=978-0-521-82627-3}}</ref> Suhudoo shaawara din daa ti doli na Asante ni di wuligi binshɛɣu kam din daa niŋda south yaɣa. Asante gba daa ti bo soli zaŋ chaŋ Kumasi ni bɛ ti niŋ daabiligu. Lala tɛha ŋɔ ni daa tɛhi, Asante yaa daa gbarigiya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nketia|first=J.H. Kwabena|date=2001|title=Asante music|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000001399|series=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01399}}</ref> Lala suhidoo zalisi ŋɔ zaŋ tum tuma daa nyɛla din ti lahi tahiri zaba na. Yuuni 1896, British daa lahi zaŋ bɛ niriba shɛba tahi Kumasi ka mirisi Asante ka bɛ leei ban guli British Crown. British daa nyahi ''asantehene'' nam o ni daa ʒi gbana ni saha shɛli.<ref name="bgc3" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Stewart, Captain Sir Donald William, (22 May 1860–1 Oct. 1905), Commissioner, East African Protectorate from 1904; British resident, Kumasi, retired|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u191258}}</ref> Ban daa be Asante daa saɣiti lala zalisi ŋɔ. Yuuni 1900, Asante daa bɔhi biɛri ''War of the Golden Stool'' amaa ka bɛ daa nyaŋba yuuni din daa doli na.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Armitage|first1=Cecil Hamilton|title=The Quest of the Golden Stool|work=The Ashanti Campaign of 1900|pages=1–11|year=2011|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139058032.003|isbn=978-1-139-05803-2|last2=Montanaro|first2=Arthur Forbes}}</ref> Yuuni 1902, British daa deei Asante yaɣili Gold Coast gɔmanti saha.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1902|title=Sanitary Progress in the Gold Coast Colony|journal=The Lancet|volume=159|issue=4111|pages=1710|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(01)85617-8|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref name="bgc3" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Ampene|first=Kwasi|title=Asante court music in historical perspective|date=2020-06-14|work=Asante Court Music and Verbal Arts in Ghana|pages=34–63|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429340628-2|isbn=978-0-429-34062-8|s2cid=225687000}}</ref> British daa bahi di nasara bɛ daba daabiligu karibu ni. Yuuni 1874, British daa yina ti moli ni daba ni dɔɣi shɛba Gold Coast Silimin goli January dahin yini dali yuuni 1875 daa nyɛla bɛ ni che shɛba bilichinima, ka daa naan yi pili dab'tali kpihimbu belabela n doli bɛ India zalisi.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 34</ref> British daa pilila lala soya ŋɔ ka bɛ daa nyɛla bɛ cherila sama ka bɛ dɛhiri li.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 35-36</ref> Amaa,British daa bɛ zaŋ lala zalisi ŋɔ tum tuma, dini daa niŋ ka bɛ kuli malila daba n-tumdi tuma maa maa;daba shɛba daa bi baŋ lala zalisi ŋɔ yɛla gba, ka daba subu mini daba dabu daa na kuli nyɛ bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli zaŋ hali ka British kpamba daa naan yi ti pili lala zalisi ŋɔ zaŋ tum tuma yuuni 1911.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 34</ref> Yuuni 1902 di daa bi lahi niŋ alalisi ni amaa ka dab<nowiki>''</nowiki>tali na dii bi kari zaa ka di nyɛla British daa malila dihitabili ni ni karibu yɛn wurimla tiŋgbana; "chattel slavery" daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛli yuuni 1908, amaa British daa bi zaŋ zalisi maa tum tuma hali zaŋ ni yuuni 1920s.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 36</ref> Di ni daa niŋ ka Kingdom of Ashanti nyɛ British ni fa shɛli yuuni 1896, British daa ti nanima dihitabili ni bɛ ni che ka bɛ deei bɛ daba sulinsi; Asante daa leei biɛhigu sheei yuuni 1901 ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1902 ka di daa bi lahi niŋ alalisi ni so gabai so, amaa daba dabu daa dii bi kpihim zaa ka di daliri nyɛla British daa zɔrila dabiɛm ni di nyɛla din yɛn wurim tiŋgbana.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 36</ref> ===Gbaŋpiɛla zaamani=== Linjimani shaawara ni Asante ni Fante daa pahi British zoosim ni Gold Coast polo.<ref name="Indiana University Press">{{Citation|title=The Hausa Force and the Religious Marketplace in the Fante States|work=The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast|year=2017|pages=31–59|publisher=Indiana University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt2005s3h.8|isbn=978-0-253-02951-5}}</ref> Di zaɣa daa bela Asante tumtumsa ni teeku noli din daa ti che ka Fante daa ti dihi gbana zaŋti Bond of 1844.<ref name="Indiana University Press"/> Sabbu ni, lala gbaabu ŋɔ daa nyɛla baligi British yaa—niriba kum mini faa ko n daa nyɛ bɛ ni mɔri shɛli.<ref name="Indiana University Press"/>Yaha, British daa naan ku lahi tooi nya yaa ka nanima nuu ka din ni, ni ninvuɣ'shɛba ban kpaŋsiri gubu ni taɣibu. Zaŋ tum tuma ni, amaa, British daa nya yaa zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1850s ka bɛ daa tɛhi ni bɛ mɛ Europe kootunima ka di zani Africa dina zaani.<ref>{{Citation|title=Judicial Authority|work=British Overseas Territories Law|year=2011|publisher=Hart Publishing|doi=10.5040/9781472565433.ch-006|isbn=978-1-84946-019-4}}</ref><ref name=ce>McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast".</ref> Di daa yɛn che ka ban daa be lala yaɣili ŋɔ na kuli be sulinsi ni, British maa, dini daa niŋ ka bɛ nyaŋ Asante yuuni 1874, bɛ daa zaŋla lala yaɣil maa leeu "crown colony."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glavovic|first=Bruce C.|date=2008|title=Sustainable coastal communities in the age of coastal storms: Reconceptualising coastal planning as 'new' naval architecture|journal=Journal of Coastal Conservation|volume=12|issue=3|pages=125–134|doi=10.1007/s11852-008-0037-4|s2cid=128678644|issn=1400-0350}}</ref> Gold Coast Colony, daa nyɛla din pili Anashaara goli July biɛɣu pishinaanahi dali yuuni 1874, n-t- pahi Asante yaɣ'shɛŋa.<ref name=ce/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Enríquez-de-Salamanca|first=Álvaro|date=2020|title=Evolution of coastal erosion in Palmarin (Senegal)|journal=Journal of Coastal Conservation|volume=24|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s11852-020-00742-y|s2cid=214784654|issn=1400-0350}}</ref> Bɛ daa maliba shaawara ni di zaŋ laɣim taba ni din daa niŋ "Bond of 1844" ka ban daa dihi lala gbana ŋɔ ni daa pa be sulinsi ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846–1850|doi=10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim050080165}}</ref> British, daa bi su tiŋgbana maaa yaɣ'shɛli.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9935-2014001|title=2013 Annual Report - Nothing Can Justify Torture Under Any Circumstance}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa ti zaŋ teeku maa yaɣilin-niŋ biɛhigu sheei, British daa zaŋ di tiŋ'zuɣu yi Cape Coast labisi Danish castle din Christiansborg din be Accra.<ref name=ce/><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1968|title=British Columbia, coastal area|doi=10.4095/8830|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Gold Coast Map 1896.jpg|thumb|upright|Map from 1896 of the British Gold Coast Colony]] [[File:Pre-independence regions of Ghana.svg|thumb|upright|Map of the Gold Coast Colony, the Ashanti Colony, the Northern Territories and the mandate territory of British Togoland]] British tumtumsa daa paai Asante. Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ nyaŋ Asante yuuni 1896, British daa deei kingdom maa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Amma Asante|journal=New British Cinema from Submarine to 12 Years a Slave|doi=10.5040/9780571343454.0007|isbn=9780571343454}}</ref> Di daa ti niŋya ka asantehene mini o niriba maa yi din ni, British daa piila kpɛma o zaŋti Asante, ka bɛ daa ti o zalisi ni lala tiŋgbani maa yaɣa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Wilkie, Alexander Mair, (24 May 1917–13 Aug. 1966), British Resident Commissioner, New Hebrides, since 1962|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u58616}}</ref> Asante tiŋgbani kam dam yimina Kumasi ka zzani di gamzuɣu ka gbubi Gold Coast. Kamani yɛltɔɣa din do zuɣusaa, Asante daa di leei biɛhigu sheei bɛ ni daa tuhi nyaŋba yuuni 1901.<ref name=ce/><ref>{{Citation|title=Asante, Kwaku Baprui, (born 26 March 1924), High Commissioner for Ghana in London, 1991–93|date=2007-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u5796}}</ref> Saha biɛla sunsuuni, British daa ti zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ Asante north polo, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni booni "Northern Territories." Bɛ niya daa nyɛla bɛ kpehi French mini German nim ni, ka ban daa yɛliginsim tuma.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1941|title=Interest. Judgments. Claim for Interest against Judgment Debtor Who Had Been Enjoined from Satisfying Judgment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-law-review_1941-02_54_4/page/700|journal=Harvard Law Review|volume=54|issue=4|pages=700–701|doi=10.2307/1333971|issn=0017-811X|jstor=1333971}}</ref> British kpamba daa tuumi kpe nmi yuuni 1880s, ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1896 bɛ gubu daa yɛligi chaŋ north yaɣa n daa ti niŋdi daabiligu teeku maa yaɣa ni Asante nima .<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Imbalances had been growing before the crisis|doi=10.1787/814130478455}}</ref> Yuuni 1898 mini yuuni 1899, Europe yaanima daa ti b`ori ni bɛ bo tarisi niŋ bɛ mini ''"Northern Territories"'' sunsuuni mini French ni German biɛhisi sheei. "Northern Territories" daa nyɛla British ni daa ti gu ka taɣi yuuni 1902.<ref name="ce2">McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast".</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Unexplored Territories|journal=What if I Had Been the Hero?|doi=10.5040/9781838710224.ch-003|isbn=9781838710224}}</ref> Kamani Asante ni daa gu ka taɣi yaɣ'shɛŋa, "Northern Territories" daa nyɛla din be Gold Coast gɔmnanti sulinsi ni. Gɔmnanti maa daa gbubila Asante mini Northern Territories zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1946.<ref name="ce2" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Bishop, Captain Frederick Edward, (23 March 1872–5 Sept. 1931), late Bedfordshire Regt; late travelling Commissioner, Northern Territories, Gold Coast|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u206187}}</ref> Ka British su north yaɣili, Gold Coast tiŋgbana yaɣa dibaata—Teeku maa yaɣa, Asante, ni "Northern Territories"—daa leei siyaasa yaɣ'yini, bee ''"crown colony,"'' ka bɛ boli li "the dependency" bee Gold Coast.<ref name="Chipp 19222">{{Cite book|last=Chipp|first=Thomas Ford|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45233|title=Forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories.|date=1922|publisher=Waterlow & sons limited|location=London [etc.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.45233}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Seebohm, Caroline.|title=Boca Rococo : how Addison Mizner invented Florida's gold coast|url=https://archive.org/details/bocarococohowadd00seeb|date=2001|publisher=Clarkson Potter|isbn=0-609-60515-1|oclc=45393879}}</ref> Bɛ ni pa booni shɛli Ghana daa nyɛla din niŋ anashaara goli May yuuni 1956 din ni daa niŋ ka Volta region niriba, bɛ ni boli shɛba British Mandated Togoland, vooti ni bɛ pahi Ghana ni.<ref name="ce2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valsecchi|first=Perluigi|date=2014|title=Free People, Slaves and Pawns in the Western Gold Coast: The Demography of Dependency in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century British Archival Source|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/558363|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=17|issue=1|pages=223–246|doi=10.1353/ghs.2014.0010|issn=2333-7168|doi-access=free|s2cid=162392978}}</ref> ==== Colonial administration ==== [[Lahabali_kɔligu:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-37-136-1-001.jpg|thumb|Visit of His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales to the Gold Coast Colony in 1925, meeting His Royal Highness Nana Kwasi Akuffo I, [[Akuapemhene]]]] Yuuni 1850 piligu, daa ti nyɛla din pa be British "fortresses" gɔmnanti sunsuuni, "Executive Council" mini "Legislative Council" ni daa tabiri sɔŋdi so.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sircar, Sir Nripendra Nath, (died 1945), Law Member of Executive Council of Governor-General of India, 1934–39; late Vice-President, Viceroy's Executive Council; Leader of Indian Legislative Assembly|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u231810}}</ref> Executive Council daa nyɛla saɣisigui kparibɔɣu n zaŋti Europe ban daa zaŋdi zalisi na, ka gɔmnanti daa leei su di zaŋ tum tuma.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sircar, Sir Nripendra Nath, (died 1945), Law Member of Executive Council of Governor-General of India, 1934–39; late Vice-President, Viceroy's Executive Council; Leader of Indian Legislative Assembly|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u231810}}</ref>Legislative Council maa niriba ban daa be Executive Council ni bɛ ni daa pii shɛba British daabiligu. Yuuni 1900 nyaaŋa nanima ata mini African niriba ata shɛba daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛba pahi Legislative Council ni, bɛ daa piiba mi Europe tinsi din daa be Accra, Cape Coast, ni Sekondi.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sarbah, John Mensah, (1864–28 Nov. 1910), Barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1887; Senior Unofficial Member, Legislative Council, Gold Coast, from 1901; Senior Trustee, Mfantsi National Fund, 1902|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u190678}}</ref> Africa niriba ban daa yina Asante mini Northern Territories niriba daa bi pahi din ni ka di niŋ saha waɣila. Pɔi ni yuuni 1925, ban zaa daa be Legislative Council nyɛla bɛ ni daa piigi so di gɔmnanti ni. Ban yuya daaa be gbana ni daa gari ban yuya ka gbana ni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gokhale, Hon. Gopal Krishna, (1866–20 Feb. 1915), representative of non-official members of Bombay Legislature on Viceroy's Legislative Council|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186402}}</ref><ref name="ca">McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Colonial Administration".</ref> Di daa che ka laɣim tum be bɛ sunsuuni. Tuuni ka daa pumi ni di ni yɛn tum shɛm.<ref name="ca" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Chapter I. Internal Organization of Local Authorities|date=1960-12-31|work=Financial Administration in Local Government|pages=13–26|place=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|doi=10.3138/9781487579906-003|isbn=978-1-4875-7990-6}}</ref> Siliminsi gɔmnanti tali kpamli pɛbu yimina gbansabila nama ni. Tiŋ'kpamba n daa su zalisi, n-ti tabili yɛltɔɣa din pahi pahi. Kpamba maa daa leei tumdi mi doli salo maa ni bɔri shɛm amaa ka ni fukumsi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deacon|first=Russell|date=2000|title='Pushing at a closed door': The 1998 welsh local government review and its implications for electing welsh councils|journal=Local Government Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=1–10|doi=10.1080/03003930008433996|issn=0300-3930|s2cid=153482452}}</ref> Tiŋsi ni ka bɛ daa piir bɛ nahi; so daa naan tooi di nam yu ka di nyɛla niriba ni mi o shɛm ni,amaa ka lahi doli niriba maa yi bɔri o. <ref name="ca" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Duncan|first=Joyce|title=Service learning in the community : the cultural implications of positive change|publisher=Momentum Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-60650-794-0|oclc=911067682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018|title=A Jury May Have Sentenced a Man to Death Because He Is Gay. It's Time for a Federal Court to Hear His Bias Claim.|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-20180016}}</ref> Frederick Lugard yɛltɔɣa ni, ŋun daa zali lala zalisi maa tuuli, "indirect rule" daa dii bi tumdi tuma ka di daliri nyɛla Europe kpamba nuu n daa be din ni.<ref name="Myers 2012 70–95">{{Citation|last=Myers|first=J. C.|title=Chiefs in the New South Africa|work=Indirect Rule in South Africa|pages=70–95|year=2012|place=Woodbridge, UK|publisher=Boydell and Brewer Limited|doi=10.1017/upo9781580467421.006|doi-broken-date=2 December 2024|isbn=978-1-58046-742-1}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=From Indirect to Direct Rule|work=The Invention of a European Development Aid Bureaucracy|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137318275_10|isbn=978-1-137-31827-5}}</ref> Nanima maa, lala leei deerila Europe nim yɛltɔɣa n-tumdi tuma. Bɛ niya maa ni, Lugard ni wuhi shɛ, bɛ daa zaŋla bɛ nina nɛhibu m-pahi bɛ tumanima ni.<ref name="ca2">McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Colonial Administration".</ref> Asante mini Northern Territories daa ti be British sulinsi ni.<ref name="Thompson 183–226">{{Citation|last=Thompson|first=Lanny|title=Legal Foundations of Colonial Rule|date=2010-07-31|work=Imperial Archipelago|pages=183–226|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|doi=10.21313/hawaii/9780824834012.003.0006|isbn=978-0-8248-3401-2}}</ref> Pɔi ka bɛ daa ti deei lala yaɣa ŋɔ su, British maa niya daa nyɛla bɛ zaŋ yaa mini balima zaa deei Asante mini "north."<ref name="Thompson 183–226" /> "Indirect rule" ni daa pili tuma , nahi maa daa tumdila tuma tiri ban sɔŋ ba. Yaɣa pam ni, nanima pam tuma daa nyɛ din kuri bukaata.<ref>{{Citation|last=Graham|first=James D.|title=Indirect Rule: The Establishment of "Chiefs" and "Tribes" in Cameron's Tanganyika|date=2018-05-01|work=The Colonial Epoch in Africa|pages=23–32|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781351058551-3|isbn=978-1-351-05855-1}}</ref><ref name="Myers 2012 70–95" /> <ref name="ca2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osler|first=Mark William|date=2011|title=What Would It Look Like If We Cared About Narcotics Trafficking? An Argument to Attack Narcotics Capital Rather than Labor|url=https://digitalcommons.law.udc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1078&context=udclr|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1800370|issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription|s2cid=155227204}}</ref> [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Gold_Coast_Stamp_Elizabeth_1953_½_d.jpg|thumb|Postage stamp with a portrait of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], 1953]] Nanima mini ninkura pma daa zaŋla bɛ mana niŋ ban gbubi zaashɛhi. Ka nanima daa nyɛ ban su bɛ kaansili maa.<ref name="Osborn 296–309">{{Citation|last=Osborn|first=Michelle|title=Chiefs, elders, and traditional authority|date=2020-02-14|work=The Oxford Handbook of Kenyan Politics|pages=296–309|editor1-last=Cheeseman|editor1-first=Nic|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198815693.013.20|isbn=978-0-19-881569-3|editor2-last=Kanyinga|editor2-first=Karuti|editor3-last=Lynch|editor3-first=Gabrielle}}</ref> Amaa lala sulinsi ŋɔ daa bi che ka shikuru baŋsim mini lɛbiginsim yɛligira.<ref name="Osborn 296–309" /><ref name="ca2" /> Yuuni 1925, nanima pubu yaɣa dibaata kaansili daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa sh`eli lala yaɣa maa, din yɛŋ che ka nanima maa mali bɛ zaa tuma ni yɛn dahi yaɣ'shɛŋa. <ref>{{Citation|title=Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064}}</ref> Di niya daa nyɛla din sɔŋsi bo tarisi ti nanima maa. Kaansili maa daa bɔrila maligu tiri nanima ban mali nangbankpeeni; bɛ ni daa mali so'shɛŋa piiri nanima nyɛla b`e ni daa sabi shɛli sɔŋ; ka zalisi daa zaŋ pani di zuɣu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Baldwin|first=Kate|title=Cross-National Data Set of Chiefs' Power|work=The Paradox of Traditional Chiefs in Democratic Africa|pages=189–196|year=2016|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781316422335.011|isbn=978-1-316-42233-5}}</ref>Kaansili maa daa deei zalisi yaa, ka bɔri zalisi tiri nanima ban zabira. Zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1939, dini daa niŋ ka "Native Treasuries Ordinance" zaligi daa zali, liɣiri din yɛn di laasabu daa maliya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ubink|first=Janine M.|title=In The Land of the Chiefs : Customary Law, Land Conflicts, and the Role of the State in Peri-Urban Ghana|date=2008|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8728-041-3|location=Amsterdam|doi=10.5117/9789087280413|hdl=1887/21154|doi-broken-date=13 November 2024|s2cid=153527682}}</ref> Yuuni 1935, Native Authorities Ordinance daa laɣim Siliminsili zalisi mini bɛ maŋmaŋsi zalisi ka di niŋ zaɣ'yini.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1935|title=Central and local authorities|journal=Tubercle|volume=17|issue=1|pages=43–44|doi=10.1016/s0041-3879(35)80807-6|issn=0041-3879}}</ref> Bilichini nima ninvuɣ'pala, gɔmnanti maa ni daa piigi shɛba, ka bɛ daa ti ba yahi pam, ka bɛ zalisi daa nyɛ bɛ ni kpaŋsiri shɛŋa.<ref name="ca2" /> Yuuni 1948 Ghana bilichininim daa yina ni bɛ ti tuhi deei bɛ maŋsulinsi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Bell|first1=J. Bowyer|title=The Jews Attack, March 1948 – May 1948|date=2017-07-28|work=Terror Out of Zion|pages=290–313|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315130767-10|isbn=978-1-315-13076-7|last2=Arens|first2=Moshe}}</ref> British maa zalisi puuni, bɛ daa bi ti nanim' maa yaa pam. Ghana nim shɛba daa ʒimi ni lala taɣibu maa, n-kpaŋsi nanima maa yaa ka che bɛ salo ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn ti ba soli ka be tooi vuui salo pam zaɣa che bɛ gɔmnanti <ref name="ca2" /> ===Nationalism=== Din daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani maa daabiligu zooi, yaa daa nyɛla din yi labi Ghananim' sani. Taɣibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla ka bɛ nya yiko ni bɛ zabi bɛ tiŋgbani zuɣu dee maŋsulunsi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 2.5. The Japanese wage system has gradually shifted from its traditional seniority pay system|doi=10.1787/888933890540}}</ref> Zaɣa niri tiŋgbani zuɣu daa nyɛla zooi yom anduniya tobu din pahiri ayi la ni daa naai, n-ti pahi tuun' tuun' tumdiba shɛba ban daa kuni ka bɛ yihi zaɣa ka chɛ ba la ni daabihi daa yina ti pahi ni sɔŋ karachinima ban daa galisi ŋɔ.<ref>{{Citation|last=Morris|first=Marcus|title=Between workers and soldiers|date=2019-02-14|work=Veterans of the First World War|pages=48–64|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429056949-4|isbn=978-0-429-05694-9|s2cid=187898587}}</ref> Din daa yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ piligi, di daa nyɛla din daa di bi chani viɛnyɛla, amaa ma daa lee nyɛ niŋ siliminsi ŋɔ lahiʒibsi ni gbaŋsabila ban daa pahiri bɛ zuɣu.<ref>McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The growth of nationalism and the end of colonial rule".</ref> ====Early manifestations==== Kamani 19th century piligi-piligu ha, Africa niriba ban daa karim shikuru pam daa nyaya ka siyaasa yɛlltɔɣa shɛŋa yaa daa dahi gominanti maa ni daa pii kpamba shɛba niŋ o kaansili ni puuni. Yuma din gbaai 1890s, ban daa karim shikuru pam daa laɣim la taba yina ni "Aborigines' Rights Protection Society" di bɛ ti zabi tiŋgbani zalisi din labisiri bɛ tiŋgbani nyaaŋa. Lal sodoligu ŋɔ n daa kpaŋsi maŋsulinsi deebu ni siyaasa zani tuhi. Yuuni 1920, Africa niriba ban daa be Legislative Council, Joseph E. Casely-Hayford, daa laɣim National Congress of British West Africa, di daa zaŋ kpamba ka bɛ chaŋ London ni bɛ ti balim ban daa su ba ka bɛ taɣi bɛ zalisi. Lala laɣingu maa, ban daa ʒiya ni bɛ ni tɔɣisiri balishɛli zaa nyɛla British West Africa tinsi ni, n daa nyɛ ban zani ti lala tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ. Di mini kpamba maa daa bi sheei London maa zaa yoli (bɛ ni daa zani ti Africa nim ko maa), bɛ sɔŋsim daa dahila Africa tinsi polo.<ref name="emn2" /> Bɛ daa bi saɣiritiri ni gominanti piiri o kaansili kpamba, lala niriba ŋɔ daa ʒimi ni bɛ puu biɛri la British Crown zuɣu ni ka dii bi ʒiri British siyaasa mini biɛhihu kperi Africa nim ni. Kpamba ban daa beni yuya n-nyɛ Africanus Horton, Jr.; J. M. Sarbah; ni S. R. B. Attah-Ahoma. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban ʒi taɣibu na pam zaŋ hali ni yuma din gbaai 1940s.<ref name="emn2" /> Yuuni 1925 zalikpana, din daa nyɛ Gordon Guggisberg ni daa be shɛli nuu ni, daa bo la nahi n-ti "north" yaɣa zaa din daa beni. Lala nanima ŋɔ daa ŋmaligi piigi kaansili kpamba niriba ayɔbu n-ti lala Legislative Council maa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064}}</ref> Di mini zali pala maa daa dahi Africa nim polo maa zaa yoli, Guggisberg yaa daa dahila British suhuyurilim polo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Moral Sentiments and Material Interests|date=2005|chapter=Origins, Evidence, and Consequences|publisher=The MIT Press|doi=10.7551/mitpress/4771.003.0004|isbn=978-0-262-27386-2}}</ref> Kamani ŋmahinli, O daa ti la Africa fukumsi din che ka bɛ dii ka yaa; ka lahi bo tarisi ti nahi piibu, o daa bola tarisi niŋ nanima mini ban chaŋ shikuru sunsuuni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064}}</ref> Ban haŋkali daa ziligi daa tɛhimi ni ban chaŋ shikuru bɔrila British sɔŋsim, ka kaansili nim tuma be gɔmanti nim nuuni. Zaŋ chaŋ 1930s bahigu, Nanima mini baŋdiba sunsuuni biɛhigu daa pili kpaŋsibu.<ref name="emn" /> Biɛhigu kpaŋsibu daa tuɣiya. Lahabaya wuligibu yaɣa din daa be Africa nim nuuni ka bɛ tumdi tuma—dibaayɔbu n daa wuligiri lahabaya saha din gbaai 1930s. Bɛ ni daa bɔri ni bɛ galisila zuɣu, Africa niriba ayi ban yuya daa ka gbana ni nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ pahi Executive Council maa ni yuuni 1943.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 6.8. Immigrant-owned firms were more likely to be job creators|doi=10.1787/888934066425}}</ref>Taɣibunim din daa niŋ Legislative Council maa ni, amaa bɛ daa lahi guhiya ni bɛ nya siyaasa taɣibu din yɛn niŋ London, piibu-piibu din daa niŋ tɔbu tuhibu nyaaŋa British Labour Party gɔmnanti ni.<ref name="emn" /> Gold Coast zali pala din daa zani yuuni 1946 (bɛ ni daa lahi booni shɛli "Burns constitution" ka di nyɛla Sir Alan Burns yuli ka bɛ zaŋ boli li, ŋun daa gbubi gɔmnanti tali lala saha) daa nyɛla gbana din mali yaa. Tuuli, bɛ daa yi ban galisi yɛla ni.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sokolowski|first=Robert|title=The Formation of Husserl's Concept of Constitution|date=1970|volume=18|pages=74–115|series=Phaenomenologica|chapter=The Constitution Performed by Inner Time|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-3325-0_4|isbn=978-90-481-8316-6}}</ref> Legislative Council maa daa pa malila "six ex officio" kpamba, ka piigi n iriba ayɔbu, ka vooti ninvuɣ' pinaanii. Yuuni 1946 zalisi gba daa saɣiti Asante kaansilinim ni bɛ pahi din ni tuuli. Di ni daa niŋ ka "Labour Party" be gɔmnanti ni, British daa nyɛ ka tiŋgbana yaɣ'shɛŋa din pahi nyɛla aʒianim zaŋ ti ba ni bɛ yɛligi bɛ aʒianima. Taɣibu din daa yɛn zaŋ yaa niŋ Africa nim nuuni daa ka British toondaannima tɛha ni zaŋ hali ka ka zabili daa ti lu Accra ni tiŋ'shɛŋa din daa pahi yuuni 1948.<ref name="emn" /> Bɛ ni daa piigi kpamba shɛba ka bɛ galisi ni, Ghana ka siyaasa kpamba galisi pam gari Africa tinsi zaa. Zalisi maa dii bi ti tiŋgbani zuɣulana yaa zaa ti naai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bleek|first=Wolf|date=1990|title=Did the Akan resort to abortion in pre-colonial Ghana? Some Conjectures|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2130156/35567_abortion_conjectures._Africa_1990._pdf.pdf|journal=Africa|volume=60|issue=1|pages=121–131|doi=10.2307/1160430|issn=0001-9720|jstor=1160430|pmid=12343106|s2cid=24702978}}</ref> Kpambaliba yaa daa bela gɔmnanti nuuni, Legislative Council maa tuma ni daa be so nuuni. Di zuɣu, zalisi maa, daa nyɛla din ʒi tootibo na, ka daa bi yuui ka yɛltɔɣamuɣisira na.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1936|title=Members Elected by the Executive Council|journal=Africa|volume=9|issue=4|pages=543|doi=10.1017/s0001972000008986|issn=0001-9720|s2cid=245910374}}</ref> World War II daa kuli naami, ka Gold Coast kpeen-kura ban daa tum ti British daa nyɛla ban lihiri yɛlimuɣisira ni, bɛ yɛra daa zuɣusaa dubu, tuma kalinsi, ni binyɛra gabi kɔhi. Kpeen kura maa, ni fɔŋ ni yɛli pali shɛŋa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Medals of Honor Presented to Black Veterans of World War II (1997)|date=2009-09-30|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33755|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Pukpariba daa ti pahi bɛ zuɣu, ka bɛ daa bo so'pala din yɛn kari cacao tihi dɔriti ka gu ka taɣi li, ka shɛba daa bi niŋ suhupiɛli ka di nyɛla tɔbbu maa nyaaŋa lɛbiginsim shɛŋa daa bi kana.<ref>{{Citation|title=Of the Many Who Returned and Yet Were Dead|work=The Philosophy of War and Exile|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137351227_6|isbn=978-1-137-35122-7}}</ref>[[Lahabali_kɔligu:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-39-2-1-001.jpg|thumb|British colonial officers in Kumasi, 1937]] ==== Siyaasa zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu ==== Siyaasa yaɣa daa bɛ 'British colony',' United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)' daa nyela tuuli bilichini nima ban daa kpuɣi soli ni be dee maŋ sulinsi  saha bihi ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waters|first=R. S.|date=1933|title=Possible Results had Modern Air Reconnaissance Existed in 1914|journal=Royal United Services Institution. Journal|volume=78|issue=509|pages=44–59|doi=10.1080/03071843309433806|issn=0035-9289}}</ref> Sɔŋ tampuɣilila silimiin goli  August yuuni 1947 Gbansabila tingbani karachi nima ban daa pahi n  J. B. Danquah, G. A. Grant (shɛba mi o la Paa Grant), R. A. Awoonor-Williams, Eric Ato Nkrumah (looya Nam  gbaai yihi Grant,ŋun daa nye daabia bundana), ni ban pahi, laɣingu gɔ kpamba daa yeli ni be bomi karachi sheba  n zali nanima zaani zan chaŋ zina tobu polo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064}}</ref> Lala siyaasa  kpamba ŋɔ, Nanima daa nye ban su yaa pam , di daa baŋmi ni be sulinsi yaa zan chaŋ saha ŋan gari maa. Be daa dihimitabili ni dini n daa nye tuun  sheli din yen zaŋ tingbani maa n kpe ʒemani ni. Be daa lan ʒimi ni, be baŋsim bobu, ni silimiinsi maa ti ba gilima ka tiri be gba kpamli baŋsim maa bobu shee.<ref>{{Citation|title=Public Responsibility|date=1979-12-01|work=Black Education in New York State|pages=69–84|publisher=Syracuse University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv9b2x9d.8|isbn=978-1-68445-015-2|s2cid=241586403}}</ref> Kamani sasabira so ni daa sabi n yelI, " ŋmahima zaŋ chaŋ toontibo polo, tabibi, maŋ sulinsi , bipolim, zaa nyela binsheli kpamba pala maa ni daa saɣi n ti ka deei.""<ref>{{Cite journal|last=RENZ|first=MARION CASEY|date=1995|title=This writer became a nurse for All the wrong reasons Learn why she stayed|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nursing-us_1995-05_25_5/page/47|journal=Nursing|volume=25|issue=5|pages=47–49|doi=10.1097/00152193-199505000-00018|issn=0360-4039|pmid=7746538|doi-access=free|s2cid=193110128}}</ref> UGCC kpamli daa malila gomnanti ansarisi o ni daa bi tooi o ni daa bi tooi mali yelimuɣisirili ŋan nye tuma kalinsi,nema daa pahibu, ni yelimuɣisira ŋan be ʒileli maa puuni  tobu maa ni daa naai.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wallis|first1=Joe|title=New Institutional Economics, New Public Management and Government Failure|date=1999|work=Market Failure, Government Failure, Leadership and Public Policy|pages=61–92|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1057/9780230372962_4|isbn=978-1-349-40797-2|last2=Dollery|first2=Brian}}</ref><ref name="pim">McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Politics of the Independence Movements".</ref> Be ni daa ka nam ni silimiinsi maa saha maa daa be niŋ vienyela,UGCC nimadaa be mi ka di nyela be kpamba maa daa bi bori taɣibu pam be gomnanti tali maa puuni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heuer|first=Jennifer|date=2014-03-03|editor1-last=Andress|editor1-first=David|title=Did Everything Change? Rethinking Revolutionary Legacies|journal=Oxford Handbooks Online|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.036}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnson, Chalmers Ashby.|title=Revolutionary change.|date=1982|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-1144-5|oclc=251351828}}</ref> Di daa naan tooi nyela silimiin tiŋa nima  maa ni leba baŋsim sheli n bala ni be rumdi be tuma. Lala siyaasa tali ŋɔ maa daa nyela din mali bukaata  ni taɣibu Kwame Nkrumah ni daa kpa 'Convention People's Party (CPP)' nashaara goli June yuuni 1949.<ref name="pim2" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Doing Things the Right Way: The Way You Were Taught|work=Doing Things the Right Way|pages=23–36|year=1995|publisher=University of Calgary Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv8jnzd8.11|isbn=978-1-55238-328-5}}</ref> Be daa dɔɣila Nkuruma la tiŋa yuli booni Nkroful din be Nzema foŋ ka daa chaŋ o shikuru Catholic shikuru din be Half Assini ni Achimota shikuru . O daa deei tooni baŋsim bohimbu  ' United States ' shikuru yuli booni Lincoln university ni Pennsylvania university.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tews|first1=Michael J.|last2=Frager|first2=Kelly|last3=Citarella|first3=Ashley I.|last4=Orndorff|first4=Robert M.|date=2018-08-01|title=What is Etiquette Today? Interviewing Etiquette for Today's College Student|journal=Journal of Advances in Education Research|volume=3|issue=3|doi=10.22606/jaer.2018.33005|issn=2519-7002|doi-access=free}}</ref> Saha sheli London in , Nkrumah daa lebila kpaŋsiri o maŋa be gbansabila shikurubihi laɣingu sheli be ni boli ni 'West African Students' laɣingu ni 'Fifth Pan-African Congress'.<ref>{{Citation|last=Robinson|first=Lisa Clayton|title=Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42169|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> O daa nyela gbansabila tingbani shikuru bihi yino ŋun daa be 'Fifth Pan-African Congress' din daa niŋ Manchester yuuni 1945. Lala sahaŋo Silimiin tiŋa , Nkrumah daa baŋ lala tatabo yelitɔɣiyera maŋsulinsi baŋdiba di ni daa niŋ ka West Indian George Padmore, ni African-American W. E. B. Du Bois.<ref>{{Citation|last=Schwarz|first=Bill|title=George Padmore|date=2003-12-04|work=West Indian Intellectuals in Britain|pages=132–149|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719064746.003.0007|isbn=978-0-7190-6474-6|s2cid=242756948}}</ref> Yuuni 1947, dini daa niŋ ka UGCC daa nam  Gold Coast tiŋgbani ni ni di zabi silimiinsi  zalisi, Nkrumah daa deeila boligu din yina  London ni o lebi gbaŋ  ŋmara n zaŋ ti lala tatabo laɣingu maa..<ref name="pim4" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Nkrumah/Lumumba|work=African Intellectuals and Decolonization|pages=27–36|year=2012|publisher=Ohio University Press|doi=10.1353/chapter.711980|isbn=978-0-89680-486-9}}</ref> Nkuruma saha ni UGCC daa nyela 'stormy one'. Nashaara goli March  yuuni 1948, be daa gbaaila o mini UGCC kpamba sheba n niŋ ba furimiinsi siyaasa zuɣu. Be daa mi ba la ninvuɣu kara agony ( big six) Gana siyaasa ni.<ref name="Secretary of the Ugcc">{{Citation|title=Secretary of the Ugcc|date=2007-11-15|work=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|pages=52–72|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.9|isbn=978-9988-647-81-0}}</ref> Saha sheli, dini daa niŋ ka be daa boli UGCC ninvuɣi yino ni o di nintiɣili alizama  n ti Coussey Committee, din daa nye ŋan saɣisira  kpema maa maŋ sulinsi deeibu soli zuɣu, Nkrumah daa yi UGCC n ti kpa o maŋmaŋa paati din yuli boli CPP.<ref name="Secretary of the Ugcc2" /> Unlike the UGCC call for self-government "in the shortest possible time", Nkrumah and the CPP asked for "self-government now".<ref>{{Citation|last=Rubenfeld|first=Jed|title=Constitutional Self-Government on the Model of Speech|date=2001-04-10|work=Freedom and Time|pages=45–73|publisher=Yale University Press|doi=10.12987/yale/9780300080483.003.0003|isbn=978-0-300-08048-3}}</ref> ka mani UGCC ni daa zaya n ti <nowiki>''</nowiki>maŋ sulinsi saha bihi ni<nowiki>''</nowiki> maa Nkrumah mini CPP daa zami ni <nowiki>''</nowiki> maŋ sulinsi saha ŋɔ<nowiki>''</nowiki>[162] paati maa kpamba daa piila Nkrumah, kojo Botsio, Komla A.Gbedemah ni bipola ban nye siyaasa baŋdiba be ni daa mi sheba  "Verandah Boys", la  be ni daa mi ka sheba kuli nye tuun tumdiba biehigu ni n gari ban be UGCC mini di <nowiki>''</nowiki>intelligentsia<nowiki>''</nowiki>.<ref name="pim5" /><ref name="Secretary of the Ugcc3" /> Nkrumah biehigu daalikawli nima daa suhiri la soli tuun tumdiba ban galisi polo, pukpariba ni bipola ban wumdi o yeltoɣa ; o daa ŋmanila tingbani maa zaa kpeen so be ni yen zaŋ be sahabe niŋ. O daa lan di nasara n zaŋ chaŋ daabia paɣaba ban yeri ka di zaana zaŋ chaŋ be daabilim maa kpaŋsibu. Dini n daa nye be ni yen doli soli sheli ka alizama paairi taba.<ref name="pim6" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Wegmann|first=Andrew N.|title=He Be God Who Made Dis Man|date=2017-08-01|work=New Directions in the Study of African American Recolonization|publisher=University Press of Florida|doi=10.5744/florida/9780813054247.003.0004|isbn=978-0-8130-5424-7}}</ref> Siyaasa nima ban galisi, ban daa be tobu maa nyaaŋa din yina lahabali churi puuni, daa waligim ka che bala nanima maa miniAnglophile ka di daa nyela silimiinsi maa daabilim, biehigu and shikuru baŋsim bobu. <ref>{{Citation|title=From Talking Chiefs to a Native Coperative Élite|date=1996-06-21|work=From Talking Chiefs to a Native Corporate Elite|pages=297–320|publisher=MQUP|doi=10.2307/j.ctt806bn.22|isbn=978-0-7735-6580-7}}</ref> Lala salo ban galisi ŋɔ maa daa nyela tuun tumdi kura, karachi nima ban tabisi shikuru biela, lahabali wuligiriba n ti pahi bihi karimba nima, be zaa nyela ban mali korisi ni be lam maŋsulinsi. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007-06-01|title=The Man Who Had All the Luck|journal=Man Who Had All the Luck, the|doi=10.5040/9781580814768}}</ref> Salo ban bi chaŋ shikuru ka lee nye faŋ nima ka mali tuma nima gba daa nyela ban pahi n sɔŋdi laɣingu maa. Nkrumah daa nyela ŋun too suhi ba be maŋmaŋa soli zuɣu. Nashaara goli June yuuni 1949 di ni daa niŋ ka CPP daa kpa ka di daliri nyela di borila maŋsulinsi sahaŋɔ, Nkrumah daa malila nyaaŋa pam.<ref name="pim3" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Birth of the CPP|date=2007-11-15|work=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|pages=74–90|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.10|isbn=978-9988-647-81-0}}</ref> Zalikpana buku zaŋ n-ti yuuni 1951 nyɛla din tahi Coussey Committee lahabali na, bɛ daa nam li ka di daliri nyɛla muɣisiri shɛŋa din daa be Accra mini tiŋgbani maa yaɣ'shɛŋa din daa pahi zuɣu yuuni 1948.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leek|first=J. H.|date=1948|title=Preliminary Draft of a World Constitution. Common Cause: A Monthly Report of the Committee to Frame a World Constitution|journal=Books Abroad|volume=22|issue=4|pages=418|doi=10.2307/40087909|jstor=40087909|issn=0006-7431}}</ref> Din pahi, bɛ nyɛla ban daa ti Executive Council minista nima pam, bɛ nyɛla ban daa nam "assembly" ka ninvuɣ shɛba bɛ ni daa piigi ŋɔ pirigi li nyɛ ban yina tiŋ'kpaŋsi ka pirigili nyɛ ban yina traditional councils ka di daa leei tuuli Northern Territories niriba ni beni.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-05-21|title=More than half of all jobs created since 1995 were non-standard jobs|doi=10.1787/9789264235120-graph7-en}}</ref> Kpamli tali yaa nyɛla din daa na British nima nuu ni ka legislature nyɛ ban daa yɛlli ni di to ni lala yaa ŋɔ labi "traditionalist" nima sani.<ref name="pim" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Nevil|title=A Parliamentary Government: the Executive Power|date=2004|work=Reshaping the British Constitution|pages=79–101|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1057/9780230503366_6|isbn=978-0-333-94620-6}}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din kuli pahira, CPP ŋɔ yuuni 1950 nyɛla ban daa piligi siyaasa tali zaŋ n-ti "positive action". Din daa niŋ ka zabili daa niŋ, Nkrumah mini , o "principal lieutenants" nyɛla bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba chaŋ n-ti niŋ sarika ni.<ref name="Nonviolent Resistance in Action">{{Citation|last1=Omer|first1=Haim|title=Nonviolent Resistance in Action|work=Nonviolent Resistance|pages=75–92|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-55065-2|last2=London-Sapir|first2=Shoshannah|year=2003|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511550652.006}}</ref> Amaa din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din daa pahi o toondan tali jilima ka dizuɣu daa che ka o daa leei "martyr".<ref name="Nonviolent Resistance in Action" /> Silimiin goli February yuuni 1951, tuuli piibu piibu nyɛla din daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti Legislative Assembly zalikpani buku palli ni. Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun daa na be sarika ni ka di jintɔri kuɣu ka CPP nyɛ ban daa nya nasara pam ni kuɣisi din kalinli daa yiɣisi kɔbiga ni dibaa anahi.<ref name="pim" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Biney|first=Ama|author-link=Ama Biney|title=From Activist to Leader of the CPP, 1945–1951|date=2011|work=The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah|pages=29–45|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1057/9780230118645_3|isbn=978-1-349-29513-5}}</ref> Lala saha ŋɔ governor, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke nyɛla ŋun daa yihi Nkrumah ka daa boli o na n-ti yɛlli o ni leegi o "leader of government business", zaashee shɛli din ŋmani prime minister. Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun daa saɣi n deei li .<ref name="Leader of Government Business">{{Citation|date=2007-11-15|work=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|pages=92–102|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.11|isbn=978-9988-647-81-0|title=Leader of Government Business}}</ref> Di nyɛla din daa n bɔ soli zaŋ n-ti Ghana maŋsulinsi deebu. CPP nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti ni bɛ mnyɛla ban yɛn tum ni zalkpani buku palli maa, gomnanti tali nama ni daa be shɛm yuuni 1951 nyɛla CPP nima n daa bɛ bora.<ref name="Leader of Government Business"/> Minisata zaŋ n-ti "defence", external affairs, finance, n-ti pahi justice nyɛla British nima ni daa na gbubi shɛli. Yaha, din daa niŋ ka zalikapani buku ŋɔ nyɛ din tiri Naanima soli bela koŋko Legislative Assembly ŋɔ zuɣu, bɛ borimi ni taɣi lala zalikpani buku ŋɔ.<ref name=pim/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kleist|first=N.|date=2011-06-29|title=Modern chiefs: Tradition, development and return among traditional authorities in Ghana|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2011-10_110_441/page/629|journal=African Affairs|volume=110|issue=441|pages=629–647|doi=10.1093/afraf/adr041|issn=0001-9909}}</ref> Nkrumah's tuuli toondan tali ni "leader of government business" nyɛla din daa chaŋ viɛnnyɛla o nyɛla ŋun daa kuli tumdi ni British governor. Yuma ashɛm din daa paya na maa,gomnanti tali ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa lɛbigi shɛli jintɔri tali. Lala taɣibu ŋɔ nyɛla "traditionalist African elements" di gbaai bahindi Asante mini Northern Territories ni daa zaɣisi shɛli.<ref name=pim/><ref name="Leader of Government Business"/> Yuuni 1952, zaashee zaŋ n-ti "prime minister" nyɛla bɛ ni daa nam shɛli ka Executive Council daa leei "cabinet". Prime minister ŋɔ nyɛ ŋun daa su "assembly" ka bɛ daa piigi Nkrumah prime minister. Zalikpana buku zaŋ n-ti yuuni 1954 nyɛla din daa naai ni assembly mana nima piibu.<ref>{{Citation|last=James|first=Simon|title=Relations between Prime Minister and Cabinet: From Wilson to Thatcher|date=1995|work=Prime Minister, Cabinet and Core Executive|pages=63–86|place=London|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-24141-5_4|isbn=978-0-333-55528-6}}</ref> Legislative Assembly kalinli nyɛla din daa pahi ka di niriba zaa nyɛ salo ni daa piiri shɛba.<ref name=pim/><ref>{{Citation|title=Aziz, Shaukat, (born 6 March 1949), Member for Attock, National Assembly, Pakistan, 2004–07; Prime Minister of Pakistan, 2004–07, and Minister of Finance, 1999–2007|date=2007-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u244938|doi-broken-date=13 November 2024 }}</ref> CPP nyɛla ban daa mali zaligu zaŋ n-ti siyaasat tali luɣ'yini tali. Saha bela nyaaŋa yuuni 1954 piibu piibu, bɛ daa nam la paati palli ka daa boli Asante-based National Liberation Movement (NLM).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Afghan National Liberation Front (Afghanistan : Political party)./Liberation Front.|date=1990|publisher=University of Arizona Libraries|doi=10.2458/azu_acku_serial_jq1769_a8_a76_v6_n7|doi-broken-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> NLM nyɛla din daa kpaŋsiri "federal" gomnanti tali ni bɛ zaŋmi yaa n-ti tiŋgbani maa yaɣa maa zaa. NLM nyɛla ban daa di alizama galim ka fiia CPP zaŋ n-ti bɛ ni mali yaa n-tiri yaɣ'shɛŋa ka chari shɛba. Lala paati palli ŋɔ nyɛla din daa tumdi ni laɣinsi kamani Northern People's Party.<ref>{{Citation|last=Wildenmann|first=Rudolf|editor1-first=Richard S|editor1-last=Katz|title=3. The Party Government of the Federal Republic of Germany: Form and Experience|date=1987-12-31|work=Party Governments|pages=78–117|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110900255-004|isbn=978-3-11-090025-5}}</ref> Di da ti niŋ ka lala "regional" paati nima ayi ŋɔ yi saawra gbaabu zaŋ n-ti zalikpani buku palli nambu ni, dabim nyɛla din mali CPP dama di nyɛla din daa tahiri nangbani kpeeni na ka di nyɛ binshɛli din ku tooi sɔŋ ba ka bɛ deegi bɛ maŋsulinsi.<ref name="pim" /><ref>{{Citation|last=King|first=Tom|title=The Advent of Two New Micro Parties: The Palmer United Party and Katter's Australia Party|date=2015-01-21|work=Abbott's Gambit: The 2013 Australian Federal Election|publisher=ANU Press|doi=10.22459/ag.01.2015.17|isbn=978-1-925022-09-4|doi-access=free}}</ref> British constitutional adviser, nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti CPP ni daa gbubi shɛm. Governor ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa wurim "assembly" ŋɔ din yɛn che ka CPP tooi suhi m bo maŋsulinsi deebu. Bɛ nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti ni bɛ nyɛla ban che ka Ghana nima deei bɛ maŋsulinsi di yi niŋ ka salo maa puuni pubu buyi pubu buta zuɣu ni saɣi n-ti li .<ref>{{Citation|title=19. Indonesia's demand for immediate independence|date=1972-12-31|work=Portrait of a Patriot|pages=373–376|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110870640-020|isbn=978-3-11-087064-0}}</ref> Piibu piibu palli nyɛla din daa niŋ Silimiin goli July yuuni 1956. CPP nyɛla ban daa nya kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihinu ni ayopɔin ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa niŋ lala piibu piibu maa ni , CPP nyɛla ban daa di jintɔri kuɣu kam din daa be "south" ka daa lahi di kuɣisi pam Asante, Northern Territories n-ti pahiTrans-Volta Region ka daa nya kuɣisi din kalinli daa yiɣisi kɔbiga ni dibaa anahi.<ref name="pim" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Coattails Upside Down: How Assembly Elections Shape Presidential Elections|work=Votes from Seats|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108261128.012|isbn=978-1-108-26112-8}}</ref> Pɔi ni Silimiin goli July yuuni 1956 piibu piibu din daa niŋ Gold Coast, "pebiscite" nyɛla binshɛli United Nations (UN) nima ni daa niŋ ni bɛ nya British Togoland mini French Togoland ni be yaɣ'shɛli.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|last1=L.|last2=Hilton|first2=T. E.|date=1962|title=Ghana Population Atlas. The Distribution and Density of Population in the Gold Coast and Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship|journal=Population (French Edition)|volume=17|issue=2|pages=353|doi=10.2307/1527080|jstor=1527080|issn=0032-4663}}</ref> British trusteeshipnyɛla ban daa mali saawara ni Gold Coast tum yuuni 1919 ka nyɛ ban daa be jinaduu.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> British Togoland salo pam nyɛla ban daa niŋ bɛ piibu piibu zaŋ n-ti union ka bɛ daa lɛbigi lala yaɣili maa Gold Coast. Amaa salo ban daa be Ewe ka nyɛ ban be southern British Togoland nyɛla ban daa bi saɣi n-ti li.<ref name="pim" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Original Title|date=2017-02-03|work=The Ewe-Speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast|pages=7|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315295978-4|isbn=978-1-315-29597-8|s2cid=239521353 }}</ref> Zuɣulani, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, bahi Nkrumah ka boli o ni o ti kpa gomnanti tali maani kpema n zaŋ ti gomnanti daabilim yeɣili, kpamli sheli din mini ( prime minister daa ŋmani taba) . Ka Nkrumah daa saɣi[172] sochip kpeeni daa nyela ŋan kpuɣi zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu polo. Pirimla CPP daa saɣiya ni be tum ni zalisi kundu palli, gomnanti (structure ) sheli din daa beni yuuni 1951 daa pa la be suhi ni yu sheli [172] tingbani gu ka taɣi minista kpema, sambani polo yaɣili, laɣi dibo yaɣili kpema ni aadalichi minista kpema zaa daa nyela ŋan be nashaara nima maa nua ni ŋan daa bi mali nua timbu ni jina tobu. Be daa zaŋla nanima bela n niŋ jina maa tobu polo. Zalisi kundu nima ŋɔ daa nyela ŋan wuhiri ŋan bɛ sahaŋɔ siyaasa nima mini ti nanima polo [153][173] Nkrumah tuuli kpamli piligu ŋan daa nye kpema n zaŋ ti gomnanti daabilim daa buɣisirimi ni be laɣim tum ni Britishi zuɣulana. Yuuni biha ŋan kanina, zuɣu lana tali daa zoomi n ti lebi paramonsi zaɣamuni. Gbansabila pam banlee Ŋɔŋ polo nima mini tudu polo go nima daa bi saɣiri n tiri lala zoosim ŋɔ maa. Lala tatabo "opposition " maa daa nyela ban ni gbaɣisi ni be kpaŋmaŋa sheli be gba ni pahira ni be tooi suŋsi ka maŋsulinsi deegi saha bihi sunsuuniYuuni 1952, prime minista tali zaa shee daa kprimi di mini Executive council n daa lebi cabinet.  Prime minista n daa su assambuli yaɣili ŋan daa piigi Nkrumah n lebi be prime minista. Zalisi kundu ŋan daa sabi yuuni 1954 daa zalila assambuli jina toriba piibu piibu lala ka di nyela bala kpamba.[ 174] Jintoriba assambuli daa pahila niriba, di niraba maa zaa daa piimi ka di nyela piibu piibu soli ni jintori yaɣili kam,  tingbani gubu yaɣili mini tinduya chandi yaɣili n daa pa kpalim n bɛ governor maa nua ni, be ni daa piigi jintori sheba n ti assambuli maa n daa pa su tiŋgbani maa bini shaɣu kam.[153][175].CPP daa zaŋla policy shelina ni be centralizi siyaasa maa, amaa niraba maa baa karilimi n kpɛhi yɔɣu zaa sa. Saha bela yuuni 1954 piibu piibu ni daa naaigi, ka paati palli,y, the Asante-based National Liberation Movement (NLM) daa kpa [176] NLM maa daa advoketirila fideral gomnanti sani, ni yaa kpaŋsibu yaɣa maa sani. NLM kpamba daa maanila CPP nima ni be peciivi doctorial tendency. Paati palli ŋɔ daa gbunila kpalanzuya ni yaɣa nima maa , ni tudu ŋɔ nima paati[177]. Di yi niŋ ka paati dibaayi ŋɔ laɣim be noya taba ni be taɣimi zalisi kundu palli.CPP zorila dabiem ninashaara nima maa ti saɣi n ti ni be ka nangbani yini ka yeli ni be na bi saɣi ni gbubi tiŋgbani maa be maŋmaŋa CPP daa zaŋla policy shelina ni be centralizi siyaasa maa, amaa niraba maa baa karilimi n kpɛhi yɔɣu zaa sa. Saha bela yuuni 1954 piibu piibu ni daa naaigi, ka paati palli,y, the Asante-based National Liberation Movement (NLM) daa kpa [176] NLM maa daa advoketirila fideral gomnanti sani, ni yaa kpaŋsibu yaɣa maa sani. NLM kpamba daa maanila CPP nima ni be peciivi doctorial tendency. Paati palli ŋɔ daa gbunila kpalanzuya ni yaɣa nima maa , ni tudu ŋɔ nima paati[177]. Di yi niŋ ka paati dibaayi ŋɔ laɣim be noya taba ni be taɣimi zalisi kundu palli.CPP zorila dabiem ninashaara nima maa ti saɣi n ti ni be ka nangbani yini ka yeli ni be na bi saɣi ni gbubi tiŋgbani maa be maŋmaŋa.[153][178] Nkrumah tuuli kpamli piligu ŋan daa nye kpema n zaŋ ti gomnanti daabilim daa buɣisirimi ni be laɣim tum ni Britishi zuɣulana. Yuuni biha ŋan kanina, zuɣu lana tali daa zoomi n ti lebi paramonsi zaɣamuni. Gbansabila pam banlee Ŋɔŋ polo nima mini tudu polo go nima daa bi saɣiri n tiri lala zoosim ŋɔ maa. Lala tatabo "opposition " maa daa nyela ban ni gbaɣisi ni be kpaŋmaŋa sheli be gba ni pahira ni be tooi suŋsi ka maŋsulinsi deegi saha bihi sunsuuni.[153][172] Ŋun daa saɣisiri British zalisi kundi, daa saɣimi n ti CPP ni daa zaya shem maa. Governor maa daa wurimla assambuli ni o nya CPP nyaaŋa zaaniba maa niŋsim zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deeibu pumpoŋɔ maa, ka zaa daa saɣi n ti ni be timi ba maŋsulinsi di yi niŋ ka jintoriba pubu buta puuni vaabu buyi zaya ni be borila maŋsulinsi [179] piibu piibu palli daa niŋla nashaara goli July yuuni 1956. Piibu piibu maa ni daa niŋ CPP daa di nasara kobiga puuni vaabu pihinu ni a pɔin. Piibu piibu paati sheli ŋan the lu nam ni maa tuma daa ti la CPP nasara karili yaɣa maa zaa, tudu yaɣili, nyɔŋ ni n ti pahi volta yaɣili maa daa ti ba pubu buta puuni vaabu buyi kuɣisi 104 maa ni [153][180] === Maŋ-sulinsi Deebu === Anashaara goli 6 March yuuni 1957, Gold Coast daa deei maŋsulinsi ka bɛ boli li Ghana.<ref name="Howe 1957 155–161">{{Cite journal|last=Howe|first=Russell Warren|date=1957|title=Gold Coast into Ghana|journal=The Phylon Quarterly|volume=18|issue=2|pages=155–161|doi=10.2307/273187|issn=0885-6826|jstor=273187}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Laronce, Cécile. Auteur.|title=L'influence de Nkrumah dans la politique étrangère américaine : les États-Unis découvrent l'Afrique, 1945–1966|date=1997|publisher=[s.n.]|oclc=490457889}}</ref> == Lihi pahi == * Anglo-Ashanti wars * Gold Coast ackey * Gold Coast in World War II * Gold Coast Influenza Epidemic * List of governors of the Gold Coast * Slave Coast of West Africa == Kundivihira == mes5rx6otoo96vbd40smmury0toq55c Jomo Kenyatta 0 32298 146197 145676 2026-08-10T23:03:50Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 9 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jomo Kenyatta'''[a] CGH ({{Circa|1897}} – 22 August 1978) daa nyɛla Kenyan Nyaɣ' kpema ni jintɔri ŋun guli [[Kenya]] tiŋgbani Prime Minister tali yuuni 1963 hali ni 1964 ka lahi nyɛ tuuli zuɣu lana yuuni 1964 hali ni o kum nyanŋa yuuni1978. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpaŋ o maŋ n-ti Kenya tiŋgbani n-zaŋ kpa British Empire polo din doli ninsalisili kpaŋmaŋa. O daa nyɛla African nationalist ni conservative,o daa lan nyɛla ŋɔn guli Kenya African National Union (KANU) parti yuuni 1961 hali ni o kum nyanŋa. Kenyatta daa nyɛla bi ni zɔɣa so n- niŋKikuyu pukpariba ni Kiambu yaɣli, British East Africa. O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun chaŋ mission school,O daa lahi tum tuma n-ti yahli pam,ka lahi kpɛ piibu piibu yaɣli zaŋ kpa Kikuyu Central Association. Yuuni 1929,O daa chaŋ la London ni o tum ti Kikuyu tiŋgbani yɛltɔɣa yaɣli. Yuuni1930s saha, O daa karim la Moscow's Communist University zaŋ k;pa Toiler nim yaɣli, University College London, ni London School of Economics. yuuni 1938, O daa zaŋ anthropological study of Kikuyu n zaŋ wuhi salo ka naan tum n-ti pukparibu yaɣli Sussex tiŋgbani saha shɛli Second World War maa ni daa pili. O zo n daa zaŋ ŋɔ kpɛ di puuni ŋun n nyɛ George Padmore, O daa ti o nyaɣ kpema yela embraced ni Pan-African yɛlɔɣa maŋa,ka lahi bori ni be labi n kpa 1945 Pan-African Congress Manchester tiŋgbani. O daa labi la Kenya yuuni 1946 ka daa lɛbgi shikuru shɛli karimba kpema.Yuuni1947, O daa nyɛla bi ni pii so zaŋ kpa zuɣu lan tali n-ti Kenya African Union yaɣli, zaŋ kpa o kpaŋ maŋa n- ti ninsalisili kpaŋ maŋ polo n-ti British nyaɣ'kpema,zaaŋ kpema suŋsim din daa yina siliminsi nim polo .Yuunii1952,O daa nyɛla ŋun pahi Kapenguria niribi nim beni naa gbaai n kpari ,ka che ka be yo n-ti nyaɣ kpemba nim sani Mau Mau wumsibu.A maa,O ninsali sili ninvɛlla polo wuhubu zaŋ kpa o tahiri polo —O daa kpaŋ di o maŋa. O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun be sarikani Lokitaung tiŋgbani hali ni yuuni 1959 pɔi ka bi daa ti yihi o ni labi Lodwar tiŋgbani hali ni yuuni 1961. ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{Reflist|25em}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin|33em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |year=2005 |title=Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0297847199 }} * {{cite book |last=Archer |first=Jules |year=1969 |title=African Firebrand: Kenyatta of Kenya |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0671320621 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africanfirebrand00arch }} * {{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Guy |year=1974 |title=Kenyatta and the Politics of Kenya |location=London |publisher=Dent |isbn=978-0460078788 }} * {{cite book |last=Assensoh |first=A. B. |year=1998 |title=African Political Leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius K. Nyerere |url=https://archive.org/details/africanpolitical0000asse |publisher=Krieger Publishing Company |location=Malabar, Florida |isbn=978-0894649110 }} * {{cite journal |last=Beck |first=Ann |title=Some Observations on Jomo Kenyatta in Britain: 1929–1930 |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=6 |number=22 |year=1966 |pages=308–329 |jstor=4390930 |doi=10.3406/cea.1966.3068 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Berman |first1=Bruce J. |last2=Lonsdale |first2=John M. |title=The Labors of ''Muigwithania'': Jomo Kenyatta as Author, 1928–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_spring-1998_29_1/page/16 |journal=Research in African Literatures |year=1998 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=16–42 |jstor=3820530 }} * {{cite journal |last=Bernardi |first=Bernardo |title=Old Kikuyu Religion ''Igongona and Mambura'': Sacrifice and Sex: Re-reading Kenyatta's Ethnography |journal=[[Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione|Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]] |volume=48 |number=2 |year=1993 |pages=167–183 |jstor=40760779 }} * {{cite book | last= Branch| first= Daniel| chapter= Violence, decolonisation and the Cold War in Kenya's north-eastern province, 1963–1978| editor-last = Anderson| editor-first = David M.| editor-last2 = Rolandsen| editor-first2 = Øystein H.| title = Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States| publisher = Routledge| location= London| date = 2017| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AGNQDwAAQBAJ | pages= 104–119 | isbn = 978-1-317-53952-0}} * {{cite journal |last=Boone |first=Catherine |title=Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_2012-04_55_1/page/75 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=55 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=75–103 |jstor=41804129 |doi=10.1353/arw.2012.0010 |hdl=2152/19778 |s2cid=154334560 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |first=Poppy |last=Cullen |year=2016 |title=Funeral Planning: British Involvement in the Funeral of President Jomo Kenyatta |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=44 |number=3 |pages=513–532 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2016.1175737 |s2cid=156552406 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/255158/5/Cullen-2016-Journal_of_Imperial_and_Commonwealth_History_VoR.pdf |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=Frederiksen |first=Bodil Folke |title=Jomo Kenyatta, Marie Bonaparte and Bronislaw Malinowski on Clitoridectomy and Female Sexuality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-workshop-journal_spring-2008_65/page/23 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=65 |issue=65 |year=2008 |pages=23–48 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbn013 |pmid=19618561 |s2cid=38737442 }} * {{cite book |last=Gertzel |first=Cherry |title=The Politics of Independent Kenya |location=London |publisher=Heinemann |year=1970 |isbn=978-0810103177 }} * {{cite journal |last=Gikandi |first=Simon |year=2000 |title=Pan-Africanism and Cosmopolitanism: The Case of Jomo Kenyatta |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-studies-in-africa_2000_43_1/page/3 |journal=English Studies in Africa |volume=43 |number=1 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.1080/00138390008691286 |s2cid=161686105 }} * {{cite book |contributor-last=Jones |contributor-first=Daniel |contribution=Preface |last=Armstrong |first=Lilias E. |title=The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu |year=1940 |publisher=International Africa Institute |location=London |pages=v–vi |oclc=386522 }} * {{cite journal |last=Kuria |first=Gibson Kamau |title=Confronting Dictatorship in Kenya |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-democracy_fall-1991_2_4/page/115 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=2 |number=4 |year=1991 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1353/jod.1991.0060 |s2cid=154003550 }} * {{cite journal |first=Keith |last=Kyle |year=1997 |title=The Politics of the Independence of Kenya |journal=Contemporary British History |volume=11 |number=4 |pages=42–65 |doi=10.1080/13619469708581458 }} * {{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Robert H. |last2=Rosberg |first2=Carl Gustav |year=1982 |title=Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant |url=https://archive.org/details/personalruleinbl00robe |location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520041851 }} * {{cite journal |last=Leman |first=Peter |title=African Oral Law and the Critique of Colonial Modernity in ''The Trial of Jomo Kenyatta'' |journal=Law and Literature |year=2011 |volume=23 |number=1 |pages=26–47 |doi=10.1525/lal.2011.23.1.26 |s2cid=145432539 }} * {{cite journal |first=John |last=Lonsdale |year=1990 |title=Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1990_31_3/page/393 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=393–421 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700031157 |hdl=10539/9062 |s2cid=162867744 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |first=John |last=Lonsdale |year=2006 |title=Ornamental Constitutionalism in Africa: Kenyatta and the Two Queens |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=34 |number=1 |pages=87–103 |doi=10.1080/03086530500412132 |s2cid=153491600 }} * {{cite book |last=Maloba |first=W. O. |year=2017 |title=The Anatomy of Neo-Colonialism in Kenya: British Imperialism and Kenyatta, 1963–1978 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-3319509648 }} * {{cite book |last=Maloba |first=W. O. |year=2018 |title=Kenyatta and Britain: An Account of Political Transformation, 1929–1963 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-3319508955 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Maxon |first=Robert M. |chapter=Social and Cultural Changes |title=Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 1940–93 |year=1995 |location=London |publisher=James Currey |series=Eastern African Series |editor=B. A. Ogot |editor2=W. R. Ochieng |pages=[https://archive.org/details/decolonizationin0000unse/page/110 110–147] |isbn=978-0821410516 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationin0000unse/page/110 }} * {{cite book |last=Murray-Brown |first=Jeremy |year=1974 |orig-year=1972 |title=Kenyatta |url=https://archive.org/details/kenyatta0000jere |publisher=Fontana |location=New York City |isbn=978-0006334538 }} * {{cite journal |last=Naim |first=Asher |title=Perspectives—Jomo Kenyatta and Israel |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=17 |number=3 |year=2005 |pages=75–80 |jstor=25834640 }} * {{cite journal |last=Nyangena |first=Kenneth O. |title=Jomo Kenyatta: An Epitome of Indigenous Pan-Africanism, Nationalism and Intellectual Production in Kenya |journal=African Journal of International Affairs |volume=6 |year=2003 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.4314/ajia.v6i1-2.57203 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=Jay |title=Bonapartism and Kenyatta's Regime in Kenya |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=3 |number=6 |year=1976 |pages=90–95 |jstor=3997848 |doi=10.1080/03056247608703293 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Ochieng |first=William R. |chapter=Structural and Political Changes |title=Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 1940–93 |year=1995 |location=London |publisher=James Currey |series=Eastern African Series |editor=B. A. Ogot |editor2=W. R. Ochieng |pages=[https://archive.org/details/decolonizationin0000unse/page/83 83–109] |isbn=978-0821410516 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationin0000unse/page/83 }} * {{cite book |last=Polsgrove |first=Carol |year=2009 |title=Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause |url=https://archive.org/details/endingbritishrul0000pols |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0719089015 }} * {{cite journal |last=Savage |first=Donald C. |title=Kenyatta and the Development of African Nationalism in Kenya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal_summer-1970_25_3/page/518 |journal=International Journal |volume=25 |number=3 |year=1970 |pages=518–537 |jstor=40200855 |doi=10.1177/002070207002500305 |s2cid=147253845 }} * {{cite book |last=Slater |first=Montagu |year=1956 |title=The Trial of Jomo Kenyatta |location=London |publisher=Secker and Warburg |isbn=978-0436472008 }} * {{cite journal |last=Tamarkin |first=M. |title=From Kenyatta to Moi: The Anatomy of a Peaceful Transition of Power |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-today_1979_26_3/page/21 |journal=Africa Today |volume=26 |number=3 |year=1979 |pages=21–37 |jstor=4185874 }} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin|33em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Delf |first=George |year=1961 |title=Jomo Kenyatta: Towards Truth about 'The Light of Kenya' |url=https://archive.org/details/jomokenyattatowa00delf |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-8371-8307-7}} * {{cite book |last=Elkins |first=Caroline |year=2005 |title=Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya |location=New York|publisher=Henry Holt and Co |isbn=978-0-8050-7653-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialreckonin00elki }} * {{Cite journal |last=Lonsdale |first=John |title=KAU's Cultures: Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya after the Second World War |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=13 |number=1 |year=2000 |pages=107–124 |jstor=1771859|doi=10.1080/713674307 |s2cid=143712816 }} * {{cite journal |last=Savage |first=Donald C. |title=Jomo Kenyatta, Malcolm MacDonald and the Colonial Office 1938–39 Some Documents from the P. R. O. |url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-journal-of-african-studies_fall-1969_3_3/page/615 |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=3 |number=3 |year=1969 |pages=615–632 |jstor=483910 |doi=10.2307/483910 }} * {{cite book |last=Macharia |first=Rawson |year=1991 |title=The Truth about the Trial of Jomo Kenyatta |url=https://archive.org/details/truthabouttrialo0000mach |location=Nairobi |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-9966-49-823-6}} * {{cite book |last=Muigai |first=Githu |author-link=Githu Muigai |editor1-last=Berman |editor1-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Eyoh |editor2-first=Dickson |editor3-last=Kymlicka |editor3-first=Will |title=Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa |chapter=Jomo Kenyatta and the Rise of the Ethno-nationalist State in Kenya |year=2004 |pages=200–217 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-1782047926}} * {{cite book |last=Watkins |first=Elizabeth |year=1993 |title=Jomo's Jailor – Grand Warrior of Kenya |publisher=Mulberry Books |isbn=978-0-9528952-0-6 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q173563|c=Category:Jomo Kenyatta|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/video/kenya-now-republic/ A 1964 newsreel from British Pathe of Kenyatta's swearing in as President of Kenya] * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.656753|name=Kenyatta Profile (1971)}} * [https://www.srf.ch/play/radio/redirect/detail/f4bfbbc2-850d-48ac-8b7d-42903addcb09 ''Audio recording of Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta's independence speech at Uhuru Stadium in Nairobi''], Swiss Radio, 12. December 1963 (33 sec, original, no translation) {{S-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[James Gichuru]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Chairman of [[Kenya African National Union|KANU]]|years=1961–1978}} {{s-aft|after=[[Daniel arap Moi]]}} |- {{S-off}} |- {{S-new|rows=2|office}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Kenya]]|years=1963–1964}} {{S-vac|next = [[Raila Odinga]] | reason = Office suspended}} |- {{S-ttl|title=[[President of Kenya]]|years=1964–1978}} {{S-aft|after=[[Daniel arap Moi]]}} {{S-end}} {{KenyaPresidents}} {{KenyaPMs}} {{Kenya-Ministers of Foreign Affairs}} {{Pan-Africanism}} {{Authority control}} {{featured article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenyatta, Jomo}} [[Category:Jomo Kenyatta| ]] [[Category:1897 births]] [[Category:1978 deaths]] [[Category:People from Kiambu County]] [[Category:Kenyan Presbyterians]] [[Category:Kikuyu people]] [[Category:Kenya African National Union politicians]] [[Category:Alumni of University College London]] [[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]] [[Category:Anti-imperialists]] [[Category:Converts to Christianity]] [[Category:Kenyan anti-communists]] [[Category:Kenyan expatriates in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Kenyan prisoners and detainees]] [[Category:Kenyan writers]] [[Category:Kenyan male writers]] [[Category:Kenyan pan-Africanists]] [[Category:Operation Entebbe]] [[Category:Postcolonial theorists]] [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Kenya]] [[Category:Presidents of Kenya]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Kenya]] [[Category:Kenyatta family|Jomo]] [[Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Kenya]] [[Category:Kenyan independence activists]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:People from Storrington]] [[Category:People of the Mau Mau rebellion]] gntpyiomu4e9spkbtl033f6cht7hz64 Eunice Sahle 0 32410 146142 119217 2026-08-10T21:32:44Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eunice Njeri Sahle'''<ref name="Jennings 2006">{{Cite journal|last=Jennings|first=Michael|date=2006|title=Review of The Legacies of Julius Nyerere: Influences on Development Discourse and Practice in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2006-04_105_419/page/299|journal=African Affairs|volume=105|issue=419|pages=299–300|issn=0001-9909|jstor=3876792}}</ref> nyɛla Kenyan economist ni political scientist. O yaa bɛla economic mini Africa politisa yɛlgimsim pɔlo,O nyɛla ninvuɣ' sɔ ŋun sabi booku nim pam, booku nim shɛŋa o ni sabi maa shɛli nyɛ ''[[The Legacies of Julius Nyerere]]'' (2002), ka o lan nyɛ yuuni 2016 African Academy of Sciences puuni yino. O lan nyɛla professor mbɛ University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, ka daa lahi nyɛ ʒii kuɣ'lana n-ti Department of African and Afro-American Studies (2012-2016, 2017-2021). == O Taarihi == Sahle ba n-daa nyɛ James K. Mugo,o daa nyɛla Gomnanti tum tumda m-bɛ Nairobi, ni o paɣa Esther.<ref name="Sahle 2001" /><ref name="UNC 2013" /> O lambi ban daa nyɛ Anglican nim ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban daa kpaŋ bi maŋ pam n lihi bi bihi ayɔbu maa zaa ka bi daa chaŋ boarding shikuru.<ref name="UNC 2013">{{Cite web|last=Moss|first=Gary|date=2013-09-10|title=A live-changing moment|url=https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/|access-date=2025-07-01|website=University Gazette|via=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}</ref> Sahle ma daa nyɛla ŋun daa di o alizama n kpa tuuli paɣa sɔ ŋun daa nyɛ gbaŋ sabinli shikuru bila ŋun daa nyina Kenya n chaŋ Limuru Girls' Shikuru; la la alizama ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa nyam o ni ni o niŋ nimɔɣi.Sahle daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ katari pam,o daa nyɛla ŋun chaŋ collegi n-ti paagi o ma ni daa di o alizama zaŋ kpa bipuɣ'bilsɔ la.<ref name="UNC 2013" /> O daa chaŋ University of Toronto, ni maa ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Art Political Science ni International Development ni ka daa lahi nyɛ Master of Arts Political Science ni, ka daa lahi chaŋ Queen's University din daa bɛ Kingston,n-ti niŋ o PhD Politis bɔhimbu ni.<ref name="UNC aaad">{{Cite web|title=Eunice Sahle|url=https://aaad.unc.edu/faculty-staff/eunice-sahle/|access-date=2025-07-01|website=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}</ref> O daa niŋ la o doctor tali tuma ''in Malawi: State, Economic Structure ni Neo-Liberal Hegemony'' ka Colin Leys n-daa nyɛ ŋɔ daa lihiri o tuma maa. Sahle daa pahala University of North Carolina nim ni, din daa bɛ Chapel Hill,ni maa ni ka o daa pili o professor tali tuma Department of African, African American ni Diaspora bɔhimbu.<ref name="UNC 2013">{{Cite web|last=Moss|first=Gary|date=2013-09-10|title=A live-changing moment|url=https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/|access-date=2025-07-01|website=University Gazette|via=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMoss2013">Moss, Gary (10 September 2013). [https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/ "A live-changing moment"]. ''University Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2025</span> &#x2013; via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</cite></ref> January 1, 2012, yuuni puuni ka o daa lɛbi kuɣ'lana n-ti bi department Julius Nyang'oro ni daa shee nam ni University of North Carolina academic-athletic scandal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Lindsay|last2=Wilson|first2=Robin|date=2014-01-06|title=Professors in Classroom on Time? Check.: At the U. of North Carolina, a culture of autonomy falls victim to one department's no-show scandal|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|id={{ProQuest|1476179870}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> O daa nyɛla ŋun tum hali ni yuuni 2016 puuni,ka daa lahi tum yuuni 2017 hali ni 2021.<ref name="UNC aaad">{{Cite web|title=Eunice Sahle|url=https://aaad.unc.edu/faculty-staff/eunice-sahle/|access-date=2025-07-01|website=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://aaad.unc.edu/faculty-staff/eunice-sahle/ "Eunice Sahle"]. ''University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> O lahi nyɛla kuɣ'lana n-ti UNC Chapel Hill's African Studies Center.<ref name="UNC aaad" /> == Kundivihira == 0udvab4o79nt5dpwt6c8p1xhhjygnsr Fred Binka 0 32411 146160 119930 2026-08-10T22:00:00Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Fred Newton Binka''' nyɛla Ghana dɔɣite mini vihir--vihiro. O nyɛla ŋun tumdi tima tuma [[University of Health and Allied Sciences]] (UHAS) din be [[Ho, Ghana]]. Ŋuna n daa nyɛ tuuli nivuɣ'so ŋun daa tabiri sɔŋdi UHAS kpɛma ka lahi nyɛ gbanŋmara zaŋti "International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health (INDEPTH) Network", din nyɛ dunia zaa alaafee laɣingu. O tuma nyɛla o tuhirila kpaɣ,ʒɛɣu doro mini alaafee lɛbiginsim Africa. == Piligu biɛhigu mini shikuru baŋsim == Binka nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔƔi so yuuni 1953 Ghana tiŋgbani ni.<ref name="n773">{{cite news | last=Therson-Cofie | first=Jessel Lartey | title=Prof Fred Newton Binka, a pillar in medical technology, research, and innovations | newspaper=[[Ghanaian Times]] | date=7 June 2023 | url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/prof-fred-newton-binka-a-pillar-in-medical-technology-research-and-innovations/ | access-date=4 April 2025 |issn=0855-1502 |oclc=29011823}}</ref>O dee la o (MBChB) shɛhira gbaŋ shikuru yuli booni University of Ghana yuuni 1978.<ref name="Therson-Cofie 2023 v553">{{cite web | last=Therson-Cofie | first=Jessel Lartey | title=Ghana: Prof Fred Newton Binka, A Pillar in Medical Technology, Research, and Innovations | website=allAfrica.com | date=8 June 2023 | url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202306080383.html | access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Ka daa niŋ dɔɣite kpɛma ti [[Ho, Ghana]], mini[[Abeokuta]], Nigeria, pɔi ka daa naan yi lahi tuɣi o alaafee tuma bɔhimbu.<ref name="Abdul-Rahaman 2022 i508">{{cite web | last=Abdul-Rahaman | first=Salifu | title=An Academic and Researcher Par Excellent | website=allAfrica.com | date=28 June 2022 | url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202206280221.html | access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> O daa dee o "Master of Public Health (MPH)" shɛhira gbaŋ shikuru yuli booni Hebrew University of Jerusalem din be Israel yuuni 1987.<ref name="Therson-Cofie 2023 v553"/> O daa lahi dee "Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ([[DTM&H]])" shɛhira gbaŋ shikuru yuli booni London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) yuuni 1990, n-ti pahi o daa lahi dee shɛhira gbaŋ din nyɛ PhD ka jendi "epidemiology" mini salo kalibu baŋsim shikuru yuli booni University of Basel yuuni 1997.<ref name="Malaria Consortium 2013 f675">{{cite web | title=Malaria Consortium welcomes six new trustees | website=Malaria Consortium | date=15 October 2013 | url=https://www.malariaconsortium.org/news-centre/malaria-consortium-welcomes-six-new-trustees.htm | access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> == Pina mini nintiɣili == Binka nyɛla ŋun di pina pam, di bahi bahindi o kpaɣ'ʒɛɣu doro tuhibu puuni.<ref name="Policy Medicine Sciences 2016 l102">{{cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK367996/|title=Workshop Speaker Biographies|date=6 May 2016|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Yuuni 2001, o fdaa dee Rudolf Geigy pini, R. Geigy Foundation din be Basel, Switzerland ni tiri pini shɛŋa, ka di nyɛla o kpaŋmaŋa ni alaafee tuma Africa tiŋgbani ni.<ref name="Continuous Education Services (CES) l111">{{cite web|title=Professor Fred Binka|url=https://ces.edu.gh/facilitators/view/professor-fred-binka|access-date=7 December 2023|website=Continuous Education Services (CES)}}</ref><ref name="Malaria Consortium 2013 f6752">{{cite web|date=15 October 2013|title=Malaria Consortium welcomes six new trustees|url=https://www.malariaconsortium.org/news-centre/malaria-consortium-welcomes-six-new-trustees.htm|access-date=7 December 2023|website=Malaria Consortium}}</ref><ref name="waccbip.org u644">{{cite web|title=WACCBIP RESEARCH CONFERENCE 2017|url=https://www.waccbip.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/WRC-2017-Booklet.pdf|access-date=7 December 2023|website=waccbip.org}}</ref> Yuuni 2010, bɛ daa ti o "Prince Mahidol" pini, Royal Thai Government ni tiri pini shɛŋa alaafee yaɣili.<ref name="Malaria Consortium 2013 f6752" /> O bela "Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences" mini "Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons" tuma ni.<ref name="INDEPTH Network 2016 l491">{{cite web|date=7 October 2016|title=Varsity swears-in former Navrongo head as VC|url=http://indepth-network.org/news-events/news/varsity-swears-former-navrongo-head-vc|access-date=7 December 2023|website=INDEPTH Network|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207225317/http://indepth-network.org/news-events/news/varsity-swears-former-navrongo-head-vc|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Anon. y799">{{cite web|title=AFRICA'S NEGLECTED EPIDEMIC: MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH, INTERVENTION AND POLICY FOR CHRONIC DISEASES|url=https://ncdalliance.org/sites/default/files/resource_files/Africa%27s%20Neglected%20Epidemic%20-%20British%20Academy%20Report%202010.pdf|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207225318/https://ncdalliance.org/sites/default/files/resource_files/Africa%27s%20Neglected%20Epidemic%20-%20British%20Academy%20Report%202010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="allafrica.com y799">{{cite web|title=Ghana: WHO Must Answer to GAAS - the World Health Organisation Must Respond to the Queries of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences)|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201507031339.html|access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> == O tumanima di yi polo shɛŋa == {{Refbegin|indent=yes}} * {{cite journal|last1=Binka|first1=F. N.|last2=Kubaje|first2=A.|last3=Adjuik|first3=M.|last4=Williams|first4=L. A.|last5=Lengeler|first5=C.|last6=Maude|first6=G. H.|last7=Armah|first7=G. E.|last8=Kajihara|first8=B.|last9=Adiamah|first9=J. H.|last10=Smith|first10=P. G.|year=1996|title=Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_1996-04_1_2/page/147|journal=[[Tropical Medicine and International Health]]|publisher=Wiley|volume=1|issue=2|pages=147–154|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.1996.tb00020.x|issn=1360-2276|pmid=8665378|s2cid=42246386}} * {{cite journal|last1=Binka|first1=F.N.|last2=Morris|first2=S.S.|last3=Ross|first3=D.A.|last4=Arthur|first4=P.|last5=Aryeetey|first5=M.E.|year=1994|title=Patterns of malaria morbidity and mortality in children in northern Ghana|journal=[[Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] (OUP)|volume=88|issue=4|pages=381–385|doi=10.1016/0035-9203(94)90391-3|issn=0035-9203|pmid=7570811}} * {{cite journal|last1=Binka|first1=F.N.|last2=Hodgson|first2=A.|last3=Adjuik|first3=M.|last4=Smith|first4=T.|year=2002|title=Mortality in a seven-and-a-half-year follow-up of a trial of insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Ghana|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/304101/files/96-6-597.pdf|journal=[[Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] (OUP)|volume=96|issue=6|pages=597–599|doi=10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90321-4|issn=0035-9203|pmid=12625130|s2cid=25294732}} * {{cite journal|last1=Binka|first1=F N|last2=Indome|first2=F|last3=Smith|first3=T|date=1 July 1998|title=Impact of spatial distribution of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on child mortality in rural northern Ghana.|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|publisher=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=59|issue=1|pages=80–85|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.80|issn=0002-9637|pmid=9684633|s2cid=25889743}} * {{cite journal|last1=Binka|first1=F N|last2=Anto|first2=F. K.|last3=Oduro|first3=A. R.|last4=Awini|first4=E. A.|last5=Nazzar|first5=A. K.|last6=Armah|first6=G. E.|last7=Asmah|first7=R. H.|last8=Hall|first8=A. J.|last9=Cutts|first9=F.|last10=Alexander|first10=N.|last11=Brown|first11=D.|date=28 August 2003|title=Incidence and risk factors of paediatric rotavirus diarrhoea in northern Ghana|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_2003-09_8_9/page/840|journal=[[Tropical Medicine and International Health]]|publisher=Wiley|volume=8|issue=9|pages=840–846|doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01097.x|issn=1360-2276|pmid=12950670|last12=Greenberg|first12=H. B.|last13=Rodrigues|first13=L. C.|last14=Alonso|first14=P. L.|s2cid=27234185}} {{Refend}} == Kundivihira == === Citations === <references></references> === Sources === * {{cite journal|last1=Curtis|first1=C. F.|last2=Maxwell|first2=C. A.|last3=Magesa|first3=S. M.|last4=Rwegoshora|first4=R. T.|last5=Wilkes|first5=T. J.|year=2006|title=Insecticide-Treated Bed-Nets for Malaria Mosquito Control|journal=Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association|publisher=The American Mosquito Control Association|volume=22|issue=3|pages=501–506|doi=10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[501:ibfmmc]2.0.co;2|issn=8756-971X|pmid=17067053|s2cid=19159835}} * {{cite journal|last=Shetty|first=Priya|year=2008|title=Fred Binka: fighting malaria in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-26-may-2-2008_371_9622/page/1409|journal=The Lancet|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=371|issue=9622|page=1409|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60614-5|issn=0140-6736|pmid=18440418|doi-access=free|s2cid=38633474}} * [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] qiwglqjpkq9oyr90x5iy53a22t7pikn Fred T. Sai 0 32415 146143 132366 2026-08-10T21:33:29Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Frederick Torgbor Sai''', (23 June 1924 – 17 September 2019) o daa nyɛla Ghana karimba mini alaafee baŋda ŋun daa pahi ka bɛ kpa "Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana" yuuni 1967.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psych.lse.ac.uk/chronicdiseaseafrica/Conferences/2009speakers/sai.htm|title=Prof Fred T Sai|website=www.psych.lse.ac.uk|access-date=2017-11-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124042116/http://www.psych.lse.ac.uk/chronicdiseaseafrica/Conferences/2009speakers/sai.htm|archive-date=24 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://pai.org/who-we-are/our-board/dr-fred-t-sai-emeritus-member/|title=Fred T Sai, M.P.H. - PAI|work=PAI|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124042116/https://pai.org/who-we-are/our-board/dr-fred-t-sai-emeritus-member/|archive-date=24 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://ghanahealthnest.com/need-know-prof-fred-t-sai/|title=What you need to know about Prof Fred T. Sai|date=2014-06-27|work=Ghana Health Nest|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029173203/http://ghanahealthnest.com/need-know-prof-fred-t-sai/|archive-date=29 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://mamaye.org/en/blog/prof-ft-sai-powerful-voice-reproductive-health-over-fifty-years|title=Prof. F. T. Sai: Powerful voice for reproductive health over fifty years}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=Kandymotownie |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/June-27th/prof-ft-sai-the-90-year-old-who-dedicated-his-whole-life-to-reproductive-health-in-ghana.php|title=Prof F.T. Sai, the 90-year-old who dedicated his whole life to reproductive Health in Ghana - MyJoyOnline.com|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2017-11-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830111649/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/june-27th/prof-ft-sai-the-90-year-old-who-dedicated-his-whole-life-to-reproductive-health-in-ghana.php|archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Arkutu|first1=Andrew A|date=September 2010|title="With Heart and Voice" (Fred Sai Remembers) by Fred T. Sai|journal=Ghana Medical Journal|volume=44|issue=3|pages=126–127|issn=0016-9560|pmc=2996839|doi=10.4314/gmj.v44i3.68897}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalacademies.org/asadi/2009_Conference/ASADI5-GhanaBios.html|title=African Science Academy Development Initiative|website=www.nationalacademies.org|access-date=2017-11-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124042117/http://www.nationalacademies.org/asadi/2009_Conference/ASADI5-GhanaBios.html|archive-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> Di daa kpaŋsiri paɣaba ni dobba biɛhigu yɛltɔɣa, o daa nyɛla ŋun niŋdi kampeei yari bindirigu mini alaafee yɛlytɔɣa [[Africa]], di bahi bahindi bihi mini paɣaba.<ref name=":0" /> O daa nyɛla bindira alaafee kpɛma mini dareta zaŋti "Medical Services" nti "Ghana Health Service" mini "Professor of Community Health" m-be University of Ghana, [[Legon]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun tiri bindira saɣisigu "Food and Agriculture Organisation", Africa yaɣili ka lahi nyɛ korineeta nti "World Hunger Programme" zaŋti United Nations University mini "Senior Population Advisor" zaŋti World Bank. Ŋuna n daa nyɛ zuɣulana mini gbanŋmara n zaŋti "Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences." <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=David|date=November 2012|title=Fred Sai: the godfather of family planning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_november-17-23-2012_380_9855/page/1731|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=380|issue=9855|pages=1731|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61977-1|pmid=23158240|s2cid=20225661|issn=0140-6736|df=dmy-all|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Maŋmaŋa biɛhigu == O mini o paɣa, Florence Aleeno Sai, née Dzani o ni daa bo so yuuni 1952 London, bɛ wumsila bihi ayopɔin (paɣaba anahi mini dobba ata), bɛ daa kpuɣila bihi ata pinsisi.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last1=McFarlane|first1=Deborah|date=11 March 2004|title=Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project|url=https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/sai-trans.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707212746/http://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/sai-trans.pdf|archive-date=7 July 2016|publisher=Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, MA|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://fsi.ppag-gh.org/about-fts/|title=Life, Works and Achievements of Professor F. T. Sai – FRED T. SAI INSTITUTE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305135255/http://fsi.ppag-gh.org/about-fts/|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/oct/03/fred-sai-obituary|title=Dr Fred Sai obituary|last1=Hamand|first1=Jeremy|date=2019-10-03|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011222336/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/oct/03/fred-sai-obituary|archive-date=11 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> O bihi maa ni yino, Florence Oboshie Sai-Coffie, Ghana siyaasa nira, daa niŋla minisita nti John Kufuor gɔmnanti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Oboshie-Sai-Coffie-Dazzles-The-Appointments-Committee-Of-Parliament-127697|title=Oboshie Sai Coffie Dazzles The Appointments Committee Of Parliament|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809025641/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Oboshie-Sai-Coffie-Dazzles-The-Appointments-Committee-Of-Parliament-127697|archive-date=9 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php/04/index1.php?linkid=65&archiveid=882&page=1&adate=20/08/2007|title=National Commission On Culture|website=www.ghanaculture.gov.gh|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310235621/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php/04/index1.php?linkid=65&archiveid=882&page=1&adate=20%2F08%2F2007|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/168921/1/npp-losing-greater-accra-oboshie-to-the-rescue.html|title=NPP losing Greater Accra? Oboshie to the rescue|work=Modern Ghana|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129193109/https://www.modernghana.com/news/168921/1/npp-losing-greater-accra-oboshie-to-the-rescue.html|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa-ata.org/gh_minister.htm|title=gh_minister|website=www.africa-ata.org|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102019/http://www.africa-ata.org/gh_minister.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> O daa nyɛla ŋun zooi ka wumdi yila.<ref name=":9" /> == Kpibu mini kuli malibu == Fred Torgbor Sai daa kpila Accra Anashaara goli September biɛɣu pishi ata ka dali yuuni 2019 sahashɛli o ni daa ti paai yuuni pihiwɔi ni anu.<ref name=":112">{{Cite news|last1=Hamand|first1=Jeremy|date=2019-10-03|title=Dr Fred Sai obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/oct/03/fred-sai-obituary|url-status=live|access-date=2019-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011222336/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/oct/03/fred-sai-obituary|archive-date=11 October 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned family planning advocate Prof T. Sai is dead|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/September-17th/renowned-family-planning-advocate-prof-t-sai-is-dead.php|access-date=2019-09-17|website=www.myjoyonline.com}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned family planning advocate Prof F. T. Sai is dead|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Renowned-family-planning-advocate-Prof-F-T-Sai-is-dead-781844|access-date=2019-09-18|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-20|title=PAI Celebrates the Life of Dr. Fred Sai, Giant of Family Planning and Safe Motherhood|url=https://pai.org/blog/pai-celebrates-the-life-of-dr-fred-sai-giant-of-family-planning-and-safe-motherhood/|access-date=2019-09-23|website=PAI|language=en|archive-date=2019-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923021349/https://pai.org/blog/pai-celebrates-the-life-of-dr-fred-sai-giant-of-family-planning-and-safe-motherhood/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2019|title=Dr. Fred Sai was 'a great giant' in global reproductive health and rights field|url=https://www.ipas.org/news/2019/September/dr-fred-sai-was-a-great-giant-in-global-reproductive-health-and-rights-field|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925134543/https://www.ipas.org/news/2019/September/dr-fred-sai-was-a-great-giant-in-global-reproductive-health-and-rights-field|archive-date=25 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-25|website=www.ipas.org}}</ref> F. T. Sai kuli malibu daa niŋla Ebenezer Presbyterian Church.<ref name=":112" /> == Tumanima shɛŋa == O tumani din daa yina shɛŋa n-nyɛ:<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Activities|first1=United Nations Fund for Population|url=https://archive.org/details/agendaforpeople00nafi|title=An Agenda for People: The UNFPA Through Three Decades|date=June 2002|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814797839|page=[https://archive.org/details/agendaforpeople00nafi/page/279 279]|language=en|quote=ghana academy of arts and sciences fred sai.|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Aryeh|first1=Elvis D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2VWJfQS7V0C&q=ghana+academy+of+arts+and+sciences+fred+sai&pg=PA16|title=Daily Graphic: Issue 148580 July 20, 2002|date=2002-07-20|publisher=Graphic Communications Group|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124042116/https://books.google.com/books?id=i2VWJfQS7V0C&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=ghana+academy+of+arts+and+sciences+fred+sai&source=bl&ots=0_vti3k6-X&sig=I3ISZM2fF3IYw2B_ptojUqwts2o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik2dj6hqbXAhWC5CYKHVVhDtQQ6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=ghana%20academy%20of%20arts%20and%20sciences%20fred%20sai&f=false|archive-date=November 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="amazon.com">{{Cite web|title=Amazon.com: Fred T. Sai: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle|url=https://www.amazon.com/Fred-T.-Sai/e/B001KMHU0U|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124042116/https://www.amazon.com/Fred-T.-Sai/e/B001KMHU0U|archive-date=2017-11-24|access-date=2017-11-24|website=www.amazon.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lovell|first1=V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kdl8RMUJywC&q=ghana+academy+of+arts+and+sciences+fred+sai&pg=PA56|title=AIDS in Africa: Help the Victims Or Ignore Them?|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=9781590330500|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124042116/https://books.google.com/books?id=3kdl8RMUJywC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=ghana+academy+of+arts+and+sciences+fred+sai&source=bl&ots=AVKFfT8Iaq&sig=FexSGHUPyoojyQlC3dCIVQqGItY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik2dj6hqbXAhWC5CYKHVVhDtQQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=ghana%20academy%20of%20arts%20and%20sciences%20fred%20sai&f=false|archive-date=2017-11-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sai|first1=Fred T. *Chester|date=1990-11-30|title=The World Bank's role in shaping Third World population policy|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/874931468739306543/The-World-Banks-role-in-shaping-Third-World-population-policy|url-status=live|language=en|pages=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305135255/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/874931468739306543/The-World-Banks-role-in-shaping-Third-World-population-policy|archive-date=5 March 2019|access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sai|first1=Fred T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StKGAAAACAAJ|title=Dr Fred Sai Speaks Out|date=1994|publisher=International Planned Parenthood Federation|isbn=9780860891031|language=en}}</ref> * ''Some Ethical Issues in Family Planning,'' Occasional essays (December 1976) co-authored with International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) * ''Technology, human dignity, and national development, The J.B. Danquah memorial lectures'' (1976) * ''Population and National Development: Dilemma of Developing Countries,'' Occasional essays (March 1977) co-authored with Penny Kane * ''Food, Population and Politics,'' Occasional essays (April 1977) co-authored with Penny Kane * ''Defining Family Health Needs: Standards of Care and Priorities, with Particular Reference to Family Planning,'' Occasional essays (May 1977) * ''Health, Nutrition and Population in Human Settlements'' (Occasional essays) International Planned Parenthood Federation; No. 5 (August 1977) * ''Ethical approaches to family planning in Africa'' (1989) * T''he World Bank's role in shaping Third World population policy'' (1990) co-authored with Lauren A. Chester * ''Dr Fred Sai Speaks Out'' International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) (1994) * ''Adam & Eve and the Serpent: Breaking the bonds to free Africa's women'' (1995) * ''Why is Africa losing the battle against AIDS,'' Accra: Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences (1999) * “Family Planning in Ghana” in ''The Global Family Planning Revolution: Three Decades of Population Policies'', by Warren C. Robinson, John A. Ross, World Bank, Washington DC (2007) co-authored with John C. Caldwell * ''With Heart and Voice: Fred Sai Remembers'' (2010) ==Kundivihira== {{Reflist}} [[pUBU:Lahabaya zaa]] 80ft3laphweruv03eopjpmtwokjqrwf National Archives of Senegal 0 32547 146103 127995 2026-08-10T20:33:34Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''National Archives of Senegal''' ('''''Archives Nationales du Sénégal''''') nyɛla tuma du'zuɣu din be Dakar, din be "Central Park" duu ni zaŋ dolisi Avenue Malick Sy. Tuuli bɛ daa na booni li la ''Archives Nationales'' yuuni 1962, amaa di nyɛla din beni tum yuuni 1913 ka daa nyɛ binkura biɛhigu shee zaŋti French West Africa. Di yila Saint-Louis labi Dakar yuuni 1958 nyaaŋa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archivesdusenegal.gouv.sn/node/18 |title=Historique des Archives du Sénégal |language=fr |work=Archivesdusenegal.gouv.sn |publisher=Gouvernement du Sénégal |location=Dakar |accessdate=8 August 2017 |access-date=11 September 2025 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108095008/http://www.archivesdusenegal.gouv.sn/node/18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Archivists== Din nima shɛŋa n-nyɛ:{{sfn|Charpy|2010}} * Claude Faure (1911-1920) * Prosper Alquier (1921-1922) * Médoune Mbaye (1922-1936) * André Villard (1936-1942) * {{illm|Marguerite Verdat|de}} (1945-1948) * Jacques Charpy (1951-1958) * Jean-François Maurel (1958-1959) * Saliou Mbaye (1976-2005) * Babacar Ndiaye, circa 2010-2011? <ref>{{citation |title= Les archives du Sénégal et d'AOF: une mémoire de la colonisation française en péril |work= [[Le Point]] |location= Paris |url= http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/2010-03-24/les-archives-du-senegal-et-d-aof-une-memoire-de-la-colonisation/249/0/436935 |date= 24 March 2010 |language= fr |access-date= 2025-09-11 |archive-date= 2017-08-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170808155249/http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/2010-03-24/les-archives-du-senegal-et-d-aof-une-memoire-de-la-colonisation/249/0/436935 |url-status= dead }}</ref>[http://www.ica.org/en/international-archives-day-dakar-9-june-2011] * Fatoumata Cissé Diarra, circa 2013?-present<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.lesoleil.sn/2016-03-22-23-38-25/item/51250-fatoumata-cisse-diarra-directrice-des-archives-nationales-l-etat-est-engage-dans-un-vaste-projet-de-modernisation.html |date=21 June 2016 |language=fr |title=Fatoumata Cissé Diarra, directrice des Archives nationales: 'L'Etat est engagé dans un vaste projet de modernisation' |work=[[Le Soleil (Senegal)|Le Soleil]] |location=Dakar }}</ref> ==See also== * Unesco [[Memory of the World Register – Africa]] * [[Bibliothèque des Archives nationales du Sénégal]] * [[History of Senegal]] ==Lihi pahi== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book |author= Saliou Mbaye |title= Guide des archives de l'Afrique occidentale française |oclc= 491084474 |location= Dakar |language=fr |year=1990 }} (Includes information about the National Archives of Senegal) * {{cite journal |doi=10.17723/aarc.53.4.pu7105854h265711 |title=Oral Records in Senegal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-archivist_fall-1990_53_4/page/566 |journal= [[American Archivist]] |author=Saliou Mbaye |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=566–574 |year=1990 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}} (Includes information about the National Archives of Senegal) * {{cite journal |author=Jacques Charpy |title= Les archivistes de l'AOF face à leur temps |journal={{illm|Outre-mers|fr}} |volume= 97 |issue= 368 |pages= 293–309 |doi= 10.3406/outre.2010.4507 |language=fr |via= [[Persee.fr]] |year= 2010 |ref= {{harvid|Charpy|2010}} }} {{free access}} * {{citation |url=http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/documents/767-etudes-recherche-et-conservation-du-patrimoine-au-senegal.pdf |language=fr |publisher=[[Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences de l'information et des Bibliotheques]] |location=France |author=Ramatoulaye Fofana |title=Etudes, recherche et conservation du patrimoine au Senegal: la Direction des Archives nationales, la bibliotheque de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire et la bibliotheque de l'Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar |year=2003 |access-date=2025-09-11 |archive-date=2024-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816011058/https://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/documents/767-etudes-recherche-et-conservation-du-patrimoine-au-senegal.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{free access}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120901172440/http://www.archivesdusenegal.gouv.sn/biblio.html Official site (in French)] * WorldCat. [http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n77002786/ Archives nationales (Senegal)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201032311/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n77002786/ |date=2021-12-01 }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.crl.edu/area-studies/camp/related-projects/african-archives/senegal |title=Senegal Archives Project |work= Cooperative Africana Materials Project |publisher= [[Center for Research Libraries]] |location=Chicago }} e5blndtibxtvp5ob8somttn4c26v8bw Autism 0 32609 146117 129747 2026-08-10T20:52:09Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Autism |synonym = |image =Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt =Boy stacking cans |caption =Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism. |pronounce = |field =[[Psychiatry]] |symptoms =Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior<ref name=Land2008/> |complications =Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]], [[suicide]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714024941/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruggieri V | title = [Autism, depression and risk of suicide] | journal = Medicina | volume = 80 Suppl 2 | pages = 12–16 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32150706 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 | s2cid = 25741716 }}</ref> |onset =By age two or three<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web |title= NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=DSM5/> |duration =[[Chronic condition|Long term]]<ref name=NIH2016/> |types = |causes =[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors<ref name=Ch2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M |title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |year=2012 |pmid=23226953 |pmc=3513682}}</ref> |risks = |diagnosis =Based on behavior and developmental history<ref name=NIH2016/> |differential =[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}</ref> |prevention = |treatment =[[Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]<ref name="CCD2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Myers SM, Johnson CP | title = Management of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1162–1182 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17967921 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-2362 | url = https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2020-08-06 | archive-date = 2019-03-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=San2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchack KE, Thomas CA | title = Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 94 | issue = 12 | pages = 972–979 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28075089 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}</ref> |medication =[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)<ref name=Ji2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}</ref><ref name="Oswald DP 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}</ref> |prognosis =Frequently poor<ref name=Ste106>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 133 | issue = 6 | pages = 445–452 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26763353 | doi = 10.1111/acps.12559 }}</ref> |frequency =24.8 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal| author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> |deaths = |video1 = |named after = }} '''Autism''' nyɛla ninala lɛbigibu doro din nahingbana n-nye tiɔm zaŋ jɛndi salo alizama dibu, fiila dibu n-ti pahi ka bari maa tooi zooi ka o niŋdi niŋsim shɛŋa saha shɛli kam<ref name="DSM5" /> Laamba tooi nyari doro ŋɔ alaama bihi tuuli yuma ata puuni.<ref name="Land2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Landa RJ|title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life|journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=138–147|year=2008|pmid=18253102|doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|editor-last=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}</ref> Doro ŋɔ nahingbana maa tooi zoii ka di namdi a bɛla bɛla, amaa bi'shɛba bɛni ka bɛ mali doro ŋɔ tɔr amaa ka doro ŋɔ nahingbana ti yɛn yi polo bɛ alizama dibu polo ka di nyɛla bɛ pun niŋla ninsala naai.<ref name="Stef2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropsychology-review_2008-12_18_4/page/305|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}</ref> == Kundivihira == [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] m2l9jjfb7tnuuoe79p1i1j34jdb50jc Doo Biha 0 32611 146222 129751 2026-08-10T23:54:42Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Gynecomastia |synonym =Gynaecomastia |image =Gynecomastia 001.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =A young adult male with gynecomastia |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɡ|aɪ|n|ᵻ|k|oʊ|ˈ|m|æ|s|t|i|ə|,_|ˌ|dʒ|aɪ|-|,_|-|k|ə|-}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|aɪ|ˈ|n|iː|k|ə|ˌ|m|æ|s|t|i|ə|,_|-|k|oʊ|-}} <ref name=OxDic>{{Cite web|title=Gynaecomastia {{!}} Definition of Gynaecomastia by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/gynaecomastia|publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]]|access-date=17 November 2020|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203742/https://www.lexico.com/definition/gynaecomastia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=merriam-webster>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Gynecomastia|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gynecomastia|access-date=17 November 2020|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309033313/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gynecomastia|url-status=live}}</ref> |field =[[Endocrinology]], [[plastic surgery]] |symptoms =Enlargement of one or both breasts<ref name=Stat2020/> |complications = |onset =Any age<ref name=Stat2020/> |duration =Months to years<ref name=Stat2020/> |types = |causes =Physiologic, [[obesity]], [[liver disease]], [[kidney failure]], certain [[cancers]], [[thyroid disease]], medications, recreationally drugs, [[malnutrition]]<ref name=Stat2020/> |risks = |diagnosis = |differential =[[Pseudogynaecomastia]], [[breast cancer]], [[dermoid cyst]]<ref name=Nar2014/><ref name=Stat2020/> |prevention = |treatment =Reassurance, addressing the underlying cause, medications, surgery<ref name=Thi2016/> |medication =[[Tamoxifen]], [[clomiphene]]<ref name=Stat2020/> |prognosis = |frequency =Common<ref name=Nar2014/> |deaths = |named after = }} '''Doo Biha''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli din nahingbana nye di yi ti niŋ ka doo biha ŋmɛlim ka di pala lɔɣu doro m mali li<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Vandeven|first=HA|last2=Pensler|first2=JM|title=Gynecomastia|date=January 2020|pmid=28613563|journal=StatPearls}}</ref><ref name="Nie2008" /> Shɛba tooi booni li yuli ŋɔ di yi ti niŋ ka ŋmɛlimbu maa yina bihi nimdi maa puuni ka mali pseudogynaecomastia n-tiri biha maa ŋmɛlimbu di yi ti niŋ ka di nyɛla kpam n zooi ningbuŋ maa puuni.<ref name="Thi2016">{{Cite journal|last=Thiruchelvam|first=Paul|last2=Walker|first2=Jonathan Neil|last3=Rose|first3=Katy|last4=Lewis|first4=Jacqueline|last5=Al-Mufti|first5=Ragheed|date=22 September 2016|title=Gynaecomastia|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4833|journal=British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=354|pages=i4833|doi=10.1136/bmj.i4833|issn=1756-1833|pmid=27659195|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301134914/https://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4833|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nie2008">{{Cite journal|last=Niewoehner|first=CB|last2=Schorer|first2=AE|title=Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_2008-03-29_336_7646/page/709|journal=British Medical Journal|date=March 2008|volume=336|issue=7646|pages=709–713|pmid=18369226|doi=10.1136/bmj.39511.493391.BE|pmc=2276281}}</ref> Di tooi zooya ka biha maa kpɛma<ref name="Nar2014">{{Cite journal|last=Narula|first=H. S.|last2=Carlson|first2=H. E.|date=August 2014|title=Gynaecomastia-pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment|url=https://touroscholar.touro.edu/tuncom_pubs/54|journal=[[Nature Reviews Endocrinology]]|volume=10|issue=11|pages=684–698|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2014.139|pmid=25112235|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204085804/https://touroscholar.touro.edu/tuncom_pubs/54/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dɔro ŋɔ ni tooi n dam niri tiɛɣa <ref name="Nie2008" /> == Kundivihira == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] 4ossjacu2g608rv5uizvuavcs227khw Metformin 0 32693 146159 123221 2026-08-10T21:57:24Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |drug_name =Metformin |INN = |image =Metformin.svg |width = |alt = |image2 =Metformin-from-xtal-3D-balls.png |width2 = |alt2 = |caption = |type =<!-- empty --> <!-- Names --> |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|m|ɛ|t|ˈ|f|ɔːr|m|ᵻ|n}}, {{respell|met|FOR|min}} |tradename =Fortamet, Glucophage, Glumetza, [[#Formulations|others]] |synonyms =''N'',''N''-dimethylbiguanide<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Galli-Kienle M, Cighetti G, Galli G, Bondioli A, Conti F | title = Disposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in man | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1978-12_24_6/page/683 | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = 683–93 | date = December 1978 | pmid = 710026 | doi = 10.1002/cpt1978246683 }}</ref> |IUPAC_name =''N'',''N''-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide <!-- Clinical data --> |class =[[Biguanide]]<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Metformin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162245/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=24 December 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162245/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html |date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |uses =[[Type 2 diabetes]]<ref name=MSF2020>{{cite web |title=METFORMIN oral - Essential drugs |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/metformin-oral-27983919.html |website=medicalguidelines.msf.org |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150930/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/metformin-oral-27983919.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150930/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/metformin-oral-27983919.html |date=29 August 2021 }}</ref> |side_effects =[[Diarrhea]], [[nausea]], abdominal pain, [[low blood sugar]]<ref name=AHFS2016 /> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy_AU =C |pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Metformin Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=10 September 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/metformin.html | access-date=4 February 2020 | archive-date=16 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416182342/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/metformin.html | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416182342/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/metformin.html |date=16 April 2020 }}</ref> |pregnancy_US =N |pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" /> |pregnancy_category= |breastfeeding = |routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]] |onset = |duration_of_action= |defined_daily_dose=2 grams<ref name=WHO2020DDD>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A10BA02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917145037/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A10BA02 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917145037/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A10BA02 |date=17 September 2020 }}</ref> |typical_dose = <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com|monograph|metformin-hydrochloride}} |MedlinePlus =a696005 <!-- Legal data --> |legal_AU =S4 |legal_AU_comment = |legal_BR =<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--> |legal_BR_comment = |legal_CA =Rx-only |legal_CA_comment = |legal_DE =<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--> |legal_DE_comment = |legal_NZ =<!-- Class A, B, C --> |legal_NZ_comment = |legal_UN =<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--> |legal_UN_comment = |legal_UK =POM |legal_UK_comment = |legal_US =Rx-only |legal_US_comment = |legal_status =<!--For countries not listed above--> |DailyMedID =Metformin |licence_US =Metformin |licence_CA =<!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --> |licence_EU =Yes <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =50–60%<ref name = D95>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dunn CJ, Peters DH | title = Metformin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | journal = Drugs | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 721–49 | date = May 1995 | pmid = 7601013 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-199549050-00007 }}</ref><ref name=D03>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE | title = Metformin: new understandings, new uses | journal = Drugs | volume = 63 | issue = 18 | pages = 1879–94 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12930161 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200363180-00001 }}</ref> |protein_bound =Minimal<ref name = D95 /> |metabolism =Not by liver<ref name = D95 /> |metabolites = |elimination_half-life=4–8.7 hours<ref name = D95 /> |excretion =Urine (90%)<ref name = D95 /> <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =4 |H =11 |N =5 |SMILES =CN(C)C(=N)N=C(N)N |StdInChI =1S/C4H11N5/c1-9(2)4(7)8-3(5)6/h1-2H3,(H5,5,6,7,8) |StdInChI_comment = |StdInChIKey =XZWYZXLIPXDOLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |density =1.3±0.1<ref name="chemsrc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/657-24-9_889579.html|title=metformin_msds|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612212251/http://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/657-24-9_889579.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612212251/http://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/657-24-9_889579.html |date=12 June 2017 }}</ref> |density_notes = |melting_point = |melting_high = |melting_notes = |boiling_point = |boiling_notes = |solubility = |sol_units = |specific_rotation= |index_label = |index2_label =hydrochloride }} '''Metformin''', tila'shɛli niriba pam ni lahi mi '''Glucophage''' la ni yu' shɛŋa din gba ku pahi nyɛla tuuli ti' shɛli bɛ ni mali n tibiri shikiri doro.<ref name="AHFS20162">{{cite web|title=Metformin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162245/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/metformin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=24 December 2016|df=}}</ref><ref name="Ann20162">{{cite journal|vauthors=Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S|title=Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=164|issue=11|pages=740–51|date=June 2016|pmid=27088241|doi=10.7326/M15-2650}}</ref>, di bahi bahindi ninvuhi shɛba ban mali li ka nye ban malki ningbuna opam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Clinical Obesity|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-470-98708-7|page=262|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGVnItPoPCYC&pg=PA262|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185309/https://books.google.com/books?id=qGVnItPoPCYC&pg=PA262|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Di lahi nyɛla tila' shɛli din tibiri ''polycystic ovary syndrome <ref name="AHFS20162" />'' Di ka nuu timbu niri ningbuna pahibu puuni. Di nyɛla ti'shɛli din vaani nɔli ni.<ref name="AHFS20162" /> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] 5nxrclfcj4pluno0rpbawfnb0sm7qrq Syphilis 0 32827 146196 130817 2026-08-10T22:57:42Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Syphilis |synonym = |image =Treponema pallidum.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum'' |pronounce = |specialty =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] |symptoms =Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]<ref name=Goldman2020/> |onset = |duration = |causes =''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex<ref name=Ferri2022/> |risks = |diagnosis =[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid<ref name=CDC2015Fact/><ref name=Kent08/> |differential =Many other diseases<ref name=CDC2015Fact/> |prevention =[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]<ref name=CDC2015Fact/> |treatment =[[Antibiotic]]s<ref name=CDC2015Tx/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/><!-- incidence table --> |deaths =107,000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Death/> }} '''Syphilis''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli din yirina doo mini paɣa laɣimbu shee ka nye bacterium Treponema pallidum binnɛma ni tahiri shɛli na <ref name="Goldman2020">{{Cite book|last=Ghanem|first=Khalil G.|last2=Hook|first2=Edward W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=[[Goldman-Cecil Medicine]]|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1983–1989|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1983|language=en|chapter=303. Syphilis|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075942/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1983|url-status=live}}</ref>Din tooi niŋ ka di ka nahingbana <ref name="WHO21May2024">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en|date=21 May 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817212041/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|url-status=live}}</ref>Ka di pa lala, di waligimi n-dɔli saha pubu pubu anahi shɛlini di ni be ( ka ŋa n nye primary, secondary, latent, n-ti pahitertiary).<ref name="Ferri2022" /> Tuuli saha maa din nye ''primary'' steeji maa nyɛla din nahingbaŋ mali ''chancre'' yini (din nye din yum shɛli din kpɛma , ka bɛ bɛra , ka lahi bɛ zahisira ningbuŋ ka ŋa barilim tooi m be 1&nbsp;cm mini 2&nbsp;cm sunsuuni) amaa yuma maa ni tooi n nye din nye zaɣi bɔbigu.<ref name="CDC2015Fact">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003059/http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Ayi kana n ti liƔi secondary syphilis doro ŋɔ mii, bin tɔra n yɛn n tɔ n-gili, ka ŋa tooi tɔri nu' tala puuni mini napɔn vari sunsuuni mini <ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Din tooi niŋ ka yuma be bari maa nɔlini bee o tooni <ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Ayi liɣi In latent syphilis mii gba, din ni tooi yuui m-paai yuma, di nyƐla din nahingbana bɛ yaɣi lala bee ka di ku ka nahingbaŋ gba <ref name="CDC2015Fact" />Ayi kana n ti liƔi tertiary syphilis gba, di malila gummas ( din nye lɔɣu shɛŋa din bala ka bɛ zɔri n-gindi ningbuŋ ni) ka lahi mali neuroloji yɛlimuɣisira bee suhini yɛlimuɣisira nahingbana.<ref name="Kent08">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kent ME, Romanelli F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|date=February 2008|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226}}</ref> Salo pam tooi mi Syphilis ka di nyɛla dɔr' shɛli "din tooi niɣindi n-ŋmani dɔriti pam " dɔmini din tooi zaŋ nahingbana na din ŋmani dɔri shɛŋa din gba kuli be biɛhigu ni .<ref name="Ferri2022">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-75571-9|pages=1452=1454|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452|language=en|chapter=Syphilis|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145038/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Syphilis tooi zooya ka di loori salo n dɔli doo mini paɣa laɣimbu sɔya <ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Di nyɛla din ni yina ma sani n looi bia puli kpuɣibu ni bee dɔɣim shee, ka ŋa mii n nye bɛ ni bɔli shɛli congenital syphilis la.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /><ref name="Wood09">{{Cite journal|last=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.|volume=28|issue=6|pages=536–7|date=June 2009|pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69|url=}}</ref> ''Treponema'' bacteria binnɛma ŋo ni tooi lahi tahiri dɔri shɛŋa na n nye yaws (ka ŋa zuliya din tahiri li na n nye ''pertenue''), pinta (ka ŋa zuliya din tahiri li na n nye''carateum''), n-ti lahi pahi nonvenereal endemic syphilis (ka ŋa zuliya din tahiri li na n nye ''endemicum'').<ref name="Kent08" /> Dɔriti ata ŋɔ nyɛla din bɛ loori salo n dɔli doo mini paɣa laɣimbu sɔya .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pinta|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|website=NORD|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031132/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|url-status=live}}</ref> Doro ŋɔ vihi m-baŋ tooi dɔlila bari maa ʒim vihibu; bacteria binnɛma maa gba lahi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi vihi n-nyacan bɛ yi zaŋ '''dark field''' maikroskopi n-liɣi ŋa.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Fukumsi nima ban su vihigu n kpa dɔriti tuhibu ni di gubu yɛliya ni di tu ni paɣ' puulana kam vihi o maŋa zaŋ kpa syphilis doro ŋɔ maa.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Syphilis din yirina doo mini paɣa laɣimbu sɔya ni ni tooi baligi di yi niŋ ka salo piri doo bee paɣa tooni suriti bɛ ni zaŋ latex bee polyurethane m-mali shɛli.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Syphilis doro ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zaŋ antibiotics n-tibi viɛnyɛla. <ref name="CDC2015Tx">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=June 4, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221200405/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> Antibiotic ti'shɛli bɛ ni lahi tooi mali n tibiri ŋa pam n nye benzathine benzylpenicillin ka bɛ chibiri ŋa n -niŋdi ningbuna ni <ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Bari shɛba ban mii mali yɛlimuɣisira zaŋ jandi penicillin tim polo ,mii ni tooi zaŋ [[doxycycline]] bee [[tetracycline]] n-tibi doro ŋɔ <ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Ban mii mali neurosyphilis, benzylpenicillin tim din chibiri n-niŋdi ʒi' sɔya ni bee ceftriaxone tim n nye din ni tooi tibi ŋa.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Doro ŋɔ tibibu saha bari maa ni tooi mali ningbuŋ biili, zuɣu yaali, kɔba ni biɛrim n ti pahi nahingbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni bɔli Jarisch–Herxheimer.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Yuuni 2022 puli ni, Syphilis doro ŋɔ daa gbaala salo ban kalinli yiɣisi miliyɔn anii ban yuma lu yuun pia ni anu mini yuun pihinu yini kani anduniya yaaŋga zuɣu.<ref name="Ghanem2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA|title=The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=382|issue=9|pages=845–54|date=February 2020|pmid=32101666|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1901593}}</ref> Yuuni 2015 puli ni kamani salo ban kalinli yiɣisi miliyɔn pihinahi ni anu ni tuɣi kɔbsi anahi n daa nye syphilis ŋɔ ni gbaai shɛba,<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> ka ŋa puuni kalinli din daa yiɣisi miliyɔn ayɔbu daa nyɛla gbaari pala. <ref name="New2015">{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=L|last2=Rowley|first2=J|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=S|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=NS|last5=Unemo|first5=M|last6=Low|first6=N|last7=Stevens|first7=G|last8=Gottlieb|first8=S|last9=Kiarie|first9=J|last10=Temmerman|first10=M|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|pmid=26646541|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}</ref> Yuuni 2015 puli ni yaha, doro ŋɔ daa nyɛla din tahi kum na din kalinli yiɣisi tuhi kɔbga ni ayɔbu, din gba na pɔri ni kalinli din daa nye tuhi kɔbsi ayi ni ayi 1990 yuuni puli ni.<ref name="GBD2015Death">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref name="Loz2012">{{Cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|url-status=live}}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka di kum baligi pam piriŋ la penicillin tilaa daa yi polo la zuɣu yuuni 1940 saha puuni, doro ŋɔ salo gbaabu gba nyɛla din kuli pahira ʒemana saha ni kpe tiŋgbana pam puuni, ka di tooi zooi ka di mini HIV doro lahindi bar' yino ni.<ref name="Kent08" /><ref name="Music08">{{Cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|url=https://archive.org/details/european-journal-clinical-microbiology_2008-12_27_12/page/1151|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases]]|date=December 2008|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}</ref> Din bɔŋɔ daliri chani n ti dɔli din niŋ ka salo pa laɣindi ninvuhi bɔbiga bee jahimilitali gɔbu bee din pa niŋ ka salo bɛ lahi zooi ka bɛ piriti tooni binsuriti la pɔi ni taba laɣimbu n ti lahi pahi salo ni kuli bɛ guri bɛ maŋa shɛm saha shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔri taba.<ref name="Coffin2010">{{Cite journal|last=Coffin|first=L. S.|last2=Newberry|first2=A.|last3=Hagan|first3=H.|last4=Cleland|first4=C. M.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=D. C.|last6=Perlman|first6=D. C.|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|date=January 2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}</ref><ref name="Gao2009">{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|last2=Zhang, L|last3=Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=September 2009|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}</ref><ref name="Karp2009">{{Cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|last2=Schlaeffer, F|last3=Jotkowitz, A|last4=Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=January 2009|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] j9ktzhwqreh7rbe72rlnqk7jjqbbhl1 Zuɣu yaali taliga 0 32829 146226 145852 2026-08-11T00:03:34Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Zuɣu yaali taliga | synonym = | image = Migraine.jpg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Paɣa ŋun mali zuɣu yaali taliga | pronounce = | symptoms = [[Headache|Headaches]], [[nausea]], [[photophobia|sensitivity to light]], [[hyperacusis|sensitivity to sound]], [[Osmophobia|sensitivity to smell]]<ref name=WHO2012/><ref name=Amin2009/> | onset = [[balaga bibu saha ]]<ref name=WHO2012/> | duration = Recurrent, long term<ref name=WHO2012/> | causes = ʒilɛli puuni niɛma, ka saha shɛŋa di doli daŋ<ref name=Lulli2007/> | risks = [[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], female<ref name=Broner2009/><ref name=Bart10/> | diagnosis = | differential = [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]], [[venous thrombosis]], [[idiopathic intracranial hypertension]], [[brain tumor]], [[tension headache]], [[sinusitis]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olesen|first1=Jes |title=The Headaches|date=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781754002|page=424|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5VMlANd9iYC&pg=PA424|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908011547/https://books.google.com/books?id=F5VMlANd9iYC&pg=PA424|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> [[cluster headache]]<ref name=AMA2017Clu>{{cite web | title=Cluster Headache | website=American Migraine Foundation | date=2017-02-15 | url=https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ | access-date=2017-10-23 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509181104/https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ | archive-date=2018-05-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509181104/https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/cluster-headache/ |date=2018-05-09 }}</ref> | prevention = [[Metoprolol]], [[valproate]], [[topiramate]]<ref name=Arm2013/><ref name=Coch2013Val/> | treatment = | medication = [[Ibuprofen]], [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), [[triptan]]s, [[ergotamine]]s<ref name=Bart10/><ref name=Gilmore2011/> | prognosis = | frequency = ~15%<ref name=LancetEpi2012/> | deaths = }} '''Migraine ( zuɣu yaali taliga)''' nyɛla zuɣu yaali bal' shɛli din kanna ka pa taba zuɣu ka ni tooi nyɛ zaɣ' balli bei din tɔhiri pam. Di tooi ŋmaari zuɣu yaɣili bei di pirigili ko n-yaara ka ni tooi paai hawa di baa shɛm hali ni daba ata.<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite web|title=Headache disorders Fact sheet N°277|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|access-date=15 February 2016|date=October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/ |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> Di kanna ni nahingbana kaman tiri kpi`, tibu, ni gbaa maŋ ka che niɣilimbuɣim , vuri bei nyɔm <ref name="Amin2009">{{Cite book|first=Roger P|last=Simon|first2=Michael J|last2=Aminoff|first3=David A|last3=Greenberg|title=Clinical neurology|year=2009|publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=9780071664332|pages=85–88|edition=7}}</ref> Bɛrim maa toi kpaŋsira di yi niŋ ka a tumdi tuun' kpɛma. Ban mali zuɣ' yaali ŋɔ maa tooi nyɛri lahama "aura "kamani, nimbihi biɛrim bei din ŋmani lala ka di wuhiri ni di ku yuui, zuɣu yaali ŋɔ ni kana.<ref name=ICHD2004>{{cite journal | author = Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society | title = The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition | journal = Cephalalgia | volume = 24 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 9–160 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14979299 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00653.x | doi-access = free }} [http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct_clas/ihc_II_main_no_print.pdf as PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331095113/http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct_clas/ihc_II_main_no_print.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }}</ref> Saha shɛŋa mi lahama maa ni tooi kana, ka zuɣu yaali ti be doli di nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pryse-Phillips|first=William|title=Companion to clinical neurology|date=2003|publisher=Oxford university press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195159387|page=587|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313014619/https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|archive-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> Zuɣu yaali taliga ŋɔ nyɛla din be shɛba daŋ ni, ka saha shɛŋa, ʒilɛli ni ka niriba nyɛri li. i<ref name="Lulli2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Piane M, Lulli P, Farinelli I, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Patacchioli FR, Martelletti P|title=Genetics of migraine and pharmacogenomics: some considerations|journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain|volume=8|issue=6|pages=334–9|date=December 2007|pmid=18058067|pmc=2779399|doi=10.1007/s10194-007-0427-2}}</ref> niriba ata puuni, niriba ayi ni tooi malli ka di nyɛla daŋ puuni doro n-nyɛli.<ref name="Bart10">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bartleson JD, Cutrer FM|title=Migraine update. Diagnosis and treatment|journal=Minnesota Medicine|volume=93|issue=5|pages=36–41|date=May 2010|pmid=20572569}}</ref> "Hormone "taɣibu gba tooi che ka zuɣu yaali ŋɔ maa tooi nahindi bidibisi saha shɛli bini zoora n-gari bipuɣinsi amaa ka lee mali yaa paɣaba puuni gari dabba.<ref name="Broner2009" /><ref name="Stovner2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K, Terwindt GM, Pascual J|title=Epidemiology of headache in Europe|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=333–45|date=April 2006|pmid=16643310|doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01184.x}}</ref> Zuɣu yaali taliga baligirmi di yi ti niŋ ka paɣa mali puli, bei ka o sɔrlim ŋmaai.<ref name="Broner2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lay CL, Broner SW|title=Migraine in women|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=27|issue=2|pages=503–11|date=May 2009|pmid=19289228|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2009.01.002}}</ref><ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=NINDS Migraine Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 3, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> Din che ka lala niŋdi o pala bini baŋ sheli naagi. Amaa bi yɛliya , ni zuɣu puri mini ʒi soya mali nuu di puuni.<ref name="Bart10" /> Tulli ti shɛŋa bini mali ŋmaari zuɣu yaali ŋɔ nyɛla ti shɛŋa din ŋmari bɛrim kaman "ibuprofen "mini "paracetamol "(acetaminophen), ni ti shɛŋa din ŋmaari tiri ni gbaa maŋa ka che bin shɛŋa din tooi tahiri zuɣu yaali maana.<ref name="Gilmore2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gilmore B, Michael M|title=Treatment of acute migraine headache|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-02-01_83_3/page/271|journal=American Family Physician|volume=83|issue=3|pages=271–80|date=February 2011|pmid=21302868}}</ref> Ti shɛŋa din gahim kaman"triptans" bei "ergotamines" gba nyɛla din ŋmaari li , di yi ti niŋ ka ti shɛŋa din pun bol' maa bi tum..<ref name="Bart10" /> Bi tooi mali " Caffeine" gba pahiri ti shɛŋa din pun bol' maa ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diener HC, Charles A, Goadsby PJ, Holle D|title=New therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of migraine|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=14|issue=10|pages=1010–22|date=October 2015|pmid=26376968|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00198-2}}</ref> Ti shɛŋa biɛni ka be mali taɣiri zuɣu yaali ŋɔ kandi na kaman "metoprolol", "valproate", ni " anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodys".<ref name="Mark2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Markham A|title=Erenumab: First Global Approval|journal=Drugs|volume=78|issue=11|pages=1157–1161|date=July 2018|pmid=29968151|doi=10.1007/s40265-018-0944-0}}</ref><ref name="Arm2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Armstrong C|title=AAN/AHS update recommendations for migraine prevention in adults|journal=American Family Physician|volume=87|issue=8|pages=584–5|date=April 2013|pmid=23668450}}</ref><ref name="Coch2013Val">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC|title=Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=6|pages=CD010611|date=June 2013|pmid=23797677|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010611}}</ref> Duniya puuni, kaman niriba kobigi puuni vaabu pinaanu nyɛla ban mali zuɣu yaali taliga.<ref name="LancetEpi2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, etal|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|date=December 2012|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2}}</ref> Di galisiya ka di piini bi pali tali ni, ka lee mali yaa ninkurilim ni.Zaŋ gbaai yuuni 2016 zaŋ kana, di pahi dɔri shɛŋa din lebigiri niriba na mo nima<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10100|pages=1211–1259|date=September 2017|pmid=28919117|pmc=5605509|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2}}</ref> Tooli din buɣisi zuɣu yaali taliga n-nyɛ" Ebers Papyrus" din sabi yuuni 1500 BC Egypt Kurili.<ref name="Miller2005">{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Neil|title=Walsh and Hoyt's clinical neuro-ophthalmology.|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9780781748117|page=1275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RA2ZOPRuhgC&pg=PA1275|edition=6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312232704/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RA2ZOPRuhgC&pg=PA1275|archive-date=2017-03-12}}</ref> Yuli din nyɛ migraine, yila Greek ἡμικρανία (hemikrania) na, " zuɣu yaali din gbaagi zuɣu pirigili" <ref>{{Cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Anderson|first2=Lois E.|last2=Anderson|first3=Walter D.|last3=Glanze|title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary|year=1994|publisher=Mosby|isbn=978-0-8151-6111-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/mosbysmedicalnur0000unse_f8m9/page/998 998]|edition=4|title-link=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] 0gmftdaw5jeqyy8bmygmsr4yoxrncfw Alcoholism 0 32833 146224 129849 2026-08-10T23:57:55Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Alcoholism |synonym =Alcohol dependence syndrome, alcohol use disorder (AUD)<ref name=MESH2020>{{cite web |title=Alcoholism MeSH Descriptor Data 2020 |url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437 |website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=9 May 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623014248/https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623014248/https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437 |date=23 June 2020 }}</ref> |image =King Alcohol and his Prime Minister.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption ="King Alcohol and His Prime Minister" {{circa|1820}} |pronounce = |specialty =[[Psychiatry]], [[toxicology]], [[addiction medicine]] |symptoms =Drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period, difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol taking up a lot of time, usage resulting in problems, [[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome|withdrawal]] occurring when stopping<ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web|title=Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm|access-date=9 May 2015|date=November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080640/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm|archive-date=18 May 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080640/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm |date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> |onset = |duration =Long term<ref name=NIH2013 /> |causes =Environmental and genetic factors<ref name=DSM5/> |risks =[[Stress (biology)|Stress]], anxiety, inexpensive, easy access<ref name=DSM5/><ref name=Moon2012/> |diagnosis =Questionnaires, [[blood test]]s<ref name=DSM5/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =[[Alcohol detoxification]] typically with [[benzodiazepine]]s, counselling, [[acamprosate]], [[disulfiram]], [[naltrexone]]<ref name="Morgan-Lopez-2006"/><ref name="Blondell-2005"/><ref name=Test2014/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =208 million / 4.1% adults (2010)<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite book|title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-069276-3|pages=8, 51|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413011848/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=13 April 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413011848/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1 |date=13 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name=Pew2015>{{cite web|title=Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950–2050|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|access-date=10 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510001645/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|archive-date=10 May 2015|date=30 January 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510001645/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/ |date=10 May 2015 }}</ref> |deaths =3.3 million / 5.9%<ref name=NIH2015Stats/> }} '''Da-nyurilim din nyɛ da-nyuribieɣula''' ('''AUD'''), nyɛla da-nyuli sheli din yihiri daadam ka chɛ o hankali ni o ninsalsilini.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jill|last=Littrell|title=Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-317-78314-5|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|quote=The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720112756/https://books.google.com/books?id=2k57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=NIH2013 /><ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|last=Association|first=American Psychiatric|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-89042-554-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490 490–97]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAssociation2013">Association, American Psychiatric (2013). [https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490 ''Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5''] (5&nbsp;ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp.&nbsp;[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490 490–97]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-554-1|<bdi>978-0-89042-554-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Lala alaafei kalinsi ɣɔ nyɛla din pu bu yi zuɣuni :Da-nyuri bieɣu ni ŋun zaŋ o yɛli kam n pa dam zuɣu bei ŋun yɛlli kam kul gendila dam polo. Dɔɣati tuma puunii, biyi ti yeli ni so malla lala danyuribieɣu halli ŋɔ din ŋuna o wuhirila shihiri a yi shɛŋa n ni yen kali ŋɔ : Diyi ti niŋ ka daadam nyuri dam n yuui ,ka ti kɔŋ ni o baligili bei din tɔ pam ni o tɔi n sigisi lala danyubɔ ŋɔ , dam dabu ni di nyubu nyɛla din n kuri saha, dama saha shɛlli kam nyini ku bɔrimi ni a nyuri dam ŋɔ, niri yi kpalim danyubɔni di chɛmi ka o bi tooi n tumdi tuunshɛli din tu ni o tum ka lahi chɛ ka o malli galimi ʒieleli niusage ,da nyubɔ ni tooi n tahi alaafei kalinsina ka kuli lahi n kpɛhiri niri yellani. ,di yi ti niŋ ka so kuli zaŋ dahanyini ni o chɛ da-nyubɔ a ni nyɛ ka yɛli gɔla gon n bieni dama a yi n nyuli kari yuu a ningbunani a dii ku tooi n chɛli dabsili yini ni shei di di saha.<ref name=NIH2013 />Ayi n nyuri dam din n tooi n dam a ningbuna luɣu shɛŋa balanteei a zuɣu puri ŋɔ ni, a suhi,a bin sabli,a yaan nyina hali ka ku a ningbuna sooja bihi zaa.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name=NIHHx>{{cite web|title=Alcohol's Effects on the Body|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body|access-date=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603230352/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body|archive-date=3 June 2015|date=14 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603230352/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body |date=3 June 2015 }}</ref> Danyubɔ ni n tɔɔ n dam a zuɣu ka chɛ ka dɔri chɛhi gon gbaara hali cancer ni tɔɔ n gbaaga.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Romeo|first=Javier|last2=Wärnberg|first2=Julia|last3=Nova|first3=Esther|last4=Díaz|first4=Ligia E.|last5=Gómez-Martinez|first5=Sonia|last6=Marcos|first6=Ascensión|date=October 2007|title=Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review|journal=The British Journal of Nutrition|volume=98 Suppl 1|pages=S111–115|doi=10.1017/S0007114507838049|issn=0007-1145|pmid=17922947|doi-access=free}}</ref> Paɣa yi mali puli ka nyuri dam din n tɔɔ n chɛ ka o nya dɔriti fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Women are generally more sensitive than men to the harmful effects of alcohol, primarily due to their smaller body weight, lower capacity to metabolize alcohol, and higher proportion of body fat. Environmental factors and genetics are two components associated with alcoholism, with about half the risk attributed to each.<ref name="DSM5" /> Someone with a parent or sibling with alcoholism is three to four times more likely to become an alcoholic themselves.<ref name="DSM5" /> Environmental factors include social, cultural and behavioral influences.<ref name="Agarwal-Kozlowski-2000">{{Cite journal|last=Agarwal-Kozlowski|first=K|last2=Agarwal|first2=DP|title=[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]|journal=Ther Umsch|volume=57|issue=4|pages=179–84|date=April 2000|pmid=10804873|doi=10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179}}</ref> High stress levels and anxiety, as well as alcohol's inexpensive cost and easy accessibility, increase the risk.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="Moon2012">{{Cite journal|last=Moonat|first=S|last2=Pandey|first2=SC|title=Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism|journal=Alcohol Research : Current Reviews|date=2012|volume=34|issue=4|pages=495–505|pmid=23584115|pmc=3860391}}</ref> People may continue to drink partly to prevent or improve symptoms of withdrawal.<ref name="DSM5" /> After a person stops drinking alcohol, they may experience a low level of withdrawal lasting for months.<ref name="DSM5" /> Medically, alcoholism is considered both a physical and mental illness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mersy|first=DJ|title=Recognition of alcohol and substance abuse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2003-04-01_67_7/page/1529|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 April 2003|volume=67|issue=7|pages=1529–32|pmid=12722853}}</ref> Questionnaires and certain blood tests may detect possible alcoholism.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Higgins-Biddle|first=John C.|last2=Babor|first2=Thomas F.|date=2018|title=A Review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for Screening in the United States: Past Issues and Future Directions|journal=The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse|volume=44|issue=6|pages=578–586|doi=10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545|issn=0095-2990|pmc=6217805|pmid=29723083}}</ref> Further information is then collected to confirm the diagnosis.<ref name="DSM5" /> Recommendations include no more than 2 drinks per week. Prevention of alcoholism may be attempted by regulating and limiting the sale of alcohol, taxing alcohol to increase its cost, and providing inexpensive treatment. Treatment of alcoholism may take several forms.<ref name="Blondell-2005" /> Due to medical problems that can occur during withdrawal, alcohol detoxification should be carefully controlled.<ref name="Blondell-2005" /> One common method involves the use of benzodiazepine medications, such as diazepam.<ref name="Blondell-2005" /> These can be either given while admitted to a health care institution or occasionally while a person remains in the community with close supervision.<ref name="Blondell-2005">{{Cite journal|last=Blondell|first=RD|title=Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-02-01_71_3/page/495|journal=Am Fam Physician|volume=71|issue=3|pages=495–502|date=February 2005|pmid=15712624}}</ref> Mental illness or other addictions may complicate treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeVido|first=JJ|last2=Weiss|first2=RD|title=Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient|journal=Current Psychiatry Reports|date=December 2012|volume=14|issue=6|pages=610–08|pmid=22907336|doi=10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7|pmc=3712746}}</ref> After detoxification, group therapy or support groups are used to help keep a person from returning to drinking.<ref name="Morgan-Lopez-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Morgan-Lopez|first=AA|last2=Fals-Stewart|first2=W|title=Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions|journal=Exp Clin Psychopharmacol|volume=14|issue=2|pages=265–73|date=May 2006|pmid=16756430|doi=10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265|pmc=4631029}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Albanese|first=AP|title=Management of alcohol abuse|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=November 2012|volume=16|issue=4|pages=737–62|pmid=23101980|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006}}</ref> One commonly used form of support is the group Alcoholics Anonymous.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tusa|first=AL|last2=Burgholzer|first2=JA|title=Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012|journal=Journal of Addictions Nursing|date=2013|volume=24|issue=4|pages=237–46|pmid=24335771|doi=10.1097/jan.0000000000000003}}</ref> The medications acamprosate, disulfiram or naltrexone may also be used to help prevent further drinking.<ref name="Test2014">{{Cite journal|last=Testino|first=G|last2=Leone|first2=S|last3=Borro|first3=P|title=Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption|journal=Minerva Medica|date=December 2014|volume=105|issue=6|pages=447–66|pmid=25392958}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] has estimated that as of 2010, there were 208&nbsp;million people with alcoholism worldwide (4.1% of the population over 15 years of age). As of 2015 in the United States, about 17&nbsp;million (7%) of adults and 0.7&nbsp;million (2.8%) of those age 12 to 17 years of age are affected. Alcoholism is most common among males and young adults, and is less common in middle and old age.<ref name="DSM5" /> Geographically, it is least common in Africa (1.1% of the population) and has the highest rates in Eastern Europe (11%).<ref name="DSM5" /> Alcoholism directly resulted in 139,000 deaths in 2013, up from 112,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}</ref> A total of 3.3&nbsp;million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol.<ref name=NIH2015Stats>{{cite web|title=Alcohol Facts and Statistics|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|access-date=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081638/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|archive-date=18 May 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081638/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics |date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by approximately ten years. Many terms, some insulting and others informal, have been used to refer to people affected by alcoholism; the expressions include ''tippler'', ''drunkard'', ''dipsomaniac'' and ''souse''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chambers English Thesaurus|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-86062-04-3|page=175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IamKT5uk5lMC&pg=PA175|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725024158/https://books.google.com/books?id=IamKT5uk5lMC&pg=PA175|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1979, the World Health Organization discouraged the use of "alcoholism" due to its inexact meaning, preferring "alcohol dependence syndrome". == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] 496yosbica8v8ijfvexhddv178y1elk Sɔrilim ŋmaabu 0 32842 146109 145682 2026-08-10T20:43:30Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Menopause |synonym =Climacteric |image =Menopause symbol.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Symbolic representation of menopause |pronounce = |specialty =[[Gynaecology|Gynecology]] |symptoms =No [[menstrual period]]s for a year<ref name=NIH2013Def>{{cite web|title=Menopause: Overview|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> |onset =49 to 52 years of age<ref name=Tak2015/> |duration = |causes =Usually a natural change, surgery that removes both [[Ovary|ovaries]], some types of [[chemotherapy]]<ref name=NIH2013Con>{{cite web|title=What is menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224154/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224154/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name=NIH2013Ca/> |risks = |diagnosis = |differential = |prevention = |treatment =None, lifestyle changes<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> |medication =[[Hormone replacement therapy|Menopausal hormone therapy]], [[clonidine]], [[gabapentin]], [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s<ref name=NIH2013Tx/><ref name=Kra2015/> |prognosis = |frequency = |deaths = }} '''sɔrilim ŋmaabu''', nyɛla saha shɛli paɣaba nyɛvuya puuni sɔrilim ni ŋmaari zaa sa, ka di zuɣu che ka be ku lahi tooi dɔɣi . Di tooi zoomi ka di piini yuum pihinu yin ka ni yuum pihinu ni ayi.<ref name="Tak2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Takahashi TA, Johnson KM|title=Menopause|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=3|pages=521–34|date=May 2015|pmid=25841598|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006}}</ref> Alaafee tuumbaŋdiba tooi yɛrimi ni sɔrilim ŋmaabu nyɛla paɣaba ban be nya be sɔrilim yuuni pulini.<ref name="Zheng20192">{{cite book|last1=Suster|first1=David|last2=Liu|first2=Martina Z.|last3=Lin|first3=Douglas I.|editor1-last=Zheng|editor1-first=Wenxin|editor2-last=Fadare|editor2-first=Oluwole|editor3-last=Quick|editor3-first=Charles Matthew|editor4-last=Shen|editor4-first=Danhua|editor5-last=Guo|editor5-first=Donghui|title=Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology|volume=2|date=2019|publisher=Springer|location=Springer|isbn=978-981-13-3018-6|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA96&dq=&hl=en|language=en|chapter=3. Benign diseases of the ovary|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802001238/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA96&dq=&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Din tooi lahi yɛli ni di nyɛla ''hormone'' nambu filimbu be ''ovaries'' ni.<ref name="Sie2006">{{Cite book|last=Sievert|first=Lynnette Leidy|title=Menopause : a biocultural perspective|date=2006|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=9780813538563|page=81|edition=[Online-Ausg.]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWH606kOGYQC&pg=PA81|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181403/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWH606kOGYQC&pg=PA81|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ninvuɣu shɛba ban niŋ apolisa n yihi be bi'dɔɣiri surugu amaa kana lee mali ''ovaries'', sɔrilim ŋmaabu ni tooi kana lala paɣaba ŋo ka di nyɛla apolIsa ŋo zuɣu bee be hormones nambu filimbu la.<ref name="Sie2006" /> Ti yi dɔli bi'dɔɣiri surugu ŋo yihibu, nahingbana shɛŋa tooi daŋdi kandina ka mani yuum pihinahi ni anu zuɣu nii.<ref>{{Cite book|title=International position paper on women's health and menopause : a comprehensive approach|date=2002|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781428905214|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCzYsz6Uv0IC&pg=PA36|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181403/https://books.google.com/books?id=NCzYsz6Uv0IC&pg=PA36|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Yuma din kana pɔi ni sɔrilim ŋmaabu, paɣa sɔrilim nyɛla din tooi be za dede<ref name=NIH2013Sym>{{cite web|title=What are the symptoms of menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320015025/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx|archive-date=20 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320015025/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> din wuhiri ni sɔrilim ŋo ni tooi kana ka yuuigi bee kadi kana ka pora bee kadi kana kadii ka yaa 2bee kadi lahi mali yaa pam tilahi yaɣi ʒimmo zobu polo.<ref name=NIH2013Sym /> Saha ŋo yaa, waligu tooi zoomi kadi yiri paɣaba; din tooi beni ka maa dee sekonsi pihita hali ni minti pia zuɣu ni kadi tooi zoogi kadi kanna ni niŋgbina sɔhibu, waligu nyeebu, ni niŋgbina paligibu.<ref name=NIH2013Sym /> waligu maa tooi cheriba mi yibu yuuni b ee yuma ayi nyaaŋa. Nahingbana shɛŋa din lahi pahi nyɛla paɣa tooni kuubu, gom saɣi saɣi nti pahi ninsali behigu taɣibu. Nahingbana maa timsim tooi be ni paɣabe ni paya paya.<ref name=PubMed2013>{{cite web|title=Menopause: Overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|publisher=PubMedHealth|access-date=8 March 2015|date=29 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/ |date=10 September 2017 }}</ref> Din nin ka sɔrilim yɛltoɣa zaŋmi chaŋ ti gbagi suhunini doro yɛltoɣa, dimboŋo nyɛla din niŋda domin yuma pahibu zuɣu ka di che ka di ka talahi ŋmahinli zaŋti sɔrilim.<ref name=PubMed2013 /> paɣa sheb ni, muɣusigu kamani berim pam zaŋ kpa sɔrilim polo nyɛla din yen baligi bee n che.<ref name=PubMed2013 /> sɔrilim ŋmaabu nyɛla bin sheɣu din nye talahi taƔibu,<ref name="NIH2013Ca">{{cite web|title=What causes menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091652/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091652/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|date=2 April 2015}}</ref> din yi nin ka ovaries maa filim nlee zaɣa sɔɣu.<ref name="Zheng2019">{{cite book|last1=Suster|first1=David|last2=Liu|first2=Martina Z.|last3=Lin|first3=Douglas I.|editor1-last=Zheng|editor1-first=Wenxin|editor2-last=Fadare|editor2-first=Oluwole|editor3-last=Quick|editor3-first=Charles Matthew|editor4-last=Shen|editor4-first=Danhua|editor5-last=Guo|editor5-first=Donghui|title=Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology|volume=2|date=2019|publisher=Springer|location=Springer|isbn=978-981-13-3018-6|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA96&dq=&hl=en|language=en|chapter=3. Benign diseases of the ovary|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802001238/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA96&dq=&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Din tooi lahi kana ninvuƔu sheba ban nuru vari.<ref name="Zheng20192" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Warren|first1=volume editors, Claudio N. Soares, Michelle|title=The menopausal transition : interface between gynecology and psychiatry|url=https://archive.org/details/menopausaltransi0000unse|date=2009|publisher=Karger|location=Basel|isbn=978-3805591010|page=[https://archive.org/details/menopausaltransi0000unse/page/73 73]|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> Din lahi tahirili na lahi nyɛ opolasa din yihiri ovaries maa bee tima balbu shɛŋa din tibira.<ref name="Zheng20192" /> Ningbuna maa yelimaŊli shee yaa, sɔrilim ŋmaabu kanimina kadi nyɛla ovaries filimbu maa ni zaŋ gbaagi hormones shɛŋa din nye estrogen ni progestrone. hali di yi katibi borli, kpahima zaŋkpa sɔrilim ŋmaabu polo ni tooi boɣisi vienyala hormone galsim ni nye shɛli ʒim puuni bee dulim.<ref>{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143650/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143650/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|date=2 April 2015}}</ref> sɔrilim ŋmaabu nyɛla din yi di ko ka che menarche, saha shɛli bipuɣimbila ni pili o sɔrilim nyabu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=James|title=Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9780202365701|page=401|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0_SrDBNy24C&pg=PA401|chapter=9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181403/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0_SrDBNy24C&pg=PA401|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> talahi tibbu diyi pala di ni bori shɛli.<ref name="NIH2013Tx">{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for other symptoms of menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320030632/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=20 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320030632/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Nahingbana shɛŋa, kaman ni tooi baligi di yi niŋ ka tibi tooi bo.<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> Zaŋkpa waligu polo bee vari nubu chɛbu bee ''caffeine'' nti pahi dam tooi nyɛla din veli pam.<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> Ninsala tooi gbihira du shɛli din maa ni bee ka fan beya yoma gba tooi soŋda.<ref name="NIH2013Tx" />Tima gba nyɛla din lahi soŊda: ''menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT), clonidine, gabapentin'', bee ''selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors''.<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /><ref name="Kra2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Krause MS, Nakajima ST|title=Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment of vasomotor symptoms|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|volume=42|issue=1|pages=163–79|date=March 2015|pmid=25681847|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008}}</ref> Ninsali maŋ dambu gba ni tooi sɔŋsi gom kalinsi dɔriti.<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> din niŋ ka MHT daa nyɛla ti shɛli doɣate nim ni daa tiri shɛli, ni yi pa nyerla ti shɛli din nye talahi zaŋti nahingbana shɛŋa din yi zahara ka timsi pam, din niŋ ka di tooi zooigi ka di muɣusigu shɛŋa da bam na.<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> Viɛnyala tibbu ni tibiri sabla zaɣa veli tali na bi tooi yi polo.<ref name=PubMed2013 /> ''Phytoestrogens'' baŋsim na dii kani.<ref name="Franco2016">{{cite journal|vauthors=Franco OH, Chowdhury R, Troup J, Voortman T, Kunutsor S, Kavousi M, Oliver-Williams C, Muka T|title=Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-06-21_315_23/page/2554|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=23|pages=2554–63|date=June 2016|pmid=27327802|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.8012|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kunduvihira == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] kvuuuhc3a6rgxu2wpb9obsbi76ngj8d Mastitis 0 32856 146125 130109 2026-08-10T21:00:27Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Mastitis |synonym =Mammitis |image =Atlas of clinical surgery; with special reference to diagnosis and treatment for practitioners and students (1908) (14768289625).jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =A drawing of mastitis from the early 1900s |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|m|æ|s|t|ˈ|aɪ|t|ᵻ|s}} |specialty =[[Gynaecology|Gynecology]] |symptoms =Localized breast pain and redness, fever<ref name=Ob2016/> |onset =Rapid<ref name=Ob2016/> |duration = |causes = |risks = |diagnosis =Based on symptoms<ref name=AFP2008/> |differential =Plugged milk duct,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2010 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323076852|page=593|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=rtcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA593|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-date=2019-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916141356/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rtcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA593|url-status=live}}</ref> [[breast engorgement]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buttaro |first1=Terry Mahan |last2=Trybulski |first2=JoAnn |last3=Bailey |first3=Patricia Polgar |last4=Sandberg-Cook |first4=Joanne |title=Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0323078412 |page=PT1608 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9UKXp6dSSgEC&pg=PT1608 |access-date=2017-12-09 |archive-date=2019-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925130845/https://books.google.ca/books?id=9UKXp6dSSgEC&pg=PT1608 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[breast cancer]] (rare)<ref name=Ob2016/> |prevention =Frequent [[breastfeeding]] with good technique<ref name=AFP2008/> |treatment =[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]] ([[cephalexin]]), [[ibuprofen]]<ref name=AFP2008/><ref name=Ob2016/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =10% of breastfeeding women<ref name=AFP2008/> |deaths = }} '''Bihili dƆro''' nyƐla mɔrilim din paari bihili bee bihi zoƔu, ka di tooi gbaari daadam bia bihim mɔɣisibu ni.<ref>{{Cite book|last=The Worldwatch Institute|title=State of the World 2006: Special Focus: China and India|date=2015|publisher=Island Press|isbn=9781610916332|page=36|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=24TCBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003181637/https://books.google.ca/books?id=24TCBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ratcliffe|first=Stephen D.|title=Family Medicine Obstetrics|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323043069|page=634|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=oHkHP3JLArIC&pg=PA634|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003141552/https://books.google.ca/books?id=oHkHP3JLArIC&pg=PA634|url-status=live}}</ref> nahimgbana pam n-nyƐ biƐrim ni bintƆra biɛha zuɣu<ref name=Ob2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berens PD | title = Breast Pain: Engorgement, Nipple Pain, and Mastitis | journal = Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 902–14 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26512442 | doi = 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000153 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a3f96251efd59a92f82ed618dda1fea955027fbe | access-date = 2020-01-22 | archive-date = 2021-08-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828160043/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Breast-Pain%3A-Engorgement%2C-Nipple-Pain%2C-and-Berens/a3f96251efd59a92f82ed618dda1fea955027fbe | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828160043/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Breast-Pain%3A-Engorgement%2C-Nipple-Pain%2C-and-Berens/a3f96251efd59a92f82ed618dda1fea955027fbe |date=2021-08-28 }}</ref> Di too kani na ni ningbun duƔibo ni nangban yuma.<ref name=Ob2016 /> Di yaligirir yom pam di pilli ni ka tooi kani na chiri bihi puuni baayan dƆƔim nyaaŊa.<ref name=Ob2016 /> DimuƔisigu shɛli n-nyɛ mɔrilim di kƆƷƐgu.<ref name="AFP2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer JP|title=Management of mastitis in breastfeeding women|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2008-09-15_78_6/page/727|journal=American Family Physician|volume=78|issue=6|pages=727–31|date=September 2008|pmid=18819238}}</ref> Di yƐligola nima shɛŊa n-nyƐ bia bi too mɔƔira, bihi zuƔu yuma, bihi piƐrisi ni bia moli nyuhubu binneembihi shɛna Ŋan tahiri na n-nyƐ [[Staphyloccus]] mini [[Streptococci]].<ref name=Ob2016 /> Di timbu soya tooi dolila di nahingbana.<ref name="AFP2008" /> Be tooi malila Ultrasound maƷini m baŋdi di n-nyƐ shƐm.<ref name=Ob2016 /> DI gubu kuli nyɛla bihim mƆƔiisbu so parisi.<ref name="AFP2008" /> Di yi niŋ ka di dorɔ bƐni, tupaya tima kamani [[cephalexim]] nyɛla di ni tooi zaŊ ti shƐli n tibi li.<ref name="AFP2008" /> Di ku chɛ bihim mɔƔibu din ku tuɣi, kaman din yɛn chƐ ka bihili maa waɣisi din nyƐ din soŋsiri bori faako na.<ref name="AFP2008" /> Biha dorƆ ŊƆ di baligi ni probotiks sochiba puuni.<ref name=Ob2016 /> Kamaa vaabu kobiga puuni paɣaba ban mɔƔisiri bia bihim nyƐla din mali shƐba<ref name="AFP2008" /> == Kundivihira == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] h7svzf6sare439f4vdp7d8erspemvwu Cholera (Tiri ka Nyɛra) 0 32864 146173 130278 2026-08-10T22:21:18Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Cholera (Tiri ka nyɛra) |synonym =Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera<ref name=textbook>{{cite web|url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html|title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera|publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology|author=Todar K|access-date=2010-12-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228115128/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html|archive-date=2010-12-28}}</ref> |image =PHIL 1939 lores.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Niri ŋun ningbun kom nyuugi tiri ka nyeri zuɣu ka di che ka o nimbihi faagi ka o ningbun gbaŋ lahi mi ka darim. |pronounce = |specialty =Dori loorili |symptoms =Binsaa, tibu,ningbuna biɛrim <ref name=Jong2022/> |onset =awa dibaayi zaŋ chaŋ dabaanu nyaaŋa di yi niŋ ka binneenbila ŋo kpe ninsali ningbuna ni.<ref name=CDC2015Pro /> |duration =Dabisi bihi puuni <ref name=WHO2017/> |causes =''Vibrio cholerae'' din doli bindi dibu <ref name=WHO2017/> |risks =Sabita kalinsi , ko daɣiri nyubu, fakari<ref name=WHO2017/> |diagnosis =bindi vihibu<ref name=WHO2017/> |differential = |prevention =Sabita kpaŋsibu,ka kasi nyubu, nu paɣibu ni tiri ka nyeri shɛrigi chibbu <ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|date=March 26, 2010|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Lancet2012 /> |treatment =[[Oral rehydration therapy]], [[zinc supplementation]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[antibiotics]]<ref name=WHO2017/><ref name=CDC2014Zinc>{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =1.3–4&nbsp;million people a year<ref name=WHO2017/> |deaths =28,800 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De >{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> }} '''Cholera''' dini kuli lahi mi shɛli tiri ka nyɛri nyela dori sheli din gbaari niriba, ka tooi zoogi ka di be bi binyori ni, ka binnen'shebi di ni mi Vibrio cholerae ŋo n nye ban tahiri lala doro ŋɔ na.<ref name="Jong2022">{{Cite book|last=Weil|first=Ana A.|last2=Ryan|first2=Edward T.|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor-last2=Stevens|editor-first2=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=384-389|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384|language=en|chapter=66. Cholera|access-date=2023-05-08|archive-date=2023-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630080819/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Doro ŋɔ yi gbaagi nira, di ni tooi niŋ ka o ka nahingbaŋ shɛli, beei ka nahingbana maa nye din bala, saha shɛŋa lala nahingbana ŋo nyela din ni tooi mali yaa.<ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Doro ŋɔ nahingbaŋ zaɣi kpani n nye, binsaa din yen niŋ dabaa shɛm.<ref name="WHO2017">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017.|journal=Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire|date=25 August 2017|volume=92|issue=34|pages=477-98|pmid=28845659|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf;jsessionid=D2901DAA743145CB4317D1642A44E82A?sequence=1|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> Tiri ni ningbuna biɛrim gba nyɛla din ni tooi pahi.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Saha shɛŋa binsaa maa yaa ni tooi ti che ka niri ningbun kom nyuugi.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Din ni tooi che ka niri nina faagi, ka o ningbun gbaŋ maagi ka darim.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x|pmc=3761070}}</ref> Kom nyuubu niri ningbuna ni, ni tooi che ka o ningbun gbaŋ kom taɣi n leegi zaɣ'nuɣuso.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Diane|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Nahingbana ŋo nyela din piina awa dibaayi zaŋ chaŋ dabaanu sunsuni , di yi niŋ ka binneembila ŋɔ kpe ninsali ningbuna ni.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> == Kunduvihira == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] bj7m7qcdiymwymyksihle040r0pu4j9 Bisacodyl 0 32870 146227 130789 2026-08-11T00:04:43Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bisacodyl''' nyɛla ti' shɛli di ni zaŋdi balgiri baanjira din yen che ka di yibuna niŋ soochi, di malli tiri ninvuɣ'sheba banjira damdibu ni niŋ tom nti.<ref name="AHFS2020" /><ref name="Wex2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wexner SD, Beck DE, Baron TH, Fanelli RD, Hyman N, Shen B, Wasco KE|title=A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: prepared by a task force from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastrointestinal-endoscopy_2006-04_63_7/page/n47|journal=Gastrointestinal Endoscopy|volume=63|issue=7|pages=894–909|date=June 2006|pmid=16733101|doi=10.1016/j.gie.2006.03.918|author-link8=American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons}}</ref>Lala tim ŋo nyɛla bini vaandi bee n firiti shɛli.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web|title=Bisacodyl Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/bisacodyl.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213180115/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/bisacodyl.html|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=Drugs.com|access-date=13 February 2021|language=en}}</ref> Di yi niŋ ka niri vali tim ŋo, di tuma piinila awa dibaayobu zaŋ chaŋ awa piniyini sunsuni, amaa di yi niŋ ka di firi, di tuma piinila awa yini saha tim maa firibu nyaaŋa.<ref name="AHFS2020" />Niri yi vaandi tim ŋɔ ka di yuugi, di pala din mali galimi zaŋ ti lala niri maa.<ref name="Wald2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wald A|title=Constipation: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-01-12_315_2/page/185|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=2|pages=185–91|date=January 2016|pmid=26757467|doi=10.1001/jama.2015.16994|type=Review}}</ref> Tim ŋɔ valibu bee di firibu nyaaŋa di zooya ka nahingbana shɛŋa yirina niri ni, di puuni n nye, puuni biɛrim ni tiri kpiɣibu.<ref name="AHFS2020" /> Saha shɛŋa di che ka niri ningbun kom nyuura, bee ka niri nin'polo nye din tibigi bee n piri piri.<ref name="BNF80">{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|page=65-66}}</ref> Paɣ'puhinima nyɛla ban ni tooi vali tim ŋo ka di kaba galimi shɛli..<ref name="BNF80" /> Tim ŋo ni doli so shɛli n tumdi nyɛmi, di voorila kom yiri niri ningbuna ni n kpɛhiri o nyɔri ni , ka lahi che ka niri nyɔri damda vienyɛla din yen soŋsi baligi baanjira ka lahi soŋ ka di yina niri ningbuna ni.<ref name="AHFS2020" /><ref name="Wald2016" /> Bisacodyl daa nyela bini tuui nye shɛli yuuni 1952, ka daa nye bini zaŋ shɛli n pahi alaafei tima zuɣu yuuni 1953.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jürgen|last2=Kleemann|first2=Axel|last3=Kutscher|first3=Bernhard|last4=Reichert|first4=Dietmar|title=Pharmaceutical Substances, 5th Edition, 2009: Syntheses, Patents and Applications of the most relevant APIs|date=2009|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag|isbn=978-3-13-179275-4|page=161|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pharmaceutical_Substances_5th_Edition_20/4lCGAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bisacodyl+1953&pg=PA161|language=en|access-date=2020-11-09|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004212/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pharmaceutical_Substances_5th_Edition_20/4lCGAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bisacodyl+1953&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Capasso|first=Francesco|last2=Gaginella|first2=Timothy S.|title=Laxatives: A Practical Guide|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-88-470-2227-0|page=PT65|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Laxatives/sv68BAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bisacodyl+1953&pg=PT65|language=en|access-date=2020-11-09|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004211/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Laxatives/sv68BAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bisacodyl+1953&pg=PT65|url-status=live}}</ref> Di nyɛla anduniya yaanga zuɣu alaafeei tuma duu, dini mi shɛli "World Health Organization" la ni zaŋ pahi ti shɛŋa din niŋ talahi ni, bee ti shɛŋa din mali bukaatanima puuni.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Di nyɛla din zoogi ka di be luɣu shɛŋa bi ni kohiri tima, ka di laɣiri nye din bi galisi.<ref name="BNF80" /><ref name="Wald2016" /> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] 9mcloe83lapokndm2t5bg32vewh9i2p Cystocele 0 32886 146123 145720 2026-08-10T20:58:33Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Cystocele | synonym = Dulim surugu din mirigi yina<ref name=NIH2014/> | image = Cysctocele hariadhi.svg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Dulim surugu din yina paƔa tooni bombu | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|t|ə|s|iː|l}} {{respell|SIS|tə-seel}} | specialty = [[Dulim yaɣili]], [[Paɣa tali yaɣili]] | symptoms = Muɣisigu zaŋkana dulim dulimbu sheei, dulim kpalindi dulinsuriguni dulim dulimbu nyaaŋa, [[dulim yibuna yiriŋ hali di yi ti niŋ ka niri kohim]], <ref name=NIH2014/> | onset = | duration = | causes = | risks = [[Doɣim]], [[baanjira kpaŋbu]], [[kohingu din bi naara]], bin timsa kpiɣibu, nira ŋun galisi yaɣi<ref name=NIH2014/> | diagnosis = Di dolila nahingbana ni doɣite ni yɛn vihi ka nye binshɛli a ni<ref name=NIH2014/> | differential = [[Bartholin's cyst|Bartholin cyst]], [[nabothian cyst]], [[urethral diverticulum]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Federle|first1=Michael P.|last2=Tublin|first2=Mitchell E.|last3=Raman|first3=Siva P.|title=ExpertDDx: Abdomen and Pelvis E-Book|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323443128|page=626 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=YbgcDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA626 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025074533/https://books.google.ca/books?id=YbgcDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA626|archive-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Biɛhi shɛŋa taɣibu, tima din firiti paɣa tooni, apoleesa<ref name=NIH2014/> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = ~33% paɣaba ban yaɣi yuun pihita<ref name=Fir2014/> | deaths = }} '''cystocele''', bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli dulim surugu din mirigi yi na (prolapsed bladder), nyela tibbu yaɣali muɣusigu shɛli din che ka paɣa dulim surigu (bladder) mirigi yina o tooni.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web|title=Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder)|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=25 October 2017|date=March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004190143/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder|archive-date=4 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Fir2014">{{Cite book|last=Firoozi|first=Farzeen|title=Female Pelvic Surgery|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781493915040|page=73|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1fvYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025075543/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1fvYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|archive-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> pam ni tooi ka nahingbana.<ref name="Hof2012p647">{{Cite book|title=Williams gynecology|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsgynecolo0000unse|last=Williams|first=J. Whitridge|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|editor-last=Hoffman|editor-first=Barbara L.|isbn=9780071716727|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/williamsgynecolo0000unse/page/647 647]–653|oclc=779244257}}</ref> Saha shɛli di ni tooi tahi muɣisigu zaŋ kpa dulim dulimbu polo, bee dulim dulimbu yiriŋ.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Di yi niŋ ka niri dulim surugu mirigi yina o tooni, c, din tooi tahi yeli gola na, ka di puuni shɛli nye, di ni tooi che ka doriti zaŋ chaŋ niri dulim surugu ni din pahi niŋ bayaana, ka saha shɛŋa gba ka dulim dulimbu niŋ tom n ti lala nira maa, ka laɣisira dooni o saɣanga ni.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref name="hami">{{Cite journal|last=Hamid|first=Rizwan|last2=Losco|first2=Giovanni|date=2014-09-01|title=Pelvic Organ Prolapse-Associated Cystitis|journal=Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=175–180|doi=10.1007/s11884-014-0249-4|pmid=25170365|pmc=4137160|issn=1931-7212}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pelvic-relaxation-syndromes/cystoceles,-urethroceles,-enteroceles,-and-rectoceles|title=Cystoceles, Urethroceles, Enteroceles, and Rectoceles – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition|last=|first=|date=February 2017|work=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042620/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pelvic-relaxation-syndromes/cystoceles,-urethroceles,-enteroceles,-and-rectoceles|url-status=live}}</ref> Cystocele ŋo nyela din ni tooi boogi nira nyɛvuli toon tibo beei o alaafei.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/6000/6022.asp?index=15468|title=Cystocele (Fallen Bladder)|website=www.clevelandclinic.org|access-date=2017-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112223/http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/6000/6022.asp?index=15468|archive-date=2017-12-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deng|first=Donna Y.|last2=Rutman|first2=Matthew|last3=Rodriguez|first3=Larissa|last4=Raz|first4=Shlomo|date=2005-09-01|title=Correction of cystocele|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bju-international_2005-09_96_4/page/691|journal=BJU International|language=en|volume=96|issue=4|pages=691–709|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05760.x|issn=1464-410X|pmid=16104940}}</ref> Daliri din tahiri li na shɛŋa n nye :bi doɣiligu, baanjira yi kpaŋ ka di yibu na niŋ tom, kohingu din yuugi ka bi taɣira, kuriti bee bin timsa kpiɣubu, bi yi yihi niri doɣim surugu, doɣilim bee daŋ soli, nti pahi ningbuna nabgibu tilahi yaɣi.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref name="Bag2016">{{Cite book|title=Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery|last=Baggish|first=Michael S.|publisher=Elsevier|last2=Karram|first2=Mickey M.|year=2016|isbn=9780323225526|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=599–646|oclc=929893382}}</ref><ref name="Hof2012p647" /> Din tahiri lala ŋo nyɛmi, di yi niŋ ka jila din be paɣa dulim surugu mini o tooni sunsuni nye din koŋ yaa bee ka di choɣisi.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Poi ka bi naan yi yɛli ni so mali li, bɛ malila nahingbana din be lala nira maa ni, ka lahi zahim lala nira maa.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Di yi niŋ ka nahingbana bi galisi, di mali soŋsim ni nira che bin timsa kpiɣibu nti pahi tuun kpema tumbu.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Di mi yi niŋ ka di nahingbana galisi, din wuhiri ni doro maa mali yaa, tima din firiti tooni, diɛma ni yiɣijam zaŋ jɛndi paɣa tooni dahimbu , bee apoleesa nyɛla din gba yen mali soŋsim. <ref name="NIH2014" /> Lala doro ŋo nyɛla din zoogi paɣaba ban yuma galisi ni.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Di yi pu niriba ban mali doro ŋo buta zuɣuni, vaabu yim nyɛla paɣaba ban yuma yaɣi yuun'pihinu. == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] 5tximoemcurc0w4nzvhoiaeavxoirs2 Suicide 0 32900 146193 135902 2026-08-10T22:51:47Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Suicide |synonym = |image =Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]] |pronounce = |specialty =[[Psychiatry]] |symptoms = |onset =>70 and 15–30 years old<ref name=WHO2014Pre>{{cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}</ref> |duration = |causes =[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Aj2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W | title = Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2008-09_86_9/page/726 | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 9 | pages = 726–32 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797649 | pmc = 2649482 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.043489 }}</ref> |risks =[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Hawton2009/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}</ref><ref name=Autism2014/> |diagnosis = |differential = |prevention =Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions<ref name=WHO2016/> |treatment = |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =12 per 100,000 per year<ref name=Var2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Värnik P | title = Suicide in the world | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 760–71 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22690161 | pmc = 3367275 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph9030760 }}</ref> |deaths =793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)<ref name=WHO2019Epi>{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NEJM2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B |s2cid=210332277 |title=Suicide |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=January 2020 |volume=382 |issue=3 |pages=266–74 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700 }}</ref> }} '''Maŋa Kubu''' nyɛla ninsala sheda n-di O maŋ'maŋa nyavuli.<ref name="Sted2006">{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}</ref> Hankali bɛ za dede kamani suhusaɣingu,yinyahali, lihiʒiem maŋa, ni bin yara nyubu kamani dam, ni ti biɛri nyɛla din vuri nira n miri ti li.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="Hawton2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|title=Suicide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}</ref><ref name="Dod2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Autism2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}</ref> Maŋa kubu shɛŋa nyɛ la din yirina yɛli muɣisira ni na kaman fara, yali muɣisira niraba sunsuuni kaman taba chɛbu, bee nahingu.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ninvuɣu sheba ban min pun buɣisi bɛ mansi kubu nyɛla bana zoogi ka bɛ ni tooi lahi buɣisili sohibiɛɣu ni.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Maŋa kubu gu ka taɣi sochibsi puuni n-nyɛ di gu nira ka che bin shɛŋa O ni ni tooi n-zaŋ di O maŋa nyɛvuli kaman malifa nima, tima,posin nima, hankali miligibu tibbu, gu ka taɣi bin yɛri bieri nyubu,maa maŋa n-wuligi maŋa kubu lahabaya, ni sochibsi din ni niŋ biɛhigu soochi n ti niriba.<ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Di yɛli biɛri ʒibuna nyɛla din niŋ bayana, amaa vihigu zaŋ chaŋ dipolo nyɛla din bɛ zooi.<ref name="Sak2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}</ref><ref name="Zal2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}</ref> So shɛŋa din ku zooi pam ka niriba malili n yihiri be mansi nyevuya nyɛla din zooi, ka lee wali n doli tingbana, ka tooi doli so shɛli din be yoma ka mali yaa<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yip|first=Paul SF|last2=Caine|first2=Eric|last3=Yousuf|first3=Saman|last4=Chang|first4=Shu-Sen|last5=Wu|first5=Kevin Chien-Chang|last6=Chen|first6=Ying-Yeh|date=2012-06|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673612605212|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–2399|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}</ref> Maŋa nyɛvuli yihibu so shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni n nyɛ, mia yilibu, poʒin nyubu, ni malifa<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="Aj2008">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|date=September 2008|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2008-09_86_9/page/726|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489|pmc=2649482|pmid=18797649}}</ref> Maŋa nyɛvuli yihibu nyɛla din daa tahi ninvuɣ'tuhu kobsinii ni pihita ayika(828,000) kum na duniya yaaŋa zuɣu yuuni 2015, ŋo maa daa nyɛla din zooi n gari kum shɛli dini daa tahina yuuni 1990 ka daa nyɛ kobi tusa apoin ni piiya ni ayi.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Ŋo maa che ka maŋ kubu do piya zuɣu yɛli shɛŋa din kuri niriba duniya yaaŋa zuɣu zaa<ref name="Hawton2009" /><ref name="Var2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}</ref> Kamani niriba vaabu yim ni pirigili kobiga puuni (1.5%) n kpiri maŋa kubu puuni<ref name="NEJM2020">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|date=January 2020|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700|s2cid=210332277}}</ref> Yuuni pulini lala ŋo maa kuli paai niraba piiya ni ayi(12) kpibu niraba tuhi kobiga(100,000) puuni<ref name="Var2012" /> Maŋa kubu shɛna din nyɛri nasara zooya ka di galisi dabba ni n gari paɣaba ni, ka lahi zooi tingbani shɛŋa din pun ɛbigi ni n gari tingbani shɛŋa din na lɛbigira ni.<ref name="WHO2014Pre">{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}</ref>Maŋa kubu nyɛla din zooi ninvuɣu shɛba ban yaɣi yuumpisopoin ni, amaa tingban shɛna ni, ninvuɣu shɛba ban yuma nyɛ piiya ni anu(15) zaŋ chaŋ pihita(30) nyɛla ban bɛ hali shɛŋa ni din ni vuba mirili n gari sokam.<ref name="WHO2014Pre" /> Duniya yaɣa pubu puuni, Europe n daa nyɛ yaɣ'shɛli din mali maŋa kubu n gari yaɣ'shɛŋa din kpalim maa zaa yuuni 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Laasabu wuhiya ni maŋa kubu tilimbu din bɛ tahiri kumna yuuni kam pulini paai million pia(10 million) zaŋ chaŋ million pishi (20 million)<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|date=October 2002|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|pmc=1489848|pmid=16946849}}</ref> Maŋa kubu tilimbu din bɛ ʒi kumna nyɛla din ni tooi ʒi yuma na ni gbariginsim din ni niŋ dawama.<ref name="EB2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}</ref> Gbampiela tingbanni, maŋa kubu tilimbu nyɛla din zooi bipola paɣ'sara ni nachimba ni.<ref name="EB2011" /> Ninsalima nyɛbu zaŋ chaŋ maŋa kubu polo nyɛla din dalim adiini, sala zaa biehigu ni, ni sala hankali zaŋ chaŋ biɛhigu polo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282|archive-date=2020-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=George|location=Malden, MA|page=65|access-date=2020-08-08|editor-last2=Stepnisky|editor-first2=Jeffrey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65|archive-date=2020-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Anbi Ibrahima ni O yaansi daadiini nima nyɛla maŋa kubu ka di nyɛ taali zaŋ chaŋ Naawuni sani, domini bɛ dihitabili ni jilin shɛli bɛ ni mali zaŋ ti nyɛvuli.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|archive-date=2020-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan Samurai saha, maŋa kubu shɛli daa bɛni ka bɛ boonili seppuku(harakiri), lala maŋa kubu ŋo maa daa nyɛla so shɛli bɛni mali yiri bɛ maŋa vi ni, ka lahi mali n wuhiri sujee<ref name="GDB2013" /> Sati, niŋsim shɛli British Raj zalikpana ni daa yihi, daa nyɛla din daa puhiri India pakoli ni O ku O maŋa O yidana kuli buɣum ni, O suhu yi bora bee ka o daŋ ni O ʒileli niraba gari O yaa<ref name="Var2012" /> Maŋa kubu mini tilim maŋa kubu daa nyɛla zalikpana ni bɛ saɣiti shɛli, amaa saha ŋo di lahi pa lala gbampiela tingbana pam puuni.<ref name="NEJM2020" /> Di na kuli nyɛla bibiɛlim tingbani shɛŋa puuni<ref name="WHO2014Pre" /> Yuma din gari (20th and 21st cebturies), maŋa kubu daa nyɛla din niŋda chirigili, m mali wuhiri niriba sujee din yɛn va hankaya n kana yɛli shɛeŋa polo. Kamikaze mini maŋa ku n tabili niriba(suicide bombing) nyɛla linjima mini bibielim niŋbu baŋsim para.<ref name=":0" /> == Reference == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] cvshlp9up8zb513owugjzosxf5fy15m Uterine fibroid 0 32913 146136 145739 2026-08-10T21:14:27Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Uterine fibroids |synonym =Uterine leiomyoma, uterine myoma, myoma, fibromyoma, fibroleiomyoma |image =Uterine fibroids.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Uterine fibroids as seen during [[laparoscopic surgery]] |pronounce = |specialty =[[Gynecology]] |symptoms =[[dysmenorrhea|Painful]] or [[heavy period]]s<ref name=Women2015/> |onset =Middle and later reproductive years<ref name=Women2015/> |duration = |causes =Unknown<ref name=Women2015/> |risks =Family history, [[obesity]], eating [[red meat]]<ref name=Women2015/> |diagnosis =[[Pelvic examination]], [[medical imaging]]<ref name=Women2015/> |differential =[[Leiomyosarcoma]], [[pregnancy]], [[ovarian cyst]], [[ovarian cancer]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter U|edition=2nd}}</ref> |prevention = |treatment =Medications, surgery, [[uterine artery embolization]]<ref name=Women2015/> |medication =[[Ibuprofen]], [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), [[iron supplements]], [[gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist]]<ref name=Women2015/> |prognosis =Improve after [[menopause]]<ref name=Women2015/> |frequency =~50% of women by age 50<ref name=Women2015/> |deaths = }} '''"Uterine Fibroids",''' ti ni lahi mi shɛli "uterine leiomyomas" bee "fibroids", nyɛla "benign smooth muscle tumors din m be dɔɣimsurugu ni.<ref name="Women2015">{{Cite web|title=Uterine fibroids fact sheet|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/uterine-fibroids.html?from=AtoZ|website=Office on Women's Health|access-date=26 June 2015|date=January 15, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707115909/http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/uterine-fibroids.html?from=AtoZ|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Paɣaba pam bi nyɛri di nahingbana amaa sheba nyeri biɛrim bee ka bi paɣira pam.<ref name="WHOblue2020.6">{{Cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor-last=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=6. Tumours of the uterine corpus: Uterine leiomyoma|pages=272-276|access-date=2022-07-31|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617072036/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Di yi bari pam, dini tooi dihi dulinsurugu ka di cheka dulim gbaaira yiriŋ.<ref name="Women2015" /> Di ni tooi lahi che ka a wumidi biɛrim doo mini paɣa laɣimbu shee, bee nyaaga biɛrim.<ref name="Women2015" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/uterinefibroids.html|title=Uterine Fibroids {{!}} Fibroids {{!}} MedlinePlus|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en|archive-date=2018-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035151/https://medlineplus.gov/uterinefibroids.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Paɣa ni tooi mali "uterine fibroid" ŋɔ zaɣ'yini bee pam.<ref name="Women2015" /> Saha shɛŋa, "fibroids" ni tooi che ka puli ningbu niŋ tom, amaa di bi yoli.<ref name="Women2015" /> The exact cause of uterine fibroids is unclear.<ref name="Women2015" /> However, fibroids run in families and appear to be partly determined by hormone levels.<ref name="Women2015" /> Risk factors include obesity and eating red meat.<ref name="Women2015" /> Diagnosis can be performed by pelvic examination or medical imaging.<ref name="Women2015" /> Treatment is typically not needed if there are no symptoms.<ref name="Women2015" /> NSAIDs, such as [[ibuprofen]], may help with pain and bleeding while [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) may help with pain.<ref name="Women2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kashani|first=BN|last2=Centini|first2=G|last3=Morelli|first3=SS|last4=Weiss|first4=G|last5=Petraglia|first5=F|title=Role of Medical Management for Uterine Leiomyomas.|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|date=July 2016|volume=34|pages=85–103|pmid=26796059|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.016}}</ref> [[Kurugu|Iron]] supplements may be needed in those with heavy periods.<ref name="Women2015" /> Medications of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist class may decrease the size of the fibroids but are expensive and associated with side effects.<ref name="Women2015" /> If greater symptoms are present, surgery to remove the fibroid or uterus may help.<ref name="Women2015" /> Uterine artery embolization may also help.<ref name="Women2015" /> Cancerous versions of fibroids are very rare and are known as leiomyosarcomas.<ref name="Women2015" /> They do not appear to develop from benign fibroids.<ref name="Women2015" /> About 20% to 80% of women develop fibroids by the age of 50.<ref name="Women2015" /> In 2013, it was estimated that 171 million women were affected worldwide.<ref name="GBD2015">{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743|journal=Lancet|date=5 June 2015|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800}}</ref> They are typically found during the middle and later reproductive years.<ref name="Women2015" /> After menopause, they usually decrease in size.<ref name="Women2015" /> In the [[America|United States]], uterine fibroids are a common reason for surgical removal of the uterus.<ref name="Wall2004">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wallach EE, Vlahos NF|title=Uterine myomas: an overview of development, clinical features, and management|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2004-08_104_2/page/393|journal=Obstet Gynecol|volume=104|issue=2|pages=393–406|date=August 2004|pmid=15292018|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000136079.62513.39}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] szxks7n2ec137tf5cqvxcjj9qfd48xn Tiba ʒino binyɛra 0 33009 146138 132667 2026-08-10T21:16:32Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name ={{PAGENAME}} |synonym =Foreign object in the ear, external auditory canal foreign body |image =EarFB.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =In red is the typical location of a foreign body in the ear |pronounce = |specialty =[[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT surgery]] |symptoms =None, ear pain, ear discharge, decreased hearing<ref name=Oy2018/> |onset = |duration = |causes = |risks = |diagnosis =Examination<ref name=Oy2018/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =Pain management, removal, antibiotics<ref name=EMD2022/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =Relatively common (children)<ref name=Stat2022/> |deaths = }} '''Tiba ʒino binyɛra''' nyɛla '''ʒino binyɛra''' din kpe in the Tiba vɔya puunil.<ref name="EMD2022">{{Cite web|title=PEM Playbook - Foreign Bodies in the Head and Neck|url=http://www.emdocs.net/pem-playbook-foreign-bodies-in-the-head-and-neck/|website=emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education|access-date=8 May 2022|language=en|date=30 March 2018|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124014438/https://www.emdocs.net/pem-playbook-foreign-bodies-in-the-head-and-neck/|url-status=live}}</ref> Doro ŋɔ nahingbana sh`eŋa n nye biɛrim n ti pahi mari yibina tiba maa puuni.<ref name="Oy2018">{{Cite journal|last=Oyama|first=LC|title=Foreign Bodies of the Ear, Nose and Throat.|journal=Emergency medicine clinics of North America|date=February 2019|volume=37|issue=1|pages=121-130|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2018.09.009|pmid=30454775}}</ref> Wumbu nyɛla din ni tooi vuui bela.<ref name="Oy2018" /> Doro ŋɔ barina shɛŋa n nye [[Farigu|ʒim pampam yibu]] bee ningbuŋ daŋa.<ref name="Oy2018" /> Binyɛra ŋɔ shɛŋa n tooi nye yɛribihi bee gbaŋ bee tamkpaɣu bee binneenbihi bee gumdi n ti pahi baatiri kpuli bihi.<ref name="Mer2022">{{Cite web|title=How To Remove a Foreign Body From the External Ear - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/how-to-do-ear-procedures/how-to-remove-a-foreign-body-from-the-external-ear|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=8 May 2022|language=en-CA|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030123755/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/how-to-do-ear-procedures/how-to-remove-a-foreign-body-from-the-external-ear|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stat2022">{{Cite journal|last=Lotterman|first=S|last2=Sohal|first2=M|title=Ear Foreign Body Removal|date=January 2022|pmid=29083719|journal=StatPearls}}</ref>Tiba ʒino binyɛra ŋɔ tooi zooya ka di ŋariti tiba vo'bihi din be Tiba gbana cartilage mini zuɣu kɔba sunsuuni.<ref name="EMD2022" /> Doro vihi m-baŋ dɔlila n zaŋ kpatuhi shɛli bɛ bɔli otoscope n lihi tiba maa puuni.<ref name="Oy2018" /> Ti' shɛli bɛ ni bɔli lidocaine din tuli bela ka di galisim kuli nye hali 1 hali ni 2% nyƐla bɛ ni tooi dooi shɛli n-niŋ tiba maa puuni m baligi biɛrim di ni pɔi ka naai n tilim tibili maa ʒino bini maa yihibu.<ref name="Oy2018" /><ref name="EMD2022" /> Gbihibu tahibu na bari maa zuɣu gba nyɛla din ni tooi n sɔŋ tibili maa ʒino bini maa yihibu sɔya.<ref name="Oy2018" /> Ʒino bini maa yihibu sɔya maa nyɛla din galisi amaa di shɛŋa n nye Mɔɣisibu bee kɔm vɔbu sɔli n ti pahi n-zaŋ kpatuɣa shɛli bɛ ni bɔli forceps.la n-yiɣi ŋa<ref name="Oy2018" /><ref name="Mer2022" /> Antibiotic ti' kom din dɔɣiri n niŋdi tiba ni nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zaŋ shɛli tibi ningbuŋ daŋsi bee di yi ti niŋ ka tiba ningbuŋ maa tahira.<ref name="EMD2022" /> Doro ŋɔ ni tooi tahi barina shɛŋa na saha shɛli bɛ ni yen yiɣi ʒino bini maa n nye tib' bia vɔli chibibu.<ref name="Oy2018" /> Tiba ʒino binyɛra shɛhiranima nyɛla din tooi niŋdi pam.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Di nyɛla din tooi niŋdi bihi ni pam<ref name="AFP2007">{{Cite journal|last=Heim|first=SW|last2=Maughan|first2=KL|title=Foreign bodies in the ear, nose, and throat.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-10-15_76_8/page/1185|journal=American family physician|date=15 October 2007|volume=76|issue=8|pages=1185-9|pmid=17990843}}</ref><ref name="Stat2022" /> Tiba ʒino binyɛra ŋɔ buɣisibu nyɛla din be Ancient literature kundu ni n ti pahi Hippocrates saba puuni din daa nam 400 BC.saha<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Journal of Ophthalmology, Otology, and Laryngology|date=1915|page=419|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Journal_of_Ophthalmology_Otology_and/Q-IBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA419|language=en|access-date=2022-05-10|archive-date=2022-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510142229/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Journal_of_Ophthalmology_Otology_and/Q-IBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA419|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kundivihira == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] 9p3ye4b7ilbyd5xmbuxzwku77udgd1i Gunubu 0 33010 146167 132635 2026-08-10T22:10:32Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical intervention|name=Gunubu|image=Circumcision central Asia2.jpg|specialty=Dulim yaɣili, dabba dotali yaɣili|caption=Bia Gunubu Asia {{circa|1865{{endash}}1872}}}} '''Gunubu''' nyɛla gbaŋ shɛli din pa doo tooni yihibu<ref name="rudolph_2011">{{Cite book|vauthors=Rudolph C, Rudolph A, Lister G, First L, Gershon A|title=Rudolph's Pediatrics, 22nd Edition|page=188|date=18 March 2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-07-149723-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or15PgAACAAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=or15PgAACAAJ|archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="sawyer_2011">{{Cite book|last=Sawyer S|title=Pediatric Physical Examination & Health Assessment|pages=555–556|date=November 2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-7600-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6eRUtlujbkC&pg=PA555|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6eRUtlujbkC&pg=PA555|archive-date=2016-01-18}}</ref> Bi yi yɛn guni nira, bi zaŋdila suwa beei piliŋ n paagi gbaŋ shɛli din be o yo zuɣu ni, ka ŋmaagi n yihi lala gbaŋ maa. Gunubu sheei, bi niŋdi la kpam n bobili tooni maa poi din yɛn che ka bini gundi so maa bi wum biɛrim pam. Amaa shɛbi bi niŋdi lala.<ref name="AAP_2012">{{Cite journal|last=American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision|title=Technical Report|journal=Pediatrics|volume=130|issue=3|year=2012|pages=e756–e785|issn=0031-4005|pmid=22926175|doi=10.1542/peds.2012-1990|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/e756.full|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920054623/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/e756.full|archive-date=2012-09-20|doi-access=free}}</ref>Di zooya ka bi gundi bihi ka di nyɛla din doli shɛba kali beei adiini.<ref name="WHO_2007_GTDPSA">{{Cite web|title=Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|url=http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc1360_male_circumcision_en_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222194858/http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc1360_male_circumcision_en_0.pdf|archive-date=2015-12-22}}</ref> Amaa di yi kana alaafeei bomma yaɣali, gunubu nyɛla tibbu soli zaŋti doriti kamani yo zuɣu morilim ni din pahi, di yi ti niŋ ka tibbu soya dabam nye din koŋ nasara, di lahi malili n soŋ di tibiri dulim doriti din yuugi ka zaɣasi garibu.<ref name="lissauer_2012">{{Cite book|vauthors=Lissauer T, Clayden G|title=Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics, Fourth edition|pages=352–353|date=October 2011|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7234-3565-5|quote=Although routine neonatal circumcision is still common in some Western countries such as the USA, the arguments generally used to justify on medical grounds have been discredited and no national or international medical association currently advocates routine neonatal circumcision.}}</ref><ref name="hay_2012" /> Saha shɛŋa di yi niŋ ka niri tooni mali yɛli gola, di bi tu ni bi guni lala niri maa, bee niri ŋun ka sabita.<ref name="rudolph_2011" /><ref name="hay_2012">{{Cite book|vauthors=Hay W, Levin M|title=Current Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics 21/E|pages=18–19|date=25 June 2012|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-177971-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8lMJniWK_QC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=V8lMJniWK_QC|archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> Duniya yaanga zuɣu alaafeei bomma tuma duri nyɛla ban ŋme nagban kpeeni zaŋ kpa gunubu polo, shɛba yɛliya ni di nyɛla din ka soŋsim zaŋti bihi daalaafei, ka lahi nye bin shɛli din mali yɛligola pam, beei din ni tooi n tahi barina na, ka shɛba gba yeli ni di nyɛla din mali soŋsim nti alaafeei, ka di soŋsim maa yaa gari yɛligoli shɛŋa dini ni tooi tahi na.<ref name="Bolnick_2012_ch1" /> Alaafeei tuma duu kpeni hali yini bi zaya ni di gunimi dabba zaa, bi mii bi lahi zaya ni di chɛli gunibu.<ref name="Bolnick_2012_ch1">{{Cite book|last=Jacobs|first=Micah|last2=Grady|first2=Richard|author-link2=<!--Not the Olympic athlete. Do not link-->|last3=Bolnick|first3=David A.|year=2012|chapter=Current Circumcision Trends and Guidelines|editor-last=Bolnick|editor-first=David A.|editor-last2=Koyle|editor-first2=Martin|editor-last3=Yosha|editor-first3=Assaf|title=Surgical Guide to Circumcision|location=London|publisher=Springer|pages=3–8|doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_1|isbn=978-1-4471-2857-1|quote=Outside of strategic regions in sub-Saharan Africa, no call for routine circumcision has been made by any established medical organizations or governmental bodies. Positions on circumcision include "some medical benefit/parental choice" in the United States, "no medical benefit/parental choice" in Great Britain, and "no medical benefit/physical and psychological trauma/parental choice" in the Netherlands.}}</ref> Yɛla pam nyɛla niriba ni zaŋ soŋ zaŋ jɛndi bihi gunubu, ka shɛba yeli ni di nyɛla din birigiri zaligu di yi niŋ ka bi gunu bia ka di pa ni alaafie bomma soli zuɣu, dama bia maa ka hankali ni o piigi piibu zaŋkpa lala yɛlli ŋo maa polo.<ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|last=Pinto K|title=Circumcision controversies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2012-08_59_4/page/977|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|volume=59|issue=4|pages=977–986|date=August 2012|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2012.05.015|pmid=22857844}}</ref><ref name="caga-anan_2011">{{Cite book|vauthors=Caga-anan EC, Thomas AJ, Diekema DS, Mercurio MR, Adam MR|title=Clinical Ethics in Pediatrics: A Case-Based Textbook|page=43|date=8 September 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-17361-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1T6NrSPD_AC&pg=PA43|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=C1T6NrSPD_AC&pg=PA43|archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> Dabaa gunubu nyɛla din baligiri doo ni yɛn nya HIV doro shɛm laɣambu sheei, di bahi bahandi dabba ban be gban sabila tingbana ni.<ref name="krieger_2011">{{Cite journal|last=Krieger JN|title=Male circumcision and HIV infection risk|journal=World Journal of Urology|volume=30|issue=1|pages=3–13|date=May 2011|pmid=21590467|doi=10.1007/s00345-011-0696-x}}</ref><ref name="siegfried_Cochrane_2009">{{Cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|last2=Muller|first2=M|last3=Deeks|first3=JJ|last4=Volmink|first4=J|title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|pages=CD003362|year=2009|pmid=19370585|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2|editor-last=Siegfried|editor-first=Nandi}}</ref> Duniya yaanga zuɣu alaafeei tuma duu (WHO) wuhiya ni di gunumi niriba ban be yaɣa shɛli HIV doro ŋo ni niŋ bayana, din yen soŋ ka di gu ka taɣi li.<ref name="WHO_HIV_2007">{{Cite web|title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention|publisher=World Health Organization|date=March 2007|url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312062808/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html|archive-date=2013-03-12}}</ref> Amaa di yi kana tingban'shɛŋa din lɛbigi, gunubu zaŋ gu ka taɣi HIV doro ŋo nyɛla din bi neei nti.<ref name="kim_2010">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Howard H|last2=Li|first2=Philip S|last3=Goldstein|first3=Marc|date=November 2010|title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?|journal=Current Opinion in Urology|volume=20|issue=6|pages=515–9|doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21|pmid=20844437}}</ref> amaa shahira beei vihigu biɛni n wuhi ni gunubu nyɛla din baligiri niri ni yɛn nya HIV doro ŋo shɛm , balleei, di yi kana dabba ban laɣindi bi dabi taba.<ref name="Shar2017">{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=SC|last2=Raison|first2=N|last3=Khan|first3=S|last4=Shabbir|first4=M|last5=Dasgupta|first5=P|last6=Ahmed|first6=K|title=Male Circumcision for the Prevention of HIV Acquisition: A Meta-Analysis|journal=BJU International|volume=121|issue=4|pages=515–526|date=12 December 2017|doi=10.1111/bju.14102|pmid=29232046|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gunubu lahi nyɛla din soŋdi guri ka taɣiri "human papillomavirus" bali shɛŋa din tahiri yoɣu na,<ref name="larke_HPV_2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Larke N, Thomas SL, Dos Santos Silva I, Weiss HA|title=Male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2011-11-01_204_9/page/n102|journal=J. Infect. Dis.|volume=204|issue=9|pages=1375–90|date=November 2011|pmid=21965090|doi=10.1093/infdis/jir523|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="rehmeyer_2011">{{Cite journal|last=Rehmeyer C|first=CJ|year=2011|title=Male Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Studies Reviewed by Infection Stage and Virus Type|journal=J Am Osteopath Assoc|volume=111|issue=3 suppl 2|pages=S11–S18|pmid=21415373}}</ref> ni dulim soli doriti.<ref name="AAP_2012" /> Di lahi nyɛla din baligiri yoɣu din kpɛri doo tooni, ka di bi tooi gbaari dabba yiriŋ.<ref name="AAP_2012" /> Di bahi bahandi di nyɛla din ni soŋ n gu ka taɣi dori shɛŋa maa zaa yoli, di bi wuhi ni di gunimi bihi yiriŋ , di yi kana tiggbana ban lɛbigi ni.<ref name="lissauer_2012" /> Di yi lahi lihi dabba ni paɣaba laɣimbu doriti la, di wuhiya ni gunubu nyɛla din taɣiri niri ka chɛri dori shɛŋa, nti pahi dori shɛŋa din yiri na doo ni doo laɣambu ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yuan|first=Tanwei|last2=Fitzpatrick|first2=Thomas|last3=Ko|first3=Nai-Ying|last4=Cai|first4=Yong|last5=Chen|first5=Yingqing|last6=Zhao|first6=Jin|last7=Li|first7=Linghua|last8=Xu|first8=Junjie|last9=Gu|first9=Jing|date=April 2019|title=Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data|journal=The Lancet Global Health|volume=7|issue=4|pages=e436–e447|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30567-9|issn=2214-109X|pmid=30879508|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yuuni 2010, vihigu daa wuhiya ni alaafeei tumtumdiba ni daa guni shɛba ka yɛli gola daa niŋ nyɛla kobigi puuni vaabu yim ni pirigili (1.5%) bihi ni, ni kobigi puuni vaabu dibaayobu bikura beei ninkura ni, ka ban daa mali yɛligola pam bi galisi.<ref name="weiss_2010_complications" /> Ʒi yiri biɛɣu, doro nti pahi gbaŋ maa paabu yaɣi n nye yɛligola shɛŋa din i tooi kana.<ref name="weiss_2010_complications" /> Saha shɛŋa biɛni, di che ka dulim di doli so shɛli yiri doo tooni maa bi yoori viɛnyela, dini n ye di yɛligoli kpeeni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Selekman|first=Rachel|title=Campbell Walsh Wein Urology|last2=Copp|first2=Hillary|publisher=Elsevier|year=2020|isbn=9780323672276|editor-last=Partin|editor-first=Alan|edition=12th|location=|pages=388–402|chapter=Urologic Evaluation of the Child|editor-last2=|editor-first2=}}</ref> Yɛligola ŋo nyɛla din galisi di yi niŋ ka niri ŋun dii bi mi di yɛltoɣa guni nira, beei ka o zaŋ su shɛli din ka kasi, beei di yi niŋ ka bi gundi ninkura.<ref name="weiss_2010_complications">{{Cite journal|last=Weiss|first=HA|title=Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review|journal=BMC Urol|volume=10|pages=2|year=2010|pmid=20158883|pmc=2835667|doi=10.1186/1471-2490-10-2|last2=Larke|first2=N|last3=Halperin|first3=D|last4=Schenker|first4=I}}</ref> Di yi niŋ ka bi guni nira, di pala bin shɛli din mali yɛli muɣisirili beei yɛlgola di yi niŋ ka o yi yen laɣim paɣa, beei di ni boori doo kpaŋmaŋa laɣimbu sheei.<ref name="Morris et al. 2013">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=BJ|last2=Krieger|first2=JN|title=Does male circumcision affect sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction?--a systematic review|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|date=November 2013|volume=10|issue=11|pages=2644–57|pmid=23937309|doi=10.1111/jsm.12293|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.6628}}</ref> Di yi pu duniya yaanga zuɣu dabba buta, vaabu yim nyɛla bi ni guni shɛba.<ref name="WHO_2007_GTDPSA" /><ref name="weiss_2010_complications" /><ref name="WHO_2010_neonatal_child_MC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/neonatal_child_MC_UNAIDS.pdf|title=Neonatal and child male circumcision: a global review|access-date=12 April 2015|year=2010|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224325/http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/neonatal_child_MC_UNAIDS.pdf|archive-date=2016-01-18}}</ref> Gunubu nyɛla din niŋ bayaana musulinima , di yaahuudaawanima ni , ka di nyɛla adiini zuɣu, ni [[United States]], nti pahi Southeast Asia ni [[Afrika]].<ref name="WHO_2007_GTDPSA" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Owings|first=Maria|title=Products - Health E Stats - Trends in Circumcision Among Male Newborns Born in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/Circumcision_2013.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|publisher=The Centers for Disease Control|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123154548/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/circumcision_2013.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Luɣ'shɛŋa gunibi ni bi doli adiini n nye : Europe, Latin America, Southern Africa yaɣa shɛŋa , ni Asia yaɣa pam.<ref name="WHO_2007_GTDPSA" /> Gunubu ni pili shɛli bi neei ti, amaa bini tuu nya sabbu ka gunibu be dini, lala sabbu ŋo daa nyɛla din yi [[Egypt]] na.<ref name="WHO_2007_GTDPSA" /><ref name="Doy2005">{{Cite journal|last=Doyle D|title=Ritual male circumcision: a brief history|journal=The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|volume=35|issue=3|pages=279–285|date=October 2005|pmid=16402509}}</ref> Baŋsim yaɣa pam nyɛla ban sabi wuhi di ni ni tooi niŋ ka gunubu pili luɣ'shɛli, ka shɛbi yeli ni di nyɛla maligu adiini puuni, beei soli din wuhiri ni bidib'bila ba leegi doo.<ref name="alanis_2004">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Alanis MC, Lucidi RS|title=Neonatal circumcision: a review of the world's oldest and most controversial operation|journal=Obstet Gynecol Surv|volume=59|issue=5|pages=379–95|date=May 2004|pmid=15097799|doi=10.1097/00006254-200405000-00026}}</ref> Di nyɛla din pahi adiini zalilsi puuni , di yi kana Judaism adiini ni.<ref name="glass_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Glass JM|title=Religious circumcision: a Jewish view|journal=[[BJUI]]|volume=83 Suppl 1|pages=17–21|date=January 1999|pmid=10349410|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1017.x}}</ref> ka lahi nyɛ binshɛli musulinima ni zoogi ka bi niŋda , dolodolonima shɛba gba.<ref name="WHO_2007_GTDPSA" /><ref name="clark_2011">{{Cite book|last=Clark M|title=Islam For Dummies|page=170|date=10 March 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-05396-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PA178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PA178|archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> Di yi lɛbigi gunubu sliminsili, lala bachi maa nyɛla din yi Latin yeltoɣa ni "circumdere" din gbinni nye "n ŋmaagi gili".<ref name="WHO_2007_GTDPSA" /> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] 4py1ymcj8brhssw6l3b9akuy197csci Smallpox 0 33036 146158 145719 2026-08-10T21:56:33Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|url-status=live}}</ref> variola vera,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|url-status=live}}</ref> pox,<ref name="Fenner_1988"/> red plague<ref name=Peg2017/>|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist |* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> * '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>}}|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|duration=About 4 weeks<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)<ref name=CDC2016What/><ref name=She2004/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag/>|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis & Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/>|treatment=[[Supportive care]]<ref name=WHO2007Fact/>|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/>|prognosis=30% risk of death<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=}}'''Smallpox''' daa nyɛla dori loorili din yirina virosi balibu dibaa ayi sunsuuni,''Variola major'' mini ''Variola minor''.<ref name="She2004">{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|edition=4th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/525 525]–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}</ref> Lala doro ŋo maa bahigu bɛ ni nya shɛli daa lula October 1997 puuni, ka anduniya alaafee tuma duuɣu (WHO) daa di shahira n wuhi ni lala doro ŋɔ maa nyɛ la dini nyahi duniya yaaŋa zuɣu yuuni 1980 puuni.<ref name="WHO2007Fact">{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}</ref> Ninsala zaa zaŋ chan kpipu polo daa paai vaabu pihita kobiga puuni di yi daa niŋ ka lala doro ŋɔ maa gbaagi O, ka lee zoo bihi puuni.<ref name="CDC2016What">{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rie2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}</ref> Dizooya pam ka ninvuɣu shaba ban daa kpaŋ lala doro ŋo maa puuni mali wulɛ kara bɛ ningbuna zuɣu, ka shaba mi daa lɛbi zoombaOften those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind.<ref name="CDC2016What" /> Doro maa tuuli nahingbana puuni n nyɛ ningbun duɣili mini tiri.<ref name="CDC2016Sym2">{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ŋo maa nyaaŋa din daa kanna n daa nyɛ nolini yuma ni ningbungbaŋ taɣabu.<ref name="CDC2016Sym2" /> Dabaa shɛm nyaaŋa ka ningbun gbaŋ maa taɣibu maa du kom n ning bɛn goo ka di sunsuuni gbi boɣili<ref name="CDC2016Sym2" /> Di nyaaŋa ka bɛni goo maa kuui n kaɣisi lu ka chɛ wulɛri.<ref name="CDC2016Sym2" /> Doro maa daa nyɛla din wuligira ninsala nima sunsuuni bee n doli bɛni yari shɛŋa dini shihi din tahiri doro maa na.<ref name="CDC2016What" /><ref name="Leb2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last1=Lebwohl|first1=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Di gu ka taɣi daa kuli nyɛla doro maa vaccine zaŋ tum tuma..<ref name="CDC2017Tx">{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Di daa yi niŋ ka doro maa pun kpe, antivirus ti shɛŋa daa naan tooi soŋ.<ref name="CDC2017Tx" /> Smallpox ni pili shɛli nyɛla so ni ka milinsi.<ref name="CDC2017His2">{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shahira din daŋ n wuhiri doro maa bɛnibu nuyɛla din daa yipolo 3rd century BCE, Egypt pkiin shɛba bɛ ni gu n soŋ ni.<ref name="CDC2017His2" /> Tarihi wuhiya ni doro maa daa yila doro wuligibu ni na.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" />Europe 18th-century ni, laasabu wuhiya ni niriba tuhi kobisinahi(400,0000) n daa kpalindi doro maani yuuni kam, ka vaabu pihita ni ata kobiga puuni ban gali mi lɛbi zoomba.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays20052">{{cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}</ref> Lala kum ŋo maa puuni nanima ayobu daa bɛ di puuni<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays20052" /> Laasabu wuhiya ni smallpox daa ku niriba n paai million kobisita (300 million) 20th century puuni<ref>{{cite book|first1=Hilary|last1=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|url=https://archive.org/details/microbehuntersth0000unse|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/microbehuntersth0000unse/page/23 23]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}</ref> ni kamani niriba million kobisinu (500 million) yuun kobiga bahigu shɛlini dini daa bɛni maa.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}</ref> Saha din miri na kamani yuuni 1967 polo, doro maa daa gbahiri niriba n paai million piiya ni anu (15 million) yuuni pulini<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Shahira wuhiya ni smallpox gu ka taɣi nyɛla din pili China kamani 1500 ni.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Needham|first1=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&lpg=PA259&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&lpg=PA259&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&lpg=PA10&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&lpg=PA10&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe daa toɣisila lala ŋo maa tatabo Asia, 18th century piligu yuum pirigili.<ref name="strathern179">{{cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}</ref> Yuuni 1796 Edward Jenner daa yihiʒemana ti shɛli din ni gu ka taɣi smallpox (smallpox vaccine) <ref name="Wolfe2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuuni 1967, anduniya alaafee tuma duzuɣu(WHO) daa kpaŋsi bɛ tuma ni bɛ nyɛhi doro maa<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Smallpox nyɛla dori loora dibaayi puuni yini shɛli bɛni nyɛhi duniya yaaŋa zuɣu, din bala maa n nyɛ rinderpest yuuni 2011 puuni.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guidotti|first1=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roossinck|first1=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Doro maa yuli maa "smallpox" daa nyɛla din boli piligu Britain puuni 16th tuuli ka di nyɛla din yɛn bo waliginsim niŋ dimini syphilis sunsuuni, bɛ ni daa mi shɛli "great pox".<ref>{{cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bar1997">{{cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1997-10-15_127_8/page/635|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}</ref> Tarihi wuhiya ni yu shɛŋa bɛ ni daa lahi booni doro maa n nyɛ pox, speckled monster, ni red plague<ref name="Fenner_1988">{{cite book|vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID|chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World|title=Smallpox and its eradication|series=History of International Public Health|volume=6|date=1988|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156110-5|hdl=10665/39485|pages=209–44|chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peg2017">{{cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bar19972">{{cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1997-10-15_127_8/page/635|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] m33eciqjk8uvb9f168l21ezu4j8iuav Tib' bindi 0 33080 146133 135903 2026-08-10T21:08:38Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Earwax|synonym=Cerumen|image=OhrenSchmalzBrocken.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Wet-type human earwax|pronounce=Cerumen {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|ɹ|uː|m|ɛ|n}}|specialty=[[Otorhinolaryngology]]|symptoms=None, [[hearing loss]], pain, [[dizziness]]<ref name=AFP2007/>|onset=|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Hearing aid|Hearing aids]], [[earplugs]]<ref name=Stat2022/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=[[Mineral oil]]<ref name=Stat2022/>|treatment=Irrigation, agents to [[cerumenolytic|break down the wax]], mechanical means<ref name=Stat2022/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=6% (impacted wax)<ref name=Stat2022/>|deaths=}}'''Tib' bindi''', bɛ ni lahi shɛli '''cerumen''', nyɛla ninshɛɣu din nye zaɣu tankpaɣu m be Tib' vɔli puuni.<ref name="Hor2020">{{Cite journal|last=Horton|first=GA|last2=Simpson|first2=MTW|last3=Beyea|first3=MM|last4=Beyea|first4=JA|title=Cerumen Management: An Updated Clinical Review and Evidence-Based Approach for Primary Care Physicians.|journal=Journal of primary care & community health|date=January 2020|volume=11|pages=2150132720904181|doi=10.1177/2150132720904181|pmid=31994443}}</ref> Din nyɛla din tahiri tibili maa ka chɛri dɔriti binnɛma, kɔm n ti pahi [[Binneeŋa|binneenbihi]].<ref name="Stat2022">{{Cite journal|last=Sevy|first=JO|last2=Singh|first2=A|title=Cerumen Impaction Removal|date=January 2022|pmid=28846265|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Hali din niŋ ka di ka yɛlimuɣisira tibili puuni la, di yi galisi yaɣi, di nyɛla din ni tooi tahi [[Kpuribu]] na bee biɛrim bee Nini sabbu.<ref name="AFP2007">{{Cite journal|last=McCarter|first=DF|last2=Courtney|first2=AU|last3=Pollart|first3=SM|title=Cerumen impaction.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-05-15_75_10/page/1523|journal=American family physician|date=15 May 2007|volume=75|issue=10|pages=1523-8|pmid=17555144}}</ref> Di yɛlimuɣisira ni lahi tooi nye otitis externa.<ref name="AFP2007" /> Din tooi tahiri ŋa na n nye Wumbu kpatuɣa mini Vuri taɣiriisi.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Tib' bindi nyɛla ningbuŋ binnɛma mini ningbuŋ kom din yirina ceruminous mini sebaceous glands na ni laɣim nam shɛli<ref name="Stat2022" /> Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ dɔlila n zaŋ otoscope n-lihi tib' vɔli maa puuni viɛnyɛla <ref name="Stat2022" /> Tib' bindi nyɛla din tooi yiri tibili puuni saha kam.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Di yi niŋ ka doro nahingbana yi polo, di yibbu na ni tooi dɔli kom niŋ n niŋ tibili maa puuni, bee binyɛra din yɛn maa wurisi Tib' bindi, bee ka niri maŋmaŋ yiɣili na.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Kpam niŋ n niŋ tibili maa puuni nyɛla din ni tooi sɔŋsi ka Tib' bindi maa bɛ zoori yaɣira.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Gumdi kpula mini Tibili buɣim wuɣisibu nyɛla niŋsim shɛŋa din bɛ simsi ni ti niŋda.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Kobgu puuni Salo ban kalinli yiɣisi vaabu ayɔbu (6%) nyɛla ban mali tib' bindi din ŋari bɛ tiba ni, ka vaabu din paai pihita (30%) nyɛla zaɣi kura ban mali ŋa.<ref name="Stat2022" /> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] dhy3wyew6n6sknfyuxxejt57qniy8cs Stroke 0 33081 146107 135825 2026-08-10T20:41:20Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Gbali ni boɣu|synonym="Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)", "cerebrovascular insult (CVI)", zuɣupurini sarati|image=MCA Territory Infarct.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Zuɣupurini foto "CT Scan" din wuhiri nudirigu yaɣili zuɣupuri kpibu , ka diliri nyɛmi ʒi soli n ŋari. Lala anfooni ŋo taɣibu nyɛla binshɛli din bi nei viɛnyela di saha shɛli gbali ni boɣu ŋo ni tuui niŋ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce=|specialty="Neurology"|symptoms=Ningbuna yaɣi yini kpibu, yɛltoɣa bi yɛri vienyɛla, ninsabiga, muɣisigu di yi kana ningbuna yaɣi shɛŋa kpiɣibu beei n zaŋ ku bukaata, kamani boɣu, gbali ni din pahi, nangbani ŋmaligibu <ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014S/>|onset=|duration=|causes=[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)<ref name=HLB2014W/>|risks=ʒi duli, taba nyubu, barilim , kpam yi galisi niri ningbuna nu, shikiri doro, yaan nina doro, suhuni dori shɛŋa<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018"/>|diagnosis=Di dolila nahingbana ni zuɣu anfooni yaabu<ref name=HLB2014D/><ref name=AFP2009/>|differential=Kum ( di yi niŋ ka shikiri bi zoogi niri ʒim ni)<ref name=HLB2014D/>|prevention=|treatment=Di dolila di balli <ref name=Donnan2008/>|medication=|prognosis=Niriba prigili bi paari yuuni <ref name=Donnan2008/>|frequency=42.4 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=6.3 million (yuuni 2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}} Gbali ni boɣu nyɛla dori shɛli din gbaari nira di yi niŋ ka ʒim bi dori viɛnyela n chani o zoɣu puri ni. Ka lala ŋo che ka zuɣu puri maa yaɣi shɛŋa kpira.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Gbali ni boɣu doro ŋo nyɛla din pu buyi zuɣu : n daam "ischemic" di yi ti niŋ ka ʒim bi zori viɛnyela niri zuɣu puri ni, din pahi ayi n nye "hemorragic", din kanna di yi ti niŋ ka lala ʒi soya ŋo tahika ʒim yi n kpe zuɣu puri maa yaɣi shɛŋa.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Di ʒii buyi ŋo zaa nyɛla din che ka zuɣu puri maa yaɣi shɛŋa bi tumdi viɛnyela.<ref name="HLB2014W">{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Gbali ni boɣu nahingbana shɛŋa n nye: di che ka niri bi tooi kpuɣiri o ningbina yaɣi shɛli, bee ka niri ningbuna yaɣili kpira, yɛlgola zaŋkana gbaabu bee yɛltoɣa yelibu polo, ninsabiga, bee ka niri ninbili yini zom.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Lala nahingbana ŋo nyɛla din yiri polo di yi niŋ ka gbali ni boɣu doro ŋo pili.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Di yi niŋ ka nahingbana maa bi paagi awa zaɣi yini bee awa dibaayi, di boonilila "transient ischemic attack (TIA)" din gbunni nye " gbali ni boɣu din kana ka gari" saha shɛŋa di lahi booni li gbali ni boɣu zaɣi bila..<ref name="HLB2014S">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Gbali ni boɣu din daliri doli zuɣu ni ʒisoya tahibu maa nyɛla din ni tooi tahi zuɣu yaali taliga na.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Saha shɛŋa nahingbana shɛŋa ni tooi kpalim hali di yi niŋ ka niri nya tibbu.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Yɛlgola din ni tooi kana niri biɛhigu ni di ti niŋ ka o nye gbali ni boɣu doro n nye: kohingu nti pahi saha shɛŋa di ni tooi che ka niri ku tooi lahi gbubi dulim.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Binshɛli din zoogi ka di tahiri doro ŋo na n nye: ʒi duli.<ref name="HLB2014C">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref>din pahi n nye: shigaari bee taba nyubu, barilim ti yaɣi, kpam yi galisi niri ningbuna ni, shikir doro, di yi niŋ ka niri na mini nya binshɛli dini boli "gbali ni boɣu zaɣi bili la" , yaan nina doro, ni suhu ni dori shɛŋa gba.<ref name="HLB2014C" /><ref name="Hu2018">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}</ref> Di ni boli shɛli " ischemic stroke" la nyɛla din gbaari nira, di ni niŋ ka binshɛli ŋari ʒi soli din kpɛri ni zuɣu puri ni.<ref name="HLB2014T" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08|df=}}</ref> Di dabam shɛli di ni boli "hemorrhagic stroke" nyɛla din gbaari nira di yi ti niŋ ka ʒi soli ʒahigi ka ʒim yi n kpe niri zuɣupuri ni bee poli shɛli din be zuɣupuri ni binshɛli din pilli sunsuni.<ref name="HLB2014T">{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Feigin05">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_stroke_2005-12_36_12/page/2773|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Poi ka bi ti yɛli ni niri mali lala doro ŋo, bi yɛn vihila o ningbuna n nye nahingbana shɛŋa din be di ni, ka lahi yaagi o zuɣu foto dini mi shɛli "CT scan" beei "MRI scan".<ref name="HLB2014D" /> "CT Scan" ŋo nyela din ni tooi lihi bo ʒi soya din ŋma beei n ŋahigi, amaa di ku tooi lihi gbaagi ʒi soya din ŋari.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2009-07-01_80_1/page/n40|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}</ref>Vihisi kamani "electrocardiogram" din lihiri niri suhi ni tumdi shɛm, nti pahi niri ʒim ni vihibu gba nyɛla bini niŋdi shɛli ni bi bo n nya daliri shɛli din tahi doro maa na.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Saha shɛŋa, di yi niŋ ka shikiri ka niri ʒim ni, dibahi bahandi kum yi mali niri yuugi, di nahingbana ni tooi chaŋ nti ŋmani gbali ni boɣu nahingbana.<ref name="HLB2014D">{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Di ni yɛn doli so shɛŋa n gu ka taɣi lala doro ŋo n nye: ka di baligi binshɛŋa din tahiri li na, beei ka di yɛligi ʒi soya din be niri zuɣupuri ni, nti pahi tima zaŋ ti niriba ban mali suhuni doriti ni dori shɛŋa din che ka ʒim gbihira.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Tima kamani Aspirin beei statins nyɛla bini mali shɛli tira n taɣiri gbali ni boɣu doro.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Gbali ni boɣu yi gbaagi so, di tu ni di di valiŋ n bo tibiri suŋ n ti o.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Doro ŋo yi pili, ka di daŋ gbaali kamani awa dibaata ni dibaanahi ni pirigili sunsuni, di nyɛla binshɛli dini ni tooi zaŋ tima din nyeligira ʒi shɛŋa din gbihi maa n tibi.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Di yi niŋ ka niri yaɣi shɛŋa kpi, tibbu soya shɛŋa biɛni ka bi ni tooi zaŋ ni di labisi lala yaɣili maa na ka di ni lahi tooi tum tuma: amaa lala ŋo bi zoogi yaɣa pam diniya yaanga zuɣu. Yuuni 2013, niriba ban kalinli daa yaɣi million dibaayobu daa nyɛla ban nye "ischemic stroke" ka million dibaata ni chanji daa nye " hemorrhagic stroke".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Yuuni 2015, niriba million pihinahinaayi , ban na min pun nye gbali ni boɣu doro ka na be bi nyɛvuli ni.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Yuuni 1990 ni 2010 sunsuni, gbali ni boɣu doro kalinli daa nyɛla din boori yuuni kam kamani vaabu pia zuɣu ( duniya yaɣi shɛŋa din daa lɛbigi vienyɛla) ka nye din kalinli daa leei pahiri yuuni kam kamani kobigi puuni vaabu pia ( duniya yaɣi shɛŋa lɛbigimsim ni bi zoogi).<ref name="Fei2013" /> Yuuni 2015, gbali ni boɣu doro n daa nye dori shɛli din pahiri ayi n tahiri kum na ninsalinima ni, ka niriba ban daa kani ka di daliri nye gbali ni boɣu lala yuuni maa kalinli daa nyɛla million dibaayobu. Gbali ni boɣu ni gbaagi ninvuɣ'shɛba pirigili nyɛla ban bi paari yuuni. Di yi pu niriba ban mali li buta zuɣu, vaabu buyi nyɛla ban yuma yaɣi pihiyobunaanu.<ref name="Fei2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-18-24-2014_383_9913/page/245|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}</ref> == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] p60eczg2grjzq7izc0s3alxx7yajzsr Gbali ni boɣu 0 33082 146126 135843 2026-08-10T21:02:14Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Gbali ni boɣu | synonym = "Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)", "cerebrovascular insult (CVI)", zuɣupurini sarati | image = MCA Territory Infarct.svg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Zuɣupurini foto "CT Scan" din wuhiri nudirigu yaɣili zuɣupuri kpibu , ka diliri nyɛmi ʒi soli n ŋari. Lala anfooni ŋo taɣibu nyɛla binshɛli din bi nei viɛnyela di saha shɛli gbali ni boɣu ŋo ni tuui niŋ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}</ref> | pronounce = | specialty = "Neurology" | symptoms = Ningbuna yaɣi yini kpibu, yɛltoɣa bi yɛri vienyɛla, ninsabiga, muɣisigu di yi kana ningbuna yaɣi shɛŋa kpiɣibu beei n zaŋ ku bukaata, kamani boɣu, gbali ni din pahi, nangbani ŋmaligibu<ref name=HLB2014S/> | onset = | duration = | causes = [[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)<ref name=HLB2014W/> | risks = ʒi duli, taba nyubu, barilim , kpam yi galisi niri ningbuna nu, shikiri doro, yaan nina doro, suhuni dori shɛŋa<ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018"/> | diagnosis = Di dolila nahingbana ni zuɣu anfooni yaabu<ref name=HLB2014D/><ref name=AFP2009/> | differential = Kum ( di yi niŋ ka shikiri bi zoogi niri ʒim ni)<ref name=HLB2014D/> | prevention = | treatment = Di dolila di balli | medication = | prognosis = Niriba prigili bi paari yuuni | frequency = 42.4 million (2015) | deaths = 6.3 million (yuuni 2015) }} Gbali ni boɣu nyɛla dori shɛli din gbaari nira di yi niŋ ka ʒim bi dori viɛnyela n chani o zoɣu puri ni. Ka lala ŋo che ka zuɣu puri maa yaɣi shɛŋa kpira.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Gbali ni boɣu doro ŋo nyɛla din pu buyi zuɣu : n daam "ischemic" di yi ti niŋ ka ʒim bi zori viɛnyela niri zuɣu puri ni, din pahi ayi n nye "hemorragic", din kanna di yi ti niŋ ka lala ʒi soya ŋo tahika ʒim yi n kpe zuɣu puri maa yaɣi shɛŋa.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Di ʒii buyi ŋo zaa nyɛla din che ka zuɣu puri maa yaɣi shɛŋa bi tumdi viɛnyela.<ref name="HLB2014W">{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Gbali ni boɣu nahingbana shɛŋa n nye: di che ka niri bi tooi kpuɣiri o ningbina yaɣi shɛli, bee ka niri ningbuna yaɣili kpira, yɛlgola zaŋkana gbaabu bee yɛltoɣa yelibu polo, ninsabiga, bee ka niri ninbili yini zom.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Lala nahingbana ŋo nyɛla din yiri polo di yi niŋ ka gbali ni boɣu doro ŋo pili.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Di yi niŋ ka nahingbana maa bi paagi awa zaɣi yini bee awa dibaayi, di boonilila "transient ischemic attack (TIA)" din gbunni nye " gbali ni boɣu din kana ka gari" saha shɛŋa di lahi booni li gbali ni boɣu zaɣi bila..<ref name="HLB2014S">{{Cite journal|last=Donnan|first=Geoffrey A.|last2=Fisher|first2=Marc|last3=Macleod|first3=Malcolm|last4=Davis|first4=Stephen M.|date=2008-05-10|title=Stroke|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)60694-7/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=371|issue=9624|pages=1612–1623|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60694-7|issn=0140-6736|pmid=18468545}}</ref> Gbali ni boɣu din daliri doli zuɣu ni ʒisoya tahibu maa nyɛla din ni tooi tahi zuɣu yaali taliga na.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Saha shɛŋa nahingbana shɛŋa ni tooi kpalim hali di yi niŋ ka niri nya tibbu.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Yɛlgola din ni tooi kana niri biɛhigu ni di ti niŋ ka o nye gbali ni boɣu doro n nye: kohingu nti pahi saha shɛŋa di ni tooi che ka niri ku tooi lahi gbubi dulim.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Binshɛli din zoogi ka di tahiri doro ŋo na n nye: ʒi duli.<ref name="HLB2014C">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref>din pahi n nye: shigaari bee taba nyubu, barilim ti yaɣi, kpam yi galisi niri ningbuna ni, shikir doro, di yi niŋ ka niri na mini nya binshɛli dini boli "gbali ni boɣu zaɣi bili la" , yaan nina doro, ni suhu ni dori shɛŋa gba.<ref name="HLB2014C" /><ref name="Hu2018">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}</ref> Di ni boli shɛli " ischemic stroke" la nyɛla din gbaari nira, di ni niŋ ka binshɛli ŋari ʒi soli din kpɛri ni zuɣu puri ni.<ref name="HLB2014T" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08|df=}}</ref> Di dabam shɛli di ni boli "hemorrhagic stroke" nyɛla din gbaari nira di yi ti niŋ ka ʒi soli ʒahigi ka ʒim yi n kpe niri zuɣupuri ni bee poli shɛli din be zuɣupuri ni binshɛli din pilli sunsuni.<ref name="HLB2014T">{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Feigin05">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_stroke_2005-12_36_12/page/2773|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Poi ka bi ti yɛli ni niri mali lala doro ŋo, bi yɛn vihila o ningbuna n nye nahingbana shɛŋa din be di ni, ka lahi yaagi o zuɣu foto dini mi shɛli "CT scan" beei "MRI scan".<ref name="HLB2014D" /> "CT Scan" ŋo nyela din ni tooi lihi bo ʒi soya din ŋma beei n ŋahigi, amaa di ku tooi lihi gbaagi ʒi soya din ŋari.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2009-07-01_80_1/page/n40|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}</ref>Vihisi kamani "electrocardiogram" din lihiri niri suhi ni tumdi shɛm, nti pahi niri ʒim ni vihibu gba nyɛla bini niŋdi shɛli ni bi bo n nya daliri shɛli din tahi doro maa na.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Saha shɛŋa, di yi niŋ ka shikiri ka niri ʒim ni, dibahi bahandi kum yi mali niri yuugi, di nahingbana ni tooi chaŋ nti ŋmani gbali ni boɣu nahingbana.<ref name="HLB2014D">{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Di ni yɛn doli so shɛŋa n gu ka taɣi lala doro ŋo n nye: ka di baligi binshɛŋa din tahiri li na, beei ka di yɛligi ʒi soya din be niri zuɣupuri ni, nti pahi tima zaŋ ti niriba ban mali suhuni doriti ni dori shɛŋa din che ka ʒim gbihira.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Tima kamani Aspirin beei statins nyɛla bini mali shɛli tira n taɣiri gbali ni boɣu doro.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Gbali ni boɣu yi gbaagi so, di tu ni di di valiŋ n bo tibiri suŋ n ti o.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Doro ŋo yi pili, ka di daŋ gbaali kamani awa dibaata ni dibaanahi ni pirigili sunsuni, di nyɛla binshɛli dini ni tooi zaŋ tima din nyeligira ʒi shɛŋa din gbihi maa n tibi.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Di yi niŋ ka niri yaɣi shɛŋa kpi, tibbu soya shɛŋa biɛni ka bi ni tooi zaŋ ni di labisi lala yaɣili maa na ka di ni lahi tooi tum tuma: amaa lala ŋo bi zoogi yaɣa pam diniya yaanga zuɣu. Yuuni 2013, niriba ban kalinli daa yaɣi million dibaayobu daa nyɛla ban nye "ischemic stroke" ka million dibaata ni chanji daa nye " hemorrhagic stroke".<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Yuuni 2015, niriba million pihinahinaayi , ban na min pun nye gbali ni boɣu doro ka na be bi nyɛvuli ni.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Yuuni 1990 ni 2010 sunsuni, gbali ni boɣu doro kalinli daa nyɛla din boori yuuni kam kamani vaabu pia zuɣu ( duniya yaɣi shɛŋa din daa lɛbigi vienyɛla) ka nye din kalinli daa leei pahiri yuuni kam kamani kobigi puuni vaabu pia ( duniya yaɣi shɛŋa lɛbigimsim ni bi zoogi).<ref name="Fei2013" /> Yuuni 2015, gbali ni boɣu doro n daa nye dori shɛli din pahiri ayi n tahiri kum na ninsalinima ni, ka niriba ban daa kani ka di daliri nye gbali ni boɣu lala yuuni maa kalinli daa nyɛla million dibaayobu. Gbali ni boɣu ni gbaagi ninvuɣ'shɛba pirigili nyɛla ban bi paari yuuni. Di yi pu niriba ban mali li buta zuɣu, vaabu buyi nyɛla ban yuma yaɣi pihiyobunaanu.<ref name="Fei2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-18-24-2014_383_9913/page/245|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}</ref> == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] a5jfm1whxovacidpmuyhyd70pgcs01l Niger River 0 33169 146211 145823 2026-08-10T23:30:53Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Major river in West Africa}} {{pp-pc1}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox river | name = {{collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;|title = Niger River|{{font|{{native name|fr|Fleuve Niger}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{lang|mnk|Joliba}} {{font|([[Maninka language|Maninka]])|size=81%|css=font-weight:normal;}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|bm|Jeluba}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|ff|Mayo Ɓalewo 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤴𞤮 𞤄𞤢𞤤𞤫𞤮}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|taq|Egerew {{lang|taq|ⴻⴳⴻⵔⴻⵡ}}}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{lang|dje|Issa Beri}} {{font|([[Zarma language|Zarma]])|size=81%|css=font-weight:normal;}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|ha|Kwara}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|ijo|Toru Beni}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|yo|Ọya}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|ig|Óshimiri/ Oshimili}}|size=76%}}}} | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Unknown (possibly from [[Berber languages|Berber]] for River ''Gher'' or local Tuareg word ''n-igereouen'' meaning "big rivers")<ref>{{cite web |title=niger {{!}} Origin and meaning of the name niger by Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/niger |website=etymonline.com |language=en |access-date=2021-04-26 |archive-date=2022-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014033414/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Niger |url-status=live }}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Niger, Niamey, Pont Kennedy (1).jpg | image_size = 325px | image_caption = The Pont Kennedy across the Niger at [[Niamey]], early 2019 | mapframe = yes | mapframe-shape-fill-opacity = .1 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-frame-width = 325 | mapframe-point = none | mapframe-stroke-width = 4 | mapframe-stroke-color = #0000FF | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|Guinea|Mali|Niger|Benin|Nigeria}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Tembakounda]]|[[Bamako]]|[[Timbuktu]]|[[Niamey]]|[[Lokoja]]|[[Onitsha]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 4,200 | length_ref = <ref name="The Niger River Basin - A Vision for Sustainable Management">{{cite book |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/wbkwbpubs/7397.htm |title=The Niger River Basin – A Vision for Sustainable Management |last1=Inger |first1=Andersen |last2=Ousmane |first2=Dione |last3=Martha |first3=Jarosewich-Holder |last4=Jean-Claude |first4=Olivry |last5=Katherin |first5=George Golitzen |isbn=978-0-8213-6203-7 |year=2005 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=2023-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104003516/https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/wbkwbpubs/7397.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = {{cvt|1.24|km}} to {{cvt|1.73|km}} ([[Lokoja]])<ref name="35-years decadal changes in platform morphology of the Niger and Benue confluence, West Africa">{{cite journal |url=https://www.authorea.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/essoar.10512089.1 |title=35-years decadal changes in platform morphology of the Niger and Benue confluence, West Africa |last1=Muhedeen |first1=Lawal |last2=Kamaldeen Olakunle |first2=Omosanya |year=2022 |doi=10.1002/essoar.10512089.1 |journal=ESS Open Archive |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = {{cvt|37|m}} ([[Lokoja]])<ref name="35-years decadal changes in platform morphology of the Niger and Benue confluence, West Africa"/> | discharge1_location= [[Niger Delta]]<ref name="WWD Continents">{{cite web |url=http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/AFRICAN/Niger/niger.htm |title=WWD Continents |website=geol.lsu.edu |access-date=28 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008103921/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/AFRICAN/Niger/niger.htm |archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> | discharge1_avg =(Period: 2010–2018){{cvt|270.5|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Water Accounting in the Niger River Basin"/>{{refn|name=discharge1|group=n|Multiannual average: 9,275 m³/s (1921–1985)<ref name="Spatial and temporal runoff oscillation analysis of the main rivers of the world during the 19th–20th centuries">[http://www.adbarno.it/rep/biblio/Pekarova.pdf](PDF; 773&nbsp; KB)</ref>}} | discharge1_min ={{cvt|3,931|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Spatial and temporal runoff oscillation analysis of the main rivers of the world during the 19th–20th centuries"/> | discharge1_max = {{cvt|15,200|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Spatial and temporal runoff oscillation analysis of the main rivers of the world during the 19th–20th centuries"/> <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1_location = [[Guinea Highlands]], [[Guinea-Conakry]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|09|05|50|N|10|40|58|W|type:river}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|850|m}} | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean]] | mouth_location = Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5|19|20|N|6|28|9|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Gulf of Guinea]] | river_system = [[List of drainage basins by area|Niger River]] | basin_size ={{cvt|2,117,700–2,273,946|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="FAO"/> | tributaries_left = [[Tinkisso River|Tinkisso]], [[Sokoto River|Sokoto]], [[Kaduna River|Kaduna]], [[Gurara Waterfalls|Gurara]], [[Benue River|Benue]], [[Anambra River|Anambra]] | tributaries_right = [[Niandan]], [[Milo River|Milo]], [[Sankarani River|Sankarani]], [[Bani River|Bani]], [[Béli River|Gorouol]], [[Sirba River|Sirba]], [[Mékrou River|Mékrou]], [[Alibori River|Alibori]], [[Sota River|Sota]], [[Oli River|Oli]], [[Orashi River|Orashi]], [[Escravos River|Warri]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location= [[Onitsha]] |discharge2_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|6,470.8|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Niger">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=51&catid=202&Itemid=179|title=Niger|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref>{{refn|name=discharge2|group=n|Multiannual average: 7,000 m³/s (1914–1957)<ref name="DONNÉES HYDROLOGIQUES ESSENTIELLES CONCERNANT LE NIGER">[https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_31-32/32981.pdf](PDF; 1,55&nbsp; MB)</ref>}} |discharge3_location=[[Lokoja]] |discharge3_min= {{cvt|1,934|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024">{{cite web|url=http://nigerhycos.abn.ne/portal/spip.php?article517|title=BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024|access-date=2024-09-17|archive-date=2024-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917013217/http://nigerhycos.abn.ne/portal/spip.php?article517}}</ref><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2024/2025">[https://www.abn.ne/index.php/files/15/Bulletins-hydrologiques-fr-FR/95/Bilanhydrologique2024-2025.pdf](PDF; 888&nbsp; KB)</ref> (minimum record in 1916: 500 m³/s<ref name=study>{{cite web |url=http://www.risorseidriche.dica.unict.it/Sito_STAHY2010_web/pdf_papers/AbrateT_HubertP_SighomnouD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101085233/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gF9Pb96gxA0J:www.risorseidriche.dica.unict.it/Sito_STAHY2010_web/pdf_papers/AbrateT_HubertP_SighomnouD.pdf+niger+river+peak+discharge&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |title=A Study On The Hydrological Series Of The Niger River At Koulikoro, Niamey And Lokoja Stations |first=Ing. Antonio |last=Castano |access-date=28 April 2018 }}</ref>) |discharge3_avg=(Period: 2000–2025){{cvt|6,743.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024"/><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2024/2025"/>{{refn|name=discharge3|group=n|Multiannual average: 6,332 m³/s (1915–2019)<ref name="Long–term streamflow discharge from the Niger River Basin into the delta region">{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02626667.2025.2478137|title=Long–term streamflow discharge from the Niger River Basin into the delta region|last=Matthew|first=Afolabi|journal=Hydrological Sciences|volume=70|issue=7|page=1038-1051|date=2025|doi=10.1080/02626667.2025.2478137}}</ref>}} | discharge3_max ={{cvt|21,872|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024"/><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2024/2025"/> |discharge4_location=[[Niamey]] |discharge4_min={{cvt|58.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024"/><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2024/2025"/> |discharge4_avg=(Period: 2000–2025){{cvt|978.8|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024"/><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2024/2025"/> |discharge4_max={{cvt|1,996.6|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024"/><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2024/2025"/> |discharge5_location=[[Bamako]] |discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|1,091.7|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Niger"/>}} '''Niger River''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} {{respell|NY|jər}}; {{Langx|fr|(le) fleuve Niger}} {{IPA|fr|(lə) flœv niʒɛʁ|}}) ŋɔ nyɛla mɔɣ'titali zaŋ n-ti [[West Africa]], di yɛliŋ nyɛla din paai kamani {{Convert|4180|km|abbr=off}}. Di nyɛla di ni tooi kpɛ kom hali ni {{cvt|2,117,700|km2|sqmi|-2}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter H. |author-link=Peter Gleick |title=The World's Water, 2000–2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater |year=2000 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-55963-792-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldswater200020000glei/page/33 33] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldswater200020000glei/page/33 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Di pili li nyɛ [[Guinea Highlands]] din be Guinea zaŋ chaŋ di mini Sierra Leone tarisi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Niger River |url=https://geography.name/niger-river/ |website=geography.name |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426134355/https://geography.name/niger-river/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Niger River |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Geography |publisher=Facts On File, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA665 |last=Thompson |first=Samuel |editor-last1=McColl |editor-first1=R. W. |page=665 |isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3}}</ref> Mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din zori kpɛri [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Benin]] n-ti pahi [[Nigeria]] ka nyɛ din zori naari [[River delta|delta]] ka niriba pam nyɛ ban mi li [[Niger Delta]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-12-04 |title=Rivers of the World: The Niger River |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-niger-river/ |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB |access-date=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027131915/https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-niger-river/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ni [[Gulf of Guinea]] din be [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Niger mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din pahiri pinaanahi dunia mɔɣ'kara ni ka nyɛ din pahiri dibaa ata gbaŋsabila mɔɣa ni, di nyɛla din doli Nile mini Congo mɔɣili nyaaŋa. Mɔɣili yaɣ'shɛli nyɛ Benue mɔɣili.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Benue River &#124; Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Benue-River}}</ref> ==Gbunni == [[File:Niger, Boubon (16), scene at the river front.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Commercial activity along the river front at [[Boubon]], in [[Niger]]]] Niger ŋɔ nyɛla din mali yu bɔbugu zaŋ n-ti balli koŋkoba din be lala yaɣili maa: * [[Fula language|Fula]]: ''Maayo Jaaliba'' {{lang|ff|𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤴𞤮 𞤔𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭𞤦𞤢}} * [[Manding languages|Manding]]: ''Jeliba'' {{lang|man|ߖߋ߬ߟߌߓߊ߬}} or ''Joliba'' {{lang|man|ߖߏ߬ߟߌߓߊ߬}} "great river" * [[Tuareg languages|Tuareg]]: ''Eġərəw n-Igərǝwăn'' {{lang|tmh|ⴴⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴴⵔⵓⵏ}} "river of rivers" * [[Songhay languages|Songhay]]: ''Isa'' "the river" * [[Zarma language|Zarma]]: ''Isa Beeri'' "great river"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Idrissa |first1=Abdourahmane |last2=Decalo |first2=Samuel |date=June 1, 2012 |title=Historical Dictionary of Niger |edition=4th |page=274 |location=Plymouth, UK |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6094-0}}</ref> * [[Hausa language|Hausa]]: ''Kwara'' {{lang|ha|كوَرَ}} * [[Nupe language|Nupe]]: ''Èdù'' * [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]: ''Odo Ọya'' "named after the Yoruba goddess [[Ọya]]," * [[Igbo language|Igbo]]: ''Orimiri'' or ''Orimili'' "great water" * [[Ijaw languages|Ijaw]]: ''Toru Beni'' "the river water" == Climate == Din nyɛ din be [[West Africa]] yaɣili zuɣu, Niger mɔɣili nyɛla din mali tulim pirinla din nyɛla yaɣ'shɛli din nyari wuntaŋ pam la zuɣu ka bi tooi nyari saa di gbaai bahindi bin din gbaai Silimiin goli October zaŋ hali ni Silimiin goli May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiley |first=Penny |date=2011-12-01 |title=Climate change, water and conflict in the Niger river basin |url=https://www.international-alert.org/publications/climate-change-water-and-conflict-niger-river-basin/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=International Alert |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004091209/https://www.international-alert.org/publications/climate-change-water-and-conflict-niger-river-basin/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Mali.A2001291.1045.250m.jpg|thumb|right|The great bend of the Niger River, seen from space, creates a green arc through the brown of the [[Sahel]] and Savanna. The green mass on the left is the [[Inner Niger Delta]], and on the far left are tributaries of the [[Senegal River]].]] [[File:Niger River Center Island.jpg|thumb|right|Mud houses on the center island at [[Lake Debo]], a wide section of the Niger River]] ===Drainage basin=== Niger mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din be western [[Africa]] ka nyɛ din deegi tiŋgbani maa polo kamani 7.5% gili tiŋgbana pia. Niger River basin: areas and rainfall by country<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |title=Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach, The Niger Basin |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4347e/w4347e0i.htm |publisher=[[FAO]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721033139/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4347e/w4347e0i.htm |archive-date=2017-07-21 |date=1997}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2" |Country ! colspan="3" | Area of the country within the basin ! rowspan="2" | Average rainfall in the basin (mm) |- ! (km<sup>2</sup>) ! (% of total basin) ! (% of country within basin) |- |[[Algeria]] {{flagicon|Algeria}} |193,449 |8.5 |8% |20 |- |[[Benin]] {{flagicon|Benin}} |46,384 |2.0 |40% |1,055 |- |[[Burkina Faso]] {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} |76,621 |3.4 |28% |655 |- |[[Cameroon]] {{flagicon|Cameroon}} |89,249 |3.9 |19% |1,330 |- |[[Chad]] {{flagicon|Chad}} |20,339 |0.9 |1.6% |975 |- |[[Côte d'Ivoire]] {{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}} |23,770 |1.0 |7% |1,466 |- |[[Guinea]] {{flagicon|Guinea}} |96,880 |4.3 |39% |1,635 |- |[[Mali]] {{flagicon|Mali}} |578,850 |25.5 |47% |440 |- |[[Niger]] {{flagicon|Niger}} |564,211 |24.8 |45% |280 |- |[[Nigeria]] {{flagicon|Nigeria}} |584,193 |25.7 |63% |1,185 |- | colspan="4" | |- |''For Niger basin'' |''2,273,946'' |''100.0'' |''ns'' |''690'' |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Hydrometric stations on the Niger River: ! rowspan="2" | Station ! rowspan="2" |River kilometer (rkm) ! rowspan="2" |Altitude (m) ! rowspan="2" |Basin size (km<sup>2</sup>) ! colspan="3" | Multiannual average discharge |- ! Year start ! (m<sup>3</sup>/s) ! (km<sup>3</sup>) |- |[[Niger Delta]] |0 |0 |2,273,946 |1914 |7,922.3 |250 |- | colspan="7" |'''Lower Niger''' |- |[[Onitsha]] |270 |14 |2,240,019 |1914 |6,470.8 |204 |- |[[Lokoja]] |480 |34 |2,204,500 |1914 |5,754.7 |182 |- |[[Baro (Nigeria)|Baro]] |600 |47 |1,845,300 |1914 |2,349.8 |74 |- |[[Jebba]] |810 |73 |1,751,000 |1970 |1,457.3 |46 |- |[[Kainji Dam]] |900 |100 |1,711,300 |1970 |1,153.9 |36 |- | colspan="7" |'''Middle Niger''' |- |[[Gaya, Nigeria|Gaya]] |1,120 |156 |1,404,600 |1929 |1,086.7 |34 |- |[[Malanville]] |1,130 |157 |1,399,238 |1929 |1,086.7 |34 |- |[[Niamey]] |1,420 |176 |791,121 |1929 |893.4 |28 |- |[[Ansongo]] |1,770 |241 |647,527 |1949 |806.8 |26 |- |[[Gao]] |1,860 |245 |549,876 |1947 |875.6 |28 |- |[[Timbuktu]] |2,460 |256 |382,469 |1975 |950.7 |30 |- | colspan="7" |'''[[Inner Niger Delta|Inner Delta]]''' |- |[[Diré]] |2,540 |257 |372,588 |1924 |1,113 |35 |- |[[Mopti]] |2,900 |261 |308,186 |1922 |1,742.9 |55 |- | colspan="7" |'''Upper Niger''' |- |[[Macina, Mali|Ké Macina]] |3,050 |271 |143,361 |1945 |1,330 |42 |- |[[Ségou]] |3,200 |280 |132,838 |1945 |1,344.5 |42 |- |[[Koulikoro]] |3,440 |289 |119,029 |1907 |1,351 |43 |- |[[Bamako]] |3,500 |316 |114,800 |1907 |1,371.2 |43 |- |[[Siguiri]] |3,600 |337 |67,631 |1967 |919 |29 |- |[[Kouroussa]] |3,800 |357 |18,900 |1950 |232 |7 |- |[[Faranah]] |4,040 |424 |3,196 |1950 |69.5 |2 |- |colspan="7" | Source:<ref name="GRDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/05_cllbrtn/54_rvrbsns/nba.html;jsessionid=B68338B0CA980923BCCBB2D34823EBD4.live21323?nn=201642 |title=GRDC |access-date=2023-01-11 |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111211402/https://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/05_cllbrtn/54_rvrbsns/nba.html;jsessionid=B68338B0CA980923BCCBB2D34823EBD4.live21323?nn=201642 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Niger River">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger-River |title=Niger River |date=14 June 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230110955/https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger-River |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Niger River Basin - A Vision for Sustainable Management"/><ref name="Prabhu TL 2021">{{cite web |author=Prabhu TL |year=2021 |title=Agricultural Engineering: An Introduction To Agricultural Engineering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1o0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Niger+6925+m3/s&pg=PT1156 |publisher=NestFame Creations Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125071257/https://books.google.com/books?id=t1o0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Niger+6925+m3/s&pg=PT1156 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Niger"/> |} [[File:River Niger at Bomadi.jpg|thumb|River Niger at Bomadi]] ==Discharge== Niger mɔɣili ŋɔ ni tooi yiri shɛm kpɛri [[Niger Delta]] (bin din gbaai yuuni 2010 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 2018):<ref name="Water Accounting in the Niger River Basin">{{cite book |title=Water Accounting in the Niger River Basin |year=2020 |doi=10.4060/cb1274en |isbn=978-92-5-133378-5|s2cid=242320135 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | Year ! colspan="3" | Average discharge |- ! km<sup>3</sup> ! m<sup>3</sup>/s ! cfs |- | 2010 | 288.1 | 9,130 | 322,410 |- | 2011 | 245.7 | 7,786 | 274,960 |- | 2012 | 320.3 | 10,150 | 358,440 |- | 2013 | 224.4 | 7,111 | 251,120 |- | 2014 | 251.2 | 7,960 | 281,110 |- | 2015 | 235.3 | 7,456 | 263,320 |- | 2016 | 286.8 | 9,088 | 320,950 |- | 2017 | 270.9 | 8,585 | 303,160 |- | 2018 | 311.6 | 9,874 | 348,700 |- | colspan="4" | |- | ''2010–2018'' | ''270.5'' | '''''8,572''''' | ''302,710'' |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Average, minimum and maximum discharge of the Niger River at [[Koulikoro]] (Upper Niger), [[Niamey]] (Middle Niger) and [[Lokoja]] (Lower Niger). Period from 2000/06/01 to 2025/05/31. ! rowspan="3" | Water year ! colspan="9" |Discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) |- ! colspan="3" | [[Koulikoro]] ! colspan="3" | [[Niamey]] ! colspan="3" | [[Lokoja]] |- ! Min ! Mean ! Max ! Min ! Mean ! Max ! Min ! Mean ! Max |- |2000/01 |149 |1,150 |3,860 |70.6 |942 |1,810 |2,112 |8,504 |32,080 |- |2001/02 |140 |1,270 |5,520 |48.9 |895 |1,680 |2,157 |5,338 |18,885 |- |2002/03 |177 |904 |3,120 |90.4 |796 |1,610 |2,000 |5,297 |17,012 |- |2003/04 |92.7 |1,230 |5,210 |21.6 |922 |1,870 |1,592 |6,225 |19,025 |- |2004/05 |120 |876 |3,370 |59 |890 |1,880 |2,107 |5,683 |16,098 |- |2005/06 |121 |1,060 |3,400 |73.9 |856 |1,660 |1,801 |4,849 |13,792 |- |2006/07 |143 |1,111 |3,631 |47.4 |855 |1,710 |1,781 |5,291 |19,389 |- |2007/08 |34.2 |962 |4,854 |33.2 |925 |1,840 |2,227 |6,767 |19,941 |- |2008/09 |135 |1,443 |4,837 |34 |945 |1,830 |1,535 |6,161 |20,426 |- |2009/10 |142 |1,302 |4,660 | colspan="3" rowspan="2" | |2,101 |7,637 |20,534 |- |2010/11 |170 |1,260 |3,916 |2,166 |7,225 |21,272 |- |2011/12 |92 |924 |3,912 | |801 | |1,835 |5,736 |16,912 |- |2012/13 |149 |1,146 |4,562 |73 |1,115 |2,492 |1,731 |8,612 |31,692 |- |2013/14 |137 |1,080 |6,297 | |852 | |1,546 |5,783 |16,430 |- |2014/15 |104 |863 |3,695 |53 |752 |1,542 |1,570 |6,352 |19,664 |- |2015/16 |129 |1,002 |3,719 |53 |958 |2,123 |1,753 |6,054 |27,285 |- |2016/17 |106 |974 |5,845 | |1,059 | |2,550 |7,272 |20,613 |- |2017/18 |77 |677 |2,338 |107 |801 |1,791 |2,058 |6,781 |21,020 |- |2018/19 |43 |1,256 |7,555 | |1,223 | |2,046 |7,900 |25,612 |- |2019/20 |174 |933 |4,158 |10 |1,060 |2,677 |1,594 |8,751 |24,800 |- |2020/21 |66 |999 |5,023 |58 |1,418 |3,398 |2,131 |7,570 |28,082 |- |2021/22 |77 |824 |3,275 |135 |1,106 |2,121 |2,021 |5,913 |17,688 |- |2022/23 |66 |891 |3,851 |44 |1,074 |1,869 |1,997 |8,288 |33,136 |- |2023/24 |55 |748 |3,401 |44 |874 |1,595 |2,107 |7,491 |20,578 |- |2024/25 |55 |1,331 |6,192 |49 |1,394 |2,438 |1,826 |7,100 |24,835 |- | colspan="10" |Source:<ref name="Essai de segmentation">{{cite web |url=http://m2hh.metis.upmc.fr/wp-content/uploads/arch/memories2007/Abrate_memorie07.pdf |title=Essai de segmentation des sèries annuelles des dèbits du Niger aux stations de Koulikoro, Niamey at Lokoja |last1=Tommaso |first1=Abrate |last2=Prof. Pierre |first2=Hubert |year=2007 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="AUTORITE DU BASSIN DU NIGER">{{cite web|url=http://www.abn.ne/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=28&lang=en&ltemid=28&lang=en|title=AUTORITE DU BASSIN DU NIGER}}</ref><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024"/><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2024/2025"/> |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Niger River at [[Lokoja]] average, minimum and maximum discharge (1946 to 2023): ! rowspan="2" | Water year ! colspan="3" |Discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) ! rowspan="2" | Water year ! colspan="3" |Discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) |- ! Min ! ''Mean'' ! Max ! Min ! ''Mean'' !Max |- |1946/47 |788 |''4,824'' |16,600 |1985/86 |1,110 |''4,601'' |15,800 |- |1947/48 |1,010 |''6,258'' |21,000 |1986/87 |1,210 |''4,027'' |11,400 |- |1948/49 |915 |''6,427'' |20,900 |1987/88 |1,390 |''3,849'' |11,800 |- |1949/50 |842 |''5,849'' |19,200 |1988/89 |1,070 |''4,615'' |15,100 |- |1950/51 |935 |''4,755'' |15,000 |1989/90 |1,110 |''5,589'' |16,300 |- |1951/52 |1,290 |''6,662'' |20,400 |1990/91 |1,790 |''5,045'' |14,800 |- |1952/53 |2,260 |''5,674'' |18,300 |1991/92 |1,770 |''6,387'' |18,400 |- |1953/54 |1,840 |''6,405'' |18,500 |1992/93 |1,930 |''5,570'' |15,300 |- |1954/55 |2,130 |''7,733'' |24,900 |1993/94 |1,949 |''4,908'' |11,895 |- |1955/56 |2,400 |''8,247'' |24,600 |1994/95 |1,945 |''5,915'' |20,418 |- |1956/57 |1,870 |''5,394'' |18,100 |1995/96 |1,945 |''6,284'' |17,713 |- |1957/58 |1,480 |''7,769'' |23,600 |1996/97 |2,103 |''6,020'' |19,914 |- |1958/59 |2,020 |''4,828'' |14,700 |1997/98 |2,406 |''5,677'' |15,548 |- |1959/60 |1,530 |''5,228'' |18,300 |1998/99 |2,315 |''7,175'' |23,491 |- |1960/61 |1,250 |''6,707'' |22,200 |1999/00 |2,618 |''7,652'' |23,090 |- |1961/62 |979 |''4,912'' |15,500 |2000/01 |2,112 |''8,504'' |32,080 |- |1962/63 |1,150 |''7,101'' |24,100 |2001/02 |2,157 |''5,338'' |18,885 |- |1963/64 |1,710 |''6,764'' |20,500 |2002/03 |2,000 |''5,297'' |17,012 |- |1964/65 |1,160 |''6,128'' |20,800 |2003/04 |1,592 |''6,225'' |19,025 |- |1965/66 |1,310 |''5,914'' |18,600 |2004/05 |2,107 |''5,683'' |16,098 |- |1966/67 |1,320 |''6,545'' |20,000 |2005/06 |1,801 |''4,849'' |13,792 |- |1967/68 |928 |''5,812'' |19,700 |2006/07 |1,781 |''5,291'' |19,389 |- |1968/69 |1,720 |''6,558'' |18,800 |2007/08 |2,227 |''6,767'' |19,941 |- |1969/70 |1,630 |''7,927'' |23,500 |2008/09 |1,535 |''6,161'' |20,426 |- |1970/71 |1,640 |''6,229'' |20,100 |2009/10 |2,101 |''7,637'' |20,534 |- |1971/72 |1,270 |''5,360'' |17,600 |2010/11 |2,166 |''7,225'' |21,272 |- |1972/73 |1,410 |''4,489'' |14,400 |2011/12 |1,835 |''5,736'' |16,912 |- |1973/74 |839 |''3,698'' |12,200 |2012/13 |1,731 |''8,612'' |31,692 |- |1974/75 |832 |''5,275'' |17,100 |2013/14 |1,546 |''5,783'' |16,430 |- |1975/76 |1,300 |''5,848'' |19,600 |2014/15 |1,570 |''6,352'' |19,664 |- |1976/77 |1,320 |''5,136'' |12,000 |2015/16 |1,753 |''6,054'' |27,285 |- |1977/78 |1,310 |''4,662'' |15,500 |2016/17 |2,550 |''6,555'' |20,613 |- |1978/79 |1,080 |''5,636'' |17,000 |2017/18 |2,058 |''6,781'' |21,020 |- |1979/80 |1,210 |''5,510'' |17,800 |2018/19 |2,046 |''7,900'' |25,612 |- |1980/81 |1,400 |''5,215'' |16,700 |2019/20 |1,594 |''8,751'' |24,800 |- |1981/82 |1,340 |''5,312'' |18,400 |2020/21 |2,131 |''7,570'' |28,082 |- |1982/83 |1,330 |''4,270'' |11,600 |2021/22 |2,021 |''5,913'' |17,688 |- |1983/84 |862 |''2,877'' |9,180 |2022/23 |1,997 |''8,288'' |33,136 |- |1984/85 |862 |''3,058'' |8,490 |2023/24 |2,107 |''7,491'' |20,578 |- |colspan="8" | Source:<ref name="Liste des stations avec des mesure de type Debit et du groupe NIGERIA">{{cite web|url=https://nigerhycos.abn.ne/user-anon/htm/listMultiStation.php?group_no=41&type_no=1&option_no=1|title=Liste des stations avec des mesure de type Debit et du groupe NIGERIA}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Essai de segmentation"/><ref name="AUTORITE DU BASSIN DU NIGER"/><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2023/2024"/><ref name="BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DU NIGER ANNEE 2024/2025"/> |} ==Tributaries== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km<sup>2</sup>) ! Average discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Niger Delta]]''' |- |Sombreiro | |60 |1,500 |65 |- | |[[Escravos River|Warri]] |100 |1,300 |38.3 |- | |Okpare |40 |1,100 |73.1 |- | |Eriola |50 |1,000 |30.8 |- |Ase (Asse) | |180 |3,500 |133.6 |- | |[[Orashi River|Orashi]] |205 |2,800 |147.8 |- | colspan="5" |'''Lower Niger''' |- |[[Anambra River|Anambra]] | |256 |14,014 |400.3 |- | |Otaw |40 |1,100 |48.9 |- | |Awele (Edien) |80 |3,300 |111.2 |- | |Ubo |70 |1,400 |25.8 |- | |Aguro |70 |1,900 |28.9 |- | |Oiryi (Oji) |67.72 |927 |15.7 |- |[[Benue River|Benue]] | |1,400 |338,385 |3,477 |- |[[Gurara Waterfalls|Gurara]] | |570 |15,254 |183.9 |- | |Epu |80 |800 |11.7 |- |Etsuan | |70 |1,450 |16.6 |- | |Kampe |175 |9,560 |126.5 |- |Gbako | |156 |7,540 |89.8 |- |[[Kaduna River|Kaduna]] | |575 |65,878 |641.5 |- | |Oro |113 |4,500 |71 |- |Yunko | |70 |1,698 |15.9 |- | |Oyi |120 |2,100 |30.2 |- | |Oshin |125 |2,132 |27.5 |- | |Awun |115.5 |6,300 |81 |- |Eku | |90 |3,230 |25.3 |- | |Moshi |232.22 |9,400 |69.5 |- | |[[Oli River|Oli]] |300 |11,200 |86.6 |- |[[Kontagora]] | |150 |4,500 |30.8 |- | |Tama |55 |900 |4 |- | |Menai |80 |1,300 |8.7 |- | |Swashi |100 |1,500 |10.4 |- | |Kpan |70 |1,800 |11.6 |- |Malendo | |220 |9,127 |62.9 |- |Baduru | |75 |1,500 |9.8 |- |Dan Zakhi | |110 |3,000 |26.7 |- |[[Sokoto River|Sokoto]] | |628 |193,000 |294.1 |- | |Shodu |100 |3,900 |22.3 |- |Dallol Maouri | |250 |72,551 |10.5 |- | |[[Sota River|Sota]] |254 |13,500 |50.3 |- | |[[Alibori River|Alibori]] |408 |13,650 |55.6 |- | |Diare |90 |2,000 |5.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Niger''' |- |[[Dallol Bosso]] | |350 |556,000 |4.4 |- | |[[Mékrou River|Mékrou]] |410 |10,635 |32.5 |- | |Tapoa |260 |5,500 |10.2 |- | |Diamangou |200 |4,400 |5.5 |- | |Goroubi |433 |15.500 |10.2 |- | |[[Sirba River|Sirba]] |439 |39,138 |27.2 |- | |[[Béli River|Gorouol]] |250 |60,842 |9 |- |Tilemsi | | |93,920 | |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Inner Niger Delta|Inner Delta]]''' |- | |[[Bani River|Bani]] |1,100 |129,400 |559 |- | colspan="5" |'''Upper Niger''' |- | |[[Sankarani River|Sankarani]] |679 |33,288 |305.6 |- | |Fié |210 |4,045 |31.7 |- |Koda (Koba) | |80 |4,940 |7.7 |- |[[Tinkisso River|Tinkisso]] | |570 |19,430 |181 |- | |[[Milo River|Milo]] |430 |13,590 |188 |- | |[[Niandan]] |300 |12,930 |251 |- | |Mafou |160 |4,075 |62.3 |- |Niantan | |60 | |12.1 |- |Bale | |80 | |31.6 |} <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ |title=FAO |access-date=2010-01-09 |archive-date=2011-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918232726/http://www.fao.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Niger"/> ==Lihimi m pahi == * {{annotated link|Azawagh}} * {{annotated link|Niger Basin Authority}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} ;Bibliography * {{cite book |first=Sanche de |last=Gramont |title=The Strong Brown God: The Story of the Niger River |url=https://archive.org/details/strongbrowngodst0000morg_b0c5 |publisher=Hart-Davis |year=1975 |isbn=0-246-10759-6}} * {{cite journal |last1=Plumb |first1=J. H. |title=The Niger Quest |journal=History Today |date=1952 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=243–251 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_1952-04_2_4/page/243|issn=}} * {{cite book |last=Reader |first=John |title=Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-620-25506-6}} * {{cite book |first=J. Oliver |last=Thomson |title=History of Ancient Geography |publisher=Biblo & Tannen Publishers |year=1948<!-- ISBNs before about 1965 are dubious |isbn=978-0-8196-0143-8 -->}} * {{cite book |first=R.L. |last=Welcomme |chapter=The Niger River System |editor-first=Bryan Robert |editor-last=Davies |editor2-first=Keith F. |editor2-last=Walker |title=The Ecology of River Systems |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=978-90-6193-540-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ecologyofriversy0000unse/page/9 9–60] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ecologyofriversy0000unse/page/9}} ==External links== {{wikimedia|voy=Nigeria|d=Q3542|c=Category:Niger River|species=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027204023/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=298&theme=2 Information and a map of the Niger's watershed] on http://www.wri.org/resources {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130024628/http://www.wri.org/resources |date=2015-11-30 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061111145727/http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af14.html Map of the Niger River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] (link broken) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141219/http://nigercurrents.ca/ Niger Currents: Exploring life and technology along the Niger River] * {{cite news |last1=Maas |first1=Pierre |last2=Mommersteeg |first2=Geert |title=Fishing in the Pondo |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199004/fishing.in.the.pondo.htm |work=Saudi Aramco World |issue= |date=1990 |archive-date=2014-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018030141/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199004/fishing.in.the.pondo.htm }} ===International law and the Niger River=== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218211327/http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 |date=2009-02-18 }} Peace Palace Library * {{cite journal |last1=Spadi |first1=Fabio |title=The International Court of Justice Judgment in the Benin–Niger Border Dispute: The Interplay of Titles and 'Effectivités' under the Uti Possidetis Juris Principle |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |date=December 2005 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=777–794 |doi=10.1017/S0922156505003006 |s2cid=145119157 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/international-court-of-justice-judgment-in-the-beninniger-border-dispute-the-interplay-of-titles-and-effectivites-under-the-uti-possidetis-juris-principle/8A2A7DDD601C070DFA7846C12576E5FF |language=en |issn=1478-9698 |archive-date=2018-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609153720/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/international-court-of-justice-judgment-in-the-beninniger-border-dispute-the-interplay-of-titles-and-effectivites-under-the-uti-possidetis-juris-principle/8A2A7DDD601C070DFA7846C12576E5FF |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Niger River| ]] [[Category:Benin–Niger border]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Inner Niger Delta]] [[Category:Physiographic sections]] [[Category:Rivers of Benin]] [[Category:Rivers of Guinea]] [[Category:Rivers of Mali]] [[Category:Rivers of Niger]] [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] l4iu91mbb0psuufd1spkgnts4obzvlv Bakolori Dam 0 33189 146085 145911 2026-08-10T19:58:26Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bakolori Dam''' ŋɔ nyɛla din be Sokoto yaɣili, [[Nigeria]]. Di nyɛla bɛ ni daa naai shɛli gbibu yuuni 1978 ka kom daa palli li yuuni 1981. Di nyɛla kom zaŋ n-ti [[Sokoto River]], mɔɣili shɛli din chaŋ n-ti chirigi Rima mɔɣili ka di zaa nyɛ din zori chani n-ti luri [[Niger River]]. Kom din be mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din sɔŋdi Bakolori kɔbu tuma di yi niŋ ka saa ŋmaai.<ref name=eawag>{{cite web |url=http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/seminars/Case%20studies/2005/051031_Bakolori%201.pdf|title = Bakolori Dam and Bakolori Irrigation Project – Sokoto River, Nigeria|author1= Akané Hartenbach|author2 = Jürgen Schuol|name-list-style = amp|date = October 2005|publisher= Eawag aquatic research institute|accessdate= 2010-01-10}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mɔɣili maa nyɛla din yɛliŋ paai 450 "million cubic meters" ka nyɛ din deegi polo din paagi yikanima 8,000.<ref name=helsinki>{{cite journal |url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol11num3/yahaya_02.pdf |title=DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES OF BAKOLORI IRRIGATION PROJECT IN SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA |author=MOHAMMED KUTA YAHAYA |journal=Nordic Journal of African Studies |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=411–430 |year=2002 |accessdate=2010-01-10 |archive-date=2021-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909184425/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol11num3/yahaya_02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mɔɣili ŋɔ gbibu nyɛla din daa chɛ ka pukpariba shɛba daa koŋ bɛ kɔbu shɛhi hali ka daa bɛ nya sɔŋsim shɛli. Ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban daa koŋ bɛ nyɛvuya saha shɛli bɛ ni daa yina n-ti tɔri ayirimo ni bɛ koŋ bɛ kɔbu shɛli la zuɣu.<ref name=loveejoy>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/displacementpoli0000unse/page/76 76] |title=Displacement and the politics of violence in Nigeria |url=https://archive.org/details/displacementpoli0000unse |publisher=BRILL |year=1997 |isbn=90-04-10876-9 |author8=Paul E. Lovejoy, Pat Ama Tokunbo Williams}}</ref>Lala tuma ŋɔ nyɛla niriba pam ni mi shɛli ka daliri nyɛla din daa bi chaŋ viɛnyɛla zuɣu.<ref>{{cite book |page=312 |title=Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and Practice |author1=David Anderson |author2=Richard H. Grove |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-521-34990-7}}</ref> [[File:Sokotorivermap.png|thumb|300px|Sokoto River Basin, showing the location of the dam]] == Downstream impact == [[File:Bakolori Irrigation Project1.png|thumb|Sketch map of Sokoto River showing Bakolori Dam and irrigation project]] Mɔɣili maa nyɛla din sɔŋdi pukpariba bɛ kɔbu ni amaa saha shɛŋa bɛ bi tooi nyari ko shɛli di ni tooi saɣi bɛ bindira ŋɔ.<ref name="Adam1993">{{cite journal|last=Adams|first=W.M.|date=September 1993|title=Development's deaf ear: Downstream users and water releases from the Bakolori Dam, Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_1993-09_21_9/page/1405|journal=World Development|volume=21|issue=9 |pages=1405–1416|doi=10.1016/0305-750X(93)90121-O}}</ref> Ninvuɣ shɛba ban su mɔɣili ŋɔ kom yoobu nyɛla ban daa diyi ka di baŋsim ka yoori kom maa bela bela saha shɛŋa di ni bora.<ref>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/futurelargedamsd00scud/page/n253 236] |title=The future of large dams: dealing with social, environmental, institutional and political costs |url=https://archive.org/details/futurelargedamsd00scud |url-access=limited |last=Scudder |first=Thayer |publisher=Earthscan |year=2005 |isbn=1-84407-155-3}}</ref> Mɔɣili maa kom nyɛla din boora wuuni amaa ka pahiri pam shɛɣuni.<ref name="Adam1993"/><ref name="Adam2000">{{cite web|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/eianew/eia/dams%20and%20development/kbase/contrib/soc195.pdf|title=Downstream Impacts of Dams|last=Adams|first=William |date=January 2000|work=Thematic Review I.1|publisher=World Commission on Dams|accessdate=2010-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225071601/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/eianew/eia/dams%20and%20development/kbase/contrib/soc195.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-25}}</ref> Ko'shɛli din sɔŋdi pukpariba ŋɔ kɔbu shee gba nyɛla din booi pirinla tulim chɛmi ka kom pam yiri kpɛri zuɣusaa wuuni.<ref name=helsinki/> Lala yaɣili ŋɔ zaa yikanima kalinli nyɛla 19,000 ka mɔɣili maa galisim nyɛ din deegi yikanima 7,000 shɛŋa bɛ ni daa mali kɔri shikaafa mini yikanima 5,000 shɛŋa bɛ ni daa mali kɔri wuuni.<ref name="Adam2000"/><ref>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/greendevelopment00adam_182/page/n257 231] |title=Green development: environment and sustainability in the Third World |url=https://archive.org/details/greendevelopment00adam_182 |url-access=limited |last=Adams |first=William Mark |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-14766-2}}</ref> Sam shɛli bɛ ni nya zaŋ chaŋ pukparilim yaɣii nyɛla din yiɣisi US$7&nbsp;miliyɔŋ yuuni puuni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/28/000333037_20080328012434/Rendered/PDF/263270NWP0REPL10Wetlands0Management.pdf |title=Water Resources and Environment Technical Note G.3 Wetlands Management |publisher=[[World Bank]] |place=Washington, D.C. US |last=de Schutter |first=Joop |year=2003 |page=15 |accessdate=2015-09-12}}</ref> ==Kundivihira == {{reflist}} [[Category:Dams in Nigeria]] [[Category:Sokoto State]] [[Category:Earth-filled dams]] [[Category:Dams completed in 1978]] [[Category:20th-century architecture in Nigeria]] li55onrmlx8oue7ulxlj316ra2jzjas Great Kwa River 0 33201 146232 145358 2026-08-11T00:23:19Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{short description|Waterfall in Cross River, Nigeria}} {{coord|4.781903|N|8.398018|E|display=title}} [[File:Kwafalls.jpg|thumb|Kwa Falls in [[Cross River National Park]]]] ''''''Great Kwa Mɔɣili''''' nyɛla din zori kpɛri [[Cross River State]], [[Nigeria]] ka nyɛ din lahi zori luri [[Calabar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mythology Behind the Great Kwa River - Guide to Nigeria tourism, local culture & investments |url=https://www.cometonigeria.com/uncategorized/the-great-kwa-river/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=www.cometonigeria.com |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709135801/https://www.cometonigeria.com/uncategorized/the-great-kwa-river/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mɔɣili nyɛla mɔɣ'shɛli din gabisi ni ninsalinima tun tumsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Mythology Behind the Great Kwa River - Guide to Nigeria tourism, local culture & investments |url=https://www.cometonigeria.com/uncategorized/the-great-kwa-river/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=www.cometonigeria.com |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709135801/https://www.cometonigeria.com/uncategorized/the-great-kwa-river/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Din be luɣ'shɛli == Mɔɣili maa nyɛla din piligi Oban Hills din be [[Cross River National Park]],<ref name=":0" /> ka nyɛ din zori wulinluhli chani n-ti chirigiri [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]].<ref name=Akpanetal/> Di naabu shee nyɛla din muɣilim ka zori kpari [[Calabar]].<ref name=Akpanetal/> ==Ninsalinima tuma== Ninsalinima tun tumsa mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi zoogi zahim gbahibu, kɔbu ni din kam pahi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ephraim |first=Bassey |title=Compositional evaluation and quality status of surface waters of MBAT- ABIATI and Oberekkai Creeks of the great Kwa River, Southeastern Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/36806612/Compositional_evaluation_and_quality_status_of_surface_waters_of_MBAT_ABIATI_and_Oberekkai_Creeks_of_the_great_Kwa_River_Southeastern_Nigeria}}</ref> Yaha, [[Calabar]] nyɛla din yɛligira pirinla din be [[Calabar Free Trade Zone]] ka dizuɣu chɛ niriba miri yanima mini tuma duri pam Great Kwa.<ref name=Akpanetal/> Shikuru yuli booni [[University of Calabar]] nyɛla din deegi yikanima kamani {{convert|17|ha|acre|adj=on}} Great Kwa mɔɣili mini [[Calabar River|Calabar mɔɣili]] sunsuun. Lala shikuru ŋɔ nyɛla din mali polo pam Great Kwa yaɣili..<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicaledu.com/about/Default.aspx |title=About Us |publisher=University of Calabar |accessdate=2011-09-09 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402092019/http://www.unicaledu.com/about/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Gabisibu == [[Calabar]] yaɣili din ka binshɛŋa bee maʒina din maani saɣiri ka lala zuɣu chɛ ka saɣiri ŋɔ tooi chani n-ti luri mɔɣa maa ni saha kam saa yi ti mi.<ref name=Akpanetal/> Yuuni 2008, vihigu din nyɛ "[[Vibrio]] bacteria" ni daa niŋ, lahabali nyɛla din daa wuhi ni Great Kwa mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din gabisi ni bina. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka salo koŋ bɛ alaafee kamani tiri ka nyari nyɛla di ni tooi gbahi niri kam ŋun nyu kom maa.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=245–8 |date=15 July 2008 |title=Seasonal occurrence of vibrios in water and shellfish obtained from the Great Kwa River estuary, Calabar, Nigeria. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology_2008-09_81_3/page/245 |vauthors=Eja ME, Abriba C, Etok CA, Ikpeme EM, Arikpo GE, Enyi-Idoh KH, Ofor UA |pmid=18626562 |doi=10.1007/s00128-008-9482-x}}<!--|accessdate=2011-09-09 --></ref> ==Kundivihira == <references> <ref name=Akpanetal>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecoservepublishers.org/article_11.htm |title=Baseline ecological studies of the Great Kwa River, Nigeria I: Physico-chemical studies |author1=E. R. Akpan |author2=J. O. Offem |author3=A. E. Nya |work=EcoServ |accessdate=2011-09-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402084001/http://www.ecoservepublishers.org/article_11.htm |archivedate=2012-04-02 |access-date=2026-05-30 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402084001/http://www.ecoservepublishers.org/article_11.htm }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] [[Category:Cross River State]] 7u6cs4r3zyxufdsud1hgk6h1k02ria4 Lake Bosumtwi 0 33222 146129 138285 2026-08-10T21:05:50Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Crater lake in Ghana}} {{Infobox body of water | name = Lake Bosumtwi | image = An Explosive Beginning for Lake Bosumtwi (154739 - 151229 lrg).jpg | caption = Satellite image of Lake Bosumtwi | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]] | coords = {{coord|06|30|20|N|01|24|33|W|region:GH-AH_type:waterbody_scale:100000|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Ancient lake]], [[Impact crater]] lake<br>1.07 million years old<ref name=EIDB /> | inflow = rainfall<ref name="LakeNet"/> | outflow = [[Endorheic basin|none]]<ref name="LakeNet"/> | catchment = {{convert|400|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="LakeNet"/> | basin_countries = Ghana | length = {{convert|8.6|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|8.1|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|49|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="LakeNet"/> | depth = {{convert|45|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="LakeNet"/> | max-depth = {{convert|81|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="LakeNet"/> | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|150|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ghana#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = <ref name="LakeNet">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=10252 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031128025500/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=10252 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 28, 2003 |title=Bosumtwi |website=LakeNet |access-date=2007-02-18}}</ref> }} '''Lake Bosomtwe''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana - Lake Bosomtwe |url=https://visitghana.com/attractions/lake-bosomtwe/#:~:text=Getting%20there,a%20community%20mounted%20entry%20point. |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> ka shɛba tooi sabiri li '''Bosumtwi''',<ref name="Touringghana">{{Cite web|url=https://touringghana.com/lake-bosomtwi/ |title=Lake Bosomtwi |date=2016-03-27 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US |access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref> di koŋko nyɛ "natural lake" din be [[Ghana]]. Di yaliŋ nyɛla din paai kamani{{convert|10.5|km|mi}}.<ref name="LakeNet"/> Di waɣilim nyɛla din be kamani {{cvt|30|km||}} zaŋ chaŋ [[Kumasi]], tiŋzuɣu zaŋ n-ti [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]]. Tiŋkpaŋsi din kalinli paai kamani pihita nyɛla din miri [[Impact crater lake|crater lake]] zaŋ n-ti Lake Bosomtwe ka bɛ zaa kalinli yiɣisi 70,000.<ref name="Touringghana"/> Lala tiŋkpaŋsi maa shɛli niriba pam ni mi nyɛ Abono.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Adom|first=Dickson|date=2018-01-01|title=The human impact and the aquatic biodiversity of lake Bosomtwe: rennaisance (sic) of the cultural traditions of Abono (Ghana)?|journal= Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research|volume=20|issue=1|pages=87–110|doi=10.1515/trser-2018-0007|issn=2344-3219|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Serwaa |first1=Maame |title=Why Ghana’s Lake Bosomtwe Should Be on Your Travel Bucket List |url=https://yochale.com/ghana-lake-bosomtwe |website=Yo Chale |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> Kanbonsi nyɛla ban nya Bosomtwe ka di nya ashili mɔɣili. Bɛ nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni kpimba nyɛla ban kanna ni n-ti puhiri [[Asase Ya]]. Lala daliri ŋɔ zuɣu, niri ni tooi gbahi zahim ni ni "wooden [[Plank (wood)|planks]]" koŋko. Zahim shɛba ban be lala mɔɣili ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛ [[Endemism|endemic]] cichlid ''[[Hemichromis frempongi]]'', ''[[Tilapia busumana]]'' n-ti pahi ''[[Tilapia discolor|T. discolor]]''.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Hemichromis | species = frempongi | month = February | year = 2012}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase | genus = Tilapia | species = busumana | month = February | year = 2012}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase | genus = Tilapia | species = discolor | month = February | year = 2012}}</ref> [[File:Bosumtwi Worldwind SW.jpg|thumb|right|Oblique view with 3x vertical exaggeration]] == Impact crater == [[File:Figure 2 PX of PDFs.jpg|thumb|Planar deformation features from the Bosumtwi impact crater visible under the optical and scanning electron microscope.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Losiak |first1=Anna |last2=Golebiowska |first2=Izabela |last3=Ferrière |first3=Ludovic |last4=Wojciechowski |first4=Jacek |last5=Huber |first5=Matthew S. |last6=Koeberl |first6=Christian |date=2016-04-01 |title=WIP: A Web-based program for indexing planar features in quartz grains and its usage |journal=[[Meteoritics & Planetary Science]] |language=en |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=647–662 |doi=10.1111/maps.12614 |issn=1945-5100 |bibcode=2016M&PS...51..647L|doi-access=free }}</ref>]] Lake Bosomtwe yaliŋ nyɛla din paai kamani {{convert|10.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} ka di yaliŋ ŋɔ nyɛ din gari saha ŋɔ lake din gba yaliŋ paai {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} ka di yuma bee yuusim paai kamani 1.07 miliyɔŋ ([[Pleistocene]] saha).<ref name=EIDB>{{cite Earth Impact DB| name = Bosumtwi | accessdate = 2009-08-12}}</ref><ref name=Koeberl2007>{{cite journal | author = Koeberl, C. |author2=Milkereit, B. |author3=Overpeck, J.T. |author4=Scholz, C.A. |author5=Amoako, P.Y.O. |author6=Boamah, D. |author7=Danuor, S. |author8=Karp, T. |author9=Kueck, J. |author10=Hecky, R.E. | year = 2007 | title = An international and multidisciplinary drilling project into a young complex impact structure: The 2004 ICDP Bosumtwi Crater Drilling Project—An overview | journal = Meteoritics & Planetary Science | volume = 42 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 483–511 | doi = 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb01057.x |bibcode = 2007M&PS...42..483K |s2cid=6897812 |display-authors=etal|url=http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:236501 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Di ziliŋ nyɛla din paai kamani {{convert|380|m|ft|abbr=on}} amaa di yi kali pahi lake sediments ziliŋ di nyɛla din paai - {{convert|750|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/Ghana/Ashanti/LakeBosumtwi.htm |title=Lake Bosumtwi |website=Wondermondo |date=2013-02-09}}</ref><ref name="Artemievaetal2004">{{cite journal | author = Artemieva, N.|author-link=Natalia Artemieva |author2=Karp, T. |author3=Milkereit, B. | year = 2004 | title = Investigating the Lake Bosumtwi impact structure: Insight from numerical modeling | journal = Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems | volume = 5 | issue = 11 |pages=Q11016 | doi = 10.1029/2004GC000733 |bibcode = 2004GGG.....511016A |display-authors=etal| doi-access = |s2cid=129665903 }}</ref> <ref name="Galiazzoetal2013">{{cite journal | author = Galiazzo, M. A. |author2=Bazsó, Á. |author3=Huber, M. S. |author4=Losiak, A. |author5=Dvorak, R. |author6=Koeberl, C. | year = 2013 | title = A statistical dynamical study of meteorite impactors: A case study based on parameters derived from the Bosumtwi impact event | journal = Astronomische Nachrichten | volume = 334 | issue = 9 | pages = 936–939 | doi = 10.1002/asna.201211964 |bibcode = 2013AN....334..936G |display-authors=etal|arxiv=1305.3631|s2cid=118723115 }}</ref> == Climate history == Di daa na nyɛla mɔɣini din mali binkɔbiri pam pɔi ni "asteroid impact" ka kom daa piligi nambu ka bɛ daa boli li Lake Bosomtwe.<ref name=bbc> {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3736040.stm |title= Drilling for Africa's climate history |work=BBC News |accessdate=2018-04-02 |last=Pease |first=Roland |date=2004-10-12 }} </ref> Di nyɛla luɣishɛli saa ni daa miri pam kamani yuun kɔbisita nyaaŋa.<ref>Shanahan et al. 2009</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1166352?rss=1 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3= Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=J. W. |last5=Cole |first5=J. E. |last6=Dettman |first6=D. L. |last7=Peck |first7=J. A. |last8=Scholz |first8=C. A. |last9=King |first9=J. W. |date=April 17, 2009 |journal=Science |volume=324 |access-date=April 2, 2018|bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S|citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}</ref> {{wide image|Lake Bosumtwi Panorama.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|[[Panorama]] of Lake Bosomtwe}} ==Lihimi m pahi == *[[Lake Iro]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} * {{cite journal|journal=Geology|year=1998|volume=26|issue=6|pages=543–546|title=Detailed structural analysis of the rim of a large, complex impact crater; Bosumtwi Crater, Ghana|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_1998-06_26_6/page/543|author1=Wolf U. Reimold |author2=Dion Brandt |author3=Christian Koeberl |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0543:DSAOTR>2.3.CO;2|bibcode = 1998Geo....26..543R |s2cid=7349719}} == External links == {{Commons category|Lake Bosumtwi}} * [http://bosomtwe.aplikate.eu Lake Bosomtwe Ecotourism Map and Guide (notice: "Bosomtwe" is the correct spelling according to Kumasi University)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717045150/http://bosomtwe.aplikate.eu/ |date=2015-07-17 }} * [http://www.icdp-online.org/projects/world/africa/lake-bosumtwi/ Lake Bosomtwe Drilling Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618215100/https://www.icdp-online.org/projects/world/africa/lake-bosumtwi/ |date=2020-06-18 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bosumtwi}} [[Category:Ancient lakes]] [[Category:Ashanti Region]] [[Category:Impact crater lakes]] [[Category:Lakes of Ghana]] [[Category:Impact craters of Ghana]] [[Category:Pleistocene impact craters]] [[Category:Sacred lakes]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Ghana]] sthw89t5laphxzqixv5f96n5f9cf83s List of drainage basins by area 0 33378 146205 141354 2026-08-10T23:23:40Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:Ocean drainage.svg|thumb|350px|Major [[continental divide]]s, showing drainage into the major oceans and seas of the world--Drainage basins of the principal oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the ocean.]] Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla mɔɣ'shɛŋa din deeri kom yuya (shɛba nyɛla ban booni li "catchments" bee North American ni mi li shɛm. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla teekunima , mɔɣa, Lakenima n ti pahi kulibɔŋ shɛŋa din zaa pahi. Kulibɔŋ kam din galisim gari {{convert|400000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli pahi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/divide/poster/background1.gif|title=Background|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715185837/http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/divide/poster/background1.gif|archive-date=15 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Basins== {| border="0" style="width:100%;" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |- " ! colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| [[Continent]] color key |- | style="background:#ccf;"|[[Africa]] | style="background:#ffa;"|[[Asia]] | style="background:#fcf;"|[[Eurasia|Asia/Europe]] | style="background:pink;"|[[Europe]] | style="background:#cff;"|[[North America]] | style="background:#7CFC00;"|[[Australia_(continent)|Australia]] | style="background:#ffd39b;"|[[South America]] | style="background:#d4d4d4;"|[[Antarctica]] |} |} {| class="sortable wikitable" ! rowspan=2 style="width:18em;"|Basin ! rowspan=2|Type ! rowspan=2|Continent ! rowspan=2|Drains to ! colspan=2|Basin area ! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Notes |- ! km<sup>2</sup> ! mi<sup>2</sup> |- |[[Atlantic Ocean]] || Ocean || Multiple || n/a || {{convert|69800000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} ||{{refn|group=Note|name=appx|This is an approximate value based on [[GIS|geospatial data]] from the [[USGS]].[https://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation/gtopo30/hydro/] Approximate values for the area of Greenland and Antarctica were added to this data.}}<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite web |title=Largest Drainage Basins In The World |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/largest-drainage-basins-in-the-world.html#:~:text=Largest%20Drainage%20Basins%20in%20the%20World%20%20,%20%2019%2C400%2C000%20%2011%20more%20rows%20 |website=WorldAtlas | date=17 May 2018 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> |- |[[Arctic Ocean]]|| Ocean || Multiple || n/a || {{convert|23100000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group=Note name="appx"/> |- |[[Pacific Ocean]]|| Ocean || Multiple || n/a || {{convert|20300000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group=Note name="appx"/><ref name="Atlantic"/> |- |[[Indian Ocean]]|| Ocean || Multiple || n/a || {{convert|19400000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group=Note name="appx"/> |- |[[Southern Ocean]] || Ocean || style="background:#d4d4d4;"| [[Antarctica]] || n/a || {{convert|14000000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group=Note name="appx"/><ref group="Note" name="ant">The value listed here assumes that the entire continent drains to the ocean, such as through the many [[ice stream]]s, [[outlet glacier]]s, and seasonal [[glacial stream]]s along the coast. However, there are many small endorheic lakes, for example in the [[McMurdo Dry Valleys]].</ref> |- | [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]-[[Black Sea]] system || [[Mediterranean seas|Mediterranean sea]]|| Multiple || Atlantic Ocean <ref group="Note" name="drain">Note that the connection between a [[mediterranean sea (oceanography)|mediterranean sea]] (or a large [[estuary]]) and its parent ocean usually involves simultaneous inflow and outflow in the lower and upper water layers of the connecting channel. Depending on the salinity of the sea, the upper layer may either flow into or out from the ocean; the bottom layer will flow the opposite direction.</ref>|| {{convert| 7770000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}<!-- 5.34 + 2.43 = 7.77 millions--> || <ref name=CD>{{cite journal | title=Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system | author=García-García, D. | journal=[[Climate Dynamics]] | year=2022 | volume=59 | issue=7–8 | pages=1919–1938 | doi=10.1007/s00382-022-06188-2 | bibcode=2022ClDy...59.1919G | s2cid=238770852 |quote=In the continents, the drainage basins discharging into the Mediterranean and Black seas are defined according to the global continental runoff pathways scheme (Oki and Sud 1998), and they cover 5.34 × 10<sup>6</sup> and 2.43 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup>, respectively| doi-access=free | hdl=10045/121760 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> |- |[[Amazon Basin|Amazon River]]|| Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;" |[[South America]] || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|6200000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | <ref name="wotw">{{cite web|url=http://netedu.xauat.edu.cn/jpkc/netedu/jpkc2009/szylyybh/content/wlzy/4/Watersheds%20of%20the%20World%202005.pdf|title=Watersheds of the World 2005 |publisher=Water Resources eAtlas|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> |- |[[Gulf of Mexico]] and [[Caribbean Sea]]|| Mediterranean sea || Multiple || Atlantic Ocean <ref group=Note name="drain"/> || {{convert|6200000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group=Note name="appx"/> |- | [[Mediterranean Sea]] || Mediterranean sea || Multiple || Atlantic Ocean <ref group=Note name="drain">Note that the connection between a [[mediterranean sea (oceanography)|mediterranean sea]] (or a large [[estuary]]) and its parent ocean usually involves simultaneous inflow and outflow in the lower and upper water layers of the connecting channel. Depending on the salinity of the sea, the upper layer may either flow into or out from the ocean; the bottom layer will flow the opposite direction.</ref> || {{convert|5880000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7012534000000000000" |2,060,000<ref name=CD/> |- |[[Hudson Bay drainage basin]] || Mediterranean sea || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|3861400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Congo River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| [[Africa]] || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|3730881|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Caspian Sea]] || Lake || style="background:#fcf;"| Asia/Europe || n/a ([[endorheic basin]]) || {{convert|3626000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Nile|Nile River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Mediterranean Sea || {{convert|3254853|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Mississippi River|Mississippi-Missouri River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| [[North America]] || Gulf of Mexico || {{convert|3202185|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Bay of Bengal]] || Bay || style="background:#ffa;" | [[Asia]] || Indian Ocean || {{convert|3200000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|| |- |[[Río de la Plata]] || Estuary || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|3170000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=Guerrero97>{{cite journal|journal=Continental Shelf Research|volume=17|issue=7| date=June 1997 |pages=727–742|title=Physical oceanography of the Río de la Plata Estuary, Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_continental-shelf-research_1997-06_17_7/page/n4|author=Raúl A. Guerrero|doi=10.1016/S0278-4343(96)00061-1|display-authors=etal|bibcode=1997CSR....17..727G}}</ref> |- |[[Ob River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| [[Asia]] || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|2982493|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Paraná River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;" | South America || Río de la Plata || {{convert|2582704|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Yenisei River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|2554388|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Chad Basin]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|2497738|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Lena River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|2306743|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Black Sea]]|| Mediterranean sea || style="background:#fcf;"| Asia/Europe || Mediterranean Sea <ref group=Note name="drain"/> || {{convert|2430000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=CD/> |- |[[Niger River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|2261741|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Ganges]]–[[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;" | Asia || Bay of Bengal ||{{convert|1999000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | <ref name="Arnold2000">{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=Guy|title=World strategic highways|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FarwCNdYdmoC&pg=PA223|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-098-8|page=223}}</ref> |- |[[Amur River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|1929955|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Mackenzie River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Beaufort Sea || {{convert|1805200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas">{{cite web|title=Rivers |work=The Atlas of Canada |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html |access-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202064028/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html |archive-date=2 February 2007 }}</ref> |- |[[Yangtze River]] (Chang Jiang) || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|1722193|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Baltic Sea]]|| Mediterranean sea || style="background:pink;"| [[Europe]] || Atlantic Ocean <ref group=Note name="drain"/> || {{convert|1700000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group=Note name="appx"/> |- |[[Irtysh River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Ob River || {{convert|1673470|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Aral Sea]] || Lake || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|1618750|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Madeira River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|1485218|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Volga River]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| [[Europe]] || Caspian Sea || {{convert|1410951|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Persian Gulf]]|| Mediterranean sea || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indian Ocean <ref group=Note name="drain"/> || {{convert|1400000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group=Note name="appx"/> |- |[[St. Lawrence River|St. Lawrence Estuary]] || Estuary || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of Saint Lawrence || {{convert|1344200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/><ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Indian Ocean || {{convert|1332574|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=zamb>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/Zambezi_MSIOA_-_Vol_1_-_Summary_Report.pdf The Zambezi River Basin], page 6.</ref> |- |[[Missouri River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Mississippi River || {{convert|1331810|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Lake Eyre Basin]] || Lake || style="background:#cf6;"| [[Australia]] || n/a (endorheic basin) ||style="text-align:right;"|1,210,000 | style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7012120000000000000" |470,000|| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/water/environmental/rivers/leb.html |title=Map of the Lake Eyre basin |publisher=Environment.gov.au |date=18 February 2011 |access-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220091502/http://environment.gov.au/water/environmental/rivers/leb.html |archive-date=20 February 2009}}</ref> |- |[[Ganges River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;" | Asia || Bay of Bengal | style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7012101612400000000" |1,200,000 |style="text-align:right;"|463,322 |<ref name="wotw" /> |- |[[Paraguay River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Paraná River || {{convert|1095000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Indus River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arabian Sea || {{convert|1081718|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Nelson River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|1072300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="natl-atlas-canada">{{cite web |title= Canada Drainage Basins |year= 1985 |work= [[Atlas of Canada|The National Atlas of Canada]], 5th edition |publisher= [[Natural Resources Canada]] |url= http://geogratis.gc.ca/api/en/nrcan-rncan/ess-sst/7b309ad9-9398-51d4-89d2-32b3871ec3ab.html |access-date= 24 November 2010}}</ref> |- |[[Murray-Darling basin]] || Primary river || style="background:#cf6;"| Australia || Southern Ocean || {{convert|1050116|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[St. Lawrence River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|1049636|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Angara River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yenisei River || {{convert|1039000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="feow">{{cite web|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/yenisei|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World|publisher=feow.org|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122304/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/yenisei|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Chad]] (New Conventional Basin) || Lake || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|1035000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="worldlakes">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926043012/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8357|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 September 2003|title=LakeNet - Lakes|publisher=worldlakes.org|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Winnipeg]] || Lake || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Nelson River || {{convert|982900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="natl-atlas-canada" /> |- |[[Great Slave Lake]] || Lake || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Mackenzie River || {{convert|976200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Orinoco River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|953675|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Orange River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|941351|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Kasai River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|925172|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Shatt al-Arab]] ([[Tigris]], [[Euphrates]] & [[Karun]]) || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Persian Gulf || {{convert|916200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3954-tigris-euphrates-delta-and-coastal-watershed-map Tigris Euphrates basin area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044807/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3954-tigris-euphrates-delta-and-coastal-watershed-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Tarim Basin]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|906500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583570/Tarim-Basin |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=10 April 2011}}</ref> <!--Watersheds of the World has 1,152,448 km2 --> |- |[[North Sea]] || Mediterranean sea || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|850000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Yukon River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Bering Sea || {{convert|839200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Yellow River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|832238|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4371-huang-he-delta-watershed-map Huang He Delta watershed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043228/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4371-huang-he-delta-watershed-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref>{{refn|group=Note|Estimates for the Yellow River basin range from ca. 752,000 km2 (Chinese, English, French, German etc. wikipedia articles, none sourced) to 944,970 km2.<ref name="wotw"/>}} |- |[[Mekong River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|805604|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- ||[[Jubba River|Jubba]]-[[Shebelle River|Shebelle]] basin || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Indian Ocean || {{convert|805100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="somwe">{{cite web|url=http://www.somwe.com/hydropolitics.html|title=Hydropolitics in the Horn of Africa|publisher=somwe.com|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> |- |[[Great Lakes]] || Lake || style="background:#cff;"| North America || St. Lawrence River || {{convert|800114|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Danube River]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Black Sea || {{convert|795656|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Syr Darya]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Aral Sea || {{convert|782617|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Tocantins River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|764213|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Ubangi River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|754830|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Aldan River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Lena River || {{convert|729000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Kalahari Basin]]/[[Okavango Basin]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|721258|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/><ref name="Ashton and Neal">{{cite book|author1= Ashton, Peter|author2=Neal, Marian|date=2003 |chapter=An Overview of Key Strategic Issues in the Okavango Basin|chapter-url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/doc/10.1.1.468.8632|title=Transboundary Rivers, Sovereignty and Development: Hydropolitical Drivers in the Okavango River Basin|isbn= 0-620-30497-9 |pages=31–63|publisher=African Water Issues Research Unit |citeseerx=10.1.1.468.8632 }}</ref> |- |[[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|720114|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Kolyma River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|679934|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Columbia River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|671300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Brahmaputra River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Ganges River || {{convert|651335|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Colorado River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of California || {{convert|637137|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Mamoré River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Madeira River || {{convert|630835|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} <!-- including Guaporé basin--> || <ref name=madeira>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4298-rio-madeira-watersheds-map Madeira river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043202/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4298-rio-madeira-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Red Sea]]|| Mediterranean sea || [[Afro-Eurasia|Africa/Asia]] || Indian Ocean <ref group=Note name="drain"/> || {{convert|620000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group=Note name="appx"/> |- |[[São Francisco River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|617812|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Slave River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Great Slave Lake || {{convert|616400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Rio Grande]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of Mexico || {{convert|607934|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Lake Baikal]] || Lake || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Angara River || {{convert|571000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Songhua River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Amur River || {{convert|554575|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/north-asia/item/4614-amur-river-basin-watersheds-map Amur river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907213106/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/north-asia/item/4614-amur-river-basin-watersheds-map |date=2019-09-07 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Chari River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Lake Chad || {{convert|548747|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Amu Darya]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Aral Sea || {{convert|534739|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Euphrates]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Shatt al-Arab || {{convert|532300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1586-middle-euphrates-watersheds-map Lower, Middle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044829/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1586-middle-euphrates-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} and [http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4838-upper-euphrates-watersheds-map Upper Euphrates river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122328/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4838-upper-euphrates-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Xingu River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|520292|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- | [[Bahr el Ghazal River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Nile || {{convert|520000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Lake Balkhash]] || Lake || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|512015|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Dnieper River]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Black Sea || {{convert|511650|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4193-dnieper-river-watersheds-map Dnieper river : Watersheds map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080413/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4193-dnieper-river-watersheds-map |date=2017-09-17 }} at Rivers Network.</ref>{{refn|group=Note|Estimates for the Dnieper basin range from 504,000 km2 (most wikipedia pages) to 533,966 km2<ref name="wotw"/>}} |- |[[Kama River]] || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Volga River || {{convert|507000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Jubba River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Indian Ocean || {{convert|497626|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|| <ref name="wotw"/><ref group=Note>Excluding the Shebelle tributary river basin.</ref> |- |[[Great Basin]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#cff;"| North America || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|492000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite web|title=Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units |url=https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html |publisher=USGS.gov |access-date=21 December 2010}}</ref><ref group="Note">The [[Great Basin]] is a set of endorheic drainage basins, the largest being the {{convert|35910|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} basin that drains into the [[Great Salt Lake]].</ref> |- |[[Ohio River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Mississippi River || {{convert|490603|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Nizhnyaya Tunguska River|Lower Tunguska River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yenisei river || {{convert|473000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Vilyuy River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Lena River || {{convert|454000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|453700|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} <!--some sites give 409,458 km2-->|| |- |[[Tapajós River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|453510|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=tapajos>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1791-tapajos-river-amazon-watershed-map Tapajos basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043343/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1791-tapajos-river-amazon-watershed-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Selenga River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Lake Baikal || {{convert|445245|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Don River, Russia|Don River]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Black Sea || {{convert|443729|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4185-don-river-watersheds-map Don River watershed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044716/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4185-don-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref>{{refn|group=Note|Official estimates for the Don basin range from 422,000 km2<ref>[http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=170050 Don River] at the State water register of the Russian Federation</ref> to 458,694 km2.<ref name="wotw"/>}} |- |[[Arkansas River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Mississippi River || {{convert|435122|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Tobol River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Irtysh River || {{convert|426000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Limpopo River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Indian Ocean || {{convert|421123|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Senegal River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|419575|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Irrawaddy River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indian Ocean || {{convert|413710|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Volta River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|407093|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Colorado River (Argentina)]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|373863|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4468-colorado-watersheds-map Colorado watershed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044812/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4468-colorado-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref>{{refn|group=Note|Estimates for the Colorado basin range from 294,076 km2<ref name="auto">[https://books.google.com/books?id=v5VHWWrK_SsC&dq=Colorado+River+%28Argentina+basin+km&pg=PA359 River Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective], Gene E. Likens, Academic Press, 29 March 2010, page 359</ref> to 403,005 km2.<ref name="wotw"/>}} |- |[[Sistan Basin]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|370000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=sistan>{{cite web |url=http://www.ir.undp.org/content/dam/iran/docs/News/2014/March%202014/Towards%20a%20solution%20for%20Iran%27s%20dying%20wetlands/Hamoun%20Wetland/Hamoun%20Wetland%20Baseline%20Situation%20Analysis%202005.pdf |title=Restoration and Sustainable Use of the Shared Sistan Basin |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=February 2005 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061028/http://www.ir.undp.org/content/dam/iran/docs/News/2014/March%202014/Towards%20a%20solution%20for%20Iran%27s%20dying%20wetlands/Hamoun%20Wetland/Hamoun%20Wetland%20Baseline%20Situation%20Analysis%202005.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!--notice conflicting data in table 2, page 16 of the same paper--> |- |[[Molopo River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Orange River || {{convert|367201|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Yamuna]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Ganges || {{convert|366223|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Uruguay River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Río de la Plata || {{convert|365000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} ||{{refn|group=Note|365,000 km2 is almost always quoted, though the area is only ca 351,000 km2 according to River Networks. Estimates as low as 297,211 km2<ref name="wotw"/> may perhaps exclude the [[Río Negro (Uruguay)|Rio Negro]] tributary basin.}} |- |[[Khatanga River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|364000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Marañón River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|363286|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3755-rio-maranon-watersheds-map Maraõn basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044756/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3755-rio-maranon-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at River Networks</ref> |- |[[Guaporé River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Mamoré River || {{convert|360534|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=madeira/> |- |[[Indigirka River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|360400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Araguaia River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Tocantins River || {{convert|358125|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Northern Dvina]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || White Sea || {{convert|357075|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Xi River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pearl River || {{convert|353100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Purus River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|352085|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4306-rio-purus-watersheds-map Rio Purus basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044801/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4306-rio-purus-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Ucayali River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|337519|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Shebelle River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Jubba River || {{convert|336627|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Saskatchewan River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Lake Winnipeg || {{convert|335900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Benue River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Niger River || {{convert|335035|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Parnaíba River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|331643|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4242-rio-poti-watersheds-map Parnaiba Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080440/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4242-rio-poti-watersheds-map |date=2017-09-17 }} at Rivers Network.</ref>{{refn|group=Note|Estimates range from 322,887 km2,<ref name="wotw"/> and 331,565 km2<ref name="auto"/> to 344,112 km2<ref>Ramos, Ramos, & Ramos (2014). ''[http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1676-06032014000100204&script=sci_arttext Ichthyofauna of the Parnaíba river Basin, Northeastern Brazil.]'' Biota Neotrop. 14(1).</ref>}} |- |[[Blue Nile]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Nile || {{convert|325000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Pechora River]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|322000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Hai River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|318200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Godavari River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indian Ocean || {{convert|314829|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3985-godavari-river-watersheds-map Goodavari River watersheds map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122327/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3985-godavari-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Peace River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Slave River || {{convert|306000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Panjnad River]] (Chenab & Sutlej) || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indus River || {{convert|300000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} <!--rough estimate; Chenab and Sutlej combined plus a generous 10,000-->|| |- | [[Baker Lake (Nunavut)|Baker Lake]]/[[Chesterfield Inlet]] || Lake / estuary || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|299000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Stn/B68.html Baker Basin] at [[University of New Hampshire|UNH]]/Global Runoff Data Centre</ref> |- |[[Red River of the North]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Lake Winnipeg || {{convert|287500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Churchill River (Hudson Bay)]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|281300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Neva River]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Baltic Sea || {{convert|281000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Taz Estuary]] || Estuary || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|262000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Snake River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Columbia River || {{convert|278450|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Liard River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Mackenzie River || {{convert|277100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Lake Athabasca]]-[[Rivière des Rochers]] || Lake || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Slave River || {{convert|274540|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Salween River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indian Ocean || {{convert|271888|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/>{{refn|group=Note|Rivers Network calculated an area of 266,354 km2.<ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/2886-upper-salween-river-nu-river-watersheds-map Upper Salween] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043216/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/2886-upper-salween-river-nu-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> Often-mentioned areas of ca 324,000 km2 are clearly too high.}} |- |[[Lukuga River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|270900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Luvua River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|265300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Kwango River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Kasai River || {{convert|263400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Desaguadero River (Argentina)|Desaguadero River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Colorado River || {{convert|260000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Bolsón de Mapimí|Mapimí]]-[[Llanos el Salado|Salado]] basin || Endorheic basin || style="background:#cff;"| North America || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|260000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <!-- seems a bit much; and are these not two different basins?--> |- |[[Krishna River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indian Ocean || {{convert|258948|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Magdalena River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|257438|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Dongting Lake]] || Lake || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yangtze River || {{convert|257000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite journal|journal=Water Science and Engineering|volume=10|issue=4|date=October 2017|title=Flood management of Dongting Lake after operation of Three Gorges Dam|author=Xi-jun Lai|author2=Zi-ming Wang|page=303 |doi=10.1016/j.wse.2017.12.005 |bibcode=2017WSEng..10..303L |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |[[Japurá River|Japurá/Caquetá River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|255700|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Nen River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Songhua River || {{convert|252100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} <!--290,570 km2 including the Huolin River basin, which has an unclear ending (Chagan Lake) near the junction of Nen and Songhua --> || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/north-asia/item/4614-amur-river-basin-watersheds-map Amur river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907213106/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/north-asia/item/4614-amur-river-basin-watersheds-map |date=2019-09-07 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Oka River]] || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Volga || {{convert|245000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || North Sea || {{convert|240000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Podkamennaya Tunguska River|Stony Tunguska River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yenisei river || {{convert|240000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Beni River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Madeira River || {{convert|239825|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} <!--including the Madre de Dios basin-->|| <ref name=madeira/> |- |[[Lake Victoria]] || Lake || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Nile River || {{convert|238900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Yana River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|238000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Lake Tanganyika]] || Lake || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Lukuga River || {{convert|236300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Sangha River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|233740|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1029 Sangha Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207154958/https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1029 |date=2022-12-07 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Fraser River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|233100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Zeya River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Amur River || {{convert|233000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Liao River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|232200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Ural River]] || Primary river || style="background:#fcf;"| Asia/Europe || Caspian Sea || {{convert|231000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Juruá River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|225828|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Sobat River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Nile River || {{convert|225000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Vitim River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Lena River || {{convert|225000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Ogooué River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|223856|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Tigris River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Shatt al-Arab || {{convert|221400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1587-middle-tigris-watersheds-map Lower, Middle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915203830/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1587-middle-tigris-watersheds-map |date=2017-09-15 }} and [http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4839-upper-tigris-watersheds-map Upper Tigris river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043230/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4839-upper-tigris-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Platte River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Missouri River || {{convert|219916|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Olenyok River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|219000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Olyokma River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Lena River || {{convert|210000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Shilka River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Amur River || {{convert|206000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Rufiji River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Indian Ocean || {{convert|204450|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/246-rufiji-river-basin Rufiji river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044750/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/246-rufiji-river-basin |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Caspian Sea || {{convert|198300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Vaal River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Orange River || {{convert|196438|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Vistula]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Baltic Sea || {{convert|194424|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Ussuri River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Amur River || {{convert|193000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Juruena River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Tapajos River || {{convert|191030|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=tapajos/> |- |[[Anadyr River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Bering Sea || {{convert|191000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Branco River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Rio Negro || {{convert|189925|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Ishim River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Irtysh River || {{convert|189000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Rhine]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || North Sea || {{convert|185300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Yobe River|Komadugu-Yobe River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Lake Chad || {{convert|183009|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/598-hadedja-jamaare-komadugu-basin-lake-chad-watershed-map Hadedja - Jama'are - Komadugu Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043331/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/598-hadedja-jamaare-komadugu-basin-lake-chad-watershed-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Assiniboine River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Red River || {{convert|182000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Pyasina River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pyasina Gulf || {{convert|182000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Yellowstone River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Missouri River || {{convert|181000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Uyandina River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indigirka River || {{convert|176000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Kotuy River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Khatanga River || {{convert|176000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Chenab River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Panjnad River || {{convert|176000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1472-chenab-river-watersheds-map Chenab river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044834/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1472-chenab-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Hanshui|Han River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yangtze River || {{convert|174300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Huai River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yangtze River || {{convert|174000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Tshuapa River|Tshuapa/Ruki River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|173800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Maya River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Aldan River || {{convert|171000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Salado River (Buenos Aires)|Salado River]] (Buenos Aires) || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|170000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Red River of the South]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Mississippi River || {{convert|169890|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Gulf of Tonkin || {{convert|169000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035136/http://www.redriverprogram.com/en/introduction-of-the-red-river-basin/ Red River Basin]}} page at redriverprogram.com</ref> |- |[[Cuvelai River]]-[[Cuvelai-Etosha Basin|Etosha Basin]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|166649|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="waterdiplomacy">{{cite web|url=https://aquapedia.waterdiplomacy.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cuvelai_River-Etosha_Pan_Basin|title=Cuvelai River-Etosha Pan Basin - AquaPedia Case Study Database|publisher=aquapedia.waterdiplomacy.org|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812061939/https://aquapedia.waterdiplomacy.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cuvelai_River-Etosha_Pan_Basin|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Chesapeake Bay]] || Estuary || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|166534|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Helmand River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Sistan Basin || {{convert|166000 |km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=sistan/> |- |[[Argun River (Asia)|Argun / Hailar River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Amur River || {{convert|164000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Chao Phraya River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Gulf of Thailand || {{convert|160400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Hulun Lake]] || Lake || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Amur River / endorheic || {{convert|160335|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group="Note">Combined drainage area of [[Kherlen River]] (103709 km2) & Orxon Rivers (56626 km2) [http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1612-upper-amur-river-watersheds-map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043430/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1612-upper-amur-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }}. "In years with high precipitation, the normally exit−less endorheic lake may overflow at its northern shore."</ref> |- |[[Jialing River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yangtze River || {{convert|160000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Luangwa River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Zambezi River || {{convert|159615|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=zamb/> |- |[[Tisza]] River || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Danube || {{convert|157186|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Turgai River|Torgay/Turgai River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|157000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Mbomou River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Ubangi River || {{convert|156950|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Great Bear River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Mackenzie River || {{convert|156500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Kafue River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Zambezi River || {{convert|155805|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=zamb/> |- |[[Kansas River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Missouri River || {{convert|155695|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Ruvuma River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Indian Ocean || {{convert|155500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Essequibo River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|154186|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || San Francisco Bay || {{convert|153000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Ruo Shui]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Endorheic basin || {{convert|152606|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xin |title=Hydrological Cycle in the Heihe River Basin and Its Implication for Water Resource Management in Endorheic Basins |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume= 123|issue= 2|pages= 890–914|doi=10.1002/2017JD027889|year=2018 |bibcode=2018JGRD..123..890L |s2cid=133846912 }}</ref> |- |[[Sankuru River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Kasai River || {{convert|151112|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1024 Sankuru basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043242/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1024 |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Atbarah River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Nile || {{convert|150000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref group="Note">Very rough estimate. Upper river's drainage area, including the Tekezé river is 120,430 km2 [http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1083-blue-nile-river-watersheds-map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044823/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1083-blue-nile-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }}, lower drainage area is probably not as much as 69,572 km2 [http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3820-lower-nile-river-watersheds-map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044739/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3820-lower-nile-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }}, as that includes much surrounding dessert.</ref> |- |[[Taz River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Taz Estuary || {{convert|150000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Tietê River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Paraná River || {{convert|150000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Cuanza River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|149688|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="wotw"/> |- |[[Shire River]] ([[Lake Malawi]]) || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Zambezi River || {{convert|149159|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=zamb/> |- |[[Elbe]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || North Sea || {{convert|148268|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Putumayo River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|148000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Bani River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Niger River || {{convert|146570|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4666-niger-watersheds-map Niger watershed maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043354/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4666-niger-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at river networks. The often quoted 101,600 km2 is the basin upstream of [[Douna]].</ref> |- |[[Ottawa River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || St. Lawrence River || {{convert|146300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[South Saskatchewan River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Saskatchewan River || {{convert|146100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Lake Titicaca]]-[[Desaguadero River (Bolivia)|Desaguadero River]]-[[Lake Poopó]] System|| Endorheic basin || style="background:#ffd39b;"|[[South America]] || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|144590|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite journal|title=Role of Hydrological Studies for the Development of the TDPS System|first1=Claudia|last1=Canedo|first2=Ramiro|last2=Pillco Zolá|first3=Ronny|last3=Berndtsson|date=12 April 2016|journal=Water|volume=8|issue=4|pages=144|doi=10.3390/w8040144|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |[[Chambal River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yamuna River || {{convert|143219|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Rio Grande (Paraná River)]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Paraná River || {{convert|143000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Fitzroy River (Queensland)]] || Primary river || style="background:#cf6;"| Australia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|142665|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Thelon River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Baker Lake || {{convert|142400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Belaya River (Kama)|Belaya River]] || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Kama River || {{convert|142000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Iriri River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Xingu River || {{convert|141745|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3686-rio-xingu-watershed-map Rio Xingu watershed map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044856/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3686-rio-xingu-watershed-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Teles Pires]] River || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Tapajos River || {{convert|141620|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=tapajos/> |- |[[Mahanadi River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indian Ocean || {{convert|141600|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Ili River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Lake Balkhash || {{convert|140000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Sanaga River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|140000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/irbm_sanaga.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 March 2016 |archive-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401013048/https://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/irbm_sanaga.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Min River (Sichuan)]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yangtze River || {{convert|140000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Guaviare River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Orinoco River || {{convert|138447|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1634-guaviare-river-watersheds-map Guaviare river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043406/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1634-guaviare-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Pibor River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Sobat River || {{convert|137130|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |- |[[Grande de Santiago River|Santiago]]-[[Lerma River|Lerma]] basin || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|136628|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Apure River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Orinoco River || {{convert|136152|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1632-apure-river-watersheds-map Apure river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044728/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1632-apure-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Winnipeg River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Lake Winnipeg || {{convert|135800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Albany River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|135200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Wei River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yellow River || {{convert|135000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Grijalva River|Grijalva]]-[[Usumacinta River|Usumacinta]] basin || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of Mexico || {{convert|134400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Chulym River (Ob River)|Chulym River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Ob River || {{convert|134000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Lukenie River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|133432|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1022 Lukenie Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043151/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1022 |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Koksoak River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Ungava Bay || {{convert|133400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Orkhon River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Selenga River || {{convert|132835|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Uele River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Ubangi River || {{convert|131856|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1030 Uele Basin]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Tambo River (Peru)|Tambo]]-[[Ene River|Ene]]-[[Apurímac River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Ucayali River || {{convert|131460|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1792-rio-ucayali-watersheds-map Ucayali river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044919/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1792-rio-ucayali-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Lake Turkana]] || Lake || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|130860|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Aripuanã River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Madeira River || {{convert|130340|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=madeira/> |- |[[Malagarasi River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Lake Tanganyika || {{convert|130000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Mar Chiquita Lake (Córdoba)|Mar Chiquita]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|129715|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/north-america/itemlist/category/405-mar-chiquita Mar Chiquita Watershed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043417/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/north-america/itemlist/category/405-mar-chiquita |date=2018-10-18 }} at riversnetwork.org</ref> |- |[[Burdekin River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cf6;"| Australia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|129700|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Vyatka River]] || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Kama River || {{convert|129000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Yalong River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yangtze River || {{convert|128444|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Taseyeva River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Angara River || {{convert|128000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Ghaghara|Ghaghara / Karnali River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Ganges River || {{convert|127950|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Trombetas River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|127643|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4302-lower-amazon-watersheds-map Lower Amazon watershed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160540/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4302-lower-amazon-watersheds-map |date=2017-09-15 }} at Rivers Network</ref> |- |[[Tana River (Kenya)]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Indian Ocean || {{convert|126026|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Madre de Dios River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Beni River || {{convert|125287|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=madeira/> |- |[[Green River (Colorado River)|Green River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Colorado River || {{convert|124578|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Kuskokwim River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Bering Sea || {{convert|124319|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Salado River (Argentina)|Salado River]] (Argentina) || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Paraná River || {{convert|124199|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- | [[Taymyr River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Kara Sea || {{convert|124000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Canadian River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Arkansas River || {{convert|123221|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Aruwimi River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|122853|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1032 Aruwimi Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209165306/https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1032 |date=2022-12-09 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[North Saskatchewan River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Saskatchewan River || {{convert|122800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Prypiat River]] || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Dnieper|| {{convert|121840|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Vychegda River]] || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Northern Dvina|| {{convert|121000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Mun River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Mekong River || {{convert|119180|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Oder]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Baltic Sea || {{convert|118861|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Porcupine River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Yukon River || {{convert|117900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Loire]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|117000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Lomami River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Congo River || {{convert|116209|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1026 Lomami Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207163719/https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-africa/itemlist/category/1026 |date=2022-12-07 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Brazos River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of Mexico || {{convert|116000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Mobile River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of Mexico || {{convert|115000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Pecos River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Rio Grande || {{convert|115000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Pilcomayo River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Paraguay River || {{convert|114402|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=parag>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4027-rio-paraguay-watersheds-map Rio Paraguay watersheds map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044845/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/4027-rio-paraguay-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Sutlej River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indus River || {{convert|114343|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1271-sutlej-river-watersheds-map Sutlej river basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043240/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1271-sutlej-river-watersheds-map |date=2018-10-18 }} at Rivers Network.</ref> |- |[[Panj River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Amu Darya River || {{convert|114000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Tanana River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Yukon River || {{convert|114000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Cuando River|Kwando/Chobe River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Zambezi River || {{convert|113393|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=zamb/> |- |[[Omolon River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Kolyma River || {{convert|113000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Uchur River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Aldan River || {{convert|113000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Balsas River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|112320|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Pur River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Taz Estuary || {{convert|112000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Pranhita River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Godavari River || {{convert|109078|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Flinders River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cf6;"| Australia || Gulf of Carpentaria || {{convert|109000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Moose River (Ontario)]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|108500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Hayes River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|108000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Anyuy River (Sakha)]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Kolyma River || {{convert|107000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Bermejo River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Paraguay River || {{convert|106924|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name=parag/> |- |[[Cunene River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|106560|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Back River (Nunavut)|Back River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|106500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Save River (Africa)|Save River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Indian Ocean || {{convert|106420|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Tennessee River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Ohio River || {{convert|105868|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Aras River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Kura River || {{convert|104785|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Bahr Aouk River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Chari River || {{convert|103577|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1737700.html|title=Chari - Golongosso|website=www.grdc.sr.unh.edu}}</ref> |- |[[Wabash River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Ohio River || {{convert|103500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Colorado River (Texas)]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of Mexico || {{convert|103300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Severn River (northern Ontario)]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|102800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref name="Canada Atlas"/> |- |[[Chindwin River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Irrawaddy River || {{convert|102783|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/1568-chindwin-river-watershed-map|title=Chindwin river : Watershed map}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |[[Napo River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Amazon River || {{convert|102190|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3751-rio-napo-watersheds-map|title=rio Napo : Watersheds map|access-date=2026-06-12|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044907/http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/3751-rio-napo-watersheds-map|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Río Negro (Argentina)]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|102000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Logone River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Chari River || {{convert|101481|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/2041-chari-logone-rivers-watersheds-map Chari-Logone rivers watershed mapes]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at rivers networks.</ref> |- |[[Anabar River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Arctic Ocean || {{convert|100000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Barito River]] (Borneo) || Primary river || style="background:#ffa"| [[Asia]] || Java Sea || {{convert|100000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Kheta River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Khatanga River || {{convert|100000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Markha River (Vilyuy)|Markha River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Vilyuy River || {{convert|99900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Donets]] || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Don River || {{convert|98900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Narmada River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa"| [[Asia]] || Arabian Sea || {{convert|98800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Kapuas River]] (Borneo) || Primary river || style="background:#ffa"| [[Asia]] || South China Sea || {{convert|98749|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Rhône]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Mediterranean Sea || {{convert|98556|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Bandama River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ccf;"| Africa || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|98500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Northern Sosva River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Ob River || {{convert|98300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Neman (river)|Neman]] River || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Baltic Sea || {{convert|97864|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[La Grande River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || James Bay || {{convert|97600|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Douro|Douro / Duero]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|97502|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Xiang River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Lake Dongting || {{convert|96400|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Onon (river)|Onon]] River || Tributary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Shilka River || {{convert|96200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Sava]] River || Tributary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || Danube || {{convert|95419|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Athabasca River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Lake Athabasca || {{convert|95300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <!-- need to cut it off somewhere; 100,000 km2 allowing 5,000 km2 error |- |[[Brahmani River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;" | Asia || Indian Ocean || {{convert|39,033|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |[[Penobscot River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|22200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite web |title=Penobscot River Watershed |url=https://www.regions.noaa.gov/north-atlantic/index.php/penobscot-river-watershed/ |website=NOAA}}</ref> |- | |[[Caroní River]] || Tributary river || style="background:#ffd39b;"| South America || Orinoco River || {{convert|91,647|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>[http://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/component/k2/item/2904-caroni-river-watersheds-map Caroní river basin] at Rivers Network</ref> |- |155 |[[Namak Lake]] || Lake || style="background:#ffa;" | Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|87,600|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.briancoad.com/introduction/namaklakebasin.htm|title=Freshwater Fishes of Iran, Introduction - Drainage Basins - Namak Lake|website=www.briancoad.com}}</ref> |- |156 |[[Pánuco River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of Mexico || {{convert|84,956|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |157 |[[Yaqui River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of California || {{convert|74,532|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |158 |[[Susquehanna River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Chesapeake Bay || {{convert|71,200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |159 |[[Winisk River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|67,300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- | |[[Lake Urmia]] || Lake || style="background:#ffa;" | Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|51,876|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:578781/FULLTEXT02|title=Agricultural Water Use in Lake Urmia Basin, Iran}}</ref> |- |160 |[[Sittaung River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Indian Ocean || {{convert|48,100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |161 |[[Great Whale River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Hudson Bay || {{convert|42,700|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |162 |[[Leaf River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Ungava Bay || {{convert|42,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |163 |[[George River (Quebec)]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Ungava Bay || {{convert|41,700|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |164 |[[Dead Sea]] || Lake || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|41,650|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |165 |[[Klamath River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|40,632|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |166 |[[Trinity River (Texas)]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Gulf of Mexico || {{convert|40,380|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |167 |[[Potomac River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|38,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |168 |[[Delaware River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|36,658|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |169 |[[Hudson River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|36,260|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |170 |[[Han River (Korea)]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Yellow Sea || {{convert|35,770|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |171 |[[Sirhan Valley|Wadi as-Sirhan]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|35,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |172 |[[Connecticut River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|29,137|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |173 |[[James River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Atlantic Ocean || {{convert|27,019|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |174 |[[San Pedro Mezquital River]] || Primary river || style="background:#cff;"| North America || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|26,480|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |175 |[[Tone River]] || Primary river || style="background:#ffa;"| Asia || Pacific Ocean || {{convert|16,840|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |176 |[[River Thames]] || Primary river || style="background:pink;"| Europe || North Sea || {{convert|12,935|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || |- |177 |[[Valley of Mexico]] || Endorheic basin || style="background:#cff;"| North America|| n/a (endorheic basin) || {{convert|9,600|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} || --> |} == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} m1uzjc4qn5izufbix8su2uojdfnlb7y Nile 0 33383 146141 140370 2026-08-10T21:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Major river in northeast Africa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{Use American English|date=December 2025}} '''Nile''' nyɛla mɔɣili din zɔri gindi [[Africa]] wulinpuhili ka nyɛ din zɔri chani nti luri Mediterranean teeku ni. Di waɣilim nyɛla kilomitanima 7,088, di ni nyɛ mɔɣ'shɛli din waɣa gari dunia zaa mɔɣa,{{efn|name=longest}} amaa ti yi kana ko'shɛli din be mɔɣili maa puuni di nyɛla din pɔra ni Amazon mini [[Congo River|Congo]]. Nile nyɛla din mali taarihi zaŋ jandi gbaŋsabila biɛhisi shee, daabilim n-ti pahi kaya ni taada taarihi Nile ŋɔ nyɛla din mali mɔɣ'bihi ayi: dinima nyɛ White Nile mini Blue Nile. White Nile ŋɔ nyɛla din waɣa ka nyɛ so'kam ni saɣi n-ti shɛli ni di ni nyɛ din tiri Nile kom amaa Blue Nile nyɛla din mali kom viɛnyɛla kamani buyi zuɣu gari White Nile. White Nile nyɛla din piligi miri [[Lake Victoria]] ka nyɛ din zɔri gindi Uganda mini South Sudan ka Blue Nile mi nyɛ din piligi miri Lake Tana din be Ethiopia ka zɔri kpari wulinluhili polo chaŋ hali ni Sudan. Lala mɔɣa ayi ŋɔ nyɛla din chirigi taba Sudannima tiŋ zuɣu Khartoum. Bin din gbaai ni Nile ŋɔ nyɛla din zɔri kpari wulinpuhili polo n chaŋ nti gari Nubian Desert n saa gari chaŋ Egypt tiŋ zuɣu [[Cairo]] ka di yi zo n lu Mediterranean teeku din miri [[Alexandria]]. Nile mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din paai yuma kamani 15,000. Di nyɛla din zɔri gindi kamani tiŋgbana pin'yini. Nile kom nyɛla din yirina saa mibu ni, sa'kom din yirina [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]. Tiŋgbana kamani {{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]] n-ti pahi South Sudan nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛŋa din bi tooi nyari saa ka dizuɣu chɛ ka bɛ tooi mali mɔɣa niŋdi pukparilim. tiŋgbani shɛŋa din gba lahi be bee yaɣ'shɛŋa din lahi be Nile Basin nyɛ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]] nti pahi [[Rwanda]]. == Yuya mini gbunni == Silimiinsili bachi "Nile" nyɛla din yina [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} mini [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|Νεῖλος}} (Neilos) ka di nyɛ din yina Semitic bachi ''naḥal'', ka di gbunni nyɛ mɔɣili.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} {{Quote box|align=right|width=30|[[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] for {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>the word for 'river' or 'Nile':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> }} Saha shɛli maa ha Egyptnima balli ni, lala bachi Ŋɔ nyɛla yuusiri shɛli zaŋ n-ti 'Nile' mini mɔɣili': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Egyptnima nyɛla ban booni bɛ tiŋgbani {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} ka di gbunni nyɛ 'sabinli', di nyɛla din jandi sabinli zaŋ n-ti i Nile kom nahingbaŋ.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Silimiinsili yuli "Blue Nile" nyɛla lɛbiginsim din yina Larigu yuli ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> Saha ŋɔ mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali bɔbugu Nile Basin. Egypt tiŋgbani puuni, di nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' bee ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> South Sudan tiŋgbani ni, di nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli Arabic ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}} ka di gbunni nyɛ 'Mountain River'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Uganda tiŋgbani, ninvuɣ shɛba ban yɛri Luganda nyɛla ban booni li ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Nubian niriba zaŋ n-ti Egypt mini Sudan nyɛla ban yuusiri [[Nobiin language|Nobiin]] yuli ''Áman Dawū'' ('Great Water').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Di nyɛla din mali mɔɣ'bihi (mɔɣ'bihi shɛŋa dabam gba nyɛla din chaŋ na nti chirigi Nile) di shɛŋa nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti White Nile ka nyɛ din zɔri yiri Lake Albert chani Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile{{snd}}Yuli shɛli dabam zaŋ n-ti Atbarah mɔɣili <ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Blue Nile]]{{snd}}Mɔɣ'kara ayi zaŋ n-ti Nile puuni zaɣ'yini * Kyoga Nile{{snd}}Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti White Nile ka din zɔri yiri [[Lake Kyoga]] chani Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile{{snd}}Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti Blue Nile mini White Nile{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Mountain Nile]]{{snd}}Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti White Nile ka nyɛ din zɔri yiri Uganda chani South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Victoria Nile{{snd}}Mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti White Nile ka nyɛ din zɔri yiri [[Lake Victoria]] chani Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[White Nile]]{{snd}}Mɔɣ'kara ayi zaŋ n-ti Nile puuni zaɣ'yini * Yellow Nile{{snd}} [[Wadi Howar]], mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti Nile saha shɛli ha amaa ka nyɛ din daa kuui yuma din gari maa{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| The Nile has six [[Nile cataracts|cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} and several sources. ]] {{clear}}[[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|The waters of the Nile originate as rainfall in the mountains in the south and east regions of the Nile Basin.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] <!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Country water balance (annual){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Sources and sinks: geographic basins==== [[Fil<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Country water balance (annual){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} e:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|The water balance tables of this article contain water flow information measured at the twelve stations shown in this map.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Geographic basin water balance (annual)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | The Nile (bottom) flows through Egypt's desert, which was much wetter during the [[African humid period]].<ref name="Humid">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ancient Egyptians used boats extensively for transport. This image is from the [[TT139|Tomb of Pairy]].<ref name="ancientTransport"> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref>]] ===Post-colonial era=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|The [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel temples]] were relocated to higher ground when the [[Aswan High Dam]] was built and submerged their original location.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Egypt mini Sudan nyɛla ban daa deegi bɛ maŋsulinsi Britain yuuni 1950s sunsuuni.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}} Yuuni 1959 Egypt mini Sudan nyɛla ban daa labi lihi bɛ yuuni 1929 kom laɣim yuusi saawara. Bɛ ni daa labi gbaai saawara shɛli maa nyɛla din daa wuhi ni bɛ yɛn laɣimi yuusiri kom ŋɔ, ka daa yɛlli ni Egypt mini Sudan nyɛla ban yɛn yuusiri kom maa kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 55.5 mini 18.5 billion cubic meters gabaadaya.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din be mɔɣili maa zuɣusaa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba lala saawara maa gbaabu ni, di shɛli nyɛ Ethiopia ka di gba nyɛ din tiri mɔɣili maa kom.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Yuuni 1959 saawara ŋɔ gbaabu maa nyɛla din daa ti Egypt mini Sudan soli ni bɛ gbi kulibɔna ka di nyɛ binshɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ: Egypt nyɛla ban daa gbi Aswan High Dam (di nyɛla din daa naai yuuni 1970); Sudan nyɛla ban daa gbi [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), n ti pahi [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025, generates over 5 gigawatts.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|These crops in Egypt (near the [[Toshka Lakes]]) are the result of [[New Valley Project|an irrigation system]] that pumps Nile water out of [[Lake Nasser]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == In culture== ===Art and literature=== {{Multiple image | width = | total_width = 425 | perrow = 2 | image1 = Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg | alt1 = A painting of two boats on a river, with ancient Egyptian men and women standing on the boats, catching fish from the river. | caption1 = This ancient Egyptian artwork, "Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes", is within the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} | image2 =Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg | alt2 = A painting of some dead fish, from the Tomb of Menna | caption2 = A [[Nile crocodile]] eating fish.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} | image3 = 0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG | alt3 = A large mosaic artwork. It is a landscape of a river, with animals and people in the river, including crocodiles and hippos. | caption3 = [[Nilotic landscape]]s, such as this 2nd century Roman mosaic, often displayed crocodiles and hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> | image4 = New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg | alt4 = A large marble sculpture, inside a formal room. The main object is a reclining nude man, surrounded by many children, as well as some animals. | caption4 = ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' is a colossal marble sculpture from {{circa}} 2nd century CE Rome{{snd}}now in the [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> }} T{{clear }} ==Kundivihira == ===Footnotes=== {{notelist}} <!-- {{sfn|Betancourt|2007|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Introduction to Aegean Art |first1= P.P |last1=Betancourt | author-link=Philip Betancourt | isbn= 9781623030841 | year= 2007 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoae0000beta | publisher= [[Institute for Aegean Prehistory]] | access-date= 1 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter = The Egyptian Nile | editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first= Karl M. |first1= Judith |last1= Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages = 43–78 | author-link= Judith Bunbury | isbn= 9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 | year= 2023 | url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 | publisher= [[UNESCO]] | access-date= 10 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =307–333 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/307 | chapter = Nile Basin Climates | first= Pierre | last = Camberlin | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title= The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} The "Bibliographical Essay" (pp. 245{{ndash}}248) lists books about the Nile River. <!--{{sfn|Dumont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 1–22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/1 | chapter = A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | first= Henri | last = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|Eggermont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 243–262 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/883 | chapter = Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the Nile | first= Hilde | last = Eggermont | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 95–124 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/95 | chapter = The Fayum Depression | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy | first2= Henri | last2 = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 125–156 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/125 | chapter = Lake Nasser-Nubia | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy }} <!--{{sfn|El-Sheekh |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 395–406 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/395 | chapter = River Nile Pollutants and Their Effect on Life Forms and Water Quality | first1= Mostafa | last1 = El-Sheekh }} <!-- {{sfn|Embabi |2018 | pp=>? }} --> * {{Cite book |last=Embabi |first=N.S. |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt |year=2018 |isbn=9783319656595 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |url-status=live }} <!-- {{sfn|Faulkner|1964 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Raymond |last = Faulkner |author-link = Raymond O. Faulkner |title= A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |year= 1964 |orig-year= 1962 |publisher = [[Griffith Institute]] |url= https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000faul/ |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fierro | first1 = Pedro | first2 = Evan K. | last2 = Nyer | title = The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781420012583 | url = https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000unse_j5x4 | access-date = 24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fleming | first1 = Fergus | first2 = Alan | last2 = Lothian | title = The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth | publisher = Duncan Baird | year = 1997 | isbn = 0705435032 | url =https://archive.org/details/waytoeternityegy00flem }} <!-- {{sfn|Gardiner|1964|p =?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Alan |last = Gardiner |author-link = Alan Gardiner |title=Egyptian Grammar |year= 1964 |edition =3rd |orig-year= 1927 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press ]] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammar0000alan |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 499–520 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/499 | chapter = The Oligochaeta of the Nile Basin Revisited | first= Samir | last = Ghabbour }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =205–214 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/205 | chapter = The Kyoga Catchment | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 705–720 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/705 | chapter = Birds of the Nile | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=???}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 193–204 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/193 | chapter = Swamps of the Upper White Nile | first1= Jim | last1 = Green | first2= Asim | last2 = El-Moghraby }} <!-- {{sfn|Hamilton |2016|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Luganda Dictionary and Grammar |first1= Alan |last1= Hamilton | isbn= 9780954149611 | year= 2016 | url= https://archive.org/details/lugandadictionar0000hami | publisher= Alan Hamilton | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 75–94 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/75 | chapter = The Nile Delta | first= Waleed | last = Hamza }} <!-- {{sfn|Hart|2005|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=Second |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 0415344956 |url=https://archive.org/details/edg-the-routledge-dictionary-of-egyptian-gods | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Holl|2025|pp=355–375}} * {{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General History of Africa |volume=IX: General history of Africa Revisited |chapter =Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=355–375 |year=2025 |isbn=9789231008092 |chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7 |access-date=2 February 2026 }}--> <!-- {{sfn|Hornung|1982|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hornung |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hornung |translator-first=John |translator-last=Baines |translator-link= John Baines (Egyptologist) |others=Original in German. |title=Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1982 |orig-year= 1971 | isbn=9780801412233 | url= https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofgod0000horn_q6b3 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hughes|1992|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ralph H. |display-authors=etal |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=2013-03-25 |year=1992 |publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=9782880329495 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehman|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =215–242 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/215 | chapter = Lake Victoria | first= John | last = Lehman }} <!-- {{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last= Murray |first= G. W. |title=An English-Nubian Comparative Dictionary |year= 1923 |publisher= [[Humphrey Milford]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnubiancom0004gwmu_4 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Okidi|1994|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Okidi |first=C. O. |editor-first1=P.P. |editor-last1=Howell |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last2=Alan |isbn=9780521450409 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521450409/page/321 |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource |chapter=History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties |pages=321–350 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001 |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume = 2 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume2 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138228 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001a|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001a |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume =3 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138236 }} <!-- {{sfn|Roach|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last= Roach |first= Steven |year= 2025 |chapter=Introduction: Nile Basin Politics and its Challenges |pages=1–16 |title=Nile Basin Politics: From Coordinated to Cooperative Peace |editor-last1= Roach |editor-first1= Steven |editor-last2= Hudson |editor-first2= Derrick |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/book/9781803927176/9781803927176.xml | doi=10.4337/9781803927176 |access-date=15 January 2026 |isbn= 9781803927176 }} <!--{{sfn|Robins|2008|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title= The Art of Ancient Egypt | last =Robins | first= Gay | author-link= Gay Robins | isbn=9780674030657 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD-z8hmdUMIC |access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=2008 | orig-year=1997 | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Rosenthal|2005}} --> * {{cite book |last= Rosenthal |first= Lisa |year= 2005 |title=Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/genderpoliticsal0000rose |access-date=15 December 2025 |isbn= 9780521842440 }} <!-- {{sfn|Said|1993}} --> * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Rushdi |author-link=Rushdi Said |year=1993 |title=The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology, and Utilization |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/rivernilegeology0000said |access-date=11 February 2026 |isbn= 0080418864 }} <!-- {{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |year=1995 |isbn=9780679402558 |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=[[A.A. Knopf]] |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapememory0000scha_k7e4 |access-date=15 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shahin|2002}} --> * {{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=Mamdouh |url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9781402008665 | access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc= articleName }} --> * {{Cite book | title=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture | last=Shoup |first= John A. | display-authors=etal | isbn=9798216123323 | url=https://archive.org/details/the-nile-an-encyclopedia-of-geography-history-and-culture | access-date= 14 February 2026 | year=2017 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] / [[ABC-CLIO]] }} EBook. The hardcover is {{isbn|9781440840401}}. <!-- {{sfn| Siliotti|1997|p=?}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Guide to the Valley of the Kings | last =Siliotti | first= Alberto | author-link = Alberto Siliotti | isbn=9780760733257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owicnQAACAAJ | access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=1997 | publisher=[[Barnes & Noble ]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Smith|1878}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Smith |first= William |author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |url= https://archive.org/details/anewclassicaldi00unkngoog |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography |date= 1878 |publisher= [[Harper & Brothers]] |lccn=04035163 |access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Stokes|2009 |p=??}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Stokes |first= Jamie |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000unse_h6k0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |volume=2 |date= 2009 |isbn=9781438126760 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |access-date=13 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 334–364 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/334 | chapter = The Hydrology of the Nile Basin | first= John | last = Sutcliffe | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 37–60 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/37 | chapter = Cenozoic Evolution of the Nile Basin | first1= Michael | last1 = Talbot | first2= Martin | last2 = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 23–34 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/23 | chapter = History of Scientific Research | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 367–394 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/367 | chapter = Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Tian|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book | title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = [[de Gruyter Oldenbourg]] | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian }} <!-- {{sfn|Tvedt|2021}} --> * {{cite book | title= The Nile: History's Greatest River | last=Tvedt | first= Terje | author-link = Terje Tvedt | isbn= 9780755616800 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=brYsEAAAQBAJ | access-date= 10 December 2025 | year= 2021 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!--{{sfn|Van Damme| Bocxlaer|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 585–630 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/585 | chapter = Freshwater Molluscs of the Nile Basin, Past and Present | first1= Dirk | last1 = Van Damme | first2= Bert | last2 = Bocxlaer }} <!-- {{sfn|Versluys|2002 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1= Versluys |first1= M. J. |year= 2002 |title=Aegyptiaca Romana : Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |url= https://archive.org/details/aegyptiacaromana0000vers |access-date=15 January 2026 | isbn = 9004124403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Vijverberg|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 163–192 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/163 | chapter = Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | first= Jacobus | last = Vijverberg | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. --> * {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110 |url-access=registration }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 61–72 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/61 | chapter = Late Quaternary Environments in Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 771–780 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/771 | chapter = Human Impact on Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 647–676 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 | chapter = Fish Fauna of the Nile | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 723–748 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/723 | chapter = Fisheries of the Nile System | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} ====Journals and websites==== <!-- {{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam |first1=Mohamed G. |title=The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=177 |pages=742–773 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ESRv..177..742A }} <!-- {{sfn|Abdullah|2020}} * {{cite journal |display-author1=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah|2020}} |last1=Abdullah |first1=Al-Noor |last2=Rahman |first2=Sanzidur |last3=Essex |first3=Stephen |last4=Benhin |first4=James |title=Economic Contributions of Mega-Dam Infrastructure as Perceived by Local and Displaced Communities: A Case Study of Merowe Dam, Sudan |journal=Agriculture |date=12 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=227 |doi=10.3390/agriculture10060227 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abotalib|2023}} |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Abdelhady |first2=Ahmed A. |last3=Heggy |first3=Essam |last4=Salem |first4=Salem G. |last5=Ismail |first5=Esam |last6=Ali |first6=Ahmed |last7=Khalil |first7=Mahmoud M. |title=Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta |journal=Earth's Future |date=March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022EF002987 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002987 |doi-access= free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102987A }} <!-- {{sfn| Alnaqbi|2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Alnaqbi|2022}} |last1=Alnaqbi |first1=Shaima |last2=Alasad |first2=Shamma |last3=Aljaghoub |first3=Haya |last4=Alami |first4=Abdul |last5=Abdelkareem |first5=Mohammad |last6=Olabi |first6=Abdul |title=Applicability of Hydropower Generation and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Energies |date=25 March 2022 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=2412 |doi=10.3390/en15072412 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Angurini|2021}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 | title= Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers | newspaper= [[Daily Monitor]] |date= 2021 |first= Tom | last= Angurini |access-date=8 February 2026 |location= Uganda |oclc= 44216472 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Ayenalem|2023}} |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |last2=Fantini |first2=Emanuele |last3=Van der Zaag |first3=Pieter |title=Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Beck|2018 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Beck|2018}} |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |doi-access=free |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }} <!-- {{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Francis Burton |title=On Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western Lake-Reservoir of the Nile |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=35 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/3698075 |jstor=3698075 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Creasman|) |pp = ?? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Creasman|2010}} |last1=Creasman |first1=Pearce Paul |last2=Doyle |first2=Noreen |title=Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman }} <!-- {{sfn|Driouech |2020}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Driouech|2020}} |last1=Driouech |first1=Fatima |last2=ElRhaz |first2=Khalid |last3=Moufouma-Okia |first3=Willfran |last4=Arjdal |first4=Khadija |last5=Balhane |first5=Saloua |title=Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate |journal=Earth Systems and Environment |date=September 2020 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ESE.....4..477D }} <!-- {{sfn|El Mahmoudi |2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. --> * {{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=A. |last2=Gabr |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |issn=1866-7511}} <!-- {{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} --> * {{Cite news |newspaper= [[Reuters]] |last= Endeshaw |first= Dawit |date= 2025 |title=Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/ |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Griffin| 2018 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735 | title=Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn = 0791-5144 |date= 2018 |first=Dan | last=Griffin |access-date=28 December 2021 |location=Dublin, Ireland }} <!-- {{sfn|Hafez |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hafez|2024}} |last1=Hafez |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Haggag |first2=Mohammed |last3=Wagdy |first3=Ahmad |last4=Radwan |first4=Hany G. |title=Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |date=December 2024 |volume=56 |article-number=102007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5602007H }} <!-- {{sfn|Hailu |2022 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Ashebir Dingeto |title=Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.3934/energy.2022006 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Halsall|1998}} * {{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year = 1998 | website = Ancient History Sourcebook |title=Hymn to the Nile, C. 2100 BCE |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/floodindex.html |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Fordham University }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|1997}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1997 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=December 2007 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |jstor=40743449 }} <!-- {{sfn|Haupt|1926}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Haupt |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Haupt |title=Etymological and Critical Notes |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1926 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.2307/289993 |jstor=289993 }} <!-- {{sfn|Healy|2007|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web | title=Water Budgets: Foundations for Effective Water-Resources and Environmental Management | last =Healy | first= R. W. |display-authors=etal | url=https://water.usgs.gov/watercensus/AdHocComm/Background/WaterBudgets-FoundationsforEffectiveWater-ResourcesandEnvironmentalManagement.pdf |access-date= 14 January 2026 | year=2007 | publisher= [[U.S. Geological Survey]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Hegab|2025}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hegab|2025}} |last1=Hegab |first1=Mahmoud H. |last2=El Sayed |first2=Seliem M. |last3=Ahmed |first3=Nasr M. |last4=Abdel-Aal |first4=Eman I. |last5=Kassem |first5=Doaa A. |last6=Gaber |first6=Khadiga M. |last7=Haroon |first7=Amany M. |last8=Abdel Gawad |first8=Soad S. |last9=Goher |first9=Mohamed E. |last10=Hussian |first10=Abd-Ellatif M. |title=Evaluating the spatial pattern of water quality of the Nile River, Egypt, through multivariate analysis of chemical and biological indicators |journal=Scientific Reports |date=4 March 2025 |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=7626 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-89982-2 |pmid=40038343 |pmc=11880377 |bibcode=2025NatSR..15.7626H }} <!-- {{sfn|Holt|2026}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= Holt |first1= Peter |author-link1=Peter Holt (historian) |display-authors=etal |title=Egypt: Agriculture and Fishing |year= 2026 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Egypt/Agriculture-and-fishing |access-date= 7 February 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hurst|2025}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= Hurst |first1= Harold Edwin |author-link1=Harold Edwin Hurst |display-authors=etal |title=Nile River |year= 2025 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River |access-date=11 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Huyge|2011|pp=??}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Huyge|2011}} |last1=Huyge |first1=Dirk |last2=Vandenberghe |first2=Dimitri A.G. |last3=De Dapper |first3=Morgan |last4=Mees |first4=Florias |last5=Claes |first5=Wouter |last6=Darnell |first6=John C. |title=First evidence of Pleistocene rock art in North Africa: securing the age of the Qurta petroglyphs (Egypt) through OSL dating |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_2011-12_85_330/page/1184 |journal=Antiquity |date=November 2011 |volume=85 |issue=330 |pages=1184–1193 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00061998 }} <!-- {{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=??}} --> * {{Cite journal |last1=İlkbahar |first1=Hasan |last2=Mercan |first2=Muhammed Hüseyin |date=2023 |title=Hydro-Hegemony, Counter-Hegemony And Neoclassical Realism on the Nile Basin: An Analysis of Egypt's Response to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Gerd) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00219096231188953 |journal=[[Journal of Asian and African Studies]] |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]] |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1177/00219096231188953 |issn=0021-9096 |url-access=subscription}} <!-- {{sfn|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |p=??? }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Kuper |first1=Rudolph |last2=Kröpelin |first2=Stefan |title=Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-08-11_313_5788/page/803 |journal=Science |date=11 August 2006 |volume=313 |issue=5788 |pages=803–807 |doi=10.1126/science.1130989 |pmid=16857900 |bibcode=2006Sci...313..803K }} <!-- {{sfn|Lemma |2019 |p=??? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Lemma|2019}} |last1=Lemma |first1=Hanibal |last2=Nyssen |first2=Jan |last3=Frankl |first3=Amaury |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Adgo |first5=Enyew |last6=Billi |first6=Paolo |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |date=October 2019 |volume=577 |article-number=123968 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L }} <!-- {{sfn|Leplongeon |2017}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Leplongeon |first1=Alice |title=Technological variability in the Late Palaeolithic lithic industries of the Egyptian Nile Valley: The case of the Silsilian and Afian industries |journal=PLOS ONE |date=27 December 2017 |volume=12 |issue=12 |article-number=e0188824 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188824 |doi-access=free |pmid=29281660 |pmc=5744920 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288824L }} <!-- {{sfn|Liu |2009}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Liu|2009}} |last1=Liu |first1=S. |last2=Lu |first2=P. |last3=Liu |first3=D. |last4=Jin |first4=P. |last5=Wang |first5=W. |title=Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world |journal=International Journal of Digital Earth |date=March 2009 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1080/17538940902746082 |bibcode=2009IJDE....2...80L }} <!-- {{sfn|Marshall| |p=??? }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Brian E. |title=Guilty as charged: Nile perch was the cause of the haplochromine decline in Lake Victoria |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |date=September 2018 |volume=75 |issue=9 |pages=1542–1559 |doi=10.1139/cjfas-2017-0056 |bibcode=2018CJFAS..75.1542M }} <!-- {{sfn|McCoy|2023}} --> * {{Cite news |last1= McCoy |first1=Terrence |display-authors=etal |title=The Nile is the World's Longest River? The Amazon Would Like a Word |date = 20 June 2023 | newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/12/amazon-nile-longest-river/ |access-date=24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|McKenna|2025}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= McKenna |first1=Amy |display-authors=etal |title=Blue Nile River |year= 2025 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Blue-Nile-River |access-date=31 December 2025 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/09/ethiopia-inaugurates-africa-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egypt-rift-deepens |access-date= 15 February 2026 |title=Ethiopia Inaugurates Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam as Egypt Rift Deepens |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 September 2025 |first=Carlos |last=Mureithi }} <!-- {{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Plummer|2023}} |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Oliver |first2=James S. |last3=Finestone |first3=Emma M. |last4=Ditchfield |first4=Peter W. |last5=Bishop |first5=Laura C. |last6=Blumenthal |first6=Scott A. |last7=Lemorini |first7=Cristina |last8=Caricola |first8=Isabella |last9=Bailey |first9=Shara E. |last10=Herries |first10=Andy I. 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G. |last22=Onyango |first22=Blasto |last23=Lamela-Lopez |first23=Raquel |last24=Forrest |first24=Frances L. |last25=He |first25=Huaiyu |last26=Lane |first26=Timothy P. |last27=Frouin |first27=Marine |last28=Nomade |first28=Sébastien |last29=Wilson |first29=Evan P. |last30=Bartilol |first30=Simion K. |last31=Rotich |first31=Nelson Kiprono |last32=Potts |first32=Richard |title=Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus |journal=Science |date=10 February 2023 |volume=379 |issue=6632 |pages=561–566 |doi=10.1126/science.abo7452 |pmid=36758076 |bibcode=2023Sci...379..561P |url=https://hal.science/hal-04001912 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Ranjan |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam dispute: implications, negotiations, and mediations |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |date=2 January 2024 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=18–36 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2023.2287425 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Rose |2000 }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/cairo/history/ancient/ancient.html |access-date= 15 February 2026 |title=Ancient Cairo: 3000 BCE - 200 CE |website= Cairo: Living Past, Living Future |publisher=[[University of Texas]] |year = 2000 |first= Christopher |last= Rose }} --> <!-- {{harvnb|Roussi|2020}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Roussi |first1=Antoaneta |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |journal=Nature |date=23 July 2020 |volume=583 |issue=7817 |pages=501–502 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02124-8 |pmid=32669727 |bibcode=2020Natur.583..501R }} <!-- {{sfn|Sabr|2026}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= Sabr |first1= Mohy el-Din |display-authors=etal |title=Sudan: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing |year= 2026 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Agriculture-forestry-and-fishing |access-date= 7 February 2026 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Senay|2014}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Senay|2014}} |last1=Senay |first1=Gabriel B. |last2=Velpuri |first2=Naga Manohar |last3=Bohms |first3=Stefanie |last4=Demissie |first4=Yonas |last5=Gebremichael |first5=Mekonnen |title=Understanding the hydrologic sources and sinks in the N ile B asin using multisource climate and remote sensing data sets |journal=Water Resources Research |date=November 2014 |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=8625–8650 |doi=10.1002/2013WR015231 |bibcode=2014WRR....50.8625S }} <!-- {{Sfn|Shuka| 2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Shuka|2022}} |last1=Shuka |first1=Kamal Abdelrahim Mohamed |last2=Ke |first2=Wang |last3=Sohail Nazar |first3=Mohammad |last4=Abubakar |first4=Ghali Abdullahi |last5=Shahtahamssebi |first5=AmirReza |title=Impact of Hydrological Infrastructure Projects on Land Use/Cover and Socioeconomic Development in Arid Regions—Evidence from the Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, Kassala, Eastern Sudan |journal=Sustainability |date=15 March 2022 |volume=14 |issue=6 |article-number=3422 |doi=10.3390/su14063422 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Soliman|2006}} |last1=Soliman |first1=A. 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builders' waterways: Reconstructing the ancient topography of Khufu's Pharaonic Harbour at Giza, Egypt |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |date=February 2024 |volume=53 |article-number=104303 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104303 |bibcode=2024JArSR..53j4303Y |url=https://hal.science/hal-04295184 }} ====Unknown author==== <!-- {{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress'' }} --> * {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress'' }} |title=Abyssinia, Or the Empire of Prester John |publisher= [[Jodocus Hondius]] |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668727/ |access-date=11 February 2026 |website= [[Library of Congress]] |year=1619 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}} |url=https://enterpriseam.com/egypt/hardhats/a-look-into-the-current-state-of-the-river-transport-sector/ |title=A Look into the Current State of the River Transport Sector |website= EnterpriseAM |date= 16 July 2025 |access-date=11 February 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} --> *{{cite web |ref={{sfnref |"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} |title=Aswan Dam (1,2) Electric Hydro Power Plant |url=http://www.moee.gov.eg/english/elshabaka/Aswan%20Dam%20%281,2%29.htm |publisher=[[Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy]] |year=2011 |accessdate=2 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131508/http://www.moee.gov.eg/english/elshabaka/Aswan%20Dam%20%281%2C2%29.htm |archivedate=20 July 2011 |access-date=13 June 2026 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131508/http://www.moee.gov.eg/english/elshabaka/Aswan%20Dam%20%281%2C2%29.htm }} <!-- {{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica'' }} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{sfnref |"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica'' }} |title=Baḥr Al-Ghazāl |year= 2025 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= 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{{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef| "The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative'' }} |title=The Nile Basin |year= 2025 |publisher= [[Nile Basin Initiative]] |url= https://nilebasin.org/nile-basin |access-date=13 March 2026 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef| "Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative'' }} |title=Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt |year= 2005 |publisher= [[Nile Basin Initiative]] |url= https://nilebasin.org/node/12482 |access-date=31 December 2025 }} <!-- {{snf|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}} |title=Personification of the River Nile |publisher= [[Yale Peabody Museum]] |url= https://echoesofegypt.peabody.yale.edu/overview/personification-river-nile |access-date= 14 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} --> * {{Cite web | ref={{sfnRef| "Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} |title=Sudan - Roseires |year= 2022 |publisher= [[International Hydropower Association]] |url= https://www.hydropower.org/sediment-management-case-studies/sudan-roseires |access-date=9 February 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Source+Du+Nil/@-3.9151459,29.835292,750m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x19c0dc528139a7dd:0xe40198647c1df0f3!8m2!3d-3.9151459!4d29.8378669!16s%2Fg%2F11sf0fpfmf?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDMxNS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D |title= Source Du Nil |website=[[Google Maps]] |date= 18 March 2026 |access-date=18 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}} |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa/brief/nile-basin-trust-fund |title=The Nile Basin Trust Fund |publisher=[[World Bank Group]] |date= 14 January 2016 |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} --> * {{cite web | ref= {{sfnRef|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} |url=https://opecfund.org/where-we-work/list/upper-atbara-dam-complex-project |title=Upper Atbara Dam Complex Project |publisher=[[OPEC Fund for International Development]] |date= 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations''}} --> * {{Cite book | ref={{sfnRef| ''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations'' }} |title=Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin |year= 2020 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] - [[United Nations]] |url= https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9895en |access-date=11 December 2025 |doi= 10.4060/ca9895en |isbn=9789251329825 }} {{Nile River}} {{Egypt topics}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nile| ]] [[Category:Ancient Egyptian religion]] [[Category:Geography of ancient Egypt]] [[Category:Hebrew Bible rivers]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:National parks of Egypt]] [[Category:Nile basin|*]] [[Category:Rivers in art]] [[Category:Rivers of Burundi]] [[Category:Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Rivers of Egypt]] [[Category:Rivers of Eritrea]] [[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]] [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] [[Category:Rivers of Rwanda]] [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Rivers of Sudan]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] [[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] [[Category:Water transport in Egypt]] 9dmskkcdlwoyuz3ssz1bv6duwmelvqe Lake Tanganyika 0 33441 146135 140801 2026-08-10T21:13:31Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:View of Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Lake Tanganyika eastern shore in Kagongo Ward, [[Kigoma Region]], Tanzania]]'''Lake Tanganyika''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|n|ˈ|j|iː|k|ə|,_|-|ɡ|æ|n|-}} {{respell|TANG|gən|YEE|kə|,_-|gan|-}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{langx|rn|Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika}}) nyɛla gbaŋsabila mɔɣ'titali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Richard Francis |editor-first=Charles |editor-last=Richards |title=Burton and Lake Tanganyika |date=1965 |publisher=East African Literature Bureau |location=Dar Es Salaam |oclc=180480726}}</ref> Di ni nyɛ dunia zaa lake din pahiri ayi mɔɣa din mali kom pam ka nyɛ din lahi pahiri ayi di yi ka mɔɣa din ʒilimi puuni, di nyɛla din doli Lake Baikal din be Siberia nyaaŋa.<ref name=zambiatour>{{cite web |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika |title=Lake Tanganyika |work=www.zambiatourism.com |access-date=2008-03-14 |archive-date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=R. |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika |title=Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika |publisher=Brown University |date=16 May 2010 |access-date=25 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika |url-status=live }}</ref> Di ni nyɛ dunia zaa lakenima din waɣa gari di taba maa zaa.<ref name=zambiatour/> Di lahi nyɛla din do buyobu zuɣu dunia Lakenima puuni di yi kana galisim polo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World’s largest lakes {{!}} Description, Area, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Lake ŋɔ nyɛla din kpɛ tiŋgbana anahi ni [[Tanzania]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ( DRC), [[Burundi]], n-ti pahi [[Zambia]]—ka Tanzania nyɛ din mali li kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinahi ni ayobu ka DRC mali kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinahi. Di nyɛla din ʒiri [[Lukuga River|Lukuga Mɔɣili]] chani nti luri [[Congo River|Congo Mɔɣili]] ka di nyɛ din laɣim taba chaŋ nti lu Banana, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=asdf /> ==Kom nahingbana == [[File:Clear lake Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Clear water lake of Lake Tanganyika in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania]] Lake ŋɔ kom nyɛla "alkaline" ni pH kamani dibaa awɔi ʒiliŋ kamani {{cvt|0-100|m|ft|-1}}.<ref name=Wever2005>{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=Wever |last2=Muylaert |last3=der Gucht |first3=Van |last4=Pirlot |last5=Cocquyt |last6=Descy |last7=Plisnier |last8=Vyverman |year=2005 |title=Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2005-09_71_9/page/5029 |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=5029–5037 |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005 |pmid=16151083 |pmc=1214687 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.5029D}}</ref> Din bɔŋɔ gbunni zaŋ chaŋ nyɛla 8.7, ka nyɛ din tooi boori labirina kamani 8.3–8.5 kom maa ni yaɣa pam zaŋ n-ti Tanganyika.<ref name=Wever2005/> Lala niŋsim ŋɔ ŋmahinli nyɛla din be niɣilim buɣim yaɣili maa bin din gbaai kamani 670 μS/cm mɔɣili maa zuɣusaa zaŋ chaŋ 690 μS/cm mɔɣili ŋɔ gbunni.<ref name=Wever2005/> Di zuɣusaa tulim nyɛla kamani {{cvt|24|C|F}} mɔɣili maa wulinluhili polo Silimiin goli August piligu ka nyɛ {{cvt|28|-|29|C|F}} saa mibu saha bin din gbaai Silimin goli March zaŋ chaŋ Silimiin goli April.<ref name=Edmond1993>{{cite journal |last1=Edmond |last2=Stallard |last3=Craigh |last4=Weiss |last5=Coulter |year=1993 |title=Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika |url=https://archive.org/details/limnology-and-oceanography_1993-06_38_4/page/725 |journal=Limnol. Oceanogr. |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=725–738 |doi=10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725 |bibcode=1993LimOc..38..725E |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mɔɣili maa ʒiliŋ din gari {{cvt|400|m|ft}}, tulim maa nyɛla din zaya {{cvt|23.1|-|23.4|C|F}}.<ref name=Reilly2003>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Reilly |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Alin |first2=Simone R. |last3=Plisnier |first3=Pierre-Denis |last4=Cohen |first4=Andrew S. |last5=Mckee |first5=Brent A. |date=August 14, 2003 |title=Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-08-14_424_6950/page/766 |doi=10.1038/nature01833 |pmid=12917682 |journal=Nature |volume=424 |issue=6950 |pages=766–768 |bibcode=2003Natur.424..766O |s2cid=1637315}}</ref> Kom maa nyɛla din tula tum 19th century ka din bɔŋɔ daliri nyɛ dunia zaa tulim tum yuuni 1950s.<ref name=Jensen2016>{{cite web |author=Jensen, M.R. |title=Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming |url=https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming |publisher=University of Arizona |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=5 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming |url-status=live }}</ref> Mɔɣili maa nyɛla din tooi kpɛri kom pam shiɣuni amaa ka di ʒiliŋ nyɛ din bi boori paari {{cvt|150|m|ft}}.<ref name=Edmond1993/><ref name=Lowe2003>{{cite journal |last1=Lowe-McConnell |first1=R.H. |year=2003 |title=Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution |journal=Freshwater Forum |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=4–64}}</ref><ref>Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. {{ISBN|978-3-642-15178-1}}.</ref> Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ni di ka pɔhim di gbuuni pam yaɣa ni ka di nyɛ din ka anfaani zaŋ n-ti zahim mini binshɛŋa din bori pohim ka be kom maa puuni ni. Di wulinpuhili polo ʒiliŋ nyɛla {{cvt|240-250|m|ft}}.<ref name="Wright2006">Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.</ref><ref name="McConnell1987">Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. {{ISBN|0-521-28064-8}}.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Emily |last2=Todd |first2=Jonathan A. |last3=McGlue |first3=Michael |last4=Kimirei |first4=Ismael |last5=Soreghan |first5=Michael |title=Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes |series=Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs |date=2017 |article-number=304608 |publisher=Geological Society of America |doi=10.1130/abs/2017am-304608}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" perrow="5" caption="Cichlid tribes in Lake Tanganyika (E = tribe endemic or near-endemic)"> File:Bathybates ferox.jpg|[[Bathybatini]] (E): ''[[Bathybates ferox]]'' is [[benthic]] and [[piscivorous]], but the genus also includes pelagic species.<ref name="Kirchberger2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kirchberger |last2=Sefc |last3=Sturmbauer |last4=Koblmuller |year=2012 |title=Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |article-number=716209 |doi=10.1155/2012/716209 |pmid=22675652 |pmc=3362839 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The tribe is sometimes split in three, others being [[Hemibatini]] and [[Trematocarini]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meyer |last2=Matchiner |last3=Salburger |year=2015 |title=Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=7 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125043 |pmid=25928886 |article-number=e0125043 |pmc=4415804 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025043W |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Weiss2015>{{Cite journal |last1=Weiss |last2=Cotterill |last3=Schliewen |year=2015 |title=A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=83 |pages=56–71 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009 |pmid=25433288 |pmc=4334724}}</ref> File:Benthochromis tricoti.jpg|[[Benthochromini]] (E): ''[[Benthochromis horii]]'' was scientifically described in 2008, but has often been misidentifed as ''[[Benthochromis tricoti|B. tricoti]]''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2008-02_72_3/page/603 |last1=Takahashi |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=603–613 |year=2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x |first1=T.|bibcode=2008JFBio..72..603T }}</ref> File:DKoehl Boulengerochromis microlepis.jpg|[[Boulengerochromini]] (E): ''[[Boulengerochromis microlepis]]'' is one of the world's largest cichlids<ref name="PracFishKeepLarge">{{cite web |url=http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids |title=The 10 biggest cichlids |publisher=Practical Fishkeeping |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=17 March 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids |url-status=live }}</ref> and only member of its tribe<ref name=Weiss2015/> File:Cyphotilapia frontosa2.jpg|[[Cyphotilapiini]] (E): ''[[Cyphotilapia frontosa]]'', one of only two similar species in the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=T. |last2=Nakaya |first2=K. |year=2003 |title=New species of Cyphotilapia (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_copeia_2003-12-04_4/page/n139 |journal=Copeia |volume=2003 |issue=4 |pages=824–832 |doi=10.1643/ia03-148.1 |s2cid=83854866}}</ref> File:Kleinschuppiger Kaerpflingsbuntbarsch Cyprichromis microlepidotus Tierpark Hellabrunn-1.jpg|[[Cyprichromini]] (E): ''[[Cyprichromis microlepidotus]]'' and other members of this tribe are open-water [[planktivore]]s<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Bigirimana, C. |date=2006 |title=''Cyprichromis microlepidotus'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T60487A12363286 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=Smith1998>Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. {{ISBN|0-7641-0615-5}}</ref> File:Ophthalmotilapia nasuta Kipili.jpg|[[Ectodini]] (E): ''[[Ophthalmotilapia nasuta]]'' (male) is [[sexually dimorphic]], males being more colorful with longer fins and nose<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ophthalmotilapia nasuta |website=Seriously Fish |url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162708/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ |url-status=live }}</ref> File:Eretmodus-sp-kavala1.jpg|[[Eretmodini]] (E): ''[[Eretmodus cyanostictus]]'' lives near the bottom in the turbulent, coastal [[surf zone]],<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Eretmodus | species = cyanostictus | month = April| year = 2017}}</ref> like other members of its tribe<ref name=Smith1998/> File:Astatotilapia burtoni.png|[[Haplochromini]]: ''[[Astatotilapia burtoni]]'' is one of the few Tanganyika species,<ref name="FishbaseList">{{Cite web |title=Species in the Tanganyika |url=https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 |access-date=2023-03-11 |type=table |website=www.fishbase.se |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162720/https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> unlike other [[African Great Lakes]] where most belong to this tribe<ref name=Lowe2009>{{cite journal |last1=Lowe-McConnell |first1=R |year=2009 |title=Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems |journal=Freshwater Reviews |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=131–151 |doi=10.1608/frj-2.2.2 |s2cid=54011001}}</ref> File:Schachbrett-Schlankcichlide.jpg|[[Lamprologini]] (E): ''[[Julidochromis marlieri]]'' is popular in the [[aquarium]] trade where members of the genus are known as "Julies"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julidochromis marlieri (Marlier's Julie) |website=Seriously Fish |url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/julidochromis-marlieri/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/julidochromis-marlieri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> File:Gnathochromis premaxillaris.jpg|[[Limnochromini]] (E): ''[[Gnathochromis permaxillaris]]'' is a [[Planktivore|zooplanktivore]] with an unusual protractile mouth<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Bigirimana, C. |date=2006 |title=''Gnathochromis permaxillaris'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T60493A12364587 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> File:Perissodus microlepis juvenile in aquarium.jpg|[[Perissodini]] (E): ''[[Perissodus microlepis]]'', a specialized [[scale-eating]] species<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=T.A. |last2=Albertson |first2=R.C. |year=2010 |title=Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids |journal=BMC Biology |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=8 |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-8-8 |pmid=20102595 |pmc=2828976 |doi-access=free}}</ref> File:Oreochromis tanganicae (Günther).jpg|[[Tilapiini]]: ''[[Oreochromis tanganicae]]'' is one of the most common coastal species found in local [[fish market]]s<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Ntakimazi, G. |date=2006 |title=''Oreochromis tanganicae'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T60625A12387918 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> File:TropheusspRed200.jpg|[[Tropheini]] (E): ''[[Tropheus moorii]]'' ("red" Chimba [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]]) is highly variable and the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of some of the morphs is questionable<ref>Begon, M.; and A.H. Fitter (1995). Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 26, p. 203. {{ISBN|0-12-013926-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salzburger |last2=Niederstätter |last3=Brandstätter |last4=Berger |last5=Parson |last6=Snoeks |last7=Sturmbauer |year=2006 |title=Colour-assortative mating among populations of Tropheus moorii, a cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa |journal=Proc Biol Sci |volume=273 |issue=1584 |pages=257–266 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3321 |pmid=16543167 |pmc=1560039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tropheus Genus Evolution |url=http://www.cichlidworld.eu/clanky/evolucia_tropheus_e.htm |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Cichlid World |author1=Robert Toman |date=2017 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919232102/http://www.cichlidworld.eu/clanky/evolucia_tropheus_e.htm }}</ref> </gallery> ===Zahim din pahi === [[File:Lamprichthys tanganicanus.JPG|thumb|The [[Tanganyika killifish]] (''Lamprichthys tanganicanus'') is the only member of its genus<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Lamprichthys | month = March| year = 2017}}</ref>]] Lake Tanganyika nyɛla yiŋa zaŋ n-ti zahim balibu din gari pihinii zaŋ n-ti "non-cichlid" zahim ka mali kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihiyobu zahim zaŋ n-ti cichlid .<ref name=Wright2006/><ref name="LTBP">{{Cite web |website=IW:LEARN {{pipe}} Documents |author1=Kelly West |title=Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia |url=https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 |access-date=2023-03-11 |date=28 February 2001 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Brown2011>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |last2=Britz |last3=Bills |last4=Rüber |last5=Day |year=2011 |title=Pectoral fin loss in the Mastacembelidae: a new species from Lake Tanganyika |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=284 |issue=4 |pages=286–293 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=J.J. |last2=Bailey |first2=R.M. |year=2012 |title=Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91200/1/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x.pdf |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=121–142 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>[[File:Fishing boat in Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Fishing Boat in Kagongo Ward, Kigoma District]] [[File:Fisherman on Lake Tanganyika.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika]] ==Lihimi m pahi == * [[Cryptodepression]] ==Kundivihra == {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q5511|c=Category:Lake Tanganyika|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Lake Tanganyika|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Tanganyika}} [[Category:Lake Tanganyika| ]] [[Category:Ancient lakes|Tanganyika]] <!--cat sort position--> [[Category:African Great Lakes|Tangyanyika]]<!--cat sort position--> [[Category:Lakes of the Great Rift Valley|Tanganyika]]<!--cat sort position--> [[Category:Lakes of Burundi|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Lakes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Lakes of Tanzania|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Lakes of Zambia|Tanganyika]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Burundi]] [[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Tanzania]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Zambia]] [[Category:Tanganyika Province]] [[Category:Burundi–Democratic Republic of the Congo border]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Tanzania border]] [[Category:Burundi–Tanzania border]] [[Category:Tanzania–Zambia border]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia border]] [[Category:Border tripoints]] [[Category:Ramsar sites in Zambia]] [[Category:Meromictic lakes]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] eazg1wu3wsqb62suk1tybtyxq3j26sm Narus River, Uganda 0 33460 146087 141014 2026-08-10T20:00:43Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Narus Mɔɣili''' ŋɔ nyɛla mɔɣili din zɔri kpari Kidepo Valley National paaki wulinpuhili polo, [[Uganda]], ka nyɛ din chaŋ nti [[Kidepo River|Kidepo Mɔɣili]] din miri Komoloich kamani kilomitanima pinaata pɔi ka naayi kpɛ Eastern Equatoria yaɣili zaŋ n-ti South Sudan.<ref>{{cite map |publisher = OpenStreetMap |title = Map of Komoloich |trans-title=|year = 2012 |url = http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=3.9713&lon=33.582&zoom=14&layers=M |scale = |version = |cartography = OpenStreetMap contributors |section = |inset = |accessdate = 6 August 2012 }} </ref> Yuli din nyɛ ''Narus'' nyɛla din yina Karamajong bachi ni zaŋ n-ti bayaɣiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10628:kidepo-ugandas-hidden-treasure&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=Kidepo; Uganda’s hidden treasure |work=The Observer |author=Simon Musasizi |date=24 October 2010 |accessdate=2011-07-22}}</ref> Narus Mɔɣili ŋɔ yaɣili nyɛla din nyari sa'kom pam kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinahi yuuni puuni gari Kidepo mɔɣili ŋɔ yaɣili ( sa'kom kamani pihiwɔi yini ka mini sa'kom pihiyobu ni anahi ).<ref name="Field 76">{{cite journal|last=Field|first=C. R.|author2=Ross, I. C.|title=The savanna ecology of Kidepo Valley National Park.|url=https://archive.org/details/african-journal-of-ecology_1976-03_14_1/page/1|journal=African Journal of Ecology|date=1 March 1976|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–15|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1976.tb00148.x}}</ref> Lala mɔɣa ayi ŋɔ yi laɣim taba di nyɛla din tiri tankpaɣu din ŋmani bayaɣiti,<ref name=Briggs2007/> ka lala zuɣu chɛ ka dei nyɛ yiŋ zaŋ n-ti Nile nyabisi.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZwi5RlRnAkC&pg=PA165 |page=165 |title=Watching Wildlife East Africa |author=Matthew Firestone |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2009 |ISBN=1-74104-208-9}}</ref> Paaki zaŋ n-ti lahiʒibisi binyɛra nyabu ŋɔ pirigili nyɛla din be Narus Valley ka bela mi nyɛ din be Kidepo mɔɣili ŋɔ ni di gbaai bahindi wuuni niriba nyɛla ban chani ni pam.<ref name=Briggs2007/> == Lihimi m pahi == * [https://www.insidekidepovalleynationalpark.com/narus-valley-kidepo.html Narus valley kidepo] * [[Kidepo Valley National Park]] * [[List of rivers of Uganda]] * [[List of rivers of South Sudan]] ==Kundivihira == <references> <ref name=Briggs2007>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPzAlYu6nEsC&pg=PA461 |title=Uganda: the Bradt travel guide |author=Philip Briggs, Andrew Roberts |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2007 |ISBN=1-84162-182-X}}</ref> </references> [[Category:Kaabong District]] [[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] ppi5x06x0n9vr6fzwb36wv20d4u3ypw Senegal River 0 33470 146150 145652 2026-08-10T21:42:33Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Senegal Mɔɣili''' ({{langx|srr|"Seen O Gal"}} or "Senegal" -bachi maa yi laɣim taba &nbsp;[[Serer people|Serer]] bachi "Seen" rbee "Sene" bee "Sen" (di nyɛla din yina &nbsp;[[Roog|Roog Seen]], din be&nbsp;[[Serer religion]]) mini "O Gal" (ka di gbuuni nyɛ "niŋgbana zaŋ n-ti kom")); {{langx|wo|Dexug Senegaal}}, {{langx|ar|نهر السنغال|Nahr as-Siniġāl}}, {{IPA|mey|nahrˤ əs.säjnigaːl}}, {{langx|fr|Fleuve Sénégal}}) nyɛla mɔɣili din waɣilim nyɛ kilomitanima 1,086 din be [[West Africa]]; waɣilim ŋɔ shɛli nyɛla din pahi di tarisi ni [[Senegal]] mini [[Mauritania]] tiŋgbana tarisi. Di nyɛla di ni tooi deegi kom paai kamani {{Convert|270,000|km2|abbr=on|comma=gaps}} ka nyɛ din zɔri kamani {{Convert|680|m3/s|abbr=on}}, yuuni puuni ko'shɛli din tooi yiri di puuni nyɛla {{Convert|21.5|km3|abbr=on}}. Mɔɣ'bihi zaŋ n-ti mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛ Faleme mɔɣili, [[Karakoro River]] n-ti pahi [[Gorgol River]]. Mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din pirigi buyi din kana nti gari Kaedi luɣ'shɛli maa. Di nuzaa zuɣu di ni maa nyɛ Doue ka di nyɛ din zɔri mɔɣ'titali ŋɔ tibi kpari wulinpuhili polo. Kilomitanima kɔbishii nyaaŋa lala mɔɣ'bihi ayi ŋɔ nyɛla din labi chirigi taba tiŋ yuli booni Podor. Yuuni 1972 [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]] n-ti pahi [[Senegal]] nyɛla ban daa piligi [[Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal]] (OMVS) ni di lihiri mɔɣili ŋɔ zuɣu. [[Guinea]] nyɛla ban daa pahi bɛ zuɣu yuuni 2005. Bin din gbaai yuuni 2012, mɔɣili maa nyɛla din daa nyɛ soli ka niriba mini neema baari garita. OMVS nyɛla ban daa zahindi kulibɔŋ bila kamani mitanima pihinu ni anu gbibu Ambidedi din be Mali mini Saint-Louis sunsuuni, waɣilim din nyɛ kilomitanima kɔbisiwai ni anu.<ref name="whycos2">{{citation|title=SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacités nationales et régionales d'observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire)|url=http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf|df=dmy-all|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228165424/http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf|publisher=Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS)|language=fr|archive-date=28 December 2013|url-status=dead}}.</ref><!--actually p3--><ref name=":0">[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1812100.html UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0 data for Dagana].</ref> == Taarihi == Lala yaɣili ŋɔ, Serer niriba nyɛ ban daa na tuui be ni ka bɛ adiini daa nyɛ musulinsi adiini tum 11th century ka lala zuɣu chɛ ka Serer niriba be wulinluhili polo.<ref name="Villalón2006p54">{{cite book|author=Villalón, Leonardo A.|title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03232-2|pages=54–55}}, Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's [[Toucouleur people|Tukulor]]."</ref><ref name=":1">Galvan, Dennis Charles,&nbsp;''The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal,'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p.&nbsp;51</ref><ref name=":2">Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009).&nbsp;''Senegal''. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISBN|9780761444817}}, p. 63</ref><ref name=":3">Page, Willie F., ''Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)'', pp. 209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}}</ref><ref name=":4">Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), {{ISBN|1-57505-951-7}}</ref><ref name=":5">Oliver, Roland Anthony; & Fage, J. D.,; "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)</ref><ref name=":6">Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11, {{ISBN|9987-9322-2-3}}</ref> Senegal Mɔɣili ŋɔ bɛnibu daliri nyɛla Mediterranean civilizations. Dina bee mɔɣ'shɛŋa nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli ''Bambotus, ban daa booni lala ŋɔ nyɛ'' [[Pliny the Elder]] ka di gbuuni nyɛ ŋamli.<ref>Pliny, ''Natural History'', Lib. 5, Ch.1 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=VzwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA380 p. 380])</ref> [[Hanno the Navigator|Hanno the Carthaginian]] nyɛla ŋun daa kana nti kaai mɔɣili ŋɔ 450 BCE din daa niŋ ka o yi [[Carthage]] kana nti gari [[pillars of Herakles]] n daa chaŋ [[Theon Ochema]] ([[Mount Cameroon]]?) din be Gulf zaŋ n-ti Guinea. === Laribawanima kundinima === Yuuni kurumbuni ni ha (c. 800 CE) piligu, Senegal Mɔɣili maa daa nyɛla soli zaŋ n-ti Mediterranean dunia, saha shɛli bɛ ni daa piligi dabba dabu [[Morocco]] mini Ghana sunsuuni. Laribawa nima ŋɔ ni daa ʒini luɣ'shɛŋa kamani [[al-Masudi]] zaŋ n-ti Baghdad (957), [[al-Bakri]] zaŋ n-ti Spain (1068) n-ti pahi [[al-Idrisi]] zaŋ n-ti Sicily (1154) nyɛla din mali taarihi shɛli din buɣisi Senegal Mɔɣili ŋɔ.<ref>A translation of al-Bakri's 1068 account is found in Levtzion & Hopkins, (2000, ''Corpus'': ([https://books.google.com/books?id=L3tNlgQmT9wC&pg=PA77 p. 77]). In French, see Monteil (1968). For an attempt to reconstruct the Senegal river's course from the accounts of al-Bakri and al-Idrisi, see Cooley (1841: [https://books.google.com/books?id=380NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA52 p. 52]).</ref> Laribawanima ŋɔ ni daa tuui ʒini luɣ'shɛŋa ŋɔ nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni Senegal Mɔɣili zuɣusaa mini [[Niger River]] zuɣusaa nyɛla din daa chirigi taba n leei mɔɣ'yini ka zɔri chani nti luri "Western Nile".<ref>The term "Nile" seems to have been applied quite early to the Senegal. During the Arab conquest of North Africa in the 8th century, [[Ifriqiya]]n commanders launched several expeditionary raids from the [[Sous]] valley against the desert-dwelling nomadic [[Berber people|Berber]]s of [[Western Sahara]]. There is a report from an Arab commander from the 750s who claims to have reached as far south as "the Nile" (i.e. the Senegal). See Hrbek (1992: p.308).</ref> (Achiika, Senegal Mɔɣili ŋɔ ni nyari kom luɣ'shɛli nyɛla din miri Niger Mɔɣili din be Mali mini Guinea.) Di nyɛla shɛba ni daa mali dihitabili ni di nyɛla [[Nile]] yaɣ'shɛli <ref>Geographia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA222 Book IV, Chapter 6, Section 13].</ref> bee Biblical [[Gihon]] kulibɔŋ .<ref>e.g. [[Leo Africanus]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rmcMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Leo%20Africanus%22%20Niger&pg=PA124 p. 124]</ref> [[File:Senegal River according to al-Bakri.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Western Nile (Senegal-Niger River) according to [[al-Bakri]] (1068)]] Laribawanima ŋɔ ni daa ʒini luɣ'shɛŋa Abd al-Hassan Ali ibn Omar (1230), [[Ibn Said al-Maghribi]] (1274) n-ti pahi [[Abu'l-Fida|Abulfeda]] (1331) nyɛla ban booni Senegal Mɔɣili ŋɔ "Nile of [[Ghana Empire|Ghana]]" (Nil Gana bee Nili Ganah).<ref>See R.H. Major (1868) ''Life of Prince Henry'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=UfE5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA114 p. 114]</ref> [[Image:Palolus river (Senegal-Niger) in 1413 Mecia de Viladestes map.jpg|thumb|1000px|center|Course of the "River of Gold" (Senegal-Niger) in the 1413 portolan chart of [[Mecia de Viladestes]].]] [[File:RiverSenegalNearKanel.jpg|thumb|Young boys swimming in the Senegal River]] [[File:Guillaume Delisle Senegambia 1707.jpg| thumb | [[Senegambia]] region, detail from the map of Guillaume Delisle (1707), which still assumes the Senegal connected to the Niger; this would be corrected in subsequent edititions of Delisle's map (1722, 1727), where it was shown ending at a lake, south of the Niger.]] == Daabilim anfaaninima == Senegal Mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali daabilim anfaaninima pam zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani shɛŋa din chirigi chirigi maa: Guinea, Mali, Mauritania n-ti pahi Senegal. Tum saha shɛli maa ha di nyɛla din daa pun mali anfaani zaŋ n-ti niriba hali ni zuŋɔ ka nyɛ din na mali:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=The World Bank |title=Senegal River Valley Development and Resilience Project |journal=World Bank Report |date=28 November 2023 |page=4 |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099112823230029545/pdf/P1794490e9e591020802b03680fe96c805.pdf |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> === Niɣilim buɣim niŋbu === Mɔɣili maa nyɛ din tiri lala yaɣili ŋɔ niɣilim buɣim. Saha ŋɔ di ni mali tuma duri shɛŋa nyɛla 1460 mitanima ni [[Manantali Dam]] ka nyɛ din yaa paai kamani 200MV,<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal) |url=https://riverresourcehub.org/resources/a-case-study-on-the-manantali-dam-project-mali-mauritania-senegal-2011/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=International Rivers Resource Hub |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Gouina Hydroelectric Plant]] (140MV) din be Mali,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cities |first=Green Building Africa-Net Carbon Zero Buildings and |date=2022-12-11 |title=Construction of 140MW Gouina Hydroelectric Plant in Mali Complete |url=https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/construction-of-140mw-gouina-hydroelectric-plant-in-mali-complete/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Green Building Africa}}</ref> mini Félou Hydroelectric Plant (62 MW).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali: Félou Regional Hydropower Project {{!}} KYOTO |url=https://www.wbkyotofunds.org/projects/mali-felou-regional-hydropower-project |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.wbkyotofunds.org}}</ref> Lala niɣilim buɣim ŋɔ nyɛla din mali sɔŋsim pam bɛ daabilim polo ka nyɛ bɛ ni lahi yɛligi shɛli [[Koukoutamba Hydroelectric Power Station|Koukoutamba]] (294 MW),<ref>{{Cite web |last=kgi-admin |date=2023-04-18 |title=Power plant profile: Koukoutamba, Guinea |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-koukoutamba-guinea/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> Boureya (161 MW),<ref>{{Cite web |last=kgi-admin |date=2023-04-22 |title=Power plant profile: Boureya Hydro Power Plant, Guinea |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-boureya-hydro-power-plant-guinea/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> n-ti pahi Gourbassi (18 MW) niɣilim buɣim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal/Mali: CMEC to build Gourbassi hydroelectric dam {{!}} African Energy |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/news-centre/article/senegalmali-cmec-build-gourbassi-hydroelectric-dam |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.africa-energy.com}}</ref> == Lihimi m pahi == * [[Futa Toro]] == Kundivihira == {{Reflist|30em}} == Din yi shɛli na == *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Senegal (river)|volume=24 |page=639}} * [[João de Barros]] (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015057112644&pg=PP35 Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib.1-5)]. * Beazley, C.R. (1899) "Introduction" to vol. 2 of C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, editors, Zurara's ''The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea''. London: Haklyut * {{cite book |last1=Boilat |first1=Fr. David |author1-link=David Boilat |title=Esquisses sénégalaises: physionomie du pays, peuplades, commerce, religions, passé et avenir, récits et légendes' |date=1853 |publisher=P. Bertrand |location=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA491 |access-date= |language=fr}} * [[Alvise Cadamosto]] (1460s) "Il Libro di Messer Alvise Ca da Mosto Gentilhuomo Venetiano" & "Navigatione del Capitano Pietro di Sintra Portoghese scritta per il medesimo M. Alvise da Ca da Mosto", as printed in Venice (1550), by [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]], ed., ''Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA106-IA1 online] (English translation: "Original Journals of the Voyages of Cada Mosto and Piedro de Cintra to the Coast of Africa, the former in the years 1455 and 1456, and the latter soon afterwards", in R. Kerr, 1811, ''A General History of Voyages and Travels to the end of the 18th century'', vol. 2, Edinburgh: Blackwood. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA200 online]) * {{cite book |last1=Cooley |first1=W. D. |author1-link=William Desborough Cooley |title=The Negroland of the Arabs examined and explained; or, An inquiry into the early history and geography of Central Africa |date=1841 |publisher=Arrowsmith |location=London |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=380NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 |access-date= |language=en}} * Delafosse, M. (1912) ''Haut-Sénégal-Niger''. 3 vols, Paris: Emil Larose. * Hrbek, I. (1992) ''Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh century''. University of California Press. * [[Nehemia Levtzion|Levtzion, N.]] (1973) ''Ancient Ghana and Mali'' London: Methuen * Levtzion, N. and J.F.P. Hopkins, editors, (2000) ''Corpus of early Arabic sources for West African history'', Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener. * [[Leo Africanus]] (1526) ''Descrittione dell' Africa, & delle cose notabili che lui sono, per Giovan Lioni Africano'' "Descrittione dell’Africa", as printed in Venice (1550), by [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]], ed., ''Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.''. English trans. 1896, as ''The History and Description of Africa, and of the notable things therein contained''. London: Haklyut. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rmcMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 vol. 1] * {{cite book |last1=Major |first1=Richard Henry |title= The Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator: and their results; being the narrative of the discovery by sea, within one century, of more than half the world |date=1868 |publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington |location=London |edition=1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrkEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3 |access-date= |language=en}} * [[Luis de Marmol Carvajal]] (1573) ''Primera Parte de la Descripción General de Áffrica, con todos los successos de guerras que a auido entre los infieles, ye el pueblo Christiano, y entre ellos mesmos, desde que Mahoma inueto su secta, hasta el año del señor 1571.'' Granada: Rabut. * {{cite journal |last1=Mauny |first1=R. |title=Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen-âge d' après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie |journal=Mémoire de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire |date=1961 |volume= 61 |location=Dakar |url= |access-date= }} * {{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |title=A Reconsideration of the Wangara/Palolus Island of Gold |journal=Journal of African History |date=April 1981 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=145–158 |doi=10.1017/S002185370001937X |s2cid=162961695 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1981_22_2/page/145|access-date= |language=en |issn=1469-5138}} * {{cite book |last1=Monteil |first1=Vincent |title= l'Islam Noir |date=1964 |publisher=Edit. du Seuil |location=Paris |isbn=978-2020024624 |edition= |language=fr}} * {{cite journal |last1=Monteil |first1=Vincent |title=al-Bakri (Cordoue, 1068) - Routier de l'Afrique blanche et noire du Nord-Ouest: Traduction nouvelle de seize chapitres, sur le MS arabe 17 Bd PSS/902 du British Museum |journal=Bulletin de l'Ifan |date=1968 |volume=30 |issue= |pages=39–116 |doi= |url= |access-date=}} * A Phérotée de La Croix (1688) ''Relation universelle de l'Afrique, ancienne et moderne'' Alyon: Amaulry * [[Pliny the Elder]] (c. 30 AD) ''Naturalis Historiae''. [1855 edition, [[John Bostock (physician)|John Bostock]] and [[Henry Thomas Riley]] transl. ''The Natural History of Pliny''. London: H.G. Bohn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VzwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR23 vol 1.] (Bks I - V) * {{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=P. E. |title= Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn |isbn=9780300091304 |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300091304/prince-henry-navigator/ |access-date=}} * [[Livio Sanuto]] (1588) ''Geografia di M. Livio Sanvto distinta in XII libri. Ne' quali, oltra l'esplicatione di molti luoghi di Tolomeo e della Bussola, e dell' Aguglia; si dichiarano le Provincie, Popoli, Regni, Città; Porti, Monti, Fiumi, Laghi, e Costumi dell' Africa. Con XII tavole di essa Africa in dissegno di rame. Aggiuntivi de piu tre Indici da M. Giovan Carlo Saraceni'', Venice: Damiano Zenaro. * {{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=Heinrich |title=The Fra Mauro Portolan chart in the Vatican |journal=Imago Mundi |date=January 1962 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.1080/03085696208592198 |jstor=1150299 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150299 |access-date= |language=en |issn=0308-5694|url-access=subscription }} * [[Gomes Eanes de Zurara]] (1453) ''Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na Conquista da Guiné por mandado do Infante D. Henrique'' or ''Chronica do descobrimento e conquista da Guiné''. [Trans. 1896-99 by C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, ''The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea'', London: Haklyut, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sd9BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7 v.1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=1RpzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 v.2] *{{cite book|author=Villalón, Leonardo A.|title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03232-2|pages=54–55}}, Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's [[Toucouleur people|Tukulor]]." *Galvan, Dennis Charles,&nbsp;''The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal,'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p.&nbsp;5 *Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009).&nbsp;''Senegal''. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISBN|9780761444817}}, p.&nbsp;63 *Page, Willie F., ''Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)'', pp.&nbsp;209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}} *Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p.&nbsp;23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), {{ISBN|1-57505-951-7}} *Oliver, Roland Anthony; & Fage, J. D.; "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p.&nbsp;367. Cambridge University Press (1969) *Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p.&nbsp;11, {{ISBN|9987-9322-2-3}} == Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Betz |first=R. L. |year=2007 |title=The Mapping of Africa: a cartobibliography of printed maps of the African continent to 1700 |publisher=Hes & de Graaf |isbn=978-90-6194-489-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |year=1998 |title=West Africa Before the Colonial Era: a history to 1850 |url=https://archive.org/details/westafricabefore0000davi_v6s7 |location=London |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-31852-1 }} * {{cite book |last=De la Roncière |first=Charles |year=1925 |title=La découverte de l'Afrique au moyen âge |others=2 volumes |location=Cairo |publisher=Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte }} == External links == {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629065341/http://zope0.itcilo.org/delta/lmdd2003/news/1067611432/1068825691/presentation%20ressources%20en%20eau%20senegal.ppt The Hydrology of Senegal] ([[PowerPoint]] presentation) {{Coord|15|47|17|N|16|31|44|W|display=title}} {{Authority control}} {{Serer topics|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senegal River}} [[Category:Senegal River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Senegal]] [[Category:Rivers of Mauritania]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Mauritania–Senegal border]] [[Category:Rivers of Mali]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] [[Category:Serer history]] adv1k5rlzuxmtso8whs27y36g2h0qjl Tati River 0 33499 146093 141422 2026-08-10T20:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260810sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 146093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tati Mɔɣili''' ŋɔ nyɛla din be [[Botswana]] nuzaa zuɣu, dii nyɛla mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti Shashe Mɔɣili ka di mi gba nyɛ mɔɣ'bila zaŋ n-ti [[Limpopo River|Limpopo Mɔɣili]] . Mɔɣili maa nyɛla din zɔri gaariti Francistown, luɣ'shɛli mɔɣili ŋɔ ni chaŋ nti chirigi Ntshe (or Inchwe) Mɔɣili nuzaa zuɣu.{{sfn|Bule|2010}} ==Taarihi == Kamani yuuni 1865 tɔha nyɛla ŋun daa kana nti chirigi salima gbibu alaama Tati Mɔɣili ŋɔ shee.{{sfn|White|2004|p=2}} O nyɛla ŋun daa gahi nuu boli Karl Mauch ni o mini chaŋ ni yaha, yuuni 1866 Mauch nyɛla ŋun daa yina nti yɛlli ni o nyɛla ŋun nya la salima Tati mɔɣili ŋɔ shee kamani kilomitanima pihinii ka chɛ mɔɣili ŋɔ{{sfn|White|2004|p=3}} ka di daa leei tuuli salima bɛ ni daa nya lala yaɣili ŋɔ.{{sfn|Eriksson|Altermann|Förtsch|1995|p=85}} Yuuni 1869, Englishman Daniel Francis nyɛla ŋun daa kana ni o ti gbi salima ŋɔ pɔi ka naayi chaŋ kpa Kimberley wulinluhili polo daamɔn ni yuuni 1870.{{sfn|Murphy|Armstrong|Bainbridge|Firestone|2010|p=85}} Salima maa gbibu nyɛla din daa to.{{sfn|Main|2001|p=96}} Francis myɛla ŋun daa labina salima ŋɔ gbibu shee maa yuuni 1880 ka daa nya salima gbibu soli shɛhira gbaŋ King Lobengula sani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1870to1918.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/the-rudd-concession/|title=The Rudd concession|last=Jenny|date=2014-08-12|website=1870 to 1918|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref>{{sfn|Murphy|Armstrong|Bainbridge|Firestone|2010|p=85}} Salima gbibu nyɛla bɛ ni labi lihi shɛli yuuni 1880s mini yuuni 1890s ka Francistown nyɛ din daa piligi yuuni 1897. Lala tiŋ ŋɔ yuli nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli nti Francis, ŋun daa su tiŋgbani pam lala yaɣili ŋɔ.{{sfn|Main|2001|p=96}} ==Yuusi == Tankpaɣu shɛli din be Tati Mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din gbubi kom dabaa ashɛm koŋko yuuni puuni, mɔɣa pam din be Botswana gba nyɛla din be lala.{{sfn|Nas|1993|p=192}} Mɔɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din tiri Ntimbale kulibɔŋ kom ni kamani {{convert|26,370,000|m3}}.{{sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009|p=6}} Lala kulibɔŋ ŋɔ nyɛla din daa piligi tuma yuuni 2008, di nyɛla din tiri North East yaɣili tiŋkpaŋsi.{{sfn|Kologwe|2008}} Mɔɣili maa kom lahi nyɛla diin zɔri kpari Dikgathong kulibɔŋ ni.{{sfn|Bule|2010}} ==Kundivihira == '''Kundinima''' {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} '''Din yi shɛli na''' {{Refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=2916&dir=2010/June/Friday11 |title=Tati River: A jewel or environmental trap? |last=Bule |first=Edward |work=Mmegi Online |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=2012-09-19 }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf |title=BOTSWANA WATER STATISTICS |author=Central Statistics Office |date=October 2009 |access-date=2012-09-18 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5r28HPAkm?url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 }} *{{Cite journal|last1=Eriksson |first1=Patrick G. |last2=Altermann |first2=W. |last3=Förtsch |first3=E. B. |year=1995 |title=Transvaal Sequence and Bushveld Complex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mineralium-deposita_1995-04_30_2/page/n4 |journal=Mineralium Deposita |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=85–88 |doi=10.1007/BF00189337 |bibcode=1995MinDe..30...85E |s2cid=140649997 }} *{{cite journal |url=http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=3944&GroupID=3 |title=Ntimbale Dam to benefit North East region at last |last=Kologwe |first=Obusitse |date=2008-10-26 |journal=Sunday Standard |access-date=2012-09-19 |archive-date=2013-02-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218045351/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=3944&GroupID=3 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book|last=Main|first=Michael|title=African Adventurer's Guide to Botswana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdugjOahrC4C&pg=PA96|access-date=2012-09-19|date=2001-10-31|publisher=Struik|isbn=978-1-86872-576-2}} *{{cite book|last1=Murphy|first1=Alan|last2=Armstrong|first2=Kate|last3=Bainbridge|first3=James|last4=Firestone|first4=Matthew D.|title=Southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740595452|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740595452/page/85 85]|access-date=2012-09-19|date=2010-03-11|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-545-2}} *{{cite book|last=Nas|first=P.|title=Urban Symbolism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7-xvYmg3HcC&pg=PA192|access-date=2012-09-19|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09855-8}} *{{cite book|last=White|first=John|title=Scientific Travellers, 1789-1874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSE1ORhvwhUC&pg=PA6|access-date=2012-09-19|date=2004-03-04|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415289313}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Botswana]] 48yu55jcbe7cwfyayn8ij9emhy9e5tl Elche CF 0 33692 146078 2026-08-10T17:53:43Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Created an article 146078 wikitext text/x-wiki == Elche CF == ELCHE CLUB DE FÚTBOL, S.A.D.   Valencian: Elx Club de Futbol, S.A.D. Elche Club de Fútbol nyɛla Spain bɔlli tiim din be Elche, Alicante Province, Valencian Community puuni. Bɛ daa piligi li yuuni 1923. Saha ŋɔ bɛ ŋmɛri La Liga ka bɛ yiŋa nyɛ Estadio Martínez Valero - di tooi kpa niriba 33,732. Bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1923 ka tiŋa maa bɔlli tiim zaa daa laɣim taba. Bɛ daa kpe league puuni yuuni 1929, ka daa kpe Segunda División yuuni 1934, ka lahi kpe La Liga yuuni 1959. Bɛ daa nyɛ 5th yuuni 1963–64. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛ ayi Copa del Rey yuuni 1969. --- === TAARIIHI - PILIGU MINI SARIHI KANANA === Piligu mini sarihi kanana   Elche Club de Fútbol bɛ daa piligi li 1923 winter saha, tiŋa maa bɔlli tiim zaa ni daa laɣim taba.   Bɛ tuuli bɔlli daa nyɛla Monóvar zuɣu - bɛ daa di ba 4-0. Bɛ tuuli amiliya bɔlli daa nyɛla Crevillente zuɣu 2-0.   Bɛ piligu saha, bɛ daa chɛri kɔbisɣi zaa - saha maa tiim pam n-da chɛri li.   Bɛ daa pili league ŋmɛbu yuuni 1929–30, Tercera División ni. Bɛ daa kpe Segunda División yuuni 1934. Amma yuun' 6 nyaaŋa bɛ daa chɛ li tuuli, ka lahi labi na yuun' din doli.   1950s naabu, bɛ daa di promotion 2 doli taba, din yi third level chaŋ La Liga. Bɛ daa di Tenerife 3-0 yuuni 1959 ka kpe La Liga tuuli. 1959–78: LA LIGA SAHA Estadio Martínez Valero   Bɛ tuuli La Liga bɔlli daa nyɛla Real Oviedo zuɣu 1-1. Vicente Pahuet n-daa tuhi goal tuuli. Saha maa bɛ daa nyɛ 10th niriba 16 puuni, ka gari Osasuna namba 9.   Saha maa bɛ daa di Barcelona 2-1 yiŋa, amma Real Madrid daa di ba 11-2.   Yuun' din doli, bɛ daa kpe relegation play-off ni Atlético Ceuta. Bɛ daa chɛ 0-1 yiŋa, ka labina di ba 4-0 yiŋa.   Bɛ nasara galisi daa nyɛla yuuni 1963–64 - bɛ daa nyɛ 5th. Saha maa bɛ reserve tiim Elche Ilicitano daa lahi kpe Segunda División.   Yuuni 1969, bɛ daa kpe Copa del Rey final tuuli ni zaa. Bɛ daa di Pontevedra, Valencia ni Real Sociedad. Semi-final ni Real Sociedad daa draw 4-4, ka bɛ labina di 2-0 Madrid.   Final maa daa ŋmɛ 15th June Santiago Bernabéu - Athletic Bilbao daa di ba 1-0.   Yuun' 12 nyaaŋa, yuuni 1971 bɛ daa chɛ La Liga ka chaŋ ayi polo. Yuun' 2 nyaaŋa bɛ daa labina ka nyɛ champion. Bɛ labu maa daa yaai yuun' 5, ka yuuni 1974–75 n-daa ga bɛ ni daa nyɛ 8th.   Yuuni 1977–78, bɛ daa lahi chɛ li ka nyɛ 17th niriba 18 puuni. Bɛ tuuli bɔlli daa nyɛla Atlético Madrid zuɣu 4-4 - bɛ daa be 2-4 hali ni minit 5 naai. ===== 80s mini 90s: KOM YƐLHA PAM ===== Yuuni 1978 ni bɛ daa chɛ La Liga nyaaŋa, bɛ daa bi lahi nya promotion. Yuun' 5 puuni Segunda División, bɛ daa nyɛ 4th yu 3, ka nyɛ 5th yu 2. Pam bɛ daa chɛ promotion dabisili bahigu.   Yuuni 1980–81 n-daa galisi: bɔlli yini ka naai, bɛ daa be 2nd ka gari Rayo Vallecano ni Racing namba 2. Bɛ daa bɔri draw Cádiz zuɣu yiŋa. Amma bɛ daa chɛ li, ka daa nyɛ 45 points n-ti pahi tiim 4. Promotion daa kana yuuni 1983–84, bɛ ni daa nyɛ 5th saha. Real Madrid Castilla ni Athletic Bilbao B daa nyɛ 1st ni 2nd amma bɛ ku tooi kpe dama bɛ nyɛ reserve tiim.   Amma La Liga puuni, bɛ daa be relegation zone yuun' zaa ka daa chaŋ 17th.   Yuuni 1988 bɛ daa lahi kpe, amma bɛ daa nyɛ bahigu ni points 18. Bɛ ni daa ŋmɛ La Liga bɔlli bahigu daa nyɛla Real Zaragoza zuɣu 1-3. Alfonso Fernández n-daa di goal maa.   Yuuni 1989 nyaaŋa, kom yɛlha daa pili. Yuuni 1990–91 bɛ daa chɛ ka chaŋ Segunda División B - lig din pahiri 3.   1990s zaa, bɛ daa kpaŋdi bɛ maŋa ni bɛ kpe Segunda amma bɛ daa bi nya li.   Hali ni yuuni 1997 bɛ daa nya li, amma bɛ daa lahi chɛ li tuma tuma, ka lahi labi na. 3zya6dwcozkurbnvagbix578ia4gjyj 146079 146078 2026-08-10T17:57:57Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146079 wikitext text/x-wiki == Elche CF == ELCHE CLUB DE FÚTBOL, S.A.D.   Valencian: Elx Club de Futbol, S.A.D. Elche Club de Fútbol nyɛla Spain bɔlli tiim din be Elche, Alicante Province, Valencian Community puuni. Bɛ daa piligi li yuuni 1923. Saha ŋɔ bɛ ŋmɛri La Liga ka bɛ yiŋa nyɛ Estadio Martínez Valero - di tooi kpa niriba 33,732. Bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1923 ka tiŋa maa bɔlli tiim zaa daa laɣim taba. Bɛ daa kpe league puuni yuuni 1929, ka daa kpe Segunda División yuuni 1934, ka lahi kpe La Liga yuuni 1959. Bɛ daa nyɛ 5th yuuni 1963–64. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛ ayi Copa del Rey yuuni 1969. --- === TAARIIHI - PILIGU MINI SARIHI KANANA === Piligu mini sarihi kanana   Elche Club de Fútbol bɛ daa piligi li 1923 winter saha, tiŋa maa bɔlli tiim zaa ni daa laɣim taba.   Bɛ tuuli bɔlli daa nyɛla Monóvar zuɣu - bɛ daa di ba 4-0. Bɛ tuuli amiliya bɔlli daa nyɛla Crevillente zuɣu 2-0.   Bɛ piligu saha, bɛ daa chɛri kɔbisɣi zaa - saha maa tiim pam n-da chɛri li.   [[Lahabali kɔligu:Atleti vs. Elche FC - August 2025.png|thumb|Atleti vs Elche FC]] Bɛ daa pili league ŋmɛbu yuuni 1929–30, Tercera División ni. Bɛ daa kpe Segunda División yuuni 1934. Amma yuun' 6 nyaaŋa bɛ daa chɛ li tuuli, ka lahi labi na yuun' din doli.   1950s naabu, bɛ daa di promotion 2 doli taba, din yi third level chaŋ La Liga. Bɛ daa di Tenerife 3-0 yuuni 1959 ka kpe La Liga tuuli. 1959–78: LA LIGA SAHA Estadio Martínez Valero   Bɛ tuuli La Liga bɔlli daa nyɛla Real Oviedo zuɣu 1-1. Vicente Pahuet n-daa tuhi goal tuuli. Saha maa bɛ daa nyɛ 10th niriba 16 puuni, ka gari Osasuna namba 9.   Saha maa bɛ daa di Barcelona 2-1 yiŋa, amma Real Madrid daa di ba 11-2.   Yuun' din doli, bɛ daa kpe relegation play-off ni Atlético Ceuta. Bɛ daa chɛ 0-1 yiŋa, ka labina di ba 4-0 yiŋa.   Bɛ nasara galisi daa nyɛla yuuni 1963–64 - bɛ daa nyɛ 5th. Saha maa bɛ reserve tiim Elche Ilicitano daa lahi kpe Segunda División.   Yuuni 1969, bɛ daa kpe Copa del Rey final tuuli ni zaa. Bɛ daa di Pontevedra, Valencia ni Real Sociedad. Semi-final ni Real Sociedad daa draw 4-4, ka bɛ labina di 2-0 Madrid.   Final maa daa ŋmɛ 15th June Santiago Bernabéu - Athletic Bilbao daa di ba 1-0.   Yuun' 12 nyaaŋa, yuuni 1971 bɛ daa chɛ La Liga ka chaŋ ayi polo. Yuun' 2 nyaaŋa bɛ daa labina ka nyɛ champion. Bɛ labu maa daa yaai yuun' 5, ka yuuni 1974–75 n-daa ga bɛ ni daa nyɛ 8th.   Yuuni 1977–78, bɛ daa lahi chɛ li ka nyɛ 17th niriba 18 puuni. Bɛ tuuli bɔlli daa nyɛla Atlético Madrid zuɣu 4-4 - bɛ daa be 2-4 hali ni minit 5 naai. ===== 80s mini 90s: KOM YƐLHA PAM ===== Yuuni 1978 ni bɛ daa chɛ La Liga nyaaŋa, bɛ daa bi lahi nya promotion. Yuun' 5 puuni Segunda División, bɛ daa nyɛ 4th yu 3, ka nyɛ 5th yu 2. Pam bɛ daa chɛ promotion dabisili bahigu.   Yuuni 1980–81 n-daa galisi: bɔlli yini ka naai, bɛ daa be 2nd ka gari Rayo Vallecano ni Racing namba 2. Bɛ daa bɔri draw Cádiz zuɣu yiŋa. Amma bɛ daa chɛ li, ka daa nyɛ 45 points n-ti pahi tiim 4. Promotion daa kana yuuni 1983–84, bɛ ni daa nyɛ 5th saha. Real Madrid Castilla ni Athletic Bilbao B daa nyɛ 1st ni 2nd amma bɛ ku tooi kpe dama bɛ nyɛ reserve tiim.   Amma La Liga puuni, bɛ daa be relegation zone yuun' zaa ka daa chaŋ 17th.   Yuuni 1988 bɛ daa lahi kpe, amma bɛ daa nyɛ bahigu ni points 18. Bɛ ni daa ŋmɛ La Liga bɔlli bahigu daa nyɛla Real Zaragoza zuɣu 1-3. Alfonso Fernández n-daa di goal maa.   Yuuni 1989 nyaaŋa, kom yɛlha daa pili. Yuuni 1990–91 bɛ daa chɛ ka chaŋ Segunda División B - lig din pahiri 3.   1990s zaa, bɛ daa kpaŋdi bɛ maŋa ni bɛ kpe Segunda amma bɛ daa bi nya li.   Hali ni yuuni 1997 bɛ daa nya li, amma bɛ daa lahi chɛ li tuma tuma, ka lahi labi na. c6pp0sru3rzypg99goujyijbtccrriz 146080 146079 2026-08-10T18:22:29Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146080 wikitext text/x-wiki == Elche CF == ELCHE CLUB DE FÚTBOL, S.A.D.   Valencian: Elx Club de Futbol, S.A.D. Elche Club de Fútbol nyɛla Spain bɔlli tiim din be Elche, Alicante Province, Valencian Community puuni. Bɛ daa piligi li yuuni 1923. Saha ŋɔ bɛ ŋmɛri La Liga ka bɛ yiŋa nyɛ Estadio Martínez Valero - di tooi kpa niriba 33,732. Bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1923 ka tiŋa maa bɔlli tiim zaa daa laɣim taba. Bɛ daa kpe league puuni yuuni 1929, ka daa kpe Segunda División yuuni 1934, ka lahi kpe La Liga yuuni 1959. Bɛ daa nyɛ 5th yuuni 1963–64. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛ ayi Copa del Rey yuuni 1969. --- === TAARIIHI - PILIGU MINI SARIHI KANANA === Piligu mini sarihi kanana   Elche Club de Fútbol bɛ daa piligi li 1923 winter saha, tiŋa maa bɔlli tiim zaa ni daa laɣim taba.   Bɛ tuuli bɔlli daa nyɛla Monóvar zuɣu - bɛ daa di ba 4-0. Bɛ tuuli amiliya bɔlli daa nyɛla Crevillente zuɣu 2-0.   Bɛ piligu saha, bɛ daa chɛri kɔbisɣi zaa - saha maa tiim pam n-da chɛri li.   [[Lahabali kɔligu:Atleti vs. Elche FC - August 2025.png|thumb|Atleti vs Elche FC]] Bɛ daa pili league ŋmɛbu yuuni 1929–30, Tercera División ni. Bɛ daa kpe Segunda División yuuni 1934. Amma yuun' 6 nyaaŋa bɛ daa chɛ li tuuli, ka lahi labi na yuun' din doli.   1950s naabu, bɛ daa di promotion 2 doli taba, din yi third level chaŋ La Liga. Bɛ daa di Tenerife 3-0 yuuni 1959 ka kpe La Liga tuuli. 1959–78: LA LIGA SAHA Estadio Martínez Valero   Bɛ tuuli La Liga bɔlli daa nyɛla Real Oviedo zuɣu 1-1. Vicente Pahuet n-daa tuhi goal tuuli. Saha maa bɛ daa nyɛ 10th niriba 16 puuni, ka gari Osasuna namba 9.   Saha maa bɛ daa di Barcelona 2-1 yiŋa, amma Real Madrid daa di ba 11-2.   Yuun' din doli, bɛ daa kpe relegation play-off ni Atlético Ceuta. Bɛ daa chɛ 0-1 yiŋa, ka labina di ba 4-0 yiŋa.   Bɛ nasara galisi daa nyɛla yuuni 1963–64 - bɛ daa nyɛ 5th. Saha maa bɛ reserve tiim Elche Ilicitano daa lahi kpe Segunda División.   Yuuni 1969, bɛ daa kpe Copa del Rey final tuuli ni zaa. Bɛ daa di Pontevedra, Valencia ni Real Sociedad. Semi-final ni Real Sociedad daa draw 4-4, ka bɛ labina di 2-0 Madrid.   Final maa daa ŋmɛ 15th June Santiago Bernabéu - Athletic Bilbao daa di ba 1-0.   Yuun' 12 nyaaŋa, yuuni 1971 bɛ daa chɛ La Liga ka chaŋ ayi polo. Yuun' 2 nyaaŋa bɛ daa labina ka nyɛ champion. Bɛ labu maa daa yaai yuun' 5, ka yuuni 1974–75 n-daa ga bɛ ni daa nyɛ 8th.   Yuuni 1977–78, bɛ daa lahi chɛ li ka nyɛ 17th niriba 18 puuni. Bɛ tuuli bɔlli daa nyɛla Atlético Madrid zuɣu 4-4 - bɛ daa be 2-4 hali ni minit 5 naai. ===== 80s mini 90s: KOM YƐLHA PAM ===== Yuuni 1978 ni bɛ daa chɛ La Liga nyaaŋa, bɛ daa bi lahi nya promotion. Yuun' 5 puuni Segunda División, bɛ daa nyɛ 4th yu 3, ka nyɛ 5th yu 2. Pam bɛ daa chɛ promotion dabisili bahigu.   Yuuni 1980–81 n-daa galisi: bɔlli yini ka naai, bɛ daa be 2nd ka gari Rayo Vallecano ni Racing namba 2. Bɛ daa bɔri draw Cádiz zuɣu yiŋa. Amma bɛ daa chɛ li, ka daa nyɛ 45 points n-ti pahi tiim 4. Promotion daa kana yuuni 1983–84, bɛ ni daa nyɛ 5th saha. Real Madrid Castilla ni Athletic Bilbao B daa nyɛ 1st ni 2nd amma bɛ ku tooi kpe dama bɛ nyɛ reserve tiim.   Amma La Liga puuni, bɛ daa be relegation zone yuun' zaa ka daa chaŋ 17th.   Yuuni 1988 bɛ daa lahi kpe, amma bɛ daa nyɛ bahigu ni points 18. Bɛ ni daa ŋmɛ La Liga bɔlli bahigu daa nyɛla Real Zaragoza zuɣu 1-3. Alfonso Fernández n-daa di goal maa.   Yuuni 1989 nyaaŋa, kom yɛlha daa pili. Yuuni 1990–91 bɛ daa chɛ ka chaŋ Segunda División B - lig din pahiri 3.   1990s zaa, bɛ daa kpaŋdi bɛ maŋa ni bɛ kpe Segunda amma bɛ daa bi nya li.   Hali ni yuuni 1997 bɛ daa nya li, amma bɛ daa lahi chɛ li tuma tuma, ka lahi labi na. '''2010–11''', bɛ daa lahi be ''“silver category”'' - ''Segunda División'' puuni. Bɛ daa nyɛ 4th ka kpe ''play-off''. Bɛ daa di ''Real Valladolid'' tuuli round ni 3-2 aggregate, amma bɛ nasara daa naai ''Granada'' ni dama ''away goals'' yɛla. '''18th May 2013''', ''Barcelona B'' ni ''Alcorcón'' daa draw 1-1 nyaaŋa, Elche daa di promotion chaŋ ''La Liga'' naa ni. Di daa nyɛla yuun' 24 nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa labi ''La Liga''.  Saha maa coach ''Fran Escribá'' daa kpaŋsi ''Segunda División'' record pam. Bɛ daa nyɛ tiim tuuli din daa be 1st piligu hali ni naabu. Bɛ daa lahi set record din jɛndi bɔlli shɛli bɛ ni di, points shɛli bɛ ni nya, ni ''first round'' din ga Segunda taarihi puuni. '''2013–14 season''' puuni, bɛ daa tooi be ''La Liga''. Niriba kalinli bɛ ni daa mali yiŋa bɔlli ŋmɛbu puuni daa paai '''25,104''' yuuni zaa. '''2014–15 season''' puuni, bɛ daa lahi tooi be ''La Liga'' - bɛ daa bi chaŋ dama league naai dabisi 4, ka bɛ mi ni bɛ bi chaŋ. Amma ''Spanish'' bɔlli namdiba daa zaŋ yɛligu kura na dama kom ni. Lala yɛla zuɣu bɛ daa chɛ Elche ka di leei tuuli tiim ''Primera División'' taarihi puuni bɛ ni daa chɛli ni kom yɛla. '''2016–17 season''', Elche daa chaŋ ''third level'' yuun' 18 nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa be professional league. Yuun' yini nyaaŋa, bɛ daa labi na ''second level''. Bɛ daa di ''Villarreal B'' ''play-off'' final puuni. '''2018–19 season''', Elche daa nyɛ 11th niriba 22 puuni - sunsuuni. '''2019–20 season''', Elche daa labi ''La Liga'' labu. Bɛ daa di ''Girona'' ''promotion play-off'' final ni 1-0 aggregate. Di daa nyɛla yuun' 5 nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa be ''second'' ni ''third division''. '''2022–23 season''', Elche daa lahi chɛ ''La Liga'' ka chaŋ ''second division'' yuun' 3 nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa be ''La Liga''. '''2024–25 season''', Elche daa lahi di promotion ka labi ''La Liga''. a9v8zcekw6c7y5nfnanqpm5e0cabtsm 146081 146080 2026-08-10T18:25:38Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lahabali kɔligu:AficiónMurcia-Elche.jpg|thumb|Elche]] == Elche CF == ELCHE CLUB DE FÚTBOL, S.A.D.   Valencian: Elx Club de Futbol, S.A.D. Elche Club de Fútbol nyɛla Spain bɔlli tiim din be Elche, Alicante Province, Valencian Community puuni. Bɛ daa piligi li yuuni 1923. Saha ŋɔ bɛ ŋmɛri La Liga ka bɛ yiŋa nyɛ Estadio Martínez Valero - di tooi kpa niriba 33,732. Bɛ daa pili li yuuni 1923 ka tiŋa maa bɔlli tiim zaa daa laɣim taba. Bɛ daa kpe league puuni yuuni 1929, ka daa kpe Segunda División yuuni 1934, ka lahi kpe La Liga yuuni 1959. Bɛ daa nyɛ 5th yuuni 1963–64. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛ ayi Copa del Rey yuuni 1969. --- === TAARIIHI - PILIGU MINI SARIHI KANANA === Piligu mini sarihi kanana   Elche Club de Fútbol bɛ daa piligi li 1923 winter saha, tiŋa maa bɔlli tiim zaa ni daa laɣim taba.   Bɛ tuuli bɔlli daa nyɛla Monóvar zuɣu - bɛ daa di ba 4-0. Bɛ tuuli amiliya bɔlli daa nyɛla Crevillente zuɣu 2-0.   Bɛ piligu saha, bɛ daa chɛri kɔbisɣi zaa - saha maa tiim pam n-da chɛri li.   [[Lahabali kɔligu:Atleti vs. Elche FC - August 2025.png|thumb|Atleti vs Elche FC]] Bɛ daa pili league ŋmɛbu yuuni 1929–30, Tercera División ni. Bɛ daa kpe Segunda División yuuni 1934. Amma yuun' 6 nyaaŋa bɛ daa chɛ li tuuli, ka lahi labi na yuun' din doli.   1950s naabu, bɛ daa di promotion 2 doli taba, din yi third level chaŋ La Liga. Bɛ daa di Tenerife 3-0 yuuni 1959 ka kpe La Liga tuuli. 1959–78: LA LIGA SAHA Estadio Martínez Valero   Bɛ tuuli La Liga bɔlli daa nyɛla Real Oviedo zuɣu 1-1. Vicente Pahuet n-daa tuhi goal tuuli. Saha maa bɛ daa nyɛ 10th niriba 16 puuni, ka gari Osasuna namba 9.   Saha maa bɛ daa di Barcelona 2-1 yiŋa, amma Real Madrid daa di ba 11-2.   Yuun' din doli, bɛ daa kpe relegation play-off ni Atlético Ceuta. Bɛ daa chɛ 0-1 yiŋa, ka labina di ba 4-0 yiŋa.   Bɛ nasara galisi daa nyɛla yuuni 1963–64 - bɛ daa nyɛ 5th. Saha maa bɛ reserve tiim Elche Ilicitano daa lahi kpe Segunda División.   Yuuni 1969, bɛ daa kpe Copa del Rey final tuuli ni zaa. Bɛ daa di Pontevedra, Valencia ni Real Sociedad. Semi-final ni Real Sociedad daa draw 4-4, ka bɛ labina di 2-0 Madrid.   Final maa daa ŋmɛ 15th June Santiago Bernabéu - Athletic Bilbao daa di ba 1-0.   Yuun' 12 nyaaŋa, yuuni 1971 bɛ daa chɛ La Liga ka chaŋ ayi polo. Yuun' 2 nyaaŋa bɛ daa labina ka nyɛ champion. Bɛ labu maa daa yaai yuun' 5, ka yuuni 1974–75 n-daa ga bɛ ni daa nyɛ 8th.   Yuuni 1977–78, bɛ daa lahi chɛ li ka nyɛ 17th niriba 18 puuni. Bɛ tuuli bɔlli daa nyɛla Atlético Madrid zuɣu 4-4 - bɛ daa be 2-4 hali ni minit 5 naai. ===== 80s mini 90s: KOM YƐLHA PAM ===== Yuuni 1978 ni bɛ daa chɛ La Liga nyaaŋa, bɛ daa bi lahi nya promotion. Yuun' 5 puuni Segunda División, bɛ daa nyɛ 4th yu 3, ka nyɛ 5th yu 2. Pam bɛ daa chɛ promotion dabisili bahigu.   Yuuni 1980–81 n-daa galisi: bɔlli yini ka naai, bɛ daa be 2nd ka gari Rayo Vallecano ni Racing namba 2. Bɛ daa bɔri draw Cádiz zuɣu yiŋa. Amma bɛ daa chɛ li, ka daa nyɛ 45 points n-ti pahi tiim 4. Promotion daa kana yuuni 1983–84, bɛ ni daa nyɛ 5th saha. Real Madrid Castilla ni Athletic Bilbao B daa nyɛ 1st ni 2nd amma bɛ ku tooi kpe dama bɛ nyɛ reserve tiim.   Amma La Liga puuni, bɛ daa be relegation zone yuun' zaa ka daa chaŋ 17th.   Yuuni 1988 bɛ daa lahi kpe, amma bɛ daa nyɛ bahigu ni points 18. Bɛ ni daa ŋmɛ La Liga bɔlli bahigu daa nyɛla Real Zaragoza zuɣu 1-3. Alfonso Fernández n-daa di goal maa.   Yuuni 1989 nyaaŋa, kom yɛlha daa pili. Yuuni 1990–91 bɛ daa chɛ ka chaŋ Segunda División B - lig din pahiri 3.   1990s zaa, bɛ daa kpaŋdi bɛ maŋa ni bɛ kpe Segunda amma bɛ daa bi nya li.   Hali ni yuuni 1997 bɛ daa nya li, amma bɛ daa lahi chɛ li tuma tuma, ka lahi labi na. '''2010–11''', bɛ daa lahi be ''“silver category”'' - ''Segunda División'' puuni. Bɛ daa nyɛ 4th ka kpe ''play-off''. Bɛ daa di ''Real Valladolid'' tuuli round ni 3-2 aggregate, amma bɛ nasara daa naai ''Granada'' ni dama ''away goals'' yɛla. '''18th May 2013''', ''Barcelona B'' ni ''Alcorcón'' daa draw 1-1 nyaaŋa, Elche daa di promotion chaŋ ''La Liga'' naa ni. Di daa nyɛla yuun' 24 nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa labi ''La Liga''.  Saha maa coach ''Fran Escribá'' daa kpaŋsi ''Segunda División'' record pam. Bɛ daa nyɛ tiim tuuli din daa be 1st piligu hali ni naabu. Bɛ daa lahi set record din jɛndi bɔlli shɛli bɛ ni di, points shɛli bɛ ni nya, ni ''first round'' din ga Segunda taarihi puuni. '''2013–14 season''' puuni, bɛ daa tooi be ''La Liga''. Niriba kalinli bɛ ni daa mali yiŋa bɔlli ŋmɛbu puuni daa paai '''25,104''' yuuni zaa. '''2014–15 season''' puuni, bɛ daa lahi tooi be ''La Liga'' - bɛ daa bi chaŋ dama league naai dabisi 4, ka bɛ mi ni bɛ bi chaŋ. Amma ''Spanish'' bɔlli namdiba daa zaŋ yɛligu kura na dama kom ni. Lala yɛla zuɣu bɛ daa chɛ Elche ka di leei tuuli tiim ''Primera División'' taarihi puuni bɛ ni daa chɛli ni kom yɛla. '''2016–17 season''', Elche daa chaŋ ''third level'' yuun' 18 nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa be professional league. Yuun' yini nyaaŋa, bɛ daa labi na ''second level''. Bɛ daa di ''Villarreal B'' ''play-off'' final puuni. '''2018–19 season''', Elche daa nyɛ 11th niriba 22 puuni - sunsuuni. '''2019–20 season''', Elche daa labi ''La Liga'' labu. Bɛ daa di ''Girona'' ''promotion play-off'' final ni 1-0 aggregate. Di daa nyɛla yuun' 5 nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa be ''second'' ni ''third division''. '''2022–23 season''', Elche daa lahi chɛ ''La Liga'' ka chaŋ ''second division'' yuun' 3 nyaaŋa bɛ ni daa be ''La Liga''. '''2024–25 season''', Elche daa lahi di promotion ka labi ''La Liga''. os2sj19x3tnn8mtmpeahqn3hi1qetfu Everton F. C 0 33693 146240 2026-08-11T05:42:46Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Created an article 146240 wikitext text/x-wiki == Everton F C. == '''Everton Football Club''' (/ˈɛvərtən/) nyɛla bɔli ŋmɛbu klub' shɛli din be Liverpool, England tingbanni. Klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛri Premier League, England bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili zaŋ kpa tiŋgbana tooni. Bɛ daa pili klub' ŋɔ yuuni 1878. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888, ka lahi nyɛ ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ nyɛla klub' ata puuni yini shɛli din daa pili lig' shɛŋa zaa ayi maa. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din nyɛ waɣila ka lahi nyɛ din mali nasara pam England, ka di pɔɔni kɔbiga diba anu: League pɔri diba awɔi, FA Cup diba anu, ni European Cup Winners' Cup yini. Everton daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91 season. Bɛ daa di League pɔri diba anahi m-pahi ni FA Cup diba ayi nyaaŋa, ka klub' maa daa ti nya ŋmɛmbu nyaaŋa tobu Second World War nyaaŋa hali ni 1960s. Bɛ daa lahi nya nasara din be tooni 1980s sunsuuni, ka Everton daa di League pɔɔri diba ayi m-pahi, FA Cup yini, ni 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. Klub' maa tuuli pɔɔni din daa kpe n-niŋ bɛ nuuni nyaaŋa nyɛla yuuni 1995 FA Cup. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din be England tooni bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili din pahi ayi waɣilim ni, ka be zaashee buta all-time points. Hali ni August 2025, klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛla tooni yaɣili season kɔbiga ni pishi ni ata, ka di gariti klub' kam, ka daa ʒi tooni yaɣili season anahi ko (1930–31, 1951–52, 1952–53, ni 1953–54). Klub' maa bɔli naba tiri nyɛla blue shirt din mali fukumsi ni white shorts mini socks. Yuuni 2025–26 season piligu, Everton ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Hill Dickinson Stadium. Bɛ daa ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Goodison Park yuuni 1892 hali ni zuŋɔ, ka daa yi bɛ tuuli yili Anfield na n-daa kani, domin bɛ mini tinŋ maa so John Houlding daa nya bɛ yili so' maa polo jɛmdi. Klub' ŋɔ niŋdiba booni ba la "Evertonians", "Toffees" bee "Blues". Everton mini bɛ makari klub' Liverpool mali taba nyɔŋ kpaŋbu waɣila, ka bɛ ŋmɛri bɔli shɛli bɛ booni Merseyside derby. Yuuni 2016, Farhad Moshiri daa nyɛla ŋun da klub' maa shares 49.9%. Hali ni May 2023, klub' maa booni nyɛla $744 million. Klub' maa liɣiri shɛli din kpɛ ni din yina yuuni 2022–23 season nyɛla $242 million ni -$23 million. Yuuni December 2024, America bilionea so ŋun yuli booni Dan Friedkin daa da klub' ŋɔ. --- j3ws1ry1uo8jhri2vutp19nzp8rbf7n 146241 146240 2026-08-11T05:44:51Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lahabali kɔligu:Командное фото Эвертон - Everton F.C. team photo (16869430792).jpg|thumb|Everton F .C team]] == Everton F C. == '''Everton Football Club''' (/ˈɛvərtən/) nyɛla bɔli ŋmɛbu klub' shɛli din be Liverpool, England tingbanni. Klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛri Premier League, England bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili zaŋ kpa tiŋgbana tooni. Bɛ daa pili klub' ŋɔ yuuni 1878. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888, ka lahi nyɛ ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ nyɛla klub' ata puuni yini shɛli din daa pili lig' shɛŋa zaa ayi maa. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din nyɛ waɣila ka lahi nyɛ din mali nasara pam England, ka di pɔɔni kɔbiga diba anu: League pɔri diba awɔi, FA Cup diba anu, ni European Cup Winners' Cup yini. Everton daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91 season. Bɛ daa di League pɔri diba anahi m-pahi ni FA Cup diba ayi nyaaŋa, ka klub' maa daa ti nya ŋmɛmbu nyaaŋa tobu Second World War nyaaŋa hali ni 1960s. Bɛ daa lahi nya nasara din be tooni 1980s sunsuuni, ka Everton daa di League pɔɔri diba ayi m-pahi, FA Cup yini, ni 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. Klub' maa tuuli pɔɔni din daa kpe n-niŋ bɛ nuuni nyaaŋa nyɛla yuuni 1995 FA Cup. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din be England tooni bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili din pahi ayi waɣilim ni, ka be zaashee buta all-time points. Hali ni August 2025, klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛla tooni yaɣili season kɔbiga ni pishi ni ata, ka di gariti klub' kam, ka daa ʒi tooni yaɣili season anahi ko (1930–31, 1951–52, 1952–53, ni 1953–54). Klub' maa bɔli naba tiri nyɛla blue shirt din mali fukumsi ni white shorts mini socks. Yuuni 2025–26 season piligu, Everton ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Hill Dickinson Stadium. Bɛ daa ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Goodison Park yuuni 1892 hali ni zuŋɔ, ka daa yi bɛ tuuli yili Anfield na n-daa kani, domin bɛ mini tinŋ maa so John Houlding daa nya bɛ yili so' maa polo jɛmdi. Klub' ŋɔ niŋdiba booni ba la "Evertonians", "Toffees" bee "Blues". Everton mini bɛ makari klub' Liverpool mali taba nyɔŋ kpaŋbu waɣila, ka bɛ ŋmɛri bɔli shɛli bɛ booni Merseyside derby. Yuuni 2016, Farhad Moshiri daa nyɛla ŋun da klub' maa shares 49.9%. Hali ni May 2023, klub' maa booni nyɛla $744 million. Klub' maa liɣiri shɛli din kpɛ ni din yina yuuni 2022–23 season nyɛla $242 million ni -$23 million. Yuuni December 2024, America bilionea so ŋun yuli booni Dan Friedkin daa da klub' ŋɔ. --- 48ud5nuy3xxnszwmclsiqswiji9vd9x 146242 146241 2026-08-11T05:52:09Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lahabali kɔligu:Командное фото Эвертон - Everton F.C. team photo (16869430792).jpg|thumb|Everton F .C team]] == Everton F C. == '''Everton Football Club''' (/ˈɛvərtən/) nyɛla bɔli ŋmɛbu klub' shɛli din be Liverpool, England tingbanni. Klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛri Premier League, England bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili zaŋ kpa tiŋgbana tooni. Bɛ daa pili klub' ŋɔ yuuni 1878. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888, ka lahi nyɛ ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ nyɛla klub' ata puuni yini shɛli din daa pili lig' shɛŋa zaa ayi maa. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din nyɛ waɣila ka lahi nyɛ din mali nasara pam England, ka di pɔɔni kɔbiga diba anu: League pɔri diba awɔi, FA Cup diba anu, ni European Cup Winners' Cup yini. Everton daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91 season. Bɛ daa di League pɔri diba anahi m-pahi ni FA Cup diba ayi nyaaŋa, ka klub' maa daa ti nya ŋmɛmbu nyaaŋa tobu Second World War nyaaŋa hali ni 1960s. Bɛ daa lahi nya nasara din be tooni 1980s sunsuuni, ka Everton daa di League pɔɔri diba ayi m-pahi, FA Cup yini, ni 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. Klub' maa tuuli pɔɔni din daa kpe n-niŋ bɛ nuuni nyaaŋa nyɛla yuuni 1995 FA Cup. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din be England tooni bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili din pahi ayi waɣilim ni, ka be zaashee buta all-time points. Hali ni August 2025, klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛla tooni yaɣili season kɔbiga ni pishi ni ata, ka di gariti klub' kam, ka daa ʒi tooni yaɣili season anahi ko (1930–31, 1951–52, 1952–53, ni 1953–54). Klub' maa bɔli naba tiri nyɛla blue shirt din mali fukumsi ni white shorts mini socks. Yuuni 2025–26 season piligu, Everton ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Hill Dickinson Stadium. Bɛ daa ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Goodison Park yuuni 1892 hali ni zuŋɔ, ka daa yi bɛ tuuli yili Anfield na n-daa kani, domin bɛ mini tinŋ maa so John Houlding daa nya bɛ yili so' maa polo jɛmdi. Klub' ŋɔ niŋdiba booni ba la "Evertonians", "Toffees" bee "Blues". Everton mini bɛ makari klub' Liverpool mali taba nyɔŋ kpaŋbu waɣila, ka bɛ ŋmɛri bɔli shɛli bɛ booni Merseyside derby. Yuuni 2016, Farhad Moshiri daa nyɛla ŋun da klub' maa shares 49.9%. Hali ni May 2023, klub' maa booni nyɛla $744 million. Klub' maa liɣiri shɛli din kpɛ ni din yina yuuni 2022–23 season nyɛla $242 million ni -$23 million. Yuuni December 2024, America bilionea so ŋun yuli booni Dan Friedkin daa da klub' ŋɔ. === Taarihi === '''Bɛ piligu''' Everton daa piligi li mi ka bɛ booni li '''St. Domingo's FC''' yuuni 1878. Daa niŋ bɛ ni daa bɔri ni St Domingo Methodist New Connexion Chapel maa niŋdiba ban be Breckfield Road North, Everton, nya yɛla bɛ ni yɛn ŋmɛri bɔli yuun' kam puuni – cricket ŋmɛrila yuŋ. Klub' maa tuuli ŋmɛbu daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa di 1–0 Everton Church Club zuɣu. Bɛ daa taɣi klub' maa yuli ka boli li '''Everton''' November 1879, n-daa zaŋ yaɣili maa yuli, domin niri ban bi be chapel maa puuni mi lahi bɔra ni bɛ pahi.[5][6][7][8] '''Tuuli League Championship – 1891''' Klub' maa daa nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888–89, ka daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91. Season maa piligu daa niŋ viɛnyɛla pam – bɛ daa di ŋmɛbu diba anu nyaaŋa. Fred Geary mi daa di gɔli ŋmɛbu diba ayɔbu tuuli maa puuni. January sunsuuni, Everton daa naɣisi bɛ ŋmɛbu kam dɔni yini, ka di points 29. Preston North End mi daa kani bɛ nyaaŋa points 11, ka ŋmɛbu diba ayɔpɔin na kani. Everton daa ti gbubi ka guri bɔli ayi ka Preston ŋmɛri bɛ ŋmɛbu kɔŋsi. Hali ka bɛ daa kuli gbaagi bɛ tooni points 2 ko ka ŋmɛbu yini na kani. Bɛ zaa daa ŋmɛ bɛ tuɣisibu ŋmɛbu 14 March, Everton daa naŋ Burnley 3–2 (Geary di bɛ gɔli ayi maa zaa) ka Preston mi naŋ Sunderland 3–0. Lala ka Everton daa di bɛ tuuli Football League Championship points 2 niŋgbu, ka di ŋmɛbu 22 puuni di 14. Geary mi daa be ŋmɛbu kam puuni, ka di gɔli 21 ka leei klub' maa di gɔli paa yuuni maa.[9][10][13] '''FA Cup mini war gbaabu''' Everton daa paai FA Cup final diba anahi First World War ka naan yi naan. Bɛ daa naŋ Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 yuuni 1893, ka naŋ Aston Villa 2–3 yuuni 1897, ka daa nya nasara bɛ tuuli dabaa ata ni yuuni 1906 ka di Newcastle United. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ final yuuni 1907 ka naŋ Sheffield Wednesday 2–1. Yuuni 1914–15 daa nyɛla season din daa naayi ka bɛ ti ʒi bɔli maa ka First World War na. Everton daa di bɛ League pɔri diba ayi, ka gari Oldham Athletic points yini, ka Bobby Parker di gɔli 35 ka leei paa yuuni maa. World War I daa naɣisi bɔli maa saha shɛli bɛ ni daa nyɛ champions, ka di lahi niŋ maa yuuni 1939.[11][12][13][14][15] '''Dixie Dean saha''' Yuuni 1925 bɛ daa deei '''Dixie Dean''' Tranmere Rovers sani. Yuuni 1927–28, Dean daa di gɔli 60 ŋmɛbu 39 puuni – ka di nyɛ record hali ni zuŋɔ tooni league puuni. O daa sɔŋ klub' maa ka di League Championship diba ata. Amaa yuuni 2 nyaaŋa klub' maa daa kuli Second Division. Bɛ daa labi tooni niŋgbu yim, ka di gɔli pam Second Division. Bɛ ni labina tooni yuuni 1931–32, bɛ daa naan di League Championship diba anahi. Bɛ daa lahi di bɛ FA Cup diba ayi yuuni 1933 ka di Manchester City 3–0 final ni. Era maa daa naai ni bɛ di League Championship diba anu yuuni 1938–39.[16][17][18][19][20] '''World War II nyaaŋa''' World War II daa lahi ʒi bɔli maa. Yuuni 1946 ka bɛ daa labi, ama Everton team maa daa ti wa. Bɛ daa tilsi Tommy Lawton Chelsea, Joe Mercer mi daa chaŋ Arsenal, ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ tilsi T.G. Jones Roma. Hali ni Ted Sagar ko n-naagi. Cliff Britton saha ni, bɛ daa kuli Second Division yuuni 1950–51, ka daa labina tooni yuuni 1953–54. Bɛ ni daa labi na maa, bɛ daa bi lahi kuli tooni ha hali ni zuŋɔ.[21] '''Harry Catterick mini nasara din pahiri ayi''' Yuuni 1961 Harry Catterick daa leei manager. O yuuni ayi ni bɛ daa di League yuuni 1962–63. Yuuni 1966 bɛ daa di FA Cup ka di Sheffield Wednesday 3–2. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ final yuuni 1968 ka naŋ West Brom. Yuuni 1969–70 bɛ daa lahi di League, ka gari Leeds points 9. Saha ŋɔ ni bɛ daa nyɛla English klub' tuuli shɛli din ŋmɛ European bɔli yuun' anu din doli taba – 1961–62 hali ni 1966–67.[22][23][25][26] '''Howard Kendall saha – nasara din gahim pam''' Howard Kendall daa di Everton saha shɛli bɛ ni daa mali nasara pam. Bɛ daa di FA Cup 1984, League diba ayi 1984–85 ni 1986–87. Europe puuni, bɛ daa di bɛ tuuli European trophy – '''European Cup Winners' Cup''' 1985. Bɛ daa di UCD, Inter Bratislava, Fortuna Sittard, ka naŋ Bayern Munich 3–1 semi-final, ka naŋ Rapid Vienna 3–1 final. Bɛ daa kpe ni bɛ di treble 1985 ka naŋ Manchester United FA Cup final. Season din daa doli na, bɛ daa nyɛ ayi Liverpool nyaaŋa league mini FA Cup puuni, ka daa labi di league yuuni 1987.[28][29] Heysel Stadium banibɔrili nyaaŋa, English klub' bɛ ni daa bɔ European bɔli, ka Everton daa naan ʒi. Kendall mi daa chaŋ Athletic Bilbao, ka Colin Harvey deei. Harvey daa paai FA Cup final 1989 ka naŋ Liverpool 3–2 extra time.[30] '''Premier League saha''' Everton daa nyɛla ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ daa mali ʒiʒa n-daa bori manager. Joe Royle saha ni bɛ daa di FA Cup 1995 ka di Manchester United 1–0. Royle daa lahi zaŋ klub' maa chaŋ Cup Winners' Cup. Royle ni yina nyaaŋa, Kendall daa labi na dabaa ata, ka Walter Smith deei yuuni 1998. Smith ni yina nyaaŋa, '''David Moyes''' daa deei March 2002 ka zaŋ klub' maa ʒi.[32][33] Moyes saha ni, bɛ daa di zaashee 7 yuuni 2002–03, ka '''Wayne Rooney''' piligi tuuli team. Bɛ daa tilsi Rooney Manchester United yuuni 2004 £28 million. Yuuni 2004–05 bɛ daa nyɛ zaashee 4 ka chaŋ Champions League qualifier. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ UEFA Cup 2007–08 ni 2008–09, ka paai FA Cup final 2009. Moyes saha ni bɛ daa di bɔli diɣu: James Beattie £6m, Andy Johnson £8.6m, Yakubu £11.25m, ni Marouane Fellaini £15m.[36][37][38] --- 5ub34wfbsqdqn5dr3kcxa09353iqcvy 146243 146242 2026-08-11T05:54:59Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lahabali kɔligu:Командное фото Эвертон - Everton F.C. team photo (16869430792).jpg|thumb|Everton F .C team]] [[Lahabali kɔligu:London Bees v Everton LFC, 20 May 2017 (002).jpg|thumb|London Bees vs Everton LFC , 20 May 2017]] == Everton F C. == '''Everton Football Club''' (/ˈɛvərtən/) nyɛla bɔli ŋmɛbu klub' shɛli din be Liverpool, England tingbanni. Klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛri Premier League, England bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili zaŋ kpa tiŋgbana tooni. Bɛ daa pili klub' ŋɔ yuuni 1878. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888, ka lahi nyɛ ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ nyɛla klub' ata puuni yini shɛli din daa pili lig' shɛŋa zaa ayi maa. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din nyɛ waɣila ka lahi nyɛ din mali nasara pam England, ka di pɔɔni kɔbiga diba anu: League pɔri diba awɔi, FA Cup diba anu, ni European Cup Winners' Cup yini. Everton daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91 season. Bɛ daa di League pɔri diba anahi m-pahi ni FA Cup diba ayi nyaaŋa, ka klub' maa daa ti nya ŋmɛmbu nyaaŋa tobu Second World War nyaaŋa hali ni 1960s. Bɛ daa lahi nya nasara din be tooni 1980s sunsuuni, ka Everton daa di League pɔɔri diba ayi m-pahi, FA Cup yini, ni 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. Klub' maa tuuli pɔɔni din daa kpe n-niŋ bɛ nuuni nyaaŋa nyɛla yuuni 1995 FA Cup. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din be England tooni bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili din pahi ayi waɣilim ni, ka be zaashee buta all-time points. Hali ni August 2025, klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛla tooni yaɣili season kɔbiga ni pishi ni ata, ka di gariti klub' kam, ka daa ʒi tooni yaɣili season anahi ko (1930–31, 1951–52, 1952–53, ni 1953–54). Klub' maa bɔli naba tiri nyɛla blue shirt din mali fukumsi ni white shorts mini socks. Yuuni 2025–26 season piligu, Everton ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Hill Dickinson Stadium. Bɛ daa ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Goodison Park yuuni 1892 hali ni zuŋɔ, ka daa yi bɛ tuuli yili Anfield na n-daa kani, domin bɛ mini tinŋ maa so John Houlding daa nya bɛ yili so' maa polo jɛmdi. Klub' ŋɔ niŋdiba booni ba la "Evertonians", "Toffees" bee "Blues". Everton mini bɛ makari klub' Liverpool mali taba nyɔŋ kpaŋbu waɣila, ka bɛ ŋmɛri bɔli shɛli bɛ booni Merseyside derby. Yuuni 2016, Farhad Moshiri daa nyɛla ŋun da klub' maa shares 49.9%. Hali ni May 2023, klub' maa booni nyɛla $744 million. Klub' maa liɣiri shɛli din kpɛ ni din yina yuuni 2022–23 season nyɛla $242 million ni -$23 million. Yuuni December 2024, America bilionea so ŋun yuli booni Dan Friedkin daa da klub' ŋɔ. === Taarihi === '''Bɛ piligu''' Everton daa piligi li mi ka bɛ booni li '''St. Domingo's FC''' yuuni 1878. Daa niŋ bɛ ni daa bɔri ni St Domingo Methodist New Connexion Chapel maa niŋdiba ban be Breckfield Road North, Everton, nya yɛla bɛ ni yɛn ŋmɛri bɔli yuun' kam puuni – cricket ŋmɛrila yuŋ. Klub' maa tuuli ŋmɛbu daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa di 1–0 Everton Church Club zuɣu. Bɛ daa taɣi klub' maa yuli ka boli li '''Everton''' November 1879, n-daa zaŋ yaɣili maa yuli, domin niri ban bi be chapel maa puuni mi lahi bɔra ni bɛ pahi.[5][6][7][8] '''Tuuli League Championship – 1891''' Klub' maa daa nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888–89, ka daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91. Season maa piligu daa niŋ viɛnyɛla pam – bɛ daa di ŋmɛbu diba anu nyaaŋa. Fred Geary mi daa di gɔli ŋmɛbu diba ayɔbu tuuli maa puuni. January sunsuuni, Everton daa naɣisi bɛ ŋmɛbu kam dɔni yini, ka di points 29. Preston North End mi daa kani bɛ nyaaŋa points 11, ka ŋmɛbu diba ayɔpɔin na kani. Everton daa ti gbubi ka guri bɔli ayi ka Preston ŋmɛri bɛ ŋmɛbu kɔŋsi. Hali ka bɛ daa kuli gbaagi bɛ tooni points 2 ko ka ŋmɛbu yini na kani. Bɛ zaa daa ŋmɛ bɛ tuɣisibu ŋmɛbu 14 March, Everton daa naŋ Burnley 3–2 (Geary di bɛ gɔli ayi maa zaa) ka Preston mi naŋ Sunderland 3–0. Lala ka Everton daa di bɛ tuuli Football League Championship points 2 niŋgbu, ka di ŋmɛbu 22 puuni di 14. Geary mi daa be ŋmɛbu kam puuni, ka di gɔli 21 ka leei klub' maa di gɔli paa yuuni maa.[9][10][13] '''FA Cup mini war gbaabu''' Everton daa paai FA Cup final diba anahi First World War ka naan yi naan. Bɛ daa naŋ Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 yuuni 1893, ka naŋ Aston Villa 2–3 yuuni 1897, ka daa nya nasara bɛ tuuli dabaa ata ni yuuni 1906 ka di Newcastle United. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ final yuuni 1907 ka naŋ Sheffield Wednesday 2–1. Yuuni 1914–15 daa nyɛla season din daa naayi ka bɛ ti ʒi bɔli maa ka First World War na. Everton daa di bɛ League pɔri diba ayi, ka gari Oldham Athletic points yini, ka Bobby Parker di gɔli 35 ka leei paa yuuni maa. World War I daa naɣisi bɔli maa saha shɛli bɛ ni daa nyɛ champions, ka di lahi niŋ maa yuuni 1939.[11][12][13][14][15] '''Dixie Dean saha''' Yuuni 1925 bɛ daa deei '''Dixie Dean''' Tranmere Rovers sani. Yuuni 1927–28, Dean daa di gɔli 60 ŋmɛbu 39 puuni – ka di nyɛ record hali ni zuŋɔ tooni league puuni. O daa sɔŋ klub' maa ka di League Championship diba ata. Amaa yuuni 2 nyaaŋa klub' maa daa kuli Second Division. Bɛ daa labi tooni niŋgbu yim, ka di gɔli pam Second Division. Bɛ ni labina tooni yuuni 1931–32, bɛ daa naan di League Championship diba anahi. Bɛ daa lahi di bɛ FA Cup diba ayi yuuni 1933 ka di Manchester City 3–0 final ni. Era maa daa naai ni bɛ di League Championship diba anu yuuni 1938–39.[16][17][18][19][20] '''World War II nyaaŋa''' World War II daa lahi ʒi bɔli maa. Yuuni 1946 ka bɛ daa labi, ama Everton team maa daa ti wa. Bɛ daa tilsi Tommy Lawton Chelsea, Joe Mercer mi daa chaŋ Arsenal, ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ tilsi T.G. Jones Roma. Hali ni Ted Sagar ko n-naagi. Cliff Britton saha ni, bɛ daa kuli Second Division yuuni 1950–51, ka daa labina tooni yuuni 1953–54. Bɛ ni daa labi na maa, bɛ daa bi lahi kuli tooni ha hali ni zuŋɔ.[21] '''Harry Catterick mini nasara din pahiri ayi''' Yuuni 1961 Harry Catterick daa leei manager. O yuuni ayi ni bɛ daa di League yuuni 1962–63. Yuuni 1966 bɛ daa di FA Cup ka di Sheffield Wednesday 3–2. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ final yuuni 1968 ka naŋ West Brom. Yuuni 1969–70 bɛ daa lahi di League, ka gari Leeds points 9. Saha ŋɔ ni bɛ daa nyɛla English klub' tuuli shɛli din ŋmɛ European bɔli yuun' anu din doli taba – 1961–62 hali ni 1966–67.[22][23][25][26] '''Howard Kendall saha – nasara din gahim pam''' Howard Kendall daa di Everton saha shɛli bɛ ni daa mali nasara pam. Bɛ daa di FA Cup 1984, League diba ayi 1984–85 ni 1986–87. Europe puuni, bɛ daa di bɛ tuuli European trophy – '''European Cup Winners' Cup''' 1985. Bɛ daa di UCD, Inter Bratislava, Fortuna Sittard, ka naŋ Bayern Munich 3–1 semi-final, ka naŋ Rapid Vienna 3–1 final. Bɛ daa kpe ni bɛ di treble 1985 ka naŋ Manchester United FA Cup final. Season din daa doli na, bɛ daa nyɛ ayi Liverpool nyaaŋa league mini FA Cup puuni, ka daa labi di league yuuni 1987.[28][29] Heysel Stadium banibɔrili nyaaŋa, English klub' bɛ ni daa bɔ European bɔli, ka Everton daa naan ʒi. Kendall mi daa chaŋ Athletic Bilbao, ka Colin Harvey deei. Harvey daa paai FA Cup final 1989 ka naŋ Liverpool 3–2 extra time.[30] '''Premier League saha''' Everton daa nyɛla ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ daa mali ʒiʒa n-daa bori manager. Joe Royle saha ni bɛ daa di FA Cup 1995 ka di Manchester United 1–0. Royle daa lahi zaŋ klub' maa chaŋ Cup Winners' Cup. Royle ni yina nyaaŋa, Kendall daa labi na dabaa ata, ka Walter Smith deei yuuni 1998. Smith ni yina nyaaŋa, '''David Moyes''' daa deei March 2002 ka zaŋ klub' maa ʒi.[32][33] Moyes saha ni, bɛ daa di zaashee 7 yuuni 2002–03, ka '''Wayne Rooney''' piligi tuuli team. Bɛ daa tilsi Rooney Manchester United yuuni 2004 £28 million. Yuuni 2004–05 bɛ daa nyɛ zaashee 4 ka chaŋ Champions League qualifier. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ UEFA Cup 2007–08 ni 2008–09, ka paai FA Cup final 2009. Moyes saha ni bɛ daa di bɔli diɣu: James Beattie £6m, Andy Johnson £8.6m, Yakubu £11.25m, ni Marouane Fellaini £15m.[36][37][38] --- 84r0diplyg3dcfcln7od4g6as5fyv0d 146244 146243 2026-08-11T06:02:32Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lahabali kɔligu:Командное фото Эвертон - Everton F.C. team photo (16869430792).jpg|thumb|Everton F .C team]] [[Lahabali kɔligu:London Bees v Everton LFC, 20 May 2017 (002).jpg|thumb|London Bees vs Everton LFC , 20 May 2017]] == Everton F C. == '''Everton Football Club''' (/ˈɛvərtən/) nyɛla bɔli ŋmɛbu klub' shɛli din be Liverpool, England tingbanni. Klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛri Premier League, England bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili zaŋ kpa tiŋgbana tooni. Bɛ daa pili klub' ŋɔ yuuni 1878. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888, ka lahi nyɛ ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ nyɛla klub' ata puuni yini shɛli din daa pili lig' shɛŋa zaa ayi maa. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din nyɛ waɣila ka lahi nyɛ din mali nasara pam England, ka di pɔɔni kɔbiga diba anu: League pɔri diba awɔi, FA Cup diba anu, ni European Cup Winners' Cup yini. Everton daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91 season. Bɛ daa di League pɔri diba anahi m-pahi ni FA Cup diba ayi nyaaŋa, ka klub' maa daa ti nya ŋmɛmbu nyaaŋa tobu Second World War nyaaŋa hali ni 1960s. Bɛ daa lahi nya nasara din be tooni 1980s sunsuuni, ka Everton daa di League pɔɔri diba ayi m-pahi, FA Cup yini, ni 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. Klub' maa tuuli pɔɔni din daa kpe n-niŋ bɛ nuuni nyaaŋa nyɛla yuuni 1995 FA Cup. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din be England tooni bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili din pahi ayi waɣilim ni, ka be zaashee buta all-time points. Hali ni August 2025, klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛla tooni yaɣili season kɔbiga ni pishi ni ata, ka di gariti klub' kam, ka daa ʒi tooni yaɣili season anahi ko (1930–31, 1951–52, 1952–53, ni 1953–54). Klub' maa bɔli naba tiri nyɛla blue shirt din mali fukumsi ni white shorts mini socks. Yuuni 2025–26 season piligu, Everton ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Hill Dickinson Stadium. Bɛ daa ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Goodison Park yuuni 1892 hali ni zuŋɔ, ka daa yi bɛ tuuli yili Anfield na n-daa kani, domin bɛ mini tinŋ maa so John Houlding daa nya bɛ yili so' maa polo jɛmdi. Klub' ŋɔ niŋdiba booni ba la "Evertonians", "Toffees" bee "Blues". Everton mini bɛ makari klub' Liverpool mali taba nyɔŋ kpaŋbu waɣila, ka bɛ ŋmɛri bɔli shɛli bɛ booni Merseyside derby. Yuuni 2016, Farhad Moshiri daa nyɛla ŋun da klub' maa shares 49.9%. Hali ni May 2023, klub' maa booni nyɛla $744 million. Klub' maa liɣiri shɛli din kpɛ ni din yina yuuni 2022–23 season nyɛla $242 million ni -$23 million. Yuuni December 2024, America bilionea so ŋun yuli booni Dan Friedkin daa da klub' ŋɔ. === Taarihi === '''Bɛ piligu''' Everton daa piligi li mi ka bɛ booni li '''St. Domingo's FC''' yuuni 1878. Daa niŋ bɛ ni daa bɔri ni St Domingo Methodist New Connexion Chapel maa niŋdiba ban be Breckfield Road North, Everton, nya yɛla bɛ ni yɛn ŋmɛri bɔli yuun' kam puuni – cricket ŋmɛrila yuŋ. Klub' maa tuuli ŋmɛbu daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa di 1–0 Everton Church Club zuɣu. Bɛ daa taɣi klub' maa yuli ka boli li '''Everton''' November 1879, n-daa zaŋ yaɣili maa yuli, domin niri ban bi be chapel maa puuni mi lahi bɔra ni bɛ pahi.[5][6][7][8] '''Tuuli League Championship – 1891''' Klub' maa daa nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888–89, ka daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91. Season maa piligu daa niŋ viɛnyɛla pam – bɛ daa di ŋmɛbu diba anu nyaaŋa. Fred Geary mi daa di gɔli ŋmɛbu diba ayɔbu tuuli maa puuni. January sunsuuni, Everton daa naɣisi bɛ ŋmɛbu kam dɔni yini, ka di points 29. Preston North End mi daa kani bɛ nyaaŋa points 11, ka ŋmɛbu diba ayɔpɔin na kani. Everton daa ti gbubi ka guri bɔli ayi ka Preston ŋmɛri bɛ ŋmɛbu kɔŋsi. Hali ka bɛ daa kuli gbaagi bɛ tooni points 2 ko ka ŋmɛbu yini na kani. Bɛ zaa daa ŋmɛ bɛ tuɣisibu ŋmɛbu 14 March, Everton daa naŋ Burnley 3–2 (Geary di bɛ gɔli ayi maa zaa) ka Preston mi naŋ Sunderland 3–0. Lala ka Everton daa di bɛ tuuli Football League Championship points 2 niŋgbu, ka di ŋmɛbu 22 puuni di 14. Geary mi daa be ŋmɛbu kam puuni, ka di gɔli 21 ka leei klub' maa di gɔli paa yuuni maa.[9][10][13] '''FA Cup mini war gbaabu''' Everton daa paai FA Cup final diba anahi First World War ka naan yi naan. Bɛ daa naŋ Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 yuuni 1893, ka naŋ Aston Villa 2–3 yuuni 1897, ka daa nya nasara bɛ tuuli dabaa ata ni yuuni 1906 ka di Newcastle United. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ final yuuni 1907 ka naŋ Sheffield Wednesday 2–1. Yuuni 1914–15 daa nyɛla season din daa naayi ka bɛ ti ʒi bɔli maa ka First World War na. Everton daa di bɛ League pɔri diba ayi, ka gari Oldham Athletic points yini, ka Bobby Parker di gɔli 35 ka leei paa yuuni maa. World War I daa naɣisi bɔli maa saha shɛli bɛ ni daa nyɛ champions, ka di lahi niŋ maa yuuni 1939.[11][12][13][14][15] '''Dixie Dean saha''' Yuuni 1925 bɛ daa deei '''Dixie Dean''' Tranmere Rovers sani. Yuuni 1927–28, Dean daa di gɔli 60 ŋmɛbu 39 puuni – ka di nyɛ record hali ni zuŋɔ tooni league puuni. O daa sɔŋ klub' maa ka di League Championship diba ata. Amaa yuuni 2 nyaaŋa klub' maa daa kuli Second Division. Bɛ daa labi tooni niŋgbu yim, ka di gɔli pam Second Division. Bɛ ni labina tooni yuuni 1931–32, bɛ daa naan di League Championship diba anahi. Bɛ daa lahi di bɛ FA Cup diba ayi yuuni 1933 ka di Manchester City 3–0 final ni. Era maa daa naai ni bɛ di League Championship diba anu yuuni 1938–39.[16][17][18][19][20] '''World War II nyaaŋa''' World War II daa lahi ʒi bɔli maa. Yuuni 1946 ka bɛ daa labi, ama Everton team maa daa ti wa. Bɛ daa tilsi Tommy Lawton Chelsea, Joe Mercer mi daa chaŋ Arsenal, ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ tilsi T.G. Jones Roma. Hali ni Ted Sagar ko n-naagi. Cliff Britton saha ni, bɛ daa kuli Second Division yuuni 1950–51, ka daa labina tooni yuuni 1953–54. Bɛ ni daa labi na maa, bɛ daa bi lahi kuli tooni ha hali ni zuŋɔ.[21] '''Harry Catterick mini nasara din pahiri ayi''' Yuuni 1961 Harry Catterick daa leei manager. O yuuni ayi ni bɛ daa di League yuuni 1962–63. Yuuni 1966 bɛ daa di FA Cup ka di Sheffield Wednesday 3–2. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ final yuuni 1968 ka naŋ West Brom. Yuuni 1969–70 bɛ daa lahi di League, ka gari Leeds points 9. Saha ŋɔ ni bɛ daa nyɛla English klub' tuuli shɛli din ŋmɛ European bɔli yuun' anu din doli taba – 1961–62 hali ni 1966–67.[22][23][25][26] '''Howard Kendall saha – nasara din gahim pam''' Howard Kendall daa di Everton saha shɛli bɛ ni daa mali nasara pam. Bɛ daa di FA Cup 1984, League diba ayi 1984–85 ni 1986–87. Europe puuni, bɛ daa di bɛ tuuli European trophy – '''European Cup Winners' Cup''' 1985. Bɛ daa di UCD, Inter Bratislava, Fortuna Sittard, ka naŋ Bayern Munich 3–1 semi-final, ka naŋ Rapid Vienna 3–1 final. Bɛ daa kpe ni bɛ di treble 1985 ka naŋ Manchester United FA Cup final. Season din daa doli na, bɛ daa nyɛ ayi Liverpool nyaaŋa league mini FA Cup puuni, ka daa labi di league yuuni 1987.[28][29] Heysel Stadium banibɔrili nyaaŋa, English klub' bɛ ni daa bɔ European bɔli, ka Everton daa naan ʒi. Kendall mi daa chaŋ Athletic Bilbao, ka Colin Harvey deei. Harvey daa paai FA Cup final 1989 ka naŋ Liverpool 3–2 extra time.[30] '''Premier League saha''' Everton daa nyɛla ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ daa mali ʒiʒa n-daa bori manager. Joe Royle saha ni bɛ daa di FA Cup 1995 ka di Manchester United 1–0. Royle daa lahi zaŋ klub' maa chaŋ Cup Winners' Cup. Royle ni yina nyaaŋa, Kendall daa labi na dabaa ata, ka Walter Smith deei yuuni 1998. Smith ni yina nyaaŋa, '''David Moyes''' daa deei March 2002 ka zaŋ klub' maa ʒi.[32][33] Moyes saha ni, bɛ daa di zaashee 7 yuuni 2002–03, ka '''Wayne Rooney''' piligi tuuli team. Bɛ daa tilsi Rooney Manchester United yuuni 2004 £28 million. Yuuni 2004–05 bɛ daa nyɛ zaashee 4 ka chaŋ Champions League qualifier. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ UEFA Cup 2007–08 ni 2008–09, ka paai FA Cup final 2009. Moyes saha ni bɛ daa di bɔli diɣu: James Beattie £6m, Andy Johnson £8.6m, Yakubu £11.25m, ni Marouane Fellaini £15m 2008. --- 8czf18vz0hqm9vs3h9e2h4swp7d370j 146245 146244 2026-08-11T06:04:07Z Abdul Gafaru 100% 6794 Added information 146245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lahabali kɔligu:Командное фото Эвертон - Everton F.C. team photo (16869430792).jpg|thumb|Everton F .C team]] [[Lahabali kɔligu:London Bees v Everton LFC, 20 May 2017 (002).jpg|thumb|London Bees vs Everton LFC , 20 May 2017]] == Everton F C. == '''Everton Football Club''' (/ˈɛvərtən/) nyɛla bɔli ŋmɛbu klub' shɛli din be Liverpool, England tingbanni. Klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛri Premier League, England bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili zaŋ kpa tiŋgbana tooni. Bɛ daa pili klub' ŋɔ yuuni 1878. Bɛ daa lahi nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888, ka lahi nyɛ ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ nyɛla klub' ata puuni yini shɛli din daa pili lig' shɛŋa zaa ayi maa. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din nyɛ waɣila ka lahi nyɛ din mali nasara pam England, ka di pɔɔni kɔbiga diba anu: League pɔri diba awɔi, FA Cup diba anu, ni European Cup Winners' Cup yini. Everton daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91 season. Bɛ daa di League pɔri diba anahi m-pahi ni FA Cup diba ayi nyaaŋa, ka klub' maa daa ti nya ŋmɛmbu nyaaŋa tobu Second World War nyaaŋa hali ni 1960s. Bɛ daa lahi nya nasara din be tooni 1980s sunsuuni, ka Everton daa di League pɔɔri diba ayi m-pahi, FA Cup yini, ni 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. Klub' maa tuuli pɔɔni din daa kpe n-niŋ bɛ nuuni nyaaŋa nyɛla yuuni 1995 FA Cup. Everton nyɛla klub' shɛli din be England tooni bɔli ŋmɛbu yaɣili din pahi ayi waɣilim ni, ka be zaashee buta all-time points. Hali ni August 2025, klub' ŋɔ ŋmɛla tooni yaɣili season kɔbiga ni pishi ni ata, ka di gariti klub' kam, ka daa ʒi tooni yaɣili season anahi ko (1930–31, 1951–52, 1952–53, ni 1953–54). Klub' maa bɔli naba tiri nyɛla blue shirt din mali fukumsi ni white shorts mini socks. Yuuni 2025–26 season piligu, Everton ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Hill Dickinson Stadium. Bɛ daa ŋmɛri bɛ bɔli Goodison Park yuuni 1892 hali ni zuŋɔ, ka daa yi bɛ tuuli yili Anfield na n-daa kani, domin bɛ mini tinŋ maa so John Houlding daa nya bɛ yili so' maa polo jɛmdi. Klub' ŋɔ niŋdiba booni ba la "Evertonians", "Toffees" bee "Blues". Everton mini bɛ makari klub' Liverpool mali taba nyɔŋ kpaŋbu waɣila, ka bɛ ŋmɛri bɔli shɛli bɛ booni Merseyside derby. Yuuni 2016, Farhad Moshiri daa nyɛla ŋun da klub' maa shares 49.9%. Hali ni May 2023, klub' maa booni nyɛla $744 million. Klub' maa liɣiri shɛli din kpɛ ni din yina yuuni 2022–23 season nyɛla $242 million ni -$23 million. Yuuni December 2024, America bilionea so ŋun yuli booni Dan Friedkin daa da klub' ŋɔ. === Taarihi === '''Bɛ piligu''' Everton daa piligi li mi ka bɛ booni li '''St. Domingo's FC''' yuuni 1878. Daa niŋ bɛ ni daa bɔri ni St Domingo Methodist New Connexion Chapel maa niŋdiba ban be Breckfield Road North, Everton, nya yɛla bɛ ni yɛn ŋmɛri bɔli yuun' kam puuni – cricket ŋmɛrila yuŋ. Klub' maa tuuli ŋmɛbu daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa di 1–0 Everton Church Club zuɣu. Bɛ daa taɣi klub' maa yuli ka boli li '''Everton''' November 1879, n-daa zaŋ yaɣili maa yuli, domin niri ban bi be chapel maa puuni mi lahi bɔra ni bɛ pahi.[5][6][7][8] '''Tuuli League Championship – 1891''' Klub' maa daa nyɛla ban daa pili Football League yuuni 1888–89, ka daa di bɛ tuuli League Championship yuuni 1890–91. Season maa piligu daa niŋ viɛnyɛla pam – bɛ daa di ŋmɛbu diba anu nyaaŋa. Fred Geary mi daa di gɔli ŋmɛbu diba ayɔbu tuuli maa puuni. January sunsuuni, Everton daa naɣisi bɛ ŋmɛbu kam dɔni yini, ka di points 29. Preston North End mi daa kani bɛ nyaaŋa points 11, ka ŋmɛbu diba ayɔpɔin na kani. Everton daa ti gbubi ka guri bɔli ayi ka Preston ŋmɛri bɛ ŋmɛbu kɔŋsi. Hali ka bɛ daa kuli gbaagi bɛ tooni points 2 ko ka ŋmɛbu yini na kani. Bɛ zaa daa ŋmɛ bɛ tuɣisibu ŋmɛbu 14 March, Everton daa naŋ Burnley 3–2 (Geary di bɛ gɔli ayi maa zaa) ka Preston mi naŋ Sunderland 3–0. Lala ka Everton daa di bɛ tuuli Football League Championship points 2 niŋgbu, ka di ŋmɛbu 22 puuni di 14. Geary mi daa be ŋmɛbu kam puuni, ka di gɔli 21 ka leei klub' maa di gɔli paa yuuni maa.[9][10][13] '''FA Cup mini war gbaabu''' Everton daa paai FA Cup final diba anahi First World War ka naan yi naan. Bɛ daa naŋ Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 yuuni 1893, ka naŋ Aston Villa 2–3 yuuni 1897, ka daa nya nasara bɛ tuuli dabaa ata ni yuuni 1906 ka di Newcastle United. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ final yuuni 1907 ka naŋ Sheffield Wednesday 2–1. Yuuni 1914–15 daa nyɛla season din daa naayi ka bɛ ti ʒi bɔli maa ka First World War na. Everton daa di bɛ League pɔri diba ayi, ka gari Oldham Athletic points yini, ka Bobby Parker di gɔli 35 ka leei paa yuuni maa. World War I daa naɣisi bɔli maa saha shɛli bɛ ni daa nyɛ champions, ka di lahi niŋ maa yuuni 1939.[11][12][13][14][15] '''Dixie Dean saha''' Yuuni 1925 bɛ daa deei '''Dixie Dean''' Tranmere Rovers sani. Yuuni 1927–28, Dean daa di gɔli 60 ŋmɛbu 39 puuni – ka di nyɛ record hali ni zuŋɔ tooni league puuni. O daa sɔŋ klub' maa ka di League Championship diba ata. Amaa yuuni 2 nyaaŋa klub' maa daa kuli Second Division. Bɛ daa labi tooni niŋgbu yim, ka di gɔli pam Second Division. Bɛ ni labina tooni yuuni 1931–32, bɛ daa naan di League Championship diba anahi. Bɛ daa lahi di bɛ FA Cup diba ayi yuuni 1933 ka di Manchester City 3–0 final ni. Era maa daa naai ni bɛ di League Championship diba anu yuuni 1938–39.[16][17][18][19][20] '''World War II nyaaŋa''' World War II daa lahi ʒi bɔli maa. Yuuni 1946 ka bɛ daa labi, ama Everton team maa daa ti wa. Bɛ daa tilsi Tommy Lawton Chelsea, Joe Mercer mi daa chaŋ Arsenal, ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ tilsi T.G. Jones Roma. Hali ni Ted Sagar ko n-naagi. Cliff Britton saha ni, bɛ daa kuli Second Division yuuni 1950–51, ka daa labina tooni yuuni 1953–54. Bɛ ni daa labi na maa, bɛ daa bi lahi kuli tooni ha hali ni zuŋɔ.[21] '''Harry Catterick mini nasara din pahiri ayi''' Yuuni 1961 Harry Catterick daa leei manager. O yuuni ayi ni bɛ daa di League yuuni 1962–63. Yuuni 1966 bɛ daa di FA Cup ka di Sheffield Wednesday 3–2. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ final yuuni 1968 ka naŋ West Brom. Yuuni 1969–70 bɛ daa lahi di League, ka gari Leeds points 9. Saha ŋɔ ni bɛ daa nyɛla English klub' tuuli shɛli din ŋmɛ European bɔli yuun' anu din doli taba – 1961–62 hali ni 1966–67. '''Howard Kendall saha – nasara din gahim pam''' Howard Kendall daa di Everton saha shɛli bɛ ni daa mali nasara pam. Bɛ daa di FA Cup 1984, League diba ayi 1984–85 ni 1986–87. Europe puuni, bɛ daa di bɛ tuuli European trophy – '''European Cup Winners' Cup''' 1985. Bɛ daa di UCD, Inter Bratislava, Fortuna Sittard, ka naŋ Bayern Munich 3–1 semi-final, ka naŋ Rapid Vienna 3–1 final. Bɛ daa kpe ni bɛ di treble 1985 ka naŋ Manchester United FA Cup final. Season din daa doli na, bɛ daa nyɛ ayi Liverpool nyaaŋa league mini FA Cup puuni, ka daa labi di league yuuni 1987. Heysel Stadium banibɔrili nyaaŋa, English klub' bɛ ni daa bɔ European bɔli, ka Everton daa naan ʒi. Kendall mi daa chaŋ Athletic Bilbao, ka Colin Harvey deei. Harvey daa paai FA Cup final 1989 ka naŋ Liverpool 3–2 extra time. '''Premier League saha''' Everton daa nyɛla ban daa pili Premier League yuuni 1992. Bɛ daa mali ʒiʒa n-daa bori manager. Joe Royle saha ni bɛ daa di FA Cup 1995 ka di Manchester United 1–0. Royle daa lahi zaŋ klub' maa chaŋ Cup Winners' Cup. Royle ni yina nyaaŋa, Kendall daa labi na dabaa ata, ka Walter Smith deei yuuni 1998. Smith ni yina nyaaŋa, '''David Moyes''' daa deei March 2002 ka zaŋ klub' maa ʒi. Moyes saha ni, bɛ daa di zaashee 7 yuuni 2002–03, ka '''Wayne Rooney''' piligi tuuli team. Bɛ daa tilsi Rooney Manchester United yuuni 2004 £28 million. Yuuni 2004–05 bɛ daa nyɛ zaashee 4 ka chaŋ Champions League qualifier. Bɛ daa lahi chaŋ UEFA Cup 2007–08 ni 2008–09, ka paai FA Cup final 2009. Moyes saha ni bɛ daa di bɔli diɣu: James Beattie £6m, Andy Johnson £8.6m, Yakubu £11.25m, ni Marouane Fellaini £15m 2008. Yuuni 2012–13 season naabu, '''David Moyes''' daa yi Everton ka chaŋ Manchester United. Bɛ daa deei '''Roberto Martínez''' n-leei manager. O tuuli yuuni ni, o daa zaŋ Everton n-ti paai Premier League zaashee 5, ka di points 72 – di nyɛla points pam shɛli bɛ ni di yuun' 27 niŋgbu ni. Season din daa doli na, o daa zaŋ klub' maa paai '''UEFA Europa League''' zaashee 16, ka Dynamo Kyiv daa ti ŋmeei ba. League puuni mi, bɛ daa nyɛ zaashee 11. Yuuni 2015–16, bɛ daa paai League Cup mini FA Cup semi-final zaa, ka bɛ zaa ni ti ŋmeei ba. Ŋmɛbu din bi galisi maa zuɣu, bɛ daa ti yɛli Martínez o tuuŋa season naabu ni, saha shɛli bɛ ni daa be zaashee 12. '''Ronald Koeman hali ni Sam Allardyce''' Yuuni 2016 yuŋ, bɛ daa deei '''Ronald Koeman''' ŋun daa be Southampton. O tuuli yuuni ni o daa zaŋ klub' maa chaŋ Europa League. Amaa yuuni 2017–18 piligu daa bi galisi, ka bɛ be ʒiʒa yaɣili nyaaŋa ŋmɛbu 9 nyaaŋa. Bɛ daa ti yɛli Koeman o tuuŋa 23 October, saha shɛli Arsenal ni daa di ba 5–2 Goodison Park. '''Sam Allardyce''' daa deei, ka o daa sɔŋ ba ka bɛ ʒi. Amaa season naabu ni o daa yɛli ni o bi lahi bɔra, domin niŋdiba daa bi niŋ o ŋmɛbu maa yɛla niŋ.[44][45][46] '''Marco Silva hali ni Ancelotti''' May 2018, bɛ daa deei '''Marco Silva'''. November yuuni maa, bɛ daa ti yɛli ni bɛ bi yɛn deei academy bihi yuun' 2, domin bɛ daa labi deei bih' shɛba ban be club' shɛŋa. Silva tuuli yuuni ni bɛ daa nyɛ zaashee 8. Amaa yuuni din daa doli na piligu daa bi galisi, ka bɛ be ʒiʒa yaɣili. Bɛ daa ti yɛli Silva o tuuŋa 5 December 2019, o tuɣisibu ŋmɛbu daa nyɛla Liverpool ni di ba 5–2 Anfield. '''Duncan Ferguson''' ŋun daa nyɛ tuuli ŋmɛra daa di o zabili ŋmɛbu diba ata, ka '''Carlo Ancelotti''' daa deei. Ferguson mi daa na ti tuhi o sɔŋ. Ancelotti daa yi club' maa yuuni 2021 June ka labina Real Madrid. O daa naɣisi club' maa zaashee 10 o tuuli yuuni din gbaai. '''Benítez, Lampard, Dyche mini ʒiʒa''' '''Rafael Benítez''' ŋun daa tuɣi Liverpool daa deei Ancelotti nyaaŋa – o nyɛla niri ayi ni ko shɛba ban daa tuɣi klub' ayi maa zaa. Amaa bɛ daa ti yɛli o tuuŋa January 2022, domin o tuɣisibu ŋmɛbu 13 puuni o daa di 9. '''Frank Lampard''' daa deei, ka bɛ lahi ti yɛli o tuuŋa January 2023. '''Sean Dyche''' saha ni, bɛ daa ʒi ŋmɛbu 1–0 ka di Bournemouth yuuni 2022–23 naabu, ka di sɔŋ ba ka bɛ ʒi. '''Points ʒiʒa''' 17 November 2023, Premier League daa ŋmɛ Everton points 10 niŋgbu, domin bɛ daa di liɣiri gari bɛ ni daa saɣi n-ti. Bɛ daa di liɣiri $124.5 million yuun' 3 ni, ka limit maa nyɛ $105 million. Di daa nyɛla points ʒiʒa din gahim pam Premier League taarihi ni. Everton daa kpaɣi bɛ nuu, ka yɛli ni di pam. 24 January 2024, bɛ daa lahi ti ba tuumbɔri m-pahi domin bɛ ni daa di liɣiri gari bɛ limit yuuni 2022–23. --- qpgjdvip2womy3l8aqe5boblfn5de4s