Dagbani Wikipedia dagwiki https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C9%94%C9%A3u MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Miidiya Diŋ'gahim Yɛltɔɣa Ŋun su Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa Wikipedia Wikipedia yɛltɔɣa Lahabali kɔligu Lahabali kɔligu yɛltɔɣa MiidiyaWiki MiidiyaWiki yɛltɔɣa Tɛmplet Tɛmplet yɛltɔɣa Sɔŋsim Sɔŋsim yɛltɔɣa Pubu Pubu yɛltɔɣa Salima Salima yɛltɔɣa MOS MOS yɛltɔɣa TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2269 147252 146113 2026-09-19T06:28:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260919sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 147252 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="background-color:fuchsia;">'''E-Class'''</span>[[Lahabali kɔligu:Symbol_e_class.svg|20px]] {{Infobox disease | Name = Chagas doro | Image = Trypanosoma cruzi crithidia.jpeg | Caption = Photomicrograph of [[Giemsa]]-stained ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' | DiseasesDB = 13415 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|57||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|086}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001372 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 327 | MeshID = D014355 }} '''Chagas dɔro ''' nyɛla dɔr’ shɛli din zooi [[dunia]] yaɣi shɛŋa tulim ni be. Binniɛn bih’ cherisa n tahiri ŋa na.<ref name=WHO2013/> Lɛlisi ban tabliri ningbiŋ zuɣu nyuri [[ʒim]] la n kpabri binniɛ’ bih’ chɛrisa ŋɔ.<ref name=WHO2013/> Doro ŋɔ lahimgbana bi ʒi yim, di taɣirila biɛɣu kam. Doro ŋo ni yɛn pili nira, di nahingbana bi yiri polo bei di ka yaa. [[Kpaɣuʒiɛɣu]], ʒi’ soya tibigibu, zuɣ’ yaali n ti pahi ŋubira ni mɔribu n nyɛ shira shɛŋa di piligu maa ni ʒirina.<ref name=WHO2013/> Zanchaŋ bakɔi 8-12 sunsuuni ka di yɛn nya yaa zani viɛnyɛlinga. Niribu 60-70% puuni dɔro ŋɔ ku lahi nabigi yaɣi saha ŋɔ.<ref name="Rassi2010">{{cite journal |author=Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA |title=Chagas disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-17-23-2010_375_9723/page/1388 |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9723 |pages=1388–402 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20399979 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X}}</ref><ref name="Rassi2012">{{cite journal|last=Rassi A|first=Jr|author2=Rassi, A|author3=Marcondes de Rezende, J|title=American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease).|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/275|journal=Infectious disease clinics of North America|date=June 2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–91|pmid=22632639|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.002}}</ref> 30-40% ban kpalimla mii, doro ŋɔ nahimgbana ni yi palo yuuni 10-30 nyaaŋa.<ref name=Rassi2012/> Lala saha ŋɔ yi paai, niribu 20-30% suhishei ʒisoya yɛn zaligi ka waɣ’ligi. Diyi niŋ lala suhu ŋɔ yɛn tarigimi ka zaɣsi tumbu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Din lahi pahi niribu 10% puuni, bɛ lɔŋni ʒisɔya ŋɔ gba nyɛla din ɣɛn yɛligi.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==Tahili mini Vihigu== ''T. cruzi'' nyɛla binniɛn shɛb’ liɛlisi ban tabliri ningbiŋ zuɣu nyuri ʒim la ni kpabiri yuɣisiri sariti salnim’ mini vuhurisi. Liɛlisi ŋɔ laɣimmi bɛ [[Triatominae]] zuliya ni.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web|publisher=Centers for DiseaseControl(CDC) |url= http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/ |title=DPDx&nbsp;– Trypanosomiasis, American. Fact Sheet |accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> Zuliya balibu kam malila bɛni boondi lɛlisi ŋɔ shɛm: bɛ mio la ''vinchuca'' [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]] ni [[Paraguay]], ''barbeiro'' [[Brazil]], ''pito'' [[Colombia]], ''chinche'' [[Central America]], nti pahi ''chipo'' [[Venezuela]]. Chagas dɔro ŋɔ ni lahi tooi lɔhiri nirib’ shahi n nyɛ ʒim vɔbu/kpɛhibu shei, binsaba kpɛhibu shei, dibu shei (di yi niŋ ka Chagas binniema yi siɣi bindirigu nɔ ni), nti pahi dɔyim shei (ma ni tooi zaŋ li looi biya).<ref name=WHO2013/> Di yi na bi ti tooni, baŋdib’ ni tooi zaŋ maicroscope nyuli sal ʒim ni n nyɛli.<ref name=Rassi2012/> Di yi shiri biɛni ka bɛ yuli, bɛn nyɛ ''T. cruzi'' ʒim maa ni. ==Taɣibu mini Tibbu == [[Lahabali kɔligu:Rhodnius prolixus70-300.jpg|thumb|''[[Rhodnius prolixus]]'' is the principal vector in [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], and some parts of [[Nicaragua]] and [[El Salvador]]]] Doro ŋo yi yɛn gu, di tuya ka niri taɣi o biɛhagu shei mini o ningbina ka Chagas liɛlisi ŋɔ bi dim o.<ref name=WHO2013/> Din lahi pahi gubu ŋɔ shei, di tuya ka nir’ mira ka chɛ baŋdib’ vihi pɔi ka naan yi zaŋ so ʒim n kpehi o.<ref name=WHO2013/> Chagas doro ŋo nyɛbli tilaa nabi yi polo.<ref name=WHO2013/> Di kaali saha doritila mi, tima kamani [[benznidazole]] mini [[nifurtimox]] nyaŋdi ŋa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Tima ŋa yaa baligirimi dɔli Chagas dɔro ŋɔ yuunsim sal ningbiŋ ni.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dimi yi niŋ mi ka Chagas pun nyɔɣi la nir’ ka di yuui, tima ŋa tooi baligiri di lahimgban’ shɛŋa din yi dɔli di nyaang’ la.<ref name=WHO2013/> Di tu ka di baŋsi kadama niribu 40% ban vali [[benznidazole]] mini [[nifurtimox]] puuni,<ref name=WHO2013/> tima ŋa di gbuɣi di ninsabla bahina; di leei bi yuurimi. Di nin sabla maa shɛŋa n-nyɛ: ningbiŋ zuɣu doro, zuɣupuri poobu n–ti pahi puuni bɛn-nyɔri zaɣisibu. .<ref name="Rassi2010"/><ref name="Bern">{{cite journal |author=Bern C, Montgomery SP, Herwaldt BL, et al.|title=Evaluation and treatment of chagas disease in the United States: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/jama_2007-11-14_298_18/page/2171|journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=18 |pages=2171–81 |date=November 2007|pmid=18000201 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.18.2171}}</ref><ref name="Rassi2">{{cite journal|author=Rassi A, Dias JC, Marin-Neto JA, Rassi A |title=Challenges and opportunities for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of Chagas' disease |journal=Heart |volume=95|issue=7 |pages=524–34 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19131444 |doi=10.1136/hrt.2008.159624|url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19131444}}</ref> ==Loobu mini Gɔrim== Di buɣisiya ni daadam biɛligu kaman million 7-8 malila Chagas doro ŋɔ. Lala niribu ŋɔ pam biɛla [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] ni [[South America]].<ref name="WHO2013">{{cite web|title=Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Fact sheet N°340|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=March 2013}}</ref> Yuuni 2006 vihugu wuhiya ni di kuri daadam biɛlim 12,500 yuunu kam puuni.<ref name=Rassi2010/> Ban mali doro ŋɔ pam nyɛla faranima.<ref name=Rassi2010/> Bɛ pam bi mi ni bɛ mali doro ŋɔ.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Capinera|editor-first=John L.|title=Encyclopedia of entomology |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9781402062421|page=824|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA824|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Din yi pa niŋ ka kahi-kuli gɔrim niŋ bayanala luɣ’likam la chɛmi ka doro ŋɔ lu n-gɔhi duniya tinsi pam. Di bi chihi America mini Europe tinsi gba.<ref name=WHO2013/> Vihigu wuhiya ni doro ŋɔ ni mali ninsal kalinli shɛb’ America mini Europe tingbana ni kuli nabgimi hali ti kpa yuuni 2014. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Bonney|first=KM|title=Chagas disease in the 21st Century: a public health success or an emerging threat?|journal=Parasite |date=2014|volume=21|pages=11|pmid=24626257|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014012|pmc=3952655}} {{open access}}</ref> [[Carlos Chagas]], yuuni 1909 puuni n daa tuui vihi baŋ doro ŋo ninni ni nyɛ shɛli. O yuli ka di zaŋ bolili.<ref name=WHO2013/> Chagas doro ŋɔ gbaairi vuhirisi balibu paai 150.<ref name=Rassi2010/> == Kundivihira == {{reflist}} [[Pubu:Binniɛma dɔriti]] [[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]] [[Pubu:E-Class]] oauu3mhfgdmg2b04j4daqqartstl7u3 8 9788 147249 144574 2026-09-18T16:35:18Z WikiBayer 392 147249 wikitext text/x-wiki * HotCat[rights=edit]|HotCat.js * owidslider [default|categories=Pages using gadget owidslider]|owidslider.js|owidslider.css c0du3mr5oxs4qrbd1osgnjekfp5w2z7 0 11148 147253 146267 2026-09-19T07:07:56Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260919sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 147253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{E-Class}} '''Convention People's Party'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPP - Conven-tion People's Party|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/cpp.php|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> '''(CPP)''' nyɛla socialist paati din be [[Ghana]] ka di daliri daa doli ti Ghana tuuli tingbani zuɣulana [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] tɛha.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dictionary of National Biography|date=2021-12-14|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_National_Biography&oldid=1060266295|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-12-17}}</ref> CPP daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa paati shɛli silimiingoli June puuni, yuuni 1949 di ni daa niŋ ka [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa zo ka che United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) la<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conven-tion Peoples’ Party {{!}} political party, Ghana {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Conven-tion-Peoples-Party|access-date=2021-12-18|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rooney|first=David|title=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahvisi0000roon|date=2007-11-15|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-81-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahvisi0000roon/page/52 52]–72|chapter=Secretary of the UGCC|doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rooney|title=Birth of the CPP|date=2007|work=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|pages=74–90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nkrumah|first=Kwame|title=The Ghana Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822359845|date=2016-02-04|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822359845/page/301 301]–302|chapter=Independence Speech|doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65}}</ref>. == Di pilli == Convention People's Party nyɛla din daa yina paati laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa 20th century piligu ni di sɔŋsi n-deei maŋsulinsi Gold Coast..<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michel|first=Boris|date=July 2018|title=Anti-semitism in early 20th century German geography. From a "spaceless" people to the root of the "ills" of urbanization|journal=Political Geography|volume=65|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.03.006|issn=0962-6298|s2cid=149886373}}</ref> Din daa beni poi ni CPP nyɛ United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa silimiingoli August yuuni 1947 ka baŋdiba daa nyɛ di kpamba. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=SYMEB|first=STEWART|date=October 1947|title=The Gold Coast Legislative Council|journal=African Affairs|volume=46|issue=185|pages=238–239|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093597|issn=1468-2621}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa bɔri ni laɣingu ŋɔ yɛligi din yɛn tooi sɔŋsi bɛ maŋsulinsi tuhi deegi soya la. Di kpamba daa gbaaya ni di piigi gbaŋŋmara kpema ŋun yɛn sɔŋsi ka di yɛligi ka kpaŋsi taɣibu soya. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|title=Countries at COP24 must urgently step up action to address the climate crisis as the most vulnerable suffer from its escalating impacts|journal=Climate Change and Law Collection|doi=10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2018-0134-012}}</ref>Tuuli, bɛ daa gbaami m-piigi Ebenezer Ako Adjei, ŋun daa nyɛ looya la, ni bɛ yɔri o ka o tumdi gbaŋŋmaritali tuma ŋɔ tiri ba, amaa o daa bi saɣi ti ka daa tiri ba wuhi [[Kwame Nkrumah]], ŋun daa nyɛ siyaasa baŋda ka be London lala saha maa.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Ako Adjei daa nyɛla ŋun mi Nkrumah dama o mini o n-daa laɣim chaŋ Lincoln University din be United State ni London School of Economics. O daa lahi nyɛla zuɣulaan' kuro zaŋ ti West African Students Union (WASU) din daa tuui deegi Nkrumah saha shɛli o ni daa yi [[United States]] m-paagi Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Abraham|title=Message from the President of the United States : communicating, a copy of a despatch of the 12th ultimo, addresses to the Secretary of State by the minister resident of the United States at Stockholm, relating to an international exhibition to be he|date=1865|publisher=[G.P.O.]|location=[Washington, D.C.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.46762}}</ref> UGCC kpamba daa saɣi ti Ako Adjei yɛligu maa ni bɛ boli [[Kwame Nkrumah]], lala saha ŋɔ niriba daa pun mi Nkrumah dama o baŋsim zaŋ kpa siyaasa yaɣili daa yi polo zaa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Glickman|first=Harvey|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909–1972)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Leadership|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412952392.n255|isbn=9780761925972}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini George Padmore nti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba daa nyɛla ban daa laɣim niriba yuuni 1945 ka bɛ niŋ Fifth Pan-African Congress, [[Manchester]], [[England]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mueller|first1=Susanne D.|last2=Assensoh|first2=A. B.|date=2000|title=African Political Leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius K. Nyerere|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=33|issue=1|pages=235|doi=10.2307/220329|issn=0361-7882|jstor=220329}}</ref> Nkrumah dintoli zuɣu o daa sabi binshɛli bɛ ni boli Declaration to the Colonial Peoples of the World, ka congress maa daa saɣi deei li ni bɛ ni zaŋ li tum tuma. O daa nyɛla ninvuɣ' so ŋun ni tooi laɣim Gold Coast niriba ni bipola ka bɛ pahi n-tuhi deegi maŋsulinsi<ref>{{Citation|title=Kwame Nkrumah|date=2008|work=Proceedings of the XXII World Congress of Philosophy|pages=5–11|publisher=Philosophy Documentation Center|doi=10.5840/wcp22200828606|isbn=978-1-889680-92-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Glickman|first=Harvey|title=Nkrumah, Kwame (1909–1972)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Leadership|year=2004|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412952392.n255|isbn=978-0-7619-2597-2}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla ŋun na bi bɔri ni o saɣi deegi lala gbaŋŋmaritali ŋɔ, dama UGCC niriba mini bɛ ni daa zaŋ ti binshɛli daa bi doli ŋuni Nkrumah ni bɔri shɛm n-ti Gold Coast ni Africa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Howardsson|first=Óskar|title=Icelander Hesitant About Accepting Pay Raise|work=Icelandic-Canadian oral narratives|pages=204|year=1991|publisher=Canadian Museum of History|doi=10.2307/j.ctt22zmctr.74|isbn=978-1-77282-359-2}}</ref> O daa mali o tabi saawara ka daa ti pa saɣi n-deegi lala zaashee maa, ka lee kuli mi ni di ni tooi bi yuugi ka o che lala tuma maa. <ref name="Louis 38">{{Cite journal|last=Louis|first=Arthur|date=2010-04-07|title=New beginnings|journal=Emergency Nurse|volume=18|issue=1|pages=38|doi=10.7748/en.18.1.38.s19|issn=1354-5752|pmid=20437759}}</ref> Silimiingoli 14 November 1947, [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o zo Kojo Botsio ŋun gba daa pahi WASU daa nyɛla ban yi Liverpool n-kana Accra.<ref name="Louis 38" /> Bɛ daa zaŋ [[Kwame Nkrumah]] wuhi Working Committee ni ŋuni n-nyɛ bɛ gbaŋŋmara silimiingoli December 28, yuuni 1947 ka tuma puuni daa nyɛ ni o laɣim niriba ka bɛ doli laɣingu maa, di bahi bahindi bipola, ka di nyɛmi o yɛn kpala bipola laɣinsi (di puuni shɛŋa n-nyɛ : Apowa Literary and Social Club) ni Ashanti Confederacy<ref>{{Citation|last1=Hughes|first1=Nathan|title=Delivering youth justice through partnership working|work=Social work and multi-agency working|pages=9–28|year=2008|publisher=Bristol University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1t89c5m.6|isbn=978-1-4473-4264-9|last2=Prior|first2=David}}</ref> (kotomsi, Asante Youth Association- AYA), ka pukpariba, daabihi, duroobanima, nuuni tuumbaŋdiba, karimbanima, gbaŋŋmariba, zaa n-daa nyɛ ban be lala laɣingu maa puuni.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=School Social Work: A Case Study on Working with At-Risk Youth|doi=10.4135/9781529705287}}</ref> Tuuli maa UGCC daa nyɛla din kuli mali niriba bela ka bɛ be teeku noya tinsi la ni nti pahi Kibi. Bɛ daa ka niriba Ashanti yaɣili, hali bɛ daa na ʒin mo ni bɛ bo niriba ka bɛ pahi laɣingu maani tudu yaɣili ŋɔ. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Unexplored Territories|journal=What if I Had Been the Hero?|doi=10.5040/9781838710224.ch-003|isbn=9781838710224}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa niŋ nia ni o taɣi lala ŋɔ zaa, di zuɣu o daa kuli nyɛla ŋun go [[Ghana]] bɔba ni yaɣa n-laɣim salo, ka bɛ ti yɛn yɛli ni chira ayɔbu nyaaŋa UGCC laɣinsi daa pa gari kobiga Gold Coast. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla bɛ ni pii ninvuɣ' so gbaŋŋmari kpɛma zaŋ ti UGCC di ni daa niŋ ka UGCC kpɛma maa daa gbaagi o kpari dama o daa wum la ŋumaŋuma zaŋ kpa Nkrumah tɛhi shɛli o ni daa mali zaŋ chaŋ o maŋmaŋa paati kpabu polo la.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rooney|first=David|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvk3gm60|title=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|date=1988|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-60-5}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa kpala Convention People's Party ni UGCC ninvuɣu' shɛba yɛda puuni, ka daa mali nia ni o nyɛ o maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti. Di mini [[Kwame Nkrumah]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPP - Conven-tion People's Party|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/cpp.php|access-date=2021-12-18|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> CPP toondaantali ŋɔ zaa yoli, o daa lahi laɣim la kataali ayirimo n-daa saɣiri tiri maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti. Di zuɣu daa kpɛhi o sarika pahi ayi, amaa o daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa bahi so di ni daa niŋ ka CPP daa di piibu-piibu maa ni kalinli din galisi pam din daa doli gbampiɛla piibu-piibu ni ka o lee be sarika puuni. CPP nyaandoliba daa saɣimi ti [[Kwame Nkrumah]] tɛha maa ka daa dihi bɛ nuhi viɛnyɛla ti o ni o nyɛ yaa n-niŋ o maŋmaŋa gɔmnanti.[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven-tion_People's_Party#cite_note-3]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sabbu buɣisiya pam zaŋ kpa Ghana politiisa paati nima piligu polo. Ti yi yuli 1948 riot ni, [[Convention People's Party]] dɔɣibu ni din pahi pahi, binshɛŋa din daa che ka CPP ti kpa, ka [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa gari tooni n-daa zani CPP zaani n-kpaɣiri bo gɔmnanti toondaantali ni gbampiɛla ka daa ti di nasara n-deei [[Ghana]] maŋsulinsi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Dennis L.|date=1970|title=The Conven-tion People's Party of Ghana: Representational or Solidarity Party?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/483859|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines|volume=4|issue=2|pages=173–194|doi=10.2307/483859|issn=0008-3968}}</ref> zaa daa nyɛla din pahi sabbu ŋɔ yɛl'kpana puuni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=coaccess|url=https://apps.crossref.org/coaccess/coaccess.html?doi=10.2307%2Fj.ctv125jqp2.65|access-date=2021-12-18|website=apps.crossref.org|doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218110219/https://apps.crossref.org/coaccess/coaccess.html?doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65|url-status=dead}}</ref> == 1948 Riots == Saha shɛli [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ni daa paana Gold Coast yuuni 1947 bahigu, niriba pam suhuri daa bi piɛla di ni daa kuli niŋ ka bindira daa kuli nyɛ din kani ka nɛma mini binshɛɣu kam dahi kuli pahira.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 1.5. Real consumer prices are rising|doi=10.1787/888933098725}}</ref> Pukpariba daa nyɛla ban bi niŋ suhupiɛlli di ni daa niŋ ka zaligu kana ni di ŋmahimi cocoa ti' shɛŋa swollen shoot doro la ni daa mali la, ka bɛ pala ban diri anfaani shɛli di puuni. Sooja kura ban daa pahi ka bɛ tuhi World War II for ‘King and Country’ la daa nyɛla bɛ ni kuli ti shɛb' liɣiri biɛla ka wahala daa bi che o ka mali o gba kamani di ni daa mali niriba pam tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni shɛm.<ref>{{Citation|title=How Gonzalo Pizarro arrived, with his followers, at a place where Indians had formerly settled but had been driven out in a war, and the Spaniards found a very great quantity of yucas, by means of which they were restored to health and their lives were saved; and of the hardships they went through.|date=2017-05-15|work=Civil Wars of Peru, by Pedro de Cieza de León (Part IV, Book II): The War of Chupas|pages=71–76|publisher=Hakluyt Society|doi=10.4324/9781315572291-22|isbn=978-1-315-57229-1}}</ref> Nanima mini siyaasanima daa nyɛla ban bi niŋ zaɣa zaŋ kpa miisim shɛli din daa be tiŋgbani maa ni maa, ka di daa ti paagi Nii Kwabena Bonnne II, Osu Alata Mantse, ni o gari tooni ka bɛ to ayirimo zaŋ kpa nɛma dahi ŋɔ pahibu pahibu ni miisim maa zuɣu. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ni daa paana Gold Coast, goli nyaaŋa, niriba daa kuli nyɛla ban to ayirimo zaɣisi nɛma dabu tumaduri din daa nyɛ tiŋduyanima ni su shɛli, ka di nyɛla Nii Kwabena Bonnne n-daa be di tooni silimiingoli January 26, yuuni 1948. Ayirimo ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa niŋ hali ni goli saha ka ban daa be ayirimo ŋɔ tooni mini gɔmnanti ni tuma duri ŋo gbaari saawaranima din ni sɔŋ ka nɛma maa dahi boogi - Association of West African Merchants (AWAM). Sooja kura gba daa kuli nyɛla ban zaɣisi ka [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ni Dr. Joseph Boakye Danquah daa nyɛ ban daa di ba alizama rally ni ankara silimiingoli February 20 yuuni 1948. Bɛ daa zaŋ gbaŋ din wuhiri bɛ yɛl'muɣisira ni bɛ zaŋ ti Governor.<ref>{{Citation|last=Fay|first=Robert|title=Danquah, Joseph Kwame Kyeretwi Boakye|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.40948|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Nii Kwabena Bonne ayirimo ŋɔ daa nyɛla din daa gbaagi ni bɛ booi nɛma dahi, ka lala ŋɔ daa simsi ni di pili li silimiingoli February 28, yuuni 1948 ka ayirimo shɛli bɛ ni daa to ni bɛ zaɣisi tiŋduya nɛma dabu ŋɔ daa biri zali shɛli soli. Lala dabisili ŋɔ, February 28, sooja kura ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban kuli yina m-maachi chaŋ Christiansborg Castle ni bɛ ti zaŋ bɛ yɛl'muɣisira n-sɔŋ gɔmnanti. Bɛ daa nyɛla British officer ŋun yuli daa booni Superintendent Colin Imray ni daa che ka pirinsi gu shɛba soli. Di ni daa niŋ ka sooja kura ŋɔ zaɣisi zanibu, Imray daa nyɛla ŋun bahi pirinsi ŋɔ noli ni bɛ luhimi ba buɣum. Linjimanima ban kalinli daa yiɣisi niriba ata, bana n-daa nyɛ – Sergeant Adjetey, Private Odartey Lamptey ni Corporal Attipoe – daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku shɛba ka niriba pam gba daa deegi dansi din daa saɣi dansi. Zabili ŋɔ lahibali daa nyɛla din chaŋ nti to niriba ban suhuri daa pun nyɛ din yiɣisi zaŋ kpa nɛma daa dubu maa ni. Binshɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ pa tiŋduya daabihi ni bana n-kuli be nɛma dahi pahibu ŋɔ nyaaŋa. Shitɔri ni tumaduri din daa nyɛ tiŋduyanima dina zaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpari shɛŋa zali ka saɣim saɣim bɛ nɛma maa shɛŋa. Fitiina ŋɔ daa nyɛla din yi ankara n-kpe tiŋ shɛŋa gba. Di ni daa niŋ ka fitina ŋɔ kuli nyɛ din yɛligiri maa zuɣu, Governor Sir Gerald Creasy, daa nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni tiŋgbani be muɣisigu ni. Executive committee zaŋ ti UGCC nima daa nyɛla ban tim tuumba na A. Creech Jones sani, ŋun daa nyɛ British gbaŋŋmara n-ti State of Colonies m-bɔri toondaan' gahindili Gold Coast tiŋgbani ni, ŋun yaa daa naan tooi saɣi ni o boli Constituent Assembly. UGCC kpamba - J. B. Danquah, [[William Ofori Atta|Ofori Atta]], [[Edward Akufo-Addo|Akufo Addo]], Ako Adjei, [[Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey|Obetsebi Lamptey]] ni [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]], bɛ ni daa ti pa mi shɛba The Big Six la daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbahi shɛba n-zaŋ ba tahi tudu yaɣili luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa kuli gbib ba dakulo ayɔbu, poi ka daa naan yi ti zaŋ ba tahi [[Ankara|Accra]] ni bɛ zani comittee shɛli bɛ ni daa kpa ni bɛ vihi ba la tooni din daa nyɛ Governor ni daa kpa shɛli ka di kuɣulana daa nyɛ Aiken Watson Q.C. Bɛ ni daa vihi ba naagi, Watson comissioners ŋɔ daa yɛliya ni [[Kwame Nkrumah]] n-kuli nyɛ ninvuɣ' so ŋun su galimi yala maa zaa puuni. Bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni wuhiya ni U.G.C.C nima daa pala ban pili tuma, bɛ tuma ŋɔ daa nyɛla din pili saha shɛli [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ni daa paana tiŋgbani maa ni silimiingoli December 16, yuuni 1947"<ref name="Howe 1966 13–15">{{Cite journal|last=Howe|first=Russell Warren|date=1966|title=Did Nkrumah Favour Pan-Africanism?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1966_6_27/page/13|journal=Transition|issue=27|pages=13–15|doi=10.2307/2934195|issn=0041-1191|jstor=2934195}}</ref> Bɛ daa nyɛla ban kuli lihi kadama Nkrumah ni daa bɔri shɛm siyaasa polo maa daa nyɛla din gari o tabi' maa zaa dina. Bɛ daa yɛliya ni bɛ sabi zalikpamipala ka di zani zaɣ'kurili la zaani, di ni daa mi shɛli Burns constitution la zaani. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, Silimiingoli December 1948, Governor daa kpala committee ni bɛ lihi zalikpana ŋɔ sabbu ni, ka di kuɣulana daa nyɛ Mr. Justice Coussey. UGCC kpamba daa nyɛla ban galim ka feegi [[Kwame Nkrumah]] fitiina shɛli din daa niŋ maa zuɣu, bɛ ninvuɣ' shɛba kamani Obestebi-Lamptey ni William Ofori-Atta, daa nyɛla ban daa ŋme n-kpe Nkrumah yiŋa ni bɛ ti nya shɛhira. Lala saha ŋɔ, di daa pa do palo ni kadama [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o niriba maa ni daa ka nangbanyini ŋɔ zuɣu, bɛ laɣim tum tuma daa niŋla tom ti ba. UGCC kpamba daa nyɛla niriba ni mi shɛba pam, dama bɛ ni daa gbahi ba kpari la zuɣu, lala ŋɔ daa lahi tahila nuhi tiribu na bɛ maŋmaŋ sunsuuni na ka di zuɣu daa ti che ka bɛ woli taba. Tab' wolibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla intelligentsia of the UGCC ban daa yɛli ni bɛ doli bela bela nti deegi maŋ sulinsi ni radical "Veranda Boys", ban gba daa kuli wumdi [[Kwame Nkrumah]] noli. Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ piigi UGCC nima, nti pahi [[J. B. Danquah]] ni bɛ pahi Justice Coussey's "Committee on Constitutional Reform" la ni, daa che ka Nkrumah tooi kpa bipola laɣingu. UGCC ŋɔ ni daa kuli jɛndi shɛli ka looyanima ban mini silimiinsi gɔmnanti daa nyɛ nyaɣisim ni be shɛb' sunsuuni daa nyɛ bɛ ni zaŋ shɛba m-pahi Coussey committee laɣingu maa ni.<ref name="Rahman 2007 143–182">{{Citation|last=Rahman|first=Ahmad A.|title=The Watson Commission and the Coussey Committee|date=2007|work=The Regime Change of Kwame Nkrumah|pages=143–182|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1057/9780230603486_7|isbn=978-1-349-52903-2}}</ref> Silimiingoli August yuuni 1948, "Commitee on Youth orzanizations" daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa shɛli ka [[Komla Agbeli Gbedemah|K. A. Gbedemah]] nyɛ kuɣulana, nti pahi Kojo Botsio ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ gbaŋŋmara la. [[J. B. Danquah|J.B Danquah]] mini o taba daa nyɛla dabiɛm ni daa kuli gbahi shɛba zaŋ chaŋ bɛ yaɣili maa niriba ni daa pa saɣi doli [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o toontali shɛm.<ref name="Asiedu-Acquah">{{Citation|last=Asiedu-Acquah|first=Emmanuel|title=Botsio, Kojo|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48456|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Bɛ daa bi saɣi ti o ni o kpa Committee on Youth Organisation (CYO) din daa nyɛ bipola laɣingu la, ka daa yɛli ni di nyɛla laɣingu shɛli [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ni kpa ni o di valiŋ deegi maŋsulinsi. CYO ŋɔ taachi daa nyɛla "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ", ka UGCC taachi nyɛ "Maŋsulinsi saha biɛla din kanna ni". Dabiɛm daa mali ba mi kadama bɛ daa tɛhirimi ni [[Kwame Nkrumah]] zalisi bee o tumanima ŋɔ ni tooi lahi tahi fitiina na din ni tooi che ka bɛ lahi kpɛhi ba sarika yaha. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla UGCC Working Committee ni daa boli so nti darigi o tibili, tib'darigibo ŋɔ nyɛmi kadama bɛ daa na deegi o gbaŋŋmaritali zaashee maa ka che o, ka di daliri nyɛmi ni o daa zoomi ka o yari yɛltɔɣili " Comrade" o yi ti diri niriba alizama, yaha ni o mini West African National Secretariat din be London la pɔha daa yoori la taba.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1980-09-01|title=Address by His Excellency Mr. Shridath Ramphal, Commonwealth Secretary-General|doi=10.14217/9781848593091-9-en|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> UGCC kpamba daa kuli nyɛla ban niŋ nimmɔhi ni bɛ yihi Nkrumah ka o lahi pa bɛ gbaŋŋmara. Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ daa tuui zaŋ [[Ankara|Accra]] Evening News wuhi salo yuuni 1948, din daa nyɛ [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ni pili shɛli, ka K. A. Gbedemah mi daa nyɛ ŋun lihiri ka sabbu maa sabiri dooni viɛnyɛla. UGCC laɣidibo yaɣili kpema bɛ ni daa kuli mi so Paa Grant la daa yina ti yɛli ni bɛ yihi [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] o gbaŋŋmaritali ni.<ref>{{Citation|last=Biney|first=Ama|title=Nkrumah's Politics, 1958–1966|date=2011|work=The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah|pages=81–98|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1057/9780230118645_6|isbn=978-1-349-29513-5}}</ref> UGCC kpamba daa laɣimla tiŋ yuli booni Saltpond, ka bɛ daa kari ninvuɣ' so ŋun daa nyɛ gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti Nkrumah ka daa labisi Nkrumah mi nyaaŋa ni o ti leegi bɛ laɣisɔŋda. O daa nyɛla ŋun zaɣisi li tuuli, ka daa ti leei lahi saɣi ti li silimiingoli November yuuni 1948. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o niriba daa nyɛla ban nyenyɔnigu daa kpaŋsi pam dama UGCC daa bi tooi chani viɛnyɛla yuuni 1949 saha, di ni daa niŋ ka niriba pam di bahi bahindi bipola daa za o nyaaŋa la zuɣu. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] mini o taba daa pa kuli zami ni bɛ mini UGCC yɛn wolimi ka bɛ ti kpa paati palli.<ref name="Amoh">{{Cite thesis|title=Kwame Nkrumah, His Afro-American Network and the Pursuit of an African Personality|publisher=Illinois State University|first=Emmanuella|last=Amoh|year=2019|doi=10.30707/etd2019.amoh.e|doi-access=free}}</ref> == CPP Dɔɣim == Di ni daa niŋ ka CYO daa ʒini dabaata ʒinahigu silimiingoli June, yuuni 1949, [[Tarkwa]], bɛ yaɣi yini din daa nyɛ [[Komla Agbeli Gbedemah|K. A. Gbedemah]] mini Kojo Botsio ni daa be shɛb' tooni la daa yɛliya ni bɛ mini UGCC wolima, ka yaɣi shɛli ban toondana daa nyɛ Kofi Baako la gba daa kuli zaya ni bɛ labisi Nkrumah o gbaŋŋmaritali ni zaŋ ti UGCC din yɛn che ka bu ni tooi nyɛri lahibaya di puuni. Bi zaa daa ti pa laɣim gbaagi ni bɛ kpami paati palli ka kuli che m-booni li"Convention" <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Magliocca|first=Gerard N.|date=2019-07-10|title=A Faction of One: Revisiting Madison's Notes on the Constitutional Convention|url=http://osf.io/4vqdw/|doi=10.31228/osf.io/4vqdw|s2cid=241605702}}</ref> Silimiingoli June 11, yuuni 1949, Working Committee zaŋ ti UGCC daa nyɛla ban yina n-ti yɛli ni di ku tooi niŋ ka niri yɛn be CYO ka lahi be UGCC. Di zuɣu bɛ daa yɛlimi ni Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun birigi paati zaligu ka di zaya ni bɛ darigi o tibili, ni di ni daa kuli lahi niŋ ka o daa sabi sabbu wuhi salo ''Accra Evening News'', la ni o daa nyɛla ŋun bi ti Working Committee maa jilima ka lahi nyɛ ŋun zu bɛ haŋkali.<ref>{{Citation|title=5.28 On the Work Experience of the Party Committee of the Shchekino Chemical Combine with Respect to Mobilizing its Collective of Working People to Expand the Volume of Production by Increasing Labour Productivity 6 October 1969|date=1974-12-31|work=Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Volume 5|pages=143–166|editor-last=Schwartz|editor-first=Donald|place=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|doi=10.3138/9781487599539-009|isbn=978-1-4875-9953-9}}</ref> Dabisili nyaaŋa, silimiingoli June 12 yuuni 1949, niriba ban kalinli daa yiɣisi kamani 60,000 daa nyɛla ban laɣisi Old Polo Ground, Nkrumah daa nyɛla ŋun sɔŋ o daalikalimi tiŋa ni o ku lahi nyɛ gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti UGCC ka daa lahi nyɛ ŋun niŋ CPP suuna lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni. O daa yɛliya ni CYO daa nyɛla ban gbaagi ni bɛ yihi bɛ maŋ ka che UGCC ka gba leegi bɛ dintoli paati, [[Convention People's Party]] (CPP).<ref>{{Citation|last=Biney|first=Ama|title=From Activist to Leader of the CPP, 1945–1951|date=2011|work=The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah|pages=29–45|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|doi=10.1057/9780230118645_3|isbn=978-1-349-29513-5}}</ref> Kojo Botsio daa nyɛla ŋun sabi n-ti UGCC Working Committee n-yɛli ba bɛ ni kpa CPP paati shɛm ka [[Kwame Nkrumah]] nyɛ bɛ zuɣulana. Ni bɛ mi daliri nyɛmi ni bɛ bɔrila "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ zaŋ ti Gold Coast nanima mini bɛ niriba, democratiya gɔmnanti ni biɛhisuŋ zaŋ ti niriba". UGCC<ref name="Asiedu-Acquah2" /> Working Committee gba daa sabila gbaŋ silimingoli June 15 yuuni 1949, n-yɛri niriba ni bɛ nuu ka CPP paati palli shɛli bɛ ni yoli kpa maa ni. Bɛ sabbu ŋɔ daa lahi yɛli ni Paa Grant na kuli nyɛla ŋun mali tamaha ni UGCC nima zantuhi ba. Yaha ni paati palli shɛli bɛ ni kpa ŋɔ pala binshɛli din yɛn sɔŋ tiŋgbani maa pahila di yɛn labisi li mi nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Citation|title=New Members, Old Motives? Comparing Scottish Green Party Members 1990 and 2002|date=2017-05-15|work=Understanding Political Participation|pages=188–203|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315235394-8|isbn=978-1-315-23539-4}}</ref> Tɛhizilimanima ban daa be UGCC daa nya barina shɛli din be tooni ha, ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bo maligu n-ti yɛltɔɣa maa. Silimiingoli June 26, yuuni 1949, bɛ daa piigi ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ni bɛ lihi m-bo maligu lala yaɣa a yi ŋɔ sunsuuni, ka bɛ daa kuli boli UGCC laɣingu palimpalim, bipola laɣinsi ni CPP ka bɛ zaa daa laɣim Saltpond.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=David|first1=Scorey|last2=Richard|first2=Geddes|last3=Chris|first3=Harris|date=2018-02-15|title=Part III Dispute Resolution Under the Bermuda Form, 24 The Arbitrators' Ethical Duties|journal=The Bermuda Form|doi=10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0024}}</ref> Saha daa pun nyɛla din chaŋ pam zaŋ kpa maligu ŋɔ bɔbu ni, dama CPP nima daa kuli yihila bɛ maŋa ka che UGCC di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ bi tooi nyɛ luɣ'yini doni, ka dama bɛ piimi Working Committee palli saha shɛli Nkrumah ni daa saɣi ni o labi leegi gbaŋŋmara zaŋ ti UGCC ka CPP lahi leei din kani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D'Alessandro|first=Roberta|date=2017-05-16|title=When you have too many features: Auxiliaries, agreement and critics in Italian varieties|journal=Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics|volume=2|issue=1|pages=50|doi=10.5334/gjgl.102|issn=2397-1835|doi-access=free}}</ref> CPP kpabu daa nyɛla yɛlikpani [[Ghana]] taarihi ni, dama di daa sɔŋsiya ka tiŋgbani maa deegi maŋsulinsi silimiingoli March 6, yuuni 1957.<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence, Coups, and the Republic, 1957–Present|work=The Ghana Reader|pages=299–300|year=2016|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/9780822374961-060|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref> === CPP colours, motto, symbol and structure === CPP paati ŋɔ tuuta daa nyɛla ; zaɣ'ʒee, zaɣ'piɛlli nti pahi zaɣ' vacahali. Paati tuuta nahingbana ŋɔ daa puli puli mi dɔya,  ka zaɣ' ʒee be zuɣusaa,  ka zaɣ' piɛlli be sunsuuni ka naan yi che zaɣ' vakahili ka di mi be gbunni. Paati maa salima n-daa nyɛ <nowiki>''</nowiki>Tooni chandi sahakam nyaangi labibu kavuni<nowiki>''</nowiki> ka Anashaara zinli zuɣu di nyɛ <nowiki>''</nowiki>FORWARD EVER BACKWARD NEVER.<nowiki>''</nowiki> CPP paati daa kpuɣila nianima ni bɛ che ka paati maa chaŋ fɔndi kam, ni tinkpaŋ kam ŋan be [[Ghana]] tiŋgbani yaangi zuɣu. Paati ŋɔ kpamba nianima daa nyɛmi ni bɛ che ka paati maa nyɛ sokam paati. Ka tiŋkpaŋ kam bee fɔŋ kam di mali bɛ paati kpamba. == Kpeen' shɛba bɛ ni daa kpa paati maa ka tuui pii ba n-nyɛ: == [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] (Chairman) Kojo Botsio (Secretary) K. A. Gbedemah N. A. Welbeck Kwesi Plange Kofi Baako Krobo Edusei Dzenkle Dzewu Ashie Nikoi B.E. Dwira <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Citation|last=Asiedu-Acquah|first=Emmanuel|title=Edusei, Krobo|date=2011-12-08|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48680|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> === Positive Action === Yuŋ lahibali churi n-daa pa leegi paati maa ni doli so' shɛŋa n-tiri lahibaya ni di ni daa kuli niŋ ka di nyɛ so' shɛli din duhiri bɛ yee maŋsulinsi bɔbu ni la daa chɛmi ka salo pam mi li. Bɛ ni daa kuli zoogi ka bɛ yɛri yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa n-daa nyɛ;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rose|first=Nancy L.|title=Economic Regulation and Its Reform|url=https://archive.org/details/economicregulati0000unse_b1d3|date=2014|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-13802-2|doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226138169.001.0001}}</ref> Ti gba mali so ni ti be ka dabba la Ti ni paɣi barina kam din yɛn niŋdi zaŋ chaŋ ti maŋsulinsi deebu shee n-gari ti ni be shɛba sulinsi ni ŋɔ. Ti mali yiko, yaa ni haŋkali shɛli din ni tooi gbibi ti maŋa. 'We have a right to live as men We prefer self-government with danger to servitude in tranquility We have the right to govern ourselves' Di ni daa niŋ ka yuŋ lahibali churi karimbu nyɛ naba zanI naai, [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa lahi nyɛla ŋun mini Kwame Afriyie daa pili Morning Telegraph Sekondi, ka Kwame Afriyie ŋɔ daa nyɛ ŋun daa ti pa leegi paati maa gbaŋŋmara. [[Cape Coast]] Daily Mail Kofi Boakye ni daa lihiri shɛli n-daa nyɛ din doli di nyaanga. Yaha, B.E Dwira daa nyɛla ŋun kpa Freedom Press and Publishing Company [[Kumasi]], [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti region]] ka daa nyɛ ŋun che ka Ashanti Sentinel news paper paari salo ka di taachi daa nyɛ " Ti yɛrila yɛlimaŋli ka bɛ zɔri dabiɛm'. Lala lahibali takaranima ŋɔ daa nyɛla din kuli pahiri [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] haŋkali ni o ni bɔri ni [[Ghana]] mini gbansabila tiŋgbana lɛbigi shɛm. B. E. Dwira n-daa nyɛ tuuli CPP kuɣulana zaŋ ti Kambonsi yaɣili [[Ghana]] tiŋgbani poi ka bɛ daa naan yi yihi Brong Ahafo Region silimiingoli April 1959, ŋuna n-daa lahi nyɛ kuɣulana tuuli zaŋ ti [[Kumasi]] City Council (di ni pa mi shɛli Mayor of Kumasi la)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-01|title=Davies, Sir William, (7 Oct. 1863–17 March 1935), editor Western Mail (Daily), Evening Express and Weekly Mail, Cardiff, 1901–31|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u208381}}</ref> CPP nima daa nyɛla ban zilisi ni gbanpiɛla gɔmnanti mini Gold Coast exstablishent daa bɔri ni bɛ zaŋ Coussey Committee on Constitutional Reform n-darigi maŋsulinsi bɔbu soli. Bɛ ni daa lihiri kamani Coussey committee ŋɔ ni yɛn tum tuun' shɛli maa bi yɛn mali ba anfaani la, bɛ daa pun gbaagi zaŋ kpa Positive Action, ka Nkrumah daa nyɛ ŋun sabi wuhi yuuni 1949 " What I mean by Positive Action".<ref name="Rahman 2007 143–1822" /> O daa sabi wuhi ni binshɛŋa din be positive action ŋɔ ni n-nyɛ: * Legitimate political agitation * lahibaya wuligibu * Di bahigu daa yɛn nyɛmi ka bɛ doli zalikpana n-to ayirimo shɛŋa din bi doli fitiina soya. * Di kpalinkpaa ŋɔ nyɛla so' shɛli bɛ ni yɛn doli di yi ti niŋ ka soli kam bɛ ni ni tooi doli deegi maŋsulinsi kpari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Jeffrey|date=1995|title=Absolute rescue: Absolutism, defensive action and the resort to force|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorism-and-political-violence_autumn-1995_7_3/page/128|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|volume=7|issue=3|pages=128–163|doi=10.1080/09546559508427309|issn=0954-6553}}</ref> Kamani bɛ ni daa kuli tɛhi shɛm maa, Coussey Committee gbaabu maa ni daa kuli nyɛla din daa kuli ti gbansabila soli bela gɔmnanti ni, ka Nkrumah daa yɛli ni fɔmbilim be dini. Silimiinsi gɔmnanti maa daa lahi bɔrila soya ni bɛ zaɣisi committee maa ni daa yɛli ni Executive Council (dini mi shɛli cabinet la) malimi African Legislative Council saawara.<ref>{{Citation|title=Legislative Proposals|work=President Obama|pages=28–56|year=2018|publisher=University Press of Kansas|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3f8pqm.6|isbn=978-0-7006-2686-1}}</ref> Bɛ daa sabi gbaŋ n-guhiri committee ŋɔ ni yɛn yɛli shɛm, bɛ gbaŋ ŋɔ puuni bɛ daa yɛliya ni saawara laɣim gbaagi nyɛla binshɛli din ni tooi niŋ di yi ti niŋ ka maŋsulinsi deegi zaazaa, amaa pa saha shɛli silimiinsi gɔmnanti ni na beni .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114696|title=Report and Recommendations for the Montana State Park System a report to Governor Judy Martz and the 58th Legislature / State Parks Futures Committee II.|date=2002|publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks|volume=2002|location=Helena, Mont.|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.29825}}</ref> Di bahi bahindi UGCC mini CPP zaa daa beni maa yoli, silimiisi gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla ban ŋme nangbani kpeeni n-yɛli ni siyaasa paatinima nyɛla din ka Gold Coast ni di zuɣu "ni di ni be gala ni H.M.G ti Gold Coast maŋsulinsi din gari gbaŋ sabila tingbani shɛli bɛ ni boli Jamaica luɣ' shɛli paatinima ni beni"<ref>{{Citation|title=2. Political Parties|work=Massachusetts State Government|year=1970|place=Cambridge, MA and London, England|publisher=Harvard University Press|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674864092.c5|isbn=978-0-674-86409-2}}</ref> Coussey Committee daa nyɛla ban bahi bɛ yeltɔɣa maa silimiingoli October 1949, to amaa di daa pun kuli nɛmi doya kamani bɛ ni bɔri shɛm maa mini CPP ni daa bɔri shɛm maa "Maŋsulinsi pumpɔŋɔ" daa woliya ka che taba. Ka daa lahi kuli nyɛ din kpaŋsi CPP nima ni daa pun tɛhi kamani dee silimiinsi gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa bɔrimi ni bɛ naɣisi bɛ maŋsulinsi bɔbu maa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ward|first=John Manning|title=Responsible Government in Britain|date=1976|work=Colonial Self-Government|pages=172–208|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-02712-5_6|isbn=978-1-349-02714-9}}</ref> CPP ni Trades Union Congress daa nyɛla ban laɣisi tuma duri din kalinli daa naan paagi pihinu, ka bɛ daa yi yaɣa kamani pukparilim, baŋsim bɔbu, bipola, paɣiba ni din pahi pahi ka bɛ ti kpa laɣingu shɛli ka bɛ daa pii yuli boli "Ghana Representative Assembly". UGCC ni Aborigines' Rights Protection Society daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa gahi nuu boli shɛba amaa ka bɛ daa lee zaɣisi bɛ boligu maa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Trade Unions, Democratic Transition and OrganisationalChallenge: The Ghana Trades Union Congress, 1989–2009 145|work=Trade Unions in West Africa|year=2011|publisher=Peter Lang|doi=10.3726/978-3-0353-0166-3/8|isbn=978-3-0343-0117-6}}</ref> Assembly maa daa gbaaya ni : "Ni British Gɔmnanti ti Gold Coast nima maŋsulinsi. Bɛ che ka tingbani ŋɔ sulinsi zaa labi tingbani ŋɔ niriba ni nanima sani"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1955|title=A nascent dominion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_round-table_1955-03_45_178/page/149|journal=The Round Table|volume=45|issue=178|pages=149–155|doi=10.1080/00358535508451929|issn=0035-8533}}</ref> Lala resolution ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa pii shɛŋa n-ti ban daa kuli be gɔmnanti ni, kamani Governor, Colonial secretary, Legislative Council ni Territorial Council of chiefs dibaata din daa kuli be tingbani maa ni, di zaa yoli bɛ daa bi niŋ zaɣa niŋ bɛ ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1954-07-01|title=Procedure in Colonial Legislative Councils|journal=Parliamentary Affairs|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a053072|issn=1460-2482}}</ref> Lala saha maa yaha, tumtumdiba daa nyɛla ban kɔŋ ʒiya ka daa yina ti yɛli ni bɛ labisim meterological service tumtumdiba shɛb' bɛ ni daa kari la ka di daliri nyɛmi ni bɛ daa to la ayirimo silimiingoli 5, October yuuni 1949, ka daa lahi yɛli ni bɛ yi bi niŋ bɛ ni bɔri shɛm maa bɛ zaa nyɛla ban yɛn yina n-ti to ayirimo maa. CPP toondaamba daa nyɛla ban kuli gili tingbani maa bɔba ni di yaɣa n-laɣisiri niriba ni sɔŋdi Positive Action. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban zali gɔmnanti dabisili ni bɛ labisi meteorological tumtumdiba na tuma ni poi ni silimiingoli 7 january 1950.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016|title=Junior doctors call off January strike action|journal=The Pharmaceutical Journal|doi=10.1211/pj.2016.20200519|issn=2053-6186}}</ref> Silimiingoli December, CPP kpamba daa nyɛla ban yɛli Governor, Sir Charles Arden Clark, ni di yi pala niriba maa ni bɔri shɛli maa niŋmi, ni CPP nyɛla ban yɛn piligi Positive Action. Bɛ daa ti la Governor maa bakoi dibaayi ni o saɣi ti CPP ka boli Constituent Assembly. .<ref>{{Citation|title=Narasimha Sarma, Rao Bahadur Sir Bayya, (1867–8 Dec. 1932), President, Railway Rates Advisory Committee, Calcutta; late Member Governor-General's Executive Council|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u214620}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla ŋun chaŋ n-ti paagi Colonial Secretary, ni bɛ ni daa kuli bahi noli ni CPP yɛltɔɣa nyɛla zalisi maliniŋ committee nima maa ni yɛn zaŋ shɛli pahi jina ni, o daa saɣiya ni o mini paati kpamba nyɛla ban yɛn di alizama ka labi lihi Positve Action la zuɣu. Dr. JB Danquah daa nyɛla ŋun daa yina n-ti galim ka feegi Nkrumah ni, "O dihi tingbani maa vi, di ni niŋ ka o che positive action saha shɛli gɔmnanti ni lo alikawule kuma la<nowiki>''</nowiki>.<ref name="auto">{{Citation|title=Nkrumah, Dr Kwame, (21 Sept. 1909–27 April 1972)|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u158013}}</ref> Bɛ mini gɔmnanti ni daa ʒini bushɛm zuɣu, di daa wuhiya ni bɛ ni daa bɔri constituent assembly maa daa pala binshɛli gɔmnanti ni lihiri shɛli zuɣu nti pahi tuuntumdiba shɛb' bɛ ni daa kari maa. Silimiingoli 8 January yuuni 1950, CPP niriba daa mali laɣingu [[Ankara|Accra]], ka Nkrumah daa yɛli ni bɛ pilimi positive action.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1950-05-01|title=The New York Meeting, January 25, 1950|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_1950-05_31_5/page/168|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=31|issue=5|pages=168–171|bibcode=1950BAMS...31..168.|doi=10.1175/1520-0477-31.5.168|issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}</ref> O daa nyɛla ŋun yɛli ni tuntumdiba zaa zaŋmi bɛ tuma nɛma sɔŋ gbaai yihi ban daa kuli be ashibitinima ni, kom tuma duri ni ban tuma yi n-gahim . Shitɔri daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpari shɛŋa zali. Pala ni ziligi tuma zaa daa nyɛla di ni che shɛŋa. O daa go n-chaŋ Sekondi, Cape Coast ni Takoradi nti yɛliba ni positive action nyɛla din pili. <ref>{{Citation|title=The railway and harbour workers of Sekondi-Takoradi: a sociological profile|date=1978-11-02|work=Class, Power and Ideology in Ghana|pages=9–23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511558863.002|isbn=978-0-521-21806-1}}</ref> Silimiinsi gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ban garigi yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ silimiingoli January 10, ka daa yɛli ni tingbani maa be muɣisigu ni. Bɛ daa che ka daŋduu kpɛbu daa pili ka gɔmnanti tuma tingbani ŋɔ yaɣa shɛŋa daa nyɛ bɛ ni che shɛli. CPP lahibaya tuma duri daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋme n-saɣim shɛŋa ka kpari li zali. .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sidley|first=P.|date=1997-12-06|title=Researchers' offices raided over banned AIDS drug|journal=BMJ|volume=315|issue=7121|pages=1485–1488|doi=10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1485c|issn=0959-8138|pmc=2127921|pmid=9420486}}</ref> CPP ni TUC toondaannima, Bankole Awoonor Renner, Tommy Hutton Mills, Pobee Binney, Kojo Botsio ni Anthony Woode daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbahi shɛbi nti kpari. CPP lahibaya wuligibu tuma duri ayi - The Accra Evening ni Cape Coast Daily Mail daa nyɛla bɛ ni yɛli ni bɛ di lahi tum tuma tingbani ŋɔ ni ka daa gbahi ban be tooni ka lahibaya maa sabiri viɛnyɛla maa n-kpari. Bɛ shɛbi n-daa nyɛ; J. Markham ni Kofi Baako .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sherwood|first=Marika|title=African American Studies Center|date=2017-06-30|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1|chapter=Awoonor-Renner, Bankole|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.73486}}</ref> Silimiingoli January 19, di ni daa niŋ ka Legislative Council daa ʒini, gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ŋun zali zalisi ata- Sedition Bill, zaligu din yɛn wuhi ti lahibali wuligibu tuma duu ni yɛn doli so' shɛŋa ka naan yi pili tuma, ni zaligu din yɛn che ka Govenor tooi che ka daŋduu kpɛbu niŋ tingbani maa yaɣili kam ka di bi zaya ni o mali saawara. Silimiingoli 21 January, [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbaai so ka o taali daa nyɛmi ni o pilila fitiina ka lahi che ka tumtumdiba che tuma, din nyɛ binshɛli din bi tam kalinli zuɣu tingbani maa zalisi ni. O sariya daa nyɛmi ni o yɛn niŋla yuma ata sarika ni. Tumtumdiba pam daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛba bɛ tuma shɛhi ka niriba pam gba daa kuli kɔŋ anfaani shɛli bɛ ni yɛn di di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ che tuma .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=Bill|date=1979|title=APA Briefly: January Council Meeting|doi=10.1037/e303052005-026}}</ref> CPP daa wuhiya ni niriba yi niŋ nangbanyini, bɛ ni tooi nya bɛ ni bɔri binshɛli, ka di shɛhira nyɛ Positive Action shɛli bɛ ni daa tooi niŋ maa. Bɛ wuhiya ni kuli mali wara, bɛ ku saɣi deei li dama ni di ka bukaata ni bɛ tuhi gɔmnanti ŋun yaa gari bɛ di ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bross|first=Kristina|date=2017-08-24|title=Would India had beene never knowne|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190665135.003.0006}}</ref> === Ghana's Republic === Maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ nyaaŋa, silimiingoli March yuuni 1960, bɛ daa tɛhiya ni di tu ni tiŋgbani zalisi nam. Ka bɛ daa ʒini laɣingu silimiingoli April ni, ka lahibali daa yina wuhi ni Ghananima bɔri zalikpana, ka salo pam daa saɣi ti ni [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ni niŋ tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana.<ref>{{Citation|title=Appendix Ii. The Republican Constitution of Ghana. Government Proposals for a Republican Constitution. Selected Legislation|date=1966-12-31|work=Law and Social Change in Ghana|pages=390–448|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400875580-012|isbn=978-1-4008-7558-0}}</ref> Silimiingoli July dahinyini dali yuuni 1960, Ghana daa niŋ tiŋgbani shɛli di saɣi ti piibupiibu gɔmnanti. Kpɛma ŋun yuli daa booni Lord Listowel, daa tum o tuma bahigu. Tiŋgbani ŋɔ zalisi ŋɔ din daa gahim n-nyɛ: "Ghana maŋsulinsitali bi tu ni ti lahi kani dahinshɛli ka di nyɛla nagbanyini ko ka bɛ kuli yɛn gbibi, so di gaŋ paɣa bee doo, zuliya, adiini, paati, dihitabili, ni ka Ghana nama dibu na kuli beni. Bɛ daa lahi wuhiya ni yalivuhi mini suhuyurilim na kuli nyɛla din yɛn beni".<ref>{{Citation|title=Sarkodee-Adoo, Julius, (18 Sept. 1908–31 Dec. 1971), Chief Justice, Republic of Ghana, 1964–66 (Judge, Supreme Court, Republic of Ghana, 1960; Puisne Judge, Ghana, 1956)|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u159327}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa niŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana State House silimiingoli July dahinyini dali yuuni 1960. Lala dabisili ŋɔ yaha, tiŋgbani zuɣulaan palo maa, President Sekou Toure ŋun daa nyɛ Guinea tiŋgbani zuɣulana la daa doli o mini Gbansabila tinsi kpamba shɛba, ka bɛ wuligi suhudoo gbansabila tinsi ni. Dinbɔŋɔ daa wuhirila CPP gɔmnanti tuɣibu, Pan-African nimmɔhi zaŋ chaŋ suhudoo bɔbu polo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Marah|first=John Karefah|title=From Toussaint L'Ouverture to President Kwame Nkrumah|date=2017-08-09|work=Pan-African Education|pages=128–159|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315162232-9|isbn=978-1-315-16223-2}}</ref> Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣili din pahi buyi ka CPP gɔmnanti daa zaŋ na n-nyɛ "Tuma mini Suhupiɛlli", yuuni 1962 bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli na ni di wuhi yumaa ayɔpɔin lɛbiginsim shɛli nyɛ bɛ ni mali. Bɛ daa bɔrimi ni bɛ ʒi bɛrisuŋ na, ka che ka Ghana Gbansabila yaa sheei.<ref>{{Citation|title=APPENDIX III. The Second Five Year Plan|date=2015-12-31|work=Tanzania: Party Transformation and Economic Development|pages=474–478|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400867356-024|isbn=978-1-4008-6735-6}}</ref> Silimiingoli March yuuni 1964, bɛ ni daa yɛn mɛ n-tam nia shɛŋa bɛ ni pun mali zuɣu, yuma ayɔpɔin nia la daa nyɛla din tam kalinli zuɣu. Di yɛli zuɣuru n-daa nyɛ: 1. Tiŋgbani maa bɔmma ni nyamma zoobu. 2.Bɛrisuŋ bɔ n-niŋ bɔmma ni nyamma ni, ni tiŋgbani lɛbigibu mini laɣim tum yaɣa. 3.Ka nyɛhi bɔmma ni nyamma dabilim.<ref name="Cheng 135–163">{{Citation|last=Cheng|first=Chu-yuan|title=Socialist Transformation of the Urban Economy|date=2019-03-13|work=China's Economic Development|pages=135–163|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429051975-5|isbn=978-0-429-05197-5|s2cid=195520931}}</ref> Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣ'bɔbigu daa yɛn beni mi, ka di mali zangama yaɣa din yɛn tumdi tariga. Lala saha ŋɔ, gɔmnanti mini daabiligu yaɣa din laɣindi tumdi yɛn zoomi, di bahi bahindi sochibisi, bɔmma yaɣa din mali yaa. Talahi, pɔi ka lala nia ŋɔ ti yɛn naai, bɔmma ni nyamma ni zani di naba zuɣu ka adalichi be biɛhigu puuni.<ref name="Cheng 135–163" /> Lala sochibiga ŋɔ daa chanimi ni "CPP's Program of Work and Happiness" din daa ʒi n-kana paati maa laɣingu ni silimiingoli July, yuuni 1962. Liɣiri din kalinli daa nyɛ £1016.0 million sterling ka bɛ daa buɣisi ni di zaŋ tu tuma maa ka Ghana gɔmnanti daa yɛn ti £G475.5 million ka tooi yɔri £G68.0 million yuuni kam; 37.3% daa yɛn kpɛrila pukparilim ni tuma du'zuɣuri ni; 62.7% daa yɛn kpɛrila "Social Services and Infrastructure".<ref name="Cheng 135–163" /> Din daa tooi niŋ lala saha maa sunsuuni n-nyɛ din dɔya ŋɔ: * Bɛ daa mali "atomic reactor" din be Kwabenya la. * Aluminium Smelter din be [[Tema]] gba la. * Glass Manufacturing Corporation din be Aboso la. * Cement works din be Tema la. * Government Electronics Industry din be Tema la * Cocoa Processing Factories ([[Takoradi]] mini Tema) * Ghana Publishing Corporation * Ghana Textile Corporation * Rattan Factory din be Asamankese ka daa ti pili tuma silimiingoli January yuuni 1966; tuma du'zuɣuri anu din be Nkawkaw, Enyiresi, Oppon Valley, Asanwinso ni Bobikuma din daa yɛn pili tuma yuuni 1966 * "Coir Fibre Factories" dibaa ayi din yaa daa saɣi 990,000 lb. Coir Fibre mini din gari 1000 lb. dunɔya mini tiŋa sona; Tuma du'zuɣu din be Axim ni baŋsim lɛbu shee din be Rattan, Bamboo, Coir mini dari tuma * Bamboo tuma du'zuɣuri din daa zali silimiingoli January yuuni 1966 ka be Manso-Amenfi, Assin Foso mini Axim ni di maani bamboo kopu nima * Malibu din yɛn pili yuuni 1966 tuma du'zuɣuri ŋɔ ni: * Corned beef factory din be [[Bolgatanga]] la. * Sugar Factory din be Akuse la. * Television Assembly Plant din be Tema (Ghana gɔmnanti mini Sanyo ni laɣim niŋ shɛli ka di daa pili tuma silimiingoli March, yuuni 1966) * Volta River Project din be Akosombo tuma pilibu silimiingoli January biɛɣu pishi ni ata dali yuuni 1966 * 52 State Enterprises din pili tuma<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baston|first1=G. D.|last2=Miller|first2=R. L.|date=1966-12-31|title=Unusual operation, KE Reactor, January 16--January 20, 1966|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1386852/|doi=10.2172/10175048}}</ref> '''Development of industries in all regions''': * Silos For Food and crop preservation * Tomato and Mango Factory, Wenchi, Brong-Ahafo Region * Match Factory, Kade, Eastern Region * Pwalugu Tomato Factory; Upper Region * Ghana Glass Factory, Aboso and Tarkwa, Western Region * Akasanoma Radio Factory, Greater-Accra Region * Gold Processing Factory, Prestea, Western Region * Meat Processing Factory, Bolgatanga, Upper Region * Dairy Farm at Amrahia and Avatime * Paper Processing Factory, Takoradi, Western Region * Pomadze Poultry Farm, Central Region * Ghana Cement Factory, Takoradi, Western Region * Ghana Household Utilities Manufacture, Sekondi, Western Region * Tema Steel Company, Greater-Accra Region * Nsawam Fruit Cannery – Greater-Accra Region '''State hotels''': * Continental, Star, Meridian, Ambassador, Greater-Accra Region * Atlantic Hotel, Western Region * City Hotel, Ashanti Region * Catering Rest Houses, Regional Capitals * Ghana Black Star Line with almost fifteen ships, Takoradi and Tema * Ghana Distilleries, Greater-Accra Region * Ghana Shoe Factory Kumasi, Ashanti Region * Ghana Jute Factory, Kumasi, Ashanti Region * Tema Food Complex, Greater-Accra Region '''Infrastructure''': * Ghana Atomic Energy Commission * Tema Harbour and Tema Township * Akosombo Dam (Ghana paid half of the £70 million) * Accra -Tema Motorway (originally meant to go through Kumasi to Paga) * Accra International Airport -Refurbishment * Peduasi Lodge for conferences * Farmers Council * Workers Brigade * National Management and Productivity Institute * New Army Headquarters in Ho, Sunyani, Bolgatanga, and Takoradi '''National institutions''': * Ghana Film Industries Accra * Ghana Airways Corporation * Ghana National Trading Corporation * Cocoa Purchasing Company * Bank of Ghana * National Investment Banks * Ghana Commercial Bank * Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Bank (later, Agricultural Development Bank) ===Steps towards African unification=== 1. Ghana-Guinea Union, silimiingoli November yuuni 1958 Dinbɔŋɔ daa nyɛla piligu zaŋ ti tiŋgbani laɣinsi kpabu ni so ka o ni bɔri ni o kpe di ni saha shɛli. CPP mini PDG (Parti Democratique de Guinee) daa malila Pan-African nia yini, ka doli biɛhigu ni bɔmman mini nyamma so' yini.<ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite journal|date=1962|title=Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (Union of African States)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-organization_spring-1962_16_2/page/443|journal=International Organization|volume=16|issue=2|pages=443–444|doi=10.1017/s0020818300011206|s2cid=249407946 |issn=0020-8183}}</ref> 2. Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, silimiingoli April yuuni 1961 Dinbɔŋɔ gba daa kpala saha shɛli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Modibo Keita zaŋ ti Mali ni daa pahi tiŋgbani zuɣulana Sekou Toure zaŋ ti Guinea mini tiŋgbani zuɣulana Nkrumah ŋun daa be Accra ni daa gbaai ni bɛ kpa Union of African States (UAS) ka soli daa beni ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa tooi pahi bɛ zuɣu. UAS daa lahi saɣi ti ni African Common Market gba kpa.<ref name="ReferenceE"/> 3. Ghana-Congo Agreement, silimiingoli August yuuni 1960 Lahibaya din daa yina ashiloni laɣingu din daa ʒini Accra, Nkrumah mini Patrice Lumumba sunsuuni, din saha Prime Minister zaŋ ti Congo. Bɛ daa gbaaya ni bɛ kpa siyaasa laɣingu, zaligu din yɛn mali tarisi. Ka di tiŋ'zuɣu yɛn nyɛ Kinshasa (din saha din daa nyɛ Leopoldville). Gbaabu ŋɔ daa bi tooi niŋ tabata ka di nyɛla Lumumba gɔmnanti ni daa lu ka bɛ daa lahi ku o la.<ref>{{Citation|title=8. Africans against Lumumba|date=2015-12-31|work=Death in the Congo|pages=122–134|publisher=Harvard University Press|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674735729.c11|isbn=978-0-674-73572-9}}</ref> CPP gɔmnanti, kuli zaŋ hali ka bɛ ti yi nam ni, daa bo la nangbanyini niŋ bɛ mini tingbana pam sunsuuni, bala, kaya ni taada mini tuma du'zuɣuri.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chapter 4: Political Institutions: Provincial And Central Government|date=2018-12-31|work=Culture and Power in Traditional Siamese Government|pages=55–82|place=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|doi=10.7591/9781501719110-006|isbn=978-1-5017-1911-0|s2cid=228495789}}</ref> Kamani [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ni yɛli shɛm: ‘Binshɛli din laɣindi ti bela ti puuni, ka gari din waligiri ti. Ka ti daa na be sulinsi ni la n-kuli nyɛ li, bee ti ni mali tɛhi shɛŋa ka di nyɛ yim la. Di nyɛla binshɛli din kpe puuni. N ni tooi yɛli ni ti zaa nyɛla zaɣ' yini dama ti zaa nyɛla gbansabila’<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oppy|first=Graham|date=2004-02-12|title=Can we Describe Possible Circumstances in which we would have Most Reason to Believe that Time is Two-dimensional?|journal=Ratio|volume=17|issue=1|pages=68–83|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9329.2004.00237.x|s2cid=144264145 |issn=0034-0006|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/2004246}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Higgins|first=E. Tory|title=How We Get Along|date=2019-08-01|work=Shared Reality|pages=251–276|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190948054.003.0012|isbn=978-0-19-094805-4}}</ref> ===The Organisation of African Unity (OAU), May 1963=== OAU pilibu nyabili nyɛla CPP gɔmanti tɛha din daa nyɛ ni di kpa laɣingu din yɛn laɣim Africa zaa. OAU gbana zuɣu nuu dihibu daa niŋla Addis Ababa silimiingoli May biɛɣu pishi ni anu dali yuuni 1963, tiŋgbani zuɣulaannima mini kpamba ban daa yina maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana pihita ni ayi ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1993|journal=African Yearbook of International Law Online |volume=1|issue=1|pages=295–309|doi=10.1163/221161793x00152|issn=1380-7412|title=African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (Adopted by the Twenty-Sixth Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Governments of the OAU - July, 1990, Addis Abeba)}}</ref> Di mini ban daa dihi bɛ nuhi gbana ni maa zaa daa saɣi ti gbansabila zaa taba laɣimbu maa. Bɔhisi daa beni zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm mini suhuyurilim polo. Shɛba ni daa zaya ni bɛ kuli mɔm belabela lala, shɛba daa piila daabiligu, kaya ni taada ni tingbana yaɣa pubu, Ghana ni daa su yaɣ' shɛli n-daa nyɛ din zaŋ siyaasa bɔ nangbani yini.<ref>{{Citation|last=Adum-Kyeremeh|first=Kwame|title=Political action in sports development during the National Liberation Council Era in Ghana|date=2019-04-01|work=Sports in African History, Politics, and Identity Formation|pages=59–72|location=Abingdon, Oxon|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429508110-5|isbn=978-0-429-50811-0|s2cid=159449288}}</ref> Paati maa zaa daa ʒimi ni Gbansabila zaa yi laɣim taba bɛ aʒia nima ni tooi tum tuma.<ref>{{Citation|title=Natural Resources in Africa|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42656|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Lala waliginsim nima ŋɔ mini gbaabu ni daa bi zani ti All-African High Command yaa bɔ n-ti OAU wuhiya ni di gbaabu zaa daa kpalim la puuni ka bɛ zaŋ tu tuma. Bahigu ha, OAU Summit Conferences gba daa bi saɣi ni siyaasa tum tuma.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sesay|first1=Amadu|title=The OAU and African Conflicts|date=2019-07-15|work=The OAU After Twenty Years|pages=35–62|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-31326-4|last2=Ojo|first2=Olusola|last3=Fasehun|first3=Orobola|doi=10.4324/9780429313264-3|s2cid=211396443}}</ref> Bahigu OAU Summit din daa niŋ CPP gɔmnanti ni daa niŋla [[Ankara|Accra]] yuuni 1965. Paati ma daa mɔya ni di kpa OAU Executive Council din kuli yɛn beni amaa ka ban daa saɣi ti li maa bi galisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-04-01|title=Conference paper. Special OAU/UNHCR meeting of government and non-government technical experts on the 30th anniversary of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention: report of the meeting held in Conakry, 27-29 March 2000|journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly|volume=20|issue=1|pages=3–29|doi=10.1093/rsq/20.1.3|issn=1020-4067|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] daa buɣisiya ni Gbansabila ni kɔŋ taba laɣimbu ŋɔ nyɛ ‘furili, gabbu ni din yɛn kɔŋ yim zanibu, ka tiŋ'duyanima kuli ni tooi gabi gbansabila alaha’. O daa kpahi zuɣuni ni maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana nyɛla bɛ ni yɛn deei shɛli 'yimyim'. O ni daa diri fiila yuuni 1965: "Suhukpeeni ka ti kɔŋ."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beermann|first=Jack Michael|date=2013|title=The New Constitution of the United States: Do We Need One and How Would We Get One?|journal=SSRN Working Paper Series|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2353376|issn=1556-5068|url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=faculty_scholarship}}</ref> ===African Personality=== Africa nima ninsalisili nyɛla din kpa talahi CPP tɛha ni. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] buɣisi li mi "labi neei tɛhiwaɣila zaŋ ti Africa nima mini binshɛli din laɣindi ba. Ti taarihi din gari, ti kaya ni taada, ti ni mi shɛli mini ti dahinshɛli nianima". CPP daa kahigila dinbɔŋɔ ni: 1. Africa nima laɣim wuri dabitali mini ninsalisili biɛhigu, linjimanima mini pirinsi. Ka nyɛhi "dabilim tɛha". Di daa bi doli yaɣili yaɣili. Saamba daa nyɛla bɛ ni deei shɛba ni suhudoo ni bɛ tum Ghana din deei yi daa niŋ ka bɛ saɣi ti CPP nianima.<ref>{{Citation|date=1944-12-31|work=British Colonial Theories 1570-1850|pages=126–152|editor-last=Innis|editor-first=Harold|place=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|doi=10.3138/9781487589394-006|isbn=978-1-4875-8939-4|title=Iv. The Old Colonial System: Basic Objectives, Conceptions, Policies}}</ref> 2. Bureau of African Affairs din daa be Accra da kpuɣila nia ni bɛ saɣi ti ban zabiri Gbansabila suhuyubu zuɣu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Exhibition Set-up in Accra and Model-making in Vienna|date=2017-01-23|work=[APPLIED] FOREIGN AFFAIRS|editor-last=Mueller|editor-first=Baerbel|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783035608786-089|isbn=978-3-0356-0878-6}}</ref> 3. Institute of African Studies din daa yooi yuuni 1963 m-pahi University of Ghana ni. Di mini shikuru ŋɔ n-daa laɣim nyɛ "School of Performing Arts". Wawariba laɣingu mini tiŋgbani binkumda nyɛla bɛ ni daa yina ni shɛli ni ti zani ti saha ŋɔ mini saha shɛli kaya ni taada.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nii-Dortey|first1=MN|last2=Arhine|first2=A|date=2010-07-26|title=The Performing Arts and the Post-Colonial Ghanaian Experience: The Ghana National Symphony Orchestra in Perspective|journal=Research Review of the Institute of African Studies|volume=26|issue=1|doi=10.4314/rrias.v26i1.56954|issn=0855-4412}}</ref> 4. Tuuli "Africanist Conference" din daa niŋ [[Ankara|Accra]] yuuni 1962 ni bɛ gbaai bɛ ni yɛn doli so' shɛli n-niŋ vihigu din jɛndi Gbansabila, kaya ni taada, tɛha mini ninsalisili aʒia nima. Ka zaŋ lahibali shɛli bɛ ni nya zaŋ niŋ pɔhim zuɣu yaɣili din nyɛ "Encyclopedia Africana". Eminent US baŋdiba Dr W. E. B. DuBois mini Dr W. Alphaeus Hunton daa pun malila nia ni bɛ niŋ lala vihigu ŋɔ Ghana pɔi ka lala laɣingu ŋɔ daa naan yi laɣim.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lash|first1=John S.|last2=DuBois|first2=W. E. B.|date=1957|title=Thought, Research, Action: Dr. DuBois and History|journal=The Phylon Quarterly|volume=18|issue=2|pages=184|doi=10.2307/273196|jstor=273196|issn=0885-6826}}</ref> 5. Saawara gbaabu zaŋ chaŋ gbansabila ban daa pun gari saha waɣila, Ghana daa buɣisila CPP gɔmnanti ni di ni nyɛ ‘Pan-Africanism zuɣu’. (Malcolm X ni daa go n-kana Ghana nyaaŋa yuuni 1964) 6. George Padmore Research Library din jɛndi African Affairs din daa yooi Accra yuuni 1961<ref>{{Citation|last=Lake|first=Obiagele|title=Toward a Pan-African Identity|work=The Ghana Reader|year=2016|pages=369–373|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/9780822374961-078|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref> ==African Voice in World Affairs== Gbansabila yee duhibu daa nyɛla yɛl'palli ni tiŋ'duya biɛhigu ni kpebu. Di daa lahi nyɛla CPP ni daa zaŋ shɛli na maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, ka di daa zaŋ lɛbiginsim pam na zaŋ ti Africa ni di niriba yɛligibu. Africa daa bi lahi fahiri ʒiini dunia yɛla ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Napier|first=C.J.|date=October 2016|title=African Independence; How Africa shapes the world|journal=South African Journal of International Affairs|volume=23|issue=4|pages=545–546|doi=10.1080/10220461.2016.1266963|s2cid=157249330|issn=1022-0461}}</ref> ==Non-Aligned Movement== Ghana mini Africa tinsi daa nyɛla ban deei maŋsulinsi saha shɛli bɛ ni daa kpe siyaasa ni "tɔbu mahili" din daa niŋ US mini USSR din daa zooi tiŋ'duya yɛla ni. Di daa nyɛla din mali yaa. Di daa ŋmanila tɔbu n-yɛn ŋme dunia. "Non-Aligned Movement" daa zaŋla tahima din jɛndi "Third Force" gbubbu din yɛn gu ka taɣi tɔbu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bluth|first=Christoph|title=Russian Strategic Arms Policy after the Cold War|date=2019-07-16|work=The Nuclear Challenge|pages=41–70|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315194325-3|isbn=978-1-315-19432-5|s2cid=211381143}}</ref> Lala siyaasa tali ŋɔ ni, maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana [[Afrika|Africa]] mini Asia daa bi piigi yaɣili. Kpamba ban daa be Non-Aligned Movement shɛba n-daa nyɛ Nkrumah ŋun daa zani ti CPP gɔmnanti, tiŋgbani zuɣulana Jawaharlal Nehru zaŋ ti [[India]], Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Abdul Nasser zaŋ ti [[Egypt]], Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Tito zaŋ ti Yugoslavia ni Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Sukarno zaŋ ti Indonesia.<ref>{{Citation|date=2016-12-31|work=Myanmar's Foreign Policy under President U Thein Sein: Non-aligned and Diversified|pages=12–15|place=Singapore|publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute Singapore|doi=10.1355/9789814762267-005|isbn=978-981-4762-26-7|title=Relations with India}}</ref> ==Relationships with Asia and Latin America== Silimiingoli May yuuni 1965, CPP daa laɣim 4th Afro-Asian Solidarity Conference ʒia. [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] yɛltɔɣa zaa daa jɛndila Africa ninsalinima mini aʒia nima zaa ni yɛn be shɛm di yi niŋ ka di laɣim taba tiŋgbani gɔnantinima laɣi?ngu ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Robert|date=2009|title=By How Much Does GDP Rise if the Government Buys More Output?|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w15496|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]], Ben Barka, Morocco nima yaɣ' shɛli ban paati daa ka nam ni nira, ni Fidel Castro n-daa nyɛ ban zani ka Organisation of Solidarity laɣingu kpa n-ti Africa, Asia ni Latin America (OSPAAL) nima din daa yɛn guli maŋsulinsi USSR mini China. Lala saha maa, biɛhigu din daa be Chinanima mini USSR nima sunsuuni daa mali yaa pam.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1976|title=Middle East — Africa — Latin America — Asia — USSR|journal=International Review of the Red Cross|volume=16|issue=186|pages=468–475|doi=10.1017/s0020860400012110|issn=0020-8604}}</ref> ==Yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu == Silimiingoli June yuuni 1952, gbaŋsabira palli zaŋ ti tiŋgbani maa Colonies Oliver Lyttleton daa chaŋ Gold Coast n-ti saɣi n-ti ni o ʒini ni Nanima mini niriba ka bɛ niŋ taɣibu ni tiŋgbani maa zalikpana buku. Din daa niŋ ka o ʒini ni Nanima ŋɔ, laɣinsi, paati shɛŋa din daa ka nam ni, daabiligu laɣingu, gɔmnanti daa yina n-ti zaŋ lahibali wuhi salo din daa jɛndi tiŋgbani ŋɔ zalikpana buku taɣibu silimiingoli June biɛɣ' pishi yini ka dali yuuni 1953 ka bɛ daa saɣi n-ti li ka di daa leei maŋsulinsi deebu piligu silimiingoli December yuuni 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=State Department, Report, Substance of Discussions of State - Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting, June 27, 1957|journal=Weapons of Mass Destruction|doi=10.1163/9789004346673.wmdo-04_183}}</ref> Lala yɛltɔɣili ŋɔ piligu, CPP gɔmnanti daa piligi la laɣa yɔra niŋ Legislative Assembly silimiingoli July biɛɣ' pia dali yuuni 1953. Ka di nyɛ din daa yina zaawuni yuŋ lahibali churi ni ka daa nyɛ "Motion of Destiny". Gbaŋpiɛlla nima nyɛla ban daa boli ba n-ti yɛliba ni bɛ malimi shili deei bɛ maŋsulinsi. Di daa nyɛla din bɔri ni bɛ piiri ninvuɣ' shɛba ban be Assembly ni piibu-piibu n-ti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba ban be Cabinet. Bɛ daa yɛli gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ ni bɛ tim ba dihitabili ka wuhibu dabisili shɛli maŋsulinsi ŋɔ ni yɛn deei. Gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti bɛ yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ka daa leei na bɔra ni bɛ niŋ piibu-piibu shɛli yaha.<ref>{{Citation|last=Theaker|first=Martin|title=Britain and the Limits of Atomic Independence, 1945–1953|date=2018|work=Britain, Europe and Civil Nuclear Energy, 1945–62|pages=25–66|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73927-4_2|isbn=978-3-319-73926-7}}</ref> Di tuuli piibu-piibu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa niŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ taarihi puuni silimiingoli June biɛɣ' pishi yini ka dali yuuni 1954. Ka CPP daa di jintɔri kuɣisi din kalinli daa yiɣisi pisopɔin ni ayi jintɔri kuɣisi kɔbigi ni anahi puuni. GCP (bahigu paati zaŋ n-ti UGCC) daa di la jintɔri kuɣu zaɣ' yini, Northern People's Party (NPP) daa di la jintɔri kuɣisi pia ni ayi. Dr J. B. Danquah mini Mr. William Ofori-Atta zaa nyɛla ban daa kɔŋ bɛ jintɔri kuɣisi ka Dr K. A. Busia nyɛ ŋun daa di o jintɔri kuɣu ni kalinli pia ni yini woligimsim. Yɛltɔɣa shɛli nasara ŋɔ nyɛbu ni daa chani ka ʒiri taɣibu taɣibu nima mini suhudoo kalinsi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni ka lala ŋɔ pala din na min niŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni.<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Allen, Frederick Lewis|title=Since Yesterday : the 1930s in America, September 3, 1929--September 3, 1939.|date=26 May 2015|publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=978-1-5040-1138-9|oclc=906704745}}</ref> ===The violent years: 1954–1956=== Silimiingoli March yuuni 1954, pɔi ni silimiingoli June piibu-piibu, gɔmnanti daa mali nia ni o zali kookoo da £3.12 shillings ni di lunzahim Seers mini Ross din yɛn che ka tiŋgbani maa laɣu zuɣu jilima bi booi . Di taarihi puuni, CPP daa bi gbaai tiŋgbani maa alikawuli ni bɛ ni pahi puzuri nima daa di yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu mini silimiingoli August yuuni 1954. Mr. K. A. Gbedemah ŋun daa nyɛ liɣiri deebu polo minista daa piligi Cocoa tuma mini Development funds liɣii yɔbu jinaduu silimiingoli March ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woodfield|first=F.W.|date=1954-03-31|title=Chemical development unit progress report, March 1954|doi=10.2172/10128451|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1318491/}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa yɛn zaŋ lahibali ŋɔ wuhi jinaaduu, Gbedemah daa ŋmɛ li nangbankpeeni ni o bɔrimi niŋdi Gold Coast bɔmma ni nyamma ni daa be shɛm kamani Seers mini Ross ni daa yɛli li shɛm. Din daa niŋ ka kookoo daa kuli diri di baŋ dunia dahi puuni yuuni 1954, niriba pam ban daa lihiri kantiŋa daa nya ka lala ŋɔ bi niŋ viɛnyɛla (din daa niŋ ka di dabu liɣiri daa paai £500 per ton yuuni 1954 zaŋ hali ni £200 yuuni 1956), lala ŋɔ zuɣu pukpariba daa bi niŋ suhipiɛlii ni di daa maa ni duri ka siɣiri shɛm maa ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bɔrimi ni kookoo ŋɔ mali da'yini.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 8. Export commodity prices have turned down recently|doi=10.1787/888932782850}}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ kari doliba ti yaɣi bɛ daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋ ni bɛ yɛligi bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣa shɛŋa din daa pahi maa. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu daa che ka pukpari shɛba ban daa bɔri ni bɛ kɔhiri bɛ puzuri laɣa kara maa daa bi niŋ suhupiɛlli ni lala zaligu maa ka daa yɛli ni bɛ labi lihi lala zaligu ŋɔ zuɣu yaha. Bɔmma ni nyamma yaɣa ŋɔ shɛŋa daa nyɛla siyaasa niŋdiba mini kpamba shɛba ni daa zaŋ bɛ nuu pa shɛŋa zuɣu ka bɛ daa yina n-ti yɛli jintɔri kuɣisi ni daa di shɛm Legislative Assembly yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=Survey result: EPA scientists unhappy about political meddling|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/pt.5.022162|issn=1945-0699}}</ref> B. F. Kusi, ŋun daa kpaɣiri m-bo jintɔriztali ka daa kpe jinaduu pɔi ni maŋsulinsi mini maŋsulinsi nyaaŋa nyɛla niriba pam ni daa mi so. O daa yɛliya ni: "Ashanti nima nyɛla tiŋgbani …salo kalinli bi wuhiri tiŋgbani "?<ref>{{Citation|title=Appendix A|work=Democracy, Parliament and Electoral Systems|year=2015|pages=151–158|publisher=Pluto Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt18fs53z.24|isbn=978-1-84964-220-0}}</ref> Nintiɣibo nyɛla din daa kani Cocoa Purchasing Company maa ni, dama niriba daa yɛliya ni bɛ daa zaŋ la kookoo liɣiri ŋɔ sɔŋ CPP yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu ka pirigi liɣiri ŋɔ shɛli n-ti CPP ninvuɣ' shɛba ban daa kɔŋ nasara yuuni 1954 piibu-piibu ka yɛli ba ni bɛ zanimi bɛ gama zuɣu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gull, Sir Rupert (William Cameron), (born 14 July 1954), company director|date=2007-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.18408}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=De Cruz, Gerald|title=Colliding worlds : memoirs of a Singapore maverick|date=15 April 2009|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte |isbn=978-981-4634-91-5|oclc=893682654}}</ref> Pirimla bɛ ni daa bɔri ni bɛ niŋ ka kookoo daa nyɛ yim zuɣu daa che ka pukpariba pam daa bi niŋ suhupiɛlli ka lala zuɣu daa che ka shɛba daa yɛli ni gɔmnanti so bɛ ni daa piigi ŋɔ yimi nam ni ka lala yɛltɔɣili ŋɔ daa che ka paɣiba, dabba n-ti pahi bihibihi pam daa koŋ bɛ nyɛvuya.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2006|title=Hundreds of Utah Children Hurt Needlessly in Car Crashes: Studies Show Booster Seats Could Save Many Lives|doi=10.1037/e548192009-001}}</ref> National Liberation Movement (NLM) nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli silimiingoli September yuuni 1954 ka ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ toondana nyɛ chief linguist zaŋ n-ti Ashantehene. Baffour Osei Akoto nyɛla ŋun daa kana n-ti pahi lala laɣingu ŋɔ zuɣu. Asanteman Council mini Asantehene nyɛla ban daa tabi sɔŋ NLM ka bɛ nia pala bɛ piigi gɔmnanti kɔŋko amaa bɛ kpaŋsi Ashanti tooni chandi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aliyu|first=Musa Adamu|date=2018-12-24|title=Safeguarding Democratically Elected Local Government Councils In Nigeria From Abuse|series=The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences|pages=201–208|publisher=Cognitive-Crcs|doi=10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.03.18|doi-access=free}}</ref> NLM nyɛla din daa zali CPP wɔfiisi Ashanti ka nyɛ din daa tuhiri kariti gadama Ashanti ka nyɛ ban daa yɛra ni "yeate ye ho".<ref name="Thompson 1995 12–50">{{Citation|last=Thompson|first=Larry|title=Ashanti soll geheilt werden|date=1995|work=Der Fall Ashanti|pages=12–50|place=Basel|publisher=Birkhäuser Basel|doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-6006-2_1|isbn=978-3-0348-6007-9}}</ref> == Yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu == Tiŋgbani maa binshɛɣu kam nyɛla din daa zali gohiri maŋsulinsi deebu amaa ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban daa na ŋmɛri li nangban kpeeni dama bɛ daa lihiri la Ghana maŋsulinsi gomnanti tali ni yɛn be shɛm. Mr K. A. Gbedemah nyɛ ŋun daa be CPP siyaasa gili niŋ tooni ka daa bi saɣi n-ti NLM's "federal constitution" ka daa ti bɛ daliri ni nyɛ shɛli:, "[w]hat they [NLM] daliri shɛli bɛ ni daa bori ni bɛ yɛli amaa ka daa na ʒin yɛli salo nyɛ ni di to ni bɛ mali ɔfici amaa ka C.P.P.".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Thomas G.|date=2009-01-24|title=Once Again Never Again?|journal=Amsterdam Law Forum|volume=1|issue=2|pages=29|doi=10.37974/alf.56|s2cid=155045474|issn=1876-8156|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pirinla NLM's nyɛla ban daa yɛli ni "federalism" n-daa nyɛ so shɛli bɛ ni tooi doli laɣim Ghana's regional mini balla laɣimbu din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya soli ni bɛ zali zalikpana buku palli yuuni 1969. NLM's piligu gadama siyaasa niŋ gili ŋɔ nyɛla din daa ka daliri amaa Gbedemah nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni di daliri nyɛla bɛ jɛlinsi zaŋ n -ti CPP mini Nkrumah.<ref>{{Citation|last=Chester|first=Lucy P.|title=Nobody had been paying any attention to the case|date=2017-03-01|work=Borders and conflict in South Asia|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7765/9781526117632.00014|isbn=978-1-5261-1763-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Puzzle task examples.|doi=10.7554/elife.28974.005|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yuuni 1956 siyaasa gili niŋ puuni, Gbedemah nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni di yi niŋ ka CPP koŋ nasara yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu din daa kani na maa ni di nyɛla din yɛn niŋ suhipiɛlli nyɛ loyal opposition zaŋ n-ti NLM gomnanti ka daa yɛli ni toondan zaŋ n-ti NLM, Dr Busia gba gbaami lala alikawli ŋɔ. Bɛ ni daa lihiri biɛhi shɛli ni bɛ ni yɛn be di yi niŋ ka bɛ koŋ nasara lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, Dr. Busia nyɛla ŋun daa yɛli ni NLM nyɛla "din yɛn niŋ kam zaŋ n-ti Legislative Assembly" yihi CPP nam ni ka daa buɣisi li "evil".<ref name="ReferenceD"/> CPP piibu-piibu maʒini nyɛla din daa piligi tuma ka daa mali niya ni di ni nya nasara. Kamani piibu-piibu shɛŋa din gari maa, paati maa lahabaya yi kuli nyɛla zaɣ'ŋmaa ka ŋmari li jia bachi dibaa ayopɔin ni: M-bori maŋsulinsi biɛhigu? bee m-borimi ni n-labi sarika biɛhigu ni ?’ biɛhigu din nyɛ "federalism" zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani kamani Ghana pala din viɛla.<ref>{{Citation|last1=George-Graves|first1=Nadine|title=What do Women Want, My God, What do they Want?|date=2015-08-01|work=The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Theater|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-991749-5|last2=Miranda|first2=Krista K.|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917495.013.26}}</ref> Silimiin goli June yuuni 1956, CPP daa lahi nya nasara ni jintɔri kuɣisi pisopɔin ni yini, din nyɛ jintɔri kuɣisi pihinahi ni anahi din be Colony n-ti pahi jintɔri kuɣisi dibaa ani jintɔri kuɣisi pishi ni yini din be Ashanti puuni. NLM daa bi tooi di jintɔri kuɣu yini gba luɣ'shɛli pahi Ashanti zuɣu. Bɛ suhi ni daa kuli yu Ashanti nationalism zaa maa yoli, CPP daa di la kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinahi ni ata Ashanti ka di daa wuhiri ni NLM daa nyɛla paati zaŋ n-ti Ashanti amaa ka Ashanti nima zaa nyɛ ban be NLM .<ref name="Thompson 1995 12–50"/> Yaha, Dr J. B. Danquah nyɛla ŋun daa bi tooi lahi di o jintɔri kuɣu : NLM nyɛla ban daa lahi zaɣisi yɛlimahimaŋa piibu-piibu. Shɛba nyɛla ban daa yina n-ti yɛli ni yuuni 1956 piibu-piibu ŋɔ wuhiya ni tiŋgbani maa nyɛla din bori "federal constitution' dama CPP daa bi nya nasara pam Ashanti bee Tuduu tiŋgbani yaɣa.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chipp, T. F. (Thomas Ford)|title=The forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories|date=1922|publisher=Published for the Government of the Gold Coast by the Crown Agents for the Colonies|oclc=9676100}}</ref> ==Defeating the NLM separatists and threats of partition== Din daa niŋ ka piibu-piibu ŋɔ daa naai nyaaŋa, Nkrumah daa zaŋ lahabali niŋ teebuli ni zaŋ n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu silimiin goli August dabaa ata dali yuuni 1956 amaa ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be NLM zaŋ n-ti Assembly, Dr K. A. Busia, Mr Joe Appiah mini Mr R. R. Amponsah nyɛla ban daa chaŋ yi ni ayirimo ka lala lahabali ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛli 72-0. Kamani Richard Rathbone ni daa zaŋ li sɔŋ shɛm: "Ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be NLM paati ni ka nyɛ bɛ ni daa na yoli piigi shɛba nyɛba ban daa bɛ saɣi n-ti dizuɣu ka bɛ daa chaŋ yi Legislative Assembly. NLM nyɛla ban daa lahi niŋdi kam ni bɛ zaɣisi maŋsulinsi ŋɔ deebu . … NLM nyɛla ban daa na kuli zaya ni bɛ ku nyɛ "loyal opposition"…"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=J. Barry|date=1999|title=The First Welsh National Assembly Election|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=34|issue=3|pages=323–332|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1999.tb00484.x|s2cid=143996304 |issn=0017-257X}}</ref> Kamani Dr K. A. Busia ni daa gbaai alikawli shɛli siyaasa tali chaŋ gili niŋ saha. Din daa niŋ ka CPP gomnanti daa piligi soya zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu,, Asante Youth Association (AYA) ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa sabi gbaŋ zaŋ n-ti Secretary of State ni bɛ zaa gbaami zaɣa yini silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pinaata dali yuuni 1956 ka daa yɛli ni "dama C.P.P. Gomnanti ŋɔ nyɛla ban yɛli ni bɛ ku lahi zaŋ saawara zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu yɛltɔɣa maa."<ref>{{Citation|last=Busia|first=K. A.|title=The Ashanti Confederacy Council|date=2018-08-16|work=The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti|pages=165–195|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781351030823-8|isbn=978-1-351-03082-3|s2cid=217156642}}</ref> Pirinla bɛ daa ku koŋ nasara lala piibu-piibu maa ni zaa yoli, NLM paati nima nyɛla ban daa na kuli bori federal union ka tim niriba gbaŋsabira zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani ŋɔ. Lala saha ŋɔ British Gomnanti ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa zaɣisi ni o ku lahi tirisi maŋsulinsi deebu dabisili maa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Declaration of Independence Rejected Slavery Clause (28 June 1776)|date=2009-09-30|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33576|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Silimiin goli September biɛɣ'pinaayopɔin dali yuuni1956, gbaŋ shɛli CPP nima ni daa sabi zaŋ n-ti British gbaŋsabira ni bɛ zali maŋsulinsi deebu dabisili, Governor ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa yɛlli Nkrumah ni bɛ gbaai la silimiin goli March dabaa ayobu dali yuuni 1957. Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun daa wuligi lahabali ŋɔ zaŋ n-ti Assembly silimiin goli September biɛɣ'pishi ayi ka dali yuuni 1956 ka dari ŋɔ n-daa ku deei ʒi zaa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-05-17|journal=Camden |series=Fifth Series|volume=57|pages=139–156|doi=10.1017/s0960116319000150|issn=0960-1163|title=X: Secretary of State for Burma Until Independence: 1947–1948|s2cid=233336955 }}</ref> Ban daa bi galisi jinaduu nyɛla ban daa lihi bɛ zaashee ŋɔ ka yɛli ni bɛ bori la zaligu shɛli din wuhiri ni ŋaribu bɛn be luɣ'shɛŋa tiŋgbani maa ni. Gbaŋsabira zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa suhi CPP ni bɛ che ka gbaari suŋ be bɛ mini ban daa bɛ galisi jinaduu ŋɔ ni, Asanteman mini territorial Councils, CPP nyɛla ban daa zaŋ zalikpana lahabali shɛli bɛ ni daa boli Revised Constitutional Proposals zaŋ n-ti Gold Coast wuhi salo silimiin goli November dabaa anii dali yuuni 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodhart|first=C. A. E.|date=2002|title=The Constitutional Position of an Independent Central Bank|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=37|issue=2|pages=190–210|doi=10.1111/1477-7053.00094|s2cid=143386652|issn=0017-257X}}</ref> Bɛ ni daa zaŋ lala zalikpana lahabali ŋɔ wuhi salo nyaaŋa, AYA nyɛla ŋun daa sabi lahabali zaŋ n-ti NLM bin din gbaai sillimiin goli November dabaa awɔi zaŋ hali ni o biɛɣ'pinaanu dali yuuni 1956 ka di daa wuhiri ni "ASHANTI MINI N.T.’S ŊƆ NYƐLA BAN YI GHANA".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Apiors|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Suzuki|first2=Aya|date=2018-05-03|title=Mobile Money, Individuals' Payments, Remittances, and Investments: Evidence from the Ashanti Region, Ghana|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=5|pages=1409|doi=10.3390/su10051409|issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free}}</ref> Silimiin goli November biɛɣ'pishi ayi ka dali yuuni 1956, NLM paati ban daa bɛ galisi ŋɔ mini Northern People's Party nyɛla ban daa zaŋ maligu lahabali zaŋ n-ti gbansabira n-ti tiŋgbani maa wuhiri ni bɛ saɣi n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chipp|first=Thomas Ford|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45233|title=Forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories.|date=1922|publisher=Waterlow & sons limited|location=London [etc.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.45233}}</ref> Asanteman Council nyɛla ban daa niŋ kam ni United Kingdom nima waligi n-ti Asante mini Northern Territories maŋsulinsi silimiin goli March dabaa ayobu dali yuuni 1957. Ban daa bɛ galisi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa chaŋ n-ti paai London alikaali nima ni bɛ ti ba kundi shɛŋa din yɛn che ka bɛ tooi kpɛ United Nations ka daa mali niya ni bɛ miɛ £500,000 House of Parliament zali Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walling|first=Carrie Booth|title=All Necessary Measures|url=https://archive.org/details/allnecessarymeas0000wall|date=2013-07-01|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|doi=10.9783/9780812208474|isbn=978-0-8122-0847-4}}</ref> CPP nyɛla ban daa mi ni NLM nyɛla ban daa kuli niŋdi ŋɔ maa zaa ni maŋsulinsi deebu maa yuugi, bɛ daa lihi yɛltɔɣa zaŋ jandi Gaana zalikpana buku suhibiɛɣuni ka daa yɛli ni jintɔriba nyɛla ban ni tooi taɣi li.<ref>{{Citation|title=Amendments to the Constitution|date=2009-11-15|work=The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence|pages=219–308|publisher=Harvard University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctvjk2xzn.7|hdl=2027/hvd.32044103234373|isbn=978-0-674-05447-9|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==Independence== Yuŋtisuɣu silimiin goli March dabaa anu bee ayobu dali yuuni 1957, Nkrumah daa yɛli Gaana maŋsulinsi deebu Polo Ground din be Ankara, o daa chɛhimi FREEDOM! FREEDOM! FREEDOM! ka bɛ daa siɣisi British tuuta ka daa wuɣi ʒiɛɣu, baŋkom salima tuuta zaŋ n-ti Gaana zuɣusaa. Maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ CPP nima siyaasa gili niŋ lahabali kpeeni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Appendix B: Journalism Freedom: 1980 to 2008 (Country Ratings from Freedom House) - Ghana|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Journalism|year=2009|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412972048.n512|isbn=9780761929574}}</ref> Yɛligu din daa yina Nkrumah nolini n-daa nyɛ: "Bahigu tɔbu naai. Ka Gaana, yi suhiyubu tiŋgbani yi leei bilichini nima kuli mali wara." Amaa tɔbiri nyɛla din be tooni pɔi ka Gaana zani di naba ayi zuɣu ka yi nya Pan- African niya nima. Bomma mini nyamma n-ti pahi yɛlivuhi maŋsulinsi deebu nyɛla din na piligira.<ref>{{Citation|title=Appendix B: Journalism Freedom: 1980 to 2008 Country Ratings from Freedom House Ghana|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Journalism|date=2009 |location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412972048.n512|isbn=9780761929574}}</ref> ===Continued threats to national security=== Hali maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa, NLM nyɛla ban na kuli mali gadama Kumahi ka shɛhira daa nyɛ din be ni wuhiri niriba ni yiri tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Salo kalnli din daa gari 5,000 nyɛla ban daa yi Ashanti ka di daliri daa nyɛ NLM nima gadama maa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Heitz|first=Kathrin|title=Recollections from the times of Independence. Talks with elderly people in western Ivory Coast|date=2013|work=Les indépendances en Afrique|pages=421–435|publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes|doi=10.4000/books.pur.112349|isbn=978-2-7535-2749-2}}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka bɛ maani sheeli zaŋ n-ti maŋsulinsi deebu, nyaandoliba zaŋ n-ti Togoland Congress nyɛla ban daa kuli niŋ ninmoh bɔhindi sooja tali Alavanyo ka di daa nyɛla NLM nima niriba n-daa bala ni bɛ niŋ maŋsulinsi deebu ŋɔ gadama. Pirinsi nyɛela ban daa chaŋ n-ti kari ba ka gadama daa niŋ ka niriba ata daa kpi. Jinaduu niriba ayi – S. G. Antor mini Mr. Kojo Ayeke – nyɛla ban nuu daa be di ni ka bɛ daa kpɛhi ba sarika yuma ayobu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffery|first1=Bob|last2=Tufail|first2=Waqas|date=2014-01-01|title=The Riots Were Where the Police Were|journal=Contention|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.3167/cont.2014.020204|issn=2572-7184|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Level of disclosure of private interests by ministers of cabinet members|doi=10.1787/888932709966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=jchr-news-release-jchr-has-noted-reports-in-the-media-which-indicated-that-several-independent-candidates-were-prevented-from-being-nominated-by-crowds-of-jamaica-labour-party-supporters-dec-2-1983-2-pp|journal=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0560-0084}}</ref> Di daa na bi paai yuuni maŋsulinsi deebu nyaaŋa ka ban da ka nam ni ŋɔ toondana daa yɛli ni bɛ yiɣisim gomnanti maa.Silimiin goli December piligu yuuni 1957, toondan zaŋ n-ti NLM. Dr K. A Busia nyɛla ŋun daa suɣiri deeri liɣiri United States gomnanti sani ni bɛ yihi gomnanti so bɛ ni daa piigi o maŋmaŋ tiŋgbani ŋɔ maa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=guatemalan-opposition-leader-accuses-government-of-destabilizing-the-country-aug-4-1980-2-pp|journal=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1224-0092}}</ref> Lahabali din yina Mr Wilson Flake wuhiya ni US Ambassador zaŋ n-ti Ghana (lihimi Foreign Relations, 1955–1957, Volume XVIII, pages 387–388), toondan zaŋ n-ti zuɣubiili nima mini jintɔra nyɛla ŋun daa suhi m-bo $25,0000 ni bɛ da loora nima ka nya paati tun tumdiba ni bɛ zaŋ n-ti CPP nyaandoliba ban ka liɣiri pam. Lala biɛhigu ŋɔ pala di ni tooi deegi tiŋgbani kam puuni.<ref name="ReferenceD" /> ==CPP – Independent Ghana's first government== Maŋsulinsi ni kana, CPP gɔmnanti daa pa nyɛla siyaasa yaa din yɛn sɔŋba ka bɛ mali Ghana bomma ni nyamma ni bɛrisuŋ zali dede ka di pa niŋ ʒaamani dini, tootibo tiŋgbani. Paati maa daa kpuɣila bomma ni nyamma soya din yɛn che ka bɛ tabi sɔŋ tiŋ'duya. Shikuru, alaafee mini salo yɛl'bɔra din pahi, ka di nyɛla bɛ daa pili la "CPP's First Development Plan (1951-6)", amaa ka na bi paai luɣ'shɛli CPP tɛha ni daa kpa. Di pam na nyɛla din yɛn niŋ.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Nketiah-Amponsah|first1=Edward|title=State of Ghana's Infrastructure and its Implications for Economic Development|date=2017-02-16|work=The Economy of Ghana Sixty Years after Independence|pages=223–241|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-875343-8|last2=Aidam|first2=Patricia Woedem|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753438.003.0014}}</ref> ==Pan-Africanism== CPP's Pan-African yɛltɔɣa nyɛla din daa yina Nkrumah fiila puuni o yuŋtisuɣu maŋsulinsi lahabali bahigu. ‘Maŋsulinsi deebu zaŋ n-ti Gaana nyɛla din ka gbinni naɣila di mali la saawara ni African continent’<ref>{{Citation|last=Nkrumah|first=Kwame|title=Independence Speech|date=2016-02-04|work=The Ghana Reader|pages=301–302|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.65|isbn=978-0-8223-7496-1}}</ref> Ni maŋsulinsi, paati maa nyɛla din daa niŋdi kam ni di nya Pan-Africanism. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din daa chani ni Gbaŋsabila maŋsulinsi zabiriba ka daa nyɛ din kpaŋsi nangban yini tali Gbaŋsabila sunsuun.<ref>{{Citation|last=Martin|first=Guy|title=Pan-Africanism and African unity|date=2020-04-30|work=Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism|pages=527–535|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429020193-36|isbn=978-0-429-02019-3|s2cid=242635538}}</ref> Yuuni 1957, maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana dibaa anii koŋko n-daa be African states. Lala tiŋgbana maa n-daa nyɛ Ghana, Ethiopia, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Liberia n-ti pahi Sudan. Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ŋɔ pirigi li nyɛla din daa na mora ni di deei di maŋsulinsi. Pan-African laɣingu bahigu nyɛla din daa niŋ Manchester, England yuuni 1945.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Sixth Pan-African Congress of Manchester in 1945|date=2015-09-23|work=Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance|pages=57–270|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9vvnj.8|isbn=978-9956-762-20-0}}</ref> CPP gomnanti nyɛla ban daa mali niya ni bɛ labi neei Pan-African Movement Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbani. Bɛ daa piligi di tuma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Otu|first1=Akaninyene|last2=Elston|first2=James|last3=Nsutebu|first3=Emmanuel|date=2015|title=Sepsis in Africa: practical steps to stem the tide|journal=Pan African Medical Journal|volume=21|page=323|doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.21.323.6462|pmid=26587170|pmc=4633776|s2cid=18046438|issn=1937-8688|doi-access=free}}</ref> 1. Silimiin goli April yuuni 1958 laɣingu zaŋ n-ti African Independent States nyɛla din daa niŋ Accra. Lala tiŋgbana dibaa anii ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa gbaai viɛligi bomma ni nyamma, kpaŋnsi fiila dibu, taɣi taba kaya ni taada mini shikuru baŋsim lahabaya, sɔŋ tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi maa maŋsulinsi deebu n-ti pahi bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm ka sokam niŋdi piibu-piibu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mohamed Salih|first=M.A.|title=Varieties of African liberation movement governments|date=2017-09-08|work=National Liberation Movements as Government in Africa|pages=17–32|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315101361-2|isbn=978-1-315-10136-1}}</ref> 2. Silimiin goli December yuuni 1958, gban-sabila nangbanyini laɣingu nyɛla din daa niŋ Accra. Ban daa be laɣingu ŋɔ ni nyɛ Africa's freedom fighters, tiŋgbani kam paati nima, trade unions n-ti pahi bipola laɣinsi din be Africa. Din bɔŋɔ n-daa nyɛ tuuli freedom fighters ban yinaEuropean colonies mini white-minority kana laɣingu ni. Taarihi nyɛla din daa zali laɣingu ŋɔ ni din daa niŋ ka bɛ yɛli tiŋgbani kam ban na bi deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ni bɛ ni tooi doli soli kam din pa gadama soli deei bɛ maŋsulinsi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mironova|first=Vera|date=2019-06-20|title=From Freedom Fighters to Jihadists|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190939755.001.0001|isbn=9780190939755}}</ref> Ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa be laɣingu ŋɔ ni shɛba nyɛ Patrice Lumumba, Kenneth Kaunda, Kanyama Chiume, Tom Mboya, Oginga Odinga, Joshua Nkomo ni ban kam daa pahi nyɛ siysaasa toodan nima. Sokama daa labi o tiŋgbani bahindila bɛ ni daa gbaai gbaari yini nyaaŋa. Di daa niŋ ba nyaɣisim pam ka dihi CPP gomnanti tabili ni Pan-African mɔbu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Of the Many Who Returned and Yet Were Dead'|work=The Philosophy of War and Exile|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9781137351227.0010|isbn=978-1-137-35122-7}}</ref> 1.Laɣinsi shɛŋa din daa nya sɔŋsim mini baŋsibu Ghana CPP gomnanti tali saha nyɛ: * ANC (African National Congress) * PAC (Pan Africanist Congress) * ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union) * ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union) * MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) * SWAPO (South West African People's Organisation * FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique)<ref>{{Citation|last=Young|first=Eric|title=Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42973|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref><br /> == The CPP and the United Nations Organisation (UNO) == African kukoya yaɣa din du bɔba, UN, nyɛla din pili CPP gɔmnanti saha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Olmstead|first1=Sheila M|last2=Stavins|first2=Robert N|date=2007-01-21|title=A Meaningful Second Commitment Period for the Kyoto Protocol|journal=The Economists' Voice|volume=4|issue=3|doi=10.2202/1553-3832.1230|issn=1553-3832|s2cid=155632523}}</ref> Ghana gɔmnanti daa ʒila suhudoo zaŋbu na nyaaŋa UN din daa be Congo bini din gbaai yuuni 1960 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1964. Ghana linjimanima daa pahila UN lala tuma ŋɔ ni Lumumba yuuni 1960 kuŋ ŋme m-bɔ linjimanima sɔŋsim, Moise Tshombe daa moliya ni Katanga ni beni. Amaa bɛ ni daa sɔŋ UN, Ghana linimanima daa nyɛ ka bɛ bela UN linjimanima ni ka di zuɣu daa che ka bɛ tuhi nyaŋ Lumumba, kpema ŋun daa bɔri UN nima sɔŋsim. Din bɔŋɔ daa zaŋla dihitabili niŋ CPP niya din nyɛ ni Africa yɛlimuɣisira malibu tumi ni di baŋ Africa yɛlimuɣisira.<ref>{{Citation|last=Briscoe|first=Neil|title=The UN Operation in the Congo, 1960–64|date=2003|work=Britain and UN Peacekeeping|pages=94–131|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1057/9780230005730_5|isbn=978-1-349-51202-7}}</ref> Yuuni 1963, Ghana kpamba ban daa be UN daa gbaai shaawaara ni Africa Group zaŋ chaŋ Africa linjimanima zaa zaŋ tahi Congo. All-African High Com¬mand kpabu din yɛn tahi suhudoo na Africa ka di lahi pa bɛ yɛn zaŋla bɛ yaa zaa dalim sambani polo nima kamani UN bee NATO, di ni n daa nyɛ paati maa niya kpeŋ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-12-31|title=UN and African peace operations|journal=Africa Renewal|volume=24|issue=4|pages=15|doi=10.18356/6e97a2dc-en|issn=2517-9829}}</ref> ==The CPP and the Commonwealth== Ghana daa kuli nyɛla din be Commonwealth kuli zaŋ hali ka CPP gɔmnanti tali daa ti naai, ka di kpaŋmaŋa daa zooi Commonwealth Conferences di daa yi ti niŋ ka bɛ yɛn gbaai shaawara ti Gbansabila tinsi. Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla din neei doni ti muɣisigu din daa be Rhodesia di ni daa niŋ ka di neei yuuni 1964 ni gɔmnanti gbaarila shaawara zaŋ chaŋ unilateral declaration of independence (UDI).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=When Superconductivity Became Clear (to Some)|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/pt.5.021825|issn=1945-0699}}</ref> Yuuni 1965 Commonwealth Conference din daa niŋ London ni, Africa mini Asian daa gbaai shaawara zdin nyɛ yim ni bɛ zaɣisi UDI ŋɔ. Din bɔŋɔ kpaŋmaŋa pirigili daa tamla Nkrumah zuɣu. Lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni gbaabu daa gbaaya ni ninvuɣ'yino kam tu ni o vooti vootibu yim Rhodesia tiŋgbani ni, ka di doli salo pam ni saɣiti shɛli.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=C. W.|date=1997-09-06|title=Common criteria for providing powered wheelchairs should be agreed by wheelchair service centres|journal=BMJ|volume=315|issue=7108|pages=605–606|doi=10.1136/bmj.315.7108.605a|pmid=9302976|pmc=2127397|issn=0959-8138}}</ref> Yuuni 1965 UDI zaligu ni daa zani, CPP gɔmnanti daa yina ni nangban'yini tɛha ni Africa laɣim ŋme n-yiɣisi Ian Smith ʒaamani, ka soŋ Africa tiŋgbani kam lirigu ni liri. Din lahi pahi, Ghana daa lahi yina ti yɛli bɛ ni mali niya shɛli zaŋ chaŋ Commonwealth yibu ni.<ref>{{Citation|last=King|first=Tiffany|title=Settler Colonialism and African Americans|date=2019-05-29|work=African American Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/obo/9780190280024-0071|isbn=978-0-19-028002-4}}</ref> Ghana jilima daa lahi nyɛla din yi polo Nkrumah kpaŋmaŋa ni, [[South Africa]] gaŋbu zaligu daa nyɛla din mirisili yihi Commonwealth ni. Ghana daa naan ku lahi tooi be gaŋbu tiŋgbana din pɔri laɣingu ni South Africa. Ka di daa ʒiya ni British gɔmnanti piigi Ghana mini South Africa sunsuuni. Britain daa piigi Ghana. Di daa wuhila CPP gɔmnanti ni banzani shɛm. Britain daa mi ni Ghana yi zo Commonwealth ni, Africa tiŋgbana pam ni doli Ghana yi.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ababio|first1=Ernest Peprah|title=A Comparative Analysis of Local Government in Ghana and South Africa|date=2017-09-25|work=Public Administration in Africa|pages=187–207|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-08932-4|last2=Asmah-Andoh|first2=Kwame|doi=10.4324/9781315089324-10}}</ref> ==Attempts to destabilize the CPP Government== Yuuni 1961 bahigu, chiribihi nyaaŋa ban daa ka nam ni ni ziligi palli zuɣu Taawwaye, Accra daa di shɛhira ni bompi shɛŋa Lome nima ni daa laɣisi. Lala bompi nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla jilimalana Queen Elizabeth II puhibu nyaaŋa yuuni 1962, ka di daa wuhiri ni Ghana daa ka suhu ʒii ni lala puhigu ŋɔ nyaaŋa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ionescu|first=Ghiţa|date=1993-01-01|title=Her Majesty the Queen|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=28|issue=1|pages=3–10|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1993.tb01302.x|s2cid=24523426 |issn=0017-257X}}</ref> Kulungugu bomb din yuli pa du ŋɔ daa kamina Anashaara goli August yuuni 1962, ka daa ku bipuɣinga ŋun daa ʒiri fulaawaasi ni no ti ti Nkrumah, din ni ka ban ka nam ni daa bahi bompi. Kulungugu bompi ŋɔ bahibu nyaaŋa, lirigu balibu daa liri Accra, din pam daa tamla bipola ban daa miri "Princess Marie Louise Children's" ashibiti la.<ref>{{Citation|last=Young|first=Ken|title=Borrowing the bomb|date=2016-07-22|work=The American bomb in Britain|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7765/9781526100658.00015|isbn=978-1-5261-0065-8}}</ref> Ban daa ka namni jintɔra R. B. Ochere mini UP ye'duhira Yaw Manu daa saɣiya ni bɛ nuu be Kulungugu bompi ŋɔ ni, kamani Dennis Austin daa yɛliya "Ghana siyaasa ni yuuni 1946 – 1960" din daa yina salo ni yuuni 1964: "Ni [Kulungugu bompi shɛŋa dabam] nari nyɛla din be Lome mini luɣ'shɛŋa ka nyɛ ban daa ka namni jintɔri kuro –bɛ ni mi so Obetsebi Lamptey – nyɛla din daa yi polo".<ref>{{Citation|last=Austin|first=Dennis|title=Opposition in Ghana: 1947–67|date=1971|work=Studies in Opposition|pages=248–266|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-01158-2_14|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |isbn=978-1-349-01160-5}}</ref> Anashaara goli January goli yuuni 1964, Nkrumah kubu nari shɛli Constable Ametewee ŋun daa mali shili ka daa be tuma ni Flagstaff House nyɛla din daa di Superintendent Salifu Dargati. Ban ka namni lala bompi nima ŋɔ bahibu ŋɔ, Ghananima kpibu daa yiɣisila kalinli pihita, dobba, paɣaba ni bihi, daa nyɛla dansi kɔbigu polo din dalimba biɛhigu ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dumas|first=Agnes|date=2018-07-01|title=Gender Inequalities in Health Over the Life Course. Attitudes Towards III-Health in Men and Women Treated for Childhood Cancer|journal=Swiss Journal of Sociology|volume=44|issue=2|pages=281–300|doi=10.1515/sjs-2018-0013|s2cid=81525126|issn=2297-8348|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lala bompi nima ŋɔ zaa bahibu daa nyɛla din kuli bɔri ni di wurim CPP gɔmnanti ka lahi tahi CPP gɔmnanti ŋme n-yiɣisi Anashaara goli February yuuni 1966.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dupuy|first=Alex|title=The Lavalas Government and Its Overthrow: February to September 1991|date=2019-04-18|work=Haiti in the New World Order|pages=115–135|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429039447-6|isbn=978-0-429-03944-7|s2cid=197831074}}</ref> ===24 February 1966=== O ni daa nyɛ British Commonwealth kpɛma ka daa kpuɣi napɔŋ ni o bɔ maligu n-ti Vietnam yɛlimuɣisira, CPP gɔmnanti nyɛla soja gɔmnanti ni daa ŋme n-yiɣisi shɛli ka Ghana Pirinsi mɔ tum yuuni 1964, tumdi ni Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) zaŋ ti United States ni bɛ zaŋ gɔmnanti taɣibu na.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chapman, Maj. Gen. Clive, (Chip), (born 27 March 1959), Senior British Military Advisor, United States Central Command, 2010–12; Consultant, Skarbek Associates, since 2013|date=2010-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u251014}}</ref> Hawa dibaa ashɛm zuɣuni, ban daa guli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Flagstaff House daa mɔya, amaa ka yaa daa nyaŋ ba. Bɛ daa bɛ mi ban niŋ lala ŋme m-paai gɔmnanti ŋɔ. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clarke|first=John|date=2013-05-10|title=In Search of Ordinary People: The Problematic Politics of Popular Participation|journal=Communication, Culture & Critique|volume=6|issue=2|pages=208–226|doi=10.1111/cccr.12011|issn=1753-9129}}</ref> Ban daa niŋ lala lirigu ŋɔ daa naai la noli ni Dr. K. A. Busia, ŋun daa be ban daa niŋ lala liribu ŋɔ komitii ni, ka Mr. Victor Owusu, ŋun daa niŋ lala linjima nima ŋɔ kpema. "Preventive Detention Act" daa nyɛla Preventive Custody Degree ni daa labi neei shɛli ni yaɣa buyi: (1) bɛ ni taɣi shɛba sɔŋ ka suhibu ni (2)binshɛɣu daa kani wuhiri din che ka bi gbahiba.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1999|title=Guinea-Bissau - Military Junta: Agreement between Te Government of Guinea-Bissau and the Self-Proclaimed Military Junta|journal=International Legal Materials|volume=38|issue=1|pages=28–29|doi=10.1017/s0020782900012857|s2cid=249000430 |issn=0020-7829}}</ref> Laɣinsi mini Pirinsi daa gbahi CPP niriba zaŋba chaŋ ti yo duu. Ka bɛ daa gbahi paati maa kpamba ban daa be tiŋgbani yaɣa maa zaa. Ban daa pahi n-daa nyɛ "cabinet ministers", jintɔriba, CPP tumtumdiba ni ban kuri ariziki niŋdi din ni, bɛ mini ban laɣindi tumdi kamani daabihi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1937-03-01|title=The Visit of An All-Party Group of Members Of Parliament to Spain: Report|journal=International Affairs|doi=10.1093/ia/16.2.305a|issn=1468-2346}}</ref> Ka daa gbaai Nkrumah yi tiŋgbani maa ni chaŋ Vietnam ni suhudoo lahabali, ka yɛltɔɣa kpana din daa be Accra doni tiŋa, ka gbahi CPP kpamba, faabu din daa yɛn niŋ yom daa bi kpe din ni. Linjimanima ban niŋ lala lirigu ŋɔ daa pii kpema ʒili, ka daa yɛli ni CPP daa yi namni ka lahi ka gbana ni. CPP niriba daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa mɔŋ shɛba ni bɛ di lahi tum siyaasa tuma kuli zaŋ hali ni yuun pia ni ata yuuni 1979.<ref>{{Citation|title=Introduction: Political Criticism and the Party-State|date=2019-06-15|work=Speaking Out in Vietnam|pages=1–11|place=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|doi=10.7591/9781501736391-004|isbn=978-1-5017-3639-1|s2cid=238086797}}</ref> ==CPP Overseas== Laɣinsi ʒinibu puuni, buɣisibu, ʒihi din tiri saɣisigu, ni bɛ lahabali ŋmahi puuni, Parti maa niraba ban be London kuli nyɛla ban gbubi CPP ni adalichi, ka bɛ saɣiti soja gɔmnanti ni daa bɔri ni di kpihim. CPP. kpamba daa yihila lahabali dabisi shɛli ŋme fa gɔmnanti tali ni daa niŋ (Anashaara goli February biɛɣu pishi dali yuuni 1966), ka gbariri linjimanima niŋsim ŋɔ ka bɔri tiŋgbani zalisi zaŋ kpa di polo. ==External Nkrumah groupings== Yuuni 1966 zaŋ kana, Nkrumaists ban be Britain, Europe, Africa yaɣa zaa pkala laɣingu zaŋ ti Nkrumah. Ka di zaa mali nyɔɣu ŋmebu ni di nyɛla kukoli zaŋ ti "Nkrumaism". Amaa bɛ zaa malila gbunni konkɔba n-ti lala bachi ŋɔ, Di ni nyɛ shɛm, ni so'doli shɛŋ di ni yɛn doli. Bɛ yɛrimi ti "Nkrumaism" amaa ka CPP. Nkrumaist nima ŋɔ nangbani konkɔba nyɛla haŋkali neei ti kalinsi. Gabbu zaŋ chaŋ Nkrumaist paatinima din be Ghana yuun bɔŋ gba daa nyɛla din ʒi nangbani yini kalinsi na.<ref>{{Citation|last=Grilli|first=Matteo|title=Between Diplomacy and Revolution (1963–1966)|date=2018|work=Nkrumaism and African Nationalism|pages=261–331|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91325-4_6|isbn=978-3-319-91324-7}}</ref> ==The Death of Kwame Nkrumah== ‘Gbansabila ninsali kuɣinli’, bachi shɛŋa Sekou Toure ni daa yɛli ni bɛ sabi pa Nkrumah kum adaka zuɣu, ŋun daa kpi 8:45 am Anashaara goli April biɛɣu pihi ata ka dali yuuni 1972, tiŋa yuli booni Bucharest, Romania. O ni daa bi niŋ o nyaɣisim ka di yuui amaa ka o daa zaɣis ni o yi Guinea chaŋ bo alaafee Anashaara goli August yuuni 1971. Anashaara goli April biɛɣu pihita dali, dabaa ata din daa gari pɔi ka o naan yi kpi, Kwame Nkrumah daa labi Africa. Guinea daa malila shili ni bɛ zali ningbuna maa, n-zaŋli niŋ kum adaka din gahim ni ka zaŋli niŋ aleepile ni chaŋ Conakry. Di dabaa ayi, Anashaarab goli May biɛɣu pia ni ata dali mini biɛɣu pia ni anahi dali yuuni 1972, kuli maa shili malibu laɣingu daa niŋ Conakry, ka ban daa chaŋ li nyɛ "liberation movements", gɔmnantinima, paati kpamba ni ban daa yi gbansabila tinsi na ni luɣ'shɛŋa.<ref name="auto"/> Anashaara goli July dabaa ayopɔin dali yuuni 1972, bakoi ddibaa ashɛm sunsuuni Guinea gɔmnanti mini Ghana soja gɔmnanti ni daa gbaai shaawara naai, bɛ daa zaŋ Kwame Nkrumah kum adaka niŋ aleepile ni chaŋ Accra. Bɛ daa duhirila tuuta nima zuɣusaa kum adaka ŋɔ ni daa be State House ka yɛla teebu laɣingu daa laɣim. Ka Anashaara goli July dabaa awɔi dali ka bɛ daa zaŋli chaŋ Nkroful luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋli niŋ gballi ni, luɣ'shɛli din daa miri bɛ nio daa dɔɣi o shɛli.<ref name="auto2"/> "Gbansabili kuɣinli" ŋun daa kpa Convention People's Party vuhim bahigu sheei, nyɛ kuɣili binkura biɛhigu sheei din viɛli ka be Memorial Park ka be Polo Ground din be Accra, luɣ'shɛli Kwame Nkrumah ni daa mɔli Ghana maŋsulinsi Anashaara goli March dabaa awɔi dali yuuni 1957. O labi sɔɣi daa niŋla Anashaara goli July dahin yini dali yuuni 1992, Republic of Ghana yuma ata chuɣu labi puhi ni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elias|first=T. O.|date=1957|title=Ghana: Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|journal=African Affairs|volume=56|issue=224|pages=238–239|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094495|issn=1468-2621}}</ref> ==1979–1981: Back in Government== Di mini General Akuffo soja gɔmnanti daa ti soli ni bɛ niŋ piibu yuuni 1970s naabu ni, Bɛ daa na bi ti CPP ka di yuli mini di dalinli ku tooi zaŋ ku bukaata. CPP daa labi kpa People's National Party (P.N.P.) ka Alhaji Imoru Egala daa be di tooni, ŋun daa niŋ paati maa ba. Amaa o daa na ka soli ni kpaɣiri yuuni 1979 ka di nyɛla National Liberation Council din daa ŋme m-paai CPP yuuni 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arian|first1=Asher|last2=Shamir|first2=Michal|date=2008|title=A Decade Later, the World Had Changed, the Cleavage Structure Remained|journal=Party Politics|volume=14|issue=6|pages=685–705|doi=10.1177/1354068808093406|s2cid=144231226|issn=1354-0688}}</ref> O zaashee maa, Dr. Hilla Limann ka bɛ daa piigi ni o zani n kpaɣiri bɔ tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali, ka Egala daa mɔ ni o nyahi o yuli. P.N.P. daa di yuuni 1979 piibu piibu maa ka Dr. Hilla Limann niŋ Ghana tiŋgbani zuɣulana. Amaa, Anashaara goli December piɛɣu pihita ni yini dali yuuni 1981, jilimalana Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings daa ŋme m-paagi o, ka daa niŋ tuuli nira ŋun daa gbubi tiŋgbani maa ni soja gɔmnanti Provisional National Defence Council (P.N.D.C.) saha ni tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana ŋun daa zani n-ti National Democratic Party (N.D.C.) paati shɛli o ni daa kpa o gɔmnanti ŋɔ saha.<ref>{{Citation|title=Limann, Dr Hilla, (1934–23 Jan. 1998), President of Ghana, 1979–81|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u180007}}</ref> ==The Fourth Republic== Bɛ ni daa lahi ti soli ni bɛ niŋ piibu piibu yuuni 1992, CPP daa bɛ tooi nya bɛ ni yɛn piigi so ka o gari bɛ tooni ka bɛ doli o. Imoru Egala daa kpimi, ka, although Dr. Hilla Limann daa na be o nyɛvuli ni, bɛ daa bɛ zaŋ toondaan tali zaashee ti o paati maa ni.<ref>{{Citation|last=Musella|first=Fortunato|title=Leader and Party: Still an Oxymoron?|work=Political Leaders Beyond Party Politics|year=2018|pages=1–29|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59348-7_1|isbn=978-3-319-59347-0}}</ref> Laɣinsi pam daa yina, n-ti tabili People's National Convention (PNC), D. Hilla Limann daa nyɛ di toondana, National Convention Party (NCP), ka Nkensen Arkaah nyɛ di toondana, ŋun daa ti niŋ tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa zaŋ ti jilimalana Rawlings, People's Heritage Party ni paati shɛŋa din pahi ka kpamba kamani Minister for Education kuro Mr Kwaku Boateng daa gbubi. Lala paatinima ŋɔ zaa daa yina ti bɔ yuuni 1992 piibu piibu ka daa lu yiriŋ.<ref>{{Citation|title=Obote, Dr (Apollo) Milton, (28 Dec. 1924–10 Oct. 2005), President of Uganda and Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1980–85; former Leader, Uganda People's Congress Party|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u28679}}</ref> Bɛ daa lahi labi mali shili pɔi ni yuuni 1996 piibu piibu, amaa gbaa yihi PNC, D. Edward Mahama ni pa nyɛ shɛli toondana, Nkrumaist paati nima maa pam daa kpela ‘Grand Alliance’ ka taba sɔŋ [[New Patriotic Party]] nira ŋun daa yina ti bɔ tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali, John Agyekum Kufour.<ref>{{Citation|work=Party over Section|pages=86–102|publisher=University Press of Kansas|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1x76czw.8|isbn=978-0-7006-2538-3|title=The Work to be Done|year=2017}}</ref> Anashaara goli August biɛɣu pishi ni ayi dali yuuni 2020, Ivor Greenstreet ka bɛ daa piigi toondana ni o zani ti yuuni 2020 piibu piibu. O daa nyɛla vooti kalinli kɔbishii ni pia ni ata ka ban kpalim ka daa kpaɣintiri o mi gba piri din kpalim ti taba. Bright Akwetey daa nyɛla vooti kalinli pihita ata kani ka Divine Ayivor deei vooti pia ni anahi. Ivor Kobina Greenstreet n daa zani ti paati maa yuuni 2016 piibu piibu ni ka di daa niŋ o buyi zani ti paati ŋɔ ni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nyabor|first=Jonas|date=22 August 2020|title=Ivor Greenstreet gets landslide victory to become 2020 CPP flagbearer|work=Citi Newsroom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/ivor-greenstreet-gets-landslide-victory-to-become-2020-cpp-flagbearer/|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> ===Campaign to lift the ban on the CPP=== Din daa niŋ ka bɛ kari CPP dabisa tum silimiin goli February yuuni 1966 ŋmɛ deei CPP gomnanti nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi so nam ni ka daa zaɣisi o siyaasa tali niŋsim kam. Yuuni gbaliŋ ka sooja gmnanti daa be nam ni ka daa zaya ni shee bɛ yihi lala siyaasa tali niŋsim nima ŋɔ. Di nyaaŋa din daa niŋ ka bɛ ti siyaasa niŋsim soya bɛ daa yihi CPP siyaasa tali niŋsim shɛŋa. Lala yɛli ŋɔ nyɛla Ghana judiciary ni daa suhi shɛli zuɣu ni bɛ di yihi li amaa ka daa leei bɛ nya nasara.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bourne|first=Angela K.|title=Ban regimes and banned parties in Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany|date=2018-07-11|work=Democratic Dilemmas|pages=40–53|location=Abingdon, Oxon|publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy|doi=10.4324/9781315708836-3|isbn=978-1-315-70883-6|s2cid=158923121}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ameriks|first=Karl|title=Once Again|date=2019-11-07|work=Kantian Subjects|pages=71–86|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198841852.003.0005|isbn=978-0-19-884185-2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Kraus|first=Jon|editor2-first=Peter H|editor2-last=Merkl|editor1-first=Kay|editor1-last=Lawson|title=EIGHTEEN. Political Party Failures and Political Responses in Ghana|date=1988-12-31|work=When Parties Fail|pages=464–502|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400859498.464|isbn=978-1-4008-5949-8}}</ref> The Convention Party (CP) Yuuni 1998, jintɔri tali mini gomnanti tali piibu-piibu nyɛla din daa niŋ silimiin goli December yuuni 2000, di daa kuli nyɛla alaha ni niri piligi paati ka saha dibu ka din ni. Di yi niŋ ka "C.P.P." bi pahi din ŋuna din miri li ka bɛ yɛn piigi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2000-01-01|title=The Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Mozambique, 3–5 December 1999|journal=Commonwealth Election Reports|doi=10.14217/9781848597174-en|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |isbn=9781848597174|issn=2310-1512}}</ref> Convention Paati ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa labi neei shɛli silimiin goli August biɛɣ'pin'yini dali yuuni 1998 din daa niŋ ka paati maa deei di bahigu shɛhira gbaŋ piibu-piibu tuma duu nima sani. Yɛligu din yina Nkrumaist sani wuhiya ni: "The C.P. nyɛ C.P.P.". Paati shɛŋa din daa pahi nyɛ PHP, NIP, PPDD, NCP n-ti pahi PNC. Paati maa nyɛla din daa labi deei no'lɔɣu shɛhiri n-ti pahi di taachi: FORWARD EVER, BACKWARD NEVER. CPP veteran, Comrade Koko Botsio nyɛla bɛ ni daa piigi so Interim Chairman zaŋ n-ti paati ŋɔ.<ref>{{Citation|title=Party Organisation – Cave Or Caucus?|date=2012|work=The Liberal Unionist Party|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.|doi=10.5040/9780755622931.ch-004|isbn=978-1-84885-917-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Jason|date=2019-12-24|title=The Apollo Conundrum: The Moon Clearly Had a Magma Ocean. Did Earth?|doi=10.1002/essoar.10501480.1|s2cid=214136354}}</ref> CPP nyɛla bɛ ni yihi paati shɛli karibu puuni pɔi ni yuuni 2000 piibu-piibu, tum lala saha ŋɔ CPP nyɛla din daa kpaɣiri yuuni 2000 mini yuuni 2004 piibu-piibu. Dabisa din mali yaa paati maa taarihi puuni Tiŋgbani kam taarihi puuni, di mali la dabisi shɛŋa din wuhiri lala dabisa talahi tali ni nyɛ shɛli. Dabisi kpɛma Ghana taarihi puuni nyɛla din jandi CPP. 12 JUNE 1949 Birth of the CPP 6 March 1957 Independence 1 July 1960 Republic Day 24 February 1966 Re-Dedication Day 12 June 1999 50th birthday of the CPP Party Calendar 24 February Re-Dedication Day 6 March Independence Day 27 April Founder's death 12 June Party's anniversary 1 July Republic Day 21 September Founder's birthday Years of Publication 1945 – Towards Colonial Freedom 1957 – Autobiography To my Mother’ 1961 – I Speak of Freedom ‘Dedicated to Patrice Lumumba, late Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo, and to all those who are engaged in the struggle for the political unification of Africa’. 1963 – Africa Must Unite ‘Dedicated to George Padmore (1900-1959), and to the African that must be ‘. 1964 – Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for Decolonisation 1965 – Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (This book is dedicated to the Freedom Fighters of Africa living and dead). 1966 – Challenge of the Congo: A Case Study of Foreign pressures in an Independence State ‘A Ahmed Sekou Toure Mon Frere de Combat Au Bureau Politique national du Parti Democratique de Guinee, et au Vaillant Peuples de Guinee, Aux Peuples Africains et aux Courageux Militants pour la Cause Secree du progress African dans la Liberte et La Liberte et l’Unite du Continent’. 1966 – Axioms: Freedom Fighters Edition 1967 – Voice from Conakry 1968 -Dark Days in Ghana "To Major General Barwah, Lieutenant S. Arthur and Lieutenant M. Yeboah and all Ghanaians killed and injured resisting the traitors of the 24th February 1966". 1968 – Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare: A Guide to the Armed Phase of the African Revolution ‘To the African guerrilla’. 1968 – Ghana: The Way Out (Pamphlet); The Spectre of Black Power (Pamphlet); The Struggle Continues (Pamphlet) 1969 – Two Myths (Pamphlet); The Big Lie (Pamphlet) 1970 – Revised edition of Consciencism<ref>{{Citation|title=4. THE CONGO CRISIS AND ITS REPERCUSSIONS, July 1960–February 1961|date=1969-12-31|work=Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957-1966|pages=115–161|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400876303-008|isbn=978-1-4008-7630-3}}</ref> Ghana Piibu-piibu din daa niŋ silimiin goli December dabaa ayopɔin dali yuuni 2004, paati maa daa di la jintɔri kuɣisi dibaa ata jintɔri kuɣisi din kalinli yiɣisi kɔbishii ni pihita puuni. Di ŋun daa m-bori gomnanti tali piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni George Aggudey daa nyɛla kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1.0% ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa niŋ lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni. Yuuni 2008 gomnanti tali mini jintɔri tali piibu-piibu ni, paati maa di la jintɔri kuɣu zaɣ'yini zaŋ n-ti Kwame Nkrumah's bia ŋun nyɛ paɣa [[Samia Nkrumah]], Jomoro piibu-piibu yaɣili. Ŋun daa m-bori gomnanti tali, Paa Kwesi Nduom daa nya la kalinli shɛba o ni daa tɛhiri ni o ni nya gari ka di daa zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1.4% ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa niŋ lala piibu-piibu ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Holian|first1=David B.|title=Candidate Character Traits in Presidential Elections|date=2014-10-03|pages=1–21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-76908-0|last2=Prysby|first2=Charles L.|doi=10.4324/9781315769080-1}}</ref> Silimiin goli June yuuni 2018 paati maa nyɛla din daa kpɛ Socialist International.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=2555|title=Socialist International - Progressive Politics For A Fairer World|website=socialistinternational.org|access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref> Silimiin goli December yuuni 2023 National Executive Committee daa niŋ laɣingu ni paati komitii nima din be tiŋgbani maa ni bɔba ni yaɣa ka di daa lihiri daa nyɛla bɛ borimi ni bɛ yihi paati toondan nima pirinla bɛ mali la dihitabili ni diri la liɣiri yiriŋyiriŋ, ka yaa din ni tooi gbubi paati maa n-ti pahi din daa niŋ ka bɛ kuhi paati maa lahabali zaŋ n-ti [[Alan John Kyerematen]]'s Movement for Change pɔi ni yuuni 2024 piibu-piibu. NEC n- daa nyɛ laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni kpa ni bɛ lihiri paati maa hali ka bɛ ti piigi toondan palla zaŋ n-ti paati maa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DGN Online |date=December 12, 2023 |title=CPP dissolves national leadership amidst damning allegations |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1278148/cpp-dissolves-national-leadership-amidst-damning.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> General Secretary, National Treasurer, National Organizer, National Organizer for Women n-ti pahi National Organizer zaŋ n-ti bipola nyɛla ban daa che tuma ka paati maa ʒiba Nana Akosua Frimpomaa Sarpong-Kumankumah daa bi saɣi n-ti lala yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ ka daa zaɣisi ni o ku che tuma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=December 11, 2023 |title=Nana Frimpomaa still Chair and Leader of CPP – Concerned NEC Members |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1279153/nana-frimpomaa-still-chair-and-leader-of-cpp.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> yɛltɔɣa din daa be paati ŋɔ ni nyɛla din daa wuligi ka Elder Council mini National Executive Committee daa saɣiti n-ti Chair Nana Frimpomaa ni zaɣisi ni ku che tuma maa dama di nyɛla din birigi paati maa zalikpana,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donker |first=Isaac |date=December 20, 2023 |title=Forcing our chairperson out of office unconstitutional — CPP Council of Elders |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1281194/forcing-our-chairperson-out-of-office-unconstituti.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> ka paati kpamba ban be Ashanti mini Northern Region daa saɣi n-ti NEC interim toondan tali ka daa yina n-ti yɛli ni bɛ ni darigi ninvuɣ so ŋun be paati ŋɔ ka be bɛ yaɣa ŋɔ tibili di yi niŋ ka so tumdi ni lala toondan kura ŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akonnor |first=Enock |date=January 12, 2024 |title=CPP Executives threaten sanctions against members engaged illegalities with former National Chairperson |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1285100/cpp-executives-threaten-sanction-against-members.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acquah II |first=Osei Kofi |date=January 12, 2024 |title=We recognize decision of NEC, fully support stepping aside of former national executives — CPP Northern Region |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1285102/we-recognize-the-decision-of-nec-and-fully-support.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Paati ŋɔ toondan tali nangban kpeeni maa zaa yoli, paati nyɛla din mali dihitabili ni di pala din yɛn dam paati piibu-piibu shɛli din kanna ŋɔ ni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=December 8, 2023 |title=Resignation of our national officers won't affect 2024 preparations – CPP |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1278696/resignation-of-our-national-officers-wont-affect.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> ==Yuuni 1951 Piibu piibu== CCP zuɣulannima ŋɔ gbaai kpari ŋɔ daa chɛ ka toontali di puuni daa lu ka di saha ŋun daa su gomnanti fukumsi (Govenor) din saha maa daa nyɛ soli n yɛli ni o ni ŋari siyaasa toondali boɣishɛŋa din gbi maa ka zinchili kani. O daa zaŋ o yaa jɛndi la ban daa mali tɛha ni bɛ kpa tiŋgbani zalisi kundi poi kamani dini daa nyɛ shɛm Coussey mini Nanima kpɛma ŋun daa su gomnanti fukumsi repooti ni shɛm ka o niya daa nyɛla o chilim li hali ka paati shɛli din mali yaa ni yɛɛ ka ni tooi tuhi gbarigi CPP paati maa ti yi polo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Thomsen|first=Danielle M.|title=Ideology, Attitude, and Political Ambition|work=Opting Out of Congress|year=2017|pages=65–80|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781316872055.004|isbn=978-1-316-87205-5}}</ref> Lala saha maa puuni, bihi bapiri K.A Gbedemah bɛ ni daa yihi so sarika ni ka di nyɛla bɛ daa kpɛhi o mi October goli ni yuuni 1949, daa nyɛla ŋun kuli che ka paati maa tuma kuli chana ka daa kuli be saawara ni ni Nkrumah ŋun daa be James Fort jariyaari ni ka di nyɛla binnyɛhiri gbana zuɣu ka be soɣiri sabiri lahabaya n yiri chani paati maa duzuɣu ni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Rodgers, George, (7 Nov. 1925–15 Feb. 2000), Library Officer, Labour Party Headquarters, 1988–90, retired|date=2007-12-01|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u181557}}</ref> Nkrumah daa nyɛla ŋun nyari sɔŋsim o yilikperilana ŋun daa nyɛ sarika gula ka tooi soɣiri ʒiri lahabaya chani paati maa tuma duzuɣu ni ka CPP paati tuma kuli tuɣi chana. CPP paati tuntumsa piibupiibu lahabali (manifesto) daa nyɛla bɛ ni sabi shɛli pa binnyɛhiri gbaŋ zuɣu ka soɣi zaŋli tahi n ti ti paati maa tuma duzuɣu. CPP paati piibupiibu lahabali kundinima (manifestos) daa kuli nyɛla yɛltɔɣa ŋmahi ka lee nɛ nini ka mali nintiɣibɔ zanchaŋ piibupiibu niŋdiba sani ka dama CPP paati ni tum tuma di yi niŋ ka bɛ di nasara. Bɛ niya daa kuli lumi n zahim niribi maa ni bori shɛli. Kamani yuuni 1951 piibupiibu maa ni daa nyɛ shɛm, CPP paati daa kuli ŋmɛmi gbaai tingbani maa zaa ni bori shɛm ni achiika.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|title=After CPP Election Win, Promises to Solve Cambodia's Land Grabs Fade Again|journal=Human Rights Documents Online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9983-20180064}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|date=2007-11-15|work=Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy|pages=74–90|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.10|isbn=978-9988-647-81-0|title=Birth of the CPP}}</ref> Yuuni 1950 Municipal piibupiibu din daa niŋ tiŋ kara ni kamani Ankara yaɣili (April goli ni), Cape Coast yaɣili (June goli ni) n-ti pahi Kumahi yaɣili (November goli ni) CPP daa nyɛla din koli vaai di zaa n yaɣi niriba ni daa tɛhiri li shɛm. Kumahi yaɣili, CPP daa dila di kuɣisi maa zaa ka paati shɛli din ka namni daa bori ni yɛli ni CPP zaŋla varisigu n-kpe di ni amaa ka lahabali sabiribi niriba ayi ban daa nyɛ gbanpiɛla ka lihi piibupiibu maa niŋbu daa yɛli ni pa yelimaŋli n-nyɛli.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Asante|first=Lewis|date=2017|title=Regeneration of Urban Market Space in Ghana: A Case of Kotokuraba Market (Cape Coast) and Kumasi Central Market (Kumasi)|journal=24th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference|publisher=European Real Estate Society|doi=10.15396/eres2017_510|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gomnanti fukumsilana daa zaŋ lahabali n-ti Colonial ofiisi ni November goli biɛri ayi ka daa sabi: "I am informed that the reason for the sweeping success of CPP in obtaining all contested seats was due to real organizing capacity and that the debacle of the opposition was due to apathy and not to intimidation"<ref>{{Citation|last1=Gerner|first1=Mathias|title=Accounting for Real Options in the Due Diligence Process|date=2017-11-22|work=Value in Due Diligence|pages=29–43|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-14344-8|last2=Hommel|first2=Ulrich|doi=10.4324/9781351143448-3}}</ref> Gbanpiɛla sulinsi gomnanti fukumsilana (colonial government) daa pa dihiri mi n tabindi ka dama ŋun nya la CPP nasara ŋɔ ka di nyɛla ninneesim pam ka bɛ daa wuhi din nye piibupiibu dini amaa pa ni kinkansi. Di ni daa niŋ ka shili bi zaŋ chaŋ zaligu-zaaniba piibupiibu la, CPP daa niŋ niŋsim shɛli Gbanpiɛla sulinsi gomnanti fukumsilana Arden Clarke ni daa ti boli shɛli "decisive stroke" n daa zaŋ Kwame Nkrumah, ŋun daa na be James Fort jariyaari ni la zali ni o bo Ankara sunsuuni kuɣu la ti ni pa mi shɛli Odododiodoo yaɣili la. Kun pun luhiri ni pori o ba la zuɣu CPP daa lahi di nasara din ka zaŋ buɣisi February goli ni 1951 Gold Coast legislative election. Yuuni 1951 piibupiibu taachi daa kuli jahi mi n-lee bachi dibaa ata: Maŋ-Sulinsi Pumpɔŋɔ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=J.B.C.|date=1953|title=Standing Orders of the Legislative Assembly of the Gold Coast (Amended up to October, 1952). (Accra, Gold Coast: Government Printing Dept.1952. Pp. 23.)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_1953-09_47_3/page/904|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=47|issue=3|pages=904|doi=10.1017/s000305540030123x|issn=0003-0554}}</ref> Paati maa daa di fondi maa ni kuɣisi maa zaa ʒii bu pia zuɣu n gari ban daa kpaɣiri Nkrumah maa zaa yi daa laɣim taba. Nkrumah daa nyɛla kalinli tuhipishi ni ayi ni kobisiyopɔin ni pihinii (22,780) kalinli tuhi pishi ni ata ni kobigi ni pishi ni ayi (23,122) puuni Ankara sunsuuni kuɣu maa piibupiibu maa ni.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{Citation|title=Basic Laws of Party Seats and Votes – and Application to Deviation from Proportionality|work=Votes from Seats|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108261128.010|isbn=978-1-108-26112-8}}</ref> Tiŋkpansi kuɣusi din daa yiɣisi pihita ni ata maa mi puuni CPP daa di la kuɣusi pihita ayi ka ka UGCC mi nya kuɣusi ata ko. Piibupiibu yaɣishɛli din daa nye niribi a yi gbubbu, Akim Abuakwa yaɣili Dr. J. B. Danquah mini William Ofori Atta daa moniya n nya kuɣusi din galisi din nyɛ pia ka ŋuni mi nya anahi bɛ tiŋ doɣira puuni kuɣusi. Dr K. A. Busia ŋun daa luya.<ref>{{Citation|title=Winners Plus One: How We Get Votes from Seats|work=Votes from Seats|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108261128.009|isbn=978-1-108-26112-8}}</ref> Saha biɛla piibupiibu maa nyaaŋa, CPP daa ŋma gbaŋ nti gomnanti fukumsilana n bo soli ni bɛ gbaai saawara ka bɛ yihi Kwame Nkrumah jariyaari ni na. O daa bɛ bori ni di ti ŋmanila bɛ mirisi o mi ka o yihi o ka daa naɣisi Kwame Nkrumah yihibu maa hali ka bi ti naai Territorial Council piibupiibu di bakoi maa bahigu nyaaŋa atanidali kurugu yini ka o daa yihi o ka di ŋmanila o zo o la namboɣu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sayeed|first1=Khalid Bin|last2=Nkrumah|first2=Kwame|date=1959|title=The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal_autumn-1959_14_4/page/324|journal=International Journal|volume=14|issue=4|pages=324|doi=10.2307/40198684|jstor=40198684|issn=0020-7020}}</ref> 1979–1981: Back in Government Zaa yoli di ni daa niŋ ka General Akuffo  sooje Gomdanti gun  daa be nam ni yuma 1970s daa pa ti chihi mi shiɛli din daa piri paati nim ka bɛ ka bɛ yubu la, CPP paati ŋɔ din daa na be la bandini  lala saha hali ka paati maa yuli ni di tuuta ti pahi di binshiɛɣu kam daa ku tooi lan yina sambanni yaha. CPP paati ŋɔ nim daa zala bɛ maŋ ti pahi People's National Party (P.N.P.) zuɣu sahashiɛli  Alhaji Imoru Egala ni daa nyɛ (P.N.P.) paati ŋɔ toon dana ni di daantaliga. O daa kuli ka suhidoo chaŋ yuuni 1979 piibu piibu shiɛli din daa kan na , di ni daa ti  niŋ ka o lihi tu National Liberation Council (N.L.C) din daa di n yihi CPP nam ni yuuni 1966 la.<ref group="(50)(51)(53)">Abieku Santana </ref> A yi lihi PNP polo maa, Dr . Hilla Limann ka bɛ daa pii ni o gari zani tooni n zaŋ NPN paati maa n di nasara ka Egala ŋun daa kuli mondimi ni o mali yuli bee n yihi o buŋnaba  naba chini. P.N.P. paati ŋɔ daa nyɛ nasara yuuni  1979 piibu piibu maa ni, lala zuɣu, Dr. Hilla Limann leegi o tuuli Tingban zuɣu lana Ghana tingban ni. Tɔ naawuni ni daa bi yu Dr. Hilla Liman sham n nyɛ, Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings, n daa ŋme m paagi o silimgoli December 31st , 1981 yuuni. Rawlings n daa nyɛ tuuli sooje ŋun daa be Provisional National Defence Council (P.N.D.C.) laɣingu puuni ni tuuli Gomdanti (fourth republic ) puuni ŋun daa nyɛ ( National Democratic Party ) (N.D.C.) paati nyabili bee dantaliga saha shiɛli o n daa na be Sooje Gomdanti puuni.[208] ==National Executives== Convention People's Party laɣindila yuma anahi kam m-piiri bɛ kpamba ban yɛn be tooni. Bɛ ni yoli niŋ piibu piibu shɛli daa niŋla Eastern region Anashaara goli August biɛɣu pishi ni ay dali yuuni 2020 ni bɛ piigi paati toondana mini kpamba ban yɛn gbubi paati maa.<ref name=":0" /> Yuya din doli ŋɔ na nyɛla bɛ ni daa yoli piigi shɛba: {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! National Position ! Officer/s |- |'''Chair''' |Nana Akosua Frimpomaa Sarpong–Kumankumah <small>(Disputed)</small> |- |rowspan=3|'''Vice Chair''' |Onsy Kwame Nkrumah <small>(First)</small> |- |Emmanuel Ogborjor <small>(Second)</small> |- |J.B. Daniels <small>(Third)</small> |- |'''General Secretary''' |Nana Yaa Akyimpim Jantuah <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |- |'''Treasurer''' |Emmanuel Opare Oduro <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |- |'''National Organizer''' |Moses Ambing Yirimbo <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |- |'''National Organizer for Women''' |Hajia Aisha Sulley <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |- |'''National Organizer for Youth''' |Osei Kofi Aquah <small>(Resigned 2023)</small> |} == Piibu piibu taarihi == ===Tiŋgbani zuɣulaannima piibu piibu=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Election ! Party candidate !Running mate ! Votes ! % !Result |- | align="center" | [[1960 Ghanaian presidential election|1960]] | rowspan="2" align="center" | [[Kwame Nkrumah]] | | align="center" | 1,016,076 | align="center" | 89.07% |'''Elected''' {{Y}} |- | align="center" |[[1964 Ghanaian constitutional referendum|1964]] {{small|(referendum)}} | | align="center" |2,773,920 | align="center" |99.91% |'''Elected''' {{Y}} |- | align="center" |[[2000 Ghanaian general election|2000]] | align="center" |[[George Hagan (politician)|George Hagan]] |Alhaji Ibrahim Mahama | align="center" |115,641 | align="center" |1.78% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2004 Ghanaian general election|2004]] | align="center" |[[George Aggudey]] |Bright Kwame Ameyaw | align="center" |85,968 | align="center" |1.00% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2008 Ghanaian general election|2008]] | align="center" |[[Paa Kwesi Nduom]] | | align="center" |113,494 | align="center" |1.34% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2012 Ghanaian general election|2012]] | align="center" | [[Michael Abu Sakara Foster]] |Nana Akosua Frimpomaa | align="center" | 20,323 | align="center" | 0.18% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2016 Ghanaian general election|2016]] | rowspan="2" align="center" | [[Ivor Greenstreet]] |[[Gabby Nsiah Nketiah]] | align="center" | 25,552 | align="center" | 0.24% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |- | align="center" |[[2020 Ghanaian general election|2020]] |Emmanuel Bobobe | align="center" | 12,200 | align="center" | 0.09% |'''Lost''' {{N}} |} === Parliamentary elections === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Election ! colspan="2" |Votes ! % !Seats !+/– !Position !'''Result''' |- | rowspan="2" |[[1951 Gold Coast legislative election|1951]] |Urban areas |58,585 |91.31% | rowspan="2" |{{Composition bar|34|38|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} | rowspan="2" |{{increase}} 34 | rowspan="2" |{{increase}} 1st | rowspan="2" {{yes2|Supermajority government}} |- |Rural areas |1,950 |71.88% |- |[[1954 Gold Coast legislative election|1954]] | colspan="2" |391,817 |55.44% |{{Composition bar|72|104|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{increase}} 38 |{{steady}} 1st |{{yes2|Supermajority government}} |- |[[1956 Gold Coast legislative election|1956]] | colspan="2" |398,141 |57.10% |{{Composition bar|71|104|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}} 1 |{{steady}} 1st |{{yes2|Supermajority government}} |- |[[1965 Ghanaian parliamentary election|1965]] | colspan="2" | | |{{Composition bar|198 |198 |hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{increase}} 121 |{{steady}} 1st |{{yes2|Sole legal party}} |- ! colspan="8" |Banned 1966 refounded 29 January 1996. |- |[[2000 Ghanaian parliamentary election|2000]] | colspan="2" |285,643 |4.37% |{{Composition bar|1|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}} 5 |{{steady}} 3rd |{{no2|Opposition}} |- |[[2004 Ghanaian parliamentary election|2004]] | colspan="2" |247,753 |2.88% |{{Composition bar|3|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{increase}} 2 |{{steady}} 3rd |{{no2|Opposition}} |- |[[2008 Ghanaian parliamentary election|2008]] | colspan="2" |252,266 |2.95% |{{Composition bar|1|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}} 2 |{{steady}} 3rd |{{no2|Opposition}} |- |[[2012 Ghanaian general election|2012]] | colspan="2" |81,009 |0.73% |{{Composition bar|1|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{steady}} |{{steady}} 3rd |{{no2|Opposition}} |- |[[2016 Ghanaian general election|2016]] | colspan="2" |69,346 |0.64% |{{Composition bar|0|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}} 1 |{{decrease}} 4th |{{eliminated|Extra-parliamentary}} |- |[[2020 Ghanaian general election|2020]] | colspan="2" |11,105 |0.08% |{{Composition bar|0|200|hex={{party color|Convention People's Party}}}} |{{steady}} |{{decrease}} 6th |{{eliminated|Extra-parliamentary}} |} == Kundivihira == <references /> [[Pubu:Ghana]] [[Pubu:Paati]] [[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]] <references group="1968 – Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare: A Guide to the Armed Phase of the African Revolution ‘To the African guerrilla’." /> <references group="1968 – Ghana: The Way Out (Pamphlet); The Spectre of Black Power (Pamphlet); The Struggle" /> t1xpra4373ssopm85rx6byotgcnnzex 0 32827 147251 146196 2026-09-19T06:16:17Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260919sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 147251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Syphilis |synonym = |image =Treponema pallidum.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum'' |pronounce = |specialty =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] |symptoms =Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]<ref name=Goldman2020/> |onset = |duration = |causes =''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex<ref name=Ferri2022/> |risks = |diagnosis =[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid<ref name=CDC2015Fact/><ref name=Kent08/> |differential =Many other diseases<ref name=CDC2015Fact/> |prevention =[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]<ref name=CDC2015Fact/> |treatment =[[Antibiotic]]s<ref name=CDC2015Tx/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/><!-- incidence table --> |deaths =107,000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Death/> }} '''Syphilis''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli din yirina doo mini paɣa laɣimbu shee ka nye bacterium Treponema pallidum binnɛma ni tahiri shɛli na <ref name="Goldman2020">{{Cite book|last=Ghanem|first=Khalil G.|last2=Hook|first2=Edward W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=[[Goldman-Cecil Medicine]]|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1983–1989|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1983|language=en|chapter=303. Syphilis|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075942/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1983|url-status=live}}</ref>Din tooi niŋ ka di ka nahingbana <ref name="WHO21May2024">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en|date=21 May 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817212041/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|url-status=live}}</ref>Ka di pa lala, di waligimi n-dɔli saha pubu pubu anahi shɛlini di ni be ( ka ŋa n nye primary, secondary, latent, n-ti pahitertiary).<ref name="Ferri2022" /> Tuuli saha maa din nye ''primary'' steeji maa nyɛla din nahingbaŋ mali ''chancre'' yini (din nye din yum shɛli din kpɛma , ka bɛ bɛra , ka lahi bɛ zahisira ningbuŋ ka ŋa barilim tooi m be 1&nbsp;cm mini 2&nbsp;cm sunsuuni) amaa yuma maa ni tooi n nye din nye zaɣi bɔbigu.<ref name="CDC2015Fact">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003059/http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Ayi kana n ti liƔi secondary syphilis doro ŋɔ mii, bin tɔra n yɛn n tɔ n-gili, ka ŋa tooi tɔri nu' tala puuni mini napɔn vari sunsuuni mini <ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Din tooi niŋ ka yuma be bari maa nɔlini bee o tooni <ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Ayi liɣi In latent syphilis mii gba, din ni tooi yuui m-paai yuma, di nyƐla din nahingbana bɛ yaɣi lala bee ka di ku ka nahingbaŋ gba <ref name="CDC2015Fact" />Ayi kana n ti liƔi tertiary syphilis gba, di malila gummas ( din nye lɔɣu shɛŋa din bala ka bɛ zɔri n-gindi ningbuŋ ni) ka lahi mali neuroloji yɛlimuɣisira bee suhini yɛlimuɣisira nahingbana.<ref name="Kent08">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kent ME, Romanelli F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|date=February 2008|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226}}</ref> Salo pam tooi mi Syphilis ka di nyɛla dɔr' shɛli "din tooi niɣindi n-ŋmani dɔriti pam " dɔmini din tooi zaŋ nahingbana na din ŋmani dɔri shɛŋa din gba kuli be biɛhigu ni .<ref name="Ferri2022">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-75571-9|pages=1452=1454|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452|language=en|chapter=Syphilis|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145038/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Syphilis tooi zooya ka di loori salo n dɔli doo mini paɣa laɣimbu sɔya <ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Di nyɛla din ni yina ma sani n looi bia puli kpuɣibu ni bee dɔɣim shee, ka ŋa mii n nye bɛ ni bɔli shɛli congenital syphilis la.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /><ref name="Wood09">{{Cite journal|last=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.|volume=28|issue=6|pages=536–7|date=June 2009|pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69|url=}}</ref> ''Treponema'' bacteria binnɛma ŋo ni tooi lahi tahiri dɔri shɛŋa na n nye yaws (ka ŋa zuliya din tahiri li na n nye ''pertenue''), pinta (ka ŋa zuliya din tahiri li na n nye''carateum''), n-ti lahi pahi nonvenereal endemic syphilis (ka ŋa zuliya din tahiri li na n nye ''endemicum'').<ref name="Kent08" /> Dɔriti ata ŋɔ nyɛla din bɛ loori salo n dɔli doo mini paɣa laɣimbu sɔya .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pinta|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|website=NORD|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031132/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|url-status=live}}</ref> Doro ŋɔ vihi m-baŋ tooi dɔlila bari maa ʒim vihibu; bacteria binnɛma maa gba lahi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi vihi n-nyacan bɛ yi zaŋ '''dark field''' maikroskopi n-liɣi ŋa.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Fukumsi nima ban su vihigu n kpa dɔriti tuhibu ni di gubu yɛliya ni di tu ni paɣ' puulana kam vihi o maŋa zaŋ kpa syphilis doro ŋɔ maa.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Syphilis din yirina doo mini paɣa laɣimbu sɔya ni ni tooi baligi di yi niŋ ka salo piri doo bee paɣa tooni suriti bɛ ni zaŋ latex bee polyurethane m-mali shɛli.<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> Syphilis doro ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zaŋ antibiotics n-tibi viɛnyɛla. <ref name="CDC2015Tx">{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=June 4, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221200405/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> Antibiotic ti'shɛli bɛ ni lahi tooi mali n tibiri ŋa pam n nye benzathine benzylpenicillin ka bɛ chibiri ŋa n -niŋdi ningbuna ni <ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Bari shɛba ban mii mali yɛlimuɣisira zaŋ jandi penicillin tim polo ,mii ni tooi zaŋ [[doxycycline]] bee [[tetracycline]] n-tibi doro ŋɔ <ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Ban mii mali neurosyphilis, benzylpenicillin tim din chibiri n-niŋdi ʒi' sɔya ni bee ceftriaxone tim n nye din ni tooi tibi ŋa.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Doro ŋɔ tibibu saha bari maa ni tooi mali ningbuŋ biili, zuɣu yaali, kɔba ni biɛrim n ti pahi nahingbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni bɔli Jarisch–Herxheimer.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Yuuni 2022 puli ni, Syphilis doro ŋɔ daa gbaala salo ban kalinli yiɣisi miliyɔn anii ban yuma lu yuun pia ni anu mini yuun pihinu yini kani anduniya yaaŋga zuɣu.<ref name="Ghanem2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA|title=The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=382|issue=9|pages=845–54|date=February 2020|pmid=32101666|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1901593}}</ref> Yuuni 2015 puli ni kamani salo ban kalinli yiɣisi miliyɔn pihinahi ni anu ni tuɣi kɔbsi anahi n daa nye syphilis ŋɔ ni gbaai shɛba,<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> ka ŋa puuni kalinli din daa yiɣisi miliyɔn ayɔbu daa nyɛla gbaari pala. <ref name="New2015">{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=L|last2=Rowley|first2=J|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=S|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=NS|last5=Unemo|first5=M|last6=Low|first6=N|last7=Stevens|first7=G|last8=Gottlieb|first8=S|last9=Kiarie|first9=J|last10=Temmerman|first10=M|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|pmid=26646541|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}</ref> Yuuni 2015 puli ni yaha, doro ŋɔ daa nyɛla din tahi kum na din kalinli yiɣisi tuhi kɔbga ni ayɔbu, din gba na pɔri ni kalinli din daa nye tuhi kɔbsi ayi ni ayi 1990 yuuni puli ni.<ref name="GBD2015Death">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref name="Loz2012">{{Cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|url-status=live}}</ref> Din daa niŋ ka di kum baligi pam piriŋ la penicillin tilaa daa yi polo la zuɣu yuuni 1940 saha puuni, doro ŋɔ salo gbaabu gba nyɛla din kuli pahira ʒemana saha ni kpe tiŋgbana pam puuni, ka di tooi zooi ka di mini HIV doro lahindi bar' yino ni.<ref name="Kent08" /><ref name="Music08">{{Cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|url=https://archive.org/details/european-journal-clinical-microbiology_2008-12_27_12/page/1151|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases]]|date=December 2008|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}</ref> Din bɔŋɔ daliri chani n ti dɔli din niŋ ka salo pa laɣindi ninvuhi bɔbiga bee jahimilitali gɔbu bee din pa niŋ ka salo bɛ lahi zooi ka bɛ piriti tooni binsuriti la pɔi ni taba laɣimbu n ti lahi pahi salo ni kuli bɛ guri bɛ maŋa shɛm saha shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔri taba.<ref name="Coffin2010">{{Cite journal|last=Coffin|first=L. S.|last2=Newberry|first2=A.|last3=Hagan|first3=H.|last4=Cleland|first4=C. M.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=D. C.|last6=Perlman|first6=D. C.|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|date=January 2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}</ref><ref name="Gao2009">{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|last2=Zhang, L|last3=Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|url=https://archive.org/details/sexually-transmitted-infections_2009-09_85_5/page/354|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=September 2009|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}</ref><ref name="Karp2009">{{Cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|last2=Schlaeffer, F|last3=Jotkowitz, A|last4=Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=January 2009|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] ig9u029q760cqkhudy1sd9j546inysj 0 33738 147250 147050 2026-09-19T06:02:44Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260919sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 147250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Quetiapine''', tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni kɔhiri shɛli tima kɔhibu yuli booni '''Seroquel''', di nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri yiniyahili bee zuɣupuri dambu.<ref name="Cochrane2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, Kissling W, Leucht S|title=Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=12|pages=CD008121|date=December 2010|pmid=21154393|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2}}</ref> Niriba pam gba nyɛla ban yuusiri ka di sɔŋdiba ka bɛ gbihira amaa di nin'biɛri ni lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali barina gari di anfaninima. Di nyɛla ti'shɛli din vanna .<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Niri yi vali tim ŋɔ di ni tooi niŋdi o shɛm nyɛ gbihibu, pufahili, timsim niŋbu n ti pahi nangbani kuubu. Di ni tooi lahi niŋdi ninvuɣ so ŋun vali tim ŋɔ shɛm nyɛ ʒim bela bela zɔbu, ʒɛhibu, dabilim pahibu bee yoli yiɣisi yuugi ni din kam pahi.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Ninkura ban din ka ʒim pam yi vali tim ŋɔ nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka bɛ kɔŋ bɛ nyɛvuya.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Paɣapuulana ŋun vali tim ŋɔ puli maa chira ata ni nyɛla din yɛn dam bia maa chandi saha o yi ti dɔɣi nyaaŋa.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Quetiapine nyɛla din tumdi n tooi kpariti ʒɛsoya n ti pahi "serotonin" mini "dopamine".<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Quetiapine nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali ti'shɛli yuuni 1985 amaa ka alaafee tumanima daa saɣi n ti di zaŋ tum tuma United States yuuni 1997.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel M, Müller N, Strassnig M, Spellmann I, Severus E, Möller HJ|title=Quetiapine in the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=3|issue=2|pages=219–35|date=April 2007|pmid=19300555|pmc=2654633|doi=10.2147/nedt.2007.3.2.219}}</ref> Lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla din be World Health Organization's tima din mali anfaanima yuya puuni.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="BNF74" /> United States tiŋgbani ni, niri ni tooi da tim ŋɔ zaɣ'bɔbugu kamani liɣiri din yiɣisi {{USD}}12 yuuni 2017. United Kingdom, goli puuni alaafee tuma duri nyɛla ban tooi yuusiri lala tim ŋɔ ni liɣiri din yiɣisi kamani £60 bin din gbaai 2017.<ref name="BNF74">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join/page/383 383]|edition=74}}</ref> Yuuni 2017, di nyɛla din daa pahi pisopɔin ni ayobu ti'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa sabi n ti niriba ni bɛ da puuni. ==Pharmacology== ===Pharmacodynamics=== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:small;" |+ Quetiapine (mini di ni tumdi shɛm )<ref name="PDSP">{{cite web | title = PDSP K_i Database | website = Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) | author1 = Roth, BL | author2 = Driscol, J | publisher = University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health | access-date = 14 August 2017 | url = https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=quetiapine&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query | archive-date = 27 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210427181428/https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=quetiapine&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427181428/https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=quetiapine&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query |date=27 April 2021 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- ! Site !! {{abbr|QTP|Quetiapine}} !! {{abbr|NQTP|Norquetiapine}} !! Action !! Ref |- | {{abbrlink|SERT|Serotonin transporter}} || >10,000 || 927 || Blocker || <ref name="pmid18059438">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jensen NH, Rodriguiz RM, Caron MG, Wetsel WC, Rothman RB, Roth BL | title = N-desalkylquetiapine, a potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and partial 5-HT1A agonist, as a putative mediator of quetiapine's antidepressant activity | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 33 | issue = 10 | pages = 2303–12 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18059438 | doi = 10.1038/sj.npp.1301646 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |- | {{abbrlink|NET|Norepinephrine transporter}} || >10,000 || 58 || Blocker || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | {{abbrlink|DAT|Dopamine transporter}} || >10,000 || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT_1A]] || 320–432 || 45 || Partial agonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, De Loore K, Leysen JE | display-authors = 6 | title = Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_1996-03_124_1-2/page/57 | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 124 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 57–73 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 8935801 | doi = 10.1007/bf02245606 }}</ref> |- | [[5-HT1B receptor|5-HT_1B]] || 1,109–2,050 || 1,117 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[5-HT1D receptor|5-HT_1D]] || >10,000 || 249 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[5-HT1E receptor|5-HT_1E]] || 1,250–2,402 || 97 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[5-HT1F receptor|5-HT_1F]] || 2,240 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT_2A]] || 96–101 || 48 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[5-HT2B receptor|5-HT_2B]] || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || 14 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT_2C]] || 2,502 || 107 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[5-HT3 receptor|5-HT₃]] || >10,000 || 394 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[5-HT4 receptor|5-HT₄]] || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} |- | [[5-HT5A receptor|5-HT_5A]] || 3,120 || 768 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[5-HT6 receptor|5-HT₆]] || 1,865 || 503 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[5-HT7 receptor|5-HT₇]] || 307 || 76 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor|α_1A]] || 22 || 144 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor|α_1B]] || 39 || 95 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor|α_2A]] || 2,230–3,630 || 237 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor|α_2B]] || 90–747 || 378 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor|α_2C]] || 28.7–350 || 736 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Beta-1 adrenergic receptor|β₁]] || >10,000 || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Beta-2 adrenergic receptor|β₂]] || >10,000 || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Dopamine D1 receptor|D₁]] || 712 || 214 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Dopamine D2 receptor|D₂]] || 245 || 196 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Dopamine D2 receptor|D_2L]] || 700 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Dopamine D2 receptor|D_2S]] || 390 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Dopamine D3 receptor|D₃]] || 340–483 || 567 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Dopamine D4 receptor|D₄]] || 1,202 || 1,297 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Dopamine D4 receptor|D_4.2]] || 1,600 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Dopamine D5 receptor|D₅]] || 1,738 || 1,419 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Histamine H1 receptor|H₁]] || 2.2–11 || 3.5 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Histamine H2 receptor|H₂]] || >10,000 || 298 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Histamine H3 receptor|H₃]] || >10,000 || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Histamine H4 receptor|H₄]] || >10,000 || 1,660 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1|M₁]] || 858 || 39 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2|M₂]] || 1,339 || 453 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3|M₃]] || >10,000 || 23 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4|M₄]] || 542 || 110 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5|M₅]] || 1,942 || 23 || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[Sigma-1 receptor|σ₁]] || 220–3,651 || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | [[Sigma-2 receptor|σ₂]] || 1,344 || 1,050 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | [[NMDA receptor|{{abbr|NMDA|N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor}}<br />({{abbr|PCP|Phencyclidine site}})]] || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || Antagonist || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- | {{abbrlink|VDCC|Voltage-dependent calcium channel}} || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |- | {{abbrlink|hERG|Human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || >10,000<br />({{abbrlink|IC₅₀|Half-maximal inhibitory concentration}}) || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="pmid18059438" /> |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="5" style="width: 1px;" | Values are K_i (nM), unless otherwise noted. The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. All data are for human cloned proteins, except σ₁ (guinea pig), σ₂ (rat), and {{abbr|VDCC|Voltage-dependent calcium channel}} (rat).<ref name="pmid18059438" /><ref name="pmid8935801" /> |} Quetiapine nyɛla din tumdi kamani lahabali shɛli din be teebuli shɛli din be zuɣusaa maa :<ref name=Seroquel>{{Cite journal |author=AstraZeneca |id=276521 |title=Seroquel (quietapine fumarate) tablets |url=http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/Seroquel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414031803/http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/Seroquel.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-14 |df= |author-link=AstraZeneca }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414031803/http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/Seroquel.pdf |date=2008-04-14 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11132243">{{cite journal | vauthors = Richelson E, Souder T | title = Binding of antipsychotic drugs to human brain receptors focus on newer generation compounds | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_life-sciences_2000-11-24_68_1/page/29 | journal = Life Sciences | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–39 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11132243 | doi = 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00911-5 }}</ref><ref name="urlNeuropsychopharmacology: the fifth ... - Google Books">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=BKwkonZwZD0C&pg=PA778#v=onepage&q= | title = Neuropsychopharmacology: the fifth ... - Google Books | access-date = | isbn = 978-0-7817-2837-9 | author1 = Davis, Kenneth L | author2 = Neuropsychopharmacology, American College of | year = 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/seroquel.html |title=Seroquel Official FDA information, side effects and uses |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=2012-07-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604005526/http://www.drugs.com/pro/seroquel.html |archive-date=2012-06-04 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604005526/http://www.drugs.com/pro/seroquel.html |date=2012-06-04 }}</ref><ref name="dailymed PI">{{cite web |url=http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=41375#section-15.2 |title=SEROQUEL (quetiapine fumarate) tablet, extended release |author=AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP |date=March 2011 |website=DailyMed |publisher=National Library of Medicine |at=Section 12.2: Pharmacodynamics |access-date=2011-04-26 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829022949/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm#section-15.2 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829022949/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm#section-15.2 |date=2021-08-29 }}</ref><ref>National Institute of Mental Health. PDSD Ki Database (Internet) [cited 2013 Sep 18]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina. 1998-2013. Available from: {{cite web |url=http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=July 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |archive-date=November 8, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |date=November 8, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jensen NH, Rodriguiz RM, Caron MG, Wetsel WC, Rothman RB, Roth BL | title = N-desalkylquetiapine, a potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and partial 5-HT1A agonist, as a putative mediator of quetiapine's antidepressant activity | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 33 | issue = 10 | pages = 2303–12 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18059438 | doi = 10.1038/sj.npp.1301646 | df = | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = López-Muñoz F, Alamo C | title = Active metabolites as antidepressant drugs: the role of norquetiapine in the mechanism of action of quetiapine in the treatment of mood disorders | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 4 | pages = 102 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24062697 | pmc = 3770982 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00102 }}</ref> == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{drug resources <!--External links--> | NLM = {{PAGENAME}} <!--Identifiers--> | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 8707 | ATC_prefix = N05 | DrugBank = DB01224 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | ChemSpiderID = 4827 | IUPHAR_ligand = 50 | ChEMBL = 716 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ATC_suffix = AH04 | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | PubChem = 5002 | KEGG = D08456 | CAS_number = 111974-69-7 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | UNII = BGL0JSY5SI }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130227225515/http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/auspar/auspar-seroquel.pdf Australian Public Assessment Report for Quetiapine (as fumarate)] {{RTT}} [[Category:Alpha blockers]] [[Category:Antidepressants]] [[Category:Atypical antipsychotics]] [[Category:AstraZeneca brands]] [[Category:Dibenzothiazepines]] [[Category:Ethers]] [[Category:H1 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Hypnotics]] [[Category:Mood stabilizers]] [[Category:Piperazines]] [[Category:Primary alcohols]] [[Category:Sedatives]] [[Category:RTT]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[azb:کیتیپین]] [[id:Quetiapine]] [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] dxmwr3dsoctn60fa7s0ndvg7kygdt8t 0 33747 147254 147183 2026-09-19T07:28:46Z InternetArchiveBot 118 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260919sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 147254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Propranolol''', nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi kɔhira ni tima kɔhibu yuli booni '''Inderal''', di nyɛla tim din be ti'shɛŋa din boori suhi tɔbu ni.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web | title = Propranolol hydrochloride | work = Monograph | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/propranolol-hydrochloride.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | access-date = 1 January 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150101152631/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/propranolol-hydrochloride.html | archive-date = 1 January 2015 | df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101152631/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/propranolol-hydrochloride.html |date=1 January 2015 }}</ref> Di nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri ʒɛduli mini dɔro kam din jandi suhi.<ref name=AHFS2015 /><ref name="Dav2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Davidson JR|title=Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder: what does the evidence tell us?|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=67 Suppl 12|pages=20–6|date=2006|pmid=17092192|doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.002}}</ref> DI nyɛla din guri ka taɣiri [[Zuɣu yaali taliga|zuɣu yaali taligu]] n-ti pahi dɔro kam din tabi suhi bee suhini yɛligola. Di nyɛla ti'shɛli niri ni tooi vali bee ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi zaŋ shɛriga chibi .<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Di bali shɛli din vaani Ŋɔ nyɛla zaɣ'muliŋga.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Propranolol nyɛla din kpɛri ʒim ni miinti pihita nyaaŋa niri yi vali tim ŋɔ naai ka nyɛ din yɛn lɛbigiri gindi niŋgbana maa ni kamani minti pihiyobu zaŋ chaŋ minti pihiwɔi.<ref name=AHFS2015 /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bryson|first=Peter D.|title=Comprehensive review in toxicology for emergency clinicians|date=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9781560326120|page=167|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7009NkJv70C&pg=PA167|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324020627/https://books.google.com/books?id=f7009NkJv70C&pg=PA167|archive-date=24 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alaama shɛŋa din tooi mali nyɛ tiri kpuɣibu, saɣingu ni biɛrim n ti pahi pufahili. Ninvuɣ shɛba ban suhiri pun tɔri bela bela bɛ tu ni bɛ vali tim ŋɔ n ti pahi ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali suhisaɣiŋgu.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Di yi niŋ ka niri vaani tim ŋɔ ka di kuli chɛli yim ka di pa la di chɛbu saha paai nyɛla di ni too kpaŋsi dɔro maa alaamanima.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Dɔro ŋɔ alaama shɛli di ni tooi kpaŋsiri pam di yi ti niŋ ka niri chɛli valibu yim nyɛ nyɔmuɣili.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali sapuɣu dɔro bee yaannini dɔro to ni bɛ zaɣa pam tim ŋɔ valibu ni.<ref name=AHFS2015 /> Propranolol tim ŋɔ nyɛla di ni tooi tum bilɛɣu barina di yi niŋ ka paɣapuulana vali li. Tim ŋɔ valibu saha shɛli maa yi ti mɔɣasiri bia bihim nyɛla din mali anfaani amaa di to ni bɛ zaɣa ni bilɛɣu maa nyɛ nya bɛ ni nya alaama shɛŋa o ni. Di pa ti'shɛli bɛ ni mali ka di yihi tibiri dɔrati din tabi suhi zaɣ'yini kɔŋko amaa lala dɔroti maa zaa di nyɛla din tibiri li ka nyɛ din guri ka taɣiri "β-adrenergic receptors".<ref name=AHFS2015 /> ==Tim yuusibu == Propranolol nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri dɔrati pam kamani: ===Cardiovascular=== * [[Hypertension]] * [[Angina|Angina pectoris]] (gba yihi [[Prinzmetal's angina|variant angina]]) * [[Myocardial infarction]] * [[Tachycardia]] * [[Portal hypertension]], * [[Anxiety]] * [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ===Psychiatric=== Propranolol nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni yuusiri saha shɛŋa tibiri wumsim,<ref name=Dav2006/> amaa shɛhira nyɛla din kani wuhiri lala tim ŋɔ zaŋ tibi wumsim dɔrati.<ref name="Steenenvan Wijk2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, van der Heijden GJ, van Westrhenen R, de Lange J, de Jongh A | title = Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 128–39 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26487439 | pmc = 4724794 | doi = 10.1177/0269881115612236 }}</ref> Tim ŋɔ valibu bee chibu anfaaninima nyɛla din chaŋ n ti jandi tim yuli booni benzodiazepines ka nyɛ din tibiri biɛrim.<ref name="Steenenvan Wijk2015"/> Vihigu pam gba nyɛla din niŋ zaŋ chaŋ tim ŋɔ zaŋ tibi yinyihili polo:<ref name="pmid17200914">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kornischka J, Cordes J, Agelink MW | title = [40 years beta-adrenoceptor blockers in psychiatry] | language = German | journal = Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 199–210 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17200914 | doi = 10.1055/s-2006-944295 }}</ref> * [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) mini "Phobias" gahim * Barinima ban mali nya zuɣuni daŋsi ka bɛ suhi yiɣisi yomyom<ref name="pmid7903928">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thibaut F, Colonna L | title = [Anti-aggressive effect of beta-blockers] | language = French | journal = L'Encephale | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–7 | year = 1993 | pmid = 7903928 }}</ref> * Di nyɛla din lahi tibiri ninvuɣ shɛba ban nyu binnyura yaɣiya ka di dam bɛ haŋkaya <ref name="pmid7737786">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vieweg V, Pandurangi A, Levenson J, Silverman J | title = The consulting psychiatrist and the polydipsia-hyponatremia syndrome in schizophrenia | journal = International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 275–303 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7737786 | doi = 10.2190/5WG5-VV1V-BXAD-805K | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c0efb88b0b11d31a2f8e479ee9a36ce311e1173d | access-date = 6 February 2020 | archive-date = 29 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210829013033/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Consulting-Psychiatrist-and-the-Syndrome-in-Vieweg-Pandurangi/c0efb88b0b11d31a2f8e479ee9a36ce311e1173d | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829013033/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Consulting-Psychiatrist-and-the-Syndrome-in-Vieweg-Pandurangi/c0efb88b0b11d31a2f8e479ee9a36ce311e1173d |date=29 August 2021 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9844835">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kishi Y, Kurosawa H, Endo S | title = Is propranolol effective in primary polydipsia? | journal = International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–25 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9844835 | doi = 10.2190/QPWL-14H7-HPGG-A29D | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/59222dd4a4c5d45a5e15ed44ee4b8944691b1f0a | access-date = 6 February 2020 | archive-date = 29 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210829013032/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Is-Propranolol-Effective-in-Primary-Polydipsia-Kishi-Kurosawa/59222dd4a4c5d45a5e15ed44ee4b8944691b1f0a | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829013032/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Is-Propranolol-Effective-in-Primary-Polydipsia-Kishi-Kurosawa/59222dd4a4c5d45a5e15ed44ee4b8944691b1f0a |date=29 August 2021 }}</ref> ===Others=== * [[Essential tremor]]. Di nyɛla din mali shɛhira ni di zaŋ tibi dɔru yuli booni "akathisia" <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lima AR, Bacalcthuk J, Barnes TR, Soares-Weiser K | title = Central action beta-blockers versus placebo for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD001946 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15495022 | pmc = 6599862 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001946.pub2 }}</ref> * [[Migraine]] mini [[Zuɣu yaali taliga|zuɣu yaali]] gu ka taɣi <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shields KG, Goadsby PJ | title = Propranolol modulates trigeminovascular responses in thalamic ventroposteromedial nucleus: a role in migraine? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_brain_2005-01_128_1/page/n89 | journal = Brain | volume = 128 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 86–97 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15574468 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awh298 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Biochemistry of Migraine | vauthors = Eadie M, Tyrer JH |year=1985 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=9780852007310 |page=148 |oclc=11726870 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=JYeyCc9M6acC&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=Propranolol+migraine+mechanism,#v=onepage&q=Propranolol%20migraine%20mechanism%2C&f=false |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324030406/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYeyCc9M6acC&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=Propranolol+migraine+mechanism,&source=bl&ots=Ep2oSjxpAo&sig=7H_KHF3xoIP0nBKJJaqsDl_IhAs&hl=en&ei=TXVPTuu6DKHE4gT6gLnXBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Propranolol%20migraine%20mechanism%2C&f=false |archive-date=24 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> mini zuɣu polo dɔru kam din pahi<ref>[http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp Clinical summary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324051528/http://www.medlink.com/MedLinkContent.asp |date=24 March 2008 }}</ref> * [[Hyperhidrosis]] (waligu yi yaɣiya ) * [[Glaucoma]] * [[Hyperthyroidism|Thyrotoxicosis]] ===Dosage=== Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din yuusira kamani 0.16 gram (parenteral) bee 0.16 gram goli puuni.<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C07AA05 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023051757/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C07AA05 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023051757/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C07AA05 |date=23 October 2020 }}</ref> ==Pharmacology== [[File:Propranolol pathway.png|thumb|right|550px|Propranolol metabolism in the liver showing candidate pharmacogenes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Propranolol Pathway |url=https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA166183426 |website=PharmGKB |language=en}}</ref>]] ===Pharmacodynamics=== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:small;" |+ Propranolol<ref name="PDSP">{{cite web | title = PDSP K_i Database | work = Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) | vauthors = Roth BL, Driscol J | publisher = University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health | access-date = 14 August 2017 | url = https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=propranolol&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query | archive-date = 17 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417191923/https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=propranolol&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417191923/https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=propranolol&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query |date=17 April 2021 }}</ref> |- ! Site !! K_i (nM) !! Species !! Ref |- | [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT_1A]] || 55–272 || Human || <ref name="pmid2078271">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamon M, Lanfumey L, el Mestikawy S, Boni C, Miquel MC, Bolaños F, Schechter L, Gozlan H | display-authors = 6 | title = The main features of central 5-HT1 receptors | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 3 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 349–60 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2078271 | doi = }}</ref><ref name="pmid9686407">{{cite journal | vauthors = Toll L, Berzetei-Gurske IP, Polgar WE, Brandt SR, Adapa ID, Rodriguez L, Schwartz RW, Haggart D, O'Brien A, White A, Kennedy JM, Craymer K, Farrington L, Auh JS | display-authors = 6 | title = Standard binding and functional assays related to medications development division testing for potential cocaine and opiate narcotic treatment medications | journal = NIDA Research Monograph | volume = 178 | issue = | pages = 440–66 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9686407 | doi = }}</ref> |- | [[5-HT1B receptor|5-HT_1B]] || 56–85 || Rat || <ref name="pmid1968985">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuchihashi H, Nakashima Y, Kinami J, Nagatomo T | title = Characteristics of 125I-iodocyanopindolol binding to beta-adrenergic and serotonin-1B receptors of rat brain: selectivity of beta-adrenergic agents | journal = Japanese Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 195–200 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 1968985 | doi = 10.1254/jjp.52.195 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid2936965">{{cite journal | vauthors = Engel G, Göthert M, Hoyer D, Schlicker E, Hillenbrand K | title = Identity of inhibitory presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) autoreceptors in the rat brain cortex with 5-HT1B binding sites | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_naunyn-schmiedebergs-archives-of-pharmacology_1986-01_332_1/page/1 | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 332 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | date = January 1986 | pmid = 2936965 | doi = 10.1007/bf00633189 }}</ref> |- | [[5-HT1D receptor|5-HT_1D]] || 4,070 || Pig || <ref name="pmid2797214">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schlicker E, Fink K, Göthert M, Hoyer D, Molderings G, Roschke I, Schoeffter P | title = The pharmacological properties of the presynaptic serotonin autoreceptor in the pig brain cortex conform to the 5-HT1D receptor subtype | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_naunyn-schmiedebergs-archives-of-pharmacology_1989-07_340_1/page/45 | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 340 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–51 | date = July 1989 | pmid = 2797214 | doi = 10.1007/bf00169206 }}</ref> |- | [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT_2A]] || 4,280 || Human || <ref name="pmid2723656">{{cite journal | vauthors = Elliott JM, Kent A | title = Comparison of [125I]iodolysergic acid diethylamide binding in human frontal cortex and platelet tissue | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 191–6 | date = July 1989 | pmid = 2723656 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07313.x }}</ref> |- | [[5-HT2B receptor|5-HT_2B]] || 457–513 ({{abbr|+|(+)-propranolol}})<br />166–316 ({{abbr|–|(–)-propranolol}}) || Human || <ref name="pmid8743744">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmuck K, Ullmer C, Kalkman HO, Probst A, Lubbert H | title = Activation of meningeal 5-HT2B receptors: an early step in the generation of migraine headache? | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 959–67 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8743744 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01583.x }}</ref> |- | [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT_2C]] || 61,700 ({{abbr|+|(+)-propranolol}})<br /> 5,010 ({{abbr|–|(–)-propranolol}})<br />736–2,457 || Human<br />Human<br />Rodent || <ref name="pmid8743744" /><br /><ref name="pmid8743744" /><br /><ref name="pmid4078623">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yagaloff KA, Hartig PR | title = 125I-lysergic acid diethylamide binds to a novel serotonergic site on rat choroid plexus epithelial cells | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 5 | issue = 12 | pages = 3178–83 | date = December 1985 | pmid = 4078623 | pmc = 6565215 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-12-03178.1985 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9686407" /> |- | [[5-HT3 receptor|5-HT₃]] || >10,000 || Human || <ref name="pmid2809591">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes JM, Barnes NM, Costall B, Ironside JW, Naylor RJ | title = Identification and characterisation of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 recognition sites in human brain tissue | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 1787–93 | date = December 1989 | pmid = 2809591 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09244.x }}</ref> |- | [[Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor|α₁]] || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} |- | [[Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor|α₂]] || 1,297–2,789 || Rat || <ref name="pmid2885406">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyajian CL, Leslie FM | title = Pharmacological evidence for alpha-2 adrenoceptor heterogeneity: differential binding properties of [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]idazoxan in rat brain | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 241 | issue = 3 | pages = 1092–8 | date = June 1987 | pmid = 2885406 | doi = }}</ref> |- | [[Beta-1 adrenergic receptor|β₁]] || 0.02–2.69 || Human || <ref name="pmid8935801">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, De Loore K, Leysen JE | display-authors = 6 | title = Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_1996-03_124_1-2/page/57 | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 124 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 57–73 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 8935801 | doi = 10.1007/bf02245606 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7915318">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fraundorfer PF, Fertel RH, Miller DD, Feller DR | title = Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of high-affinity trimetoquinol analogs on guinea pig and human beta adrenergic receptor subtypes: evidence for partial agonism | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 270 | issue = 2 | pages = 665–74 | date = August 1994 | pmid = 7915318 | doi = }}</ref> |- | [[Beta-2 adrenergic receptor|β₂]] || 0.01–0.61 || Human || <ref name="pmid8935801" /><ref name="pmid7915318" /> |- | [[Beta-3 adrenergic receptor|β₃]] || 450 || Mouse || <ref name="pmid1718744">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nahmias C, Blin N, Elalouf JM, Mattei MG, Strosberg AD, Emorine LJ | title = Molecular characterization of the mouse beta 3-adrenergic receptor: relationship with the atypical receptor of adipocytes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_embo-journal_1991-12_10_12/page/3721 | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 3721–7 | date = December 1991 | pmid = 1718744 | pmc = 453106 | doi = 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04940.x }}</ref> |- | [[D1 receptor|D₁]] || >10,000 || Human || <ref name="pmid9686407" /> |- | [[D2 receptor|D₂]] || >10,000 || Human || <ref name="pmid9686407" /> |- | [[H1 receptor|H₁]] || >10,000 || Human || <ref name="pmid6146381">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanba S, Richelson E | title = Histamine H1 receptors in human brain labelled with [3H]doxepin | journal = Brain Research | volume = 304 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | date = June 1984 | pmid = 6146381 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90856-4 | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5d714635f4c61da3e95d62515e39e4227823bdcd | access-date = 6 February 2020 | archive-date = 29 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210829013033/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Histamine-H1-receptors-in-human-brain-labelled-with-Kanba-Richelson/5d714635f4c61da3e95d62515e39e4227823bdcd | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829013033/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Histamine-H1-receptors-in-human-brain-labelled-with-Kanba-Richelson/5d714635f4c61da3e95d62515e39e4227823bdcd |date=29 August 2021 }}</ref> |- | {{abbrlink|SERT|Serotonin transporter}} || 3,700 || Rat || <ref name="pmid2970277">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kovachich GB, Aronson CE, Brunswick DJ, Frazer A | title = Quantitative autoradiography of serotonin uptake sites in rat brain using [3H]cyanoimipramine | journal = Brain Research | volume = 454 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 78–88 | date = June 1988 | pmid = 2970277 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90805-0 | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/626f72cfacfc95bd77799ce626b43f6b73747ee0 | access-date = 6 February 2020 | archive-date = 29 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210829013033/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Quantitative-autoradiography-of-serotonin-uptake-in-Kovachich-Aronson/626f72cfacfc95bd77799ce626b43f6b73747ee0 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829013033/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Quantitative-autoradiography-of-serotonin-uptake-in-Kovachich-Aronson/626f72cfacfc95bd77799ce626b43f6b73747ee0 |date=29 August 2021 }}</ref> |- | {{abbrlink|NET|Norepinephrine transporter}} || 5,000 ({{abbrlink|IC₅₀|Half-maximal inhibitory concentration}}) || Rat || <ref name="pmid2872325">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tuross N, Patrick RL | title = Effects of propranolol on catecholamine synthesis and uptake in the central nervous system of the rat | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 237 | issue = 3 | pages = 739–45 | date = June 1986 | pmid = 2872325 | doi = }}</ref> |- | {{abbrlink|DAT|Dopamine transporter}} || 29,000 ({{abbr|IC₅₀|Half-maximal inhibitory concentration}}) || Rat || <ref name="pmid2872325" /> |- | {{abbrlink|VDCC|Voltage-dependent calcium channel}} || >10,000 || Rat || <ref name="pmid2338642">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zobrist RH, Mecca TE | title = [3H]TA-3090, a selective benzothiazepine-type calcium channel receptor antagonist: in vitro characterization | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 253 | issue = 2 | pages = 461–5 | date = May 1990 | pmid = 2338642 | doi = }}</ref> |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="4" style="width: 1px;" | Values are K_i (nM), unless otherwise noted. The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. |} ===Daa === DDD zaŋ n ti 160mg/dabisili, tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi dari kamani $22.50 tiŋgbani yuli booni United States goli puuni.<ref name="DrugPrice">{{cite web |title=Propranolol Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs |url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/propranolol |website=Drugs.com |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225155937/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/propranolol |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |archive-date=25 February 2021 |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225155937/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/propranolol |date=25 February 2021 }}</ref> Yaha tim ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din dari kamani £2.50 tiŋgbani yuli booni UK goli puuni bin din gbaai yuuni 2020.<ref name=BNF80/> <gallery widths="250px" heights="200px"> File:PropranololHydrochloride costs (DrugStats).svg|PropranololHydrochloride costs (US) File:PropranololHydrochloride prescriptions (DrugStats).svg|PropranololHydrochloride prescriptions (US) </gallery> ===Formulations=== <gallery mode="packed" widths="360px" heights="160"> Image:Propranolol 80mg.png|thumb|right|An 80&nbsp;mg capsule of [[Time release technology|extended-release]] propranolol Image:Propranolol tablets.png|thumb|right|A mixture of 20&nbsp;mg and 10&nbsp;mg propranolol tablets File:Propranolol hci sandoz 10mg.jpg|thumb|Propranolol File:Propranolol tablets (UK).jpg|thumb|Propranolol tablets (UK) </gallery> == Kundivihira == {{Reflist}} == Karim pahi == {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Stapleton MP | title = Sir James Black and propranolol. The role of the basic sciences in the history of cardiovascular pharmacology | journal = Texas Heart Institute Journal | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 336–342 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9456487 | pmc = 325477 }} {{refend}} == External links == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{cite web | title=Propranolol (Infantile Hemangioma): MedlinePlus Drug Information | website=MedlinePlus | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a615024.html }} * {{cite web | title=Propranolol ( Code - C62073 ) | website=EVS Explore | url=https://evsexplore.semantics.cancer.gov/evsexplore/concept/ncit/C62073 }} * {{cite web | title=Propranolol Hydrochloride ( Code - C29382 ) | website=EVS Explore | url=https://evsexplore.semantics.cancer.gov/evsexplore/concept/ncit/C29382 }} {{Authority control}} [[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Pubu:1-Naphthyl compounds]] [[Pubu:5-HT1A agonists]] [[Pubu:5-HT1A antagonists]] [[Pubu:5-HT1B antagonists]] [[Pubu:5-HT2B antagonists]] [[Pubu:Antiaggressive drugs]] [[Pubu:Anxiolytics]] [[Pubu:Beta blockers]] [[Pubu:Disulfiram-like drugs]] [[Pubu:Drugs developed by AstraZeneca]] [[Pubu:Fear memory modulators]] [[Pubu:Isopropylamino compounds]] [[Pubu:N-isopropyl-phenoxypropanolamines]] [[Pubu:Naphthol ethers]] [[Pubu:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors]] [[Pubu:Scottish inventions]] [[Pubu:Sodium channel blockers]] [[Pubu:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Pubu:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]] [[Pubu:Products introduced in 1964]] q0nqix86q1jl2rfeax5rjja1fndmynw