Wikipedia:Mabiligu dundɔŋ

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="dag">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Dagbani Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>dagwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C9%94%C9%A3u</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Miidiya</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Diŋ'gahim</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Ŋun su</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Lahabali kɔligu</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Lahabali kɔligu yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MiidiyaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MiidiyaWiki yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Tɛmplet</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Tɛmplet yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Sɔŋsim</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Sɔŋsim yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Pubu</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Pubu yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="104" case="first-letter">Salima</namespace>
      <namespace key="105" case="first-letter">Salima yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="126" case="first-letter">MOS</namespace>
      <namespace key="127" case="first-letter">MOS yɛltɔɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Mabiligu dundɔŋ</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>8580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147814</id>
      <parentid>147762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:28:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>274</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist */ new section</comment>
      <origin>147814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="275879" sha1="5tm5y3n753vezj52e8ehatl02t8gtwk" xml:space="preserve">{{Tɛmplet:Mabiligu dundɔŋ/header}} [[Ŋun su:Abdulai Iddrisu|Abdulai Iddrisu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Abdulai Iddrisu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:29, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
&lt;br clear = &quot;all&quot;&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
* '''dag:''' {{int:please-translate}}
* '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection.
&lt;/div&gt;

== Coming soon: Template dialog improvements for VisualEditor and new wiktext mode ==

''/ Apologies for writing in English. It would be great if you could help translate this message. / ''

Hello! Here is more news from the focus area “[[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Make working with templates easier]]” by Wikimedia Germany’s [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]: 

'''Your wiki will soon receive an overall improved interface for editing templates''' in VisualEditor and in the new wikitext mode ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). This includes several improvements: 

* general redesign (more spacing, bigger window for better usability),
* a better overview of parameters that are available for a template,
* an easier way to add parameters via checkboxes and search filters,
* better visibility of important information,
* added links to documentation and help pages.

More in-depth information can be found on [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|the project page on Meta]]. The planned deployment date for these changes is October 6. 

'''Please note'''
* Some interface texts in the dialog have changed and might need to be [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw&amp;language=dag&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translated into your language on translatewiki]. It can take around two weeks for translations to appear in the interface.
* The [[mw:wiki/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|official VisualEditor help page on mediawiki.org]] will only be changed later this year, when all wikis have received the feature. If you have a local help page about the feature, you can update it based on [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements/Release notes|information on this page]], which we will fill with content in late September.

We would be very happy to hear what you think of these changes. Please let us know [[meta:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|on this talk page]]. -- [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:09, 22 Silimin gɔli September 2021 (GMT)

: Hello again! Unfortunately, '''this deployment will be postponed a bit''':
:* Our team is currently still working on a few optimizations for mobile and for screen readers, so we’re planning to deploy the feature to your wiki in late October/beginning of November.
:* That also means that the [[meta:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements/Release notes|texts on this subpage]] are not finished yet. We’ll give you an update here on your village pump once the texts are done. Then you can update your help page accordingly.
:* '''If you haven’t already [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw&amp;language=dag&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translated the VE template dialog texts], now is a good time to do this.'''
:* For those who are curious what to expect, here are two videos: One shows the current interface on English Wikipedia, the other one shows the improved interface which you’ll get soon (currently on betawiki):
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; widths=&quot;300px&quot; heights=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
VE Template Dialog before changes by WMDE's Technical Wishes team.webm|Current view on English Wikipedia
New VE Template Dialog, improved by WMDE's Technical Wishes team.webm|Coming soon: Improved version
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Sorry for the inconvenience! – Johanna for the Technical Wishes team, [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:46, 6 Silimin gɔli October 2021 (GMT)

:: The documentation of the improvements on the Visual Editor template dialog is finally complete now and can be found [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE%20Technical%20Wishes/VisualEditor%20template%20dialog%20improvements/Release%20notes here]. Sorry for the delay. Please remember to [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw&amp;language=dag&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translate the VE template dialog texts] if you haven’t already. The deployment of these changes is planned for November 16th. – For the Technical Wishes team, [[Ŋun su:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:38, 4 Silimin gɔli November 2021 (GMT)

Thank you so much for the kind gesture. We look forward to a more super view. 16th November is already saved in my calendar to wake up to a new introduction of an interface. [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:56, 4 Silimin gɔli November 2021 (GMT)

'''Final deployment date: template dialog improvements for VisualEditor and new wiktext mode'''&lt;br&gt;
Unfortunately, the deployment had to be postponed and did not happen on November 16th as announced. I am very sorry about this. The extensive [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements template dialog improvements] for VisualEditor and new wiktext will finally be available from November 24th on your wiki. If you have any feedback, please let us know on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements project’s talk page].  -- Timur for Wikimedia Germany’s Technical Wishes team, [[Ŋun su:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:06, 23 Silimin gɔli November 2021 (GMT)&lt;br&gt;

P.S.: We are still working out the final details with the new keyboard navigation which should be working smoothly soon.


== Extension:ArticlePlaceholder ==
[[:mw:Extension:ArticlePlaceholder|Extension:ArticlePlaceholder]] tooi sɔŋdi ka lahabaya kalinli nabigiri Wikipedia zuƔu. Sokama yi saɣi, ti ni tooi che ka Tɛmplati maa tum tuma kpe Dagbani Wikipedia ŋɔ zuƔu. -&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 10:12, 25 Silimin gɔli October 2021 (GMT)
:*{{support}} ''Support'' -&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 10:13, 25 Silimin gɔli October 2021 (GMT)
:*{{Support}} Naawuni yiko ni, man' saɣiya. Di naa sɔŋ ti pam. [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:47, 4 Silimin gɔli November 2021 (GMT)

::@{{ping|Masssly}} , above extension have been deployed on this wiki, for that extension to work please complete inwiki setup mentioned in [[mediawikiwiki:Extension:ArticlePlaceholder#Set-up]].[[Ŋun su:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:~aanzx|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 04:51, 14 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
::: Done! It's working now, thanks! -&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 11:21, 15 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:14, 9 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
Thank you so much for the invitation.Here is the application for the Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 in Ghana.
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Alhassan_Mohammed_Awal/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Ghana. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:58, 14 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
￼
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&amp;oldid=22560402 --&gt;

==Bot policy==
Hello. To facilitate [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|steward]] granting of bot access, I suggest implementing the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Bot policy|standard bot policy]] on this wiki. In particular, this policy allows stewards to automatically flag known interlanguage linking bots (if this page says that is acceptable) or bots that fix double redirects. The policy also enables [[m:Bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] on this wiki (if this page says that is acceptable), which are trusted bots that will be given bot access on every wiki that allows global bots.

This policy makes bot access requesting much easier for local users, operators, and stewards. To implement it we only need to create a redirect to this page from [[Project:Bot policy]], and add a line at the top noting that it is used here. If you use or prefer to use a dedicated project page for handling bot flag requests, that is also acceptable. Please read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Bot policy|the text at Meta-Wiki]] before commenting. If you object, please say so; I hope to implement in two weeks if there is no objection, since it is particularly written to streamline bot requests on wikis with little or no community interested in bot access requests. Thank you for your consideration. --[[Ŋun su:Zabe|Zabe]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zabe|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:17, 16 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
:I Strongly support this! It is a great idea knowing the power of bots and how they can make our language wikipedia great. [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:27, 25 Silimin gɔli January 2022 (GMT)
:: Thank you. I've '''implemented''' the policy. Please add on top of this page the following:
::: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
:: Best regards, --[[Ŋun su:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MarcoAurelio|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:40, 16 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
:::[[Ŋun su:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]], Thank you for '''implementing''' the policy. I checked and I saw that [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] have added the above code at the top of this page but it seems something is wrong somewhere. Please check the code. Many thanks [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:07, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
:::: @[[User:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]], I've [[Special:Diff/35641/prev|fixed the code]]. I hope that it looks okay to you. Regards, --[[Ŋun su:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MarcoAurelio|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:39, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
:::::Many thanks @[[User:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]]

==Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 in Ghana==

Hello,

The [[Dagbani Wikimedians User Group]] is inviting to participate in the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Ghana 2022 Wiki Loves Folklore contest] in Ghana. Please feel free to comment or endorse the grant application [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Dagbani_Wikimedians/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Ghana here]. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 05:22, 1 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)

==Admin renewal voting==
Dear Dagbani Wikipedia community,

Please vote here on whether to extend the administrator positions of these two users. Adminship will expire at the end of February 2022 as an initial trial, but now we are voting on whether to indefinitely extend adminship.
*{{u|Masssly}}
*{{u|Sabon Harshe}}
*{{u|Shahadusadik}}

We have made good use of adminship for the past several months, and see our roles as more like online maintenance workers rather than 'bosses'. Everyone on this Wikipedia has been quite cooperative and helpful, so our work was mostly limited to fixing broken redirects and moving pages. There are currently only 3 admins maintaining this wiki, so manpower would definitely be helpful for the community. [[Ŋun su:Sabon Harshe|Sabon Harshe]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sabon Harshe|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:05, 21 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)

===Masssly===
Masssly is one of the most important members of our community. He played essential roles founding the Dagbani Wikipedia and is a member of the Wikimedia Board Election Committee, to help steward Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustee and Funds Dissemination Committee elections.

;Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:29, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Issahiddris|Issahiddris]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Issahiddris|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:43, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:07, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:16, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:07, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT) 
* [[Ŋun su: Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:36, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:40, 23 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:45, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:11, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)

;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

===Sabon Harshe===
Sabon Harshe has created hundreds of new articles on the Dagbani Wikipedia and has also made major contributions to many African-language wikis.

;Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:34, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Issahiddris|Issahiddris]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Issahiddris|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:42, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:09, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:16, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:04, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT) 
* [[Ŋun su: Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[Ŋun su Yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:41, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT) 
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:40, 23 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:47, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:12, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

===Shahadusadik===
Sadik Shahadu is the Executive Director of the Dagbani Wikimedians User Group. He provides training and general support to contributors of the Dagbani Wikipedia. 

;Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:34, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Issahiddris|Issahiddris]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Issahiddris|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:41, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:10, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)

* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:14, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:06, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT) 
* [[Ŋun su: Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[Ŋun su Yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana Yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:46, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:40, 23 Silimin gɔli February 2022 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:50, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)

;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

== Make working with templates easier: Several improvements coming to your wiki soon. ==

[[File:I_love_templates_hexagon.png|right|200x200px]]
''Apologies for writing in English. It would be great if you could help translate this message.''

Hello! A few months ago, your wiki received these improvements from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]] project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team: 

* In the template dialog of the VisualEditor, several fundamental improvements were done. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]])
* A new attribute “suggested values” was introduced to help you clarify what values a parameter may expect. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Suggested values for template parameters|2]])
* When using syntax highlighting, line numbers are shown in the ''template'' namespace. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|3]]) &lt;br/&gt;A few wikis have these line numbers in ''all'' namespaces. If you want this for your wiki as well, please reach out to us.

'''On March 9''', more improvements from the Templates project are coming to this and many more wikis:
* Finding and inserting templates will become easier with an improved search and added warnings. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|4]])
* In VisualEditor, you will be able to remove a template from a page via the context menu, just like removing a table or an image. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|5]])
* Matching brackets will be highlighted (when you use syntax highlighting (CodeMirror)). ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|6]])
* The color scheme in syntax highlighting (CodeMirror) will be updated for better readability. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|7]])

These improvements have been tested on a few other wikis for a few months now, but we’d love to hear what you think of them on the talk pages of the project pages linked above ([1] - [7]). 

A few weeks later, we’re also going to add a colorblind-friendly color scheme in syntax highlighting (CodeMirror extension). You’ll be able to activate it via a user setting.

– Greetings from the Technical Wishes project, [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:59, 1 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
:Dear[[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] and the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, Thank you so much for the support! We will explore the changes made and will get back to you if we have questions regarding the links your shared. most of our community members are able to read in English and Dagbani but we will be able to translate your message into Dagbani language. Please let us know if you need any information to help you support the Dagbani Wikipedia even more. Many thanks. [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:09, 14 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
:: @[[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]]: That is wonderful! It would be great to get some feedback how the features are working for you, on the talk pages of the project pages that I have linked above. I hope they serve you well in your work. -- Have a good weekend! [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:37, 18 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)

==Wiki Loves Earth 2022 in Ghana==

Hi all,

The [https://meta.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Moore_Wikimedia_Community Moore Wikimedia Community] is organizing Wiki Loves Earth 2022 in Ghana]]. Please feel free to leave your comments and or endorse the [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Moore_Wikimedia_Community/Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022_in_Ghana#Moore_Wikipedia%28Incubator%29|grant application]] 

Thanks.

[[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:55, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2022 (GMT)
:Hi [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] and the Moore wiki community, Thank you for inviting us. We are very happy to contribute to the Wiki loves earth 2022 in Ghana project. Please let us know if you need any assistance. Cheers! on behalf of the [[Dagbani Wikimedians User Group]], [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:10, 8 Silimin gɔli April 2022 (GMT)

== Namespace pala ==
Kamani [[Wikipedia:Mabiligu_dundɔŋ/Archive/August_2021#New_namespace:Salima|namespace:Salima]] din pa [[Solɔɣu]] zuɣu la, di tu ni ti nam namespace pala din yɛn laɣim lahabaya shɛŋa ŋan doya  ŋɔ:
* Kpiɛriti
* Shɛhira gbana
* Yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi
* ŋaha
* Yila
* Wahi
* Tilahi
* Diema ni yiɣ'jam 
* kali
* Tiŋduya
* Alikuraani Suura
* Baabuli Suura

N-yuli yaɣi namespace shɛŋa? Sabimi sɔŋ kpe ka ti nam ŋa zaa jilli!
-&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 08:44, 22 Silimin gɔli April 2022 (GMT)

== Make working with templates easier: One more improvement coming soon. ==

''Apologies for writing in English. It would be great if you could help translate this message.'' 

Hello, one more change from WMDE’s focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” is coming to your wiki soon: In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[Mw:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror extension]]), you’ll be able to activate a '''colorblind-friendly color scheme''' with a user setting. ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind mode|project page]])

Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from WMDE’s focus area “Templates”. We would love to [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|hear your feedback]].

Thanks for being one of the first wikis to get the improvements from our project, and for giving valuable feedback! – [[Ŋun su:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:57, 29 Silimin gɔli April 2022 (GMT)

== Admin Request ==

M mabihi,

N zaŋ di puhiri suŋ din bi yoli m mali tiri so kam ti dundɔŋ gɔɣu ŋɔ ni. N suhiri la soli ni n lɛbi Adimisstireta n ti Dagbanli Wikipedia din yɛn chɛ ka n tooi sɔŋsi ni tɛmplɛti suma ʒin kpɛna ni ti Wikipedia maa yaɣa-yaɣa kalibu. 
Din niŋ ma suhupiɛlli pam ni yi dihi nuu ka be tima sɔli.
*{{u|Dnshitobu}}
M paɣiya!
===Dnshitobu ===

;Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:56, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# -&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:orange;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;~'''[[User:Masssly|Masssly]]'''&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;background:lightgreen;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[User_talk:Masssly|Yɛlima ka n wum]]'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 10:01, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:13, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
#[[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:22, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# Mbo! Naawuni ni ti nasara[[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:47, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# Naawuni yiko ni O nam puuni, nasara nyɛla a dini [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:10, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# A shiri simdi ni a lebi adiministireeta. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 19:01, 21 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
#[[Ŋun su:Abubakar280|Abubakar280]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Abubakar280|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:12, 22 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# ashiri simdili [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:15, 22 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
# Nyini n-kuli nyɛ li [[Ŋun su:Attah Mohammed|Attah Mohammed]] (Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Attah Mohammed|Yɛltɔɣa]] 11:05, 22 Silimin goli June 2022 (GMT)
#[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:41, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
11. [[Ŋun su:Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Munkaila Sulemana|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 04:15, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)

12. [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Peter|Alhassan Peter]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Peter|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:10, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)

13. [[Ŋun su:Yakubu Fadilatu|Yakubu Fadilatu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Yakubu Fadilatu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:20, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2022 (GMT)
;Neutral votes
----
;Oppose votes

== Admin Renewal ==

M mabihi,
N zaŋ di puhiri suŋ din bi yoli m mali tiri so kam ti dundɔŋ gɔɣu ŋɔ ni. N suhiri la soli ni n neei n daa Adimisstireta tali maa ti Dagbanli Wikipedia ŋɔ zuɣu din yɛn chɛ ka n tooi sɔŋsi ni tɛmplɛti suma ʒin kpɛna ni ti Wikipedia maa yaɣa-yaɣa kalibu. Din niŋ ma suhupiɛlli pam ni yi dihi nuu ka bɛ tima sɔli.

===Shahadusadik ===

;Support votes
*[[Ŋun su:Uprising Man|Uprising Man]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Uprising Man|Yɛltɔɣa]])

*[[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:33, 18 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
 
* [[Ŋun su:Awinebotima|Awinebotima]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinebotima|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:35, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:17, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:43, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

===Din-nani1===
;Support votes 
* [[Ŋun su:Uprising Man|Uprising Man]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Uprising Man|Yɛltɔɣa]])
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:33, 18 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Awinebotima|Awinebotima]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinebotima|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:35, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:17, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:44, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

===Dnshitobu ===

;Support votes
*[[Ŋun su:Uprising Man|Uprising Man]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Uprising Man|Yɛltɔɣa]])
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:32, 18 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Awinebotima|Awinebotima]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinebotima|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:36, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:16, 19 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:45, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
;Neutral votes

;Oppose votes

== Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test ==

===Cross posting===

[[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to:

* Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer)

* Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer)

* Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer)

* Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant)

You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates:

* Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC'''

* Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC'''

These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature.

Thank you!
[[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:59, 21 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT)

== Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 ==

=== Cross posting ===
Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers!


The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']].

You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. 

We look forward to your participation. 

Thank you.


Best,

The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']]

[[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:04, 21 Silimin gɔli July 2022 (GMT)

== Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''{{int:Please-translate}}''

{{int:Hello}}

The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually.

We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas!

The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows:
* Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023
* Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023
* Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023
* Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023

If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023!
&lt;/div&gt;

{{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 12:59, 13 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&amp;oldid=24226232 --&gt;

== Vote for your favourite Wikimedia sound logo ==

''We are really sorry for posting in English''
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Sound_Logo_Cover_Image_-_Linkedin.png|center|800x800px]]
Voting in the Wikimedia sound logo contest [[c:Sound_Logo_Vote|'''has started''']]. From December 6 to 19, 2022, please play a part and help chose the sound that will identify Wikimedia content on audio devices. [[wmfblog:2022/12/06/vote-for-the-sound-of-all-human-knowledge/|Learn more on Diff]].

The sound logo team is grateful to everyone who participated in this global contest. We received 3,235 submissions from 2,094 participants in 135 countries. We are incredibly grateful to the team of [[wmfblog:2022/10/31/screening-3235-sound-submissions/|volunteer screeners]] and the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Communications/Sound_Logo/Contest_proposal#How_will_the_final_selection_happen? selection committee] who, among others, helped bring us to where we are today. It is now up to Wikimedia to choose the Sound Of All Human Knowledge.

Best wishes, [[Ŋun su:Arupako-WMF|Arupako-WMF]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Arupako-WMF|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:38, 16 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT)

== Feminism and Folklore 2023 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023,
 
You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a fountain tool or dashboard.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]].
 
This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023.
 
Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]]

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:23, 24 Silimin gɔli December 2022 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&amp;oldid=23942484 --&gt;

== Global ban for PlanespotterA320/RespectCE ==

Per the [[m:Global bans|Global bans]] policy, I'm informing the project of this request for comment: [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for PlanespotterA320 (2) ]] about banning a member from your community. Thank you.--[[User:Lemonaka|Lemonaka]] ([[User talk:Lemonaka|talk]]) 21:40, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Zabe@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lemonaka/Massmessagelist&amp;oldid=24501599 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 21:20, 27 Silimin gɔli February 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=24390465 --&gt;

== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge!
&lt;/div&gt;
[[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&amp;oldid=23942484 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;wikimania-program-submissions&quot;/&gt;[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.&lt;section end=&quot;wikimania-program-submissions&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=24390465 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello,

As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are:

* Community members in good standing
* Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects
* Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type
* Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023
* Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations
* Confidently able to communicate in English

The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff.

The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''.

Best regards,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 19:00, 26 Silimin gɔli April 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=24941045 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Automatic citations based on ISBN are broken&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot; /&gt;
Apologies if this message does not reach you in your favorite language. [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)/ISBN|You can help translate it centrally at Meta]]. Thanks for your help. 

We have recently become unable to access the WorldCat API which provided the ability to generate citations using ISBN numbers. The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Editing_team|Editing team]] is investigating several options to restore the functionality, but will need to disable ISBN citation generation for now.

This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts, such as the autofill button on [[:en:Wikipedia:RefToolbar|refToolbar]]. Please note that all the other automatic ways of generating citations, including via URL or DOI, are still available.

You can keep updated on the situation [[phab:T336298|via Phabricator]], or by reading the next issues of [[m:Tech News]]. If you know of any users or groups who rely heavily on this feature (for instance, someone who has an upcoming editathon), I'd appreciate it if you shared this update with them.

[[User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]], on behalf of the Editing team.&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 19:45, 11 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox3&amp;oldid=25009633 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Selection of the U4C Building Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 04:20, 27 Silimin gɔli May 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=25018085 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Announcing the new Elections Committee members&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello there, 

We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. 

Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future.

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:59, 28 Silimin gɔli June 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=25018085 --&gt;

== Linking new articles and categories to Wikidata ==

Hi all. With thanks to {{ping|Shahadusadik}}, I learnt about dagwiki and your great Wikidata integration at Wikimania. I operate [[User:Pi bot]], which runs a script to link new Wikipedia articles with Wikidata items where possible, or create new items after a 14-day wait. Would you like me to set this running for dagwiki? As a first step, it's now adding new articles with Wikidata item matches into [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=82&amp;opt=%7B%22type%22%3A%22all%22%7D the Wikidata game], and will add new potential matches to that daily. If you want, I can start the script to create the new Wikidata items after 14 days (with the exception that if a potential match is in the Game, it will wait for that to be resolved before creating a new item), would that be useful? Thanks. [[Ŋun su:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Mike Peel|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:38, 22 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT)

:Hi @[[Ŋun su:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]], Thank you so much for this. I would appreciate it a lot if you could run me through how this is done. Our community is definitely interested in using it. Also, feel free to set it running for dagwiki.I am available to talk more! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:35, 4 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT)
::{{ping|Shahadusadik}} Thanks for your support for this work. There are two parts here. The first part is already running, the bot is looking for Wikidata items that match new articles here, and it is adding them to [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=82&amp;opt=%7B%22type%22%3A%22all%22%7D the Wikidata game]. Please have a look at these matches and decide if they are matches or not through that tool (if you match them, then the sitelink is added through your account). The second part is creating new Wikidata items for articles without potential matches after 14 days - would you like me to start this running? It is important then to check the new items on Wikidata and merge them with existing items if the bot has missed the match. Thanks. [[Ŋun su:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Mike Peel|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:49, 10 Silimin gɔli September 2023 (GMT)
:::Yes. Sure @[[Ŋun su:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]. I may have missed this important information. I went through the Wikidata game and it looks fine for me. Do you mind if we have a call on this to learn more? Many thanks for the support. [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:56, 3 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. 

The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward.

Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]].

Best,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 Silimin gɔli August 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=25392152 --&gt;

== Fenben Human Parasites ==

[https://www.fenbendazole.org/fenbendazole-for-human-parasites/ Fenbendazole] is a frequently used medication that belongs to the benzimidazole group of drugs. This drug works by disrupting the energy production of parasites, making them unable to survive. Such parasitic infections are a tremendous health concern, affecting people and animals all over the world. Common parasites that cause these infections are roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and tapeworms.

Parasitic infections may not cause visible symptoms right away, but prolonged exposure can lead to various difficult health issues, such as nutrient deficiency, cravings for certain foods, discomfort and swelling in the stomach, anemia, chronic exhaustion, higher body temperatures, sweat during the night, painful muscles and joints, skin issues such as rosacea, and itching in the anal and vaginal regions.

Fenbendazole has earned a reputation as a potent therapeutic remedy for intestinal parasites. Its ability to tackle many different kinds of parasites causes it to be regularly suggested as a therapy for diverse worm infections, such as strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, and enterobiasis.

Fenbendazole has a distinct way of functioning as it is directed at a particular protein named beta-tubulin which is present in the narrow tube-like structures found in parasites. Microtubules are vital for a number of cellular processes such as cell duplication and procreation.

When a parasite ingests fenbendazole, the medication binds to the beta-tubulin within the microtubules, hindering the construction of these microtubules. Therefore, the parasite's capacity to multiply its cells is hindered, unsurprisingly disrupting its reproductive aptitude.

Fenbendazole stops the parasite's ability to metabolize glucose, which it needs for fuel. As a result, the organism starts to lose energy, and when it is deprived of that, it perishes.

Fenbendazole is recognized for its accuracy, as it only acts upon the beta-tubulin of the parasites while not influencing the same element in the creature that is being treated. This is why fenbendazole is considered as an effective and safe way to address parasite invasions in many cases. [[Ŋun su:Fenbenparasites|Fenbenparasites]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Fenbenparasites|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:19, 6 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee  ==&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;&quot;&gt;
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']]

''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/span&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;

Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. 

On behalf of the Committee Support team,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:41, 9 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=25570445 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all, 

Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]].

Best,

Katie Chan &lt;br&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:12, 17 Silimin gɔli October 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=25570445 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: Reference Previews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ReferencePreviewsDefault&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]]
A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years.  Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]].

Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget.

Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. 

* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. 
* Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. 
-- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team,
&lt;section end=&quot;ReferencePreviewsDefault&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 13:11, 15 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&amp;oldid=25866958 --&gt;
:Awesome! We look forward to it. [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 19:13, 26 Silimin gɔli December 2023 (GMT)

== Help us improve the editing experience on Wikidata by signing up for our research ==

''(apologies for writing in English)''

Hello folks,

Wikimedia Deutschland is exploring ways to improve the editing experience on Wikidata in different languages, and would love to hear your feedback.

We are conducting online interviews to learn about your experiences, expectations, and concerns. Here is a sign-up form you can use to express your interest in taking part: https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata_research_sign_up 

-Thanks [[Ŋun su:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:24, 21 Silimin gɔli November 2023 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Body&quot;/&gt;Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland
&lt;section end=&quot;Body&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 12:32, 13 Silimin gɔli December 2023 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&amp;oldid=25955829 --&gt;

== Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? ==

''Apologies for writing in English.''

The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references.

* The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here].
* Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch.
* [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]].
* Sessions will be held in January and February.
* [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.]
* Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment.

We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]]
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&amp;oldid=25956752 --&gt;

== Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.''

Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.&lt;br&gt; 
''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.''

The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time.

For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.&lt;br&gt;We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite2&amp;oldid=26055343 --&gt;

== Feminism and Folklore 2024 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:26, 18 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

-- [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:26, 18 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&amp;oldid=23942484 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=25853527 --&gt;

== Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience ==

{{int:Hello}} Dagbani Wikipedians!

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know about our plans to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Dagbani Wikipedia. For this, our team would want you to read about the tool and test it so you can:

* Give us your feedback

* Ask us questions

* Tell us how to improve it.

Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it.

'''Background information'''

[[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and provide feedback to make it better.

[https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will:

* Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones.

* Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device.

Dagbani Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since it has a Content Translation tool enabled by default.

We plan to enable the tool by 15th of February 2024, if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats:

* As a reply to this message

* On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]].

'''Try the tool'''

Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;from=en&amp;to=dag&amp;sx=true#/sx our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Dagbani Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:gcr:Special:ContentTranslation|https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve.

'''Provide feedback'''

Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on:

* The tool

* What you think about our plans to enable it

* Your ideas for improving the tool.

Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback.

On behalf of the WMF Language team. [[Ŋun su:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:UOzurumba (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:20, 26 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=25853527 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. 

A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks.

Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:23, 12 Silimin gɔli February 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26160150 --&gt;

== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&amp;oldid=26166467 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26276337 --&gt;

== Survey about Wikifunctions: we need your input! ==

{{int:please-translate}}!

Hello all! I’m Luca/Sannita, Community Relations Specialist for [[:f:|Wikifunctions]], the newest Wikimedia project.

We are currently conducting user research to improve Wikifunctions, and we need your input! You do not need experience with Wikifunctions to participate.

Participation takes the form of an interview, conducted online, '''in English''', using Google Meet, for a duration of about 75 minutes.

To join this study, please fill out '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScBACHQEKxXmyPOPKenscb4iJ_BpSRIwGqxBVDTSVVZQCJ87g/viewform this short form]''' as soon as possible. ([[:foundation:Generic_screener_survey_privacy_statement_for_design_research|privacy policy for the survey]]).

Interviews will start on March 14th, 2024. We are pleased to offer a thank you gift to those who complete the interview. More details about the project will be provided in a follow-up email to those who qualify for this study.

Let me know if there are questions or clarifications needed. Hope you will take part to the study! [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:04, 11 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
: ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: ''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all,

This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. 

Here are the key planned dates:

*  May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions
*  June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5]
*  June-August 2024: Campaign period
*  End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period
*  October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates
*  Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan.

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]].

Best regards,

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group)

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:56, 12 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26349432 --&gt;

== Dagbani Wikimedians User Group Annual Report 2022-2023 ==

Dear all,

I am happy to share our [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dagbani_Wikimedians_User_Group/Annual_Reports/2022-2023 annual report] for the year 2023. We welcome your comments and feedback. 

Read the full report here: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dagbani_Wikimedians_User_Group/Annual_Reports/2022-2023 Dagbani Wikimedians user group 2022-2023 Annual Report] [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:10, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)

== The Vector 2022 skin as the default ==

[[File:Vector_2022_video-en.webm|thumb]]
Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''This week, we will make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.'''

We were working on it between 2019 and 2022. It is already the default on most wikis.

It will become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy. Logged-in users can at any time switch to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|any other skins]]. No changes are expected for users of these skins.

&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Top of an article&quot;&gt;
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default)
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;A section of an article&quot;&gt;
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default)
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
; About the skin

'''[Why is a change necessary]''' The current default skin meets the needs of the readers and editors as these were 14-15 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ The old Vector doesn't meet their needs.]

'''[Objective]''' The objective for the new skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It draws inspiration from previous requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|We reduced PHP code in Wikimedia deployed skins by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs.

'''[Changes and test results]''' The skin introduces a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|series of changes]] that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin.

* The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%.
* The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jumped to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages.
* The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the wikis we tested on.
* The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities.

'''[Try it out]''' Try out the new skin by going to the appearance tab in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your preferences]] and selecting Vector 2022 from the list of skins.

; How can editors change and customize this skin?

It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|our repository]] for a list of currently available customizations, or add your own. 

If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer! Also, [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|see our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[Ŋun su:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:15, 25 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)


== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:56, 25 Silimin gɔli March 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26446209 --&gt;


== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26844397 --&gt; [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 06:43, 6 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to select members of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:20, 25 Silimin gɔli April 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26390244 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;Hello all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]].

We look forward to your participation!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26390244 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

[[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]

Dear community members,

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. 

You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. 

You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language.

On behalf of the CAC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:25, 22 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26390244 --&gt;

== Translation of WikiLearn Courses into Dagbani ==

Gaafara m mabihi,

N suhiri noli ni n-zaŋ Wikemdia bohimbu sodoli shɛli din-bieni n-yuui a maa ka ti nima na bi tooi maliŋa n-niŋdi anfaani. Dina n-ŋyɛ bɛni boli shɛli ni [https://learn.wiki/courses WikiLern]. Lana baŋsim bohimbu yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla din be silimiinsili ni n-ti pahi andunia yili bali kara shɛŋa ti ni kuli mi maa zuɣu. N-di malila nia ni ti gba kpaŋ ti maŋa n liebigili ti Dagbanli ni ka di sɔŋ ti n-tabili ti mabihi ka ti tooi bohim Wikipedia tuma vienyɛla din yɛn che ka ti gba timdi nuu zaŋchaŋ baŋsim nambu ni yoli niŋbu n-zaŋti so kam.
N tiehiya ni ti zaa saɣiti ni netiweki n-ti pahi deeta shaara la nyɛla din tooi mɔŋditi bohimbu din-nyɛ pohim zuɣu dini la kamani (Zoom bee Meet) ni di taba la. Ti Dagbani Wikimedians User Group gba nyɛla ban tooi laɣinditi saha sheŋa n-lɛriti baŋsim bɛ wofiisi la ni to amaa ti zaa mi ni ka zaa ka bɛni tooi m-boli domini yiko kalinsi zuɣu. Lala yɛli muɣisira ŋɔ zaa nyɛla din yɛn baligi di yi niŋ ka ti tooi kaari lala baŋsim dundɔŋ ŋɔ maa. Baŋsim kara nyɛla din shabi dinni ka a ni tooi bohimli saha shɛli kam a ni bɔra. A ni tooi pili bohimbu kam m-bahi ka ti labina n-ti naaili diyi niŋ ka netiweeki bee deeta naabu ti chirisi a bohimbu.
N-tiehirimi ni di bohimbu niema ŋɔ yi be ti balli ŋɔ zuɣu, di ni kpaŋsi ka kpehi Dagbani Wikimiidia shɛba ban zaɣa ka bohimbu niema din nyɛ silimiinsili la korisi ka bɛ niŋ zaɣa ni di bohimbu domini di ni nyɛ bɛ balli la zuɣu. Di ni nyɛ ti ballila zuɣu, di ni tooi lahi che ka di gbaaibu niŋ soochi n-ti ti. Shehira gbana nyɛla din biɛni n-ti ŋun tooi naai bohimbu yaɣili kam. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, n-di tiehirimi ni ti pii kuɣili m-bahi bɔŋni ka wum di kumsi. Dina n-nyɛ n-tiehirimi ni ti liebigi baŋsim bohimbu maa yaɣishɛli din jendi &quot;'''&quot;Dihitabili molo din ka barina Baŋsim liebu'''&quot; (Trust &amp; Safety Disinformation Training). Di nyɛla din dii ka bachi kpɛma ka ti ni tooi zaŋli m-pili. Di yi niŋ ka salo taɣideeli ka niŋdi bohimbu vienyɛla di zuɣu, di ni liebi daliri ka ti labina n-ti kpaŋ timaŋa ka bohimbu yaɣa din pahi n-yɛ silimiinsili la zaa liebigi Dagbanli ni. Wula ka yi nyɛli m mabihi?


Dear community members,

There is a platform called WikiLearn where there are several interesting Wikimedia courses that can broaden ones understanding of the Wikimedia Movement issues and projects in order to actively and effectively contribute to the Foundation's mission of free knowledge creation and sharing. The courses currently exist in English and other world major languages. I am taking the initiative to get the courses translated into Dagbani also. The courses are self-pace and you can take them anytime. You can pause and resume a course wnen you need to until it is completed. There are digital certificates to be awarded upon successful completion of the courses. This in my view will address the challenge of network and high cost of internet data during the limited online trainings via Zoom or Meet e.t.c because there won't be any fear of missing a particular meeting because one has no internet data to join at the scheduled time or one is located at place where the network is unstable or similar reasons. You can pause and resume later when you face internet data or network challeges. It is also an opportunity for more people to learn about things that they may not get the opportunity to learn during the periodic in-person trainings that are  limited to selected people due to budgetary constraints by the User Group. The availability of the causes in Dagbani will aid a deeper understanding of the concepts as well as ensure diversity and more visibilty of the Dagbani Language on the internet space. I am thinking of us starting with a course in the catalog titled &quot;'''Trust &amp; Safety Disinformation Training&quot;.''' It is a non-technical course that can be good to start with. When the course is well understood by learners, they can better be informed about all it takes to be an effective Wikimedian. You take look at the [https://learn.wiki/courses courses in the catalog] and suggest any other you think is good to start with, otherwise, we will go with the one above. What is your take on this project? [[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:30, 31 Silimin gɔli May 2024 (GMT)

:N daa nyɛla ŋun yu ni n timdi nuu Wikimedia tuma ni to amaa baŋsim pooli nyɛla din gbaɣisi ni zaŋ chaŋ di polo. Bohimbu n ŋɔ yi beni di bahibahimdi di yi ti nyɛ ti balli ni, din ŋuna mani nia paliya. N-saɣiti lala haŋkali ŋɔ zuŋɔ ni biɛɣuni &lt;nowiki&gt;{{SS}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Ŋun su:ALHASSAN MOHAMED NURIDEEN|ALHASSAN MOHAMED NURIDEEN]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:ALHASSAN MOHAMED NURIDEEN|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:52, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
::N nyela ŋun saɣiti hankali ŋɔ. Di nyɛla din ni sɔŋ ti bohimbu Wikipiidia  maa zuɣu. ŋun saɣiti hankali ŋɔ. Di nyɛla din ni sɔŋ ti bohimbu Wikipiidia  maa zuɣu. [[Ŋun su:Alooissah|Alooissah]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alooissah|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:14, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
:::Yɛlimaŋli, man na bi go n-yi lala baŋsim bɔhimbu yaɣili ŋɔ maa zuɣu. Di niŋma nyaɣisim ni a ni buɣisi ni ti pili shɛli maa. Ti yi di nasara di puuni, tin kpaŋmi ti maŋa n-lɛbigi yaɣ' dina maa zaa Dagbanli ni [[Ŋun su:AFAIBRAHIM|AFAIBRAHIM]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:AFAIBRAHIM|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:45, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
::::This is a laudable idea and I will support to the best of my ability the accomplishment of this project. I hope it will be replicated in the other sister communities so we can all benefit from it.  I have been in the movement for over 4 years now but I haven't been aware of such a learning platform. Having it in our local dialects is a perfect idea to increase our interest in taking the courses and the course suggested seems to be the foundation to becoming a successful Wikimedian and I support it.[[Ŋun su:Hasslaebetch|Hasslaebetch]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hasslaebetch|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:16, 1 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
::This is a great idea which will help a lot in learning more about Wikipedia and its sister projects. This, I think should be replicated in all the other languages that we are working on as indicated by Hasslaebetch. Again, It can be taken as one of our various communities projects where all the language communities will embark on it as a project and at the end have it translated to their various languages. In this regard, I think that it would be prudent to have  it executed by the language communities instead of implementing it as an individual. The idea will be tabled for discussion in our next team meeting when we meet to have discussions on projects for the language communities. [[Ŋun su:Din-nani1|Din-nani1]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Din-nani1|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:02, 11 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. 

We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** –
* Northern and Western Europe
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]]
* Latin America and Caribbean
** –
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
** —
* Sub-Saharan Africa
** –
* Middle East and North Africa
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]]
* East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP)
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]]
* South Asia
** –

The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]]
* –
* –
* –
* –

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:14, 3 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26390244 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hi everyone,

The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading.

'''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?'''

The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

'''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”'''

Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote.

'''Movement Charter ratification vote'''

Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta.

If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org].

On behalf of the MCDC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:44, 11 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26390244 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading.

Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]].

After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further.

If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org'''].

On behalf of the CEC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:51, 25 Silimin gɔli June 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26989444 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''.

If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. 

On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:45, 8 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26989444 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024.

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]].

In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]].

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:02, 10 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26989444 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.  

As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy.

The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: 

'''Individual vote:'''

Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333).

'''Affiliates vote:'''

Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111).

'''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:'''

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].  

With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''.

We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance.

The Charter Electoral Commission,

[[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:52, 18 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26989444 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:46, 27 Silimin gɔli July 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=26989444 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now.

'''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 6 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=27183190 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]]
Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].

'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.

Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
&lt;section end=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&amp;oldid=27309345 --&gt;

== Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC ==

Hi all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation!

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:19, 22 Silimin gɔli August 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=27183190 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]].

I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** Ajraddatz

The following seats were not filled during this special election:

* Latin America and Caribbean
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* South Asia
* The four remaining Community-At-Large seats

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]].

On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:05, 2 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=27183190 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board.

Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]].

When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:14, 3 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=27183190 --&gt;

== MOS namespace transition ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello -- as part of [[phab:T363538]] and as announced in [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Tech News this week]], the &lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt; namespace was added to dagwiki this morning.  The output of the title migration script can be found at [[phab:T363538#10134137]].  The follow pages were moved:

* &lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt; was moved to [[MOS:T363538/]]

(You can find these with https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=T363538&amp;namespace=126 and https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Broken%2F&amp;namespace=0 )

Please review these pages and fix any broken links.
&lt;/div&gt;[[Ŋun su:CAnanian (WMF)|CAnanian (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:CAnanian (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:08, 10 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)

== 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.&lt;/i&gt;{{tracked|T66315}}

Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project.
The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''General''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''In Other Projects''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section.

We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the   [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2.
More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;We welcome your feedback and questions.&lt;br&gt; [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:57, 27 Silimin gɔli September 2024 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&amp;oldid=27524260 --&gt;

== Deployment of Dark mode in Dagbani Wikipedia ==

Hello Dagbani Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

We are happy to announce that the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] have deployed [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on Dagbani Wikipedia! This was possible because pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations!

This was only possible due to the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who have made sure that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody!

For context, we would like to add that the Web team's work on dark mode has concluded. If on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month.

If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create this page: &lt;code&gt;Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/dag.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt; in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page.

Thank you!

On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. [[Ŋun su:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:UOzurumba (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:21, 9 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)

:Noted with thanks! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:37, 7 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted.

The following four candidates were the most voted:

# [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]]
# [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]]
# [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]]
# [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]]

While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]]

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group

&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=27183190 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:07, 16 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=27601062 --&gt;

== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:29, 22 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&amp;oldid=27535421 --&gt;

== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Dagbani Wikipedia  ==

{{Int:Hello}} Dagbani Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Dagbani Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Ŋun su:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:UOzurumba (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 03:09, 23 Silimin gɔli October 2024 (GMT)

== Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC ==

Hello everyone,

The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone &lt;https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000&gt;). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: &lt;https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024&gt;.

This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation.

Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=27746256 --&gt;

== Grant notification ==

Dear Wiki Loves Folklore &amp; Feminism and Folklore Organizers,
We hope this message finds you well. We are excited to inform you that the application window for Wikimedia Foundation's Cycle 3 of our grants is now open. Please ensure to submit your applications by December 1st.

For a comprehensive guide on how to apply, please refer to the Wiki Loves Folklore Grant Toolkit: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_Grant_Toolkit

Additionally, you can find detailed information on the Rapid Grant timeline here: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid#Timeline [[Ŋun su:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zakaria Tunsung|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:42, 25 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT)

== Roll out of Parsoid Read Views on Dagbani Wikipedia soon ==

{{Int:Please-translate}}
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello everyone, I am glad to inform you that as part of our continued rollout of Parsoid Read Views, Parsoid will soon be turned as the default read views renderer on Dagbani Wikipedia. [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework/Reports|Here's the rationale]] behind our confidence to roll-out this experimental feature and collect feedback.

Turning on Parsoid Read Views for Dagbani Wikipedia is in preparation for the first [[wikifunctions:Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2024-09-13|Wikifunctions integration]] in 2025.
This is also an opportunity for continued experimentation as we increase the number of wikis using Parsoid for read views.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry you can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the page you’re navigating in the Tools submenu, as described at the [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] page.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].

There is [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available.

Best regards, [[User:CAnanian (WMF)|C. Scott Ananian]], for the Content Transform Team
&lt;/div&gt; [[Ŋun su:CAnanian (WMF)|CAnanian (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:CAnanian (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 06:08, 27 Silimin gɔli November 2024 (GMT)

:Thank you for the information @[[Ŋun su:CAnanian (WMF)|CAnanian (WMF)]]. We will do as requested and let you know if you encounter any challenges. Cheers! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:11, 7 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=27746256 --&gt;

== Admin Request ==


== Admin Request ==
M mabihi,

N zaŋ di puhiri suŋ din bi yoli m mali tiri so kam ti dundɔŋ gɔɣu ŋɔ ni. N suhiri la soli ni n lɛbi Adimisstireta n ti Dagbanli Wikipedia din yɛn chɛ ka n tooi sɔŋsi ni tɛmplɛti suma ʒin kpɛna ni ti Wikipedia maa yaɣa-yaɣa kalibu. Din niŋ ma suhupiɛlli pam ni yi dihi nuu ka be tima sɔli.

Ti paɣiya!

* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]]
*; Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:57, 27 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:35, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:40, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)

[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:28, 6 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:31, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
*; Neutral votes  ----
*; Oppose votes
* {{u|Dnshitobu}}

; Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:57, 27 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:35, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:43, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:31, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
; Neutral votes

----

; Oppose votes


[[Ŋun su:Din-nani1|Din-nani1]]

; Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:57, 27 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:35, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:43, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:28, 6 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:31, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
; Neutral votes

----

; Oppose votes


[[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]]
; Support votes
# [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhaj Darajaati|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 08:57, 27 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:35, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:43, 5 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:28, 6 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
# [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:31, 7 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
; Neutral votes

----

; Oppose votes

[[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:33, 26 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)

== Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 02:35, 29 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''
--[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 02:35, 29 Silimin gɔli January 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&amp;oldid=26503019 --&gt;

== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28198931 --&gt;

== Dagbani natural language functions in Wikifunctions ==

So far there are not many natural language functions listed in the subpage of the function catalogue about Dagbani in [[wikifunctions:Wikifunctions:Catalogue/Natural_language_operations/Dagbani|Wikifunctions]]. Can you please check this page and try to create more functions. If you have questions I can try to help you. [[Ŋun su:Hogü-456|Hogü-456]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hogü-456|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 19:48, 21 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT)

:Hi @[[Ŋun su:Hogü-456|Hogü-456]], thanks for this. I will pass this on to the Dagbani Wikifunctions working group. Cheers! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:52, 9 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
::Who is member of the Dagbani Wikifunctions working group and when do the meetings of this group happen. I am interested in attending at such a meetup if it happens virtually. [[Ŋun su:Hogü-456|Hogü-456]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Hogü-456|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:43, 9 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
:::It’s hosted by Wikifunctions team led by Luca and Sharavani with me and 3 other 4 other participants from the Dagbani community. I will remind once we schedule our next meeting. Also, might you be available to help the team create more functions? The language diversity hub can schedule a consultation call for you and the working group. Cheers! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:21, 10 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 Silimin gɔli February 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28217779 --&gt;

== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28307738 --&gt;

== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:55, 13 Silimin gɔli March 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&amp;oldid=28382282 --&gt;

== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28469465 --&gt;

== Wikifunctions will be deployed on Dagbani Wikipedia on April 15 ==

Hi all, we are happy to announce that Wikifunctions is finally coming to your project! Starting from '''April 15''', you will be able to call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles.

A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output. In other words, think of adding up two numbers, or converting miles into metres, or calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. This is usually done with templates that are complicated to create or to import. With Wikifunctions, you will be able to do this with just a couple of clicks!

For this first release, we recommend trying out the [[:f:Z20756|Age function]] as it’s gotten more testing. You’re also invited to create functions that you find useful!  

We kindly ask you to try to use a function in an article, and let us know how the process goes. Also, we would like to invite you to contribute to Wikifunctions, by translating the existing functions labels in Dagbani, so that more users can freely reuse them on the project.

Of course, we are happy to help in case there are questions or difficulties, and we are ready to listen to your feedback. Please ping me directly in case of necessity or reach out to me on my talk page. [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:21, 9 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)

:This is great news! [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:46, 10 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
::Hi all, unfortunately I have to announce that we are postponing the deployment of Wikifunctions to your wiki to a later date. We encountered a problem in testing, and we need some additional time to successfully deploy access to functions. I'll keep you posted about the new date. Sorry for the inconvenience! [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:27, 14 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
:::Hi all, we want to let you know that Wikifunctions is now '''live''' on your project! You can now call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles. A few things to keep in mind:
:::* This is our very first live deployment, so you should expect bugs. When you encounter them, please report them in this thread or on my talk page.
:::* There are hundreds of functions already made by the Wikifunctions community. For the best experience, we recommend you try out the functions we have tested:
:::** [[:f:Z13473|format number strings with commas]]
:::** [[:f:Z18428|miles to kilometers]]
:::** [[:f:Z22322|population density]]
:::** [[:f:Z11022|natural number as Roman numeral]]
:::** [[:f:Z10018|convert a string to uppercase]]
:::If there is a bug, a malfunction or a problem, please let me know immediately in this thread or on my talk page.
:::In the next few days, I will send you a tutorial with live examples about how to insert a function in an article. If you are interested in how to ''create'' a function, please refer to [[:f:Wikifunctions:Introduction]].
:::As always, I'm here in case you need help! Thank you in advance! [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 20:22, 15 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
::::Great news. Thank you for letting us know. \o/ [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:10, 15 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
:::::Hi all! Thank you for your editing and for trying out our functions. We have got [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfzW42VULKdXd1UkE2xXDuL1R6iXhYA_MHqq1FWbcLltjlULg/viewform?usp=header a feedback survey] ([[:foundation:Legal:Wikifunctions_deployment_on_Dagbani_Wikipedia_feedback_survey_Privacy_Statement|privacy statement]]) for you to compile, to share with us your initial experience with Wikifunctions. Please, do so before '''May 15'''. I'll be available in case of need at any time. Thanks in advance! [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:47, 5 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)

== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&amp;oldid=28552112 --&gt;

== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28469465 --&gt;

== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:04, 28 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&amp;oldid=28628657 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:40, 29 Silimin gɔli April 2025 (GMT)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28618011 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|yɛlmi yaɣilitɔŋsatarili]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28618011 --&gt;

== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:26, 22 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&amp;oldid=28768453 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 03:07, 28 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28618011 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone,  

''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)''

The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''.

This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable.

The three main features of this extension are:

* '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki.
*  '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''.
*  '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions.

'''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''&quot;Event Organizer&quot;''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment.

The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]])

If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout.

Thank you! &lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|yɛlmi yaɣilitɔŋsatarili]]) 16:47, 29 Silimin gɔli May 2025 (GMT)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&amp;oldid=28803829 --&gt;

== Grant notification  ==

Dear WPWP, Wiki Loves Monuments 2025, WikiVibrance International, and Africa Youth Day Organizers, We hope this message finds you well. We are excited to inform you that the application window for Wikimedia Foundation's Cycle 1 of our grants is now open. Please ensure to submit your applications by July 1, 2025.
For a comprehensive guide on how to apply

https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid [[User:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[User talk:Zakaria Tunsung|talk]]) 09:03, 11 June 2025 (UTC) [[Ŋun su:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zakaria Tunsung|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:06, 11 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT)

== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:00, 13 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28848819 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:43, 17 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=28866958 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:56, 27 Silimin gɔli June 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&amp;oldid=28911188 --&gt;

== Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes ==

''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)''

Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations.

The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''.
The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below:
[[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]]

These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages.

Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change.

Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]].

Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:45, 14 Silimin gɔli July 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&amp;oldid=28981877 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''.

Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. 

'''Why we are building temporary accounts'''

Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. 

Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users.

'''How temporary accounts work'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]]
Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;~2025-12345-67&lt;/code&gt; (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it.

'''What does this mean for different groups of users?'''

'''For logged-out editors'''

* This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki.
* If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice.

'''For community members interacting with logged-out editors'''

* A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address).
* Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community.

'''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki'''

* '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.)
* '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''':
** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option.
** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range.
* Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this.

'''Our requests for you, and next steps'''

* If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]].
* If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in.
* Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options.
* Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses.

To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:35, 26 Silimin gɔli August 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&amp;oldid=29181713 --&gt;

== Introducing Paste Check: a new Edit Check for Wikipedia ==

Hello!

Sorry for using English language. {{int:please-translate}}. {{int:Thank-you}}

Paste Check is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check can prompt them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content.

'''Why Paste Check?'''

Paste Check benefits two audiences:

* Newcomers: Many new editors are unaware of Wikipedia’s policies regarding copyright violations. Some mistakenly believe that pasting from what they consider reliable sources is the way to edit.
* Experienced editors: Paste Check aims to make it easier to identify and patrol edits that may contain pasted content (which can be either legit or copyright violations), helping us save time.

The goal is to reduce the rate of copyright violations by at least 10% among newer editors.

'''How it works'''

By default, Paste Check will be shown to editors who have published 100 or fewer edits locally.

When an editor matching this requirement pastes at least 50 characters of text from somewhere else, Paste Check will ask them to confirm if they wrote the content. Two options are then available:

* Keep the text – the user is then asked to explain why.
* Remove the text – the text is removed.

In both cases, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|edits will be tagged]] so that experienced editors can identify edits in which Paste Check was shown. The tag will be visible even if the final edit didn’t include any pasted text.

Paste Check will trigger when text is pasted a source it doesn’t recognize as another editing environment. It won’t show up if the editor has pasted text that we can technically recognize is coming from another MediaWiki visual editor instance, MS Office, Libre Office, Google Docs, or is plain text.

To start, Paste Check will only work in the visual editor.

'''Get involved'''

The Editing team is seeking input on the proposed user experience and configuration.

We plan to test the following interface with new users ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;showMessage=editcheck-dialog-addref-reject-question&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate please help translating it]):  

[[File:Paste_Check_interface_for_September_2025's_test.png|575x575px]]

We're planning to refine this interface over time, but want to start by launching a test so that we can determine whether the check is useful. We presented this interface to people who don't participate in Wikipedia, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#Qualitative evaluation|they found it practical and easy to understand]].

As a consequence, we would like to start by showing the feature to a fraction of newcomers for approximately 6 weeks. After this point, we will review the experiment results and decide what to do next.

'''Configuration and test'''

For experienced users, Paste Check will be configurable by the local communities (e.g. edit count thresholds, ignored sections and namespaces). Edits triggering Paste Check will be marked with the tag &lt;code&gt;editcheck-paste-shown&lt;/code&gt; for easier tracking.

You can try the proposed Paste Check interface:

* visit https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Cats&amp;veaction=edit&amp;ecenable=2

* Paste 50 characters or more from an external source, such as a website, to see the prompt.

Your feedback is valuable! Please share your thoughts below, and ping me. {{int:Thank-you}}

[[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 13:47, 18 Silimin gɔli September 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&amp;oldid=29293687 --&gt;
:This test is planned to start on this Wednesday, 8 October. Let me know if you have any question! [[Ŋun su:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Trizek (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:31, 6 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)

== Admin request  ==

Gaafara m mabihi. N suhiri noli ni n lebi ti' baŋsim dundɔŋ gɔrigu maa zuɣu ni n lee di administrator. N pun nyɛla &quot;Event Organizer&quot; n-ti Wikimiidia kpatuɣili din yuli booni &quot;Event Registration&quot; la ka di mali bukaata ni n-nyɛ administrator din yɛn chɛ ka n-tooi zaŋdi lala wikimiidia kpatupili din sɔŋdi ban laɣimdi niriba m-baŋsiriba wikimiidia tuma la n-tiri ban mali di bu kaata yiko ka bɛ ni tooi tam Dagbani Winkipidia zuɣu n-namdi bɛ tuma yaɣa din jɛndi niriba laɣimbu.

N lahi bɔri ni n nya yiko n tooi maani tohibu din bi tam kanlli zuɣu n zaani dede ka lahi bori saɣisigu n-tiri ban tɔhibu birigiri wikipiidia zalikpana.

'''Support'''


'''Oppose''' 


[[Ŋun su:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Alhassan Mohammed Awal]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alhassan Mohammed Awal|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 07:44, 24 Silimin gɔli September 2025 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]].

When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]].

'''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.'''

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Chair, Elections Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 04:48, 9 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=29360896 --&gt;

== Admin Renewal Request ==
M mabia,

Pirinla bansu fukumsi tali ti Wikipedia dundɔŋ ŋɔ puuni ni mali neebu yuuni kam la zuɣu, ti lahi bɔri yi nuu dihibu zaŋ chaŋ di polo, din yɛn chɛ ka ti kuli maani ti Wikipedia maa lahabaya maa ka di tam kanli zuɣu. Ti bɔri la fukumsi ni ti tooi kparigiri ban IP namba nim kpari ka lahi gili bo kpatuɣa ni ban maani sabbu nim na ti Wikipedia ŋɔ zuɣu. 

A yi bɔri ni a dihi a nuu, nyin zaŋ mi a sabbu shee bia maa na n ti pa &quot;Support Votes&quot; maa gbini ni ka sabi: #~ (dihimi ~ ŋɔ maa bunahi ka zaŋ taɣibu n wuhi salo)

=== Dnshitobu ===

; Support votes

* [[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]])
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:11, 12 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Musahfm|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 16:55, 12 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
* [[Diŋ'gahim:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-28365-33|&amp;#126;2025-28365-33]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:&amp;#126;2025-28365-33|talk]]) 09:28, 13 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)

*[[Ŋun su:Alooissah|Alooissah]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alooissah|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:00, 12 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:09, 12 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Munkaila Sulemana|Munkaila Sulemana]] ([[ Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa: Munkaila Sulemana| Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:36, 12 Silimiin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:43, 15 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Abdul-Hanan Chambihi|Abdul-Hanan Chambihi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Abdul-Hanan Chambihi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:51, 16 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)

;;;'''Oppose'''

=== Din-nani1 ===

; Support votes
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]])
*[[Ŋun su:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ruky Wunpini|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:23, 12 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)

*[[Ŋun su:Alooissah|Alooissah]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alooissah|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:25, 12 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:46, 12 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Achiri Bitamsimli|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:45, 15 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
;;;'''Oppose''' 


[[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:48, 12 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GM

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=29432175 --&gt;
:Many thanks for sharing @[[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:28, 20 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Silimin gɔli October 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=29517125 --&gt;

== Will you help us test an updated Databox? ==

''Apologies for posting in English - you can help by translating it''

Hello everyone,
Recently, we have been developing an update for the [[Module:Databox|Module:Databox]] / [[Template:Databox|Template:Databox]] page with the following changes:

* A Wikidata logo and link to the connected Wikidata Item


* New parameters &lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;excludeProperties=&lt;/code&gt; can be invoked in the source code to give a greater degree of control on what the Databox displays.
** '''&lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt;''' choose a different [[d:Property:P18|image(P18)]] to display in the Databox.&lt;br&gt; Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|useImage=Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field_part d.jpg}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
** '''&lt;code&gt;excludeParameters=&lt;/code&gt;''' hides selected Properties (and values) in from displaying in the current Databox.&lt;br&gt;Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|excludeProperties=P1290,P66}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 

* The parameters can be combined, separated by a pipe |:&lt;br&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Databox|'''useImage='''image_file.jpg|'''excludeProperties='''P123}}&lt;/code&gt;

=== How can you help? ===
Firstly, as the [[Module:Databox|Module:Databox]] page is protected, we need an Admin to contact us so we can add the new code changes to the Module Lua code.

Then, we would request your help by playing with the new features, adding Databoxes to articles and using the new parameters (if it is good for the article). Mostly we just wanyt to collect feedbakc on whether this is a positive change, is useful, interrupts your editing workflowand / or causes any issues or bugs.

Only the first change (Wikidata Logo+Link) will automatically apply to existing Databoxes (may take upto 30 days from this post) or after any edit to a page with a Databox (including null-edits).

The two Parameters will only show if the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; wikitext is edited with the new parameter code.&lt;br&gt;[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox#Changes_to_Databox|Find instructions to do that here]].&lt;br&gt;
Any questions, please feel free to reply here or add them to the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]].&lt;br&gt;
Thank you, - [[Ŋun su:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 18:32, 4 Silimin gɔli November 2025 (GMT) on behalf of the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] Team

:The Databox changes have been added and the improved Databox is now operational on this Wiki. Any questions on how to use the new Parameters, what's new or have feedback, please get in touch by replying here or leaving a message on this [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]]. Thanks, -[[Ŋun su:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:26, 12 Silimin gɔli November 2025 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Silimin gɔli November 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=29583860 --&gt;

== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:20, 18 Silimin gɔli January 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&amp;oldid=29228188 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Silimin gɔli January 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=29905753 --&gt;

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&amp;oldid=28552112 --&gt;

== Enabling Our World In Data (OWID) feature on Dagbani Wikipedia: ==
{{owidslider
|start        = 2023
|list         = Template:OWID/Burden of disease#gallery
|location      = commons
|caption      =
|title        =
|language     =
|file         = [[File:Burden of disease, World, 2023 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Burden of disease]]
|startingView = World
}}

Our World in Data (OWID) is a scientific online publication that focuses on large global problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, war, climate change, population growth, existential risks, and inequality.
It uses interactive charts and maps to illustrate research findings, often taking a long-term view to show how global living conditions have changed over time.

Presently, this essential feature is not activated for translations in Dagbani, which poses a major drawback to particularly, presentations which may require data visualizations on global issues. The sole purpose of this discussion is to spotlight this inactivation and solicit community views for stringent steps to be taken towards its activation. [[Ŋun su:Abdul-Rauf Moshie|Abdul-Rauf Moshie]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Abdul-Rauf Moshie|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 21:44, 25 Silimin gɔli April 2026 (GMT)

:As an individual in research, I strongly support this proposal. Integrating Our World in Data visualizations into Dagbani translations will greatly enhance understanding of complex global issues like health, climate change, and poverty. Data is most impactful when it is both accessible and understandable, and interactive charts help bridge that gap. Enabling this feature will empower Dagbani readers, educators, and researchers to engage more deeply with evidence-based information and promote informed decision-making in our communities. [[Ŋun su:Knowledge and philosophy|Knowledge and philosophy]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Knowledge and philosophy|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:19, 26 Silimin gɔli April 2026 (GMT)
*Examples can be seen here on Commons.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:List_of_interactive_graphs] [[Ŋun su:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Doc James|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:16, 9 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT)
:'''Strong Support''' This would be very usful for the Dagbani Wikipedia and its medical content. [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 15:18, 23 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT)
::It is live now in DAG. Next steps will involve translation of the interface. Is there someone who wants to volunteer to help with this? [[Ŋun su:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Doc James|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 06:22, 22 Silimin gɔli July 2026 (GMT)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 00:57, 26 Silimin gɔli April 2026 (GMT)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Invitation to participate in Abstract Wikipedia pilot ==

Hi everyone, I’m Luca, and I’m part of the team working on Abstract Wikipedia.

[[:m:Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is a [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ recently launched Wikimedia project] that aims to create community-written, language-independent articles that can be output into many languages using Wikifunctions. This approach allows Wikipedia communities to leverage these articles to expand content and close the existing knowledge gaps between different language versions of Wikipedia.

We would love to explore working with you as a pilot community for Abstract Wikipedia, especially given your current work with Wikidata lexemes and Wikifunctions functions. These two aspects are the cornerstone of Abstract Wikipedia, as it combines them to create language-independent articles.

With this in mind, we would like to hear your thoughts on a few questions:

# Are you interested in participating in an Abstract Wikipedia pilot? This would mean that abstract content from Abstract Wikipedia could be integrated into your Wikipedia, in place of currently non-existing. Your community will be in full control of which articles to integrate.
# Would you be open to working with our partners in Wikimedia Deutschland to improve coverage of Wikidata lexemes in your language? This would involve creating missing lexemes, fixing issues on existing lexemes, adding forms and senses, improving overall quality, and linking them to Wikidata Items.
# Would you be interested in working with the Wikifunctions community to improve coverage of language functions in your language? Or would you be interested in collaborating with a partner to do so?
# Does an affiliate or group in your community currently have funding (General Support Fund, Rapid Fund etc.) to organize any workshops or events for you to engage your community?

We want to stress again that your community will remain fully in control of its content, as existing local articles would never be replaced, and contributors could improve shared content from Abstract Wikipedia.

Thank you in advance for sharing your thoughts! We’re here to listen and learn. You can address us in your own language, if you want. -- [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:44, 13 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT)

:Dear @[[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]], Thank you for reaching out to our community regarding this important project.
:After deliberations with my team at the Dagbani Wikimedians User Group, we are very excited about the opportunity to participate in the Abstract Wikipedia project.
:Our response is '''YES''' to the first three points. However, I would like to provide some clarification regarding point four.
:We have recently been awarded a limited General Support Fund, which unfortunately did not originally include provisions for organizing activities related to Abstract Wikipedia.
:In this regard, I would like to explore the following possibilities:
:Whether Wikimedia Deutschland (WMDE) would be willing to provide a small microgrant to support the workshops, particularly as they are focused on Wikidata integration.
:Alternatively, we can reach out to our regional grants officer — while copying you in the correspondence — to seek approval for repurposing part of our existing General Support Fund to support these workshops.
:We are genuinely excited about this opportunity and look forward to collaborating with you on this initiative.
:Warm regards, [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadusadik]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Shahadusadik|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:07, 18 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Silimin gɔli May 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30513860 --&gt;

== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|yɛlmi yaɣilitɔŋsatarili]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 Silimin gɔli June 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30513860 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Silimin gɔli June 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&amp;oldid=30731267 --&gt;

== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:24, 24 Silimin gɔli July 2026 (GMT)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30513860 --&gt;

== Admin Request ==

M mabihi,

N zaŋ di puhiri suŋ din bi yoli m mali tiri so kam ti dundɔŋ gɔɣu ŋɔ ni. N suhiri la soli ni n lɛbi Adimisstireta n ti Dagbanli Wikipedia din yɛn chɛ ka n tooi sɔŋsi ni tɛmplɛti suma ʒin kpɛna ni ti Wikipedia maa yaɣa-yaɣa kalibu. Din niŋ ma suhupiɛlli pam ni yi dihi nuu ka be tima sɔli.

Ti paɣiya!

== * {{u|Dnshitobu}} ==
*; Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Alooissah|Alooissah]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alooissah|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:13, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:44, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zakaria Tunsung|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:09, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Awinimi|Awinimi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinimi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:26, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Anthony Dery|Anthony Dery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Anthony Dery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:21, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Kalakpagh|Kalakpagh]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Kalakpagh|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:27, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:34, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:36, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:46, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)to 
* [[Ŋun su:Umar Asiya|Umar Asiya]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Umar Asiya|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:03, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Napagachenty|Napagachenty]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Napagachenty|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:34, 26 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*; Neutral votes 

*; Oppose votes

== * [[Ŋun su:Shahadusadik|Shahadu Sadik]] ==

; Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Alooissah|Alooissah]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alooissah|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:14, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:45, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zakaria Tunsung|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:10, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Awinimi|Awinimi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinimi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:26, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Anthony Dery|Anthony Dery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Anthony Dery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:20, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Kalakpagh|Kalakpagh]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Kalakpagh|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:28, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:35, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:37, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:49, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)

* [[Ŋun su:Umar Asiya|Umar Asiya]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Umar Asiya|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:05, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Napagachenty|Napagachenty]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Napagachenty|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:30, 26 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)

; Neutral votes


; Oppose votes

== * [[Ŋun su:Alhaj Darajaati|Alhaj Darajaati]] ==

; Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Alooissah|Alooissah]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alooissah|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:15, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:48, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zakaria Tunsung|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:10, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Awinimi|Awinimi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinimi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:26, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Anthony Dery|Anthony Dery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Anthony Dery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:19, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Kalakpagh|Kalakpagh]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Kalakpagh|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:29, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:36, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:37, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:49, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)


* [[Ŋun su:Umar Asiya|Umar Asiya]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Umar Asiya|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:07, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Napagachenty|Napagachenty]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Napagachenty|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:29, 26 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)


; Neutral votes

; Oppose votes

== * [[Ŋun su:Musahfm|Musahfm]] ==

; Support votes
* [[Ŋun su:Alooissah|Alooissah]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Alooissah|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:15, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Ibn Dagara|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:46, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Zakaria Tunsung|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:12, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Awinimi|Awinimi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Awinimi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 11:26, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Anthony Dery|Anthony Dery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Anthony Dery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:18, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:Kalakpagh|Kalakpagh]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Kalakpagh|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:30, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
*[[Ŋun su:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:SIR SUCCESS (NAA JAHINFO)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 12:37, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Sir Amugi|Sir Amugi]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sir Amugi|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:38, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 13:50, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Umar Asiya|Umar Asiya]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Umar Asiya|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:08, 25 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)
* [[Ŋun su:Napagachenty|Napagachenty]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Napagachenty|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 23:28, 26 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)


; Neutral votes

; Oppose votes


[[Ŋun su:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Dnshitobu|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 22:37, 24 Silimin gɔli August 2026 (GMT)

== Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices (Turn on beta in your Preferences settings) ==

''(Apologies for typing in English)''

Did you know that you can edit any Wikidata statement directly from your mobile device, just like on desktop?

Since April 2026 all datatypes are now supported for mobile editing. To try it out, make sure the beta feature is still enabled in your Preferences ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures Beta features] --&gt; &quot;Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices&quot;). Then visit any Item on your mobile.

Please test it and share your feedback while it's still in beta, so we can refine it for you before it goes live in the coming weeks. If you run into issues or have feedback, please share it on the project talk page: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]].

Happy editing on mobile.

-[[Ŋun su:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 10:05, 7 Silimin gɔli September 2026 (GMT)

== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 21 Silimin gɔli September 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&amp;oldid=31067433 --&gt;

== Abstract Wikipedia will be deployed soon on your Wikipedia ==
Hi everyone, I’m Luca, and I’m part of the team working on Abstract Wikipedia.

[[:m:Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is a [[:abstract:|recently launched Wikimedia project]] that aims to create community-written, language-independent articles that can be output into many languages. This approach allows interested Wikipedia communities to leverage these articles to expand their content.

[[:abstract:Abstract Wikipedia:For interested communities/Dagbanli|As you accepted to be among our first pilot communities]], we wanted to share with you that next week we will be deploying the ability to integrate abstract articles to your wiki. This deployment will not add any abstract articles to your wiki yet, it will simply set up the system that then will allow you to integrate articles when you decide to integrate them.

To learn more about how the community-controlled integration process works, please read the how-to page on Abstract Wikipedia: https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Abstract_articles

Also, if you want to help translating the system messages to your language, please help us doing so by editing the messages on TranslateWiki at https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?group=ext-wikilambda-abstract&amp;language=dag

When you try the integration out, please let us know how things are going. We have tested the system as well as we can, but there might easily be issues we didn’t expect. If anything does not work as you expect it, please let us know.

We want to stress again that your community will remain fully in control of its content, as existing local articles would never be replaced, your community will decide which abstract articles to integrate, and contributors can improve shared content from Abstract Wikipedia.

Thank you in advance for sharing your thoughts! We’re here to listen and learn. You can address us in your own language, if you want. -- [[Ŋun su:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:Sannita (WMF)|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 14:35, 6 Silimin gɔli October 2026 (GMT)

== Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==
''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)''

Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary.

The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the  Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].&lt;br/&gt;
Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes.

Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]])  sent via [[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 09:28, 9 Silimin gɔli October 2026 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&amp;oldid=31142775 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5tm5y3n753vezj52e8ehatl02t8gtwk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ʒim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147824</id>
      <parentid>146094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:59:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PJ Geest</username>
        <id>4790</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replace raster graph with SVG reconstruction: Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.svg</comment>
      <origin>147824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="101080" sha1="7um3jhlj1slad3wxhms88bl28umrdbp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ʒim'''&lt;ref&gt;Naden, Tony. 2014. [https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ ''Dagbani dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007011509/https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |date=2021-10-07 }}. Webonary.&lt;/ref&gt; nyɛla kom din be ninsalinima mini binkɔbiri ni ka tiriba binshɛŋa din kpa talahi kamani alaafee pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri kpalimdi ningbuna ni, ka yihiri daɣiri din kpɛri ningbuna ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Definition of BLOOD |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323030751/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blood |archive-date=23 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=Merriam-Webster}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ʒim malila binnɛma ka bɛ mali bɛ ni do luɣ'shɛŋa ka di yuli booni ''Plasma''. &quot;Plasma&quot;, din mali vaabu 55% ʒim puuni, tooi zoola kom (92% galisim),&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html |title=Blood – The Human Heart |access-date=19 March 2009 |author=The Franklin Institute Inc. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html |archive-date=5 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ʒiri niɛn' shɛŋa kamani [[:en:Protein|''proteins'']], [[:en:Glucose|''glucose'']], ''mineral [[:en:Ion|ions]]'', ni [[:en:Hormone|''hormones'']] ka ŋa nyɛ din tiri alaafee ka lahi zaŋ di zoosim sali ningbuna ni na.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-02-02 |title=Definition of red blood cell |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/red-blood-cell |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=National Cancer Institute |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425130740/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/red-blood-cell |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Binnɛma ban bie ʒim ni pam n-nyɛ binneenbihi ʒehi ([[:en:Red_blood_cell|''red blood cells'']],  ''[[:en:White_blood_cell|white blood cells]],''  ni ''[[:en:Platelet|platelets]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aryal |first=Sagar |date=2017-01-03 |title=Blood cells and its types with functions |url=https://microbiologyinfo.com/blood-cells-types-functions/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Microbiology Info.com |language=en-US |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412041337/https://microbiologyinfo.com/blood-cells-types-functions/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Binnɛma ŋɔ puuni, ban galisi ʒim ni pam n-nyɛ binneenbihi ʒehi bee [[:en:Red_blood_cell|''red blood cells'']], Lala binnɛma ŋɔ malila binshɛɣu bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Hemoglobin|''hemoglobin'']] din che ka bɛ ʒiri pɔhim n-kpɛri ninsali bee binkɔbiri ningbuna ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Low Hemoglobin: Causes &amp; Symptoms |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17705-low-hemoglobin |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Cleveland Clinic |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428204042/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17705-low-hemoglobin |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Binkɔb' shɛŋa ba n mali jira nyɛla ba n mali naɣingbaŋ' shɛli ŋan tuɣiri dɔriti, ka di nyɛla binnɛma ban nye zahi piɛla la n be ʒim puuni la n tumdi di ŋa, n sɔŋdi n tuɣiri binnɛma ŋan tiri dɔriti. binnɛma ban nye ''platelets'' la gba nyɛla ban mali anfaani pam domi ŋa sɔŋdi ningbuna maa zaŋ kpa ʒim gbihibu polo.

Ʒim dolila ʒisoya n-kpɛri ningbuna ni ka di nyɛ suhu n-vuhirili kpɛri din ni. Binkɔbiri ban mali sapuri ni, Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Artery|''arteries'']] la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni, ka Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli &quot; [[:en:Vein|''veins'']]&quot; mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na. Ʒim nyɛla din nye zahi ʒee di yi ti niŋ di ''hemoglobin'' Ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni la, amaa ka nye zahi sabilli di yi ti niŋ ka di ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-10 |title=Is blood blue? 7 facts about blood |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321442 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062539/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321442 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Krause2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Krause |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUC&amp;pg=PA67 |title=Krause's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58112-468-2 |edition=3rd |pages=67 |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075102/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUC&amp;pg=PA67 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bachikɔb' shɛŋa alaafee tuma yili nima ni mali tiri ʒim n-nye ''hemo-'', ''hemato-'', ''haemo-'' bee ''haemato-'' ka ŋa yina ''Greek'' nima balli puuni, bɛ ni booni  Ʒim shɛm. Amaa, di yi kana baŋsim yaɣa din nye [[:en:Anatomy|''anatomy'']] mini [[:en:Histology|''histology'']] puuni, ŋan jɛndi binnɛma naɣingbana mini ŋa tuma bɔhimbu, ʒim nyɛla naɣingban' shɛli din tuɣiri naɣingbana yaɣa yaɣa ŋan bie binnɛma mini nisalinima ningbuna ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Krause20052&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Krause|first=William J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUC&amp;pg=PA67|title=Krause's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students|publisher=Universal-Publishers|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58112-468-2|edition=3rd|pages=67|language=en|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075102/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRayoldYrcUC&amp;pg=PA67|archive-date=26 April 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;, dini niŋ ka ʒima ŋɔ tooi yirina kɔba puuni ka lahi mali bɛ ni bɔli bin sheŋa [[:en:Fibrinogen|''fibrinogen'']] la zuɣu. 

==Ʒim tuma&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Séguin |first=Chantal |date=2022-01-08 |title=Did You Know That Not All Blood is Red? • The Blood Project |url=https://www.thebloodproject.com/did-you-know-13/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Blood Project |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702161612/https://www.thebloodproject.com/did-you-know-13/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;==
[[File:1GZX Haemoglobin.png|right|thumb|''Hemoglobin'', din nye ''globular protein''&lt;br /&gt;zaɣi va' kaɣili = ''haem'' (bee ''heme'') zaɣi bobigu&lt;br /&gt;zaɣi ʒee mini zaɣi nuɣuso = ''protein subunits'']]
Ʒim mali tuma pam ningbuna ni, di pam n-nyɛ:
* Pɔhim vooi kpe ningbuna ni ( ka ŋa nye [[:en:Hemoglobin|''hemoglobin'']] din be binneenbihi ʒehi ban bie Ʒim puuni la tuma)
* Alaafee bin bora kamani [[:en:Glucose|''glucose'']], ''[[:en:Amino_acid|amino acids]],'' mini ''[[:en:Fatty_acid|fatty acids]]''  din wuligi b-bie ʒim puuni bee n-tabi [[:en:Blood_proteins|''plasma protein' nima'']] (kamani kpa' shɛŋa din bie Ʒim ni), ka ŋan zaa mali alaafee zaŋ ti ningbuna
* Daɣiri kamani pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na, [[:en:Urea|''urea'']], mini [[:en:Lactic_acid|''lactic acid'']] yihibu.
* Ningbuŋ' kpaŋsibu zaŋ kpa dɔriti tuɣibu polo, ka ŋa tuma nye binnɛma ban nye zaɣi piɛla la wuligi gili ningbuŋ yaɣa kam, di mi barina binnɛma baŋbu ni yiɣibu ningbuna ni. 
* ʒim gbihibu, din nye ningbuŋ naɣingban' shɛli zaŋ jɛndi ʒi' soya ŋmabu polo, din ye n che ka ʒim maa gbihi ka tahi Ʒim yibu na.
* Tuumba tuma tumbu, ka ŋan mii jɛndi binnɛma kamani [[:en:Hormone|''hormones'']] mini wuhibu zaŋ kpa ningbuŋ barina polo.
* Ningbuŋ tulim ni maasim tahibu saha shɛli din tu.

* Binshɛŋa din ku tooi doni ningbuna ni yihibu

==Binyɛra din be ʒim ni==
===Binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri ni===
Ʒim sula vaabu 7% ningbuna timsim ni,&lt;ref name=&quot;alberts_table&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26919/table/A4143/ |title=Table 22-1 Blood Cells |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=NCBI Bookshelf |year=2012 | last = Alberts | first = Bruce | name-list-style = vanc |website=Molecular Biology of the Cell |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327160412/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26919/table/A4143/ |archive-date=27 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PhysFactVol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/LanNaLee.shtml |title=Volume of Blood in a Human |access-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103090043/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/LanNaLee.shtml |archive-date=3 November 2012 |year=2012 | last = Elert | first = Glenn | name-list-style = vanc |website=The Physics Factbook |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka di gburisim ni paai kamani 1060&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, di miri ko'viɛlli gburisim kamani 1000&amp;nbsp;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml |title=Density of Blood |access-date=4 October 2006 |year=2004 |website=The Physics Factbook |last=Shmukler |first=Michael |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919051122/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml |archive-date=19 September 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zaɣ'kuri ʒim paai kamani koliba dibaanu &quot;{{convert|5|L|USpt|lk=in}}&quot; bee galiŋ 1.3.&lt;ref name=&quot;PhysFactVol&quot;/&gt; Ʒim malila binnɛma balibu buyi– binneen ʒehi mini binneen piɛla, ni binnɛma ban nye ''platelets'' la gba nyɛla ban mali anfaani pam domi ŋa sɔŋdi ningbuna maa zaŋ kpa ʒim gbihibu polo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Composition of the Blood {{!}} SEER Training |url=https://training.seer.cancer.gov/leukemia/anatomy/composition.html |website=training.seer.cancer.gov |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016211542/https://www.training.seer.cancer.gov/leukemia/anatomy/composition.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Binneen ʒehi sula vaabu 45% binneen piɛla puuni, ka &quot;plasma&quot; su vaabu 54.3%, ka binneen piɛla su vaabu 0.7%.

Ʒim (di mini di ''platelets'' mini binnɛma maa zaa) kotomsi ni naɣingbana wuhirila bɛ ni boli ko' shɛŋa [[:en:Non-Newtonian_fluid|''non-Newtonian Fluid'']]  la.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Krew Frakcjonowana.jpg|Anfooni di wuhiri Ninsali Ʒim puuni nɛma balibu balibu: kom shɛli bɛ ni boli ''Plasma'' (di n pa' zuɣu saa, ka nye zaɣi dozim), ''buffy coat'' (di n be sunsuuni, ka nye zaɣi  piɛlli) mini ''erythrocyte ('' ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi'')'' (din mii be gbunni, ka nye zaɣi ʒee).
File:Blutkreislauf.png|Ʒim gɔ n gili ningbuŋ luɣa: '''zaɣi ʒee''' =  Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Artery|''arteries'']] la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni.  zaɣi nuɣuso: Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli &quot; [[:en:Vein|''veins'']]&quot; mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na. 
File:Blausen 0425 Formed Elements.png|Anfooni din wuhiri ʒim ni mali nein' shɛŋa.
File:Blut-EDTA.jpg|Kɔliba ayi, [[EDTA]] ni bie shɛŋa puuni- ka gbibi ʒi' shɛŋa din bɛ gbihi  &lt;br /&gt;Kɔliba dib bie nu' zaa zuɣu: di zani n tooi biela, ʒim binnɛma ban nye zaɣi ʒee maa ye n lumi n doni kɔliba maa gbunni.&lt;br /&gt; Kɔliba dib bie nu' dirigu zuɣu mii gbubila Ʒi' shɛli bɛ ni na yɔli vooi yiɣina ningbuŋ ni na. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Anfooni shɛŋa==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Cytology of acute promyelocytic leukemia, annotated.png|[[Bone marrow]] smear from a patient with [[acute promyelocytic leukemia]], showing characteristic abnormal promyelocytes.&lt;ref&gt;Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Reference for findings: {{cite web|url=https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/leukemiaapl.html|title=APL with PML-RARA|author=Syed Zaidi, M.D.|website=APL with PML-RARA}} Last author update: 1 February 2013&lt;br&gt;Source image: [[:File:Faggot cell in AML-M3.jpg]] from [http://peir2.path.uab.edu/pdl/dbra.cgi?uid=default&amp;view_search=1 PEIR Digital Library (Pathology image database)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301033106/http://peir2.path.uab.edu/pdl/dbra.cgi?uid=default&amp;view_search=1 |date=2009-03-01 }} (Public Domain)&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Hematopoiesis (human) diagram en.svg|Hematopoiesis
File:Basophilic promyelocyte.png|Basophilic promyelocyte
File:Eosonophilic promyelocyte.png|Eosinophilic promyelocyte
File:Neutrophilic promyelocyte.png|Neutrophilic promyelocyte
&lt;/gallery&gt;

====Cell====
Ʒim zaɣ'bilifu kam malila:

'''4.7 zaŋ chaŋ 6.1&amp;nbsp;miliyɔŋ (doo), 4.2 zaŋ chaŋ 5.4&amp;nbsp;miliyɔŋ (paɣa) &quot;[[erythrocyte]]s&quot;:'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm#Normal%20Values |title=Medical Encyclopedia: RBC count |website=Medline Plus |access-date=18 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021042354/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm#Normal%20Values |archive-date=21 October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ʒim ni binneen ʒehi nyɛla ban ban mali binshɛɣu din ʒiri pɔhim kperi ninsali ningbuna ni. Binneen ʒehi bn niŋ zaɣ'kura ka &quot;[[Cell nucleus|nucleus]]&quot; mini &quot;[[organelle]]s&quot; din be binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri ni. Lala binneen ʒehi ŋɔ yi laɣim taba Siliminsi booni ba la &quot;[[hematocrit]]&quot;, ka di tooi zooi ka di mali vaabu 45%. ʒim din be binkɔbigu puuni yi laɣim taba di galisi gari kamani tusaayi n-gari ningbuna din be zuɣusaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first1 = Robert B. | last1 = Tallitsch | first2 = Martini | last2 = Frederic | first3 = Timmons | last3 = Michael J. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Human anatomy | url = https://archive.org/details/humananatomy00mart |publisher=Pearson/Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2006 |page=529 |isbn=978-0-8053-7211-3 |edition= 5th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''4,000–11,000 &quot;[[leukocyte]]s&quot;:'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ganong WF&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Ganong | first = William F. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Review of medical physiology | url = https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano | url-access = limited |publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano/page/n517 518] |isbn=978-0-07-121765-1 |edition= 21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binneen piɛla pahila &quot;[[immune system]]&quot; ni; bɛ yihirila binneen shɛŋa ban kpi ka namdi zaɣ'pala, ka lahi tuhiri doriti binnɛma ni bin shɛŋa din bɛ tu ni di nie ningbuŋ puuni. dori shɛli bɛ ni boli ''cancer'' la yi ti tuɣi n-nyaŋ ningbuŋ linjima nima ŋɔ, doro maa yuli booni la [[:en:Leukemia|leukemia]].
* '''200,000–500,000 &quot;[[thrombocytes]]&quot;:'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ganong WF&quot; /&gt; SIliminsi ni lahi booni shɛli &quot;[[platelet]]s&quot;, bɛ pahirila ʒim kpulimbu ni gbihibu polo). ''Fibrin''  nyɛla din gba sɔŋ di ʒim di gbihibu polo.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;&quot;
|+ &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt;Ʒim naɣingbana mini nein' shɛŋa din bie di puuni&lt;/div&gt;
|-
!Parameter
!Kalinli
!Vihibu shaɣira kundunima.
|-
| [[Hematocrit]] ||
45 ± 7 (38–52%) dabba ningbuŋ puuni&lt;br /&gt;
42 ± 5 (37–47%) paɣaba ningbuŋ puuni
|
|-
| [[pH]] || 7.35–7.45
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1018308697 |title=Medical-surgical nursing : concepts for interprofessional collaborative care |date=2018 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |editor-first1=Donna D. |editor-last1=Ignatavicius |editor-first2=M. Linda |editor-last2=Workman |editor-first3=Cherie R. |editor-last3=Rebar |editor-first4=Nicole M. |editor-last4=Heimgartner |isbn=978-0-323-46158-0 |edition=9th |location=St. Louis, Missouri |page=190 |language=en-US |oclc=1018308697}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[base excess]] || −3 to +3
|
|-
| P[[oxygen|O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 10–13 kPa (80–100&amp;nbsp;mm Hg)
|
|-
| P[[carbon dioxide|CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 4.8–5.8 kPa (35–45&amp;nbsp;mm Hg)
|
|-
| [[Carbonic acid|HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]] || 21–27 mM
|
|-
| [[Oxygen saturation]] ||
Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Artery|''arteries'']] la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni: 98–99%&lt;br /&gt;
Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli &quot; [[:en:Vein|''veins'']]&quot; mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na.: 75%
|
|}

====Plasma====
Kamani ʒim vaabu 55% n-nyɛ &quot;[[blood plasma]]&quot;, di nyɛla ʒim ko'shɛli din nyɛ zaɣ'dozim. Ʒim din nyɛ &quot;plasma&quot; galisim paai kamani &quot;2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts)&quot;  ninsali ni. Di malila kom vaabu 92% , kamali ʒim &quot;plasma [[protein]]s&quot; vaabu 8%, ni binyɛr'shɛŋa din pahi. &quot;Plasma&quot; ningbuna ni wuligibu ʒirila alaafee yɛlibɔra kamani, &quot;[[glucose]], [[amino acid]]s&quot;, ni &quot;[[fatty acid]]s&quot; (din wuligiri kperi ʒim ni), ka yihiri daɣiri, kamani &quot;[[carbon dioxide]]&quot;, &quot;[[urea]]&quot;, ni &quot;[[lactic acid]]&quot;.

Binyɛra din lahi kpa talahi n-nyɛ:
* [[Serum albumin]]
* Binyɛra din kpulindi ʒim ka gbihiri li
* Siliminsi ni boli shɛli Immunoglobulins ([[Antibody|antibodies]]); Ŋan tuɣiri doriti la
* Binshɛɣu Siliminsi ni boli [[lipoprotein]]
* Alaafee binyɛra din pahi
''Serum'' nyɛla ʒim ko' shɛli bɛ ni boli ''Plasma'' la, di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ yiɣi ʒim binnɛma din sɔŋ di Ʒim zaŋ kpa di gbihibu polo la ʒim puuni. la la ŋɔ ni ti niŋ, binnɛma ban kpalin bie ʒim puuni n-nye ''albumin'' mini [[:en:Antibody|''immunoglobulins'']]

====Acidity====
[[pH#Living systems|Blood pH]] tumi ni di be 7.35 mini 7.45 sunsuuni, ka lala ŋɔ zuɣu che ka ʒim miɣ' biɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waugh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Waugh |first1=Anne |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosswilsonanatom0000waug_x2u4/page/22/mode/2up |title=Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness |last2=Grant |first2=Allison |publisher=Churchill Livingstone Elsevier |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-443-10102-1 |edition=Tenth |page=22 |chapter=2 |chapter-url-access=registration |name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{MerckManual|12|157|a||Acid–Base Regulation and Disorders}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binnɛma ban pahi be ʒim ni ka bɛ pH bi paai 7.35 mali bochaa pam, ka pH din gari 7.45 mi niŋ &quot;basic&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; pH din bi paai 6.9 bee din gari 7.8 tooi nyɛla ''lethal''- din ni tooi ku ninsala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ʒim pH, &quot;[[Oxygen#partial pressure|partial pressure of oxygen (pO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)]], [[PCO2|partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)]]&quot;, mini &quot;[[bicarbonate]]&quot; (HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;) nyɛla &quot;[[homeostasis|homeostatic mechanisms]]&quot; ni mali shɛli tumda, ka di zaa tumdi doli vuhim soli ni dulim soli ni di baligi ka yuundi &quot;[[acid–base homeostasis|acid–base balance]]&quot; mini vuhim, ka bɛ bɔli di tuma ŋɔ ''compensation''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Bɛ ni bɔli bin shɛɣu [[:en:Arterial_blood_gas_test|arterial blood gas test]] la ka bɛ mali yuuni tuma ŋɔ zuɣu. ʒim kom gba wuligiri la [[:en:Hormone|hormones]] ningbuŋ puuni, m mali bɛ tuma n taɣiri ningbuŋ luɣa kam. 

===Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔɣiri ni===
[[File:Newbloodm.jpg|thumbnail|Anfooni din wuhiri binkɔri ban mali yaankɔb' daɣu ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi balibu balibu, ka ŋa buɣisim bie ''micrometer'' ni.]]
[[Image:Frogrbc1000x.jpg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri Pɔloli ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)|left]]
[[Image:Turtlerbc1000x.jpg|thumb|right|Anfooni din wuhiri kpakpuli (Turtle)  ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)]]
[[Image:Chickenrbc1000x.jpg|thumb|right|Anfooni din wuhiri Noo  ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)]]
[[Image:Humanrbc1000x.jpg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri Ninsalinima ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)]]

Ninsali ʒim bela binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri bɛ tooni ʒim ni, amaa binkɔbiri ʒim ni mali binshɛŋa dolila binkɔbigu maa ni be binkɔbiri pubu balishɛli ni. Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔgiri bɛ tooni ka mali nyaankɔb'dori ni, amaa, waliginsim din yi polo beni:&lt;ref name=&quot;VB&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Romer |first1=Alfred Sherwood |url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/404/mode/2up |title=The Vertebrate Body |last2=Parsons |first2=Thomas S. |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-03-910284-5 |location=Philadelphia |pages=404–406 |url-access=registration |name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔɣiri ʒim malila bineen ʒehi ban nye zaɣ'pariti ka dii ka nahingbaŋ din ni tooi buɣisi, ka mali binnɛma &quot;nuclei&quot;.
* Binneenpiɛla ban be ʒim ni mali pubu balibu; kamani shɛhira, &quot;acidophils&quot; n-tooi nye ban zooi ninsalinima ni pam.
* &quot;Platelets&quot; nyɛla din be binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri puuni; binkɔbiri ban mali nyaakɔb'dori shɛba ni, binkpuli bili shɛli Siliminsi ni boli &quot;[[thrombocytes]]&quot; n-nyɛ din su ʒim kpulimbu.

==Ningbuŋ Yaɣa tuma bohimbu Chuɣu==
===Ʒim go n-gili ningbuŋ yaɣili===
ʒim nyɛ din gori n gi n di ningbuŋ ni ʒi' soya puuni, ka di nyɛla Suhi n tɔri wuligirili n chani luɣa maa ni. Ninsalima puuni, ʒim yirina la [[:en:Left_ventricle|''left'' ''ventricle'']] din mali yaa pam la suhi puuni n doli ʒi soli shɛli bɛ ni boli [[:en:Artery|arteries]] la n chani ningbuŋ luɣa ni ka labirina ʒi' soli shɛli bɛ ni boli [[:en:Vein|veins]] n ti doli nu' dirigu zuɣu ''atrium'' la n kpɛri suhi maa ni na yaɣa. di yi nimaa ni, di yen kpɛla nu' dirigu zuɣu [[:en:Ventricle_(heart)|ventricle]], ka ʒi soli di nye [[:en:Pulmonary_artery|pulmonary artery]] la mii ʒili chaŋ sapuri ni. ka  ʒi soli din mii nye [[:en:Pulmonary_vein|pulmonary veins]] labisiri ʒim maa na nu' zaa zuɣu ''atrium'' la ni suhi puuni. Ʒim maa nyɛla din lahi yɛn yi ni maa n-kpe nu' zaa zuɣu ''ventricule'' la puuni ni di laɣi tɔli n-wuligili gili ningbuŋ luɣa kam. Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Artery|''arteries'']] la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni, ka Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli &quot; [[:en:Vein|''veins'']]&quot; mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-chani sapuri ni ni di ti yiɣili na ningbuna puuni. Amaa gbaayiɣi ''pulmonary arteries ,'' din waligimi n ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na, ka ''pulmonary veins'' mii gba waligi n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni. Yaha, ʒim labbi na suhi ni gba ni tooi yina [[:en:Skeletal_muscle|''skeletal muscles'']] dambu puuni, ka ŋa ni tooi marigi ʒi' soya din nye ''veins'' la n to' ʒim maa chana suhi nu' dirigu zuɣu yaɣi shɛli bɛ ni boli [[:en:Right_atrium|''right atrium'']] la.Ʒim wuligi n gili ningbuŋ puuni buɣisibu daa yila [[:en:William_Harvey|William Harvey]] sani na yuuni 1628.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Harvey|first=William|author-link=William Harvey|name-list-style=vanc|year=1628|title=Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus|url=http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127002138/http://rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html|archive-date=27 November 2010|language=la}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ʒim puuni binnɛma malibu ni bɛ saɣimbu ===
Binkɔb' shɛba ban mali yaan'kɔb' dari puuni, Ʒim puuni binnɛma malibu niŋdila kɔba bim puuni, ka nambu ŋɔ yuli nye [[:en:Hematopoiesis|''hematopoiesis'']] ka ŋan puuni ka ti mali [[:en:Erythropoiesis|''erythropoiesis'']], ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi malibu, ni [[:en:Myelopoiesis|''myelopoiesis'']], ʒim binneenbihi piɛla mini ''plalets'' malibu. Ninsalinima bilim puuni, kamani ninsali ningbuŋ kɔbili kam tooi maa ni ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ; amaa ninsali yi niŋ zahi kurili, ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ŋɔ malibu kpalim biela kɔb' kara la puuni ko: yaan kɔb' daɣu kɔbili kam ni, nyo' kɔbili ni, sapiri kɔba ni, yaɣasa kɔba ni, n ti pahi kɔb' shɛŋa ŋan bie bɔɣiri ni mini gbaya ni. Yaha, ninsalinima bilim ni, bɛ ni boli bin' shɛli ''[[:en:Thymus|thymus]] gland'' la, ka di bie ninsalinima nyohini la, nyɛla din maani ʒim binnɛma bɛ ni boli ''[[:en:T_lymphocytes|T lymphocytes]].'' la&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Peter W.|url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomy0000gray_m7a1|title=Gray's anatomy|last2=Gray|first2=Henry David|publisher=C. Livingstone|year=1989|isbn=978-0-443-02588-4|edition=37th|location=New York|url-access=registration|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ʒim binnɛma ŋan mali ''protein'' di puuni, kamani binnɛma ŋan sɔŋdi n-kpa ʒim gbihibu polo, malibu yirina la binsaba ni na, ka di wuhiri ni binsaba n maani ŋa, ka [[:en:Endocrine_gland|''endocrine glands'']]  mii maani ''hormones,'' ka kom mii pahibu bee filimbu mii nye [[:en:Hypothalamus|''hypothalamus'']] tuma, ka di bieɣu mii gba malibu ni pahibu n-nye yaan'nina tuma.

Ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ban mali alaafee ni tooi bie ʒim kom ni n paai dabsi kɔbgu ni pishi poi ka naai yi saɣim; ka ŋa saɣimbu yirina [[:en:Spleen|''spleen'']] mini  [[:en:Kupffer_cell|''Kupffer cells'']] , binnɛma ban bie binsabili puuni la, sani na. Binsabili gba lahi yiɣiri ''proteins'', lipids, mini ''amino'' ''acids'' ʒim ni. Yaan'nina mii gba niŋdi nimmɔhi n-yiɣiri barina nɛma ʒim ni na m-pahiri dulim ni.[[File:Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg|thumb|Ʒim go n-gili ningbuŋ suhi puuni.]]

=== ''Oxygen'' Pɔhim go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni ===
[[File:Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.svg|thumb|''hemoglobin'' ʒim puuni zahimbu anfooni. Di yaa labirila nu' dirigu yaɣili polo di yi ti niŋ ka ʒim maa niŋ ''acidic'' (saha shɛli pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la yi ti galisi ʒim puuni);Di yaa mii gba yi ti labi nu zaa yaɣili polo, di wuhiri mi ni ʒim maa ''acidity'' baligimi ( ka ŋa mii niŋda saha shɛli pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la yi ti galisi ʒim puuni).|left]]
Kamani vaabu 98.5%&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of anatomy &amp; physiology|last=Frederic|first=Martini|date=2009|publisher=Pearson/Benjamin Cummings|others=Nath, Judi Lindsley|isbn=978-0321539106|edition= 8th |location=San Francisco|pages=657|oclc=173683666}}&lt;/ref&gt; din nyɛ &quot;[[oxygen]]&quot; laɣimdi mi ni &quot;[[hemoglobin]]&quot;. Kamani vaabu 1.5% wuligimi gili ʒim maa ni ka bi laɣim ni &quot;hemoglobin&quot;. &quot;Hemoglobin molecule&quot; n-nyɛ din kuli ʒiri &quot;oxygen&quot; binkɔbiri ni mini binnɛm balibu pam ni. &quot;Hemoglobin&quot; malila &quot;oxygen&quot; laɣimbu yiko kamani 1.36 mini 1.40 ml O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; &quot;hemoglobin&quot; yini kam ni,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dominguez de Villota ED, Ruiz Carmona MT, Rubio JJ, de Andrés S | s2cid = 10029560 | title = Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of haemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_1981-12_53_12/page/1325 | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 53 | issue = 12 | pages = 1325–8 | date = December 1981 | pmid = 7317251 | doi = 10.1093/bja/53.12.1325 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; din pahiri '[[blood oxygen capacity]]' pisopɔin zuɣu,&lt;ref name=brsphys&gt;{{cite book |last=Costanzo |first=Linda S. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Physiology |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, Maryland |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7817-7311-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/physiology00cost_0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kamani zaŋ maɣisi &quot;oxygen&quot; ko n-ʒiri 0.03&amp;nbsp;ml O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; &quot;liter&quot; kam zuɣu ni mm&amp;nbsp;Hg &quot;oxygen&quot; pirigili (kamani vaabu 100&amp;nbsp;mm&amp;nbsp;Hg, &quot;arteries&quot; ni).&lt;ref name=brsphys/&gt;

Gbaa yihi &quot;pulmonary&quot; mini &quot;[[Umbilical artery|umbilical arteries]]&quot; mini din soya din pahi, &quot;arteries&quot; ʒirila &quot;'''oxygenated blood&quot;''' n-yiri suhuni n-chani ningbuna ni zaŋ doli &quot;[[arteriole]]s&quot; mini &quot;[[capillary|capillaries]]&quot;, luɣ'shɛli &quot;oxygen&quot; ni niŋdi anfaani; din nyaaŋa, &quot;[[venule]]s&quot; mini &quot;veins&quot; ʒirila &quot;'''deoxygenated blood&quot;''' n-labiri kperi suhu ni.

Binkɔbiri yi ti vuhira, &quot;hemoglobin&quot; din be ʒim ni n-yiri suhu ni paai kamani vaabu 98–99% , ka &quot;oxygen&quot; chandi tooi paai kamani  950 mini 1150 ml/min&lt;ref name=edwards&gt;[http://www.edwards.com/SiteCollectionImages/edwards/products/presep/ar04313hemodynpocketcard.pdf Edwards Lifesciences LLC – Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110081655/http://www.edwards.com/SiteCollectionImages/edwards/products/presep/ar04313hemodynpocketcard.pdf |date=10 November 2010 }} 2009&lt;/ref&gt; zaŋ chaŋ ʒim ni. Zaɣ'kura ban mali alaafee vuhim saha, &quot;oxygen&quot; vuhibu nyɛla kamani 200–250 ml/min,&lt;ref name=edwards/&gt; ka ʒim din niŋ &quot;deoxygenated&quot; din labiri suhuni kamani 75%&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323054138/http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2010 |title=Ventilatory Physiology and Endurance |date=23 March 2010 |access-date=4 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040224085741/http://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart] MSN groups&lt;/ref&gt; (70 zaŋ chaŋ 78%).&lt;ref name=edwards/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, Dalsgaard MK, Damsgaard R, Secher NH, González-Alonso J | title = Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physiology_2005-07-01_566_1/page/273 | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 566 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 273–85 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15860533 | pmc = 1464731 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025 | display-authors = etal }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925053056/http://manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2010 |title=Blood gas and Saturation measurements |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=4 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990502195422/http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 1999 |title=Lecture Notes-20 |date=2 May 1999 |access-date=4 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Di yi ti niŋ ka ninsali ni mali pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la n-bɔri yaa n tiri o maŋa ti kpaŋsi saha shɛli o ni tumdi alaafee tuma, pɔhim maa galisim wahisirimi ʒi' shɛli din zɔri 'veins' ʒi' soya la  ni, ka filiŋ ŋɔ ni tooi paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pia ni anu (15%) ninsali so ŋɔ zaŋ diema ni yihijɛm n leei o tuma ni; hali zaa yɔli di yi niŋ ka o vuhim mini o ʒim go n gili o ningbuŋ ni yi pahi ni di yo pɔhim sam' shɛli din di maa, pɔhim ŋɔ galisim ʒi' shɛli din zɔri 'arteries' ʒi' soya la  ni ni tooi lu n ti paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu kɔbgu anu ka (95%) bee n filim gari lala saha nim ŋɔ ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|vauthors=Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, Dalsgaard MK, Damsgaard R, Secher NH, González-Alonso J|date=July 2005|title=Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physiology_2005-07-01_566_1/page/273|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=566|issue=Pt 1|pages=273–85|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025|pmc=1464731|pmid=15860533}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ ŋɔ yi ti filim n ti paai n ŋɔ, di mari barina titali n tiri ninvuhiso ŋun luɣi yini ( kamani ninvuhiso bɛ ni chibi shɛriti din baligiri biɛrim ningbuŋ ni ka niŋ di 'surgery' o zuɣu). Di yi ti niŋ ka niri mali 'hypoxia' ( saha shɛli niri ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ zoosim yi ti filim paai paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pihiwei (90%)), di nyɛla din mali barina titali zaŋ kpa o alaafei polo, amaa 'hypoxia' ŋɔ yi ti yo' koro (saha shɛli niri ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ zoosim yi ti filim paai paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pihita (30%)), din nyɛla din ni tooi di lala niri maa nyɛvuli yom yom.

Bi' lɛɣu ŋun na nie puli ni ka deeri 'oxygen' (pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ), nyɛla ŋun ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ ŋɔ zoosim ni tooi filim gari lala n ni tooi paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pishi ni yini (21%) a yi zaŋ li maɣisi din tu ni di bie zaɣi kurili sapuɣu puuni, ka ŋa zuɣu che ka lala bi' lɛri ŋɔ maani 'hemoglobin' bali shɛli din ni tooi gbaai pɔhim suma ŋo n tabili di maŋa viɛnyela lala saha ŋɔ, ka bɛ bɔli ŋa, [[:en:Fetal_hemoglobin|hemoglobin F]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2 May 1999|title=Lecture Notes-20|url=http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990502195422/http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html|archive-date=2 May 1999|access-date=4 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Carbon dioxide'' Pɔhim go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni ===
CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; kperila ʒim ni soya buta. (Di ni suu vaabu shɛm malila balibu di yi niŋ ka di nyɛla &quot;arterial&quot; bee &quot;venous&quot; ʒim). Di pam (kamani vaabu 70%) leerila &quot;bicarbonate ions&quot; {{chem2|HCO3−}} ka di nyɛla &quot;[[carbonic anhydrase]]&quot; din be ʒim binneen ʒehi ni n-tumdi ni {{chem2|CO2 + H2O -&gt; H2CO3 -&gt; H+ + HCO3−}}; kamani vaabu 7% wuligirimi n-kperi &quot;plasma&quot; ni; ka vaabu kamani 23% laɣim ni &quot;hemoglobin&quot; n-niŋ &quot;[[carbamino]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Martini | first = Frederic | name-list-style = vanc |year=2007 |title=Anatomy and Physiology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joJb82gVsLoC&amp;pg=PA643 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |page=643 |isbn=9789712348075 |display-authors=etal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501022224/https://books.google.com/books?id=joJb82gVsLoC&amp;pg=PA643 |archive-date=1 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Vander's Human Physiology'' reported similar numbers: 60% carried as bicarbonate, 30% bound to hemoglobin as [[carbaminohemoglobin]], and 10% physically dissolved. {{cite book|last1=Widmaier|first1=Eric P.|url=https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologym0000widm/page/493/mode/2up|title=Vander's Human Physiology|last2=Raff|first2=Hershel|last3=Strang|first3=Kevin T.|date=2003|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=978-0-07-288074-8|edition=9th|at=p. 493 (ch. Respiratory physiology § Transport of carbon dioxide in blood)|url-access=registration|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hemoglobin, din ʒiri pɔhim din vuhira, ʒirila &quot;oxygen&quot; mini &quot;carbon dioxide&quot; zaa. Amaa, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; din laɣim &quot;hemoglobin&quot; mini &quot;oxygen&quot; bi laɣim luɣ'yini. Amaa, di laɣim mi ni &quot;N-terminal&quot; din be &quot;globin&quot; waɣinli ni. Amaa, &quot;[[allosteric regulation|allosteric]]&quot; tuma &quot;hemoglobin molecule&quot; ni, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; laɣimbu filimdila &quot;oxygen&quot; din su &quot;oxygen&quot; saha sɛŋa. .filimbu din gbubi carbon dioxide ʒim puuni ka di nyɛla oxygen n galisi ka bɛ boli Haldane effect. ka di mali anfaani zaŋ jandi carbon dioxide chandi bin din gdaai tissue puuni hali ni lungs puuni.ya shɛli din pkuɣirina zaŋ kpa carbon dioxide bee lower pH maa nyɛla din ni tooi bo yibu n ti oxygen hemoglobin puuni,  din ka bɛ boli Bohr effect  maa.

=== ''Hydrogen ions'' go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni ===
&quot;Oxyhemoglobin&quot; shɛŋa kɔŋdila &quot;oxygen&quot; ka leeri &quot;deoxyhemoglobin&quot;. Deoxyhemoglobin laɣimdila &quot;hydrogen ions&quot; nima pam pirimla di ni mali ningbuna ni&quot; hydrogen&quot; n-gari &quot;oxyhemoglobin&quot;.

=== '''LYMPHATIC SYSTEM''' ===
Binkɔbiri puuni, ʒim nyɛla din mini lymph nye him.ka di kuli nyela din lebigiri tissues bin din gbaai ʒim puuni ni ʒi'soya din tiɛrili. Lymph nyɛla din deei lymphatic vessel bihi bihi 
n zaŋdi tahiri n ti tiri thoracic duct ni, ka di yihirili n tahiri n tahiri  Subclaviau vein din be nuzaa zuɣu la, ni maani ka ʒim maa yen labi kpe tabani n lahi chani viɛnyela.

===  '''THERMOREGULATION''' ===


Ʒim chandi nyɛla din zaŋdi tulim n zɔri gindi ningbuŋ puuni, ka di chandi maa yɛligibu mali anfaani pam bee ka di niŋdi  thermoregulation ŋo anfaani. Ʒim pahibu biɛla kamani shɛhira; (Tulim saha bee maŋ dambu biɛla) tooi tahiri tulim na ningbuŋ gbaŋ zuɣu, ka di ni tooi tahi suh'damli bee sh'kabili na yom yom. Ayi lihi ŋo, nira temprature yi pɔra, ʒim dii bɛ tooi chani o bɔɣiri mini o gbaya ni n ti pahi o ningbungbaŋ ni, di chandi maa vuuirimi,  ka ni too gu tulim kalinsi ka di che ka di chaŋgili ningbuŋ puuni yaɣishɛŋa ŋan mali nira bukaata maa be yaɣi maa.

===  '''RATE OF FLOW''' ===
Ʒim chandi nyɛla din chana kɔnkɔba ni ŋa chandi shehi, Binsabili n tooi mali ʒim tibu pam kamani 1350 ml/ min, n zaŋ sapuɣu pa ka di mi tariti ʒim kamani 1100 ml/ min. Ka naan yi zaŋ zuɣ'puri  n pa din mi tooi tariti ʒim kamani 700 ml/ min.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/guytonhalltextbo0000hall/page/204/mode/2up |title=Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology |publisher=Saunders |year=2015 |isbn=978-1455770052 |page=204 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bin din gbaai ʒim chandi ayi lihi 100 g tissues puuni nyɛla kɔnkɔba, di mini yaan'nina, adrenal gland ni thyroid din nyɛ piligu, ayi ni ata.shɛŋa ŋan nyɛ binshɛŋa ŋan tahiri ŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== '''HYDRAULIC FUNCTION''' ===
Gubu zaŋ jandi ʒim chandi ni tooi niŋ luɣishɛŋa din gahim ni ka di tooi che ka di kpari n zaya, n ni tooi che ka di kulizaya kip ka be damda, shɛhira kamani erected tissues din be doo yoli ni ni din be paɣa zinguli ni.
Shɛhira din lahi pahi hydraulic functions n nyɛ, jumping spider, shɛba ʒim tooi fɔɔsira n kpɛri bɛ naba ni ni yaa n che ka di pa zani kip n ni tooi yiɣi viɛnyɛla ka di pa ni napɔŋ shɛŋa ŋan mali kɔba.

==Nahingbaŋ==
{{Multiple image
| image1            =
| image2            =
| caption1          = Blood from a [[vein]]
| caption2          = Blood from an [[artery]]
| alt1              = Black blood
| alt2              = Normal red blood
}}[[File:Bleeding finger.jpg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri Ʒim ni yirina nu' bili shɛli bin ni ŋmaai. ]]
&quot;Hemoglobin&quot; n-nyɛ binkpeeni dinwuhiri ʒim nahingbaŋ (&quot;'''hemochrome&quot;'''). &quot;Molecule&quot; yini kam malila &quot;heme&quot; pubu balibu dibaa anahi, ka di tuma ni &quot;molecules&quot; tahiri ʒim nahingbaŋ ni nyɛ shɛli na.Siliminsi ni boli ʒi'shɛli &quot;Arterial&quot; mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ʒi'shɛli &quot;capillary&quot; ŋyɛla zaɣ'ʒee din paligi, ka &quot;oxygen&quot; mi ʒiri ʒim din gburi zaɣ'ʒee &quot;heme&quot; pubu ni. &quot;Deoxygenated blood&quot; nyɛla ʒi'ʒee din zimsa; lala dini ŋɔ bela ʒi'soya ni, ka nira ni tooi nyali di yi niŋ ka bɛ vooi ʒim ni bɛ kpehi so di mini saha shɛli bɛ ni voori niri Ʒim ni bɛ ti zaɣim li la. Daliri shɛli din che ka ŋa bie lala maa n-nye, hemoglobin ŋɔ ni deeri niɛlinsi shɛm walimi zan jandi ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ mini ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Prahl |title=Optical Absorption of Hemoglobin |url=http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/hemoglobin/ |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020105184047/http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/hemoglobin/ |archive-date=5 January 2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ʒim din be &quot;[[carbon monoxide poisoning]]&quot; nyɛ ʒi'ʒee din paligi, ka di daliri nyɛla &quot;[[carbon monoxide]]&quot; tahiria &quot;[[carboxyhemoglobin]]&quot; nambu na. ''Cyanide''  ninsali dihibu ni, ningbuŋ maa ku tooi zaŋ pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la n ku bukaata, ka di zuɣu che ka ʒim din Ʒi' soya din ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la, na ku Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, ka lala maa zuɣu che ka Ʒim maa zahi Ʒe' tali paɣira. Dɔri shɛŋa ni tooi dam ''heme'' yaha ''hemoglobin'' puuni din bie ʒim ni la ka ŋa ni tooi che ka ningbuŋ maa nahingbaŋ tahi ŋmani zaɣi' nuɣiso &quot;blue colour&quot;- ka bɛ bɔli ŋa [[:en:Cyanosis|cyanosis]]. di yi niŋ ka  ''heme'' yaha ŋɔ deei pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la, [[:en:Methemoglobin|methemoglobin]], din nahingbaŋ bie ka zaɣi' tankpaɣu la ka ku tooi Ʒi pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, yen nammi. Dɔri shɛli din bɛ yoli puuni, bɛ ni boli shɛli [[:en:Sulfhemoglobinemia|sulfhemoglobinemia]] la, ''hemoglobin''  din bie ʒi'soli shɛli din ʒiri Ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, pɔhim maa bɛ yaɣi laa, ka lala maa zuɣu che ka ŋa nahingbaŋ tahi nye zaɣi ʒe' shɛli din zibisa ka mali zaɣi nuɣiso gba nahingbaŋ gba di puuni. 

Ʒi'soya din pa zuɣusaa ka miri ningbungbaŋ nyɛla zaɣi nuɣuso ka di daliri nyɛ zaɣbɔbigu. Amaa, daliri shɛŋa din che ka tahibu ŋo niŋdi zaŋ kpa [[:en:Visual_perception|''color perception'']] nyɛla din jandi ti ningbungbaŋ ni  tori yɛrindi niɛlinsi shɛm saha shɛŋa niri yi ti bie niɛlinsi ni n-ti pahi niri [[:en:Visual_cortex|visual cortex]] ni che ka o nyari bin' yɛra shɛm, ka di pala lala ka Ʒi'soya maa nahingbaŋ dii bie. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kienle A, Lilge L, Vitkin IA, Patterson MS, Wilson BC, Hibst R, Steiner R | title = Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question | journal = Applied Optics | volume = 35 | issue = 7 | pages = 1151 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 21085227 | doi = 10.1364/AO.35.001151 | url = http://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210145120/https://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf | url-status = dead | bibcode = 1996ApOpt..35.1151K | archive-date = 10 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Austin CC, Perkins SL | title = Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks | journal = The Journal of Parasitology | volume = 92 | issue = 4 | pages = 770–7 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16995395 | doi = 10.1645/GE-693R.1 | s2cid = 1937837 | url = https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/84 | access-date = 16 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075114/https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/84/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binkɔb' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli [[:en:Skink|Skinks]] la ka bɛ bie  ''[[:en:Prasinohaema|Prasinohaema]]'' zuliya ni la malila ʒim din naɣingbaŋ bie ka zaɣi vakaɣili, din niŋ ka bɛ laɣisi ʒim puuni neen' shɛli din lahi ka butaata ka bɛ bɔli [[:en:Biliverdin|biliverdin]] la pam bɛ ʒim ni la zuɣu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Austin CC, Perkins SL|date=August 2006|title=Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks|url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/84|url-status=live|journal=The Journal of Parasitology|volume=92|issue=4|pages=770–7|doi=10.1645/GE-693R.1|pmid=16995395|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075114/https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/84/|archive-date=26 April 2023|access-date=16 November 2021|s2cid=1937837}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chirimbu ==

=== General medical ===

* Chirimbu galisim
* Daŋ deebu ni  tooi che ka ʒim chirim di soli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Blood – The Human heart|url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html|archive-date=5 March 2009|access-date=19 March 2009|publisher=The Franklin Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; ŋun bi balaga ni tooi kɔŋ ʒim kamani vaabu 20% (1&amp;nbsp;L) pɔi ni tuuni nahingbaŋ, vuhibu yi bi vuhira, piligu, ni vaabu 40%  (2&amp;nbsp;L) pɔi ka ni chɔɣisibu naan yi kana. &quot;[[Thrombocyte|Thrombocytes]]&quot; nyɛla din kpa talahi ʒim kpulimbu ni, ka di ni tooi taɣi ʒim yibu. Suhu saɣingu di kpe koba ni nyɛla din yɛ tooi che ka ʒim yi puuni, ka di ni tooi mali yaa pam saha shɛŋa.
** Kom filimbu ningbuna ni nyɛla din ni tooi booi ʒim galisim ka di nyɛla di yɛn filim la kom din be ʒim maa ni. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu ni tooi tahi [[:en:Shock_(circulatory)|Suhu saɣungu]] na ( gbaai yihi saha shɛŋa di barina ni ti yaɣi) amaa ŋa ni ti tahi [[:en:Orthostatic_hypotension|orthostatic hypotension]] na bee n che ka niri maa fɛnti . 
* Chirimbu din be ʒim go n-gili ningbuna ni
* Suhu saɣungu nyɛla yɛla pam ni tooi tahiri shɛli na ningbuna ni, di shɛŋa n-nyɛ ʒim ʒi'soli chirimbu, ʒim kpaabu bee filiŋ, binnɛma dɔriti, n ti pahi [[:en:Cardiac_output|''cardiac output'']] din nye barilim dini.
* &quot;[[Atherosclerosis]]&quot; fiimdila ʒim chandi &quot;arteries&quot; ni, ka di daliri nyɛla &quot;atheroma&quot; pɛrila &quot;arteries&quot; ka mulimdi li. &quot;Atheroma&quot; nyɛla din pahiri din yi niŋ ka yuma pahira, ka nyɔhi nyubu ni tooi tahi di pahibu na, ʒiduli, di yi ti niŋ ka kpa' nɛma galisi ʒim puuni  n-ti pahi shikiri doro.
** Ʒim kpulimbu ni tooi tahi &quot;[[thrombosis]]&quot; na, ka di ni tooi gbuni ʒi'soya.

* Di ni tooi lahi tahi yɛlimuɣisira zaŋ kana ʒim nɛma polo, suhi tobu polo yɛli' gɔla, bee ʒi' soya barilim filimbu ni tooi mali yɛlimuɣisira kamani  pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ kalinsi ʒim puuni, din chani ningbuŋ yaɣa la ni la. Bachi shɛli din nye ''Ischemia''  za' mi n ti ningbuŋ yaɣi shɛli ʒim ni bɛ tooi paari a, ka ''infarction'' mii za' n ti ningbuŋ yaɣi shɛli yi ti kpi bee n pooi bɛ ni boli shɛli ( [[:en:Necrosis|necrosis]]) la, ka ŋa niŋ da saha shɛli ʒim yi ti ŋmaai chandi lala yaɣili ŋɔ (bee ka ʒi' shɛli din paari ni maa filimbu paai tariga)

=== Dɔriti Din Gbaari Ʒim ===
=== Anemia ===
** Ʒim ni binneen ʒehi yi bi galisi ([[anemia]]) ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu na, ʒim chirimbu kamani &quot;[[thalassemia]]&quot;, bee alaafee yɛlimuɣisira, ka ni tooi bori ʒim kpɛhibu kamani yim bee buyi. Anemia lahi nyɛla &quot;[[genetic disorder]]&quot; ni yɛn tooi tahi shɛli na ka  di che ka ʒim ni binneen ʒɛhila bi tooi tumdi viɛnyɛla. Anemia dihitabi ni tooi niŋ &quot;hemoglobin&quot; zahimbu ni di yi niŋ ka di bi paai 13.5&amp;nbsp;gm/dl dobba ni bee di yi pɔri gari 12.0&amp;nbsp;gm/dl paɣaba ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Role of Red Blood Cells in Anemia|url=http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518202410/http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/|archive-date=18 May 2017|access-date=2017-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgban pam mali ʒim din kpehiri niriba. Bɛ ni kpehiri so ʒim tu ni o ʒim mini bɛ ni mali so ʒim kpehri o ʒim ni tooi deei taba.
** [[Sickle-cell anemia]]
* Chirimbu din be binnɛma ni
** &quot;[[Leukemia]]&quot; bela &quot;[[Cancer (medicine)|cancers&quot;]] ʒim binnɛma mini binyɛr'shɛŋa nambu ni.
** DIn pa kaansa niŋ yaɣi ʒim puun binneen ʒehi ni ([[polycythemia vera]]) bee &quot;platelets&quot; ([[essential thrombocytosis]]) ni tooi niŋ ka ʒim ni binnɛma nambu bi nam viɛnyɛla.
** [[Myelodysplastic syndrome|Myelodysplastic syndromes]] nyɛla din yi ni ka ʒim ni binnɛma bi too yɛligi pam.
* Ʒim kpulimbu chirimbu
** &quot;[[Hemophilia]]&quot; nyɛla dori shɛi din ni tooi che ka din sɔŋdi kpulimdi ʒim koŋ ʒim kpulimbu. Din bɔŋɔ nyela din ni tooi mali barina zaŋ ti nyɛvui,amaa di tooi zooya ka di tahirila &quot;[[hemarthrosis]]&quot; naa, bee ʒim guui kpe falinsi din be kɔba sunsuuni, ka di tooi tahi gbambu na.
** &quot;Platelets' gba yi bi galisi bee n bɛ tumdi di tuma viɛnyela gba ni tooi tahi ʒim kpulimbu doriti bɛ ni boli shɛli [[:en:Coagulopathy|coagulopathy]] ( ʒim yibu alaafei yɛligɔla).
* &quot;Hypercoagulable&quot; ([[thrombophilia]]) yiɣisiri mi di yi ti niŋ ka chiriŋ niŋ zan kpa 'platelets' bee ʒim binnɛma ŋan sɔŋdi li kpulimbu bee gbihibu polo, ka ŋa gba ni tooi tahi &quot;thrombosis&quot; na.
* Doriti din be ʒim chirimbu ni
** Ʒim nyɛla din niŋ talahi doro gbaabu ni. HIV, binneeŋa ŋun tahiri AIDS, nyɛa din doli ʒim loora, maneei be kom din kuli oahi be ningbuna ni. [[Hepatitis B]] mini [[Hepatitis C|C]] gbaa dolia ʒim loora. Dori'shɛŋa din loori n doli ʒim la zuɣu, neeni kam ʒim ni tabili pa leeri la binshaɣu din ni tooi tahi alaafei yɛlimuɣisira na.
* Binnɛma  ʒim ni kpebu nyɛla &quot;[[bacteremia]]&quot; bee [[sepsis]]. Binnɛma  ban mii nye 'virus' la yi ti kpe ʒim ni, bɛ booni li la 'viremia'. Lala n lahi nyɛli, kpahiʒeɣu doro mini [[:en:Trypanosomiasis|trypanosomiasis]] nyɛla ŋan binnɛma doli ʒim n tahiri dɔriti ŋo na.

=== Carbon monoxide Daadam Dihibu ===
Binyɛr'shɛŋa din pahi ka pa &quot;oxygen&quot; ni tooi laɣim ni &quot;hemoglobin&quot;; saha shɛŋa, din bɔŋ nyɛla din ni tooi tahi barina din ku tooi lahi tibi ningbuna ni. &quot;Carbon monoxide&quot;, kamani shɛhira, di mali barina pam di yi vuhi niŋ sapuɣu puuni, dama &quot;carbon monoxide&quot; laɣimdimi ni &quot;hemoglobin&quot; n-namdi &quot;carboxyhemoglobin&quot;, din yɛn che ka &quot;hemoglobin&quot; ni tooi laɣim ni &quot;oxygen&quot;, ka &quot;oxygen molecules&quot; bela ni tooi yi n-kpe ʒim. Lala ŋɔ ni tooi tahi vuhim fabu na. Buɣim yi diri du' shɛli din yo puuni ka pɔhim bɛ kpɛri di puuni viɛnyela nyɛla din mali barina zaɣi titatli, din niŋ ka di ni tooi che ka pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la yɛn zooi pɔhim vuhirili ni. Lala n lahi nyɛli pɔhim bieɣu ŋɔ kpa tooi tabiliri 'hemoglobin' niri yi ti nyuri taba &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Blumenthal I|date=June 2001|title=Carbon monoxide poisoning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_royal-society-of-medicine-great-britain-journal_2001-06_94_6/page/270|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=6|pages=270–2|doi=10.1177/014107680109400604|pmc=1281520|pmid=11387414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tibbu Sɔya ==
Ʒim nyɛla din mali ti bukaata pam, ka nira yi ti ka alaafee ka di nyɛla ʒim yɛltɔɣa nyɛ din bɛ tu ni o niŋ zinchili zaŋ kpa di tibbu shee.
Ʒim dɔriti ŋɔ shɛŋa n nyɛ;
* ʒiduli(high blood pressure ).
* ʒim din pɔra (anemia).
* ʒim din kpulimda(blood clot)
* blood cancers
* bleeding disorder. 
* '''Ʒiduli'''
Di nyɛla ʒim dɔr'shɛli din damdi niriba pam be ningbuŋ ni. Dina ka simiinsi boli hypertension maa.Nira yi mali ʒiduli,ya shɛli din ʒiri ʒim maa n doli o ʒisoya maa malila yaa. O suhimaa tumi ni di mali yaa n tooi tumdi viɛnyɛla ka tooi ŋmahimdi ʒim maa. Ʒiduli nyɛla din zahindi ni milliliters meccury ni. Ka ŋo zaa nyami ʒim maa karindila 130/80mmHg bee ka di gari.America college din nyɛ cardiology la ni bɛ suhuri laɣingu la nyɛla ban pirigi ʒiduli bunahi zuɣu.
Ŋannima n nyɛ;
*Din tu ni ʒim nyɛ shim.
Kpe ʒim yaa nyɛladin bɛ paai 120/80mmHg.
*ʒim din du Bela.
Kpe ʒim yaa din kuli du nyɛla kamani 120-129/80mmHg bee ka di gari.
*ʒi'shɛli bɛ ni boli yaɣi yini la.
Kpe ʒim yaa kuli nyɛla din be 130-139/80 ni 89mmHg.
*ʒi'shɛli din nyɛ yaɣa aɣi la.
Kpe ʒim ŋo nyɛla 140/90mmHg bee garibu.
Ʒim gari 180/120mmHg nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ʒiduli din mali yaa.nira ŋun mali ŋo yi bɛ bori tibbu n tiri li ni tooi nya suhini doro, gbali ni bɔɣu,ni ŋan pahi pahi.di tu ni nira lihiri o ʒim zuɣu saha kam. Ka che shigaari Nyubu, ka diri viɛnyɛla.

=== Ʒiduli Alaamanima ===

Niriba pam ban mali ʒiduli bɛ nyari di daalaama nima.
Alaamanima maa shɛŋa n nyɛ;
*Zuɣuyaali
*Vuhum fabu
*ʒim yi yirina nira nyahi ni.ŋo nima n kuli nyɛ din mali yaa, shɛŋa bɛ nyɛra naɣila di ti niŋla nimmɔhi.

===Ʒim Kpulimbu===

Ʒim kpulimbu tooi tahiri barina pam na ti ningbuna puuni,dɔɣite ni tooi daŋ n nya so dini alaama yomyom, di mi yi bi tibi,di ni tooi che ka ʒi'soya puuni kpulim kpulim n doya n che ka nira vuhum tooi fara bee ka di kuli ku nira yim.
Ʒim yi ti kpulim, di tibbu dolila luɣushɛli polo kpulimbu maa ni be maa, ni di yaa ni be shɛm.ti'shɛŋa beni n ni tooi che ka ʒim bɛ kpulimda bee ka di kpulimbumaa bɛ ŋmelim. Tima kamani thrombolytic ŋan ni tooi tibi ʒim din pun kpulim.
Tibbu din nyɛ catheter -directed  la kamani percutaneous transcatheter tibbu nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ catheter maa n kpehi ʒi'soli maa ni ka di mia maa chaŋ hali ni kpulimbu maa shee n ti wurimli zaa.
Surgical thrombectony gba nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi zaŋ shɛli n tibi ʒim kpulimbu. Kpe, be ni niŋ bara ŋo apuleesa n yihi kpulimbu ŋo o ʒi'soya maa puuni.bɛ tooi niŋdili bɔɣirini bee Naba ni, amaa di ni tooi niŋ luɣulikam.barinima shɛba ban Dina mali yaa n tooi kpulindi bɛ ʒi'soya din be bɛ naba ni maa ka bɛ boli Dee Vein thrombosis (DVT) maa.di yi ti kana n ŋo intermittent peneumatic compression (IPC) n ni tooi n tibili viɛnyɛla. Kpe, bɛ ni zaŋ bɛ ni boli binshɛɣu cuff la n kpehi o gbali maa puuni, ka tooi niŋndi pɔhim n niŋdi dinni saha shɛli kam n ŋmahindili ka di tooi sɔŋ n zaŋ ʒim n tahi suhu maa ni.

===Anemia===

Anemia nyɛla nira ʒim puuni binneen'ʒiɛhi ban beni tumdi tuma maa yi bɛ galisi.bɛ yi zahim nira ʒim anemia nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli hemoglobin. Hemoglobin nyɛla protein kpani din be nira ʒim ni binniɛma puuni.di nyɛla din mali oxygen n chani n gindi nira ningbuŋ puuni zaa.nira yi mali anemia,o hemoglobin maa been galisi,di yi pɔri yaɣi,o ningbuŋ yaɣi'shɛli been nyari oxygen. Alaama kamani vuhim fabu tooi niŋda ka di nyɛla ningbuŋ maa yaɣ'shɛŋa be tooi tumdi dini tu di tumdi shɛm. Ayi lihi, anemia nyɛla din niŋ bayana pam,di kuli gbaai niriba kamani kɔbiga puuni vaabu dibaa ayɔbu bɛ kalinli puuni.paɣiba,bihi ni ninvuɣ'shɛba ban mali dɔri'bihi bɛ ningbuna ni nyɛla dinni tooi gbahi shɛba. Anemia malila payapaya, ka di zaa mali din tahiri li na ni di tibbu.shɛŋa nyɛla din ka yaa,ka shɛŋa nyɛ din kuli bɔri tibbu pam.anemia nyɛla din tibira,di nyɛla saha bila yɛltɔɣa.din ni tooi kuli tibi ni nira yi taɣi o bindiri dibo bee ti'shɛŋa valibu

'''BLOOD CANCER'''

Blood cancer nyɛla dɔri shɛli din be nira ʒim puuni binniɛma ni n damdili bee n nahindili.
Binyeri shɛŋa bene n taɣi ti ningbuna ni n ni tooi tahi blood cancer na,lala taɣibu ŋo ni tooi che ka ʒim ni binniɛma ŋo Kpeei n yi. Hali ayi lihi shɛba, lala taɣibu tooi chanimi n ti do shɛli polo dini ku tooi lihi bee n tibia.di niŋdila nira nyavuli puuni.dinzuɣu di pa dɔr'shɛli din yɛn mali nira ka o niŋli n baɣaka.
Blood cancer bali shɛŋa gba tooi gbahiri bihi,amaa alaamanima maa din Lee walimi zan chaŋ bihi ni ninkira sunsuuni.Niriba gari tih'pihitahi(40.000) blood cancer ni gbahiri shɛba yuuni kam U.K tingbanni kalinli puuni, ka saha ŋo niriba tuh'kɔbishiyi ni pihinu (250.000) n mali blood cancer.

'''BLOOD CANCER BALIBU'''

Blood cancer balibu galisiya, di shɛŋa n nyɛ;
* Leukaemia
* Lymphoma
* Meloma
* Myelodisplastic Syndromos (MDS)
* Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPS).
Di zaa malila di alaamanima,di tibbu ni din ti beni nyavuyani.

Leukaemia balibu nyɛla chronic lymphocytics leukaemia(CLL) ka Lymphoma balibu mi nyɛ Hodgkin lymphoma ni Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.blood cancer nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli ka di nyɛ buyi zuɣu.Dina n nyɛ;
* ACUTE ( blood cancer din zoori yomyom i
* CHRONIC ( din bɛ tooi zoora )
* '''DIN TAHIRI BLOOD CANCER NA'''

Hali gba bin din tahiri blood cancer maa na dii bɛ baŋda,amaa ti tooi mi shɛŋa n nyɛ;
* Ninkurilim
* Paɣa ni doo laɣimbu shee
* Zuliya ni
* Daŋ puuni
* Dɔr'shɛŋa ni di tibbu shee.
Ŋo zaa dolila blood cancer bali shɛli din yɛn gbaai nira.


'''BLOOD CANCER ALAAMANIMA'''

Ninvuŋ'shɛba ban mali blood cancer tooi nyari alaamu nima kamani;
* Ʒim yibu
* bɛ yaa tooi vuura
* be tooi nyari morilim
* Vuhum fabu
* waligu tiɛbu yuŋ yuŋ
* daɣiri doro
* feeba
* ningbungbaŋ zuɣu dɔriti
* kɔbani biɛrim
* wumsi
* '''BLOOD CANCER TIBBU'''

Blood cancer tibbu belapayapya,nira ni tooi mali zaɣ'gaŋa bee zaɣ'bɔbigu.shɛŋa din tooi zooi n nyɛ,
* Clemotherapy
* Targeted therapy
* Immunotherapy
* Radiotherapy
* Stem cell transplant. 
Nira yi mali blood cancer din bɛ tooi zooira,o tibbu bɛ to,hali bɛ shɛba ŋuna gba bɛ bi bori tibbu.blood cancer tibbu tooi mali basins di nyaaŋa,ka niriba pam tooi nyari ŋa.

'''BLEEDING DISORDER'''

Bleeding disorder nyɛla binshɛɣu din dahindi ti, di yi ti niŋ ka ti ʒim bɛ tooi kpulimda.lala kpulimbu soya maa bɛ booni la coagulation, di nyɛla taɣibu din be liquid ni solid puuni. Nira yi nya daŋa, o ʒim yɛn pilila kpulimbu, din yɛn che ka ʒim maa bɛ yi o yaɣi.sajashɛŋa,binyɛr'shɛŋa chɛmi ka ʒim dii be tooi kpulimda, din ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu pam na bee ka di yi n yaɣi.
Bleeding disorder ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu pam na ningbuŋ ni bee ningbuŋ zuɣu,ni kɔb'tɔɣa ni, ni zuɣ'puri ni.

'''CAUSES OF BLEEDING DISORDER'''

Di nyɛla binshɛɣu din tooi zooi ka di niŋdi nira di yi niŋ ka o ʒim bɛ tooi kpulim viɛnyɛla. Kaafin ka ʒim ti kpulim nira ningbuŋ ni,di tu ni lala ningbuŋ ŋo mali ʒim puuni protein shɛli bɛ ni boli clotting factors la ni ʒim puuni binneen shɛba bɛ ni boli platelets la.
Di tooi zooi ka platelets laɣim taba n tooi nam bɛ ni boli binshɛɣu plug la, saha shɛli nira yi ti nya daŋa ʒi'soya maani.clotting factors maa yi laɣim taba n nam fabrin clot, di yɛn chɛmi ka platelets shɛli din beni maa gulika taɣili ka che ka ʒim maa yiri ʒi'soya maa ni. A yi lihi niriba ban tooi zooi ka ŋo Paari ba, di wuhurimi ni bɛ platelets maa bɛ tooi tumdila din di tu ni di di tumdi shɛm. Ʒim maa yi bɛ kpulim, ʒim ni tooi yi o pam, ka ni tooi chɛ ka ʒim maa tooi yiri o kɔbani na, o kɔbtɔɣani bee o ningbuŋ yaɣ'sylhɛŋa ni.
Niriba pam ban tooi mali bleeding disorder nyɛla bɛ ni siɣi shɛli,amaa shɛŋa mi nyɛla nira yi min biɛra ka bɛ tibi o, o ni tooi nuali tibbu maa shee.
Din tooi lahi tahiri lina n nyɛ;
* Nira red blood cells yi bɛ galisi
* Vitamin K deficiency
* Dɔri'shɛŋa tibbu nyaaŋa barinanima.
Dɔr'shɛŋa din tooi tahiri bleeding disorder na di tibbu nyaaŋa ka bɛ boli ANTICOAGULANT.

'''BLEEDING DISORDER ALAAMANIMA'''

Bleeding disorders alaamanima Bela payapayan doli di bali shɛli din yɛn gbaai nira,dinzuɣu,Alaama din nyɛ zaɣ'kpɛŋ n nyɛ;
* Nira sɔrilim yi yiri o pampam.
* Nira nyɛhi yi yiri ʒim sahakam.
* ʒim yi yiri nira pam pam di yi niŋ ka o nya daŋ bila.
* Nira yi nyari ʒi'yibo o kɔb'tɔɣa ni.
Di tu ni nira bo dɔɣita shee, di yi niŋ ka o yi nyari alaamanima ŋo zaa. A dɔɣita ni tooi nya lala Doro ŋo ka tooi sɔŋ  a ka di bi chaŋ tooni.
Wula ka bɛ niŋdi n nyari Doro ŋo?
A yi yɛn nya bee n baŋ bleeding disorder,  a dɔɣita ni Bɔhi  a a daalaama nima, o ni tooi lahi niŋ a zahimbu shɛŋa n baŋ dini nyɛ shɛm.
Di tu ni a yɛli ŋo zaa.
* A ni na min pun mali dɔri shɛli .
* Ti shɛŋa ani namin pun Vanda.
* Ʒim maa ni tooi yiri a shɛm.
* A ni di niŋdi binshɛɣu ka ʒim maa naan yi piligu a yibu.
Ŋo zaa yi naai, a dɔɣita ni zahim a ʒim maa n nya din be dini.lala zahimbu ŋo shɛŋa n nyɛ;
* a complete blood count(CBC)
Ŋo yɛn zahimmi ka Wuhu a red and white blood cells zaa a ningbuŋ ni.
* A platelets Aggregtion test.
Ŋo mi nyɛla din yɛ lihi a platelets clump ni laɣim taba n be viɛnyɛla shɛm.
* A bleeding time test.
 Ŋo wuhirila a ʒim ni kpulimdi yom shɛm n ni tooi GU ʒim yibu.


'''BLEEDING DISORDER BALIBU'''

Bleeding disorder ni tooi nyɛ siɣili bee ka di kuli gbaai nira.din nyɛ siɣili maa nyɛla din yiri dɔɣin ni na, ka din mi gbaairi maa mi nyɛ din kuli gbahiri niriba bɛ biɛhisi puuni.bleeding disorder ni tooi kuli tahi ʒi'yili la pam di yi niŋ ka nira nya darati bee daŋa, amaa shɛŋa beni n tooi kuli tahi ʒi'yili ŋo na ka di pa ni shɛli n tahili.
Bleeding disorders maa galisiya ka lahi be taba ni. Amaa ŋan do gbunni ŋo n kuli niŋ bayana.

* '''HEMOPHILIA A MINI B'''

Ŋo nyɛla din niŋda di yi ti niŋ ka nira ʒim kpulimbu pɔra o ningbuna ni.di tooi chɛri ka nira kɔb'tɔɣani yiri ʒim, hali dini tooi di nira nyavili.
* '''Factor II,V,X bee XII:'''
Deficiencies nyɛla bleeding disorder din tahiri ʒim yibu yiriŋ yiriŋ na.
* '''Von Willebrand's Diseases :'''
Di nyɛla bleeding disorder din nyɛ siɣili maa zaɣ'yini,nira tooi nyarili di yi niŋ ka o ʒim kɔŋ Von Willberant factor, din sɔdi ʒim maa ka di kpulimdi maa.

'''BLEEDING DISORDER TREATMENT''' 

Blessing disorder tibbu bela payapaya,di dolila di bal'shɛli din mali nira, ni di yaa.hali bleeding disorder tibira, ka ni tooi baligi ni di alaamanima shɛŋa.
Tibbu maa so'shɛŋa n nyɛ;

* '''IRON SUPPLEMENTATION'''
Dɔɣite ni tooi Wuhi a iron supplement shɛli,  ka a zaŋ n pahi iron shɛli din pun be a ningbuŋ ni, di yi niŋ ka ʒim yi nira pam ka iron bɛ galisi o ni, dini tooi ti o iron deficiency anemia.lala ŋo tooi tahiri wumsim na nira ningbuŋ ni, ninsabigu bee ka o ningbuŋ kuli kab'siri o.o no tooi bori ʒim kpɛhibu.

* '''BLOOD TRANSFUSION'''
Di nyɛla ʒim kpɛhibu di yi ti niŋ ka nira ʒim yi vuui ka chɛ o. Bɛ tooi voori niriba ʒim n kpɛhiri shɛba, di mi dolila yi ʒim maa yi nyɛ ʒi'yinsi.ŋo zaa mi niŋdila ashibitini.


'''OTHER TREATMENT (TIBIRI SHƐŊA)'''

Bleeding disorder tibbu ni tooi lahi nyɛ binshɛŋa kamani din pɔbsiri n niŋdi nyahini la(nasal spray) shɛŋa kamani jeomophilia ni tooi tibi ni factor replacement therapy, ŋo nuɛla shariha nkperi ʒim maa maŋmaŋa puuni.ka ni tooi gula ysɣi ʒom pampam yibu.
Nira ni tooi lahi nya fresh frozen plasma transfusions don dee yi niŋ ka o bɔri clotting factors shɛŋa.fresh frozenplasma malila V factors ni VIII factors, di dibaa ayi ŋo malila protein din mali anfaani ka sɔŋdi ʒim kpulimbu ni amm ŋo tu ni di niŋdi ashibitini.

'''POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF BLEEDING DISORDER'''

Yɛlkpana pam tooi pahi bleeding disorder ni ka ni tooi GU ka taɣi di tibbu ni.
Dinzuɣu,di tu ni nira yi mali li ka o bo tibbu n ti o maŋa yomyom. Yɛlkpana ŋo tooi kanna di yi niŋ la nira bɛ no tibbu yomyom n ti o maŋa.yɛlkpana ŋan tooi zooi biɛhigu ni n nyɛ;
* ʒim yibu binnɔri puuni
* ʒim yibu zuɣ'puri ni.
* ʒimyibu kɔb'tɔɣa ni.
* kɔb'tɔɣa ni biɛrim.
Yɛlkpana ni tooi kpaŋsi di yi niŋ kdisoder maa tahi ʒim yibu pampam na.bleeding disorder nyɛla Nyɛla din bɛ viɛlà n titi tipƔaba balled bɛ yi bɛ nya tibbu yomyom.di tooi tahiri ʒim yibu na pampam dɔɣibu ni, puli zaŋbahi shɛɛ bee puli yhibu ni.paɣiba ban mali bleeding disorders tooi nyari bɛ paɣibu ka di Yoruba pampam.ŋo ni tooi tahi anemia na.

== Ʒim Kpɛhibu ==
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Bloodbags.jpg|thumb|Anfooni din wuhiri Ʒi' shɛli din yina Ʒi' so' shɛli be ni bɔli 'Vein' la ʒim kpɛhibu saha. ]]Wʒim kpehibu nyɛla so shɛli bɛ ni doli n voori ʒim bee ʒim puuni bimbɔra n ti ninsali bee daadam so ŋun ʒim bi saɣiri o.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Blood Transfusion {{!}} National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-transfusion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623181239/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-transfusion|archive-date=2019-06-23|access-date=2019-06-16|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ʒim kpehibu nim nyɛla Dɔɣate nim ni di dɔli soshɛli ashibiti nim puuni n labisiri daadam ʒim din kpe yɔɣu. Tuuli tuuli ha,  ʒim kpehibu daa kuli nyɛla din jendiri ningbuna ni ʒim zaa polo,  amaa sahaŋɔ ashibiti yɛltɔɣa nim nyɛla ban ʒim kpehibu chaŋ ti gbai ʒim balibu kamani [[red blood cells]], [[Blood plasma|plasma]], [[platelets]], n ti pahi  [[clotting factors]] shɛŋa. Ʒim bali shɛli din yuli booni [[White blood cells]] la nyɛla din kpehibu dii bi yɔli bee n niŋ alahi,  ka di ni niŋ ka [[granulocyte transfusion]] nyɛ din tuma dii bi galisi la.lala n nyɛli ka  [[Whole blood]] nyɛ din labina yaɣishɛŋa ni sahaŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;j340&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Van Gent|first1=Jan-Michael|last2=Clements|first2=Thomas W.|last3=Cotton|first3=Bryan A.|date=2024|title=Resuscitation and Care in the Trauma Bay|journal=The Surgical Clinics of North America|volume=104|issue=2|pages=279–292|doi=10.1016/j.suc.2023.09.005|issn=1558-3171|pmid=38453302}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bɛ ni mi shɛli ni Red blood cells (RBC) la nyɛla din mali silimiingi ni boli shɛli ni [[hemoglobin]] la di puuni ka sɔŋdi ningbuna yaɣa pam ni vuhim pɔhim shɛli bɛ ni bɔli Oxygen la. Bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni  White blood cells nyɛla din dii bi yɔli ʒim kpehibu shee. 

Ʒim din nyɛ din kpehiri nyɛla bɛ ni nyari  shɛli daadama ban voori ʒim sani ʒim voobu shɛhi, ka lee zaŋdili n sɔŋdi Ʒim duri ni bɛ ni boli shɛli [[:en:Blood_bank|blood bank]]. ʒim balibu balibu zooya pam ninsalinima ni, kamani ti mali [[:en:ABO_blood_group_system|ABO blood group system]], n-ti pahi [[:en:Rhesus_blood_group_system|Rhesus blood group system]] di yoli ka nye mali anfaani pam. N kpɛhi ʒi' shɛli n niŋ daadam din bie deei o ningbuna nyɛla din ni tooi ʒi barina titali ŋɔ, hali n ni tooi di o nyɛvuli, ka di zuɣu che ka [[:en:Crossmatching|crossmatching]] niŋ talahi din ye n che ka dɔɣatenima baŋ ʒi' shɛŋa din simsi ni bɛ zan kpɛhi daadam.

ʒim neen' shɛŋa bɛ ni lahi kpɛhira ninsali ningbuŋ ʒi' soya ni n nye ''platelets'', ''blood plasma'', ''cryoprecipitate'' n-ti pahi ʒim neen' shɛŋa din sɔŋ dili zan kpa di gbihibu polo.

=== Tilahi Shɛŋa Din Chibiri N-niŋdi Daadam Ʒi' sɔya ni ===
Tima pam balibu din yirina silimiingi ni bɔli shɛli  [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] n ti taɣi  [[chemotherapy]]) nyɛla dɔɣate nima ni chibiri shɛŋa n niŋ barinima ni, din niŋ kabi bɛ tooi kpɛri ningbuŋ kaliŋ kaliŋ bee viɛnyela bɛ yi dɔli bindirigu soli n-kpe ningbuŋ mali puuni la zuɣu.

Di yi niŋ ka ʒim yi niri pam saha bili sunsuuni n naai, ti' kɔma, bɛ ni boli shɛŋa 'plasma expanders', ni tooi chibi niŋ lala niri ŋɔ ʒim ni, ka ti' kɔma ŋɔ ni tooi nyɛla yɛlim kamani (NaCl, KCl, CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ni din pahi) ka ŋan nye ningbuŋ ni ni tooi deei shɛli, bee   ti' kɔ' shɛŋa din gbirisa kamani tim yuli booni 'dextran', '[[:en:Human_serum_albumin|human serum albumin]]' n-ti pahi, ʒi' ko' shɛli bɛ ni yoli m maai. Sarati nima yi ti niŋ, 'plasma expanders' n-ti barinima maa nyɛla din mali nyɛvuli tahibu anfaani n gari ʒim kpɛhibu n ti ba, ka daliri maa nye din niŋ ka ʒi' shɛli bɛ ni kpɛhi nira 'metabolism' (di nambu ni saɣimbu) ni bɛ labiri piinda bɛ ni kpɛhili naai.

====== Ʒim Yihibu Ningbuŋ ni Tibbu Sɔli ======
Sahaŋɔ vihigu din jendi tima polo,  ʒim Ʒim Yihibu nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli n tibiri dɔriti shɛŋa,  kamani dɔriti din gbaai [[hemochromatosis]] ni [[polycythemia]].din saha, Ʒim Yihibu ni 'leeching'  daa na bɛ niŋ Bayana ni dihitabili zaŋ kpa di niŋsim polo yala n daa ti paai yuun'pishi yinika, ka dɔriti pam daa bɛ lihiri viɛnyɛla dɔmini ʒim galisim zaŋ kpa hippocratic tilaa polo.

=== Etymology ===
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Jan_Janský,_1902.jpg|thumb|[[Jan Janský]] nyɛla bɛ ni mi so ka o pu' ʒim n niŋ balibu balibu anahi ni ka ŋa nye ʒi' shɛli din nye (A, B, AB, n ti pahi O)]]
Silimiinsilini zɔŋɔ ʒim sabirimi (blood) ka silimiinsili kurili ni di daa sabiri (blod) ka lala di yuli ŋɔ nyɛ din yina  [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] ni na, ka di gbundi nyɛ zaɣi yini  Germanic bala nim pam ni, shɛhira kamani bala kamani; German ''Blut'', Swedish ''blod'', Gothic ''blōþ nim ni. Di nyɛla din bi saɣiti''  [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] etymology la.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|blood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==

=== Tabibiibi baŋsim yaɣili din yuli booni Classical Greek medicine baŋdi kuɣunli ŋun yuli booni ===
[[Robin Fåhræus]] (o nyɛla  Swedish physician ŋun daa niŋ baŋsim yaɣili dinyuli booni  [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]]) nyɛla ŋun daa gbaai shaawara ka yɛli  ni bɛ ni mi yaɣi shɛli ni Ancient Greek system din be [[humorism]] la, n be ningbuna puuni la nyɛla o ni daa tɛhi ka mali dihitabili ni ningbuna nyɛla din mali ningbuŋ zim binbɔra din pu ʒii bu nahi zuɣu, ka ŋa zaa nyɛ din tuma nim yi di ko, di ni niŋ ka o vihi ʒim kuubu daadama ningbuna zuɣu gbam bili shɛli din puuni nɛ la. Di ni niŋ ja ʒim kpaai n niŋ koliba kaapuni ka chɛli zali kamani hawa muni zuɣu, di daa nyɛla din pani paɣali di baanahi. Ʒi kuun sabimli nyɛla din daa doni gbambili maa gbunni dini ka silimiingi boli ni &quot;black bile&quot;. Lala ʒi kuuni ŋɔ zuɣusaa, ʒi ʒiɣu n daa paya, dini n nyɛ ʒim mamaŋ. Lala ʒi ʒiɣu ŋɔ mi gba zuɣu saa, kopiɛli din mali mali ʒim bin bɔra n daa paya lala dini ŋɔ ka silimingi boli ni  &quot;phlegm&quot; la. Ka kaapu maa mi zuɣusaa nyɛ zaɣi dɔzim dini ka silimiingi boli ni   &quot;yellow bile&quot; la.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Hart GD|date=December 2001|title=Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies|url=http://www.bloodmed.com/home/hannpdf/bjh3130.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=115|issue=4|pages=719–28|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x|pmid=11843802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708073035/http://www.bloodmed.com/home/hannpdf/bjh3130.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2011|s2cid=10602937}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date=January 2015}}

== Balibu ==
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:ABO_blood_type.svg|right|thumb|435x435px|Ʒim balibu nyɛla din pubu dɔli, yaɣi shɛli, ABO  ʒim pubu sɔli di yi ti niŋ ka ʒim neen' shɛli bɛ ni boli 'antigens' la bie ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi la zuɣu .]]
Ʒim balibu lan nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli silimiingi zilinli zuɣu ni ('''blood group'''), di nyɛla ʒim ni pumpu  sham n jendi di mali silimiingi ni boli bin nien shɛbi ni   [[Antibody|antibodies]] be din ni bee di kani ni [[Heredity|inherited]] [[Antigen|antigenic]] binyɛrala la din be ʒim binbɔra bali shɛli silimiingi ni boli ni  [[Red blood cell|red blood cells]] (RBCs) la zuɣu .  Lala binbɔra ŋɔ ni tooi nyɛ bindira balibu kamani silimiingi ni boli ni [[Protein|proteins]], [[Carbohydrate|carbohydrates]], [[Glycoprotein|glycoproteins]], bee  [[Glycolipid|glycolipids]], di jendirila ʒim bali shɛli din be binvuhirigu maa ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Maton|first=Anthea|url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho|title=Human Biology and Health|author2=Jean Hopkins|author3=Charles William McLaughlin|author4=Susan Johnson|author5=Maryanna Quon Warner|author6=David LaHart|author7=Jill D. Wright|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1998|isbn=0-13-981176-1|location=Englewood Cliffs NJ|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ABO blood group system ===
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|''ABO ʒim pubu sɔli'' : Anfooni din wuhiri alaafee yɛlibɔrili din tiri yaa, bɛ ni boli shɛli 'carbohydrate' gabu gabu din wuhiri  ABO ''ʒim pubu balibu'']]
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Punnett_square_blood_types.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|Anfooni din kahigiri viɛnyela [[Punnett square]] din jandi bihi  ''genotypes'' mini bɛ ''phenotypes'' saha shɛli bɛ ma nima given ''genotypes'' mini bɛ ''phenotypes'' (rows) n ti pahi bɛ ba nima gba ''genotypes'' ni bɛ ''phenotypes'' (columns) ka kahigibu maa yi polo anfooni maa zuɣu n dɔli bɛ ''phenotype''zaɣi do' zim; Ʒim balibu Azaɣi va' kaɣili; Ʒim balibu ABzaɣi nuɣuso; Ʒim balibu Bzaɣi taampilim; Ʒim balibu O]]
Lala ABO ʒim balli ŋɔ nyɛla din mali  antigens dibaayi ni  antibodies gba dibaayi ka ŋa nim nyɛ din be ninsalinim ʒim ni. Lala antigens dibaayi ŋɔ n nyɛ  antigen A mini antigen B. Lala n nyɛli ka  antibodie nim dibaayi maa gba n nyɛ  antibody A nti pahi  antibody B.

.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oor0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Schmidt|first1=P|title=Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL'|journal=Infus Ther Transfus Med|volume=28|issue=4|pages=206–8|year=2001|doi=10.1159/000050239|doi-broken-date=2024-06-18|last2=Okroi|first2=M|s2cid=57677644}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Your blood&amp;nbsp;– a textbook about blood and blood donation|url=https://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626184746/https://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf|archive-date=June 26, 2008|access-date=2008-07-15|page=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Phenotype and genotype of blood types
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |[[Phenotype]]
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |[[Genotype]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |A
|I&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; or I&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;i
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |B
|I&lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt; or I&lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;i
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |AB
|I&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |O
|ii
|}
Ʒim balibu nim nyɛla din yiri laambini n kpɛri bɛ bihi ni ka di nyɛ din yirina bɛ ba nim mini bɛ manim ʒim yi laŋin gaba.Bin din gbai silimiingoli December bɛɣu pihita ni yini dali yuuni 2023 ni, bɛ ni mi shɛbi ni &lt;ref&gt;Cox, David. &quot;A new understanding of how your blood type influences your health&quot; (2024). New Scientist, 27 January 2024, Issue 3475 (https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26134751-500-a-new-understanding-of-how-your-blood-type-influences-your-health/).&lt;/ref&gt; [[International Society of Blood Transfusion]] (ISBT) nimla daa kpahinmi n niŋ vihigu nyɛl ʒim balibu balibu din daa paai balibu pihinahi ni anu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbt-2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2023|title=Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology|url=https://www.isbtweb.org/isbt-working-parties/rcibgt.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007155528/https://www.isbtweb.org/isbt-working-parties/rcibgt.html|archive-date=7 October 2022|access-date=25 April 2023|work=[[International Society of Blood Transfusion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ʒim balishɛga din mali dariza ka gari di tabi maa za n nyɛ bin booni shɛli ni [[ABO blood group system|ABO]] mini [[Rh blood group system|Rh]]; bɛ nyɛla shɛbi ʒim bala ka di nyɛ (A, B, AB, ni  O, with + or − denoting [[RhD antigen|RhD]] status) din kuli yan lu n zahim ʒim kpɛhibu ni.

== Blood group systems ==
Ʒim balibu kam din pali nyɛla din yan wuhiri ʒim balibu pihinahi ni anu la, ka daadam kam ʒim balli  nyɛri din yan mali ʒim balibu puuni binbɔra.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbt-20222&quot; /&gt; Kamani daadam kam nyɛla ŋun mali ʒi bali yini bɛ nyɛvuli puuni,  amaa ka ni tooi taɣi di yi ti niŋ ka yɛla kamani silimiingi ni bɔli shɛŋa ni; [[infection]], [[malignancy]], or [[autoimmune disease]] nimŋɔ zaɣi yini kam yi ti kpe n gabi daadamm ʒim ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Dean|2005|loc=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/rbcantigen/ch05ABO/ The ABO blood group] &quot;... A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype ...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Stayboldt C, Rearden A, Lane TA|year=1987|title=B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum|journal=Transfusion|volume=27|issue=1|pages=41–4|doi=10.1046/j.1537-2995.1987.27187121471.x|pmid=3810822|s2cid=38436810}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Matsushita S, Imamura T, Mizuta T, Hanada M|date=November 1983|title=Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer|journal=The Japanese Journal of Surgery|volume=13|issue=6|pages=540–2|doi=10.1007/BF02469500|pmid=6672386|s2cid=6018274}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Kremer Hovinga I, Koopmans M, de Heer E, Bruijn J, Bajema I|year=2007|title=Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-19-26-2007_369_9557/page/186|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9557|pages=186–7; author reply 187|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60099-3|pmid=17240276|doi-access=free|s2cid=1150239}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bin shɛɣu din lan yɔli pam ka nyɛ din tooi taɣiri daadam ʒim balli n tiri balli shɛli n nyɛ silimiingi ni boli shɛli ni  [[bone marrow transplant]] la. Lala Bone-marrow transplant nimŋɔ nyɛla din tumdi tuma pam n tiri silimiingi ni boli binshɛŋa ni  [[leukemias]] mini  [[lymphomas]] nim la ,nti pahi dɔriti pam ni. Di yi niŋ ka daadam yi deegi bone marrow o daadam kpee ŋun mali ʒim bali  ABO sani (kamani ŋmahinli ; di yi nniŋ ka dɔrɔ lan ŋun mali ʒim bali shɛli din nyɛ ' O 'deegi ʒim bali shɛli din nyɛ ' A bone marrow' la ), lala bariŋɔ ʒim kalaamii, di yan taɣi mi nti ʒi'bali shɛli bɛ ni zaŋ n kpɛhi o maa di ni niŋ ka bariŋɔ mali silimiingi ni bɔli shɛli ni [[Hematopoietic stem cell|hematopoietic stem cells]] (HSCs) la nyɛ din zaa saɣim ka wurim la. Din ni tooi niŋ ka bariŋɔ ʒim ŋɔ ni tooi saɣim ŋɔ, o ningbuna yan yan taɣimi n ti bɛ ni kpɛhi o ʒi'shɛli maa.

=== Red blood cell compatibility ===
* '''Blood group AB''' Daadam kam nyɛla ŋun mali ʒim bali shɛŋa din nyɛ A mini B ka di be bɛ ni bɔli binshɛɣu ni RBCs la zuɣu, ka bɛ [[blood plasma]] nyɛ din ka antibodies di ni . Lala n nyɛli,  ka daadam kam ŋun mali  AB ʒim balli nyɛ ŋun ni tooi deegi ʒim ŋun mali lala AB ʒi'balli,  amaa ka ku tooi voogi ʒim nti sokam naɣila ŋun gba mali AB ʒim balli ŋɔ. Ban mali lala ʒim balli ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni mi shɛbi ka bi nyɛ ban ni tooi deegi ʒim sokam zaa sani.
* '''Blood group A'''  individuals Daadam kam ban mali ʒi'balli din nyɛ A antigen din be bɛ RBCs zuɣu, n ti pahi bɛ ni booni shɛli ni  ( blood serum) nyɛla din mali bɛ ni mi shɛli ni  [[IgM]] antibodie , ka di taɣiri ʒi balli din nyɛ  B antigen la. Lala zuɣu, ban mali A ʒim balliŋɔ nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim ban gba mali A mini 'O 'ʒim balli konko sani, ka ni lee tooi voogi ʒim nti ban mali A bee AB ʒim bala ŋɔ.
* '''Blood group B'''  individuals Daadam kam bam mali B ʒim balli ŋɔ ka di be bɛ   RBC ni , n ti pahi  blood serum din mali  IgM antibodies nim din taɣiri A ʒim balli. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu,  salinim bam B ʒim balli nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim bam mali B bee  O ʒim bala konko, ka ni tooi voogi ʒim nti bam mali   B bee  AB ʒim bala konkk.
* '''Blood group O''' (or blood group zero in some Daadama nim ban ka A bee B ʒim bala ka di be bɛ RBCs zuɣu, ka bɛ blood serum mali  IgM anti-A mini  anti-B antibodies nima. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu,  bam mali 'O' ʒim balli nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim la ban gba mali 'O' ʒim balli konko, amaa ka ni tooi voogi ʒim nti ban mali  ABO ʒim balli , A, B, O bee  AB ʒima zaa. Di yi niŋ ka bari bɔri ʒim, ka o ni bɔri ʒibali shɛli maa na kani bee ka di nyɛbu na yan di saha , bɛ nan tooi kpɛri lala bari maa ʒim bali shɛli bɛ ni boli ni ' O negative' la . Di ni niŋ ka di ni tooi kpe ŋ gabi sokam ʒim ni la,  vihigu wuhiya ni ʒim balli din nyɛ ' O negative' ŋɔ nyɛla din niŋ di shaara sahakam.  blood .&lt;ref name=&quot;AABBfive&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author1=American Association of Blood Banks|title=Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question|date=24 April 2014|url=https://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-association-of-blood-banks/|work=[[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924075027/https://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-association-of-blood-banks/|publisher=American Association of Blood Banks|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-date=24 September 2014|author1-link=American Association of Blood Banks|url-status=dead}}, which cites

* {{cite web|author1=The Chief Medical Officer's National Blood Transfusion Committee|year=c. 2008|title=The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells|url=https://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/nbtc_bbt_o_neg_red_cells_recs_09_04.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809134013/https://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/nbtc_bbt_o_neg_red_cells_recs_09_04.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2014|access-date=25 July 2014|publisher=[[National Health Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref name=&quot;AABBfive&quot; /&gt;

[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_Compatibility.svg|right|thumb|230x230px|'''Red blood cell compatibility chart'''In addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Red blood cell compatibility table&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rbccomp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=December 2006|title=RBC compatibility table|url=https://chapters.redcross.org/br/northernohio/INFO/bloodtype.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913165654/https://chapters.redcross.org/br/northernohio/info/bloodtype.html|archive-date=2008-09-13|access-date=2008-07-15|publisher=American National Red Cross}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bloodbook&quot;&gt;[https://www.bloodbook.com/compat.html Blood types and compatibility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419103919/https://www.bloodbook.com/compat.html|date=2010-04-19}} bloodbook.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Recipient&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; |Donor&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
!O−
!O+
!A−
!A+
!B−
!B+
!AB−
!AB+
|-
!O−
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{Y}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
|-
!O+
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!A−
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!A+
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!B−
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!B+
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!AB−
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|-
!AB+
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|}

==== Compatibility of ABO and Rh system for Red Cell (Erythrocyte) Transfusion ====
Adaka din do gbunni ŋɔ nyɛla adaka shɛli din wuhiri ʒim balibubalibu ni kpini tabi sham di yi kana kpa bin voori so ʒim mini bɛ ni malili n kpɛhiri so ka di jendi ʒim balishɛŋa din nyɛ ABO mini Rh system. Ʒim ŋmahinli ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ʒim ni deeri tabi sham [[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; |Donor
|-
!O−
!O+
!B−
!B+
!A−
!A+
!AB−
!AB+
|-
! rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Recipient
!AB+
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|-
!AB−
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|-
!A+
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|
|-
!A−
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|
|
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|
|
|-
!B+
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!B−
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!O+
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!O−
|[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Blood_drop_plain.svg|26x26px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
[[Lahabali_kɔligu:Agglutinatie_rode_bloedcellen_libtheora.ogg|thumb|Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells due to an incorrect transfusion.]]
Ʒim nyɛla din mali balibubalibu pam, ka ŋa nim zaa nyɛ din be binvuhira shɛŋa puuni ŋa nim ni be.  Ʒim bali shɛli bɛ ni mi ni ABO ʒim balli la nyɛla bɛ ni daa nyɛ shɛli binvuhira ni yuuni   1900 ni, ka ŋun daa nyɛli maa yuli booni  [[Karl Landsteiner]]. Tabijbi baŋdi so ŋun yuli booni  [[Jan Janský]] nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ tuuli ŋun daa pu ʒim bunahi zuɣu m boli ni  (A, B, AB, n ti lahi  O) yuuni 1907 ni, ka di na kuli nyɛ din tumdi tuma zɔŋɔ. Yuuni  1907 ni, tuuli [[blood transfusion]] daa nyɛla din niŋ ka di nyɛla was  ABO ʒim balli la ja bɛ daa zaŋ m baŋ ʒim ni deeri tabi sham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Blood Transfusion &amp;#124; American Red Cross|url=https://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/history-blood-transfusion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204103229/http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/history-blood-transfusion|archive-date=4 February 2016|access-date=21 March 2021|website=redcrossblood.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuuli bɛ ni mi shɛli ni  non-direct transfusion la daa nyɛla din niŋ silimiingoli  March bɛɣu pishi ni ayɔpoin dali yuuni 1914 ni. Lala n nyɛli ka bɛ ni mi shɛli ni  Rhesus factor la nyɛ bɛ ni daa nyɛ shɛli yuuni 1937 ni.

====== Zaŋmaɣisi tabi adaka ======
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+''Adaka ŋan do gbunni ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ʒim kpɛhibu ni kpini tabi sham taɣimalisi nima din jendi ʒim din mali kpaɣiʒɛɣu''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transfusion reactions / M.A. Popovsky 1996 p.&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is: {{cite book|title=Transfusion reactions / M.A. Popovsky|publisher=Karger|year=1996|isbn=978-3-8055-6509-7|location=Basel|oclc=40288753}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | + =Occasionally present &amp;nbsp; ++ =Frequently present
|-
!
![[Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction|Febrile nonhemolytic]]
![[Transfusion-related acute lung injury|TRALI]]
![[Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction|Acute hemolytic]]
!Bacterial contamination
|-
!Appearance of symptoms during or after transfusion
|Usually toward end.
5–10% appear up to 2 hours after.
|Early (after 10–15 ml)
|Early (after 50–100 ml)
|Up to 8 hours after transfusion
|-
!Fever
| +
| ++
| ++
| ++
|-
!Chills
| ++
| ++
| ++
| +++
|-
!Cold
| ++
| -
| +
| -
|-
!Discomfort
| ++
| -
| -
| -
|-
!Rigors
| +
| -
| -
| -
|-
!Headache
| +
| -
| +
| -
|-
!Nausea and/or vomiting
| +
| -
| ++
| -
|-
!Dyspnea
| +
| ++
| ++
| -
|-
!Cyanosis
| -
| ++
| ++
| -
|-
!Hypotension / [[circulatory shock]]
| -
| ++
| ++
| ++
|-
![[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
| -
| -
| ++
| ++
|-
![[Hemoglobinuria]]
| -
| -
| ++
| +
|-
![[Renal failure]]
| -
| -
| ++
| ++
|-
!Back pain
| -
| -
| ++
| -
|}

==Alaafee yɛligibu==
&quot;Normoblast' yɛligibu malila yaɣa dibaa anahi.:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Illustration !! Description !! Image
 |- 
 | [[Image:Proerythroblast.png]] || [[Pronormoblast]] 
 |- 
 | [[Image:Basophilic erythroblast.png]] || Basophilic normoblast || [[File:Prorubricyte.jpg|130px]]
 |- 
 | [[Image:Polychromatic erythroblast.png]] || Polychromatic normoblast (also ''polychromatophilic'') || [[File:Rubricyte.jpg|130px]]
 |- 
 | [[Image:Orthochromatic erythroblast.png]] || Orthochromatic normoblast (also ''orthochromatophilic'') || [[File:Metarubricyte.jpg|130px]]
|}

== Zuliya nim mini Adiini nim Dihitabili ni ʒim ==
Di ni niŋ ka di bukaata n zaŋti nyɛvuli ka zaŋbuɣusi, ʒim nyɛla niribi pam ni mali dihi tabili pam bɛ ʒilɛya ni. Din yɔli zaŋ chaŋ niribi ni mali dihi tabili sham n kpa ʒim polo n nyɛ bɛ shɛbi ni zaŋdi ʒim ka di wuhiri bɛ daŋ bee bɛ mabili ni kpini tabi sham di yi kana dɔɣim polo; 'ka yi ti yan mali ʒi yinsi ' naɣila yi yila yabi do yino ni na amaa ka amiliya niŋbu. Yɛligu ŋɔ nyɛla din chaŋ ti wuhiri ʒi yinsi, kamani di ni yɛli &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; ʒim nyɛla din gburisi n gari kom&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Ʒim nyɛla din tɔɣisiri n jendi yɛltɔɣa yini konko zuɣu adiini nim kamani Musulinsi, Jewish nti pahi Dolodolo adiini nim ŋɔ ni,  dama kundi buku din yuli booni   [[Leviticus]] 17:11 yɛli ni &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;bin'namdili kam nyɛvuli nyɛla din be ʒim ni&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Lala yɛltɔɣali ŋɔ nyɛla din be kundi buku din yuli booni Levitical zalikpan shɛli din mɔŋ ʒim nyubu bee n ŋubiri nimdi ka ʒim na tabitabi nimdi maa la puuni. 

===== Indigenous Australians =====
A yi lihi  [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous Australian Aboriginal]]  nima kaya, din yuli booni [[ochre]] dibahibahindi bin ʒee min ʒim zaa nyɛla din mali silimiingi ni bɔli ningbuŋ binbɔra shɛli din yuli booni ni  iron la ka bɛ bolli ni  [[Maban]] la, nyɛla bɛ ni mala shɛli n niŋ di bɛ wa-waribi nachin tɛri ni bɛ baɣayuya malibu saha. Kamani bɛ ni mi so ni  Lawlor la ni yɛli: ni a yi lihi bɛ ni mishɛli ni Aboriginal la baɣiyuya malibuni mini ɛ suuna nim ni, bɛ wa-waribi nyin goya ni zaa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ nachiinsi nein shɛli bɛ ni bɔli ni Ochre ʒehi n-ye bɛ nyingoya ni zaa. Bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Secret la puuni, ban nyɛ bidibisi Sacret nim suuna nim ni, ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni yihiri shɛli wa waribi  maa nuhini ʒi m sɔyani n zaŋli taɣi n zaŋ ye bɛ nyingoya ni.Lala n nyɛli ka bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Ochre ʒee la nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli gba n tumdi tuun yinsi suuna nim ni Lala n nyɛla ka ʒim nyɛ bɛ ni mali ʒim n niŋdi noonsi kɔbirini n dihiri bɛ maŋmaŋ nachiinsi. Noonsi kɔbiri nyɛla din mali purootin din nyɛ din mali paawa taɣimalisi dinni.

Lawlor lahi tɔhikom ni ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli n pahiri diri nachiinsi nyɛla lala daadama ŋɔ ni zaŋdi shɛli  n pahiri bɛ wawaribi wahi niɛma . Din nyaanga,  Lawlor nyɛla ŋun zaŋ lala paawa dindii bi nyɛri ŋɔ n ti pahi bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni  [[Magnetic field|magnetic fields]] la,  n yɛli ni bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Iron la nyɛla din mali paawa di ni.[[Magnetism|magnetic]].

=== European paganism ===
Balishɛbi ban nyɛ [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] bala la ni, ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli tumdi tuma bɛ maliŋ nim shɛhi; blood bɛ ni mi shɛli bɛ zilima zuɣu ni  ''[[Blót|Blóts]] la. Ʒim maa nyɛla bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni shɛli nyɛla din kuli mali yaa ka di ni yina binso ni maa,  bɛ daa yi ŋmahi nimdi ŋɔ naai, bɛ yan niŋla zim maa n mihi sarisari dikiya maa luɣishɛŋa bɛ buɣa maa ni be n ti oahi bɛ ban tumdi maa mamaŋa. Lala bɛ niŋ ʒim ŋɔ n sariti dikiya ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni blóedsian'' din be silimiinsili kurili la ni, ka di daa nyɛ dolodolo nim bali shɛbi ban yuli booni [[Roman Catholic Church]] ni paŋ shɛli n niŋ bɛ bachinim puuni. Ban nyɛ  [[Hittite language|Hittite]] la nim ʒim bachi din yuli booni  ''ishar'' nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli n yihi bachi nim kamani  cognate to words for &quot;oath&quot; mini  &quot;bond&quot;, a ni tooi bɔli  [[Išḫara|Ishara]] ni [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni buɣa ʒim din yuli booni , ''[[ichor]]'', daa nyɛla bin shɛɣu din daai gbaaigi pɔizin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brittain|first=Robert P.|date=1965|title=Cruentation: In Legal Medicine and in Literature|journal=Medical History|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=82–88|doi=10.1017/S0025727300030179|issn=0025-7273|pmc=1033446|pmid=14252331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Dolodolo Nima ====
Baabuli kundi buku yaɣishɛli din yuli booni  [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 9:4 la ni, Naawuni nyɛla ŋun kpahi o dabili ŋun yuli daa booni  [[Noah]] la mini o bihi ka  che ʒim dibu lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina  zalikpana yagili buku yuli bokni  [[Noahide Law]]. Lala zalisi ŋɔ nyɛla din na kuli tumdi tuma,  ka ba lihhiri di zuɣu nyɛ ni [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].

Di lahi nyɛla din sabi do baabuli ni n wuhiiri ni di yi ti niŋ ka mallayikka so ŋun su nyɛvuya deebula ti chjaŋ luɣili kam  Hebrew nim ni be,  ni bi lɛɣu bɛ ni na kuli yɔli dɔɣi nyɛlaa ŋun bi lahiyankpi,  di yi niŋ ka malaayika maa yi nya ʒim ni tɔɣi-tɔɣi n do zonpaɣa.

A yi lihi [[Council of Jerusalem]] nim ni, ban nyɛ [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] nim la nyɛla ban yɛli ni ʒim dibu nyɛla din chihira,  lala yɛlli ŋɔ nyɛla din sabi do  Acts 15:20 mini 29 ni. Di yaɣili kam nyɛla din mali gbunni,  di pahi bahindi di ni be dolodolo kundi maa ni suurili pinaawei zaŋ ni suurili pishi ni yini . Di daa nyɛla din yan gu ka taɣi bɛ ni mi bali shɛli ni Jews ban nyɛ dolodolo nim la taya ni bee bɛ gbaɣu ni kpebu ni dama zali kpana yaɣili din yuli booni Mosaic Law Code la nyɛla din bi saɣiti lala tuma maa. 

Anabi Yissah ʒim nyɛla din gbunni ni nyɛ di nyɛhirila daadama nim taya. Yaha, &quot;... Anabi Yissah ʒim nyɛla din nyɛhi daadama taya zaa.&quot; Bu din yuli booni  (1 John 1:7) la puuni yɛliya , &quot;... Ŋuni n nyɛ ŋun yuriti ka lahi zaŋ o mamaŋ ʒim  paɣi ti taya zaa labi .&quot; Lala ka buku din yuli booni  (Revelation 1:5) ni yɛli ,  &quot;Bɛ nyɛla ban nyɛ yaa o zuɣu (Shintɔɔni) ka di nyɛla shiikasi ʒim ( Anabi Yissa) nti pahi bɛ mamaŋ  testimony ...&quot;  din be (Revelation 12:11 buku la ni.

Dolodolo nim cheechi nim dingbai Roman Catholicism, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], nti pahi  [[Assyrian Church of the East]] nyɛla ban wuhiri ni , ni ayi zaŋ amaŋ ti naawuni , din yuli booni [[Eucharist|Eucharistic]] wine la nyɛla din yan lɛbi Anabi Yissah ʒim din yan nyɛ naawuni paɣibu ni nyubu. Di zuɣu a yi lihi lala consecrated wine maani, Anabi Yissah nyɛla ŋun lee shihira lan mini kɔbili lana. Lala wuhibu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina bɛ ni mi shɛli ni   [[The Last Supper|Last Supper]] la ni.

=== Judaism ===
[[Judaism]] puuni, bunŋkɔbiri ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni tooi bɛ diri shɛli hali di yi pɔrimi kawala, ka ŋa nyɛ din yina bɛ kundi yaɣi shɛli dinyuli booni animal blood  Leviticus suuraa'ta zaŋni suuri pia ni ayɔpoin ni, ŋa nyɛla din lahi yina bɛ Jewish bindira zalikpana zaligu buku ni,  ka ŋa yuli booni ([[Kashrut]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/82678/jewish/Koshering-Meat.htm Koshering Meat.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084120/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/82678/jewish/Koshering-Meat.htm|date=16 December 2013}} Chabad.org.&lt;/ref&gt; Gala gba nyɛla din simdi ni bɛ lihiri shɛli poi n nyɛn nya ʒim taɣimalisi be di puuni bee di kani, di yi beni dinŋuna ka bɛ yihili poi ka naanyi tooi di li. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/113470/jewish/Removing-the-Blood.htm Removing the Blood.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084034/http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/113470/jewish/Removing-the-Blood.htm|date=16 December 2013}} Chabad.org.&lt;/ref&gt; Hali di kuli niŋya ka ʒim din yina zimbili ni na nyɛ dinyuli booni  kosher, di nyɛla din chihiri di bɛ daadam di zahim ʒim, din kuli yan niŋ ka lala niri bi birigi tingbani maa zalikpana.&lt;ref&gt;Citron, R. Aryeh. [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1182104/jewish/All-About-Kosher-Fish.htm All About Kosher Fish.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084101/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1182104/jewish/All-About-Kosher-Fish.htm|date=16 December 2013}} Chabad.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tabiibi tuma din jendi ʒim nyɛla din pɔbiri Nokia m bee mɔɣini bee yiŋ binkɔri ʒima bɛ ti kɔrigi nai lala yɛligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina bɛ kundi yaɣishɛli bɛ ni boli ni (Leviticus 17:13); &lt;ref&gt;[[Menachem M. Schneerson|Schneerson, R. Menachem M.]] ''Igrot Kodesh'', vol. vii, p. 270.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Musulinsi ===
Musulinsi din wuhi hizini n wuhiri bindira zaa din mali ʒim ŋa nim puuni zaa dibu ni chihirisham, ka lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina musulinsi zalikpana yaɣali din yuli booni   [[Islamic dietary laws]] la ni na. Ka lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛ din yina Alikuraani puuni suurili yuli booni   [[Al-Ma'ida]] ( aaya dibaa'nu zaŋ labina dibaa'ta ni): ka lala aaya ŋɔ yɛli :&quot;bindiri shɛŋa yi ni ku tooi di  bee musulumi ni mɔŋ shɛŋa dibu n nyɛ binkpiŋ nimdi, ʒim,  the flesh of swine, nti pahi din yuya ka di pala naawuni ni pii shɛli n ti ŋa&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Din tahi ʒim dibu bi viɛli ŋɔ nyɛla; ni ʒim nyɛla din mali saɣiri din'ni . Zalikpani mini dinchihiri shɛŋa din jendi paɣibi sɔrilim nyabu polo. Di yi niŋ ka bɛ kɔrigi binkɔbiga, o nyingoli nyɛla bɛ ni kuli chibi bee n gbeei shɛli bɛla, din kuli yan niŋ ka o ningbuna maa tooi nyɛ yiko n ti o suhi tibili ni di bɔri ʒim ni vuhim.

=== Jehovah's Witnesses ===
A yi lihi bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni bɛ kundi yaɣishɛli din booni  Acts 15:28, 29 din yɛli ni  (&quot; niŋmiya katiŋ ka che. .. ʒim .&quot;).  [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] nyɛla ban bi diri ʒim bee ban bi kpɛhiri ʒim di yi ti niŋ ka ʒi pooli gbai so bee ʒim puuni niɛma shɛli nyɛla bɛ ni bi mali dihitabili ni shɛŋa zaa: kamani ʒim balibu ŋan yuya nyɛ  red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), n ti pahi  plasma la. Bɛ niribi nyɛla ban mali yiko ni tooi sagiti ashibiti yɛltɔɣa din jendi bɛ mamaŋ ʒim yɛltɔɣa bee binyɛra din yina lala ʒim balibu dibaa'nahi ŋɔ.&lt;ref&gt;''The Watchtower'' 15 June 2004, p. 22, &quot;Be Guided by the Living God&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vampirism ===
[[Vampire]] nim nyɛla naawuni bin'namda puuni shɛbi ban nuri ʒim n tooi kuri bɛ kum, ka bɛ tooi yurila daadama nim ʒima. Taada bee bala kam duniya puuni nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni lala ʒi'nyuribi ŋɔ; ŋmahinli kamani '[[Nosferatu]]' legend,  daadam ban nyɛri nasara [[damnation]] ni,  ka lahi nyuri bɛ nin sali tabi ʒima,  ka bɛ nyɛ ban yina duniya yaɣishɛŋani kamani; Eastern European folklore nim ni . Bin'niɛma kamani [[Ticks]], [[Leech|leeches]], female [[Mosquito|mosquitoes]], [[Vampire bat|vampire bats]], n ti pahi bin'niɛmda pam nyuri bɛ bin'niɛmdi tabi shabi ʒim,  amaa zɔna koŋko n nyɛ ban mini bɛ ni boli shɛbi ni vampire nimla ŋmani taba.

== Invertebrates ==
Din be  invertebrate puuni, ningbuŋni kom din yuli booni   analogous din be ʒim ni ka di yuli booni  hemolymph nyɛla din be ʒim ni,  di waligin sim nim nyɛla,  bɛ ni mi shɛli  hemolymph nyɛla din bi be silimiingi ni mi ningbuna ni shɛli ni  circulatory system la puuni. Lala Hemolymph ni tooi nyɛ din ʒiri vuhim pɔhim kpuli shɛli din yuli booni oxygen la n gindi ningbuna ni, hali di ni ni tooi niŋ ka hemoglobin nyɛ din katuma.Bɛ ni mi shɛli ni  [[Crustacean|Crustaceans]] la mini  [[Mollusk|mollusks]] din be daadama ʒim ni la nyɛla din mali bɛ ni mi shɛli ni  [[hemocyanin]] n tumdi tuma ka lee bi zaŋdi hemoglobin din n tumda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kato|first1=Sanae|last2=Matsui|first2=Takashi|last3=Gatsogiannis|first3=Christos|last4=Tanaka|first4=Yoshikazu|date=April 2018|title=Molluscan hemocyanin: structure, evolution, and physiology|journal=Biophysical Reviews|volume=10|issue=2|pages=191–202|doi=10.1007/s12551-017-0349-4|issn=1867-2450|pmc=5899709|pmid=29235083}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bin'niɛma pam ni , bɛ  hemolymph nyɛla vuhim pɔhim kpula din yuli booni oxygen-carrying molecule la ni ka shɛli ni, ka di daliri nyɛla bɛ ningbuna ni pɔri shamla zuɣu ka yaɣi shɛli din yuli booni [[Invertebrate trachea|tracheal system]] ku tooi ti bɛ ningbuna maa  oxygen.

== Di tuma bee anfaani nim shɛŋa ==

=== Forensic Mini archaeological ===
Ʒim puuni saɣiri nyɛla din sɔŋdi [[forensic]] vihigu nim ka bɛ vihiri nyɛri tubu niɛma nima. Din yuli booni [[bloodstain pattern analysis]] puuni, bɛ ni mi shɛli ni  forensic la lahibali nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi nyɛ shɛli  ʒim yaɣi shɛli din yuli booni  bloodstain la puuni.

Lala Blood residue analysis ŋɔ gba nyɛla baŋsim parishɛli din tumdi tuma   [[archeology]] la ni.

=== Artistic ===
Ʒim nyɛla ningbuŋ ni kosalisi ni yini ban tumdi Art tuma ni mali shɛli tumdi tuma bɛ tuma maa shehi..&lt;ref&gt;[http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5 &quot;Nostalgia&quot;] Artwork in blood {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108093007/http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5|date=8 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di daaha puuni, din yuya booni   [[Viennese Actionism|Viennese Actionist]] [[Hermann Nitsch]], [[Istvan Kantor]], [[Franko B]], [[Lennie Lee]], [[Ron Athey]], [[Yang Zhichao]], [[Justice Yeldham|Lucas Abela]] nti pahi  [[Kira O'Reilly]] tuma puuni, nti gbai bɛ ni mi shɛli [[Andres Serrano]] la, nyɛla din zaŋ ʒim ka di lee be Art tuma puuni tuun nien kpeŋ. Tuma ŋɔ baŋdi ŋun yuli booni  [[Marc Quinn]] nyɛla ŋun niŋ lala Art ŋɔ yaɣishɛli din yuli booni sculpture la, ka di nyɛla o zaŋla ʒi'shɛli din yuli booni   frozen blood la, nti pahi o mamaŋ zuɣuni ʒim m pahi. 

=== Genealogical ===
Lala yuliŋu 'ʒim' nyɛla din tumdi tuma bɛ ni mi shɛli ni [[Genealogy|genealogical circles]] la ni, ka di wuhiri daadam  [[Ancestor|ancestry]], [[Human evolution|origins]], nti pahi  [[Ethnic group|ethnic background]] din zaa be bachishɛli  din yuli booni  ''[[Heredity|bloodline]] lani. Yu'shɛoa din gba zaa tumdi tuma mabiligu bee daŋpuuni ʒi'sɔya wuhibu n nyɛ''  ''[[Nobility#&quot;Blue&quot; blood|blue-blood]]'', ''[[Royal descent|royal blood]]'', ''[[mixed-blood]]'' nti pahi ''[[Kinship terminology|blood relative]] nim zaa.''

== Nyɛmi yaha ==


&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Blood type (non-human)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Human leukocyte antigen

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; hh blood group{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Autotransfusion]]
* [[Blood as food]]
* [[Blood pressure]]
* [[Blood substitutes]] (&quot;artificial blood&quot;)
* [[Blood test]]
* [[Hematology]]
* [[Blood phobia|Hemophobia]]
* [[Luminol]], a visual test for blood left at crime scenes.
* [[Oct-1-en-3-one]] (&quot;Smell&quot; of blood)
* [[Taboo food and drink#Blood|Taboo food and drink: Blood]]
{{div col end}}

==Kundivihira==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Pubu:WikiProject Medicine]]</text>
      <sha1>7um3jhlj1slad3wxhms88bl28umrdbp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Params</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>21476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147799</id>
      <parentid>144899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T16:31:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>8683</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]]</comment>
      <origin>147799</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="90426" sha1="jd4jhydnyce3tw9c50qwx3yd53quopx" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


	---                                        ---
	---     PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT                ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Abstract utilities ]]--
	----------------------------


-- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers)
local function zero_padded (str)
	return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str)
end


-- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting)
local function natural_sort (var1, var2)
	return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) &lt; var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded)
end


-- Return a copy or a reference to a table
local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly)
	if refonly then return src end
	local newtab = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end
	return newtab
end


-- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest`
local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len)
	local idx = 1
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1
		if idx &gt; len then break end
	end
	return dest
end


-- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left
local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len)
	local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt;= idx then
			if key &gt; tmp then cache[key - len] = val end
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = 1 - idx
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = idx - 1
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys
local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn)
	local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			nn = nn + 1
			nums[nn] = key
		else
			nw = nw + 1
			words[nw] = key
		end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	table.sort(words, sort_fn)
	return nums, words, nn, nw
end


-- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number
local function get_parameter_name (par_str)
	local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end
	return tonumber(ret)
end


-- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and
-- always parsing numeric strings as numbers
local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey)
	local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey)
	if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end
end


	--[[ Public strings ]]--
	------------------------


-- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local mkeywords = {
	['or'] = 0,
	pattern = 1,
	plain = 2,
	strict = 3
}


-- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local sortfunctions = {
	alphabetically = false,
	naturally = natural_sort
}


-- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers
-- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
--[[

Meanings of the columns:

  col[1] = Loop type (0-3)
  col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3)
  col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback
  col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name
  col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value
  col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]`
  col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]`

A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`)

]]--
local mapping_styles = {
	names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 },
	values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 },
	values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },
	names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 },
	names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 },
	names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 },
	values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 },
	blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
}


-- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local memoryslots = {
	h = 'header',
	f = 'footer',
	i = 'itersep',
	l = 'lastsep',
	n = 'ifngiven',
	p = 'pairsep',
	s = 'oxfordsep'
}


-- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier
local trim_parse_opts = {
	trim_none = { false, false },
	trim_positional = { false, true },
	trim_named = { true, false },
	trim_all = { true, true }
}


-- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local isep_parse_opts = {
	splitter_pattern = false,
	splitter_string = true
}


-- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local psep_parse_opts = {
	setter_pattern = false,
	setter_string = true
}


-- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier
local position_references = {
	add_nothing = 0,
	add_smallest_number = 1,
	add_last_of_sequence = 2,
	add_largest_number = 3
}


-- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier
local a_modes = {
	transfer = 0,
	clone = 1,
	rename = 2,
	copy = 3,
	sacrifice = 4,
	provide = 5,
	spare = 7
}


-- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`,
-- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue`
-- `without_sorting`


	--[[ Private constants ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`)
local modulename = 'Module:Params'


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args`
-- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also
-- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available
local refpipe = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	--coins = true,
	count = true,
	evaluating = true,
	for_each = true,
	list = true,
	list_values = true,
	list_maybe_with_names = true,
	value_of = true
}


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the
-- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if 
-- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own
-- (modified) copy available
local refparams = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	combining = true,
	combining_by_calling = true,
	combining_values = true,
	concat_and_call = true,
	concat_and_invoke = true,
	concat_and_magic = true,
	count = true,
	grouping_by_calling = true,
	mixing_names_and_values = true,
	keeping_at_most = true,
	renaming_by_mixing = true,
	renaming_to_sequence = true,
	renaming_to_uppercase = true,
	renaming_to_lowercase = true,
	--renaming_to_values = true,
	shifting = true,
	splicing = true,
	--swapping_names_and_values = true,
	value_of = true,
	with_name_matching = true
}


-- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we
-- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its
-- optimal value at Module talk:Params)
local maxfill = 1024


-- The private table of functions
local library = {}


-- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position
local static_iface = {}


	--[[ Private functions ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Create a new context
local function context_new (child_frame)
	local main_frame = child_frame:getParent()
	return {
		frame = main_frame,
		opipe = child_frame.args,
		oparams = main_frame.args,
		firstposonly = static_iface,
		iterfunc = pairs,
		sorttype = 0,
		n_parents = 0,
		n_children = 0,
		n_available = maxfill
	}
end


-- Move to the next action within the user-given list
local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward)
	local nextfn
	if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then
		nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	if nextfn == nil then error(modulename ..
		': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
	if library[nextfn] == nil then
		if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0)
		else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn ..
			'’ directive can only appear in first position', 0)
		end
	end
	remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward)
	return library[nextfn]
end


-- Main loop
local function main_loop (ctx, start_with)
	local fn = start_with
	repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn
	if ctx.n_parents &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end
	if ctx.n_children &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end
end


-- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table
local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from)
	local cmd
	if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end
	cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/')
		:match'^/*(.*[^/])'
	if cmd == nil then return start_from end
	local vname, chr
	local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1
	for idx = 1, #cmd do
		chr = cmd:byte(idx)
		if chr == sep then
			for key, val in ipairs(amap) do
				dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil
			end
			argc = argc + 1
		else
			vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)]
			if vname == nil then error(modulename ..
				', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' ..
				string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end
			table.insert(amap, vname)
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end
	return argc
end


-- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children`
local function new_substack (ctx)
	local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {}
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
	return newparams
end


-- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or
-- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil`
local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg)
	if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end
	local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end
	local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg]
	if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end
	return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg
end


-- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|
-- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]`
local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params)
	local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2
	local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {}
	while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do
		tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3
--[[
		elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then
			tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2
]]--
		elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin =
				tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3
		else break end
	end
	local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil)
	for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end
	if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end
	tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin])
	if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then
		if tmp1 &lt; 0 then tmp1 = -1 end
		tmp2 = append_after - pin
		for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end
		pin = pin + tmp1 + 1
	end
	if tnamed ~= nil then
		for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return tbl, pin, tnew, mem
end


-- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*`
-- class of modifiers
local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params)
	local style, shf
	local tmp = src[n_skip + 1]
	if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1
	else shf = n_skip end
	local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5]
	tmp = style[6]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			karg = tonumber(karg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[7]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			varg = tonumber(varg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg)
		end
	end
	local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf,
		n_exist, params)
	tmp = style[1]
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 2 end
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 1 end
	return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem
end


-- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of
-- modifiers
local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami)
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end
	if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end
	local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3
	if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end
	local flg = opts[argc]
	if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end
	return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax &lt; 1) or
		(flg == 3 and ptn == repl)
end


-- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers
local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami)
	local keyw
	local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1
	for _, val in ipairs(opts) do
		if state == 0 then
			nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1
			ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false }
		else
			keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or (
				state &gt; 0 and mkeywords[keyw] &gt; 0
			) then break
			else
				state = mkeywords[keyw]
				if state &gt; 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end
				if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end
			end
		end
		cnt = cnt + 1
	end
	if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami ..
		'’: No pattern was given', 0) end
	return ptns, nptns, cnt
end


-- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and
-- `evaluating` modifiers
local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp)
	local tmp
	local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain =
		{ true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true
	repeat
		noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc]
		if tmp == nil then break end
		tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp]
			trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil
		elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp],
				opts[argc], nil
		elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp],
				opts[argc], nil
		else break end
		argc = argc + 1
	until noptslots &lt; 1
	return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc
end


-- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table
local value_maps = {
	[0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end
	end,
	[1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end
}


-- Private table for `map_names()`
local name_thieves = {
	[0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end
}


-- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table
local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn)
	local cache = {}
	name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric
-- suffixes in its keys
local function make_groups (src)
	-- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable!
	local prefix, gid
	local groups = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		-- `key` must only be a string or a number...
		if type(key) == 'string' then
			prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$'
			gid = tonumber(gid) or ''
		else
			prefix, gid = '', key
		end
		if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end
		if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			prefix = tonumber(prefix)
			if prefix &lt; 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end
		end
		groups[gid][prefix] = val
	end
	return groups
end


-- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and
-- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length
local function parse_placeholder_string (target)
	local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {}
	local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false)
	while e_pos ~= nil do
		canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1)
		skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@'
		idx = idx + 2
		s_pos = e_pos + 2
		e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false)
	end
	if (s_pos &gt; target:len()) then idx = idx - 1
	else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end
	return skel, canvas, idx
end


-- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`,
-- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`)
local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru)
	local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2
	local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1
	if isp == nil or isp == '' then
		if psp == nil or psp == '' then
			if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else tbl[idx] = str end
			return idx
		end
		spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else val = str end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = str:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
		return idx
	end
	if psp == nil or psp == '' then
		repeat
			pos1 = pos3 + 1
			pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
			val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1
		until pos2 == nil
		return idx
	end
	repeat
		pos1 = pos3 + 1
		pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
		val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
		spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = val:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
	until pos2 == nil
	return idx
end


-- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering`
local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if len == nil or len == 0 then
		local stack = new_substack(ctx)
		for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end
		return len == nil and 1 or 2
	end
	if len &lt; 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len)
	return 2
end


-- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values`
local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	local stack = ctx.children[currsnap]
	for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do
		if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end
	end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
end


-- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values`
local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function
	-- MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local argc
	local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {}
	local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2])
	if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then
		varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1)
		set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami)
	else
		if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1)
	end
	if argc &lt; varsarg0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end
	if next(tbl) == nil then
		if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params =
			{ [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven }
		elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end
		return argc
	end
	local cache, len
	if do_sort then
		local words
		cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end
		len = len + tmp
	else
		len, cache = 0, {}
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			len = len + 1
			cache[len] = key
		end
	end
	local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or ''
	for idx = 1, len do
		tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps
		pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs)
		nss = nss + 2
	end
	tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep
	if tmp ~= nil and nss &gt; 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp
	elseif nss &gt; 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then
		pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep
	end
	pmap[1] = vars.header or ''
	if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end
	ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) }
	return argc
end


-- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric
-- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options
-- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters
local function concat_params (ctx)
	local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		-- We need only the sequence
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end
	else
		if ctx.subset == -1 then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				retval[key + nmax] = val
			else retval[key] = val end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end
	return retval
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this
-- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function flush_params (ctx, fn)
	local tmp
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
	elseif ctx.subset == 1 then
		if ctx.pins == nil then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
			return
		end
		tmp = {}
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end
		tbl = tmp
	end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = marker
			end
		end
		if ctx.subset == 1 then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
				if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
			end
			return
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
			for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
			return
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
		tbl[key] = nil
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
	end
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value
-- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_seq)
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_oth)
		return
	end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
		return
	end
	local tseq = {}
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local tmp
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker
			elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = nil
			end
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do
			if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]])
			else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		end
		if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do
		if val ~= true then
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
end


-- Finalize and return a concatenated list
local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize)
	if len &gt; 0 then
		local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep
		if tmp ~= nil and len &gt; modsize * 2 then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp
		elseif len &gt; modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep
		end
		lst[1] = ctx.header or ''
		if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end
		ctx.text = table.concat(lst)
	else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
end


	---                                        ---
	---     PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT                 ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Modifiers ]]--
	-------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to
library.sequential = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to
library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to
library.all_sorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to
library.reassorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 2
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter
--            name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to
library.pinned_until = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end
	local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr
	local sntl, idx = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2
	if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then
		bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0
		ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr
	else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end
	while opts[idx] ~= nil do
		tmp = opts[idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if tmp == sntl then
			if idx == 2 then error(modulename ..
				', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end
			ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2
			return context_iterate(ctx, idx + 1)
		end
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tmp = tonumber(tmp)
		end
		if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename ..
			', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end
		curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1
	end
	error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to
library.setting = function (ctx)
	local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1)
	if argc &lt; 2 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to
library.scoring = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local tmp
	local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe
	for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == 'in_substack' then
		new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval)
		return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
	end
	ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval)
	return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to
library.squeezing = function (ctx)
	local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			newlen = newlen + 1
			indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil
		end
	end
	table.sort(indices)
	for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to
library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx)
	local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums =
		ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1
	if newval == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmax == nil then
				if key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
				nmax = key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
			tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1
		end
	end
	if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin &gt; nnums then
		ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax
		if ctx.n_available &lt; 0 then error(modulename ..
			', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' ..
			tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end
		for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end
		for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to
library.clearing = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to
library.cutting = function (ctx)
	local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local len = #tbl
	if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
	if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
	local tot = lcut + rcut
	if tot &gt; 0 then
		local cache = {}
		if tot &gt;= len then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
			tot = len
		else
			for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				if key &gt; len then cache[key - tot] = val
				else cache[key - lcut] = val end
				tbl[key] = nil
			end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to
library.cropping = function (ctx)
	local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local nmin, nmax
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	if nmin ~= nil then
		local len = nmax - nmin + 1
		if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
		if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
		if lcut + rcut - len &gt; -1 then
			for key in pairs(tbl) do
				if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end
			end
		elseif lcut + rcut &gt; 0 then
			for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1
			if lshift &gt; 0 then
				for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do
					tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] =
						tbl[idx], nil
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.purging = function (ctx)
	local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &lt; 1 then
		len = len + table.maxn(tbl)
		if idx &gt; len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		len = len - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.backpurging = function (ctx)
	local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local idx
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &gt; 0 then
		idx = last - len + 1
	else
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or
				key &lt; idx) then idx = key end
		end
		if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		idx = idx - len
		if last &lt; idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		len = last - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to
library.shifting = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then
		error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end
	local tbl = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val
		else tbl[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to
library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local shift = #tbl + 1
	if shift &lt; 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end
	local numerics = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local nmax, nmin
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
			if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp
	local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			nsize = nsize + 1
			cache[nsize] = key
		end
	end
	table.sort(cache)
	for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do
		tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ]
		tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ]
		tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to
library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx)
	local sortfn
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then
		sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$']
	end
	if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn)
	else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil`
	if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment|
--            [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to
library.splicing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp2, argc, pos, refp
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	local tmp1 = opts[1]
	if tmp1 ~= nil then
		tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1)
		if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then
			pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4,
				tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if tmp2 ~= nil then
				refp = position_references[tmp2]
				if refp == nil then error(modulename ..
					', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) ..
					'’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end
			else refp = 0 end
		else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end
	else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end
	if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end
	local insn = tonumber(opts[argc])
	if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn &lt; 1) then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end
	if refp == 2 then
		for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end
		refp = 0
	end
	tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil
	if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' then
				if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key
				elseif key &lt; tmp1 then tmp1 = key
				elseif key &gt; tmp2 then tmp2 = key end
			end
		end
	end
	if tmp2 == nil then len = 0
	elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2
	elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end
	if len &gt; 0 and pos + len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len)
	elseif len &lt; 0 and pos - len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len)
	else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end
	ctx.params = tbl
	if insn == nil or insn &lt; 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	tmp1 = argc - pos + 1
	for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp1] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to
library.imposing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end
	ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2]
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to
library.providing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end
	local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])
	if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to
library.reassigning = function (ctx)
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end
	if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end
	local mode, argc
	local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	local val = tbl[src]
	if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, 3 else argc = 4 end
	if val == nil and mode &gt; 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2])
	local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil
	if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end
	if tmp or mode &lt; 4 then tbl[dest] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to
library.discarding = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil then
		ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end
	if len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end
	for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to
library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to
library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_name_matching = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp, ptn
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_name_matching')
	local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {}
	for idx = 1, nptns do
		ptn = targets[idx]
		if ptn[3] then
			tmp = ptn[1]
			if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
				tmp = tonumber(tmp)
			end
			newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp]
		else
			for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
				if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
					newparams[key] = val
				end
			end
		end
	end
	ctx.params = newparams
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_name_not_matching')
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then
		local tmp = targets[1][1]
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil
		else tbl[tmp] = nil end
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	local yesmatch, ptn
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_value_matching = function (ctx)
	local nomatch, ptn
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_value_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		nomatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val == ptn[1] then
					nomatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				nomatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local yesmatch, ptn
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_value_not_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to
library.trimming_values = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = margs }
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local mname, fname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local magic
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params)
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1]
	if mix == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to
library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache, len
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1])
	if do_sort then
		local words, wl
		cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end
		for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end
	else
		len, cache = 0, {}
		for _, val in pairs(tbl) do
			len = len + 1
			cache[len] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = rargs }
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of
--            additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument
--            N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local mname, fname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params)
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn)
		local val = tbl[ptn]
		if val ~= nil then
			tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		local cache = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache,
				tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax))
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	local cache = {}
	if mix == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val
		end
	else
		local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val
				else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to
--[[
library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template
--            name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params)
	local gargs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &lt; 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val
		else gargs[key] = val end
	end
	tmp = ctx.pipe[1]
	if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local groups = make_groups(tbl)
	for gid, group in pairs(groups) do
		for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args = gid, group
		groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end
	ctx.params = groups
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.parsing = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=')
	parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
		trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim
--            flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter
--            setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.reinterpreting = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=')
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	local str = tbl[tmp]
	if str ~= nil then
		tbl[tmp] = nil
		parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
			trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.evaluating = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':')
	if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then
		ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe)
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	local new_opts, cache = {}, {}
	local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain,
		psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; 1 then new_opts[key] = val
		elseif key &gt;= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end
	ctx.pipe = new_opts
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to
library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end
	local tmp
	local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2]
	if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key)
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end
	else
		local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k)
		local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			tmp = tostring(key)
			for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do
				if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end
			end
			for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do
				if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end
			end
			cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] =
				table.concat(cnv_v)
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end,
		'combining'
	) + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return val end,
		'combining_values'
	) + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tname = ctx.pipe[1]
	if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
			title = tname,
			args = ctx.params
		}
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new
--            parameter name|pipe to
library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local mname = ctx.pipe[1]
	if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = ctx.pipe[2]
	if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] =
			tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 4)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local magic = ctx.pipe[1]
	if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] =
			ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params)
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.snapshotting = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.remembering = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to
library.entering_substack = function (ctx)
	local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1
	if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl }
	else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then
		ctx.params = {}
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	if currsnap &gt; 0 then
		ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children =
			ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1
	else
		local newparams = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
		ctx.params = newparams
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to
library.pulling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end
	local tmp = ctx.n_parents
	local parent = tmp &lt; 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp]
	tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to
library.recalling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to
--[[
library.finding = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	local parent
	for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do
		parent = ctx.parents[idx]
		if parent[arg] ~= nil then
			ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg]
			return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
		end
	end
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
--[[
library.picking = function (ctx)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	if ctx.n_parents &lt; 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len)
	else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to
library.detaching_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to
library.dropping_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to
library.leaving_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to
library.merging_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil,
		ncurrparent - 1
	for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to
library.flushing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to
library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx)
	set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing')
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


	--[[ Functions ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|count
library.count = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local retval = 0
	for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end
	ctx.text = retval
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]|
--            [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value
--            n]|[...]
library.concat_and_call = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
		title = tname,
		args = concat_params(ctx)
	}
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend
--            1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            item n=value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local mname, fname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2)
	local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{
		title = 'Module:' .. mname,
		args = concat_params(ctx)
	})
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend
--            2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=
--            value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local magic
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx))
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name
library.value_of = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local val
	local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
		key = tonumber(key)
		val = ctx.params[key]
		-- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in
		-- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable)
		if val ~= nil and (
			ctx.subset ~= -1 or key &gt; #ctx.params or key &lt; 1
		) and (
			ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key &lt;= #ctx.params and key &gt; 0)
		) then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	else
		val = ctx.params[key]
		if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header
			or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	end
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list
library.list = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss =
			pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_values
library.list_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	-- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us
	local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names
library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	mixed_flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4
		end,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value
--            2]|[...]|[last coin = value N]
--[[
library.coins = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end
	return library.list_values(ctx)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin =
--            value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N]
--[[
library.unique_coins = function (ctx)
	local tmp
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		tmp = get_parameter_name(val)
		tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil
	end
	return library.list_values(ctx)
end
]]


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext
library.for_each = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or ''
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]|
--            [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each = function (ctx)
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tname, args = opts }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	table.insert(opts, 1, true)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append
--            1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|
--            [named param n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx)
	local mname, fname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
		
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each = function (ctx)
	local magic
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	table.insert(opts, 1, true)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts)

	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tname, args = opts }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname, fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]|
--            [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            param n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local tmp
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val
		else opts[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.pipe = opts
	ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params)
	flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group)
		for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs,
			nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


	--[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|new|pipe to
static_iface.new = function (child_frame)
	local ctx = context_new(child_frame)
	ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false)
	ctx.params = {}
	main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1))
	return ctx.text
end


	--[[ First-position-only functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|self
static_iface.self = function (frame)
	return frame:getParent():getTitle()
end


	--[[ Public metatable of functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


return setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (_, query)
		local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
			': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
		local func = static_iface[fname]
		if func ~= nil then return func end
		func = library[fname]
		if func == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
		return function (child_frame)
			local ctx = context_new(child_frame)
			ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname])
			ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname])
			main_loop(ctx, func)
			return ctx.text
		end
	end
})</text>
      <sha1>jd4jhydnyce3tw9c50qwx3yd53quopx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran 7 languages</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147801</id>
      <parentid>147390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T18:50:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261008)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>147801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65554" sha1="2gn7go7jlf0155r9lfiogwvz0a09zyi" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|none}}
{{About|Quran||Quran (disambiguation)}}
{{Quran|all}}, yuya ŋɔ nyɛla yu shɛŋa din boli  [[Quran]] puuni. Lala yuya ŋɔ nyɛla din zaŋ  [[ISO 233]] n zaŋ ti [[Romanization of Arabic]]  bachinim n tumtuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;EKI Arabic&quot;&gt;{{citation |work=EKI |title=Transliteration of Arabic |url=http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf |date=2008-02-25 |access-date=2018-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theological ==
* [[God in Islam|Allāh]] (&quot; [[God]]&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|1|1|e=4|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Names of God in Islam#List of names|Names and attributes]] of [[Allah]] din be  Quran ni.

=== Malaayika nima ===
''[[Islamic view of angels|Malāʾikah]]'' ({{lang|ar|مَلَائِكَة}}, [[Angel]]s):
* Angels of Hell
** [[Maalik|Mālik]] (Guardian)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|43|1|e=77|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''[[Zabaniyya|Zabāniyah]]'' (Malayika ŋun su azaaba niŋbu. t)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|96|9|e=19|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Bearers of the Throne]]
* [[Harut and Marut]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Kirāman Kātibīn'' ({{lang-ar|كِرَامًا كَاتِبِيْن}}, Honourable Scribes)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|82|10|e=12|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|82|10|e=12|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==== Archangels ====
[[Archangel#In Islam|Archangels]]:
* [[Gabriel#Islam|Jibrīl]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|66|4|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (Gabriel, chief)
** ''[[Holy Spirit (Islam)#The Spirit, al-Ruh, in the Quran|Ar-Rūḥ]]'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلرُّوْح|lit=The Spirit}}),&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** ''Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلرُّوْح الْأَمِيْن}}, The Trustworthy Spirit)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** ''Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلرُّوْح ٱلْقُدُس}}, The [[Holy Spirit]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|16|68|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* Malaayika  ŋun su kikaa pɛbibu. t&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|39|65|e=75|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|39|65|e=75|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Israfil|Isrāfīl]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Webster2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Webster |first=Richard |title=Encyclopedia of angels |year=2009 |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |location=Woodbury, he will blow the trumpet when the day comes to the end Minn. |isbn=9780738714622 |pages=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWyN0PkuhdEC&amp;q=angel+israfil+islam&amp;pg=PA97 |edition=1st}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Israfil |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296909/Israfil |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia |publisher=Britannica |access-date=2012-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Azrael#Significance in Islam|Malakul-Mawt]]'' ({{lang-ar|مَلَكُ ٱلْمَوْت}}, Malaayika ŋun su nyɛvuli yihibu)
* [[Michael (archangel)#Islam|Mika'il]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (Michael)

=== Alizin nima ===
''[[Jinn]]'':
* ''[[Ifrit#Islamic scripture|ʿIfrīt]]'' (27:39)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|27|6|e=93|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[Jann (legendary creature)|Jann]]''
* ''[[Qareen|Qarīn]]'' (43:36–38;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|43|1|e=77|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 50:23–27)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|50|12|e=40|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

=== Ninvuɣu biɛri ===
''[[Shaitan|Shayāṭīn]]'' ({{lang-ar|شَيَاطِيْن}}, [[Demon]]s bee zaŋ bɛɣu):
* [[Iblis|Iblīs]] ''[[Satan#Islam|ash-Shayṭān]]'' (ninvuɣu bɛri toondana)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|18|1|e=94|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (11 times)
* ''[[Marid|Mārid]]'' (&quot;Rebellious one&quot;)

=== Ni din pahi pahi ===
* ''[[Ghilman|Ghilmān]]'' or ''Wildān''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|56|17|e=22|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|76|19|e=31|s=ns&quot;/&gt; - perpetually youthful attendants (genderless)
* ''[[Houri|Ḥūr]]''{{efn|44:54;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|44|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 52:20;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|52|1|e=24|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 55:72;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 56:22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|56|17|e=22|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Asad2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Message of The Qur'an |author=Asad, M. |author-link=Muhammad Asad |year=2003 |at=Note 15 |chapter=(Surah) 56 [[Al-Waqi'a|Al-Waqiah]], Ayah 38|title-link=The Message of The Qur'an }}&lt;/ref&gt; - pure companions  with beautiful eyes

== Bunŋkɔbiri ==
{{See also|Animals in Islam}}
&lt;!---PLEASE ADD CITATIONS FROM QURAN.COM AS IT IS MUCH EASIER TO USE--&gt;
=== Din chaŋ nti ŋmani ===
* The ''[[Cattle|baqarah]]'' ({{lang-ar|بَقَرْة}}'','' [[Cattle|cow]]'')'' of the [[Israelites]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 
* The ''[[Joseph in Islam#The plot against Joseph|dhiʾb]]'' ({{lang-ar|ذِئب}}, [[wolf]]) that [[Jacob in Islam|Jacob]] feared could attack Joseph, and who was blamed for his disappearance&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;al-Tabari 1987 150&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Jarir (Translated by William Brinner) |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 2: Prophets and Patriarchs |year=1987 |publisher=SUNY |page=150}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The ''[[Al-Fil|fīl]]'' ({{lang-ar|فِيل}}, [[war elephant|elephant]]) of [[Abraha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|105|1|e=5|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* The ''[[Solomon in Islam#Conquest of Saba'|hud-hud]]'' ({{lang-ar|هُدْهُد}}, [[hoopoe]]) of Solomon (27:20–28)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|27|6|e=93|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
* The ''kalb'' ({{lang-ar|كَلْب}}, [[dog]]) of the [[Seven Sleepers#Islam|sleepers of the cave]] (18:18–22)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|18|1|e=94|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
* The ''[[Solomon in Islam#Solomon and the demons|namlah]]'' ({{lang-ar|نَمْلَة}}, Female [[ant]]) of Solomon (27:18–19)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|27|6|e=93|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
* The ''[[She-Camel of God|nāqat]]'' ({{lang-ar|نَاقَة}}, [[she-camel]]) of [[Salih]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-A'raf - 1-206 |url=https://quran.com/al-araf |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The ''[[Jonah#The fish|nūn]]'' ({{lang-ar|نُوْن}}, [[fish]] or [[whale]]) of [[Jonah in Islam|Jonah]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|4|163|t=y|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
* The ''[[Moses in Islam#Meeting with Khidr|ḥūt]]'' ({{lang-ar|حُوْت}}, large fish'') of [[Moses]]''
* ''[[Beast of the Earth|Dābbat al-Arḍ]]'' ({{lang-ar|دَابَّة الْأَرْض}}, Beast of the Earth) (27:82)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|27|6|e=93|s=ns&quot; /&gt;

=== Din bi chaŋ nti ŋmani ===
* ''ʿAnkabūt'' ({{lang-ar|عَنْكَبُوْت}}, Female [[spider]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|29|41|e=67|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Ḥimār'' ({{lang-ar|حِمَار}}, [[Donkey]]){{efn|Plural: ''ḥumur'' ({{lang-ar|حُمُر}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|74|41|e=51|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Jumu'ah - 1-11 |url=https://quran.com/al-jumuah |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Muddaththir - 1-56 |url=https://quran.com/al-muddaththir |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Naḥl'' ({{lang-ar|نَحْل}}, [[Honey bee]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|16|68|e=102|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
* ''[[Qaswarah]]'' ({{lang-ar|قَسْوَرَة}}, [[Asiatic lion|Lion]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Muddaththir - 1-56 |url=https://quran.com/al-muddaththir |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Naawuni Tuumba ==
[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophets]] ({{lang-ar|أَنۢبِيَاء}}, ''anbiyāʾ''){{efn|Pronounced &quot;Ambiyāʾ,&quot; due to ''Nūn'' ({{lang|ar|ن}}) preceding ''Ba'' ({{lang|ar|ب}}). It is also written as ''Nabiyyīn'' ({{lang|ar|نَبِيِّيْن}})&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt; and ''Nabiyyūn'' ({{lang|ar|نَبِيُّوْن}}).
* Singular: ''Nabiyy'' {{lang|ar|نَبِيّ}}}} or [[Apostle (Islam)|Messengers]] ({{lang|ar|رُسُل}}, ''rusul''){{efn|Also ''Mursalīn'' ({{lang|ar|مُرْسَلِيْن}}) or ''Mursalūn'' ({{lang|ar|مُرْسَلُوْن}}).
* Singular: ''Mursal'' ({{lang|ar|مُرْسَل}}) or ''Rasūl'' ({{lang|ar|رَسُوْل}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|22|25|e=52|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|61|6|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{Cite quran|61|6|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], the [[Archaic humans|first human]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (25 times)
* [[Elisha#In Islam|Elisha]] (''[[Elisha in Islam|al-yasa]]'') &lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|38|13|e=48|s=ns&quot;/&gt;  [[Q38:48|38:48]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|38|13|e=48|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Q6:85-87|6:85-87]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|6|74|e=92|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Job (biblical figure)#Islamic views and Quranic account|Job]] (''[[Job in Islam|ayyūb]]'') {{efn|4:163;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|4|163|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|4|163|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; 6:84;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|6|74|e=92|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 21:83;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|21|51|e=83|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 38:41.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|38|13|e=48|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}
* [[David#Islam|David]] (''[[David in Islam|dāwūd]]'') &lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 
*[[dhūl-kifl]]  (2 times)
*  [[Aaron#Islam|Aaron]] (''[[Aaron in Islam|hārūn]]'') (24 times)
*[[Hud (prophet)|Hud]]  (7 times)
* [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]] (''[[Idris (prophet)|idrīs]]'') &lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|19|41|e=56|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|21|51|e=83|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 
* [[Elijah#Elijah in Islam|Elijah]]  (''[[Elijah in Islam|ilyās]]'') &lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|6|85|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|6|85|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|37|123|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|37|123|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Joachim#In Islam|Joachim]] (''[[ʿimrān]]'') ([[Q3:33|3:33]], [[Q3:35|3:35]], [[Q66:12|66:12]]) 
* [[Isaac#Islamic views|Isaac]] (''[[Isaac in Islam|isḥāq]]'') (17 times)
* [[Ishmael#Islam|Ishmael]] (''[[Ishmael in Islam|ismāʿīl]]'') &lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (12 times)
** [[Binding of Isaac#Muslim views|Dhabih Ullah]]
* [[Lot in Islam|Lūṭ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|21|51|e=83|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Lot in Islam|Lot]]) (27 times)
* [[Ṣāliḥ]]{{efn|7:73 – 79;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 11:61 – 68;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|61|e=68|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|11|61|e=68|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; 26:141 – 158;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 54:23 – 31;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 89:6 – 13;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|89|6|e=13|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 91:11 – 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|91|11|e=15|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}} (9 times)
* [[Shuaib|Shuʿayb]] ([[Jethro (biblical figure)|Jethro]], Reuel or [[Hobab (biblical figure)|Hobab]]?) (11 times)
* [[Solomon in Islam|Sulaymān]] ibn Dāwūd ([[Solomon]] , David bia) (17 times)
* ʿ[[Uzair]] ([[Ezra]]?)([[At-Tawbah#Summary|9:30]]) 
* [[John the Baptist in Islam|Yaḥyā]] ibn Zakariyyā &lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[John the Baptist]] , Zakaria bia) (5 times)
* [[Jacob in Islam|Ya‘qūb]] ([[Jacob]]) (16 times) 
* [[Jonah in Islam|Yūnus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|10|3|e=101|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|10|3|e=101|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Jonah]])
** ''Dhūn-Nūn'' (&quot;He of the Fish (or [[Whale]])&quot; or &quot;Owner of the Fish (or Whale)&quot;){{efn|4:163;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|4|163|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 6:86;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|6|74|e=92|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 10:98;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|10|3|e=101|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 37:139.}}
** ''Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt'' ({{lang-ar|صَاحِب ٱلْحُوْت}}, &quot;Companion of the Whale&quot;)
* [[Joseph in Islam|Yūsuf]] ibn Yaʿqūb &lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]] son of Jacob) (27 times)
* [[Zechariah in Islam|Zakariyyā]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]]) (7 times)

=== ''ʾUlu al-ʿAzm'' ===
&quot;Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will&quot; ({{lang-ar|أُولُو ٱلْعَزْم|ʾUlu al-ʿAzm}}){{efn|2:253;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 17:55;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 33:7;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 42:13;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|42|5|e=13|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 46:35.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|46|21|e=35|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}} in reverse chronological order:
* [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] the final seal of the prophets ({{lang-ar|مُحَمَّد خَاتَم ٱلْأَنْبِیَاء}}) {{efn|[[Al Imran|3]]:144;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Al-Ahzab|33]]:09;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Muhammad (surah)|47]]:02;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|47|02|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{Cite quran|47|02|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Al-Fath|48]]:22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} (Muhammad is mentioned four times)
** [[Ahmad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|61|6|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuthrieBishop1951&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Guthrie |first1=A. |last2=Bishop |first2=E. F. F. |title=The Paraclete, Almunhamanna and Ahmad |publisher=Muslim World |volume=XLI |date=October 1951 |pages=254–255}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Other [[names and titles of Muhammad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Jesus in Islam|ʿĪsā ibn Maryam]] ({{lang-ar|عِيسَىٰ ٱبْن مَرْيَم}}) &lt;ref group=note&gt;2:87, 2:136, 2:253, 3:45, 3:52, 3:55, 3:59, 3:84, 4:157, 4:163, 4:171, 5:46, 5:78, 5:110, 5:112, 5:114, 5:116, 6:85, 19:34, 33:7, 42:13, 43:63, 57:27, 61:6, 61:14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Jesus]] son of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Parrinder1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Parrinder |title=Jesus in the Quran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ |location=London |publisher=Oxford [[Oneworld Publications]] |date=1965 |isbn=978-1-8516-8999-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Olaf2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Schumann |first=Olaf H. |date=2002 |title=Jesus the Messiah in Muslim Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yP7XAAAAMAAJ |location=Delhi |publisher=ISPCK/HIM |page=13 |isbn=978-8172145224}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Al-Masīḥ''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (The [[Messiah]])&lt;ref group=note&gt;3:45, 4:171, 4:172, 5:17, 5:72(2), 5:75, 9:30, 9:31&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Ibn Maryam'' ([[Son of Mary]])&lt;ref group=note&gt;2:87, 2:253, 3:45, 4:157, 4:171, 5:17, 5:46, 5:72, 5:75, 5:78, 5:110, 5:112, 5:114, 5:116, 9:31, 19:34, 23:50, 33:7, 43:57, 57:27, 61:6, 61:14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|61|6|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** Child / Pure boy (9 times)&lt;ref group=note&gt;19:19, 19:20, 19:21, 19:29, 19:35, 19:88, 19:91, 19:92, 21:91&lt;/ref&gt;
** Guidance&lt;ref group=note&gt;3:39, 3:45, 3:48, 4:171, 5:46, 5:110&lt;/ref&gt; (possibly 22 times)&lt;ref name=&quot;Little2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Little |first=John T. |title=Al-Ins?N Al-K?Mil: The Perfect Man According to Ibn Al-'Arab? |date=3 April 2007 |journal=The Muslim World |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=43–54 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.1987.tb02785.x |quote=&quot;[[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-'Arabi]] uses no less than twenty-two different terms to describe the various aspects under which this single Logos may be viewed.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Messenger / Prophet (5 times)&lt;ref group=note&gt;3:49, 4:157, 4:171, 19:30, 61:6&lt;/ref&gt;
** other terms and titles (14 times)
*** Sign (4 times)&lt;ref group=note&gt;19:21, 21:91, 23:50, 43:61&lt;/ref&gt;
*** The Gift (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;19:19&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Mercy from God (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;19:21&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Servant (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;19:30&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Blessed (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;19:31&lt;/ref&gt;
***  (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;19:34&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Amazing thing / Thing unheard of (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;19:27&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Example (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;43:57&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Straight Path / Right Way (1 time) &lt;ref group=note&gt;43:61&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Witness (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;4:159&lt;/ref&gt;
*** His Name (1 time)&lt;ref group=note&gt;3:45&lt;/ref&gt;
** 3rd person &quot;He / Him / Thee&quot; (48 times)&lt;ref group=note&gt;2:87, 2:253, 3:46(2), 3:48, 3:52, 3:55(4), 4:157(3), 4.159(3), 5:110(11), 5:46(3), 5:75(2), 19:21, 19:22(2), 19:27(2), 19:29, 23:50, 43:58(2), 43:59(3), 43:63, 57:27(2), 61:6.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McDowellWalker2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=McDowell, Jim |first1=Josh | last2=Walker | first2=Jim |date=2002 |title=Understanding Islam and Christianity: Beliefs That Separate Us and How to Talk About Them |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfvgAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT16 |location=Eugene, Oregon |publisher=[[Harvest House]] Publishers |isbn=9780736949910}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 1st person &quot;I / Me&quot; (35 times)&lt;ref group=note&gt;3:49(6), 3:50, 3:52, 5:116(3), 5:72, 5:116(3), 19:19, 19:30(3), 19:31(4), 19:32(2), 19:33(4), 19:33, 43:61, 43:63(2), 61:6(2), 61:14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parrinder1965&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McDowellWalker2002&quot;/&gt;
* [[Moses in Islam|Mūsā Kalīm Allāh]] ({{lang-ar|مُوْسَىٰ كَلِيمُ ٱللَّٰه}} [[Moses]] He who spoke to God)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; (136 times)
* [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm Khalīl Allāh]] ({{lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيم خَلِيل ٱللَّٰه}}, [[Abraham]] Friend of God)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|21|51|e=83|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|22|25|e=52|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (69 times)
* [[Noah in Islam|Nūḥ]] ({{lang-ar|نُوح}}, [[Noah]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (43)

=== Debatable ones ===
* [[Dhu al-Qarnayn|Dhūl-Qarnain]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|18|1|e=94|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Luqman|Luqmān]]
* [[Talut|Ṭālūt]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Saul]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver2006&quot;&gt;Leaman, Oliver, ''The Quran, An Encyclopedia'', 2006, p.638.&lt;/ref&gt; or [[Gideon]]?)

=== Implicitly mentioned ===
* [[Jeremiah#Islamic views|Irmiyā]] ({{lang-ar|إِرْمِيَا}}, Jeremiah)
* [[Samuel#Islam|Ṣamūʾīl]] ({{lang-ar|صَمُوْئِيْل}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Samuel]])
* [[Joshua#In Islam|Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn]] ({{lang-ar|يُوْشَع ابْن نُوْن}}, Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)
* [[Khidr]] ({{lang-ar|ٱلْخَضِر}}), described but not mentioned by name in the Quran ([[Al-Kahf#Summary|18:65–82]]) 
* [[Peter in Islam|Shamʿūn]] (Arabic: شَمْعُون ٱبْن حَمُّون, [[Saint Peter|Peter]], apostle of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] ([[Jesus in Islam|'Isa ibn Maryam]])

== Contemporaries, relatives or followers of Prophets ==
''Aʿdāʾ'' ({{lang-ar|أَعْدَاء}}, Enemies or foes), ''aṣḥāb'' ({{lang-ar|أَصْحَاب}}, companions or friends), ''qurbā'' ({{lang-ar|قُرْبَى}}, kin), or followers{{efn|''Tabiʿīn'' ({{lang-ar|تَابِعِيْن}}) or ''Tabiʿūn'' ({{lang-ar|تَابِعُوْن}}).}} of Prophets:

=== Dinviɛla bee zaɣi suma ===
* Adam's immediate relatives{{efn|Treating all [[human]]s as his relatives.}}
** [[Cain and Abel in Islam|Martyred son]]
** [[Eve#Islamic view|Wife]]
* [[Habib the Carpenter|Believer of Ya-Sin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|36|1|e=81|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|36|1|e=81|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Family of Noah
** Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos&lt;ref name=&quot;WesleyCO 1993–2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Williams, J. |url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/index.php?id=2127 |title=The Book Of Jubilees |publisher=Wesley Center Online |year=1993–2011 |access-date=2018-02-18 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604190122/http://wesley.nnu.edu/index.php?id=2127 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* People of Aaron and Moses&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|10|3|e=101|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** Egyptians
*** Believer ([[Asif ibn Barkhiya]])
*** ''Imraʾat Firʿawn'' ({{lang-ar|امْرَأَت فِرْعَوْن}}, [[Asiya|Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim]] ({{lang-ar|آسِيَا بِنْت مُزَاحِم}}) or [[Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)#In Muslim tradition|Wife of Pharaoh]], who adopted Moses)
*** [[Moses in Islam#Confrontation with sorcerers|Magicians of the Pharaoh]]
** [[Khidr|Wise, pious man]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|18|1|e=94|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Zipporah|Moses' wife]]
** [[Leah|Moses' sister-in-law]]
** [[Jochebed#The Islamic view of Jochebed|Mother]]
** [[Miriam#Quranic account|Sister]]
* People of Abraham
** Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
** [[Hagar in Islam|Ishmael's mother]]
** [[Sarah#Islam|Isaac's mother]]
* People of Jesus
** Disciples (including [[Peter in Islam|Peter]])
** [[Saint Anne#In Islam|Mary's mother]]
** [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)#In Islam|Zechariah's wife]]
* People of Joseph&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** Brothers (including [[Benjamin in Islam|Binyāmin]] (Benjamin)&lt;ref name=&quot;EOIBinyamin&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Vajda, G. |author2=Wensick, A. J. |title=Binyamin |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |volume=I}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Simeon (son of Jacob)|Simeon]])&lt;ref name=&quot;TOS4&quot;&gt;''Testament of Simeon'' 4&lt;/ref&gt;
** Egyptians
*** ''ʿAzīz'' ({{lang-ar|عَزيْز}}, &quot;Mighty One,&quot; that is [[Potiphar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite genesis|39|1&quot;&gt;[[Book of Genesis]], {{bibleverse-nb||Genesis|39:1|1000}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qatafir or Qittin)&lt;ref name=&quot;TabariBrinner1987&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Jarir (Translated by William Brinner) |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 2: Prophets and Patriarchs |year=1987 |publisher=SUNY |page=153}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** ''Malik'' ({{lang-ar|مَلِك}}, King, that is Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd ({{lang-ar|ٱلرَّيَّان ابْن ٱلْوَلِيْد}}))&lt;ref name=&quot;Qtafsir&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Qtafsir.com |title=Quran Tafsir Ibn Kathir |url=http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=866 |access-date=2018-02-17}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ImaniSadrAmeli, 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Imani, A. A. A-H. S. K. F. |author2=Sadr-Ameli, S. A. |title=An Enlightening Commentary Into the Light of the Holy Qur'an: From Surah Yunus (10) to Surah Yusuf (12) |publisher=Lulu Press Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVJeCAAAQBAJ |volume=7 |page=35 |date=2014-10-07 |isbn=9781312523258 |access-date=2024-08-26 |archive-date=2023-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211084056/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVJeCAAAQBAJ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Wife of ''ʿAzīz'' ([[Zuleikha (tradition)|Zulaykhah]]&lt;ref name=&quot;EOI2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bruijn |title=Yūsuf and Zulayk̲h̲ā |journal=Encyclopedia of Islam; Second Edition |year=2013 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
** [[Rachel in Islam|Mother]]
* People of Solomon&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|27|6|e=93|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Bathsheba#Islam|Mother]]
** [[Queen of Sheba#Qur'anic account|Queen of Sheba]]
** [[Asif ibn Barkhiya|Vizier]]
* [[Zayd ibn Harithah|Zayd]], Muhammad's adopted son&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

=== Din pa zaɣasuma ===
* [[Āzar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|6|74|e=92|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ibn Kathir, QAN&quot;&gt;[[Stories of the Prophets (Ibn Kathir)|Stories of the Prophets]], [[Ibn Kathir]], ''Abraham and his father''&lt;/ref&gt; (possibly [[Terah#Islamic tradition|Terah]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite joshua|24|2&quot;&gt;[[Book of Joshua]], Chapter 24, Verse 2&lt;/ref&gt;
** Father of Abraham{{efn|9:114;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 43:26;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|43|1|e=77|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 19:41 – 42.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|19|41|e=56|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}
* [[Pharaoh of the Exodus|Firʿawn]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|79|15|e=26|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Pharaoh]] of Moses' time) (74 times)
* [[Haman (Islam)|Hāmān]]{{efn|28:6 – 38;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 29:39; 40:24 – 36.}}
* [[Goliath#Islam|Jālūt]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (Goliath)
* [[Korah#Quranic reference|Qārūn]] (Korah, cousin of Moses){{efn|28:76 – 79;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 29:39; 40:24.}} 
* [[Samiri (Islamic figure)|As-Sāmirī]] (20:85, 20:87, 20:95)
* [[Abu Lahab|Abī Lahab]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|111|1|e=5|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|111|1|e=5|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IbnHishamNote97&quot;&gt;Ibn Hisham note 97. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad'' p. 707. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Slayers of Salih's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|61|e=68|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|89|6|e=13|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|91|11|e=15|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

=== Implicitly or non-specifically mentioned ===
* [[Amram#In Islam|ʿImrān]] (Father of Hazrat Musa A.S)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ayoub2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ayoub |first=Mahmoud M. |title=The Qur'an and Its Interpreters: Volume 2: Surah 3 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |date=2013-05-21 |page=93 |isbn=978-967-5062-91-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Abraha]]
* [[Balaam#Balaam in the Quran|Bal'am or Balaam]]
* [[Barṣīṣā]]
* [[Caleb#Quranic account|Caleb or Kaleb]] the companion of Joshua
* Luqman's son
* [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
* [[Nimrod#Islamic narrative|Nimrod]]
* Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
* [[Shaddad]]

== Laɣinsi ==

=== Din boli ===
* ''Aṣḥāb al-Jannah'' ({{lang-ar|أَصْحَاب ٱلْجَنَّة}})
** People of Paradise
** People of the Burnt Garden
* ''Aṣḥāb as-Sabt'' ({{lang-ar|أَصْحَاب ٱلسَّبْت}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|4|47|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Companions of the [[Sabbath]])
* [[Apostles in the New Testament|Christian apostles]]
** ''Ḥawāriyyūn'' ({{lang-ar|حَوَارِيُّوْن}}, [[Disciples of Jesus in Islam|Disciples of Jesus]])
* [[Noah's Ark|Companions of Noah's Ark]]
* ''Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm'' ({{lang-ar|أَصْحَاب ٱلْكَهْف وَٱلرَّقِيْم}}, [[Seven Sleepers#Islam|Companions of the Cave]] and [[Sahab, Jordan#Famous places in Sahab|Al-Raqaim?]] or [[Petra]]?&lt;ref&gt;Shaddel, Mehdy (2017-10-01). &quot;Studia Onomastica Coranica: AL-Raqīm, Caput Nabataeae*&quot;. Journal of Semitic Studies. 62 (2): 303–318.&lt;/ref&gt; (18:9–22)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|18|1|e=94|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Al-Fil|Companions of the Elephant]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|105|1|e=5|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|105|1|e=5|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd Archeological Area|People of al-Ukhdūd]]
* [[People of Ya-Sin|People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|36|1|e=81|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Medina#Pre-Islamic times|People of Yathrib]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt; or [[Medina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|63|1|e=11|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Qawm Lūṭ'' ({{lang-ar|قَوْم لُوْط}}, Folk of Lot, the people of Sodom and Gomorrah)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* Nation of Noah

==== Bala, zuliyani ni Dansi bee mabiligu ====
* ''Aʿrāb'' ({{lang-ar|أَعْرَاب}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab]]s or [[Bedouin]]s)
** [[ʿĀd]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (people of Hud)
** [[Companions of the Rass]]
** ''Qawm Tubbaʿ'' ({{lang-ar|قَوْم تُبَّع}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|44|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|50|12|e=40|s=ns&quot;/&gt; People of [[List of rulers of Saba and Himyar|Tubba']])&lt;ref name=&quot;Brannon2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author=Brannon M. Wheeler |title=Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&amp;pg=PA166 |isbn=978-0-8264-4956-6 |year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Sabaeans|People of Sabaʾ or Sheba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Quraysh]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|106|1|e=4|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Thamud|Thamūd]] (people of [[Salih]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|61|e=68|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|89|6|e=13|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|91|11|e=15|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** ''Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr'' ({{lang-ar|أَصْحَاب ٱلْحِجْر}}, &quot;Companions of the [[Mada'in Saleh|Stoneland]]&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|15|78|e=84|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|15|78|e=84|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ʿ[[Ajam]]
* ''Ar-[[Rūm]]'' ( &quot;The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]&quot;)
* ''[[Israelites|Banī Isrāʾīl]]'' (Children of Israel)
* ''[[Sodom and Gomorrah#Islamic|Muʾtafikāt]]'' (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah) (9:70 and 69:9)
* [[Abraham in Islam|People of Ibrahim]] ({{lang-ar|قَوْم إِبْرَاهِيْم}})
* [[Elijah#Elijah in Islam|People of Ilyas]]
* [[Noah in Islam|People of Nuh]] ({{lang-ar|قَوْم نُوْح}})
* People of Shuaib
** ''Ahl Madyan'' {{lang-ar|أَهْل مَدْيَن}}, [[Midian#In the Quran|People of Madyan]])
** ''[[Aṣ-ḥāb al-Aykah]]'' (&quot;Companions of the Wood&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|50|12|e=40|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|15|78|e=84|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|38|13|e=48|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Qawm [[Jonah#Jonah in Islam|Yūnus]]'' (People of Jonah)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|10|3|e=101|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Ahl al-Bayt'' (&quot;People of the Household&quot;)
** Household of Abraham&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|69|e=83|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{Cite quran|11|69|e=83|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Jacob#Children of Jacob|Brothers of Yūsuf]]
*** [[Daughters of Lot|Daughters of Abraham's nephew Lot]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|69|e=83|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** [[Joachim#In Islam|Progeny of Imran]]
*** Household of Moses
*** [[Ahl al-Bayt|Household of Muhammad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Banu Hashim|ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]
**** [[Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters|Daughters of Muhammad]]
**** [[Wives of Muhammad]]
** Household of Salih&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|61|e=68|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Copts|People of Fir'aun]] ({{lang-ar|قوم فِرعَون}})
* [[Muslim world|Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)]]
** ''Aṣ-ḥāb Muḥammad'' ({{lang-ar|أَصْحَاب مُحَمَّد}}, [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions of Muhammad]])
*** ''[[Ansar (Islam)|Anṣār]]'' (Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally 'Helpers')
*** ''[[Muhajirun|Muhājirūn]]'' (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
*** ''Ḥizbullāh'' ({{lang-ar|حِزْبُ ٱلله}}, Party of God)
* People of [[Mecca]]
** [[Umm Jamil|Wife of Abu Lahab]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|111|1|e=5|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Job in Islam|Children of Ayyub]]
* [[Cain and Abel in Islam|Sons of Adam]]
* [[Wives aboard Noah's Ark|Wife of Nuh]]
* [[Lot's wife|Wife of Lut]]
* [[Gog and Magog#Qur'an|''Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj'' (Gog and Magog)]]
* [[Sons of Noah#Extrabiblical sons of Noah|Son of Nuh]]

=== Implicitly mentioned ===
* [[Amalek]]
* ''Ahl as-Suffa'' (People of the Verandah)
* [[Banu Nadir]]
* [[Banu Qaynuqa]]
* [[Banu Qurayza]]
* [[Iranian peoples]] (or Iranic peoples)
* [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Dynasty]]
* [[Banu Aws|Aus]] &amp; [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]]
* People of [[Quba Mosque|Quba]]
* [[Abyssinian people]]

=== Adiini laɣinsi ===
* ''[[Dhimmi|Ahl al-Dhimmah]]''
* ''[[Kafir|Kāfirūn]]'' ({{lang-ar|كَافِرُوْن}}, Disbelievers)
* ''Majūs'' ({{lang-ar|مَجُوْس}}, [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]])
* ''[[Munafiq|Munāfiqūn]]'' ({{lang-ar|مُنَافِقُوْن}}, [[Hypocrisy|Hypocrites]])
* [[Muslim]]s{{efn|Forms:
* Masculine: ''Muslimīn'' ({{lang-ar|مُسْلِمِيْن}}) or ''Muslimūn'' ({{lang-ar|مُسْلِمُوْن}}),
* Feminine: ''Muslimāt'' ({{lang-ar|مُسْلِمَات}}),
* Singular: masculine: ''Muslim'' ({{lang-ar|مُسْلِم}}), feminine: ''Muslimah'' ({{lang-ar|مُسْلِمَة}}).}}
** Believers{{efn|Forms:
* Masculine: ''Muʾminīn'' ({{lang-ar|مُؤْمِنِيْن}}) or ''Muʾminūn'' ({{lang-ar|مُؤْمِنُوْن}}),
* Feminine: ''Muʾmināt'' ({{lang-ar|مُؤْمِنَات}}),
* Singular: masculine: ''Mu’min'' ({{lang-ar|مُؤْمِن}}), feminine: ''Muʾminah'' ({{lang-ar|مُؤْمِنَة}}).}}
** Righteous ones{{efn|Forms:
* Masculine: ''Ṣāliḥīn'' ({{lang-ar|صَالِحِيْن}}) or ''Ṣāliḥūn'' ({{lang-ar|صَالِحُوْن}}),
* Feminine: ''Ṣāliḥāt'' ({{lang-ar|صَالِحَات}}),
* Singular: masculine: ''Ṣāliḥ'' ({{lang-ar|صَالِح}}), feminine: ''Ṣāliḥah'' ({{lang-ar|صَالِحَة}}).}}
*  ''Ahl al-Kitāb'' ([[People of the Book]])
** ''Naṣārā'' ({{lang-ar|نَصَارَی}}, [[Christians|Christian]](s)) or People of the Injil)
*** [[Monk|Ruhban (Christian monks)]]
*** [[Priest#Christianity|Qissis (Christian priest)]]
** ''Yahūd'' ([[Jews]])
*** [[Hakham|Ahbār (Jewish scholars)]]
*** [[Rabbi|Rabbani/Rabbi]]
** [[Sabians]]
* [[Polytheism|Polytheists]]{{efn|Forms:
* Masculine: ''[[Shirk (Islam)|Mushrikīn]]'' ({{lang-ar|مُشْرِكِيْن}}) or ''Mushrikūn'' ({{lang-ar|مُشْرِكُوْن}}), literally &quot;Those who associate&quot;,
* Feminine: ''Mushrikāt'' ({{lang-ar|مُشْرِكَات}}), literally &quot;Females who associate&quot;,
* Singular: masculine: ''Mushrik'' ({{lang-ar|مُشْرِك}}), literally &quot;He who associates,&quot; feminine: ''Mushrikah'' ({{lang-ar|مُشْرِكَة}}), literally &quot;She who associates&quot;.}}
** [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia#Mecca|Meccan polytheists]] at the time of Muhammad
** [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian polytheists]] at the time of Abraham and Lot&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|21|51|e=83|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit, AMR&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |author=Jacobsen, Thorkild |title=Mesopotamian religion |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mesopotamian-religion}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bɛhisi shee ==

=== Din boli ===
* ''[[Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|5|1|e=120|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (&quot;The Holy Land&quot;)
** 'Blessed' land&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|21|51|e=83|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* In the [[Arabian Peninsula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (excluding Madyan):
** ''[[Hud (prophet)#Historical context|Al-Aḥqāf]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|46|21|e=35|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (&quot;The Sandy Plains,&quot; or &quot;the Wind-curved Sand-hills&quot;)
*** ''Iram dhāt al-ʿImād''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Iram of the Pillars]])
** ''[[Medina|Al-Madīnah]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|63|1|e=11|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Medina#Pre-Islamic times|Yathrib]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Mount Arafat|ʿArafāt]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''[[Mada'in Saleh|Al-Ḥijr]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|61|e=68|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|89|6|e=13|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|91|11|e=15|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|15|78|e=84|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (Hegra)
** [[Badr, Saudi Arabia|Badr]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (The first battle of the muslims)
** [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Ḥunayn]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Makkah''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Mecca]])
*** ''Al-Balad al-Amīn'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلبَلَد الْأَمِيْن}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|95|1|e=8|s=ns&quot;/&gt; the secure land)
*** [[Bakkah]] (3:96)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** ''[[Haram (site)|Ḥaraman]] Āminan'' ({{lang-ar|حَرَمًا آمِنًا}}, &quot;Sanctuary (which is) Secure&quot;) (28:57;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 29:67)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|29|41|e=67|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** ''Kaʿbah''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|5|1|e=120|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|22|25|e=52|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|106|1|e=4|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Kaaba]])
**** ''Al-Bayt al-ʿAṭīq'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْعَتِيْق}}, the Ancient House) (22:29 – 33)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|22|25|e=52|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
**** ''Al-Bayt al-Ḥarām'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْحَرَام}}) (5:97)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|5|1|e=120|s=ns&quot;/&gt; the Sacred House)
*** ''[[Maqam Ibrahim|Maqām Ibrāhīm]]'' (Station of Abraham) (2:125)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (3:98)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** [[Safa and Marwah]] (2:158)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** ''Umm al-Qurā'' ({{lang-ar|أًمّ ٱلْقُرَى}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|6|92|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|6|92|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|42|5|e=13|s=ns&quot;/&gt; &quot;Mother of the Townships&quot;)
** ''[[Sabaeans|Sabaʾ]]'' ([[Sheba]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheba-01&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/ArabicSaba.htm |title=Saba / Sa'abia / Sheba |access-date=2008-06-27 |publisher=The History Files (http://www.historyfiles.co.uk) |quote=The kingdom of Saba is known to have existed in the region of Yemen. By 1000 BC caravan trains of camels journeyed from [[Oman]] in south-east [[Arabia]] to the Mediterranean. As the [[camel driver]]s passed through the [[desert]]s of Yemen, experts believe that many of them would have called in at [[Marib]]. Dating from at least 1050 BC, and now barren and dry, Marib was then a lush [[oasis]] teeming with [[palm tree]]s and [[introduced species|exotic]] [[plant]]s. Ideally placed, it was situated on the trade routes and with a unique [[dam]] of vast proportions. It was also one of only two main sources of [[frankincense]] (the other being [[East Africa]]), so Saba had a virtual [[monopoly]]. Marib's [[wealth]] accumulated to such an extent that the city became a byword for riches beyond belief throughout the Arab world. Its people, the [[Sabaeans|Sabeans]] - a group whose name bears the same etymological root as Saba - lived in [[South Arabia]] between the tenth and sixth centuries BC. Their main temple - [[Mahram Bilqis]], or [[temple]] of the moon god (situated about three miles (5 km) from the capital city of Marib) - was so famous that it remained [[sacred]] even after the collapse of the Sabean civilisation in the sixth century BC - caused by the rerouting of the [[spice]] trail. By that point the dam, now in a poor state of repair, was finally breached. The [[irrigation]] system was lost, the people abandoned the site within a year or so, and the temple fell into disrepair and was eventually covered by sand. Saba was known by the [[Hebrews]] as Sheba ''[Note that the collapse of the dam was actually in 575 [[Common Era|CE]], as shown in the timeline in the same article in the History Files, and attested by MacCulloch (2009)].''}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burrows2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Robert D. Burrowes |title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio02edburr_k0x8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio02edburr_k0x8/page/n319 234]–319 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |year=2010 |isbn=978-0810855281}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** ''ʿArim Sabaʾ'' ({{lang-ar|عَرِم سَبَأ}}, [[Marib Dam|Dam of Sheba]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Ar Rass|Rass]]
* ''Al-[[Jannah]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Paradise]], literally &quot;The Garden&quot;)
* ''[[Jahannam]]'' ([[Hell]])
* In [[Mesopotamia]]:
** [[Mount Judi|Al-Jūdiyy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|44|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|11|44|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** ''[[Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak|Munzalanm-Mubārakan]]'' (&quot;Place-of-Landing (that is) Blessed&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|23|23|e=30|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|23|23|e=30|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Bābil''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Babylon]])
** ''Qaryat Yūnus'' ({{lang-ar|قَرْيَة يُوْنُس}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|10|3|e=101|s=ns&quot;/&gt; &quot;Township of [[Jonah in Islam|Jonah]],&quot; that is [[Nineveh]])&lt;ref name=&quot;IbnHisham, V.1, P.419–421&quot;&gt;Summarized from the book of story of Muhammad by [[Ibn Hisham]] Volume 1 pg.419–421&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SycOrth&gt;{{cite web|title=Three Day Fast of Nineveh |url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/ |publisher=Syrian orthodox Church |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025123007/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/ |archive-date=2012-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Door of Hittah
* ''Madyan'' ([[Midian]])
* ''Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn'' ({{lang-ar|مَجْمَع ٱلْبَحْرَيْن}})
* ''Miṣr''{{efn|2:61;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 10:87;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|10|3|e=101|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 12:21 – 99;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 43:51.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|43|1|e=77|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}} (Mainland [[Egypt]])
* ''Salsabīl''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|76|19|e=20|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|76|19|e=31|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; (A river in Paradise)
* [[Sinai Peninsula in Islam|Sinai Region]] or Tīh Desert
** ''Al-[[Wadi|Wād]] Al-Muqaddasi Ṭuwan'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْوَاد ٱلْمُقَـدَّس طُوًى}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|79|15|e=26|s=ns&quot;/&gt; The Holy [[Valley of Tuwa]])&lt;ref name=&quot;IbnKathir Al-Ahmad&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=[[Ibn Kathir]] |editor=Dr Mohammad Hilmi Al-Ahmad |title=Stories of the Prophets: [قصص الأنبياء [انكليزي |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah ({{lang-ar|دار الـكـتـب الـعـلـمـيـة}}) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zx9LDwAAQBAJ |date=2013-01-01 |isbn=978-2745151360|url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofprophet0000ibnk |year=2016 |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofprophet0000ibnk |year=2016 |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofprophet0000ibnk |year=2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhadary2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Elhadary |first=Osman |title=Moses in the Holy Scriptures of Judaism, Christianity and Islam: A Call for Peace |publisher=BookBaby |chapter=11, 15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-ReDQAAQBAJ |date=2016-02-08 |isbn=978-1483563039 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** ''Al-Wādil-Ayman'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْوَادِ ٱلْأَیْمَن}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns&quot;/&gt; The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and [[Biblical Mount Sinai|Mount Sinai]])
**** ''[[Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah|Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah]]'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْبُقْعَة ٱلْمُبَارَكَة}}, &quot;The Blessed Place&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Mount Sinai]] or [[Mount Tabor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** ''Al-Jabal'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْجَبَل}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;/&gt; &quot;The Mount&quot;)
*** ''Aṭ-Ṭūr'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلطُّوْر}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; &quot;The Mount&quot;)
*** ''Ṭūr Sīnāʾ'' ({{lang-ar|طُوْر سِيْنَاء}})&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** ''Ṭūr Sīnīn'' ({{lang-ar|طُوْر سِيْنِيْن}})&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|95|1|e=8|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

==== Adiini nim bɛhisi shɛhi ====
* ''[[Christian Church|Bayʿa]]'' (Church)
* ''[[Mihrab|Miḥrāb]]''
* [[Monastery]]
* ''Masjid'' ([[Mosque]], literally &quot;Place of [[Sajdah|Prostration]]&quot;)
** ''[[Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram|Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (&quot;The Sacred Grove&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Long1979&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Long |first=David E. |title=The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah |chapter=2: The Rites of the Hajj |pages=11–24 |year=1979 |publisher=SUNY Press |quote=With thousands of Hajjis, most of them in motor vehicles, rushing headlong for Muzdalifah, the potential is there for one of ... There is special grace for praying at the roofless mosque in Muzdalifah called al-Mash'ar al-Haram (the Sacred Grove) ... |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Uk3Gh6xrUUC |isbn=978-0873953825}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Danarto1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Danarto |title=A Javanese pilgrim in Mecca |year=1989 |page=27 |quote=It was still dark when we arrived at Muzdalifah, four miles away. The Koran instructs us to spend the night at al-Mash'ar al-Haram. the Sacred Grove at Muzdalifah, as one of the conditions for the hajj . We scrambled out of the bus and looked ... |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16885565?q&amp;versionId=19820365 |isbn=978-0867469394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2005&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jones |first=Lindsay |title=Encyclopedia of religion |publisher=[[Macmillan Reference USA]] |page=7159 |volume=10 |year=2005 |quote=The Qur'an admonishes: &quot;When you hurry from Arafat, remember God at the Sacred Grove (al-mash' ar al-haram),&quot; that is, at Muzdalifah (2:198). Today a mosque marks the place in Muzdalifah where pilgrims gather to perform the special saldt ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjQOAQAAMAAJ |isbn=978-0028657431}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BadawiSardar1978&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Ziauddin Sardar]] |author2=M. A. [[Zaki Badawi]] |title=Hajj Studies |publisher=[[Croom Helm]] for Hajj Research Centre |work=[[King Abdul Aziz University]] |location=[[Jeddah]] |page=32 |year=1978 |quote=Muzdalifah is an open plain sheltered by parched hills with sparse growth of thorn bushes. The pilgrims spend a night under the open sky of the roofless Mosque, the Sacred Grove, Al Mush'ar al-Haram. On the morning of the tenth, all depart ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYAOAAAAQAAJ |isbn=978-0856646812}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā'' ([[Al-Aqsa]], literally &quot;The Farthest Place-of-Prostration&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām'' (The [[Great Mosque of Mecca|Sacred Mosque]] of Mecca)
** [[Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar|Masjid Al-Dirar]]
** A Mosque in the area of Medina,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt; possibly:
*** ''Masjid Qubāʾ'' ([[Quba Mosque]])
*** [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|The Prophet's Mosque]]
* [[Synagogue|Salat (Synagogue)]]

=== Implicitly mentioned ===
* [[Antioch]]
** [[Antakya]]
* Arabia&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Al-[[Hejaz|Ḥijāz]]'' (literally &quot;The Barrier&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;OD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp |title=Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart |quote=The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the [[pilgrim]]s to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there. |access-date=2024-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214002857/https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** [[Black Stone|Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad)]] &amp; [[Al-Hijr of Ishmael|Al-Hijr of Isma'il]]
*** [[Cave of Hira]]
*** [[Jabal Thawr#Cave|''Ghār ath-Thawr'' (Cave of the Bull)]]
*** [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|Hudaybiyyah]]
*** [[Ta'if]]
* [[Ayla (city)|Ayla]]
* Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
* [[Bayt al-Muqaddas]] &amp; [[Jericho|'Ariha]]
* ''[[Mesopotamia in the Quran|Bilād ar-Rāfidayn]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|44|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|10|3|e=101|s=ns&quot;/&gt; ([[Mesopotamia]])&lt;ref name=&quot;IbnHisham, V.1, P.419–421&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=SycOrth/&gt;
* [[Canaan]]
* Cave of the [[Seven Sleepers]]
* ''Dār an-Nadwa''
* [[Jordan River]]
* [[Nile]] River
* Palestine River
* Paradise of [[Shaddad]]

== Tia yɛltɔɣa ==

Ajwa (عجوة) is a soft dry variety of date fruit from Saudi Arabia

*''Baṣal'' ({{lang-ar|بَصَل}}, Onion) (2:61)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
*''Thum'' (ثوم, Garlic) (2:61)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
*''Shaṭʾ'' ({{lang-ar|شَطْء}}, Shoot) (48:29)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
*''Sūq'' ({{lang-ar|سُوْق}}, Plant stem) (48:29)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot; /&gt;
*''Zarʿ'' ({{lang-ar|زَرْع}}, Seed){{efn|Plural: ''Zurrā‘'' ({{lang-ar|زَرَّاع}} (48:29))&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}

=== Binwala ===
Ajwa (عجوة) is a soft dry variety of date fruit from Saudi Arabia

''Fawākih'' ({{lang-ar|فَوَاكِه}}){{efn|Singular: ''fākihah'' ({{lang-ar|فَاكِهَة}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|52|1|e=24|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}} or ''Thamarāt'' ({{lang-ar|ثَمَرَات}}):&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|13|3|e=39|s=ns&quot;/&gt;{{efn|Singular: ''thamarah'' ({{lang-ar|ثَمَرَة}}).}}
* ''ʿAnib'' ({{lang-ar|عَنِب}}, Grape) (17:91)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt;{{efn|Plural ''Aʿnāb'' ({{lang-ar|أَعْنَاب}}): 2:266.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}
* ''Ḥabb dhul-ʿaṣf'' ({{lang-ar|حَبّ ذُو ٱلْعَصْف}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Corn of the husk)
* ''Qith-thāʾ'' ({{lang-ar|قِثَّاء}}, Cucumber) (2:61)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Rummān'' ({{lang-ar|رُمَّان}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Pomegranate)
* ''Tīn'' ({{lang-ar|تِيْن}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|95|1|e=8|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|95|1|e=8|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fig)
* ''Ukul khamṭ'' ({{lang-ar|أُكُل خَمْط}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)
* ''Zaytūn'' ({{lang-ar|زَيْتُوْن}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|95|1|e=8|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Olive)
* In Paradise&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|52|1|e=24|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Forbidden fruit#Islamic tradition|Forbidden fruit of Adam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

=== Tihi ===
''Shajar'' ({{lang-ar|شَجَر}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Bushes, trees or plants):{{efn|Singular: ''shajarah'' ({{lang-ar|شَجَرَة}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}
* ''ʿAdas'' ({{lang-ar|عَدَس}}, [[Lentil]]) (2:61)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Baql'' ({{lang-ar|بَقْل}}, [[Herb]]) (2:61)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* Plants of Sheba&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Athl'' ({{lang-ar|أَثْل}}, [[Tamarix|Tamarisk]])
** ''Sidr'' ({{lang-ar|سِدْر}}, [[Celtis australis|Lote-tree]])
* ''Līnah'' ({{lang-ar|لِيْنَة}}, Tender [[Arecaceae|Palm tree]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|59|3|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|59|3|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nakhl'' ({{lang-ar|نَخْل}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Date palm]])
* ''Rayḥān'' ({{lang-ar|رَيْحَان}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Rosemary, Scented plant)
* [[Sidrat al-Muntaha|Sidrat al-Muntahā]] ({{lang-ar|سِدْرَة ٱلْمُنْتَهَى}})&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|53|1|e=20|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|53|1|e=20|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Zaqqum|Zaqqūm]] ({{lang-ar|زَقُّوْم}}, A tree in Hell)

== Jilima kundi nima ==
[[Islamic holy books]]:
* ''Al-[[Gospel in Islam|Injīl]]'' (The [[Gospel]] of Jesus)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Al-[[Quran|Qurʾān]]'' (The Book of Muhammad)
* ''[[Scrolls of Abraham|Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm]]'' (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
* ''At-[[Torah in Islam|Tawrāt]]'' (The [[Torah]], literally &quot;The Law&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''[[Scrolls of Moses|Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā]]'' (Scroll(s) of Moses)
** [[Tablets of Stone]]
* ''Az-[[Zabur|Zabūr]]'' (The [[Psalms]] of David)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[Heavenly Quran|Umm al-Kitāb]]'' (&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|13|3|e=39|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|43|1|e=77|s=ns&quot;/&gt; &quot;Mother of the Book(s)&quot;)

== Daadama binyara ==
* [[Disciples of Jesus in Islam|Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles]]
* [[Noah's Ark]]
* [[Staff of Moses]]
* Staff of Solomon
* ''[[Ark of the Covenant#The Ark in Islamic sources|Tābūt as-Sakīnah]]'' ({{lang-ar|تَابُوْت ٱلسَّكِيْنَة}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Casket of Shekhinah)
* [[Queen of Sheba#Qur'anic account|Throne of the Queen of Sheba]]
* Trumpet of Israfil&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|39|65|e=75|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Webster2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt;

=== Din boli buɣa([[cult image]]s) ===
* 'Ansāb
* ''Jibt'' ({{lang-ar|جِبْت}}) and ''[[Taghut|Ṭāghūt]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|4|51|e=57|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|4|51|e=57|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[False god]])

==== Of Israelites ====
* [[Baal#Islam|Baʿal]]
* The ''ʿijl'' ([[golden calf]] statue) of Israelites

==== Of Noah's people ====
* [[Nasr (deity)|Nasr]]
* [[Suwa'|Suwāʿ]]
* [[Wadd]]
* [[Yaghūth]]
* [[Ya'uq|Yaʿūq]]

==== Of Quraysh ====
** [[Al-Lat|Al-Lāt]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|53|1|e=20|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Al-Uzza|Al-ʿUzzā]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|53|1|e=20|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Manat (goddess)|Manāt]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|53|1|e=20|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

== Celestial bodies ==
''Maṣābīḥ'' ({{lang-ar|مَصَابِيْح}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|41|12|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|41|12|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|67|5|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|67|5|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; literally 'lamps'):
* ''Al-Qamar'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْقَمَر}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt; The Moon)
* ''Kawākib'' ({{lang-ar|كَوَاكِب}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|37|6|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|37|6|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|82|2|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|82|2|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt; Planets){{efn|Singular: ''Kawkab'' ({{lang-ar|كَوْكَب}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}
** ''Al-Arḍ'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْأَرْض}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; The Earth)
* ''Nujūm'' ({{lang-ar|نُجُوْم}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Stars){{efn|Singular: ''Najm'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلنَّجْم}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|53|1|e=20|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}
** ''Ash-Shams'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلشَّمْس}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;/&gt; The Sun)
** ''Ash-Shiʿrā'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلشِّعْرَى}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|53|49|s=ns&quot;/&gt; Sirius)

== Bin kom koma ==
* ''Māʾ'' ({{lang-ar|مَاء}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Water]] or [[fluid]])
** ''Nahr'' ({{lang-ar|نَهْر}},{{efn|2:249;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 18:33;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|18|1|e=94|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 54:54.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}} [[River]])
** ''Yamm'' ({{lang-ar|يَمّ}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[River]] or [[sea]])
* ''Sharāb'' ({{lang-ar|شَرَاب}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; [[Drink]])

== Events, incidents, occasions or times ==
* [[Year of the Elephant]]
* Incident of Ifk
* ''[[Laylat al-Qadr]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|97|1|e=5|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (Night of the Power or Decree)
** ''Laylatinm-Mubārakatin'' ({{lang-ar|لَيْلَةٍ مُّبَارَكَةٍ|lit=Blessed Night}}) ([[Ad-Dukhan|44]]:3)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|44|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Mubahala]]h
* ''[[Sayl al-'Arim|Sayl al-ʿArim]]'' (Flood of the Great Dam of [[Ma'rib]] in Sheba)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* The [[Farewell Pilgrimage]] (''Hujjal-Wadaʿ'')
* [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]]

=== Battles or military expeditions ===
* [[Battle of the Trench|Battle of ''al-Aḥzāb'']]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (&quot;the Confederates&quot;)
* [[Battle of Badr]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Battle of Hunayn]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Battle of Khaybar]]
* [[Battle of Uhud]]
* [[Conquest of Mecca]]
* [[Expedition of Tabuk]]

=== Dabisa ===
* ''Al-[[Jumu'ah|Jumuʿah]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|62|1|e=11|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (The Friday)
* ''As-[[Sabbath#Islam|Sabt]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|4|47|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt; (The Sabbath or Saturday)
* Days of battles or military expeditions (see the above section)
* Days of Hajj
** ''Ayyāminm-Maʿdūdatin'' ({{lang-ar|أَيَّامٍ مَّعْدُوْدَاتٍ|lit=Appointed Days}}) (2:203)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Yawm al-Ḥajj al-Akbar'' ({{lang-ar|يَوْم ٱلْحَجّ ٱلْأَكْبَر|lit=Day of the Greatest Pilgrimage}}) (9:2)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[Last Judgment|Doomsday]]

=== Yira din be [[Islamic calendar]] ni ===
12 months:
* Four holy months (2:189–217; 9:1–36){{efn|Forms:
* Al-Ash-hur Al-Ḥurum ({{lang-ar|ٱلْأَشْهُر ٱلْحُرُم}}, The Sacred or Forbidden Months) (9:5)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* Arbaʿah ḥurum ({{lang-ar|أَرْبَعَة حُرُم}}, Four (months which are) Sacred) (9:36)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* Ash-hur maʿlūmāt ({{lang-ar|أَشْهُر مَعْلُوْمَات}}, Months (which are) well-known (for the Hajj)) (2:197)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}
** [[Dhu al-Hijjah|Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām]] ({{lang-ar|ٱلشَّهْر ٱلْحَرَام}}, The Sacred or Forbidden Month) (2:194–217;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 5:97)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|5|1|e=120|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** [[Ramadan|Ramaḍān]] ({{lang-ar|رَمَضَان}}) (2:183–187)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

=== Pilgrimages ===
* ''Al-[[Hajj|Ḥajj]]'' (The Greater Pilgrimage)
** ''Ḥajj al-Bayt'' ({{lang-ar|حَجّ ٱلْبَيْت}}, &quot;Pilgrimage of the [[Kaaba|House]]&quot;) (2:158)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Ḥijj al-Bayt'' ({{lang-ar|حِجّ ٱلْبَيْت}}, &quot;Pilgrimage of the House&quot;) (3:97)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Al-ʿ[[Umrah]]'' (The Lesser Pilgrimage) (2:158–196)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

=== Times for Prayer or Remembrance ===
Times for ''[[Dua|Duʿāʾ]]'' ('[[Invocation]]'), ''[[Salah|Ṣalāh]]'' and ''[[Dhikr]]'' ('Remembrance', including ''[[Alhamdulillah|Taḥmīd]]'' ('Praising'),&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell, Tahmid&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Behind the Name |url=http://www.behindthename.com/name/tahmid |title=Meaning, Origin and History of the Name Tahmid |access-date=2015-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wehr-Cowan, Tahmid&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author1=[[Hans Wehr|Wehr, H.]] |author2=[[J Milton Cowan|Cowan, J. M.]] |year=1979 |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |publisher=Spoken Language Services |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/Dict_Wehr.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Takbir|Takbīr]]'' and ''[[Tasbih|Tasbīḥ]]''):
* ''Al-ʿAshiyy'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْعَشِيّ}}, The Afternoon or the Night) (30:17–18)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|30|1|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Al-Ghuduww'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْغُدُوّ|lit=The Mornings}}) (7:205–206)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Al-Bukrah'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْبُكْرَة|lit=The Morning}}) (48:9)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلصَّبَاح|lit=The Morning}}) (30:17–18)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|30|1|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Al-Layl'' ({{lang-ar|ٱللَّيْل|lit=The Night}}) (17:78–81;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 50:39–40)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|50|12|e=40|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Al-[[Isha prayer|ʿIshāʾ]]'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْعِشَاء|lit=The Late-Night}}) (24:58)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|24|58|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Aẓ-[[Zuhr prayer|Ẓuhr]]'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلظُّهْر|lit=The Noon}}) (30:17–18)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|30|1|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Aẓ-Ẓahīrah'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلظَّهِيْرَة}}) (24:58)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|24|58|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Dulūk ash-Shams'' ({{lang-ar|دُلُوْك ٱلشَّمْس|lit=Decline of the Sun}}) (17:78–81)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Al-[[Maghrib prayer|Masāʾ]]'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْمَسَاء|lit=The Evening}}) (30:17–18)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|30|1|e=18|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Qabl al-[[Maghrib prayer|Ghurūb]]'' ({{lang-ar|قَبْل ٱلْغُرُوْب|lit=Before the Setting (of the Sun)}}) (50:39–40)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|50|12|e=40|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
*** ''Al-Aṣīl'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْأٓصِيْل|lit=The Afternoon}}) (33:42;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 48:9;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 76:25–26)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|76|19|e=31|s=ns&quot;/&gt;{{efn|''Al-Āṣāl'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْأٓصَال|lit=the Afternoons}}) (7:205–206).&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;/&gt;}}
*** ''Al-[[Asr prayer|ʿAṣr]]'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْعَصْر|lit=The Afternoon}}) (103:1–3)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|103|1|e=3|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams'' ({{lang-ar|قَبْل طُلُوْع ٱلشَّمْس|lit=Before the rising of the Sun}}) (50:39–40)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|50|12|e=40|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
** ''Al-[[Fajr prayer|Fajr]]'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْفَجْر|lit=The Dawn}}) (17:78–81;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;/&gt; 24:58)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|24|58|t=y|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

=== Implied ===
* [[Event of Ghadir Khumm]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;Tafsir ibn Abi Hatim Vol. 4 Pg. 1172 Hadith no. 6609&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Al-Shahrastani |author-link=Al-Shahrastani |title=Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal|publisher=Kegan Paul |location=London |year=1984 |pages=139–140}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Al-Ma'ida|5]]:67)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|5|1|e=120|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[Laylat al-Mabit]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Tabataba'i, Al-Mizan&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Tabataba'i |title=Al-Mizan |volume=2 |page=135}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nishapuri, Al-Mustadrak&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Nishapuri, Al-Hakim |author-link=Al-Hakim Nishapuri |title=Al-Mustadrak |volume=3 |page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaybani, FAS&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Shaybani |title=Fada'il al-sahaba |volume=2 |page=484}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;'Ayyashi, Tasir&quot;&gt;{{citation |author='Ayyashi|author-link = Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi |title=Tafsir |volume=1 |page=101}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zarkashi, Al-Burhan&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Zarkashī |author-link=Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi |title=Al-Burhān fī 'ulūm al-Qur'ān |volume=1 |page=206}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2:207)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;/&gt;
* [[The first pilgrimage]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mubarakpuri&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Mubarakpuri, S. R. |author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |title=Ar-Raḥīq Al-Makhtūm ''(&quot;The Sealed Nectar&quot;)'' |chapter=The Compensatory ‘Umrah (Lesser Pilgrimage) |chapter-url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210422172520/https://www.webcitation.org/614HglZOe?url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s4.html |archive-date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2006-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; (48:27)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;/&gt;

== Shɛŋa ==
&lt;!-- I could not find appropriate references for these in the Quran:
* Absad
* Ashina
* Riyana
* Xabiibaa
--&gt;
* Bayt ({{lang-ar|بًيْت}}, Home or House)
** Al-Bayt al-Maʿmūr ({{lang-ar|ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْمَعْمُوْر}})
* Ḥunafāʾ ({{lang-ar|حُنَفَاء}})
* Ṭāhā ({{lang-ar|طـٰهٰ}})
* Ṭayyibah ({{lang-ar|طَيِّبَة}})
* Zīnah ({{lang-ar|زِيْنَة}}), Adornment, beauty, beautiful thing or splendour)

== Nyami yaha ==
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Biblical people in Islam]]
* [[Holiest sites in Islam]]
* ''[[Ḥ-R-M]]''
* [[List of biblical names]]
* [[List of burial places of Abrahamic figures]]
* [[List of mosques that are mentioned by name in the Quran]]
* [[List of people in both the Bible and the Quran]]
* [[Muhammad in the Quran]]
* [[Names of God in Islam]]

== Baŋma ==
{{notelist}}

== Kundivihira ==
=== Kɔŋkɔba ===
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|1|1|e=4|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|1|1|e=4|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|2|7|e=286|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|3|2|e=200|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|4|47|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{Cite quran|4|47|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|5|1|e=120|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|5|1|e=120|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|6|74|e=92|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|6|74|e=92|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|7|2|e=206|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|9|1|e=129|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|11|61|e=68|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|11|61|e=68|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|12|4|e=102|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|13|3|e=39|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|13|3|e=39|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|16|68|e=102|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|16|68|e=69|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|17|1|e=110|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|18|1|e=94|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|18|33|e=94|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|19|41|e=56|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|19|41|e=56|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|21|51|e=83|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|21|51|e=83|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|22|25|e=52|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{Cite quran|22|25|e=52|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|24|58|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{Cite quran|24|58|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|26|141|e=195|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|27|6|e=93|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{Cite quran|27|6|e=93|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|29|41|e=67|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|29|41|e=67|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|30|1|e=18|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|30|1|e=18|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|38|13|e=48|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|38|13|e=48|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|42|5|e=13|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|42|5|e=13|s=ns }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|43|1|e=77|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|43|1|e=77|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|44|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|44|1|e=54|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|46|21|e=35|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|46|21|e=35|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|48|1|e=29|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|50|12|e=40|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|50|12|e=40|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|52|1|e=24|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|52|1|e=24|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|53|49|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|53|49|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|54|1|e=54|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|55|5|e=72|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|56|17|e=22|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|56|17|e=22|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|62|1|e=11|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|62|1|e=11|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|63|1|e=11|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|63|1|e=11|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|66|4|t=y|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|66|4|t=y|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|74|41|e=51|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|74|41|e=51|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|76|19|e=31|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|76|19|e=31|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|79|15|e=26|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|79|15|e=26|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|89|6|e=13|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|89|6|e=13|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|91|11|e=15|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|91|11|e=15|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|96|9|e=19|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|96|9|e=19|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|97|1|e=5|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|97|1|e=5|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|103|1|e=3|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|103|1|e=3|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|105|1|e=5|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|105|1|e=5|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite quran|106|1|e=4|s=ns&quot;&gt;{{cite quran|106|1|e=4|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

=== Laɣimbu ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

[[Category:Quran-related lists|Characters and names]]
[[Category:Lists of people associated with religion|Quran]]
[[Category:Lists of names|Qur'anic]]
[[Category:People of the Quran| ]]
[[Category:Quranic words and phrases|Qur'anic names]]

&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2gn7go7jlf0155r9lfiogwvz0a09zyi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mike Oldfield</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>29925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147805</id>
      <parentid>147428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T18:58:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261008)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>147805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14336" sha1="n1leten5cucbgfbw5o4atoix2nc73sz" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Gordon Oldfield''' (bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli  May bɛɣu pinaanu dali,  yuuni 1953) O nyɛla silimiin so ŋun daa tumdi tuma nim kamani ; yila yilibu, yila sabbu n ti pahi yiliyihira,  ka niribi pam mi o ni yila din daa nyɛ ''[[Tubular Bells]]'' la daliri ( yuuni 1973). &lt;ref name=&quot;offtb09&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mikeoldfield.org/news/150409.htm |title=Universal press release – ''Tubular Bells'' |date=15 April 2009 |publisher=Mike Oldfield Information Service |access-date=20 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830133946/http://www.mikeoldfield.org/news/150409.htm |archive-date=30 August 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;   

==O kpaŋmaŋ pina mini nintiɣibɔ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; 
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Award
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nominee(s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Category
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Result
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Association of Professional Recording Services|APRS Annual Sound Fellowships Lunch]]
| 2015
| Himself
| Honour Fellowship
| {{won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.prosoundnetwork.com/international/ray-davies-and-mike-oldfield-honoured-at-aprs-annual-bash|title = Ray Davies and Mike Oldfield honoured at APRS annual bash|date = 18 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[38th British Academy Film Awards|1985]]
| ''[[The Killing Fields (film)|The Killing Fields]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Music]]
| {{nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0646131/awards|title=Mike Oldfield|website=IMDb.com|access-date=2 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Brit Awards]]
| | [[1977 Brit Awards|1977]]
| ''[[Tubular Bells]]''
| [[Brit Award for British Album of the Year|British Album of the Year]]
| {{nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1977|title=History|website=BRIT Awards|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826032516/http://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1977|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Daily Mirror]] The British Rock &amp; Pop Awards 
| |1977
| Himself
| Best Instrumentalist
| {{won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=British News Paper Archive|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/|access-date=17 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[42nd Golden Globe Awards|1985]]
| ''[[The Killing Fields (film)|The Killing Fields]]''
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=2|[[Goldene Europa]]
| 1987 
| rowspan=2|Himself
| rowspan=2|Best International Artist
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://web.ard.de/ard-chronik/index/2010?year=1984|title=Chronik der ARD &amp;#124; Goldene Europa|website=Web.ard.de|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815080139/http://web.ard.de/ard-chronik/index/2010?year=1984|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1998
| {{won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=2|[[Grammy Awards]]
| [[1975 Grammy Awards|1975]]
| &quot;[[Mike Oldfield's Single|Tubular Bells]]&quot; 
| [[Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition|Best Instrumental Composition]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/mike-oldfield/5862|title=Mike Oldfield|website=Grammy.com|date=23 November 2020|access-date=24 December 2024|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115160058/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/mike-oldfield/5862|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[1998 Grammy Awards|1998]]
| ''[[Voyager (Mike Oldfield album)|Voyager]]''
| [[Grammy Award for Best New Age Album|Best New Age Album]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|[[Grammy Hall of Fame]]
| 2018
| ''[[Tubular Bells]]''
| Album Induction
| {{won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/list/tubular-bells-5-facts-about-mike-oldfields-classic-grammy-hall-fame|title=5 facts about Mike Oldfield's classic |date=16 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;|[[Hungarian Music Awards]]
| 1997
| ''[[Voyager (Mike Oldfield album)|Voyager]]''
| Best Foreign Album
| {{nom}}
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fonogram.hu/jeloltek-1997|title=Jelöltek 1997|website=Fonogram.hu|date=12 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Ivor Novello Awards]]
| 1984
| &quot;[[Moonlight Shadow]]&quot;
| Most Performed Work
| {{nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/|title=Archive &amp;#124; The Ivors &amp;#124; The Ivors Academy &amp;#124; Champions of Music Creators|website=The Ivors Academy|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408110558/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=3| [[NME Awards]]
| 1975
| rowspan=3|Himself
| rowspan=3|Best Miscellaneous Instrumentalist
| {{won}}
| rowspan=3|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/poppoll.html|title=Rocklist.net...NME Lists readers Pop Poll Results|website=Rocklistmusic.co.uk|access-date=2024-12-24|archive-date=2021-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212915/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/poppoll.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1976
| {{won}}
|-
| 1977
| {{won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Online Film &amp; Television Association
| 1999
| ''[[The X-Files (film)|The X-Files]]''
| Best Music, Original Sci-Fi/Fantasy/Horror Score
| {{nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;
{{end}}

==Nintibo nima ==
* Yuuni 1981, Oldfield  daa nyɛla ŋun di kpaŋmaŋ pini din yuli nyɛ  [[Freedom of the City|Freedom]] of the [[City of London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKSxvd5xf28| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/iKSxvd5xf28| archive-date=4 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Mike Oldfield Freedom Of City Of London Award| date=26 November 2013|access-date=2 October 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discography==
'''Studio albums'''
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* ''[[Tubular Bells]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Hergest Ridge (album)|Hergest Ridge]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Ommadawn]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Incantations (album)|Incantations]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Platinum (Mike Oldfield album)|Platinum]]'' (1979)
* ''[[QE2 (album)|QE2]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Five Miles Out]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Crises (Mike Oldfield album)|Crises]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Discovery (Mike Oldfield album)|Discovery]]'' (1984)
* ''[[The Killing Fields (album)|The Killing Fields]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Islands (Mike Oldfield album)|Islands]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Earth Moving]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Amarok (Mike Oldfield album)|Amarok]]'' (1990)
{{Col-2}}
* ''[[Heaven's Open]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Tubular Bells II]]'' (1992)
* ''[[The Songs of Distant Earth (album)|The Songs of Distant Earth]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Voyager (Mike Oldfield album)|Voyager]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Tubular Bells III]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Guitars (Mike Oldfield album)|Guitars]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Millennium Bell]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Tr3s Lunas]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Tubular Bells 2003]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Light + Shade]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Music of the Spheres (Mike Oldfield album)|Music of the Spheres]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Man on the Rocks]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Return to Ommadawn]]'' (2017)
{{Col-end}}

==Concert tours==
* Tour of Europe 1979 (March–May 1979)
* In Concert 1980 (April–December 1980)
* European Adventure Tour '81 (March–August 1981)
* Five Miles Out World Tour 1982 (April–December 1982)
* Crises Tour 1983 (May–July 1983)
* Discovery Tour 1984 (August–November 1984)
* Tubular Bells II 20th Anniversary Tour (March–October 1993)
* Live Then &amp; Now '99 (June–July 1999)
* Nokia [[Night of the Proms]] (December 2006)
* [[Night of the Proms]] Spain (March 2007)

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |title=Music from the Darkness – Mike Oldfield, 1953–1993 |first=Peter |last=Evans |year=1994 |url=http://www.mikeoldfield.org/index.php/info/biography/music-darkness/ |access-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216060315/http://www.mikeoldfield.org/index.php/info/biography/music-darkness/ |archive-date=16 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book |title=[[Losing My Virginity]] |first=Richard |last=Branson |author-link=Richard Branson |year=1998 |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |isbn=978-0-7535-0648-6}}
*{{cite book |title=[[Changeling (Mike Oldfield autobiography)|Changeling]] |first=Mike |last=Oldfield  |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85227-381-1 |publisher=[[Virgin Books]]}}
*{{cite book |title=The Mike Oldfield Chronology |first=Patrick |last=Lemieux |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-9919840-6-0 |publisher=Across The Board Books}}
*Tobal Cayuela,J.J. (2019). ''Mike Oldfield. Taurus''. Editorial TBEditores. {{ISBN|978-84-948809-8-8}}
*Campos, Héctor (2018). ''Mike Oldfield: La música de los Sueños''. Editorial Círculo Rojo. {{ISBN|978-84-1304-271-8}}
*Capitani, Ettore - Paolucci, Stefano (2020). ''Mike Oldfield. In Italia.'' Passamonti Editore. {{ISBN|979-8670270250}}.

==Musical scores==
* {{cite book |title=Mike Oldfield's single (Theme from &quot;Tubular Bells&quot;) |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1972 |id=1-49806-F |publisher=[[Virgin Records|Virgin Music (Publishing) ltd]].}}
* {{cite book |title=Tubular Bells |url=https://archive.org/details/tubularbells00oldf |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-86001-249-8 |publisher=Wise Publications}} .Copyright 1973. Text written by [[Karl Dallas]]. Analysis by [[David Bedford]]. The text of this book originally appeared in &quot;[[Let It Rock (magazine)|Let It Rock]]&quot; magazine, December 1974, under the title of &quot;Balm for the Walking Dead&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tubular.net/articles/1974_12/Balm-For-The-Waking-Dead |title=''Balm For The Waking Dead'' |publisher=[[Karl Dallas]], [[Let It Rock (magazine)|Let It Rock]] Magazine, December 1974 |access-date=27 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{cite book |title=On Horseback |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1975 |id=1-49898-G |publisher=[[Virgin Records|Virgin Music (Publishers) ltd]].}}
* {{cite book |title=In Dulci Jubilo. Music by J.S.Bach, Arranged by Mike Oldfield |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1976 |id=1-49008-G |publisher=[[Virgin Records|Virgin Music (Publishers) ltd]].}}
* {{cite book |title=Portsmouth. Traditional, Arranged by Mike Oldfield |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1976 |id=1-0-50021-F |publisher=[[Virgin Records|Virgin Music (Publishers) ltd]].}}
* {{cite book |title=Guilty |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1979 |id=VR 80107 |publisher=West Central Printing Co. ltd. / [[Virgin Records|Virgin Music (Publishers) ltd]].}}
* {{cite book |title=Blue Peter Theme (Barnacle Bill), As recorded by Mike Oldfield on Virgin Records and used on the BBC Television Series [[Blue Peter]] |first=H. |last=Ashworth-Hope |year=1980 |oclc=810506300 |publisher=[[EMI Music Publishing|EMI Music Publishing ltd]].}}
* {{cite book |title=10 years: 1973–1983 |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1984 |id=VR 80594 |oclc=256751247 |publisher=[[Virgin Records|Virgin Music (Publishers) ltd]].}}
* {{cite book |title=Mike Oldfield Hot Songs |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1987 |isbn=1-85909-027-3 |publisher=[[International Music Publications|IMP International Music Publications ltd]]. }}
* {{cite book |title=IMP Presents Mike Oldfield: 8 Hits including Tubular bells |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-86359-464-9 |publisher=[[International Music Publications|IMP International Music Publications ltd]].}}
* {{cite book |title=Tubular Bells II |url=https://archive.org/details/mikeoldfieldtubu0000unse |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-86359-949-1 |publisher=[[International Music Publications|IMP International Music Publications ltd]]. }}
* {{cite book |title=Tubular Bells II Concert Score |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1993 |isbn=1-85909-004-4 |publisher=[[International Music Publications|IMP International Music Publications ltd]]. }}
* {{cite book |title=Elements. The best of Mike Oldfield. Piano/Vocal/Guitar |url=https://archive.org/details/bestofmikeoldfie0000mike |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1994 |isbn=1-85909-157-1 |publisher=[[International Music Publications|IMP International Music Publications ltd]]. }}
* {{cite book |title=Tubular Bells III. Piano/Vocal/Guitar |first=Mike |last=Oldfield |year=1999 |isbn=1-85909-617-4 |publisher=[[International Music Publications|IMP International Music Publications ltd]]. }}

==Baŋma==
{{noteslist}}

==Kundivihira==
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
*{{cite book|title=Mike Oldfield: A Life Dedicated to Music|first=Chris|last=Dewey|year=2013|publisher=Brimstone Press|isbn=978-1-90638-535-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Symons|first=Mitchell|title=This, That and the Other|url=https://archive.org/details/thisthatother0000symo|year=2007|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-552-15647-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Mike Oldfield: A Man and His Music|first=Sean|last=Moraghan|isbn=978-1-419-64926-4|publisher=BookSurge Publishing|year=1993}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Discogs artist|Mike Oldfield}}
* {{IMDb name|646131}}

{{Mike Oldfield}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldfield, Mike}}
[[Category:Mike Oldfield| ]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bodhrán players]]
[[Category:Caroline Records artists]]
[[Category:English aviators]]
[[Category:English buskers]]
[[Category:English composers]]
[[Category:English Eurosceptics]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the Bahamas]]
[[Category:English male composers]]
[[Category:English male guitarists]]
[[Category:English male songwriters]]
[[Category:English multi-instrumentalists]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English rock guitarists]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Fingerstyle guitarists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Mercury Records artists]]
[[Category:Minimalist composers]]
[[Category:New-age composers]]
[[Category:People educated at Elvian School]]
[[Category:People educated at St Joseph's Convent School]]
[[Category:People educated at The Highlands School, Reading]]
[[Category:Musicians from Reading, Berkshire]]
[[Category:Progressive rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Progressive rock keyboardists]]
[[Category:Reprise Records artists]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]</text>
      <sha1>n1leten5cucbgfbw5o4atoix2nc73sz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hélène Cixous</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32128</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147803</id>
      <parentid>145642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T18:55:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261008)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>147803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21579" sha1="ev8mlgxlvkegp7zh7tr6w0ciye5wv9n" xml:space="preserve">{{Bio}}
'''Hélène Cixous''' ( bɛ dɔɣi o la Silimin goli June dabaanu dali,  yuuni 1937) ka o nyɛ ŋun nyɛ French sasabira,  kpɛri sabira n ti pahi ni [[Literary criticism|literary critic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helene-Cixous |title=Hélène Cixous |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==O biɛhigu mini bɔm'ma sɔli==

=== O mamaŋ biɛhigu ===
Cixous nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so  [[Oran]], din be  [[French Algeria]], tingbanni la, ka o laambi nyɛ [[Jewish]] nima  Eve Cixous, née Klein, (1910–2013) and Georges Cixous (1909–1948).&lt;ref name=jwa&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/cixous-helene |title=Hélène Cixous |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive |access-date=2014-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; , poetry, however, are not often read in English.

==Bibliography==

===Published in English===
====Selected books====
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Sally |translator-first1=A.J. |date=1972 |title=The Exile of James Joyce |publisher=New York:David Lewis; London:John Calder|isbn=978-0-912-01212-4|oclc=988992987}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Liddel |translator-first1=Ann |translator-last2=Cornell |translator-first2=Sarah |date=1979 |title=To Live the Orange |publisher=Des Femmes |isbn=978-2-721-00158-0|oclc=461745151}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Levy |translator-first1=Jo |date=1985 |title=Angst |url=https://archive.org/details/angst0000cixo |publisher=London: Calder; New York: Riverrun|isbn=978-0-714-53905-8|oclc=993300655}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Barko |translator-first1=Carol |date=1986 |title=Inside |location=New York |publisher=Schocken Books |isbn=978-0-805-24019-1 |oclc=13395846 |url=https://archive.org/details/inside00cixo_0 }}
* {{cite book|translator-last1=Wing|translator-first1=Betsy|date=1986|title=The Newly Born Woman|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-816-61466-0|oclc=949556909|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newlybornwoman0000cixo}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Birden |translator-first1=Loren |date=1988 |title=Neutre|publisher=M.A. Thesis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst|isbn=978-2-721-00476-5|oclc=246612241}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Conley |translator-first1=Verna |date=1990 |title=Reading with Clarice Lispector (seminar 1980-1985)|location=London|publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|isbn=978-0-745-00915-5}}
* {{cite book|translator-last1=Wing|translator-first1=Betsy|date=1991|title=The Book of Promethea|location=Lincoln|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-803-26343-7|oclc=317400193|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofprometheal00cixo}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Cornell|translator-first1=Sarah |translator-last2=Jenson|translator-first2=Deborah |date=1991 |title='Coming to Writing' and Other Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/comingtowritingo0000cixo|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-14436-1|oclc=805722597}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Conley|translator-first1=Verena |date=1992 |title=Readings: the poetics of Blanchot, Joyce, Kafka, Lispector, Tsvetaeva (seminar 1982-1984)|location=London|publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|isbn=978-0-745-01149-3|oclc=916735267}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Cornell|translator-first1=Sarah |translator-last2=Sellers|translator-first2=Susan|date=1993|title=Three Steps on the Ladder of Writing, The Welleck Library Lecture Series, University of California, Irvine (June 1990)|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-023-1-07659-3|oclc=877287969}}
* {{cite book|translator-last1=Flower MacCannell|translator-first1=Juliet|translator-last2=Pike|translator-first2=Judith|translator-last3=Groth|translator-first3=Lollie|date=1994|title=The Terrible but Unfinished Story of Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia|location=Lincoln|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-803-26361-1|oclc=832510454|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/terriblebutunfin0000cixo}}
* {{cite book|translator-last1=A.F.|translator-first1=Catherine|date=1994|title=Manna, for the Mandelstams for the Mandelas|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-816-62114-9|oclc=476451353|url=https://archive.org/details/mannaformandelst00cixo}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Sellers|translator-first1=Susan |date=1994|title=The Hélène Cixous Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/helenecixousread0000cixo|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-04929-0|oclc=777321141}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Prenowitz|translator-first1=Eric |date=1997|title=Rootprints: Memory and Life Writing|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-44359-0|oclc=314390075}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=MacGillivray |translator-first1=Catherine A.F. |date=1998 |title=First Days of the Year |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minneapolis Press |isbn=978-0-816-62117-0 |oclc=925291649}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Cohen|translator-first1=Keith|date=1999|title=The Third Body|url=https://archive.org/details/thirdbody0000cixo|location=Evanston, Ill|publisher=Hydra Books/Northwestern University|isbn=978-0-810-11687-0|oclc=41119060}}
* {{cite book |date=2002|title=Veils|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-804-73795-1|oclc=48195251}} co-authored with Jacques Derrida.
* {{cite book |date=2003|title=Selected Plays of Hélène Cixous|trans-title=in translation |location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-23668-3|oclc=1004589125}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Brahic|translator-first1=Beverley Bie|date=2004|title=Portrait of Jacques Derrida as a Young Jewish Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofjacque00cixo_0|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12825-4|oclc=52623579}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Sellers|translator-first1=Susan|date=2004|title=The writing notebooks of Hélène Cixous|url=https://archive.org/details/writingnotebooks0000cixo|location=New York|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1-441-18494-8|oclc=978530581}}
* {{cite book |date=2005|title=Stigmata: Escaping Texts|url=https://archive.org/details/stigmataescaping0000hlne|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-02366-2|oclc=826516507}} Foreword by Jacques Derrida.
* {{cite book |date=2005|title=Vera's Room: The Art of Maria Chevska|location=London|publisher=Black Dog|oclc=645932288}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Brahic|translator-first1=Beverley Bie|date=2006|title=Dream I Tell You|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamitellyou0000cixo|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-748-62132-3|oclc=474721880}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Bie Brahic|translator-first1=Beverley|date=2006|title=Reveries of the Wild Woman: Primal Scenes|location=Evanston, Ill|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-810-12363-2|oclc=62857806}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Pignon-Ernest|date=2007|title=Insister of Jacques Derrida|url=https://archive.org/details/insisterofjacque0000cixo_d2b3|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|oclc=929635178}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Brahic|translator-first1=Beverly Bie|date=2007|title=Manhattan: letters from prehistory|url=https://archive.org/details/manhattanletters0000cixo_j1p3|trans-title=Manhattan: lettres de la prehistorie|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-823-22775-4|oclc=740804455}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Kaufman|translator-first1=Peggy |date=2008|title=Love Itself: In the Letter Box|location=Cambridge|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0-745-63989-5|oclc=530404932}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Brahic|translator-first1=Beverley Bie|date=2009|title=Hyperdream|url=https://archive.org/details/hyperdream0000cixo|location=Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-745-64300-7|oclc=488268287}}
* {{cite book |date=2009|title=So Close|url=https://archive.org/details/soclose0000cixo|location=Cambridge|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0-745-64435-6|oclc=759676449}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Milesi|translator-first1=Laurent|date=2010|title=Zero's Neighbor:Sam Beckett|url=https://archive.org/details/zerosneighboursa0000cixo|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-745-64416-5}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Milesi|translator-first1=Laurent|date=2011|title=Philippines|location=Cambridge|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-745-64815-6|oclc=972865912}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Brahic|translator-first1=Beverley Bie|date=2011|title=Hemlock: old women in bloom|location=Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA|publisher=Polity|oclc=851339267}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Sellers|translator-first1=Susan|date=2014|title=White Ink: Interviews on Sex, Text and Politics|location=Hoboken|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-317-49274-0|oclc=898104202}}
* {{cite book |date=2016|title=Death shall be dethroned: Los, a chapter, the journal|location=Cambridge|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-1-509-50065-9|oclc=944312591}}
* ''Well-Kept Ruins''. Translation by Beverley Bie Brahic, Seagull Books, 2022 ISBN 9781 80309 059 7
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Bie Brahic |translator-first1=Beverley |date=2024 |title=Rêvoir |location=Kolkata |publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-1-803-09387-1}}

====Plays====
* &quot;The Conquest of the School at Madhubai,&quot; trans. Carpenter, Deborah. 1986.
* &quot;The Name of Oedipus,&quot; trans. Christiane Makward &amp; Miller, Judith. In: ''Out of Bounds: Women's Theatre in French.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.  1992.
* &quot;The Terrible but Unfinished Story of Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia,&quot; trans. Juliet Flower MacCannell, Judith Pike, and Lollie Groth. University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

===Published in French===
====Criticism====
* ''L'Exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du remplacement'' (The Exile of James Joyce, or the Art of Displacement). Yuuni 1969 (1985).
* {{cite book |date=1974 |title=Prénoms du personne |url=https://archive.org/details/prenomsdepersonn0000cixo |publisher=Seuil }}
* {{cite book |date=1974 |title=Un K. incompréhensible: Pierre Goldman|publisher=Christian Bourgois }}
* {{cite book |date=1974 |title=La jeune née|publisher=U.G.E. Collection 10/18 }}
* {{cite book |date=1977 |title=La venue à l'écriture|publisher=U.G.E. Collection 10/18}}
* {{cite book |date=1986 |title=Entre l'écriture|url=https://archive.org/details/entrelecriture0000cixo |publisher=Des femmes}}
* {{cite book |date=1989 |title=L'heure de Clarice Lispector, précédé de Vivre l'Orange |publisher=Des femmes}}
* {{cite book |date=1994 |title=Hélène Cixous, Photos de Racines|publisher=Des femmes}}
* {{cite book |date=2001 |title=Portrait de Jacques Derrida en jeune saint juif|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitdejacque0000cixo |trans-title=Portrait of Jacques Derrida as a Young Jewish Saint |location=Paris |publisher=Galilée|isbn=978-2-718-60556-2}}

====Books====
* {{cite book |date=1967 |title=Le Prénom de Dieu |publisher=Bernard Grasset }}
* {{cite book |date=1969 |title=Dedans |url=https://archive.org/details/dedans0000cixo |location=Paris |publisher=Grasset |isbn= 978-2-721-00298-3}}
* {{cite book |date=1970 |title=Le Troisième Corps |publisher=Grasset |isbn=978-2-721-00479-6}}
* {{cite book |date=1970 |title=Les Commencements |publisher=Grasset |isbn=978-2-721-00481-9}}
* {{cite book |date=1971 |title=Un vrai jardin |url=https://archive.org/details/unvraijardin0000cixo |publisher=L'Herne |isbn=978-2-721-00473-4}}
* {{cite book |date=1972 |title=Neutre |publisher=Grasset |isbn=978-2-721-00476-5}}
* {{cite book |date=1973 |title=Tombe |publisher=Le Seuil }}
* {{cite book |date=1973 |title=Portrait du Soleil |publisher=Denoël|isbn=978-2-020-96635-1}}
* {{cite book |date=1975 |title=Révolutions pour plus d'un Faust |publisher=Le Seuil}}
* {{cite book |date=1975 |title=Souffles |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00029-3}}
* {{cite book |date=1976 |title=La |publisher=Gallimard}}
* {{cite book |date=1976 |title=Partie |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00051-4}}
* {{cite book |date=1977 |title=Angst |url=https://archive.org/details/angst0000cixo |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-0-714-53905-8}}
* {{cite book |date=1978 |title=Préparatifs de noces au-delà de l'abîme |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00117-7}}
* {{cite book |date=1979 |title=Vivre l'orange |trans-title=To live the orange |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00158-0}}
* {{cite book |date=1979 |title=Ananké |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00157-3}}
* {{cite book |date=1980 |title=Illa |url=https://archive.org/details/illa0000cixo|url-access=registration|publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00180-1}}
* {{cite book |date=1981 |title=With ou l'Art de l'innocence |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-002136-}}
* {{cite book |date=1982 |title=Limonade tout était si infini |publisher=Des femmes |isbn=978-2-721-00230-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/limonadetoutetai0000cixo }}
* {{cite book |date=1983 |title=Le Livre de Promethea |url=https://archive.org/details/lelivredeprometh0000cixo |trans-title=The Book of Promethea |location=Paris |publisher=Gallimard|isbn=978-2-070-70010-3}}.
* {{cite book |date=1986 |title=La Bataille d'Arcachon: un conte |location=Québec |publisher=Laval: Éd. Trois |isbn=978-2-980-05352-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/labatailledarcac0000cixo }}
* {{cite book |date=1988|title=Manne|url=https://archive.org/details/manneauxmandelst0000cixo|publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00369-0}}
* {{cite book |date=1990 |title=Jours de l'an |trans-title=First days of the year |publisher=Des Femmes |isbn=978-2-721-00394-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/joursdelan0000cixo }}
* {{cite book |date=1991 |title=L'Ange au secret|url=https://archive.org/details/langeausecret0000cixo |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00412-3}}
* {{cite book |date=1992 |title=Déluge|publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00431-4}}
* {{cite book |date=1993 |title=Beethoven à jamais, ou l'éxistence de Dieu'|publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00446-8}}
* {{cite book |date=1995 |title=La Fiancée Juive: de la tentation|url=https://archive.org/details/lafianceejuivede0000cixo |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-004581-}}
* {{cite book |date=1997 |title=Or: Les lettres de mon père|url=https://archive.org/details/orleslettresdemo0000cixo |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00466-6}}
* {{cite book |date=1998 |title=Voiles (with Jacques Derrida)|publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-718-60504-3}}
* {{cite book |date=1999 |title=Osnabrück|url=https://archive.org/details/osnabruck0000cixo |publisher=Des femmes|isbn=978-2-721-00477-2}}
* {{cite book |date=2000 |title=Les Rêveries de la femme sauvage. Scènes primitives|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2000 |title=Le Jour où je n'étais pas là|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2001 |title=Benjamin à Montaigne. Il ne faut pas le dire|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2002 |title=Manhattan. Lettres de la préhistoire|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2003 |title=Rêve je te dis|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2003 |title=L'Amour du loup et autres remords|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2004 |title=Tours promises|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2005 |title=L'amour même dans la boîte aux lettres|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2006 |title=Hyperrêve|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2007 |title=Si près|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2008 |title=Cigüe: vieilles femmes en fleurs|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2009 |title=Philippines: prédelles|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |date=2009 |title=Ève s'évade: la ruine et la vie|publisher=Galilée}}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Garnier |translator-first1=Lucy |translator-last2=Dow |translator-first2=Suzanne |date=2010 |title=Double Oubli de l'Orang-Outang |url=https://archive.org/details/doubleoublidelor0000cixo |trans-title=Double Oblivion of the Ourang-Outang |publisher=Galilée}}
* ''Ruines bien rangées'' published by [[Éditions Gallimard]], 2020
* {{cite book |date=2021 |title=Rêvoir |publisher=[[Éditions Gallimard| Gallimard]] |isbn=978-2-072-95233-3}}

====Theatre====
* ''La Pupulle'', Cahiers Renaud-Barrault, [[Éditions Gallimard|Gallimard]], yuuni 1971.
* ''Portrait de Dora'', Des femmes, yuuni 1976.
* ''Le Nom d'Oedipe. Chant du corps interdit'', Des femmes, yuuni 1978.
* ''La Prise de l'école de Madhubaï'', Avant-scène du Théâtre, yuuni 1984.
* ''L'Histoire terrible mais inachevée de Norodom Sihanouk, roi du Cambodge'', [[Théâtre du Soleil]], yuuni 1985.
* ''Théâtre'', Des femmes, yuuni 1986.
* ''L'Indiade, ou l'Inde de leurs rêves'', Théâtre du Soleil, yuuni 1987.
* ''On ne part pas, on ne revient pas'', Des femmes, yuuni 1991.
* ''Les Euménides d'Eschyle'' (traduction), Théâtre du Soleil, yuuni 1992.
* ''L'Histoire (qu'on ne connaîtra jamais)'', Des femmes, yuuni 1994.
* &quot;''Voile Noire Voile Blanche'' / Black Sail White Sail&quot;, bilingual, trad. Catherine A.F. MacGillivray, New Literary History 25, 2 (Spring), Minnesota University Press, yuuni 1994.
* ''La Ville parjure ou le Réveil des Érinyes'', Théâtre du Soleil, yuuni 1994.
* ''Jokasta'', libretto to the opera of Ruth Schönthal, yuuni 1997.
* ''Tambours sur la digue'', Théâtre du Soleil, yuuni 1999.
* ''Rouen, la Trentième Nuit de Mai '31'', Galilée, yuuni 2001.
* ''Le Dernier Caravansérail'', Théâtre du Soleil, yuuni 2003.
* ''Les Naufragés du Fol Espoir'', Théâtre du Soleil, yuuni 2010.

====Selected essays====
* ''L'Exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du remplacement'' (doctoral thesis), Grasset, yuuni 1969.
* ''Prénoms de personne'', Le Seuil, yuuni 1974.
* ''The Exile of James Joyce or the Art of Replacement'' (translation by [[Sally Purcell]] of ''L'exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du remplacement''). New York: David Lewis, yuuni 1980.
* ''Un K. Incompréhensible : Pierre Goldman'', Christian Bourgois, yuuni 1975.
* ''La Jeune Née'', with Catherine Clément, 10/18, yuuni 1975.
* ''La Venue à l'écriture'', with [[Madeleine Gagnon]] and Annie Leclerc, 10/18, 1977.
* ''Entre l'écriture'', Des femmes, yuuni 1986.
* ''L'Heure de Clarice Lispector'', Des femmes, yuuni 1989.
* ''Photos de racines'', with Mireille Calle-Gruber, Des femmes, yuuni 1994.
* ''Lettre à Zohra Drif'', yuuni 1998
* ''Portrait de Jacques Derrida en Jeune Saint Juif'', Galilée, yuuni 2001.
* ''Rencontre terrestre'', with Frédéric-Yves Jeannet, Galilée, yuuni 2005.
* ''Le Tablier de Simon Hantaï'', yuuni 2005.
* ''Insister''. À Jacques Derrida, Galilée, yuuni 2006.
* ''Le Voisin de zéro : Sam Beckett'', Galilée, yuuni 2007
* ''Défions l'augure'' (on the quote 'we defy augury' from [[Hamlet]]), Galilée, yuuni 2018

==Maan lihimi ŋɔ nim yaha==
* [[Antinarcissism]]
* [[List of deconstructionists]]
* [[Jean-Louis de Rambures]], &quot;Comment travaillent les écrivains&quot;, Paris 1978 (interview with H. Cixous)
* [[Phallic monism]]

==Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last1 = Blyth | first1 = Ian | last2 = Sellars | first2 = Susan | title = Hélène Cixous : live theory | url = https://archive.org/details/helenecixouslive0000blyt | publisher = Continuum | location = New York London | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780826466808 }}
* {{cite book | last = Conley | first = Verena Andermatt | title = Hélène Cixous: writing the feminine | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = Lincoln | year = 1984 | isbn = 9780803214248 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Dawson | first1 = Mark | last2 = Hanrahan | first2 = Mairéad | last3 = Prenowitz | first3 = Eric | title = Cixous, Derrida, Psychoanalysis | journal = Paragraph | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–160 | doi = 10.3366/para.2013.0085 | date = July 2013 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Garnier | first1 = Marie-Dominique | last2 = Masó | first2 = Joana | title = Cixous sous X: d'un coup le nom | publisher = Presses universitaires de Vincennes | location = Saint-Denis | year = 2010 | isbn = 9782842922405 }}
* {{cite book | last = Ives | first = Kelly | title = Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: the Jouissance of French feminism | publisher = Crescent Moon | location = Kidderminster | year = 1996 | isbn = 9781871846881 }}
* {{cite book | last = Penrod | first = Lynn | title = Hélène Cixous | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780805782844 | url = https://archive.org/details/helenecixous00penr }}
* {{cite book | last = Puri | first = Tara | contribution = Cixous and the play of language | editor-last1 = Dillet | editor-first1 = Benoît | editor-last2 = Mackenzie | editor-first2 = Iain M. | editor-last3 = Porter | editor-first3 = Robert | title = The Edinburgh companion to poststructuralism | pages = 270–290 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | location = Edinburgh | year = 2013 | isbn = 9780748653713 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Williams | first1 = Linda R. | last2 = Wilcox | first2 = Helen | last3 = McWatters | first3 = Keith | last4 = Ann | first4 = Thompson | author-link1 = Linda Ruth Williams | title = The body and the text: Hélène Cixous: reading and teaching | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | year = 1990 | isbn = 9780312057695 }}
* {{cite book | last = Wortmann | first = Simon | title = The concept of ecriture feminine in Helene Cixous's &quot;The laugh of the Medusa | publisher = GRIN Verlag GmbH | location = Munich | year = 2012 | isbn = 9783656409229 }}


[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
      <sha1>ev8mlgxlvkegp7zh7tr6w0ciye5wv9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brussels</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147800</id>
      <parentid>145898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T18:49:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261008)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>147800</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33423" sha1="md3czs9dq08lpf5j798w0jh9l7n655p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Brussels''',sokam ni booni shɛli '''Brussels-Capital Region''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Belgian Constitution&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf|title=The Belgian Constitution|date=May 2014|publisher=Belgian House of Representatives|location=Brussels|page=5|quote=Article 3: [[Belgium]] comprises three Regions: the Flemish Region, the Walloon Region and the Brussels Region. Article 4: Belgium comprises four linguistic regions: the Dutch-speaking region, the French-speaking region, the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital and the German-speaking region.|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810142522/http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIRB-creation&quot;&gt;{{cite web|year=2009|title=Brussels-Capital Region / Creation|url=http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/creation.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429213057/http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/creation.shtml|archive-date=29 April 2009|access-date=5 June 2009|publisher=Centre d'Informatique pour la Région Bruxelloise [Brussels Regional Informatics Center]|quote=Since 18 June 1989, the date of the first regional elections, the Brussels-Capital Region has been an autonomous region comparable to the Flemish and Walloon Regions.}} (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.)&lt;/ref&gt; nyɛla tiŋgbani yaɣili din be [[Belgium]] ka tiŋ' zuɣuri yaɣa pishi yini ka be di sulinsi ni, di ahɛli n-nyɛ &quot;City of Brussels,&quot; din nyɛ Belgium tiŋ' zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;article 194&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf|title=The Belgian Constitution|date=May 2014|publisher=Belgian House of Representatives|location=Brussels, Belgium|page=63|quote=Article 194: The city of Brussels is the capital of Belgium and the seat of the Federal Government.|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810142522/http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Brussels-Capital Region bela tiŋgbani maa sunsuuni. Di pahila French tiŋgbani zaŋti Belgium&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;décret&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.pfwb.be/99180RBEI033858|title=Décret instituant Bruxelles capitale de la Communauté française|date=4 April 1984|publisher=Parliament of the French Community|location=Brussels, Belgium|access-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203704/http://archive.pfwb.be/99180RBEI033858|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mini  Flemish tiŋgbani zuɣu,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-10-24|title=The Flemish Community|work=Belgium.be|url=https://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/communities/flemish_community|access-date=2018-04-01|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401213600/https://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/communities/flemish_community|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka di waligi di ko ka che [[Flemish Region]] (Flanders).&lt;ref name=&quot;decreet&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://docs.vlaamsparlement.be/docs/stukken/1982-1983/g220-5.pdf|title=Decreet betreffende de keuze van Brussel tot hoofdstad van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap|date=6 March 1984|publisher=Flemish Parliament|location=Brussels, Belgium|access-date=11 September 2015|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307222122/https://docs.vlaamsparlement.be/docs/stukken/1982-1983/g220-5.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DE BELGISCHE GRONDWET|url=https://www.senate.be/doc/const_nl.html#const|access-date=24 October 2017|website=senate.be|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005152606/http://www.senate.be/doc/const_nl.html#const|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brussels nyɛla tiŋkpansi din be kulibɔŋ yuli booni Senne ni laɣim nam shɛli ka di leei tiŋgbani din mali yuli Europe. Tum dunia zaa tɔbu din pahiri buyi ni daa ŋme n naai, ni leei la tiŋduya siyaasa ni daabiligu niŋbu shee.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Belgium&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=14 June 2010|title=Europe &amp;#124; Country profiles &amp;#124; Country profile: Belgium|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/999709.stm|access-date=29 June 2010|archive-date=1 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701043109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/999709.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Demey|2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;12010E/PRO/06&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=30 March 2010|title=Protocol (No 6) on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies, offices, agencies and departments of the European Union, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 83, 30.3.2010, p. 265–265|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:SOM:EN:HTML|access-date=3 August 2010|publisher=EUR-Lex|archive-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708132633/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:SOM:EN:HTML|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 April 2016|title=Spain to ask Brussels for extra year to meet deficit target|work=Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-spain-economy-idUKKCN0X70F3|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729174258/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-spain-economy-idUKKCN0X70F3|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rankin|first=Jennifer|date=13 June 2017|title=Brussels plan could force euro clearing out of UK after Brexit|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jun/13/brussels-euro-uk-brexit-eu-business|access-date=23 June 2017|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231052637/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jun/13/brussels-euro-uk-brexit-eu-business|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kpamba biɛhigu shee zaŋti Benelux mini NATO tuam duzuɣuri gba nyɛla din be Brussels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Secrétariat general|url=http://www.benelux.int/fr/benelux-unie/introduction|website=A propos du Benelux|language=fr|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214094751/https://www.benelux.int/fr/benelux-unie/introduction|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 March 2018|title=NATO Headquarters|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49284.htm|website=NATO|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218014349/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49284.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Toponymy==
===Di pilli===
Taarihi din kuli niŋ bayana zaŋti ''Brussels'' nyɛla ni di yuli maa daa yimi na Old Dutch {{lang|odt|Bruocsella}}, {{lang|odt|Broekzele}} or {{lang|odt|Broeksel}} ni.&lt;ref&gt;[[Geert van Istendael]] ''Arm Brussel'', uitgeverij Atlas, {{ISBN|90-450-0853-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vgc&quot;&gt;{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.bop.vgc.be/didmat/ogenblikken/achtergrond/ontstaan.html Zo ontstond Brussel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142428/http://www.bop.vgc.be/didmat/ogenblikken/achtergrond/ontstaan.html |date=2011-07-06 }} Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie – Commission of the Flemish Community in Brussels&lt;/ref&gt; Saint Vindicianus, Bishop zaŋti [[Cambrai]], n daa ti shɛhira tuuli zaŋti {{lang|odt|Brosella}} yuuni 695.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jean Baptiste D'Hane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c4aAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA405|title=Nouvelles archives historiques, philosophiques, et littéraires|last2=François Huet|last3=P.A. Lenz|last4=H.G. Moke|publisher=C. Annoot- Braeckman|year=1837|volume=1|location=Gent|page=405|language=fr|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819155707/https://books.google.com/books?id=0c4aAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA405|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Tribot|Defawe|2006|p=3}}

==Tiŋgbani biɛhigu==

===Tɣamalisi===
Brussels nyɛla tulim mini maasim ni tooi gabiri taba shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brussels,+Brussels+Capital,+Belgium&amp;units=|title=Brussels, Belgium Climate Classification Köppen (Weatherbase)&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Brussels, Belgium Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=15460&amp;cityname=Brussels,+Brussels+Capital,+Belgium&amp;units=|access-date=2019-07-02|website=Weatherbase|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727051223/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=15460&amp;cityname=Brussels,+Brussels+Capital,+Belgium&amp;units=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atlantic Ocean maasim nyɛla din tooi paari ni. Tiŋgbani kuma din gba be ni polo nyɛla din mali nuu timbu ni taɣibu. Bini din gbaai yuuni 1981–2010, saa daa tooi mirila biɛɣu kɔbiga ni pihita ni anu Brussels-Capital Region. Maligim dii bi tooi zooi ni lubu, yuuni puli ni din tooi niŋ kamani biɛɣu pishinaanahi ko.
{{Weather box|location = Uccle (Brussels-Capital Region) 1991–2020
|width=
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 15.3
|Feb record high C = 20.0
|Mar record high C = 24.2
|Apr record high C = 28.7
|May record high C = 34.1
|Jun record high C = 38.8
|Jul record high C = 39.7
|Aug record high C = 36.5
|Sep record high C = 34.9
|Oct record high C = 27.8
|Nov record high C = 20.6
|Dec record high C = 16.7
|year record high C = 39.7
|Jan high C = 6.1
|Feb high C = 7.1
|Mar high C = 10.9
|Apr high C = 15.0
|May high C = 18.4
|Jun high C = 21.2
|Jul high C = 23.2
|Aug high C = 23.0
|Sep high C = 19.5
|Oct high C = 14.9
|Nov high C = 9.9
|Dec high C = 6.6
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 3.7
|Feb mean C = 4.2
|Mar mean C = 7.1
|Apr mean C = 10.4
|May mean C = 13.9
|Jun mean C = 16.7
|Jul mean C = 18.7
|Aug mean C = 18.4
|Sep mean C = 15.2
|Oct mean C = 11.3
|Nov mean C = 7.2
|Dec mean C = 4.3
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 1.4
|Feb low C = 1.5
|Mar low C = 3.5
|Apr low C = 6.0
|May low C = 9.2
|Jun low C = 12.0
|Jul low C = 14.1
|Aug low C = 13.9
|Sep low C = 11.3
|Oct low C = 8.1
|Nov low C = 4.6
|Dec low C = 2.1
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -21.1
|Feb record low C = -18.3
|Mar record low C = -13.6
|Apr record low C = -5.7
|May record low C = -2.2
|Jun record low C = 0.3
|Jul record low C = 4.4
|Aug record low C = 3.9
|Sep record low C = 0.0
|Oct record low C = -6.8
|Nov record low C = -12.8
|Dec record low C = -17.7
|year record low C = -21.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 75.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 65.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 59.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 46.7
|May precipitation mm = 59.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 70.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 76.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 86.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 65.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 67.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 76.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 87.4
|year precipitation mm = 
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 18.9
|Feb precipitation days = 16.9
|Mar precipitation days = 15.7
|Apr precipitation days = 13.1
|May precipitation days = 14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 14.1
|Jul precipitation days = 14.3
|Aug precipitation days = 14.3
|Sep precipitation days = 14.1
|Oct precipitation days = 16.1
|Nov precipitation days = 18.3
|Dec precipitation days = 19.4
|year precipitation days =
|Jan snow days = 3.8
|Feb snow days = 4.9
|Mar snow days = 2.7
|Apr snow days = 0.6
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 1.2
|Dec snow days = 3.7
|year snow days = 
|Jan humidity = 84.1
|Feb humidity = 80.6
|Mar humidity = 74.8
|Apr humidity = 69.2
|May humidity = 70.2
|Jun humidity = 71.3
|Jul humidity = 71.5
|Aug humidity = 72.4
|Sep humidity = 76.8
|Oct humidity = 81.5
|Nov humidity = 85.1
|Dec humidity = 86.6
|year humidity = 
|Jan sun = 59.1
|Feb sun = 72.9
|Mar sun = 125.8
|Apr sun = 171.3
|May sun = 198.3
|Jun sun = 199.3
|Jul sun = 203.2
|Aug sun = 192.4
|Sep sun = 154.4
|Oct sun = 112.6
|Nov sun = 65.8
|Dec sun = 48.6
|year sun = 
| Jan uv = 1
| Feb uv = 1
| Mar uv = 3
| Apr uv = 4
| May uv = 6
| Jun uv = 7
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 6
| Sep uv = 4
| Oct uv = 2
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 1
|source 1 = [[Royal Meteorological Institute]]&lt;ref name=&quot;eather1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Normales climatiques à Uccle|url=https://www.meteo.be/fr/climat/climatologie-generale/normales-climatiques-a-uccle/temperature/temperature-moyenne|language=fr|access-date=5 March 2021|publisher=Royal Meteorological Institute|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203022242/https://www.meteo.be/fr/climat/climatologie-generale/normales-climatiques-a-uccle/temperature/temperature-moyenne|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=monthlyrecords&gt;{{cite web|title=Le climat de la Belgique|url=https://www.meteo.be/fr/climat/atlas-climatique/mois-apres-mois/janvier|publisher=Royal Meteorological Institute|language=fr|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225811/https://www.meteo.be/fr/climat/atlas-climatique/mois-apres-mois/janvier|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2 = Weather Atlas;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Yu Media Group|title=Brussels, Belgium – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/belgium/brussels-climate|access-date=2019-07-02|website=Weather Atlas|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702201857/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/belgium/brussels-climate|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2019 July record high from [[Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie|VRT Nieuws]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author1=Kristien Bonneure|author2=Johan Droessaert|author3=Gianni Paelinck|author4=Denny Baert|date=25 July 2019|title=Herlees onze Hitteblog: warmste dag ooit eindigt met chaos door propvolle treinen die terugkeren van de kust|publisher=VRT Nieuws|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/25/hitteblog-op-weg-naar-de-warmste-dag-ooit-in-belgie/|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903110857/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/25/hitteblog-op-weg-naar-de-warmste-dag-ooit-in-belgie/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=June 2012
}}

[[File:Brussel Koninklijk paleis.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.3|The [[Royal Palace of Brussels]], the official palace of the [[Monarchy of Belgium|King and Queen of the Belgians]]]]

==Municipalities==
{{Main|List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region}}
{|
|valign=top|
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; float:left;&quot;
! class=unsortable|Arms
! French name
! Dutch name
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Anderlecht|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Anderlecht]]
| Anderlecht

|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Auderghem|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Auderghem]]
| Oudergem
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Berchem-Sainte-Agathe|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Berchem-Sainte-Agathe]]
| Sint-Agatha-Berchem
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Brussels|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Bruxelles-Ville]]
| Stad Brussel
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Etterbeek|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Etterbeek]]
| Etterbeek
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Evere|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Evere]]
| Evere
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Forest|link=Forest, Belgium|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Forest, Belgium|Forest]]
| Vorst
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Ganshoren|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Ganshoren]]
| Ganshoren
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Ixelles|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Ixelles]]
| Elsene
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Jette|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Jette]]
| Jette
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Koekelberg|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Koekelberg]]
| Koekelberg
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Molenbeek-Saint-Jean|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Molenbeek-Saint-Jean]]
| Sint-Jans-Molenbeek
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Saint-Gilles|link=Saint-Gilles, Belgium|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Saint-Gilles, Belgium|Saint-Gilles]]
| Sint-Gillis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Saint-Josse-ten-Noode|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Saint-Josse-ten-Noode]]
| Sint-Joost-ten-Node
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Schaerbeek|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Schaerbeek]]
| Schaarbeek
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Uccle|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Uccle]]
| Ukkel
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Watermael-Boitsfort|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Watermael-Boitsfort]]
| Watermaal-Bosvoorde
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Woluwe-Saint-Lambert|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Woluwe-Saint-Lambert]]
| Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| {{Coat of arms|Woluwe-Saint-Pierre|text=none|size=15px}}
| [[Woluwe-Saint-Pierre]]
| Sint-Pieters-Woluwe
|}
|width=20|
|valign=top|
{|
| style=&quot;background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #e4e4e4, #f9f9f9);&quot; | [[File:Brussels Municipalities.tif|484px]]
|}
|}
{{clear}}

The 19 [[Municipalities of Belgium|municipalities]] ({{langx|fr|communes|link=no}}, {{langx|nl|gemeenten|link=no}}) of the Brussels-Capital [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions|Region]] are political subdivisions with individual responsibilities for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders.&lt;ref name=&quot;list&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Brussels-Capital region / Communes|url=http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/communes.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606023552/http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/region/region_de_bruxelles-capitale/communes.shtml|archive-date=6 June 2004|access-date=4 August 2008|website=Brussels Capital-Region / Région de Bruxelles-Capitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|year=1997|title=Managing across levels of government|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/43/1902434.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819213027/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/43/1902434.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|access-date=5 August 2008|publisher=OECD|pages=107, 110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive.&lt;ref name=&quot;OECD&quot; /&gt;{{clear}}
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-hover&quot; heights=&quot;140&quot; caption=&quot;Municipalities of Brussels&quot;&gt;
File:Town hall of Anderlecht (DSC 2233).jpg|[[Anderlecht]]
File:Château Sainte-Anne (DSCF7140).jpg|[[Auderghem]] (Oudergem)
File:SintAgathaBerchemMC7229.jpg|[[Berchem-Sainte-Agathe]] (Sint-Agatha-Berchem)
File:Brussels, townhall oeg2043-00090 foto3 2015-06-07 08.38.jpg|[[City of Brussels]]
File:Town hall of Etterbeek (DSC 2183).jpg|[[Etterbeek]]
File:EvereTownHall.jpg|[[Evere]]
File:MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg|[[Forest, Belgium|Forest]] (Vorst)
File:Ganshoren town hall.jpg|[[Ganshoren]]
File:MAISON-40.jpg|[[Ixelles]] (Elsene)
File:Jette voormalig gemeentehuis 27-04-2013.jpg|[[Jette]]
File:Maison communale Koekelberg.jpg|[[Koekelberg]]
File:Gemeentehuis St Jans Molenbeek.jpg|[[Molenbeek-Saint-Jean]] (Sint-Jans-Molenbeek)
File:StGillesTownHall.jpg|[[Saint-Gilles, Belgium|Saint-Gilles]] (Sint-Gillis)
File:Town hall of Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.01.jpg|[[Saint-Josse-ten-Noode]] (Sint-Joost-ten-Node)
File:Hôtel communal de Schaerbeek (2) - 2264-0007-0.jpg|[[Schaerbeek]] (Schaarbeek)
File:3557uccleTownHall.jpg|[[Uccle]] (Ukkel)
File:WatermaelBoitsfortTownHall.jpg|[[Watermael-Boitsfort]] (Watermaal-Bosvoorde)
File:Town hall of Woluwe-Saint-Lambert during golden hour (DSC 2171).jpg|[[Woluwe-Saint-Lambert]] (Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe)
File:Mais.Comm.W-S-P.01.JPG|[[Woluwe-Saint-Pierre]] (Sint-Pieters-Woluwe)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Largest groups of foreign residents (2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=https://ibsa.brussels/sites/default/files/documents/1.3_population_Nationalit%C3%A9s_20220926_0.xlsx|title=Population – Nationalités|publisher=Brussels Institute for Statistics and Analysis|language=fr|access-date=24 September 2023|format=XLS|at=Tabel 1.3.1.4 – Principales nationalités actuelles : 2022 (au 1er janvier)|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017125020/https://ibsa.brussels/sites/default/files/documents/1.3_population_Nationalit%C3%A9s_20220926_0.xlsx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flagu|France}} || 68,418
|-
|{{flagu|Romania}} || 45,243
|-
|{{flagu|Italy}} || 35,154
|-
|{{flagu|Morocco}} || 33,955
|-
|{{flagu|Spain}} || 30,609
|-
|{{flagu|Poland}} || 20,060
|-
|{{flagu|Portugal}} || 18,968
|-
|{{flagu|Bulgaria}} || 13,104
|-
|{{flagu|Germany}} || 10,927
|-
|{{flagu|Greece}} || 9,675
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries}}
|-
|{{flagu|Syria}} || 9,555
|-
|{{flagu|Turkey}} || 8,494
|-
|{{flagu|Netherlands}} || 8,287
|-
|{{flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || 7,836
|-
|{{flagu|India}} || 7,273
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 5,322
|-
|{{flagu|Guinea}} || 5,231
|-
|{{flagu|Brazil}} || 4,834
|-
|{{flagu|Cameroon}} || 4,473
|-
|{{flagu|Algeria}} || 2,996
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
|}

==Paaki mini mo' maha==
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Brussels}}

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;
File:Brussels Park in summer 2007 1.JPG|[[Brussels Park]]
File:Brussels, Jardin du Mont des Arts foto5 2015-06-07 14.01.jpg|[[Mont des Arts|Mont des Arts/Kunstberg]]
File:Brussels Cinquantenaire R04.jpg|[[Cinquantenaire|Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark]]
File:Brusel, Bois de la Cambre, jezero.jpg|[[Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos]]
File:Ixelles Ponds.JPG|[[Ixelles Ponds]]
File:Parc de Forest - 20080325.JPG|[[Forest park, Brussels|Forest Park]]
File:Autumn light in the Sonian Forest.jpg|[[Sonian Forest]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tinsi din miri li==
Brussels mini tinsi ŋɔ m-miri taba:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Brussels|url=https://efus.eu/about-us/brussels/|website=efus.eu|date=21 January 2012|publisher=European Forum for Urban Security|access-date=2022-02-15|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808183020/https://efus.eu/about-us/brussels/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]], United States
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Breda]], Netherlands
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco
* {{flagicon|DRC}} [[Kinshasa]], Congo
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* {{flagicon|Macao}} [[Macao]], China
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain
* {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], United States
&lt;!--rest - other form of cooperation than twinning--&gt;
{{Div col end}}
*

==Kundivihira==

===Footnotes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{See also|Timeline of Brussels#Bibliography}}
{{Refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Charles Arthur John|title=The New Cambridge Modern History|volume=I|chapter=The Burgundian Netherlands, 1477–1521|editor-first=George Richard|editor-last=Potter|publisher=Cambridge at the University Press|year=1957|isbn=978-0-521-04541-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxU9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA228}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blockmans|first1=Willem Pieter|last2=Prevenier|first2=Walter|title=The Promised Lands: The Low Countries under Burgundian rule, 1369–1530|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University Pennsylvania Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8122-1382-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uj9nGDCiW64C|access-date=15 February 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331160521/https://books.google.com/books?id=uj9nGDCiW64C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Brigode|first=Simon|title=Les fouilles de la collégiale Sainte-Gudule à Bruxelles : découverte de l'avant-corps occidental de l'époque romane|journal=Annales de la Société royale belge d'archéologie de Bruxelles|volume=27|location=Brussels|language=fr|year=1938}}
* {{cite journal|last=Buron|first=Thierry|title=Molenbeek, de sainte Gertrude au djihadisme|journal=Conflits|volume=9|location=Paris|language=fr|year=2016}}
* {{cite book|last1=Culot|first1=Maurice|last2=Hennaut|first2=Eric|last3=Demanet|first3=Marie|last4=Mierop|first4=Caroline|title=Le bombardement de Bruxelles par Louis XIV et la reconstruction qui s'ensuivit, 1695–1700|location=Brussels|language=fr|publisher=AAM éditions|year=1992|isbn=978-2-87143-079-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Culot|first1=Maurice|last2=Pirlot|first2=Anne-Marie|title=Bruxelles Art Nouveau|location=Brussels|language=fr|publisher=Archives d'Architecture Moderne|year=2005|isbn=978-2-87143-126-8}}
* {{cite journal|last=Charruadas|first=Paulo|title=La formation de Molenbeek : industrialisation et urbanisation|journal=Les Cahiers de la fonderie|volume=33|location=Brussels|language=fr|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|last=Demey|first=Thierry|title=Bruxelles, chronique d'une capitale en chantier|volume=I: Du voûtement de la Senne à la jonction Nord-Midi|location=Brussels|language=fr|publisher=Paul Legrain/CFC|year=1990|oclc=44643865}}
* {{cite book|last=Demey|first=Thierry|others=S. Strange (trans.)|title=Brussels, capital of Europe|location=Brussels|publisher=Badeaux|year=2007|isbn=978-2-9600414-6-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Demey|first=Thierry|title=Léopold II (1865-1909). La marque royale sur Bruxelles|location=Brussels|language=fr|publisher=Badeaux|year=2009|isbn=978-2-9600414-8-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Dumont|first=Georges-Henri|title=La Vie Quotidienne en Belgique sous la Règne de Léopold II (1856–1909)|edition=Rev.|location=Brussels|language=fr|publisher=Éd. Le Cri|year=1996|isbn=2-87106-173-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Duvergier|first=Jean-Baptiste|title=Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, t. 8|location=Paris|language=fr|publisher=A. Guyot et Scribe|year=1835|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEcUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA300|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331160521/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEcUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA300#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Eggericx|first=Laure|title=Les Boulevards du Centre|series=Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire|volume=20|location=Brussels|language=fr|publisher=Centre d'information, de Documentation et d'Etude du Patrimoine|year=1997|url=http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/les-boulevards-du-centre|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918021944/http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/les-boulevards-du-centre|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Galloy|first1=Denise|last2=Hayt|first2=Franz|title=La Belgique: des Tribus Gauloises à l'Etat Fédéral|year=2006|language=fr|publisher=De Boeck|location=Brussels|isbn=2-8041-5098-4|edition=5th}}
* {{cite book|last=Kirk|first=John Foster|title=History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy|chapter=The Last Battle|publisher=J.B. Lippincott &amp; Co.|location=Philadelphia|year=1868|isbn=978-0-665-33426-9|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historycharlesb03kirkgoog/page/n554}}
* {{cite book|last=Oudiette|first=Charles|title=Dictionnaire géographique et topographique des treize départements de la Belgique et de la rive gauche du Rhin|publisher=Imprimerie de Cramer|year=1804|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPw-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR13|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331160448/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPw-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR13#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Pirenne|first=Henri|author-link=Henri Pirenne|title=Histoire de Belgique|volume=VII: De la révolution de 1830 à la guerre de 1914|edition=2nd|language=fr|publisher=Maurice Lamertin|location=Brussels|year=1948}}
* {{cite book|last=Riché|first=Pierre|others=Michael Idomir Allen (trans.)|title=The Carolingians; A Family Who Forged Europe|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1983}}
* {{cite book|last1=Schroeder-Gudehus|first1=Brigitte|last2=Rasmussen|first2=Anne|title=Les fastes du progrès : le guide des expositions universelles 1851–1992|url=https://archive.org/details/lesfastesduprogr0000schr|location=Paris|language=fr|publisher=Flammarion|year=1992}}
* {{cite journal|last=Slatin|first=Sonia|title=Opera and Revolution: ''La Muette de Portici'' and the Belgian Revolution of 1830 Revisited|journal=Journal of Musicological Research|number=3|year=1979|volume=3|pages=45–62|doi=10.1080/01411897908574506}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=State|first=Paul F.|title=Historical dictionary of Brussels|article=Brusselization|volume=14|series=Historical dictionaries of cities of the world|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8108-5075-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LErne3-05qoC}}
* {{cite book|last=Stéphany|first=Pierre|title=La Belgique en cent coups d'oeil|publisher=Lanno Publishers|location=Tielt|year=2006|chapter=Bruxelles. La basilique de Koekelberg|isbn=2-87386-445-1|language=fr|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlzjlvYI4C&amp;pg=PA62|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331160449/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlzjlvYI4C&amp;pg=PA62#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stubbs|first1=John H.|last2=Makaš|first2=Emily G.|title=Architectural Conservation in Europe and the Americas|location=Hoboken, NJ|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-90099-4|chapter=Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands}}
* {{cite journal|last=Torrekens|first=Corinne|title=Concentration of Muslim populations and structure of Muslim associations in Brussels|journal=Brussels Studies|volume=4|location=Brussels|year=2007|url=https://journals.openedition.org/brussels/382|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926114549/https://journals.openedition.org/brussels/382|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Treffers-Daller|first=Jeanine|title=Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective|location=Berlin|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|year=1994|isbn=978-3-11-013837-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6ikOOwhKR4C|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202003050/https://books.google.com/books?id=o6ikOOwhKR4C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tribot|first1=Pierre-Jean|last2=Defawe|first2=Paul|title=Evere|location=Brussels|language=fr|publisher=CFC Éditions|year=2006|isbn=978-2-930018-62-1|oclc=800180427}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Tucker|editor-first1=Spencer C.|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/globalchronology0005unse|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara (CA)|year=2009|isbn=978-1-851-09667-1}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Van Meeteren|first1=Michiel|last2=Boussauw|first2=Kobe|last3=Derudder|first3=Ben|last4=Witlox|first4=Frank|title=Flemish Diamond or ABC-Axis? The spatial structure of the Belgian metropolitan area|journal=European Planning Studies|volume=24|location=Brussels|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis (Routledge)|year=2016|issue=5|pages=974–995|doi=10.1080/09654313.2016.1139058|bibcode=2016EurPS..24..974V |s2cid=155688762|url=http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/les-boulevards-du-centre|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918021944/http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/les-boulevards-du-centre|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Wasseige|first=Manoëlle|title=Le Quartier Royal|series=Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire|volume=15|location=Brussels|language=fr|publisher=Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale|year=1995|url=http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/le-quartier-royal|access-date=13 October 2022|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625082454/http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/le-quartier-royal|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Wolmar|first=Christian|author-link=Christian Wolmar|title=Blood, Iron &amp; Gold: How the Railways transformed the World|location=London|publisher=Grove Atlantic|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84887-171-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodirongoldhow0000wolm_n5b3}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Mardaga|1994}}|title=Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles|volume=1C: Pentagone N–Z|location=Liège|language=fr|publisher=Pierre Mardaga|year=1994|url=https://monument.heritage.brussels/files/cities/1000/documents/03-vol-c-fr-def_k.pdf|access-date=13 October 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013095753/https://monument.heritage.brussels/files/cities/1000/documents/03-vol-c-fr-def_k.pdf|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

[[Pubu:Lahabaya zaa]]</text>
      <sha1>md3czs9dq08lpf5j798w0jh9l7n655p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adventist girls senior high,Ntonso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147839</id>
      <parentid>147793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:34:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
        <id>23</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Corrected grammatical errors</comment>
      <origin>147839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="508" sha1="juhxjumtualm2c3hknxdo57n8temhrm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 

'''Adventist girls senior high''' din be Ntonso la nyɛla [[shikuru]] shɛli di m be tudu yaɣil' shɛli be ni booni [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti region]] la&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adventist Girls Senior High, Ntonso - School Details &amp; Programmes Offered|url=https://shsselect.com/schools/adventist-girls-senior-high-ntonso|access-date=2026-10-04|website=SHS Select|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Di nyɛla shikuru shɛli din nyɛ salo (public) shikuru. Di nyɛla shikuru shɛli di be pubu. 

== Kundivihira ==</text>
      <sha1>juhxjumtualm2c3hknxdo57n8temhrm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Quinine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147802</id>
      <parentid>147177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T18:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261008)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>147802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10436" sha1="4fkq38s573zvjd9ykvcp1laxt1umpek" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Quinine''' nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri [[Kpaɣiʒiɛɣu|kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro]] mini &quot;babesiosis&quot;. Lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tibiri kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro ka di nyɛ dɔro din gbahiri niriba di yi ti niŋ ka duunsi balishɛli yuli booni &quot;''Plasmodium falciparum&quot;'' dim niria, lala kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro ŋɔ nyɛla din ku tooi tibi ni tim yuli booni chloroquine di yi ti niŋ ka tim gba yuli booni artesunate kani.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quinine sulfate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/quinine-sulfate.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2020-02-20|access-date=2020-05-14|archive-date=2015-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205063338/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/quinine-sulfate.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205063338/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/quinine-sulfate.html |date=2015-12-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM|title=Artemether for severe malaria|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|pages=CD010678|date=June 2019|pmid=31210357|pmc=6580442|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saha shɛŋa ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban yuusiri li tibiri naba ni dɔroti amaa ka din niŋ kamaata n bala pirinla niri yi vali alaama shɛŋa din tooi tahiri na zuɣu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli niri ni tooi vali shɛli bee ka bɛ chibi li niŋ nira ʒisoli.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din bi tooi lahi tibiri kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro ŋɔ dunia yaɣa shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Quinine gba nyɛla din pahi binshɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ pahi mali kom yuli booni &quot;tonic water&quot; ka di pahibu maa daliri che ka di be laɣilaɣi .&lt;ref name=&quot;olmsted&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Olmsted|first=John|last2=Williams|first2=Gregory M.|title=Chemistry: The Molecular Science|date=1997|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-815-18450-8|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vnk6J8knKkC&amp;pg=PA137|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915152729/https://books.google.com/books?id=1vnk6J8knKkC&amp;pg=PA137|archive-date=15 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alaama shɛŋa din tooi beni niri yi vali tim ŋɔ ni nyɛ [[Zuɣu yaali taliga|zuɣuyaali]], [[Tinnitus|tibili puuni kumsim]], wahala ni nyabu, n ti pahi [[Wɔligu|waligu yibu]]. Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa pam shɛŋa nyɛ tikpirilim mini suhi tɔbu taɣibu.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yuusibu nyɛla di ni tooi che ka wuntaŋ di nira.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Lahabali nyɛla din bi yi polo wuhiri paɣapuulana yi yuusi tim ŋɔ din yɛn be o shɛm bee bilɛɣua maa shɛm amaa kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro gu ka taɣi ni paɣapuulana ni quinine nyɛla shɛba ni tooi buɣisiri shɛli bee sabiri shɛli n tira di yi to to kamaata.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Quinine nyɛla &quot;alkaloid&quot;, Naawuni binnamda ka bɛ zaŋ laɣim taba mali.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Di ni tooi tumdi tuma nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni bɛ neegi shɛli viɛnyɛla.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt;

Quinine nyɛla bɛ ni daa tuui yihi shɛli na yuuni 1820 ka di nyɛla tia yuli booni &quot;cinchona tree&quot; puuni ka bɛ daa yihi li na, tia maa yuli maa nyɛla din yina [[Peru]] balli ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Willcox|first=Merlin|date=28 June 2004|title=Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3lZiwsCZoYC&amp;pg=PA23|location=|publisher=CRC Press|page=231|isbn=9780203502327|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062718/https://books.google.com/books?id=L3lZiwsCZoYC&amp;pg=PA23|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cechinel-Filho|first=Valdir|title=Plant bioactives and drug discovery : principles, practice, and perspectives|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9780470582268|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhraBwhymOUC&amp;pg=PA2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073629/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhraBwhymOUC&amp;pg=PA2|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala tia ŋɔ nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali shɛli tibiri kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro tum yuuni 1632 ka di nyɛ binshɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ kpɛ Spain yuuni 1636 piligu, ban daa zaŋ li kpɛ ŋɔ nyɛ Jesuit missionaries ban daa yina New World.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Henry M.|last=Staines|first2=Sanjeev|last2=Krishna|title=Treatment and Prevention of Malaria : Antimalarial Drug Chemistry, Action and Use.|date=2011|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9783034604796|page=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNuY6tyyyrUC&amp;pg=PA45|access-date=2017-09-10|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222065956/https://books.google.com/books?id=cNuY6tyyyrUC&amp;pg=PA45|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quinine nyɛla din be World Health Organization's (WHO) tima din mali anfaani yuya puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ zaɣ'bɔbugu pam dabbu daa tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbiginsim ni nyɛla bin din gbaai kamani US$1.70 zaŋ chaŋ $3.40 zaŋ n-ti ninvuɣ yino tibu. United States tiŋgbani puuni, laɣa shɛli niri ni tooi zaŋ da tim ŋɔ zaɣ'bɔbugu nyɛla din gari $200.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Ʒilɛlini mini kaya ni taada ==
===Daa ===
Quinine nyɛla din ka liɣiri pam UK tiŋgbani,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitchings2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=196-197|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni ka di bin pihita ayi ka zaŋ n-ti 300mg quinine daa nyɛ [[NHS]] kamani  £5.&lt;ref name=BNF80&gt;{{cite book | title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|year=|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|page=655-656}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Di balibu shɛŋa din beni ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+'''Quinine base in various salts'''
!Yuli
!Quinine yaa ni nyɛ shɛm 
|-
|Quinine base
|100&amp;nbsp;mg
|-
|Quinine bisulfate
|169&amp;nbsp;mg
|-
|Quinine dihydrochloride
|122&amp;nbsp;mg
|-
|Quinine gluconate
|160&amp;nbsp;mg
|-
|Quinine hydrochloride
|111&amp;nbsp;mg
|-
|Quinine sulfate dihydrate [(quinine)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;∙2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O]
|121&amp;nbsp;mg
|}


== Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}}

==  karimbu pahi ==
* {{cite book|last=Schroeder-Lein|first=Glenna |title=The encyclopedia of Civil War medicine|year=2008|publisher=Sharpe, Inc.|location=Armonk, NY|isbn=|ref=none}}
* Hobhouse, Henry. ''Seeds of Change Six Plants that Transformed Mankind''. 2005. {{ISBN|1-59376-049-3}}.
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stockwell HR | year = 1982 | title = Aeromedical considerations of malaria prophylaxis with mefloquine hydrochloride | url = | journal = [[Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine]] | volume = 3 | issue = 10| pages = 1011–13 | title-link = malaria prophylaxis | pmid = 6983345 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wolff RS, Wirtschafter D, Adkinson C | title = Ocular quinine toxicity treated with hyperbaric oxygen | journal = Undersea &amp; Hyperbaric Medicine | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–4 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 9171472 | doi =  | url = http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2278 | ref = none | access-date = 2008-08-13 | archive-date = 2011-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811180033/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2278 | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811180033/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2278 |date=2011-08-11 }}
* {{cite book|last=Slater|first=Leo |title=War and disease : biomedical research on malaria in the twentieth century|url=https://archive.org/details/wardiseasebiomed0000slat|year=2009|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ|ref=none}}
* [http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1884hdlloyd.asp The Lords of Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019164406/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1884hdlloyd.asp |date=2012-10-19 }}, Modern History Sourcebook: Henry Demarest Lloyd: North American Review 331 (June 1884)
* {{cite book | vauthors=((World Health Organization)) | year=2015 | title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria, 3rd ed. | url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000worl | edition=3rd | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | hdl=10665/162441 | isbn=9789241549127 |ref=none}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim464.htm Quinine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419213717/http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim464.htm |date=2007-04-19 }} at the International Programme on Chemical Safety

{{drug resources
&lt;!--External links--&gt;
| NLM = {{PAGENAME}}
&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 130-95-0
| ATC_prefix = M09
| ATC_suffix = AA01
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|P01|BC01}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 15854
| PubChem = 8549
| IUPHAR_ligand = 2510
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00468
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 84989
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = A7V27PHC7A
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D08460
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 170
}}
{{Antimalarials|state=collapsed}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{RTT}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Pubu:Quinine| ]]
[[Pubu:Antimalarial agents]]
[[Pubu:Bitter compounds]]
[[Pubu:Hepatotoxins]]
[[Pubu:Phenol ethers]]
[[Pubu:Quinoline alkaloids]]
[[Category:Quinuclidine alkaloids]]
[[Pubu:Secondary alcohols]]
[[Pubu:Vinyl compounds]]
[[Pubu:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Pubu:RTT]]
[[azb:کوینین]]</text>
      <sha1>4fkq38s573zvjd9ykvcp1laxt1umpek</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naloxone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147806</id>
      <parentid>147157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T19:04:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261008)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>147806</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9428" sha1="j7ars9uyv5w83en4168h3f6ukt1z3ad" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Naloxone''', nyɛla bɛ ni kɔhiri ti'shɛli ni tima kɔhibu yuli booni '''Narcan''', di nyɛla ti'shɛli din niriba ni yuusira ka di guri ka taɣiri barina shɛli dindihilinli ni tahiri na. Di nyɛla niriba ni tooi yuusiri shɛli boori dindihinli.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Naloxone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Jan 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102115454/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=2015-01-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102115454/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/naloxone-hydrochloride.html |date=2015-01-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Naloxone lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi zaŋ laɣim ti'shɛŋa dabam ni n boogi ka &quot;opioid&quot; yuusi yaɣiyi.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Di yi niŋ ka bɛ yi ti nira tim ŋɔ o ʒisoli di nyɛla din piligiri tuma kamani minti dibaa ayi sunsuuni, yaha di yi niŋ ka di nyɛ biko ni ʒisoli zuɣu ka bɛ chibi tim ŋɔ niŋ di nyɛla din yɛn piligi tuma kamani minti dibaa anu sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Yaha, bɛ ni tooi lahi mihi tim ŋɔ niŋ nira nyee zuɣu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=James R.|title=Roberts and Hedges' clinical procedures in emergency medicine|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=London|isbn=9781455748594|page=476|edition=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slyLreFkHuIC&amp;pg=PA476|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=slyLreFkHuIC&amp;pg=PA476|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din zaŋdi kamani hawa pirigi zaŋ chaŋ hawa sunsuuni tumdi tuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bosack|first=Robert|title=Anesthesia Complications in the Dental Office|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118828625|page=191|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn51BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA191|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn51BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA191|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla bɛ ni chɛ ka bɛ vaani bee ka chibiri tim bushɛmshɛm dabisili ka di doli la bɛ dɔro maa yaa ni shɛm.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;

Tim ŋɔ valibu bee chibu nyɛla din mali alaamanima kamani &quot;opioid&quot; chɛbu, dɔbee, nee zaɣisibu, tiri kuɣibu, tiri tibu, suhi yomyom tɔbu n ti pahi [[wɔligu]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Niri yi yɛn gu ka taɣi lala alaamanima ŋɔ, shee la o kuli chibiri la lala tim ŋɔ saha bela bela hali ka din tɔ shɛm ti paai.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban pun mali suhi polo dɔroti bee yɛligola bee n vaani ti'shɛŋa din ka suhi ŋɔ alaafee nyɛla din tumdi shɛba barina. Di nyɛla din ka yɛlimɔɣisirili zaŋ n-ti paɣapuulana, din niŋ ka bɛ zaŋ tim ŋɔ ti paɣapulana shɛba ka bɛ vali bee chibi nyaaŋa. Naloxone nyɛla din tibiri &quot;opioid&quot; dɔroti balibu kam ka bi yihiri shɛli kɔŋko tibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-Naloxone pharmacology&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din tumda ka labiri teeri ʒisoli shɛŋa din gurim ka ʒim bi tooi lahi zɔri maa n ti pahi nyɔŋinni dɔra shɛŋa din daliri nyɛ &quot;opioids&quot;.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;

Naloxone nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1961 amaa ka bɛ daa saɣi n ti di zaŋ tibi &quot;opioid&quot; yuusi yaɣiya United States tiŋgbani ni yuuni 1971. Di nyɛla din be World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaani pam yuya puuni  .&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naloxone nyɛla din beni n tibiri dɔrati pam. Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbingimsim ni, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni dari shɛli bin din gbaai kamani $0.50 mini $5.30 sunsuuni di yim zaŋ tum tuma. Tim ŋɔ yim chibu nyɛla din ka daa pam ka bɛ kɔhiri kamani  ( $25 zaŋ sirigi) United States tiŋgbani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2014 classic shirt-pocket edition|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Sudbury|isbn=9781284053982|page=174|edition=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0KFAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA174|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140357/https://books.google.com/books?id=y0KFAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA174|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bin din gbaai yuuni 2020, tim ŋɔ buyi chibu daa nyɛla din daa yiɣisi $178 Silimiin tiŋ yuli booni United State. Yuuni 2018 daa zaŋ n-ti NHS tiŋgbani yuli booni United Kingdom daa nyɛla kamani £5 zaŋ n-ti yim chibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join/page/1260 1260]|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Australia tiŋgbani, nira yi chaŋ tim ŋɔ dabu ka bɛ gbi gbaŋ din wuhiri ni bɛ sabilimi ti a bɛ nyɛla ban kɔhiri li AU$20 yim chibu; ninvuɣ shɛba bɛ ni sabi n ti mi nyɛla ba ni tooi dali tim ŋɔ bunu chibu kamani  AU$40 ka di wuhiri ni yim chibu nyɛla dola zaɣ'yini.

==Lihimi m pahi ==
* [[Buprenorphine/naloxone]]
* [[Oxycodone/naloxone]]

== Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{drug resources
&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| PDB_ligand = 
| DrugBank = DB01183
| UNII = 36B82AMQ7N
| ATCvet = 
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ATC_supplemental = &lt;br/&gt;{{ATC|V03|AB15}}
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4447644
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| IUPHAR_ligand = 1638
| ATC_prefix = A06
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| NIAID_ChemDB = 
| ATC_suffix = AH04
| KEGG = D08249
| CAS_supplemental = 
| ChEBI = 7459
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| CAS_number = 465-65-6
| ChEMBL = 80
| PubChem = 5284596
}}
* {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/465-65-6 | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Naloxone | access-date = 2020-05-13 | archive-date = 2020-08-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200804080442/https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/465-65-6 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804080442/https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/465-65-6 |date=2020-08-04 }}
* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/antidote/antidote/ant01.htm Report on Naloxone and other opiate antidotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031215213521/http://inchem.org/documents/antidote/antidote/ant01.htm |date=2003-12-15 }}, by the International Programme on Chemical Safety
* [https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/naloxone What Is Naloxone? via Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration| SAMHSA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084358/https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/naloxone |date=2017-12-12 }} 
* [http://www.pdaps.org/datasets/laws-regulating-administration-of-naloxone-1501695139 Naloxone Overdose Prevention Laws | PDAPS.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405162750/http://pdaps.org/datasets/laws-regulating-administration-of-naloxone-1501695139 |date=2020-04-05 }}
* {{cite web | title=Naloxone Nasal Spray | website=MedlinePlus | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a616003.html | access-date=2020-05-13 | archive-date=2020-04-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430052515/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a616003.html | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430052515/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a616003.html |date=2020-04-30 }}
* {{cite web | title=FDA recommends health care professionals discuss naloxone with all patients when prescribing opioid pain relievers or medicines to treat opioid use disorder | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=23 July 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-health-care-professionals-discuss-naloxone-all-patients-when-prescribing-opioid-pain | access-date=24 July 2020 | archive-date=24 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724033618/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-health-care-professionals-discuss-naloxone-all-patients-when-prescribing-opioid-pain | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724033618/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-health-care-professionals-discuss-naloxone-all-patients-when-prescribing-opioid-pain |date=24 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Antidotes}}
{{Opioid receptor modulators}}
{{Sigma receptor modulators}}
{{RTT}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Pubu:Tertiary alcohols]]
[[Pubu:Allyl compounds]]
[[Pubu:Antidotes]]
[[Pubu:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]]
[[Pubu:GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators]]
[[Pubu:Kappa antagonists]]
[[Pubu:Ketones]]
[[Pubu:Morphinans]]
[[Pubu:Opioid antagonists]]
[[Pubu:Phenol ethers]]
[[Pubu:Sigma antagonists]]
[[Pubu:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Pubu:RTT]]</text>
      <sha1>j7ars9uyv5w83en4168h3f6ukt1z3ad</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cefalexin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147804</id>
      <parentid>147221</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T18:57:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>118</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261008)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>147804</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14363" sha1="7e3twpxnkhy7ce8hpwejyzco0u6m62t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Cefalexin''', shɛba nyɛla ban sabiri li '''cephalexin''', saha shɛŋa bɛ nyɛla ban kɔhiri li ni tima kɔhibu yuli booni '''Keflex''' ni din kam pahi, di nyɛla tupaya balishɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cephalexin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cephalexin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Apr 21, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501202910/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/cephalexin.html|archive-date=2014-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri dɔra shɛŋa din gbahi salo ka di daliri nyɛla binneebihi bɛ ni ka ku tooi nya ni ninsali ninbihi ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;, lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ [[Otitis media|tibili dɔrati]], kɔba mini tuɣa shɛhi dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati n ti pahi dulim dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla tishɛli nira ni tooi lahi zaŋ tibi dɔrati balibu kamani sapirigu, lɔŋ ni dɔrati n ti pahi lala binnɛbihi ŋɔ ni puuni dɔra shɛŋa zaa na.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Cefalexin nyɛla tim din tooi tibiri dɔra shɛŋa din daliri nyɛ methicillin-resistant &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOQ&quot;&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (MRSA), &quot;''Enterococcus&quot;'', bee &quot;''Pseudomonas&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Kamani tupaya balishɛŋa din gba beni, di ku tooi tibi binneebihi dabam yuli booni &quot;viral infections&quot; ka bɛ tooi tahiri dɔrati kamani fiɣufiɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban kpaɣu jɛ tim yuli booni penicillin bela nyɛla ban ni tooi yuusi li; amaa di bi niŋ ka kamaata zaŋ n ti ninvuɣ so ŋu kpaɣu jɛ penicillin ŋɔ pam ni o yuusi tim maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;

Alaama shɛŋa nira ni tooi nyara di yi niŋ ka o vali tim ŋɔ naai nyaaŋa nyɛ puuni biɛrim mini [[binsaa]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di yi niŋ ka nira kpaɣu yi zaɣisi tim ŋɔ ni &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwWA&quot;&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka ŋun vali tim ŋɔ nyɛri binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din ka barina shɛli zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu di yi niŋ ka paɣapuulana bee paɣa dɔɣasu ŋun mɔɣasiri bilɛɣu bihim yi vali tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TGA2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Breast2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Breastfeeding and Medication|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136178153|page=227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8lbCnF1mgC&amp;pg=PA227|last=Wendy Jones|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135050/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8lbCnF1mgC&amp;pg=PA227|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bihi mini ninvuɣ shɛba ban gari yuun pihiyobu ni anu nyɛla ba ni tooi yuusi tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali yaannini yɛlimɔɣusira bee dɔrati nyɛla ban tɔ ni bɛ boogi di valibu kalinli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Cefalexin nyɛla tupya balishɛli ka nyɛ din be di tuuli &quot;cephalosporins&quot; tima malibu ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din kura &quot;gram-positive&quot; mini &quot;gram-negative&quot; binneenbihi shɛŋa ka di nyɛla di wurindi la gbaŋ shɛli din gili lala binneebihi ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din tumdi kamani ti'shɛŋa din nyɛ tupaya ka be lala pubu ŋɔ ni, tim ŋɔ nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi amaa ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi vali shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brunton2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Brunton|first=Laurence L.|title=Goodman &amp; Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics.|url=https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansph0000unse_z2e0|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0071624428|edition=12th|chapter=53, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Other β-Lactam Antibiotics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cefalexin nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali yuuni 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hey2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Hey|editor-first=Edmund|title=Neonatal formulary 5 drug use in pregnancy and the first year of life|date=2007|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=9780470750353|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aumIBqHmChwC&amp;pg=PA67|edition=5th|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135050/https://books.google.com/books?id=aumIBqHmChwC&amp;pg=PA67|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla bɛ ni daa tuui kɔhi shɛli yuuni 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;McP2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=McPherson|first=Edwin M.|title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia.|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=9780815518563|page=915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA915|edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA915|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ravina|first=Enrique|title=The evolution of drug discovery : from traditional medicines to modern drugs|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|isbn=9783527326693|page=267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&amp;pg=PA267|edition=1. Aufl.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&amp;pg=PA267|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla din di yi ka liɣiri pam.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hanlon|first=Geoffrey|title=Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science|date=2012|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118432433|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4Ucifn76PUC&amp;pg=PT140|last2=Hodges, Norman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4Ucifn76PUC&amp;pg=PT140|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din be World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaanima yuya puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuuni 2017, di nyɛla din daa dɔni kɔbigi ni ayi ti'shɛŋa bɛ ni sabi zaŋ n ti niriba ni bɛ da pam United States ni sabibu bee buɣisi din daa gari miliyɔŋ dibaa ayopɔin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cephalexin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cephalexin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620032324/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cephalexin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Canada tiŋgbani ni,  di nyɛla din daa dɔni bunu zuɣu tupaya ti'shɛŋa bɛ ni yuusi pam yuuni 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/aspc-phac/HP37-20-2013-eng.pdf|title=Human Antimicrobial Drug Use Report 2012/2013|date=November 2014|access-date=February 24, 2015|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321041930/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/aspc-phac/HP37-20-2013-eng.pdf|archive-date=March 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Australia tiŋgbani, di nyɛla din be tima pinaanu shɛŋa bɛ ni tooi sabiri n tiri barinima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Australia's Health 2012: The Thirteenth Biennial Health Report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|date=2012|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|isbn=9781742493053|page=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CazE2WqNBEC&amp;pg=PT424|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CazE2WqNBEC&amp;pg=PT424|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ʒilɛlini mini kaya ni taada ==
Di nyɛla din be WHO ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaninima yuya puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot; /&gt; World Health Organization nyɛla ban pu cefalexin pahi ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaani pam zaŋ n ti ninsalinima .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors=((World Health Organization)) | year=2019 | title=Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine | edition=6th revision |  author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | hdl=10665/312266 | id=License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | isbn=9789241515528 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Yuya ===
Cefalexin nyɛla [[International nonproprietary name|International Nonproprietary Name]] (INN) mini [[Australian Approved Name]] (AAN) ka cephalexin mi nyɛ [[British Approved Name]] (BAN) mini [[United States Adopted Name]] (USAN). Bɛ ni tooi kɔhiri cefalexin ni yuli shɛŋa nyɛ Keflex, Acfex, Cephalex, Ceporex, L-Xahl, Medoxine, Ospexinn ti pahi Torlasporin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Cefalexin International | website=Drugs.com | date=3 February 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/international/cefalexin.html | access-date=8 February 2020 | archive-date=29 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529145832/http://www.drugs.com/international/cefalexin.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Daa ===
Cefalexin nyɛla din di yi ka liɣiri pam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cephalexin Generic Keftab, Keflex, Keflet |url=https://www.goodrx.com/cephalexin |website=GoodRx |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330043943/https://www.goodrx.com/cephalexin |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabaa ayopɔin cefalexin valibu nyɛla din daa yiɣisi kamani {{CAD|25}} tiŋgbani yuli booni Canada yuuni 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Price Comparison of Commonly Prescribed Pharmaceuticals in Alberta 2014 |url=https://www.acfp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ACFPPricingDoc2014.pdf |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203050742/https://www.acfp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ACFPPricingDoc2014.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ zaɣ'bɔbugu dabu nyɛla din yiɣisi kamani {{CAD|4.76}} bin din gbaai yuuni 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Online Formulary 2019 |url=http://formulary.drugplan.health.gov.sk.ca/SearchFormulary/BG/562880 |website=formulary.drugplan.health.gov.sk.ca |access-date=25 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  United States tiŋgbani ni, niraba nyɛla ban dari tim ŋɔ kamani {{US$|20.96}} bin din gbaai yuuni 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cephalexin Prices, Coupons &amp; Patient Assistance Programs |url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/cephalexin |website=Drugs.com |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717170645/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/cephalexin |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia tiŋgbani, tim ŋɔ zaŋ n tibi nira nyɛla din daa yiɣisi bin din gbaai {{AUD|12}} zaŋ chaŋ {{AUD|26.77}} bin din gbaai yuuni 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Health |first1=Australian Government Department of |title=Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) {{!}} |url=http://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/3119E |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123042026/http://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/3119E |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  United Kingdom tiŋgbani, salo nyɛla ban dari tim ŋɔ liɣiri din yiɣisi £9.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=How much is the NHS prescription charge?|url=https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/nhs-services-and-treatments/how-much-nhs-prescription-charge/|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202115445/https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/nhs-services-and-treatments/how-much-nhs-prescription-charge/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ zaɣ'bɔbugu dabu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbingimsim nyɛla din yiɣisi  {{US$|2.18}} bin din gbaai yuuni 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Search Results By Name |url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/search-results-by-name-2/?searchYear=2015&amp;searchString=Cefalexin&amp;searchType=Name |website=The International Medical Products Price Guide |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828023750/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/search-results-by-name-2/?searchYear=2015&amp;searchString=Cefalexin&amp;searchType=Name |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;250px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Cephalexin costs (DrugStats).svg|Cephalexin costs (US)
File:Cephalexin prescriptions (DrugStats).svg|Cephalexin prescriptions (US)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Taarihi ==
Di byɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa tuui kɔhi yuuni 1969 mini yuuni 1970 ni tima kɔhibu yuya booni Keflex mini Ceporex.&lt;ref name=McP2007/&gt;

==Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/15686-71-2 | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Cephalexin | access-date = 2020-02-07 | archive-date = 2020-02-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200207073038/https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/rn/15686-71-2 | url-status = live }}

{{drug resources
&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| IUPHAR_ligand = 4832
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 15686-71-2
| ATC_prefix = J01
| ATC_suffix = DB01
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATCvet|J51|DB01}}
| PubChem = 2666
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00567
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 25541
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 5SFF1W6677
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00263
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 3534
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1727
}}

{{Cell wall disruptive antibiotics}}
{{RTT}}
[[Category:1967 introductions]]
[[Category:Cephalosporin antibiotics]]
[[Category:Eli Lilly and Company brands]]
[[Category:Enantiopure drugs]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:RTT]]
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7e3twpxnkhy7ce8hpwejyzco0u6m62t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phenobarbital</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147807</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T08:57:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504309|Phenobarbital]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>147807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16167" sha1="8yo1y6iwzrfm670qixdogztu2yjxemc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=464200457|image=Phenobarbital2DACS.svg|width=120px|alt=2D chemical structure of phenobarbital|image2=Phenobarbital ball-and-stick.png|alt2=3D ball-and-stick model of phenobarbital

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Luminal, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Barbiturate]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_US=D|routes_of_administration=By mouth (PO), rectal (PR), by injection ([[intramuscular injection|IM]], [[intravenous therapy|IV]])|onset=Within 5 min (IV) and 30 min (PO)&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;|duration_of_action=4 hrs&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; to 2 days&lt;ref name=Marx2010 /&gt;|dependency_liability=Low&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bassert|first1=Joanna M.|title=McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians - E-Book|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323496407|page=955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ARODgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA955|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=2020-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818212643/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ARODgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA955|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|phenobarbital}}|MedlinePlus=a682007

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Schedule IV|legal_DE=Rx-only/Anlage III|legal_UK=Class B|legal_US=Schedule IV

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=&gt;95%|protein_bound=20 to 45%|metabolism=[[Liver]] (mostly [[CYP2C19]])|elimination_half-life=53 to 118 hours|excretion=[[Kidney]] and fecal

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=12|H=12|N=2|O=3|SMILES=O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1(c2ccccc2)CC|StdInChI=1S/C12H12N2O3/c1-2-12(8-6-4-3-5-7-8)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h3-7H,2H2,1H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|drug_name=Phenobarbital}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Phenobarbital&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Phenobarbital&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Phenobarbital2DACS.svg|alt=2D chemical structure of phenobarbital|class=dark_mode_safe|175x175px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Phenobarbital_ball-and-stick.png|alt=3D ball-and-stick model of phenobarbital|class=dark_mode_safe|120x120px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Clinical data
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature|Trade names]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Luminal, others
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html Monograph]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[MedlinePlus]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682007.html a682007]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;category]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist &quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Australia&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;AU&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;D

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Dependence&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;liability
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Low
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Routes of&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;administration
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |By mouth (PO), rectal (PR), by injection (IM, IV)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Drug class
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Barbiturate&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Legal status
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Legal status
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist &quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Australia&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;AU&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;S4 (Prescription only)
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Canada&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CA&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&amp;#x20;Schedule IV
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Germany&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;DE&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&amp;#x20;Prescription only (Anlage III for higher doses)
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United Kingdom&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Class B
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Schedule IV
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Pharmacokinetic data
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Bioavailability
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&gt;95%
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Protein binding
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |20 to 45%
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Metabolism
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Liver (mostly CYP2C19)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Onset of action
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Within 5 min (IV) and 30 min (PO)&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Elimination &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;half-life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |53 to 118 hours
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Duration of action
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |4 hrs&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; to 2 days&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Excretion
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kidney and fecal
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Identifiers
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;IUPAC name&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;(&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5021122 DTXSID5021122] [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407241#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.007 100.000.007] [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407241#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Chemical and physical data
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Formula
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Molar mass
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;232.239&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;g·mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |3D model (JSmol)
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1NC%28%3DO%29NC%28%3DO%29C1%28c2ccccc2%29CC Interactive image]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;SMILES&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1(c2ccccc2)CC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C12H12N2O3/c1-2-12(8-6-4-3-5-7-8)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h3-7H,2H2,1H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=464200457&amp;page2=Phenobarbital (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Phenobarbital''', also known as '''phenobarbitone''' or '''phenobarb''', is a medication of the barbiturate type.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is recommended for the treatment of certain types of epilepsy in developing countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the developed world, it is commonly used to treat seizures in young children,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; while other medications are generally used in older children and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It may be used intravenously, injected into a muscle, or taken by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; The injectable form may be used to treat status epilepticus.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital is occasionally used to treat trouble sleeping, anxiety, and drug withdrawal and to help with surgery.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It usually begins working within five minutes when used intravenously and half an hour when administered by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Its effects last for between four hours and two days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot; /&gt;

Side effects include a decreased level of consciousness along with a decreased effort to breathe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; There is concern about both [[Substance abuse|abuse]] and withdrawal following long-term use.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It may also increase the risk of [[suicide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; If used during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]] it may result in drowsiness in the baby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8yo1y6iwzrfm670qixdogztu2yjxemc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147808</id>
      <parentid>147807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6390" sha1="16tzcgdb01jevsbhpeedga8vu9kf4cr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;'''Phenobarbital''', also known as '''phenobarbitone''' or '''phenobarb''', is a medication of the barbiturate type.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; It is recommended for the treatment of certain types of epilepsy in developing countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the developed world, it is commonly used to treat seizures in young children,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; while other medications are generally used in older children and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It may be used intravenously, injected into a muscle, or taken by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; The injectable form may be used to treat status epilepticus.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital is occasionally used to treat trouble sleeping, anxiety, and drug withdrawal and to help with surgery.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It usually begins working within five minutes when used intravenously and half an hour when administered by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Its effects last for between four hours and two days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects include a decreased level of consciousness along with a decreased effort to breathe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; There is concern about both [[Substance abuse|abuse]] and withdrawal following long-term use.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It may also increase the risk of [[suicide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; If used during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]] it may result in drowsiness in the baby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>16tzcgdb01jevsbhpeedga8vu9kf4cr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147809</id>
      <parentid>147808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6389" sha1="ntcjjybtw0zoixfripe3zx6lwwnjiyl" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; It is recommended for the treatment of certain types of epilepsy in developing countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the developed world, it is commonly used to treat seizures in young children,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; while other medications are generally used in older children and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It may be used intravenously, injected into a muscle, or taken by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; The injectable form may be used to treat status epilepticus.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital is occasionally used to treat trouble sleeping, anxiety, and drug withdrawal and to help with surgery.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It usually begins working within five minutes when used intravenously and half an hour when administered by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Its effects last for between four hours and two days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects include a decreased level of consciousness along with a decreased effort to breathe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; There is concern about both [[Substance abuse|abuse]] and withdrawal following long-term use.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It may also increase the risk of [[suicide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; If used during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]] it may result in drowsiness in the baby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ntcjjybtw0zoixfripe3zx6lwwnjiyl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147810</id>
      <parentid>147809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:12:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6494" sha1="9djczxhy9u388f5tvs5wk1wl6h69l0g" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; while other medications are generally used in older children and adults.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It may be used intravenously, injected into a muscle, or taken by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; The injectable form may be used to treat status epilepticus.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital is occasionally used to treat trouble sleeping, anxiety, and drug withdrawal and to help with surgery.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It usually begins working within five minutes when used intravenously and half an hour when administered by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Its effects last for between four hours and two days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects include a decreased level of consciousness along with a decreased effort to breathe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; There is concern about both [[Substance abuse|abuse]] and withdrawal following long-term use.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It may also increase the risk of [[suicide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; If used during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]] it may result in drowsiness in the baby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9djczxhy9u388f5tvs5wk1wl6h69l0g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147811</id>
      <parentid>147810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:19:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6594" sha1="auaqgbh6nvpxffw3u7mlm85tpjedot4" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It usually begins working within five minutes when used intravenously and half an hour when administered by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Its effects last for between four hours and two days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects include a decreased level of consciousness along with a decreased effort to breathe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; There is concern about both [[Substance abuse|abuse]] and withdrawal following long-term use.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It may also increase the risk of [[suicide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; If used during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]] it may result in drowsiness in the baby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>auaqgbh6nvpxffw3u7mlm85tpjedot4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147812</id>
      <parentid>147811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:22:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6654" sha1="t5552ovkxkxu9o2carmkihay3lsy6qa" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects include a decreased level of consciousness along with a decreased effort to breathe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; There is concern about both [[Substance abuse|abuse]] and withdrawal following long-term use.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It may also increase the risk of [[suicide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; If used during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]] it may result in drowsiness in the baby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>t5552ovkxkxu9o2carmkihay3lsy6qa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147813</id>
      <parentid>147812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:28:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6809" sha1="py02tzujk58mbgkhkbwypw89f3qlggu" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; If used during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]] it may result in drowsiness in the baby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>py02tzujk58mbgkhkbwypw89f3qlggu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147815</id>
      <parentid>147813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:29:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* References */ Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6810" sha1="7ldrgwt2bp70qi03cya5yabxr5jl0f0" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; If used during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]] it may result in drowsiness in the baby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7ldrgwt2bp70qi03cya5yabxr5jl0f0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147816</id>
      <parentid>147815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:32:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6868" sha1="ceh3t508qrivt0wteepqtv5ieaqaoi7" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Paɣa yi mali puu ka vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; Paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bia bihim yi vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din chɛri ka bilɛɣu maa kpihiri yiriŋyiriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; A lower dose is recommended in those with poor liver or kidney function, as well as elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, like other barbiturates works by increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ceh3t508qrivt0wteepqtv5ieaqaoi7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147817</id>
      <parentid>147816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:37:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6940" sha1="90bdv02lpmxv1nicqqhueb5b7c5zk53" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Paɣa yi mali puu ka vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; Paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bia bihim yi vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din chɛri ka bilɛɣu maa kpihiri yiriŋyiriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ bela valibu bee chibu nyɛla binshɛli alaafee tuma yilinima ni yu ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali sabili dɔru bee yaanina dɔru niŋ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, kamani ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi nyɛla din tumdi tuma ka gbaari binshɛŋa din chɛ ka ʒim bi tooi zɔri dɔli ʒisoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital was discovered in 1912 and is the oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>90bdv02lpmxv1nicqqhueb5b7c5zk53</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147818</id>
      <parentid>147817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:41:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147818</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7006" sha1="gvg0num2kj2h1s2v59n5oz2k2ufzz1w" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Paɣa yi mali puu ka vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; Paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bia bihim yi vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din chɛri ka bilɛɣu maa kpihiri yiriŋyiriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ bela valibu bee chibu nyɛla binshɛli alaafee tuma yilinima ni yu ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali sabili dɔru bee yaanina dɔru niŋ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, kamani ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi nyɛla din tumdi tuma ka gbaari binshɛŋa din chɛ ka ʒim bi tooi zɔri dɔli ʒisoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali yuuni 1912 ka dizuɣu chɛ ka di leei ti'kuri shɛli bɛ ni na mali tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔru&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaninima pam yuya puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the least expensive anti-seizure medication at around US$5 a year in the developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>gvg0num2kj2h1s2v59n5oz2k2ufzz1w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147819</id>
      <parentid>147818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:43:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7072" sha1="6qninyomk7uhqh5hs8to52gssz90htk" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Paɣa yi mali puu ka vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; Paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bia bihim yi vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din chɛri ka bilɛɣu maa kpihiri yiriŋyiriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ bela valibu bee chibu nyɛla binshɛli alaafee tuma yilinima ni yu ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali sabili dɔru bee yaanina dɔru niŋ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, kamani ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi nyɛla din tumdi tuma ka gbaari binshɛŋa din chɛ ka ʒim bi tooi zɔri dɔli ʒisoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali yuuni 1912 ka dizuɣu chɛ ka di leei ti'kuri shɛli bɛ ni na mali tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔru&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaninima pam yuya puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di ni nyɛ ti'shɛli din ka liɣiri ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔrati puuni ka bɛ tooi dari li kamani US$5 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt; In the United States it generally costs less than 20 USD per month as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Access, however, may be difficult as some countries label it as a controlled drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>6qninyomk7uhqh5hs8to52gssz90htk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147820</id>
      <parentid>147819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:51:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7248" sha1="hv0k7133qds5whd3zgt3i0285pci9o2" xml:space="preserve">'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Paɣa yi mali puu ka vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; Paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bia bihim yi vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din chɛri ka bilɛɣu maa kpihiri yiriŋyiriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ bela valibu bee chibu nyɛla binshɛli alaafee tuma yilinima ni yu ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali sabili dɔru bee yaanina dɔru niŋ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, kamani ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi nyɛla din tumdi tuma ka gbaari binshɛŋa din chɛ ka ʒim bi tooi zɔri dɔli ʒisoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali yuuni 1912 ka dizuɣu chɛ ka di leei ti'kuri shɛli bɛ ni na mali tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔru&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaninima pam yuya puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di ni nyɛ ti'shɛli din ka liɣiri ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔrati puuni ka bɛ tooi dari li kamani US$5 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt;  United States tiŋgbani, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni dari shɛli ka di bi paai liɣiri din yiɣisi 20 USD goli puuni bin din gbaai yuuni 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyabu nyɛla di niŋdi tum saha shɛŋa pirinla tiŋgbani shɛŋa nyɛla ban zaligu zaɣasi tim ŋɔ pirinla bɛ niriba nyɛla ban ni tooi yuusi li din di bi to ni bɛ yuusi li shɛm zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>hv0k7133qds5whd3zgt3i0285pci9o2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147821</id>
      <parentid>147820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:51:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added databox</comment>
      <origin>147821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7260" sha1="3vtfw4pgnbmx3at6yjxtkgqty72ciff" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Paɣa yi mali puu ka vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; Paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bia bihim yi vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din chɛri ka bilɛɣu maa kpihiri yiriŋyiriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ bela valibu bee chibu nyɛla binshɛli alaafee tuma yilinima ni yu ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali sabili dɔru bee yaanina dɔru niŋ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, kamani ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi nyɛla din tumdi tuma ka gbaari binshɛŋa din chɛ ka ʒim bi tooi zɔri dɔli ʒisoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali yuuni 1912 ka dizuɣu chɛ ka di leei ti'kuri shɛli bɛ ni na mali tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔru&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaninima pam yuya puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di ni nyɛ ti'shɛli din ka liɣiri ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔrati puuni ka bɛ tooi dari li kamani US$5 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt;  United States tiŋgbani, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni dari shɛli ka di bi paai liɣiri din yiɣisi 20 USD goli puuni bin din gbaai yuuni 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyabu nyɛla di niŋdi tum saha shɛŋa pirinla tiŋgbani shɛŋa nyɛla ban zaligu zaɣasi tim ŋɔ pirinla bɛ niriba nyɛla ban ni tooi yuusi li din di bi to ni bɛ yuusi li shɛm zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>3vtfw4pgnbmx3at6yjxtkgqty72ciff</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147822</id>
      <parentid>147821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8390" sha1="pnw5x66dzb4d7n1tagjoa4pnhp099it" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Paɣa yi mali puu ka vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; Paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bia bihim yi vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din chɛri ka bilɛɣu maa kpihiri yiriŋyiriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ bela valibu bee chibu nyɛla binshɛli alaafee tuma yilinima ni yu ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali sabili dɔru bee yaanina dɔru niŋ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, kamani ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi nyɛla din tumdi tuma ka gbaari binshɛŋa din chɛ ka ʒim bi tooi zɔri dɔli ʒisoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali yuuni 1912 ka dizuɣu chɛ ka di leei ti'kuri shɛli bɛ ni na mali tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔru&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaninima pam yuya puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di ni nyɛ ti'shɛli din ka liɣiri ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔrati puuni ka bɛ tooi dari li kamani US$5 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt;  United States tiŋgbani, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni dari shɛli ka di bi paai liɣiri din yiɣisi 20 USD goli puuni bin din gbaai yuuni 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyabu nyɛla di niŋdi tum saha shɛŋa pirinla tiŋgbani shɛŋa nyɛla ban zaligu zaɣasi tim ŋɔ pirinla bɛ niriba nyɛla ban ni tooi yuusi li din di bi to ni bɛ yuusi li shɛm zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{drug resources
&lt;!--External links--&gt;
| NLM = {{PAGENAME}}
&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| ATC_prefix = N03
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4599
| DrugBank = DB01174
| ATC_suffix = AA02
| UNII = YQE403BP4D
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 8069
| KEGG = D00506
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| CAS_number = 50-06-6
| IUPHAR_ligand = 2804
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| PubChem = 4763
| ChEMBL = 40
}}
{{Anticonvulsants}}
{{Hypnotics and sedatives}}
{{Navboxes
| title = [[Pharmacodynamics]]
| titlestyle = background:#ccccff
| list1 = 
{{GABAA receptor positive modulators}}
{{Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}
{{Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators}}
}}
{{RTT}}
[[Pubu:Barbiturates]]
[[Pubu:Anxiolytics]]
[[Pubu:Hypnotics]]
[[Pubu:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Pubu:IARC Group 2B carcinogens]]
[[Pubu:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]]
[[Pubu:Bayer brands]]
[[Pubu:RTT]]
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>pnw5x66dzb4d7n1tagjoa4pnhp099it</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147823</id>
      <parentid>147822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* References */ Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8391" sha1="b3m0bovk9f2f39ig6vslri5nk1i6ogh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Phenobarbital''', nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli '''phenobarbitone''' bee '''phenobarb''', di nyɛla tim din tibiri zuɣu polo, yaankɔbu dɔɣu dɔrati.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Aug 14, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225702/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=2015-09-06}} &lt;/ref&gt; Di lahi nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni tooi mali tibiri kpilinkpihi balibu tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ila2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ilangaratne|first=NB|last2=Mannakkara, NN|last3=Bell, GS|last4=Sander, JW|title=Phenobarbital: missing in action.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Dec 1, 2012|volume=90|issue=12|pages=871–871A|pmid=23284189|doi=10.2471/BLT.12.113183|pmc=3524964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pun nya lɛbigimsim ni, lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli tibiri bihi ban na bɛ bi balaga biɛrim din daliri nyɛ kpilinkpihi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brodie|first=MJ|last2=Kwan|first2=P|title=Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.|journal=Epilepsia|date=December 2012|volume=53 Suppl 8|pages=40–6|pmid=23205961|doi=10.1111/epi.12027}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ti'shɛŋa dabam mi nyɛ bɛ ni mali shɛli tibiri zaɣ'polo mini ninkura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]|website=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|date=January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli nira ni tooi chibi dɔlisi ʒisoli bee n vali o noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ balishɛli din chibiri maa nyɛla din mali tibiri kpilinkpihi ŋɔ balishɛŋa koŋko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital nyɛla tim ka bɛ tooi yuusiri di yi ti niŋ ka nira gom kpihibu niŋ tum, wumsim gbaai nira, n ti pahi bɛ yi yɛn niŋ nira apolasa ka jɛ ni o nya biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tooi piligiri tuma minti dibaa anu nyaaŋa nira yi chibi li bee awa pirigili nyaaŋa di yi niŋmi ka nira vali li p noli ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din zaŋdi bin din gbaai awa dibaa anahi zaŋ chaŋ dabaa ayi tumdi tuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A.|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-05472-0|page=1352|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025648/https://books.google.ca/books?id=u7TNcpCeqx8C&amp;pg=PA1352|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi chani ni alama shɛŋa n nyɛ nira ʒiya ka bi mi o ni bɔra binshɛɣu n ti pahi ninsali vuhim boobu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Lahabaya nyɛla din yina zaŋ jandi tim ŋɔ [[Substance abuse|yiriŋ valibu]] mini tim ŋɔ chɛbu di yi niŋ ka di chɛbu saha na bi paai, di nyɛla din mali barina saha waɣala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bee chibu gba nyɛla di ni tooi chɛ ka nira [[suicide|yili o maŋ mia]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Paɣa yi mali puu ka vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ n ti bilɛɣu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt; Paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bia bihim yi vali bee chibi tim ŋɔ di nyɛla din chɛri ka bilɛɣu maa kpihiri yiriŋyiriŋ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|access-date=14 August 2015|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025935/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/phenobarbital.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ bela valibu bee chibu nyɛla binshɛli alaafee tuma yilinima ni yu ni ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali sabili dɔru bee yaanina dɔru niŋ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Phenobarbital, kamani ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi nyɛla din tumdi tuma ka gbaari binshɛŋa din chɛ ka ʒim bi tooi zɔri dɔli ʒisoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Phenobarbital nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali yuuni 1912 ka dizuɣu chɛ ka di leei ti'kuri shɛli bɛ ni na mali tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔru&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevens|first=George M. Brenner, Craig W.|title=Pharmacology|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0278-7|page=204|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904150548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd39SN6OBiMC&amp;pg=PA204|archive-date=2017-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Jerome|title=Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5777-5|page=1431|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=3ZktoDp7tZoC&amp;pg=PA1431|archive-date=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaninima pam yuya puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di ni nyɛ ti'shɛli din ka liɣiri ti'shɛŋa din tibiri kpilinkpihi dɔrati puuni ka bɛ tooi dari li kamani US$5 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot; /&gt;  United States tiŋgbani, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni dari shɛli ka di bi paai liɣiri din yiɣisi 20 USD goli puuni bin din gbaai yuuni 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenobarbital Generic Luminal|url=https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412230935/https://www.goodrx.com/phenobarbital|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyabu nyɛla di niŋdi tum saha shɛŋa pirinla tiŋgbani shɛŋa nyɛla ban zaligu zaɣasi tim ŋɔ pirinla bɛ niriba nyɛla ban ni tooi yuusi li din di bi to ni bɛ yuusi li shɛm zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poor2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=CR|title=Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.|journal=Lancet|date=29 September 2012|volume=380|issue=9848|pages=1193–201|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6|pmid=23021288|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045659/http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29589|url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{drug resources
&lt;!--External links--&gt;
| NLM = {{PAGENAME}}
&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| ATC_prefix = N03
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4599
| DrugBank = DB01174
| ATC_suffix = AA02
| UNII = YQE403BP4D
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 8069
| KEGG = D00506
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| CAS_number = 50-06-6
| IUPHAR_ligand = 2804
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| PubChem = 4763
| ChEMBL = 40
}}
{{Anticonvulsants}}
{{Hypnotics and sedatives}}
{{Navboxes
| title = [[Pharmacodynamics]]
| titlestyle = background:#ccccff
| list1 = 
{{GABAA receptor positive modulators}}
{{Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}
{{Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators}}
}}
{{RTT}}
[[Pubu:Barbiturates]]
[[Pubu:Anxiolytics]]
[[Pubu:Hypnotics]]
[[Pubu:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Pubu:IARC Group 2B carcinogens]]
[[Pubu:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]]
[[Pubu:Bayer brands]]
[[Pubu:RTT]]
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>b3m0bovk9f2f39ig6vslri5nk1i6ogh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ciprofloxacin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>147825</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:00:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501226|Ciprofloxacin]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>147825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10088" sha1="an15wzuthsbvglnec39g1z5fvh9pu5x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=443526033|drug_name=Ciprofloxacin|INN=|image=Ciprofloxacin.svg|width=200|alt=|image2=Ciprofloxacin-zwitterion-from-xtal-3D-balls.png|width2=|alt2=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ciloxan, Cipro, Neofloxin, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Quinolone antibiotic|Fluoroquinolone]]|pregnancy_AU=B3|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ciprofloxacin Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=7 January 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ciprofloxacin.html | access-date=19 December 2019 | archive-date=27 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027061049/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ciprofloxacin.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=C|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Route of administration#Enteral|By mouth]], [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]], [[topical]] ([[ear drop]]s, [[eye drop]]s)|onset=|duration_of_action=|Drugs.com=Systemic: {{drugs.com|monograph|ciprofloxacin}}&lt;br&gt;Eye and ear: {{drugs.com|monograph|ciprofloxacin}}|MedlinePlus=a688016

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=|legal_status=&lt;!--For countries not listed above--&gt;|DailyMedID=Ciprofloxacin|licence_US=Ciprofloxacin|licence_CA=&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_EU=&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70%&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17154673&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhanel GG, Fontaine S, Adam H, Schurek K, Mayer M, Noreddin AM, Gin AS, Rubinstein E, Hoban DJ | title = A Review of New Fluoroquinolones : Focus on their Use in Respiratory Tract Infections | journal = Treatments in Respiratory Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 437–65 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17154673 | doi = 10.2165/00151829-200605060-00009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=30%&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17154673&quot; /&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]] ({{abbr|incl.|including}} [[CYP1A2]])|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=3.5 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17154673&quot; /&gt;|excretion=[[Kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=17|F=1|H=18|N=3|O=3|chemical_formula=|SMILES=C1CC1N2C=C(C(=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C32)N4CCNCC4)F)C(=O)O|StdInChI=1S/C17H18FN3O3/c18-13-7-11-14(8-15(13)20-5-3-19-4-6-20)21(10-1-2-10)9-12(16(11)22)17(23)24/h7-10,19H,1-6H2,(H,23,24)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=MYSWGUAQZAJSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|Jmol=|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=}}'''Ciprofloxacin''' is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It can be taken by mouth, as eye drops, as ear drops, or intravenously.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and rash.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Severe side effects include an increased risk of tendon rupture, hallucinations, and nerve damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In people with myasthenia gravis, there is worsening muscle weakness.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears to be safe during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>an15wzuthsbvglnec39g1z5fvh9pu5x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147826</id>
      <parentid>147825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:02:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6895" sha1="q18xjvksp8pipxpxye6ot52b9177rsf" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It can be taken by mouth, as eye drops, as ear drops, or intravenously.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and rash.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Severe side effects include an increased risk of tendon rupture, hallucinations, and nerve damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In people with myasthenia gravis, there is worsening muscle weakness.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears to be safe during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>q18xjvksp8pipxpxye6ot52b9177rsf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147827</id>
      <parentid>147826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:04:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6970" sha1="8fi0w96i5jlizoc8rjij930hgrj400u" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It can be taken by mouth, as eye drops, as ear drops, or intravenously.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and rash.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Severe side effects include an increased risk of tendon rupture, hallucinations, and nerve damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In people with myasthenia gravis, there is worsening muscle weakness.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears to be safe during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8fi0w96i5jlizoc8rjij930hgrj400u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147828</id>
      <parentid>147827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:12:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7020" sha1="rqfe7ybbkq47ojdmkrfz6w38fb8kfjv" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and rash.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Severe side effects include an increased risk of tendon rupture, hallucinations, and nerve damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In people with myasthenia gravis, there is worsening muscle weakness.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears to be safe during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>rqfe7ybbkq47ojdmkrfz6w38fb8kfjv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147829</id>
      <parentid>147828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:18:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7063" sha1="9yvja7pk3f8reeof5ezvchs9j69opxa" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears to be safe during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9yvja7pk3f8reeof5ezvchs9j69opxa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147830</id>
      <parentid>147829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:19:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* References */ Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7064" sha1="ddf5xxi32mmvpr64bavq9eppg77t826" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears to be safe during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ddf5xxi32mmvpr64bavq9eppg77t826</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147831</id>
      <parentid>147830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7122" sha1="t5nhll6yn5f6l3ufqt1r2ovslh0g2n7" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaamanima ŋɔ nyɛla din galisi pam nira yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya shɛŋa din beni kamani cephalosporins amaa ka gba nyɛ din pora ti yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya balishɛŋa kamani clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It appears to be safe during [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>t5nhll6yn5f6l3ufqt1r2ovslh0g2n7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147832</id>
      <parentid>147831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:34:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7193" sha1="p5jd83r3ki6zssidj16zcghor90udmw" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaamanima ŋɔ nyɛla din galisi pam nira yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya shɛŋa din beni kamani cephalosporins amaa ka gba nyɛ din pora ti yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya balishɛŋa kamani clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vihigu din niŋ zaŋ jandi ninsalinima nyɛla din mali dabiɛm zaŋ n ti paɣapuulana ŋun vali tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; Yɛlimɔɣisiri shɛli daa bi nya vihigu ŋɔ niŋbu ni zaŋ jandi lala bilɛri shɛba mini bɛ ma shɛba bɛ ni daa zaŋ niŋ lala vihigu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din mali anfaani zaŋ n ti paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bilɛɣu bihim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>p5jd83r3ki6zssidj16zcghor90udmw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147833</id>
      <parentid>147832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:37:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7249" sha1="h77r88duz3m3c760x4qu1h4ajipzgzf" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaamanima ŋɔ nyɛla din galisi pam nira yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya shɛŋa din beni kamani cephalosporins amaa ka gba nyɛ din pora ti yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya balishɛŋa kamani clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vihigu din niŋ zaŋ jandi ninsalinima nyɛla din mali dabiɛm zaŋ n ti paɣapuulana ŋun vali tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; Yɛlimɔɣisiri shɛli daa bi nya vihigu ŋɔ niŋbu ni zaŋ jandi lala bilɛri shɛba mini bɛ ma shɛba bɛ ni daa zaŋ niŋ lala vihigu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din mali anfaani zaŋ n ti paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bilɛɣu bihim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din be fluoroquinolone din pahiri ayi ni ka nyɛ din tibiri dɔrati pam ka nyɛ din tooi kɔri lala binnɛbihi shɛba ban ku tooi nya ni ninbihi ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacteria&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin was patented in 1980 and introduced in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>h77r88duz3m3c760x4qu1h4ajipzgzf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147834</id>
      <parentid>147833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:42:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7311" sha1="bsl7qg9qdeaoxpnbrzq37zhahk8qlbm" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaamanima ŋɔ nyɛla din galisi pam nira yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya shɛŋa din beni kamani cephalosporins amaa ka gba nyɛ din pora ti yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya balishɛŋa kamani clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vihigu din niŋ zaŋ jandi ninsalinima nyɛla din mali dabiɛm zaŋ n ti paɣapuulana ŋun vali tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; Yɛlimɔɣisiri shɛli daa bi nya vihigu ŋɔ niŋbu ni zaŋ jandi lala bilɛri shɛba mini bɛ ma shɛba bɛ ni daa zaŋ niŋ lala vihigu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din mali anfaani zaŋ n ti paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bilɛɣu bihim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din be fluoroquinolone din pahiri ayi ni ka nyɛ din tibiri dɔrati pam ka nyɛ din tooi kɔri lala binnɛbihi shɛba ban ku tooi nya ni ninbihi ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacteria&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi n ti shɛli malibu yuuni 1980 amaa ka daa piligi tuma yuuni 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be  World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaanima puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wholesale cost in the developing world is between {{US$}}0.03 and {{US$}}0.13 a dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States it is sold for about {{US$}}0.40 per dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 107th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>bsl7qg9qdeaoxpnbrzq37zhahk8qlbm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147835</id>
      <parentid>147834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:48:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7450" sha1="kfm05pttm24j80ibxz2uh96u772vtnx" xml:space="preserve">'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaamanima ŋɔ nyɛla din galisi pam nira yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya shɛŋa din beni kamani cephalosporins amaa ka gba nyɛ din pora ti yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya balishɛŋa kamani clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vihigu din niŋ zaŋ jandi ninsalinima nyɛla din mali dabiɛm zaŋ n ti paɣapuulana ŋun vali tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; Yɛlimɔɣisiri shɛli daa bi nya vihigu ŋɔ niŋbu ni zaŋ jandi lala bilɛri shɛba mini bɛ ma shɛba bɛ ni daa zaŋ niŋ lala vihigu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din mali anfaani zaŋ n ti paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bilɛɣu bihim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din be fluoroquinolone din pahiri ayi ni ka nyɛ din tibiri dɔrati pam ka nyɛ din tooi kɔri lala binnɛbihi shɛba ban ku tooi nya ni ninbihi ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacteria&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi n ti shɛli malibu yuuni 1980 amaa ka daa piligi tuma yuuni 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be  World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaanima puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli din tooi tibiri dɔrati pam.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kɔhiri shɛli bin din gbaai {{US$}}0.03 zaŋ chaŋ {{US$}}0.13 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  United States tiŋgbani ni, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni kɔhiri shɛli kamani {{US$}}0.40.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2017, di nyɛla din daa dɔni kɔbigi ni ayopɔin ti'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa sabi bee buɣisi zaŋ n ti niriba United States ni buɣisibu bee sabbu din daa gari miliyɔŋ dibaa ayobu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>kfm05pttm24j80ibxz2uh96u772vtnx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147836</id>
      <parentid>147835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:49:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added databox</comment>
      <origin>147836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7462" sha1="07igbp1p5kunnttqez8sjrsc3dakzg6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaamanima ŋɔ nyɛla din galisi pam nira yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya shɛŋa din beni kamani cephalosporins amaa ka gba nyɛ din pora ti yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya balishɛŋa kamani clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vihigu din niŋ zaŋ jandi ninsalinima nyɛla din mali dabiɛm zaŋ n ti paɣapuulana ŋun vali tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; Yɛlimɔɣisiri shɛli daa bi nya vihigu ŋɔ niŋbu ni zaŋ jandi lala bilɛri shɛba mini bɛ ma shɛba bɛ ni daa zaŋ niŋ lala vihigu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din mali anfaani zaŋ n ti paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bilɛɣu bihim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din be fluoroquinolone din pahiri ayi ni ka nyɛ din tibiri dɔrati pam ka nyɛ din tooi kɔri lala binnɛbihi shɛba ban ku tooi nya ni ninbihi ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacteria&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi n ti shɛli malibu yuuni 1980 amaa ka daa piligi tuma yuuni 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be  World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaanima puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli din tooi tibiri dɔrati pam.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kɔhiri shɛli bin din gbaai {{US$}}0.03 zaŋ chaŋ {{US$}}0.13 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  United States tiŋgbani ni, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni kɔhiri shɛli kamani {{US$}}0.40.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2017, di nyɛla din daa dɔni kɔbigi ni ayopɔin ti'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa sabi bee buɣisi zaŋ n ti niriba United States ni buɣisibu bee sabbu din daa gari miliyɔŋ dibaa ayobu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>07igbp1p5kunnttqez8sjrsc3dakzg6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147837</id>
      <parentid>147836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:52:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9142" sha1="msl657wwddmbpg9wy9ooznteqzfm6ki" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaamanima ŋɔ nyɛla din galisi pam nira yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya shɛŋa din beni kamani cephalosporins amaa ka gba nyɛ din pora ti yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya balishɛŋa kamani clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vihigu din niŋ zaŋ jandi ninsalinima nyɛla din mali dabiɛm zaŋ n ti paɣapuulana ŋun vali tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; Yɛlimɔɣisiri shɛli daa bi nya vihigu ŋɔ niŋbu ni zaŋ jandi lala bilɛri shɛba mini bɛ ma shɛba bɛ ni daa zaŋ niŋ lala vihigu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din mali anfaani zaŋ n ti paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bilɛɣu bihim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din be fluoroquinolone din pahiri ayi ni ka nyɛ din tibiri dɔrati pam ka nyɛ din tooi kɔri lala binnɛbihi shɛba ban ku tooi nya ni ninbihi ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacteria&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi n ti shɛli malibu yuuni 1980 amaa ka daa piligi tuma yuuni 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be  World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaanima puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli din tooi tibiri dɔrati pam.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kɔhiri shɛli bin din gbaai {{US$}}0.03 zaŋ chaŋ {{US$}}0.13 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  United States tiŋgbani ni, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni kɔhiri shɛli kamani {{US$}}0.40.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2017, di nyɛla din daa dɔni kɔbigi ni ayopɔin ti'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa sabi bee buɣisi zaŋ n ti niriba United States ni buɣisibu bee sabbu din daa gari miliyɔŋ dibaa ayobu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{drug resources
&lt;!--External links--&gt;
| NLM = {{PAGENAME}}
&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| UNII = 5E8K9I0O4U
| CAS_supplemental = 
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| ATC_suffix = MA02
| KEGG2 = C05349
| KEGG2_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00186
| ChemSpiderID = 2662
| PubChem = 2764
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| CAS_number = 85721-33-1
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|S01|AE03}} {{ATC|S02|AA15}} {{ATC|S03|AA07}} {{ATC|J01|RA10}} {{ATC|J01|RA11}} {{ATC|J01|RA12}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| PDB_ligand = 
| NIAID_ChemDB = 001992
| ChEBI = 100241
| ChEMBL = 8
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| DrugBank = DB00537
| IUPHAR_ligand = 
| ATCvet = 
| PubChemSubstance = 46504733
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| ATC_prefix = J01
}}

* {{cite web | title=Ciprofloxacin Ophthalmic | website=MedlinePlus | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605005.html | access-date=30 July 2020 | archive-date=14 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714053613/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605005.html | url-status=live }}

{{QuinoloneAntiBiotics}}
{{Piperazines}}
{{Otologicals}}
{{GABA receptor modulators}}
{{RTT}}
[[Pubu:1,4-di-hydro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids]]
[[Pubu:Bayer brands]]
[[Pubu:Novartis brands]]
[[Pubu:Cyclopropanes]]
[[Pubu:Fluoroquinolone antibiotics]]
[[Pubu:GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators]]
[[Pubu:Nephrotoxins]]
[[Pubu:Ophthalmology drugs]]
[[Pubu:Otologicals]]
[[Pubu:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Pubu:RTT]]
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>msl657wwddmbpg9wy9ooznteqzfm6ki</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>147838</id>
      <parentid>147837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:53:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalakpagh</username>
        <id>2501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* References */ Updated Content</comment>
      <origin>147838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9143" sha1="mb3vp0gazdptsseh26lqbdd6ri242c8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ciprofloxacin''' nyɛla tupaya ka bɛ mali tibiri dɔrati din daliri nyɛ binnɛbihi beni ka ninsali ku tooi zaŋ a ninbihi nya ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacterial&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232645/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lala dɔrati maa shɛŋa nyɛ tuɣili shee dɔrati, saɣingu ni dɔrati, binsaa dɔrati shɛŋa, nyɔɣuni dɔrati, niŋgbuŋgbaŋ zuɣu dɔrati, dɔlim dɔrati ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yuusiri shɛli ni tupaya ti'shɛŋa dabam n tibiri dɔru shɛŋa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla nira ni tooi vali shɛli o noli ni, zaŋ dɔhi o ninbihi, zaŋ dɔhi o tiba ka lahi nyɛ nira ni tooi chibi shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|title=Ciprofloxacin Hcl Drops|date=22 Feb 2018|website=WebMD|access-date=22 Feb 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171355/https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91414-6093/ciprofloxacin-ophthalmic-eye/ciprofloxacin-drops-ophthalmic/details|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di ni tooi mali alamanima shɛŋa nyɛ tiɛri kpuɣibu, tiɛri tibu, [[binsaa]] n ti pahi yuma laasabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa nyɛ ʒisoya ŋaribu, nira diri alizama o koŋko ni din kam pahi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ninvuɣ shɛba ban mali &quot;myasthenia gravis&quot; nyɛla ban biko tooi gbarigira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di alaamanima ŋɔ nyɛla din galisi pam nira yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya shɛŋa din beni kamani cephalosporins amaa ka gba nyɛ din pora ti yi zaŋ li maɣisi tupaya balishɛŋa kamani clindamycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;He2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H|title=The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=62|issue=4|pages=191–7|date=April 2013|pmid=23570031|url=http://www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=11235|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/65086/perils-prescribing-fluoroquinolones|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vihigu din niŋ zaŋ jandi ninsalinima nyɛla din mali dabiɛm zaŋ n ti paɣapuulana ŋun vali tim ŋɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot; /&gt; Yɛlimɔɣisiri shɛli daa bi nya vihigu ŋɔ niŋbu ni zaŋ jandi lala bilɛri shɛba mini bɛ ma shɛba bɛ ni daa zaŋ niŋ lala vihigu maa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AG2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|website=Australian Government|date=23 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din mali anfaani zaŋ n ti paɣa ŋun mɔɣasiri bilɛɣu bihim.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din be fluoroquinolone din pahiri ayi ni ka nyɛ din tibiri dɔrati pam ka nyɛ din tooi kɔri lala binnɛbihi shɛba ban ku tooi nya ni ninbihi ka bɛ booni ba &quot;bacteria&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ball P|title=Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection?|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46 Suppl T1|pages=17–24|date=July 2000|pmid=10997595|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oliphant CM, Green GM|title=Quinolones: a comprehensive review|journal=American Family Physician|volume=65|issue=3|pages=455–64|date=February 2002|pmid=11858629|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=11858629|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828035924/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0201/p455.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciprofloxacin nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi n ti shɛli malibu yuuni 1980 amaa ka daa piligi tuma yuuni 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT56|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100150/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din be  World Health Organization (WHO) ti'shɛŋa din mali anfaanima puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla ti'shɛli din tooi tibiri dɔrati pam.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=85|edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908143257/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kɔhiri shɛli bin din gbaai {{US$}}0.03 zaŋ chaŋ {{US$}}0.13 tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbigimsim ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203158/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=184&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  United States tiŋgbani ni, tim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni kɔhiri shɛli kamani {{US$}}0.40.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2017, di nyɛla din daa dɔni kɔbigi ni ayopɔin ti'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa sabi bee buɣisi zaŋ n ti niriba United States ni buɣisibu bee sabbu din daa gari miliyɔŋ dibaa ayobu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ciprofloxacin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ciprofloxacin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundivihira ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{drug resources
&lt;!--External links--&gt;
| NLM = {{PAGENAME}}
&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| UNII = 5E8K9I0O4U
| CAS_supplemental = 
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| ATC_suffix = MA02
| KEGG2 = C05349
| KEGG2_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00186
| ChemSpiderID = 2662
| PubChem = 2764
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| CAS_number = 85721-33-1
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|S01|AE03}} {{ATC|S02|AA15}} {{ATC|S03|AA07}} {{ATC|J01|RA10}} {{ATC|J01|RA11}} {{ATC|J01|RA12}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| PDB_ligand = 
| NIAID_ChemDB = 001992
| ChEBI = 100241
| ChEMBL = 8
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| DrugBank = DB00537
| IUPHAR_ligand = 
| ATCvet = 
| PubChemSubstance = 46504733
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| ATC_prefix = J01
}}

* {{cite web | title=Ciprofloxacin Ophthalmic | website=MedlinePlus | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605005.html | access-date=30 July 2020 | archive-date=14 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714053613/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605005.html | url-status=live }}

{{QuinoloneAntiBiotics}}
{{Piperazines}}
{{Otologicals}}
{{GABA receptor modulators}}
{{RTT}}
[[Pubu:1,4-di-hydro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids]]
[[Pubu:Bayer brands]]
[[Pubu:Novartis brands]]
[[Pubu:Cyclopropanes]]
[[Pubu:Fluoroquinolone antibiotics]]
[[Pubu:GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators]]
[[Pubu:Nephrotoxins]]
[[Pubu:Ophthalmology drugs]]
[[Pubu:Otologicals]]
[[Pubu:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Pubu:RTT]]
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>mb3vp0gazdptsseh26lqbdd6ri242c8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>