Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space.  —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. &quot;For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period&quot; - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. 
:::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex.
:::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g.
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes
:::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep}} per above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:07, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] ==

As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. 
::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value.
::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] I can move that book to your userspace, if requested. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thank you so much for the offer. 
::::I know the book still needs a lot of improvement and that I'm working on it very slowly; but the problem is, strange as it may seem, I know how to edit a public book but I don't know how to work in my userspace, nor what I should do when the book is more finished to make it public. 
::::In any case, if it's better to move the book to my userspace while it's still unfinished, then move it there and I'll try to work on it without the pressure of thinking it could be deleted at any moment. 
::::Thanks again for the offer. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 22:47, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Slideshow]] ==

According to [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Slideshow]], this is used on very, very few (if not non-book) pages, two of which are in userspace. In addition, I am also proposing the deletion of two MediaWiki CSS/JS pages in which the slideshow template relies on:
* [[MediaWiki:Common.css/Slideshows.css]]
* [[MediaWiki:Common.js/Slideshows.js]]
[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:41, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. The CSS for this template is currently broken as a result of changes to image thumbnail URLs - while it's fixable, it doesn't seem worthwhile for a template which is unused outside userspace tests. The &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag has a slideshow mode which accomplishes the same thing, but better. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:52, 19 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sdizc85vwi4hozx8qetemchvxo3wa6v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638277</id>
      <parentid>4638272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T23:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Template:Slideshow */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>4638277</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56164" sha1="qj81jzrv8c0a0uj1ox8zmb7k1wqikun" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space.  —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. &quot;For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period&quot; - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. 
:::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex.
:::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g.
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes
:::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep}} per above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:07, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] ==

As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. 
::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value.
::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] I can move that book to your userspace, if requested. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thank you so much for the offer. 
::::I know the book still needs a lot of improvement and that I'm working on it very slowly; but the problem is, strange as it may seem, I know how to edit a public book but I don't know how to work in my userspace, nor what I should do when the book is more finished to make it public. 
::::In any case, if it's better to move the book to my userspace while it's still unfinished, then move it there and I'll try to work on it without the pressure of thinking it could be deleted at any moment. 
::::Thanks again for the offer. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 22:47, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Slideshow]] ==

According to [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Slideshow]], this is used on very, very few (if not non-book) pages, two of which are in userspace. In addition, I am also proposing the deletion of two MediaWiki CSS/JS pages in which the slideshow template relies on:
* [[MediaWiki:Common.css/Slideshows.css]]
* [[MediaWiki:Common.js/Slideshows.js]]
[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:41, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. The CSS for this template is currently broken as a result of changes to image thumbnail URLs - while it's fixable, it doesn't seem worthwhile for a template which is unused outside userspace tests. The &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag has a slideshow mode which accomplishes the same thing, but better. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:52, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: Pinging @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] as there is minimal consensus to delete, and deleting the CSS/JS pages requires an interface administrator to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:53, 31 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qj81jzrv8c0a0uj1ox8zmb7k1wqikun</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638324</id>
      <parentid>4638277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T05:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>1176064</id>
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[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to [[User:Karosent|Karosent]] again. Do you agree with the pages being moved to your userspace? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:23, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm still not sure whether this makes it in-scope at Wikibooks and suitable for the book-like scope of this work, so I'm looping in other admins to weigh in on scope and consensus @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period, I'm wondering if user space is more suitable than main space.  —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::This is just one page of a book, right? It's not like the entire wikibook is a transcription. I'm inclined to keep it unless there is something I am missing. &quot;For material that is planned but not yet enacted after a significant period&quot; - that's a draft and can generally stay in article space. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:09, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::My thoughts are similar to Leaderboard's. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:47, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] Thank you, and good to know. Unless I am misunderstanding, the plan is actually to host many source texts in this book's namespace (see other subpages in [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]) and not limited to this one page. Additionally, do we have anything in policy regarding how long drafts can stay in mainspace? I couldn't find anything, and it strikes me as unconstructive to the project if pages with significant issues (e.g. scope, quality, etc) are left in the mainspace for months to years. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] Thank you for your considered responses, the following is provided as background summary. 
:::::::(1) I should mention that all of these pages were speedily deleted six months ago on the basis of breach of copyright, despite the fact that they are in the public domain (yes I was remiss in not making this clear in the relevant discussion pages, and yes I was aware of the need for copyright explanation, but was overly focussed on content creation). I was hit by about 20 simultaneous speedily delete notifications, responded to 2 or 3 thinking that would be sufficient, but later found they had all been deleted (I was not active on Wikibooks at the time). My intention is to provide clear public domain information for each page in the coming months, but I am only one person and need time to give effect. Copyright worldwide is quite complex.
:::::::(2) I was hit by this RfD about 2 weeks ago, nominally a single subpage, but with the threat of dozens of subpages being similarly treated. This time the basis of the RfD was breach of the &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy, of which I was not previously aware. I see in the policy that there is a clear exception for annotated texts and I will further develop content in support of that exception (you will see that is my general practice in any event). There are literally hundreds of articles in this Wikibook already heavily annotated, simply on the basis of good authorship e.g.
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies/Clement_Edgar_Ames/Notes
:::::::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations/7BU_Burnie/Notes
:::::::But, again, I am only one person and need time to give effect. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:59, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] As far as I can see, isn't the goal to annotate most of those pages? And there is no set limit for a draft. The main reason we'd delete a draft is if the book ''itself'' has nothing of value, which is not the case here. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 04:49, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Got it, thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:06, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::Additionally, I'd note that creating content like [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing]] or [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Not a text repository]] is not helpful. This sort of argumentative content clearly does not belong in a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - including other similar pages - annotated texts WB:AT are a clear exception to Wikibooks &quot;Not a text repository&quot; policy; these are subpages of a very large body of work (I understand the largest Wikibook in Wikibooks) and integral to its overall development; yes, the pages are a work in progress and the annotations are as yet limited, but I will now prioritise their development[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:28, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}}. Annotated texts are an exception and while there can be a debate about how much annotation is enough, at the moment I think we should accept the primary editor's position in respect of their intent. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:58, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep}} per above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:07, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] ==

As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have started the creation of this book and I request an additional time before deleting it. Since I started, some time has passed in which I have not been able to continue adding information, but I intend to add information on the way in which the different parameters of the overhead power lines are calculated, the electric and magnetic fields created by them, their operating regimes and the possible problems of overvoltage due to resonance phenomena in some cases. It was intended to show some of these questions with the calculations made with the program. 
::If you give me an additional time to introduce more information later you can decide if that information is sufficient or not to keep the book. I have the problem that (as can be seen in this writing) my English is not good enough to introduce directly into the book what I am writing and I have to reredact everything using some artificial intelligence program; this delays the process much. Still I request a little more time to be able to show that the information introduced is of value.
::Thank you very much for your understanding. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 13:29, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] I can move that book to your userspace, if requested. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thank you so much for the offer. 
::::I know the book still needs a lot of improvement and that I'm working on it very slowly; but the problem is, strange as it may seem, I know how to edit a public book but I don't know how to work in my userspace, nor what I should do when the book is more finished to make it public. 
::::In any case, if it's better to move the book to my userspace while it's still unfinished, then move it there and I'll try to work on it without the pressure of thinking it could be deleted at any moment. 
::::Thanks again for the offer. [[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 22:47, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Slideshow]] ==

According to [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Slideshow]], this is used on very, very few (if not non-book) pages, two of which are in userspace. In addition, I am also proposing the deletion of two MediaWiki CSS/JS pages in which the slideshow template relies on:
* [[MediaWiki:Common.css/Slideshows.css]]
* [[MediaWiki:Common.js/Slideshows.js]]
[[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:41, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. The CSS for this template is currently broken as a result of changes to image thumbnail URLs - while it's fixable, it doesn't seem worthwhile for a template which is unused outside userspace tests. The &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag has a slideshow mode which accomplishes the same thing, but better. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:52, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: Pinging @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] as there is minimal consensus to delete, and deleting the CSS/JS pages requires an interface administrator to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:53, 31 May 2026 (UTC)
:I think the fact that there is a native equivalent means that this can be deleted (I guess this was made when the feature wasn't available). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:25, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{English in Use}}
== Welcome ==

Welcome to English in Use, a book about the actual use of the [[English language]].  It features sections about types of grammar, punctuation and formality.  This wikibook is intended for use by native speakers of English or advanced learners of English as a second/foreign language.

If you wish to learn English, then you should use one of the English books for students learning English as a second/foreign language.  For new learners of English, try [[English as an Additional Language|English for beginners]] book.  If you have some experience of English but need to refresh your knowledge, try the [[English/English for B2 Students|English for B2 Students]] Wikibook.  If you're preparing for the Cambridge FCE exam (Cambridge English: First), then head to the Cambridge English: First module.  Those interested in English for business contexts should try the [[English/Business English|Business English]] Wikibook.

==Contents==

# [[/About/]]
# [[/Introduction/]]
&lt;!-- Words Unit --&gt;
# Words:
## [[/Articles/]]
## [[/Nouns/]]
## [[/Pronouns/]]
## [[/Verbs/]]
## [[/Adjectives/]]
## [[/Adverbs/]]
## [[/Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections/]]
## [[/Verbals/]]
&lt;!-- Sentences Unit --&gt;
# Sentences: 
## [[/Sentences Overview/]]
## [[/Basic Components/]]
## [[/Phrases/]]
## [[/Clauses/]]
## [[/Fragments and Run-on Sentences/]]
&lt;!-- Usage Unit --&gt;
# Usage: 
## [[/Agreement/]]
## [[/Adjective and Adverb Usage/]]
## [[/Pronoun Usage/]]
## [[/Subject-verb Agreement/]]
## [[/Verb Usage/]]
&lt;!-- Punctuation Unit --&gt;
# Punctuation: 
## [[/Punctuation/]] - to be merged
## [[/End Marks/]]
## [[/Commas/]]
## [[/Apostrophes/]]
## [[/Quotations/]]
## [[/Other Common Punctuation Marks/]]
## [[/Less Common Typographical Marks/]] 
&lt;!-- Other key topics Unit --&gt;
# Other key topics: 
## [[/Time and Date/]]
## [[/Capitalization/]]
## [[/Spelling/]]
## [[/Figures of Syntax/]]
## [[/Syntax/]]
## [[/Orthography/]] - to be merged
&lt;!-- Appendices Unit --&gt;
# Appendices: 
## [[/Conversation Pieces/]]
## [[/Glossary/]]
## [[/Q&amp;A/]]
## [[/Hard C and soft C guide/]]
## [[/External Resources/]]

==Related books==
* [[Rhetoric and Composition/Grammar and Mechanics]]
* [[English Grammar]]
* [[English as an Additional Language]]
* [[English for B2 Students]]

==Related content==
* [[w:History of the English language|History]]
* [[wikt:|Dictionary]]
*  [[wikt:Category:WikiSaurus|Thesaurus]] 
{{English in Use/Navigation}}
{{Shelves|English language}}
{{alphabetical|E}}
{{status|75%}}

[[de:Englisch]]
[[es:Inglés]]
[[fr:Enseignement de l'anglais]]
[[it:Corso di inglese]]
[[he:אנגלית למתחילים]]
[[ja:英語]]
[[pl:Angielski/Okładka]]
[[pt:Inglês]]
[[fi:Englannin kieli]]
[[sv:Engelska]]
[[th:ภาษาอังกฤษ]]
[[tr:Pratik İngilizce]]
[[vi:Tiếng Anh]]
[[zh:英语]]</text>
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----

{{{≈}}}==Cells==
A cell, or electrochemical cell, Galvanic cell or Voltaic cell, is a component used to store and provide electrical energy. The energy in a cell is stored as a chemical potential energy, and electrical energy can be extracted when the chemicals undergo a chemical reaction. A battery is the term used to refer to multiple cells that are used together as one unit, and can be connected in series, parallel or in a combination of series and parallel connections. 

The properties of the cell can be determined by the chemistry of the cell (i.e. what it is made up of), and its physical design. Different chemistries will affect cell voltage, energy density, internal resistivity, and other factors. Physical design will affect the total cell energy capacity, total internal resistance and the shape and size of the cell. Generally, increasing the size of a cell, while maintaining the cell chemistry, will result in a greater energy capacity and lower internal resistance, and consequently a greater current supplying capability, and vice versa.

Cells are categorised as Primary (Dry) cells, and Secondary (Wet) cells, based on their chemistry. Primary cells are single-use and disposable, for example alkaline cells. Secondary cells are rechargeable, for example lead-acid cells.
 
[[File:Battery symbol1.svg]]

* Cell: Two materials with a voltage difference between them. This causes current to flow, which does work. Electrons travel from the cathode, do some work, and are absorbed by the anode.

* Anode: Destination of electrons.
* Cathode: Source of electrons.
* ions: An atom with an imbalance of electrons.

* cell operation: The cell runs and electrons are depleted at the cathode and accumulate at the anode. This creates a reverse voltage which stops the flow of electrons.

* irreversible: At some point the voltage difference reactions between the cathode and anode will decrease to a point that the cell in unusable. At this point, in an irreversible cell, the voltage difference is irreplaceably lost, and the cell is of no further use.
* reversible: Able to run the cell backwards.
* rechargeable: In a rechargeable cell, when the voltage difference between the cathode and anode decreases, the cell can be recharged, thereby increasing the voltage difference to a suitable level to allow continued use.
: humid air will discharge cells.
: cells are usually made of toxic or corrosive substances, for example lead and sulphuric acid. Such substances have been known to explode.

* Electronegativity [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity]


''What is the relationship between voltage and electronegativity?''

:Electronegativity is a concept in chemistry used to measure and predict the relative likelihood of a chemical reaction causing electrons to shift from one chemical to another resulting in ions and molecular bonds.  A battery cell operates by allowing two chemicals to react and supply ions to the anode and cathode.  When the supply of a reactant is consumed, the battery is dead.  It no longer produces different electrical potential at the anode and cathode driven by the chemical reaction.

:Voltage is the electrical potential of a point due to surrounding measurable electric charge distributions and points as calculated by application Coulomb's Law.  Voltage difference between two points connected by a conductor results in electron flow.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>The Unicyclopedia/Hardware</title>
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== Square tapered hubs ==

These are known as cotterless hubs outside the US. The square tapered hub is the basic hub that is found on cheaper unicycles and most bikes. The ends of the spindle are the square tapers. The cranks have square holes and are fastened onto the spindle with a bolt or a nut.

The advantage of this hub is mainly that it is cheap. The disadvantages are that the axle may snap or bend more easily than the axle on a splined hub and that the square tapers may become rounded if ridden with a loose crank.

== Splined hubs ==

The splined hubs are found on high-end trials and mountain unicycles. These hubs are more expensive, but they are also a lot more durable. The splines (small ridges almost like teeth) on the end of the axle fit into an appropriately shaped hole in the crank. This provides more points of contact between the crank and the axle, and the force can be distributed over a greater area. On a square tapered hub there are only four points of contact. A splined hub usually also comes with an axle of greater diameter.

If you intend to do trials and muni, having a splined hub is good, since these riding styles typically produce a lot of stress on the axle.

Common brands of splined hubs are Kris Holm, Qu-Ax, Onza, Profile, Koxx, Torker, KH/Onza, Nimbus ISIS and the new KH Moment.

=== Loose crank arms ===

Loose crank arms is one of the most common problems but fortunately this is usually easy to resolve. For splined hubs, you will need anti-seize and the appropriate allen keys, usually an 8mm and a 6mm. Remove the crank arm by loosening up and removed the retaining bolt and pinch bolt (if your hub has one). Put some anti-seize on the threads of these bolts. Then remove the crank itself and cover the axle and splines with anti-seize. Do not use too much or you'll make a mess. When you put the cranks on, first tighten the retaining bolt (the big bolt) on both sides, but not super tight. Then tighten both retaining bolts. Finally, tighten the pinch bolts. It is important that both the retaining bolts and the pinch bolts are very tight.

It is a good habit to check the bolts regularly. If the unicycle is new it make require that you tighten it a few times before it settles.

=== Keyway slop ===

If you notice that both cranks slip at the same time when you ride or idle, it is likely that your hub has some keyway slop. A minor keyway slop feels like a tiny clicking sensation in both cranks, while a major slop may very well render the unicycle unridable.

The problem is that when the axle is made of steel and the hub is made of aluminum, the different metals cannot be welded. The axle is pressed into a machined keyway in the hub. The manufacturing tolerances for this process are very close. If tolerances are off by just a few thousandths of a centimeter, the hole for the keyways may become just a little too big, and the hub may develop a slop.

It is possible to repair this, at least temporarily, by pressing the axle partly out of the hub and applying Loctite. If your unicycle is new, your best bet is to contact your dealer. Make sure that they have a replacement ready for you before you send back your hub.

Kris Holm has reported that the KH/Onza hub does not suffer from these problems.

=== Splined Cranks ===

Unfortunately every brand has its own standard, though progress is being made to move towards the ISIS standard, as Kris Holm, Onza, Nimbus, Qu-ax and Koxx have adopted this industry-wide standard, though there are some incompatibility issues with the Koxx Hubs not fitting any other ISIS cranks.

Currently we have

==== Kris Holm (8-spline) ====
These cranks come in
* 140&amp;nbsp;mm
* 170&amp;nbsp;mm
There are also 127&amp;nbsp;mm replacements manufactured by Qu-AX.

==== Onza and KH/Onza (36-spline) ====
The Onza and the new KH/Onza use the same cranks.
* 127&amp;nbsp;mm
* 140&amp;nbsp;mm
* 150&amp;nbsp;mm
* 165&amp;nbsp;mm

==== KH Moment (ISIS) ====
* 125&amp;nbsp;mm
* 137&amp;nbsp;mm
* 150&amp;nbsp;mm
* 165&amp;nbsp;mm

==== Onza Tensile (ISIS) ====
* 140&amp;nbsp;mm

==== Profile (48-spline) ====
* 145&amp;nbsp;mm
* 160&amp;nbsp;mm
* 165&amp;nbsp;mm
* 170&amp;nbsp;mm
* 175&amp;nbsp;mm
* 177&amp;nbsp;mm
* 180&amp;nbsp;mm
* 182&amp;nbsp;mm
* 185&amp;nbsp;mm
* 190&amp;nbsp;mm

==== Qu-AX (10-spline) ====
* 127&amp;nbsp;mm
* 145&amp;nbsp;mm
* 170&amp;nbsp;mm

==== Qu-Ax (ISIS) ====
* 100&amp;nbsp;mm
* 114&amp;nbsp;mm
* 125&amp;nbsp;mm
* 145&amp;nbsp;mm
* 170&amp;nbsp;mm

==== Torker (10-spline) ====
* 127&amp;nbsp;mm
* 150&amp;nbsp;mm

==== Koxx (ISIS spline) ====
* 80&amp;nbsp;mm (light)
* 110&amp;nbsp;mm
* 125&amp;nbsp;mm
* 135&amp;nbsp;mm (street)
* 140&amp;nbsp;mm (reinforced and light)
* 160&amp;nbsp;mm

== Wheel sizes ==

===Freestyle===
Freestyle is generally done on a 20&quot; wheel, because it gives more fine control than any other wheel size. Almost all serious performances are done with this wheel size. Most skills can be done on a 24&quot; wheel however, and freestyle on a Coker or a very small wheel can be an interesting challenge.

=== Trials ===

The trials wheel are usually 19&quot;, but it is also possible to do trials on a 24&quot; muni. If you need to ride any distance a 24&quot; may be a good alternative.

Notice that for a standard '20&quot;' trials unicycle with a 2.5&quot; tire, the rim is 19&quot; and this means that you cannot fit a regular 20&quot; tire onto a trials rim, nor a trials tire onto a regular 20&quot; rim.

=== Muni ===

A muni is usually 24&quot; or 26&quot;, except for 20&quot; trials unicycles that may be used as munis by children. Ascents and descents may be somewhat easier on a 24&quot; muni than on a 26&quot; muni. Expect a 24&quot; muni to be somewhat easier to manoeuvre but slightly slower than a 26&quot;. 29&quot; Munis are becoming popular too. If cross country riding and climbing is your thing, 29&quot; is the way to go.

If your riding is technical then a 24&quot; muni is probably a better choice. 26ers are generally for trails with not so many technical sections, and 29ers should only be used for fast, smoother XC trails.

=== 28&quot; and 29&quot; (700c)===

These use the same rim, the difference is that the 29&quot; unicycle has a thicker tire, such as a Schwalbe Big Apple (28x2.35) or a WTB Motoraptor or Nanoraptor (both 28x2.1). On a 29&quot; you will feel the ground less - in a good way. Both are good for commuting.

==== 36&quot; (Coker) ====

36&quot; wheel unicycles are commonly referred to as Cokers, named after the tire manufacturer that sold the first 36&quot; unicycles.  Riding is substantially different to riding a smaller wheel because once you get such a big heavy wheel spinning nicely, it's got lots of momentum. 
While 36&quot; are most commonly used for distance riding, there have been recent experiments with more aggressive, almost bmx-style, riding. These experiments have led to the proposal of a variant of trials, called rolling trials, where the basic idea of getting over a set of obstacles is taken from trials and applied to a unicycle that can't jump well but can roll over almost anything.

A new 36 inch unicycle that is somewhat cheaper than the Coker, has recently been introduced by Qu-Ax.

There is now another 36&quot; wheel unicycle, the Radial 360 36-inch Unicycle which has noticeably better components than the basic Coker and a slick road tyre.

One of the biggest recent improvements in 36&quot; unicycles is the Nimbus 36&quot; with its twin forked chromoly frame to give rigidity and machined bearing cups and T7 handle.

== Frames ==

=== Aluminium vs. Steel and Titanium ===

Aluminium is weaker than steel, and significantly more brittle.  To prevent cracking, aluminum frames must be made much stiffer than steel frames.  Still, aluminum has only 1/3 the density of steel, allowing stiff frames made of &quot;oversized&quot; aluminum tubing to weigh less than steel frames.  Since the walls are so thin they are however easy to dent, and dents  may introduce a local weakness, making it prone to break there.
Titanium is a new rising material, which combines mostly the qualities of steel and aluminium. It has no corrosion, high stability and light wheight. Depending to the alloy it is possible to build very stiff and light frames or more elastic frames. Because of the complex fabrication it is, at the moment, about ten times as expensive as steel.

=== Painting your frame ===
The longest lasting and most professional way to go is powder coating. This method is done by a powdercoating shop and is very durable and good looking. Powder coating can cost anywhere from $50 to $100 for a frame. Look in the yellow pages for powdercoating shops.

If your mind is more focused on budget, spraypainting is your best option. Use high quality paint, and put as many coats as you can (recommended 3–8). Also keep in mind that if you have a chrome frame, you should sandpaper it until you get a &quot;brushed metal&quot; look before painting. ALWAYS use PLENTY of clear coat. Again, use as much as possible, because this will keep your paint from being scratched.

=== Bearing sizes ===

All bearings are 10mm(?) wide.

* 22&amp;nbsp;mm ID 42&amp;nbsp;mm OD 
These are used on the 2007 Onza ISIS, Nimbus ISIS and KH Moment ISIS hubs.

* 19&amp;nbsp;mm ID 40&amp;nbsp;mm OD (6203-12-2rs)

These bearings fit a Profile hub together with for example a Yuni or a KH Pro frame. It is possible to use a frame designed for 42&amp;nbsp;mm OD bearings with shims, shims are available from unicycle.com

* 20&amp;nbsp;mm ID 42&amp;nbsp;mm OD (6004-2rs)

This is used on trials and off-road unicycles such as Kris Holm, Onza, and Qu-ax.

* 17&amp;nbsp;mm ID 40&amp;nbsp;mm OD (6203-2rs)

This is the standard on most unicycles, with a few exceptions.

* 17&amp;nbsp;mm ID 35&amp;nbsp;mm OD (6003-2rs)

This is the size used for Miyata, Sem and Pashley unicycles.

* 20&amp;nbsp;mm ID 40&amp;nbsp;mm OD

These bearings are used on the Torker DX, but are hard to come by separately.

----

It is possible to determine the size of a bearing by looking at the numbers.

'''The first digit is the type code&lt;br&gt;'''
6 = &quot;single row deep groove ball bearing&quot;

'''The second digit is the series number&lt;br&gt;'''
2 = &quot;light&quot; (as opposed to extra light, medium, heavy etc.)

'''The third and fourth digit are the bore size code&lt;br&gt;'''
Some common ones are:
*00 = 10mm
*01 = 12mm
*02 = 15mm
*03 = 17mm
*04 = 20mm

'''The 2rs suffix indicates it is a double sealed bearing.'''

The outside diameter (OD) of a bearing depends on both the bore size (inside diameter) AND the series. A more robust bearing has a larger OD.

== Pedals ==

Pedals can be broken into two categories, metal and plastic.  Because metal pedals can easily damage delicate surfaces, plastic pedals are a must for indoor riding on gym floors.  Special freestyle pedals are rubber coated and have no exposed metal parts for this purpose.  Most freestyle and commuter unicycles come with plastic pedals.  Extra caution must be taken when riding with wet shoes on plastic pedals, for shoes have a tendency to slip off.  For muni and trials riding, metal pedals help prevent the rider's feet from slipping, but these pedals can do serious damage to your shins.  It is always a good idea to wear shin guards when riding with metal pedals.

Good pedals for trials or muni are BMX platform style pedals of steel or aluminum, or, less commonly, magnesium. It is important to have a big platform. If you want to do pedal grabs it is also important to have replaceable pins. While too long pins tend to make the pedal stick to surfaces, too short pins do not provide enough grip. Something in between is the best.

While sealed bearing pedals have good protection against water and mud, an unsealed pedal holds up better for pedal grabs.

Good pedals are made by OJC, Snafu, Primo, Wellgo, etc.

It is not a good idea to use clipless pedals on your unicycle, even though they may weigh less. If you lose balance with regular pedals, you can almost always place your feet on the ground, and you'll be fine.
But if your feet are clipped in, it's quite a high fall to land on your hands. The wrists are easy to break, and if you land on your head, that's far worse.

== Saddles ==
Since you hopefully will spend a lot of time in your saddle, having a comfortable saddle is nice! If you plan to spend more than a half hour at a time sitting on the saddle, a seat with more padding than is found on a basic unicycle seat is recommended.  Some prefer airseat conversions, others enjoy maintenance free seats containing various degrees of foam or gel inserts. Saddle comfort varies widely with rider, and what is comfortable for one rider may not be for another.

=== Saddle Brands ===

* Kris Holm - A large soft seat with lift handle on the front.  Comes in various colors.  Options include a removable cover or an air saddle.  Pretty much the standard seat for medium to upper-grade unicycles.  A lot of people would recommend the Kris Holm saddle for distance riding and muni. The Kris Holm saddle is also good for trials although some prefer a Miyata saddle.  This seat's design is very similar to the Torker DX and Unicycle.com Velo seat.
* Nimbus - Nimbus makes a low-profile seat with gel inserts that many prefer for trials. Similar to the Unicycle.com gel seat.
* Miyata (Torker LX) - Less bulky than the Kris Holm saddle so preferred by some trials and freestyle riders, but not very strong.  Easily converted into an air saddle.  Non-standard seat posts are required for this seat.
* Viscount - Popular entry level seat that comes in multiple colors.  Lightly padded but preferred by some because of its thin profile.  Screws on front bumper guard rub against fingers when jumping. This seat has a steel base, as opposed to the plastic bases on many other seats, so there is less seat flex.
* Classic - Similar to the Viscount with metal base but with more robust bumpers.
* Semcycle - Schwinn style seat which comes in multiple colors.  Comfortable and is easily converted into an air seat for extra comfort.
* Torker CX - Standard on the Torker CX unicycles.  Small and very sturdy.  Best suited for smaller riders, as larger riders generally find it uncomfortable.
* United - A solid inexpensive beginner seat.
* Savage - Inexpensive seat that is easily ridden in both directions.  Contains metal bumpers, use with extreme caution.

Other seats such as the United and the Koxx are both suitable for trials.

=== Air seats ===

It's possible to convert your seat to an air seat. The exact procedure depends on the model of seat being operated on, but in general the process goes something like this:

# Acquire a small tube - one to fit a 12&quot; wheel is generally suitable
# Remove seat bumpers and/or handle (this usually means undoing some screws or nuts)
# Remove cover (this often means removing staples). At this point you have a naked seat.
# Remove the foam or other padding from the seat.
# Drill a hole (min 8.5mm) in the seat base for the tube's valve to stick out.
# Arrange the tube; either tape it into a suitable shape or put it in an airseat tube bag.
# Place the tube on the seat, where the foam used to be.
# Cut the bottom off the foam, so you have a thin piece of foam that will ensure the seat has an appropriate shape
# Place the foam on top of the tube.
# Reattach the seat cover, and any bumpers and handles
# Inflate the tube to the desired pressure, being careful not to overinflate it and damage the seat cover.

== Crank length ==

Within reasonable limits shorter cranks mean more speed while longer cranks ease climbing and provide more braking power and better general maneuverability.

Crank lengths are very much a personal thing. The right crank length for you will depend not only on what kind of riding you do, but also on your strength and confidence. You should experiment to find out what works for you.

=== Trials ===

The common crank lengths for trials are
* 127&amp;nbsp;mm
* 137&amp;nbsp;mm
* 140&amp;nbsp;mm
* 145&amp;nbsp;mm

In general precision increases with the crank length. 127&amp;nbsp;mm cranks may increase hopping height for rolling hops since you can gain more speed. 140&amp;nbsp;mm or 145&amp;nbsp;mm may be a good choice for regular trials, but they are rather slow. Also the pedal hitting the ground in leaning turns may become a problem with 140&amp;nbsp;mm, and even more so with 145&amp;nbsp;mm.

As for different types of trials, Short cranks are recommended for street/urban trials, medium lengths for all-around, and longer lengths for pure/natural trials.

=== Muni ===

The common crank lengths for muni are between 150&amp;nbsp;mm and 170&amp;nbsp;mm. Longer cranks may be harder on the knees.

=== Freestyle ===

For 20&quot; freestyle riding, cranks range from 89mm to 127mm.  The larger the cranks, the more your legs move and cause your ride to oscillate side to side.  Smaller cranks have less torque but allow the rider to travel faster and ride with their seat higher.  For the beginner, 127mm cranks are standard. most freestylers ride 114mm cranks

=== Commuter/36&quot; ===

Generally, shorter cranks will give the rider more speed, but less control. Since short cranks provide less torque, though, many of these cycles include brakes for gradual-slowing down or descending.

== Tires ==
[[File:Unicycle (PSF).png|200px|frameless|right]]
This section answers questions about tires for different types of riding, such as:
* What tire width is appropriate?
* What thread count is good?
* How do you make snow chains?

=== Trials tires ===
The most popular trials tires are the Monty, Luna, Maxxis Creepy-Crawler, and Try-all. Most trials tires are around 2.5&quot; wide, and have a square block pattern tread (except for the Try-all, which has a tread designed for natural trials). The things to look for in a trials tire are low weight, low duro rubber, thick sidewalls, and tall sidewalls. [http://www.unicyclist.com/forums/showthread.php?t=65995 The Official 19&quot; Trials Tyre Thread] at Unicyclist.com is a great help when looking for advice on choosing trials tires.

=== Muni tires ===
Tires for Muni are generally very high-volume, low pressure, to provide the most cushioning and bounce. Typical tires for muni are 3&quot; wide and include the Duro Wildlife and Nokkian Gazzaloddi, as well as Surly 4&quot; Endomorph and Larry.

=== 28&quot; and 29&quot; tires ===
The size of these tire sometimes confuses people as they are both 700c tires and will fit on the same rim. 
A 28&quot; tire is a 700x40c.
A 29&quot; tire is anything bigger up to 700x60c.
The Schwalbe Big Apple 29x2.35&quot; is probably the most popular tire for unicycling on the road.
Off-road there are several tires available; Kenda Klaw XT, IRC Notos XC, IRC Mythos XC.

=== 36&quot; Tires ===
There are four styles of tire currently available for 36&quot; wheeled unicycles; the original Coker &quot;button tread&quot; hybrid tire,the Qu-ax 36&quot; road tire (also known as Wheel TA 36-inch Street Tire, same as the new Coker XLR road tire), the new lightweight Nimbus Nightrider 36&quot; road and trails tire and the Coker Off-Road tire with block tread in the shape of the &quot;coker&quot; lettering. These tires are nearly identical except for the tread pattern except for the Nightrider which has 2-ply construction rather than 4-ply to save weight and is rated up to 65 PSI rather than 32 PSI.

=== What else ===
=== How to make your own studded tire ===

Affordable studded tires in some sizes are very hard to find. 
The best I have found are a few pretty cheap (350SEK/€40/$55+shipping) 20&quot; studded tires from a BMX dealer, manufactured by Innova.

So why not make one for yourself? The only costs are a tire, some studs and some work.

This is how I made my studded tire, not necessarily the best way to make it.

You need:

1 tire that fits your rim - it must have a fairly deep tread to make sure the screws have something to grip. (i used a Nokian X-trak)

2.5mm drill

Half-inch self drilling screws for wood

Glue

An old tube, or a few meters of duct tape (or both).

A screwdriver

Something to cut the screws with!

(Thimble)

1. Take a good look at the pattern on the tire and decide where the studs should be for best performance? Keep in mind that if they are in the middle, you'll have great grip in acceleration and braking, whilst if they are on the sides, they'll grip when your off balance and therefore have more need for that grip.

Considering this, I placed 2 parallel lines of studs. The lines were 1.5&amp;nbsp;cm apart, and within each line the studs are separated by about 3&amp;nbsp;cm. That required 92 studs for a 20&quot; tire; if I made one today I might have put more studs in, but it works well as it is.

2. Now you have to drill all the holes.  Drill 2.5&amp;nbsp;mm holes where you want the studs, drilling into the outside of the tire.

3. Start with pressing a few screws in place from inside the tire, using a thimble if required

4. Screw those screws in place

5. Repeat step 3 and 4 until all holes are used.

6. Since the heads of the screws will tear on the tube, you have to do something about it.

Either: Cut an old tube to create a strip of rubber that reaches all the way around the tyre. Make it wide enough that there is at least 1&amp;nbsp;cm between the edge of the strip and a stud, and glue it in place.

Or: 3 layers of duct tape will suffice.
I used: Both, use only the tube for 2 weeks, then i had my first pinch flat, now i have both.

7. Place the tire on the wheel, inflate to high pressure, wait for the glue to set.

8. Cut all the studs to a few millimeters of length using your weapon of choice, being careful not to harm the tire.

This took me about 4 hours of a rather inefficient work, would be able to do it in under 1 hour.

Don't use your new tire indoor, and use high pressure (at least 3 BAR or 45 PSI) to make sure the studs don't pop into the tire.
You're all set!

== Rim ==

Choosing a rim involves tradeoffs. If you do high drops, you may want a tough downhill rim. But sturdy rims are also heavy, and therefore not so good for hopping.

The most common rim for MUni is the Alex DX32 rim which is 35.1&amp;nbsp;mm wide.

Qu-Ax uses a DB-45 rim which is 45&amp;nbsp;mm wide.

Kris Holm designed and sells multiple types of rims. Two rims are 24 inch with 36 holes, one is a 42.2mm wide rim for better grip, and the other is a lighter 38mm rim for distance riding. Another rim is a 700c rim with eyelets. On the new 2007 KH unicycles, the rims are 45&amp;nbsp;mm wide but with holes drilled intermittently to reduce weight. In this way, the advantages of both types of rims are combined

For 28&quot; and 29&quot; unicycles, a standard 700c rim is used.

On a coker, there are three rims available. The Coker company makes a steel rim, which is serviceable but is known to bend after some abuse. The traditional choice for a stronger rim is the Airfoil rim sold by unicycle.com. Darren Bedford has recently started selling a coker with an aluminum rim, but these turned out to be brushed steel as used on the Qu-ax 36&quot; unicycle

If you like extreme MUni, Surly Bikes makes the Large Marge 65mm wide rim in both 26 and 24 inch sizes. This rim claims to be good for  riding on sand, snow, mud, or other terrain where you need more grip than usual. http://www.surlybikes.com/parts/largemarge_pop.html

== Tire pressure ==

Tire pressure is a huge topic among unicyclists.

In short, low pressure offers better grip, while high pressure is better for heavy landings or pre-hops with a lot of force. In detail, high pressure on the other hand lowers rolling resistance and eases turning.

Low pressure may provide a better grip and allow you to roll over small obstacles rather than bounce off them.

Your tire pressure is considered too low if your rim's sidewalls hit the ground when you land a drop. Rim sidewalls pressing the tire on the ground may cause pinch flats.

For freestyle it may be of advantage to use a high pressures, up to 85 psi has been spotted on the forums, (though I don't know the standard, someone with a trials or freestyle uni please add info here). 
Certain bmx freestyle tires can now be put up to 120psi and one even has Kevlar beading.

Trials and mountain unicycling uses rather low pressure, as low as 18 psi has been spotted on the forums, though psi in mid-twenties seems to be more common.  A rule of thumb to start with is to use 1PSI for every 10&amp;nbsp;lbs of rider.  A rider who weighs 180&amp;nbsp;lbs would thus use 18PSI, a rider of 200&amp;nbsp;lbs would use 20PSI.  This is a good starting point, and can then be adjusted to fit the rider's skill and/or terrain.

== Brakes ==

Most unicycles do not use brakes, simply because the use of direct drive. (Because the pedals are directly attached to the wheel, if you stop pedaling you will stop moving.) However, there are those who are developing unicycle brakes. The only unicycles that do use brakes commonly are MUnis and some commuter unis.

Brakes 
* Make it possible to do steeper hills in control.
* May provide more traction on loose downhill ground, where backwards torque would cause slippage.
* Give the knees/legs an easier job on long descents.

The most common brake used is the Magura HS-33, a hydraulic rim brake used commonly on trials bicycles. Commuter unis commonly use V-Brakes, but most MUnis must use hydraulic brakes because V-Brakes don't provide enough clearance for a 3&quot; tire.

== Geared Unicycles ==
The first practical geared unicycles were designed and developed by [http://staff.washington.edu/gharper/ Greg Harper] and [http://freenet-homepage.de/unifrank/index_engl.htm Frank Bonsch]. The [http://schlumpfdrive.com/?sl=en&amp;sid=&amp;u_s=0&amp;u_a=22 Schlumpf geared unicycle] is now in production and available for sale.  There is also the new Kris Holm/Schlumpf geared hub with a reinforced ISIS axle and without the torque lever, released in January 2008.

While the previous methods of gearing involved a shifting mechanism inside the hub, some have experimented with using gears outside the hub, usually with a &quot;jackshaft&quot; dual sprocket, and this was developed for the larger-wheeled road unicycle by Pete Perron of Seattle. The jackshaft concept for cycling was originated by Ernesto Colnago of Italy, in a one-off bicycle prototype.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/GIST</title>
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      <text bytes="6992" sha1="4kj7j7e29vxjreyn1vd0flrr18in2o5" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}

==Epidemiology==
Rare. 0.1-3% of all GI tumors. But 20% of small bowel tumors.  Incidence is 20 per 1,000,000 people / year. Predominantly affects those in their 5th - 7th decades. 

Location: 60% from stomach, 30% from small intestine

==Symptoms==
GI bleeding is most common. Abdominal pain, bowel obstruction.

10% present with metastatic disease. Most common site of metastasis is to the liver. May spread to peritoneal surface. 

==Pathology==
Term GIST was coined in 1983 by Mazur and Clark ({{PMID|6625048}}).  GISTs were recognized as distinct tumors in the early 1990s, but the correct diagnosis of these tumors was problematic until around 2000.

Originate from the interstitial cell of Cajal, an intestinal pacemaker cell.  

Previously were classified as visceral leiomyosarcomas due to their similar appearance histologically.  Much of the older data for gastrointestinal sarcomas is therefore of little value because of the mixed histologies.  

Immunohistochemistry: KIT (CD-117) positive, CD34 positive, smooth muscle actin variably positive. Negative for desmin.  Usually negative for S100 (distinguishes from schwannomas).

==Staging==
Was added as a separate classification starting with the 7th edition of the AJCC Staging Manual. GISTs were not previously classified by the AJCC.

'''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)''' &lt;br&gt;
''Primary Tumor''
*T1 - 2 cm or less
*T2 - &gt;2 cm and &lt;= 5 cm
*T3 - &gt;5 cm and &lt;= 10 cm
*T4 - &gt; 10 cm

''Regional Lymph Nodes''
*N0 - no
*N1 - yes (note: very rare in GIST)

''Distant Metastasis''
*M0 - none
*M1 - yes

''Mitotic Rate''
*low - &lt;= 5/50 HPF
*high - &gt; 5/50 HPF

''Stage Grouping''
:For Gastric GISTs:
:(includes omentum)
*IA - T1-T2 N0, Low mitotic rate
*IB - T3 N0, Low mitotic rate
*II - T1-T2 N0, High mitotic rate; T4 N0, Low mitotic rate
*IIIA - T3 N0, High mitotic rate
*IIIB - T4 N0, High mitotic rate
*IV - N1 or M1

:For Small Intestinal GISTs:
:(includes esophagus, colorectal, mesentery, and peritoneum)
*I - T1-T2 N0, Low mitotic rate
*II - T3 N0, Low mitotic rate
*IIIA - T1 N0, High mitotic rate; T4 N0, Low mitotic rate
*IIIB - T2-4 N0, High mitotic rate
*IV - N1 or M1


==Prognosis==
Malignant potential depends on size and number of mitoses but can be difficult to predict in some cases.  Are malignant in about 10-30% of cases.

'''NIH scale:''' (based on size and mitotic count) - {{PMID|12094370}} 
*Very low risk - &lt; 2 cm, &lt; 5/50 HPF
*Low risk - 2-5 cm, &lt; 5/50 HPF
*Int risk - &lt; 5 cm and 6-10/50 HPF, or 5-10 cm and &lt; 5/50 HPF
*High risk - any size and &gt; 10/50 HPF, or &gt; 10 cm and any mitotic count, or &gt; 5 cm and &gt;5/50 HPF

'''Major and minor criteria:''' - Bucher et al - {{PMID|15191872}} 
*Minor criteria: size &gt; 5 cm, mitotic index &gt;5 mitoses/50 HPF, necrosis, infiltration of adjacent structures, MiB1 index &gt; 10%
*Major criteria: LN invasion, metastases
*Low risk - fewer than 4 minor criteria - 5-year survival is 95%
*High risk - 1 major or 4 or more minor criteria - 5-year survival &lt; 20%

==c-KIT and Imatinib==
Approximately 90% contain a mutation in the c-kit protooncogene which encodes the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase.  The ligand for KIT is known as stem cell factor, Steel factor, or KIT ligand.  The c-kit mutation is a gain-of-function mutation which provides a continuous signal for cell growth without the binding of the normal ligand and creates an antiapoptotic signal.  

STI-571 or Imatinib (Gleevec) is a selective inhibitor of the ABL, BCR-ABL, KIT, and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases.  Usually given at a dose of 400-600 mg/day orally.

==Treatment==
Primary treatment is surgical resection.  

===Use of Imatinib===
====Metastatic disease====
Used in metastatic disease. Patients without c-kit mutations are less likely to respond. 

'''Trials:'''
*(Pending - trial closed in 2002) North American Sarcoma Intergroup study S0033 - tests Gleevec at 800 mg/d (divided BID) vs 400 mg/d (once daily) for metastatic GIST

*EORTC trial - similar to Intergroup S0033

'''''Duration of therapy:'''''
*'''French Sarcoma Group BFR14''' (2002-)
**Pts with metastatic GIST. After 3 yrs of Imatinib therapy, pts were randomized to continual therapy (C) vs interrupted therapy (I) with Imatinib. Pts on interrupted arm could resume Imatinib if progressive disease detected.
**[http://meeting.jco.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/18_suppl/10005 2007 ASCO Abstract #10005] &amp;mdash; &quot;Continuous versus interruption of imatinib (IM) in responding patients with advanced GIST after three years of treatment: A prospective randomized phase III trial of the French Sarcoma Group.&quot; 
***35 pts enrolled (19 interrupted vs 16 continuous). Median f/u 5.3 mos. 
***Higher rate of progressive disease in I pts. Reintroduction of Imatinib in the I arm after progression allowed tumor response (stable disease or overall response) in all pts. 
**Conclusion: high risk of rapid progression when treatment is interrupted.
====Adjuvant therapy====
*'''Multicenter; 2012''' {{PMID|22453568}} [http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/307/12/1265.full.pdf+html Full Text] -- &quot;One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a randomized trial.&quot; (Joensuu, JAMA. 2012 Mar 28;307(12):1265-72.)
**400 high risk patients, defined by having at least 1 modified NIH Consensus Criteria
***The longest tumor diameter &gt;10.0 cm
***Mitotic count &gt;10 mitoses per 50 HPF
***Tumor diameter &gt;5.0 cm and mitotic count over 5
***Tumor rupture before surgery or at surgery
**Median follow-up 54 months.
**5yr RFS: 36-month group 65.6% vs 12-month group 47.9%
***HR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.32-0.65; p &lt; .001
**5yr OS 36-month group 92.0% vs 12-month group 81.7%
***HR 0.45; 95% CI, 0.22-0.89; p = .02
**Imatinib was generally well tolerated, but 12.6% and 25.8% of patients assigned to the 12- and 36-month groups, respectively, discontinued imatinib for a reason other than GIST recurrence.
**Conclusion: Compared with 12 months of adjuvant imatinib, 36 months of imatinib improved RFS and overall survival of GIST patients with a high risk of GIST recurrence.

*ACOSOG - adjuvant 400 mg/d x 1 yr after complete resection for high-risk (10 cm, tumor rupture, or multifocal). Compared with historical controls.

*ACOSOG - Phase III, high-risk and moderate-risk (&gt;3 cm). Randomized to placebo vs Imatinib x 1 yr.

====Neoadjuvant====
*RTOG / American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) - serial PET scans.

===Radiotherapy===
Poor response rate to RT. Only very scanty reports in literature.  There have been case reports of RT being used as adjuvant therapy for positive margins and as primary therapy when combined with chemo and immunotherapy. 

RT's role may be restricted to palliation: palliation for bleeding, pain


==Review==
*'''2007''' {{PMID|17512858}} -- &quot;Gastrointestinal stromal tumour.&quot; (Rubin BP, Lancet. 2007 May 19;369(9574):1731-41.)

*'''2002''' {{PMID|12094371}} - Dematteo RP et al - Clinical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: before and after STI-571. 2002.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ayyavazhi/Ayya Vaikundar</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32616-27</username>
        <id>3599123</id>
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      <comment>I changed the false one</comment>
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      <text bytes="13843" sha1="6cv7r37sjs0sjrlax3944g8djew4852" xml:space="preserve">Ayya Vaikundar அய்யா வைகுண்டர், is a Manu (father, sovereign) avatar (the incarnation of a deity) of the Lord Narayana according to Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy script of the Ayyavazhi religion, a Tamil Hindu sect. (See also Ayyavazhi Mythology).

The physical human body of Ayya Vaikundar was born with the name Muthukutty. However, Muthukutty is referred to as Sampooranathevan, a deva (a deity), in the religious book Akilam. Ayya Vikundar, therefore, is a combination of the spirit of Narayana, the soul of the Supreme God, Ekam (God beyond conciousness) and the body of an ordinary human being (Muthukutty).

Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 The transformation
3 The incarnation of Ayya Vaikundar
4 Tavam
5 Incinerating evil spirits
6 Seizing the powers of witchcraft, sorcery, and other esoteric magical practices
7 Vaikundar as Pantaram
8 Ordeals
9 Post-imprisonment activities
10 Attaining Vaikundam
11 See also
12 References
 
== Early life ==

In 1809, Muthukutty was born in the southern most tip of south India, in a holy place named Swamithoppe (then part of a Tamaraikulam village) in the Kanyakumari District. His parents, Ponnu Nadar and Veiyelal, of the lower caste and of very poor means, initially named him Mudisoodum Perumal, meaning &quot;Lord Vishnu with a crown&quot;, but due to objections from those of higher caste, the family changed his name to Muthukutty.

The religious book, Akilam, states that the child was born dead, and then the soul of the deva Sampooranathevan was installed in the body. The family realized only stillness in the child, for a time immedietly after the birth, and then found the child alright. They were completely unaware of the exchange. This was in accord with the plan of Mayon to defeat the evil Kroni (analogous to Satan) during the sixth yuga (see The Incarnation of Ayya Vaikundar below and Ayyavazhi mythology). Thereafter, that boy grew up called Muthukutty in human history, and Sampooranathevan in Ayyavazhi mythology.

Muthukutty (Sampooranathevan), a religious minded boy, had special interest in choosing to worship Lord Vishnu (herein, synonymous with Narayana and Mayon). The holy book Akilam mentions that he had set a pedestal for Lord Vishnu in his house and worshipped the deity devoutly.

At the age of seventeen, Muthukutty married Thirumalammal (called Paradevathai in the holy book, Akilam) from the nearby village of Puviyur, and led a family life with her and their only son. Although Thirumalammal had been previously married, she was allowed to leave her former husband since her karma with him was fulfilled.

(Note: There are claims that the child was born to her in the relationship with her first husband, consistent with some quotes from the holy book, Akilam.)

According to the Akilam, Sampooranathevan's marriage had been divinely established to the mythical figure Paradevathai in an arrangement with the Lord Mayon (again as part of the plan to defeat the evil Kroni).

Muthukutty earned his living as a Palmyra climber and as an agricultural laborer.

== The transformation ==

In his twenty-fourth year, Muthukutty (Sampooranathevan) was struck by a severe illness that inflicted acute pain and suffering for a year. Muthukutty's mother, receiving instruction in her dreams, took her diseased son to the temple at Thiruchendur, during the Fall festival (19th day of the month of Masi, in the year 1008 of Malayalam era), 1833 AD. Muthukutty arrived in Thiruchendur in a cradle, carried by the kith and kin of the family. In Thiruchendur, Muthukutty went in to the sea and disappeared. Following a full day of waiting for him at the shore, all, but his mother, Veilal, returned to Tamaraikulam, but Veilal alone stayed weeping on the sea-shore.

On the third day, Lord Vaikundar appeared on the sea-shore. (See: post-incarnational events)). On seeing him, Veiyelal mistook him to be her son and tried to embrace him. But Lord Vaikundar told her that he was no longer her son, but the son of Narayana. He also told that &quot;Look upon the face of the water of the sea, where I've born&quot; and he told that &quot; Before 1008, Masi you were known as my mother, but now I was born as the son of Narayan and for the dawn of Dharma Yukam I am going to the world with the Vinchais given by Narayana.&quot; By saying this he take some sea water (Katal Patham) in his hand, he asked her to drink. Upon her refusal, she fell down and died.

Then as per the instructions of Lord Narayana, inside the sea, he started walking towards Detchanam. The place where Ayya Vaikundar performed the Avataram (translation unsure: possibly, a ceremony of the incarnation) was a holy place for the devotees of Ayyavazhi and they erected a temple there named Avatharappathi at Thiruchendur.

== The incarnation of Ayya Vaikundar ==

Ayya Vaikundar, who arose from the sea at Thiruchendur on 20th of the Tamil Month of Masi, is considered a unique Avatar. Akilam, the holy book, speaks about it in great detail, as summarized below:

First, in each of the five yugas (see Pre-Incarnational Events) prior to the Avatar of Ayya Vaikundar, as each fragment of Kroni (evil or Devil) came into physical form, the Lord Narayana incarnated as well, destroying them. However, in this the sixth yuga, Kroni was called Kali (also Kalineesan and Kaliyan), (not the Hindu deity) and having no physical form (see Pre-Incarnational Events for this account) he occupied the mind of people of earth as the Mayai (illusion), causing them to behave discourteously. Due to the boons Kaliyan claimed, it was impossible to destroy him in this yuga as in the previous ones, as found in the Akilam, the holy book, &quot;Munnindru kolla Moovaralume arithu&quot; (translated: It was impossible even for Trimurthi to oppose him). Since, Kaliyan held the boon for the birth of gods, and birth of Brahmins, it was impossible for Narayan, or any others, to incarnate directly in the world to destroy him. Finally, Kaliyan promised that if he made trouble to any Pantaram on earth, (See:Promise made by Kaliyan) all his boons would be forfeited and he would die in hell. So Kaliyan would only be destroyed if he trouble any Pantarams on earth.

Since God could not incarnate directly, He incarnated as Ayya Vaikundar in three stages.

* The first stage of Avatar was the born dead child (birth of the Body).
* Next, immediately the soul of Sampooranathevan was installed into the body , along with the Spirit (not Soul) of Narayana kept in Parvatha Ucchi Malai (a mythical mountain believed to be in this region) after the completion of the Krishna Avatar. This was the second stage of the Avatar.
* Then in the sea (during the 24th year), the soul of Sampooranathevan was granted moksha (liberation from the cycle of death and birth, synonymous with heaven), unified to the Ultimate Soul. Now, the Spirit of Narayana along with the Ultimate Soul (Paramatma) incarnated in the body of a human being (Muthukutty). (see:The Incarnation) This is the third stage of Avatar and from here he was called Ayya Vaikundar.Then Ayya Vaikundar was given Vinchai by Narayanar.(see: Vinchai to Vaikundar).

So Ayya Vaikundar is not merely a human, not merely Narayana, and not merely the Ultimate Soul, on the other hand he is a human and he is the Ultimate Soul and he is Narayana. He is the one who had the responsibility to destroy the sixth fragment of Kroni, as told by Sivan earlier. Such a technique was practiced to overcome the boons offered to Kaliyan.

== Tavam ==

Having reached Poovantanthoppe, (present-day Swamithope), he undertook to perform the proclaimed tavam. The tavam consisted of three stages, each spanning two years. Akilattirattu says that there were three specific intentions for the respective three stages of the Tavam. There is a tradition that describes his postures during the six-year tavam as follows: during the first two years, he stood inside a pit of six depth, during the next two years, squatted on the ground, and, during last two years, sat on a raised platform. His appearance was squalid, &quot;long and entangled plait of hair&quot; and frayed clothes. He seems have spoken less and subsisted on frugal meals.

== Incinerating evil spirits ==

Akilattirattu speaks of this act of incinerating the evil spirits as an important event in the incarnation of Ayya Vaikundar. It took place when he was performing his great tavam, which had been announced by him to be the means of destroying the kalimayai - the illusory evil force. Akilattirattu says that, since he had come as 'the invincible avatar', his foes – the devils, demons, and evil spirits were to be incinerated. He, then, gathered the people around, and caused some of them, both male and female, to get 'possessed' of the evil spirits (peyattam). The 'possessed' ones came and danced in front of the crowd as if the evil spirits had come upon them. Vaikundar, then, ordered these evil spirits to make an oath, in front of the people, to surrender their powers and get burned up in flames. When he had finished his orders, those dancing under the duress of 'possession' got exhausted and fell flat on the ground. Thus the evil spirits were incinerated. Akilam speaks it in a grand way.

== Seizing the powers of witchcraft, sorcery, and other esoteric magical practices ==

Similarly, Vaikundar performed another action to 'seize the esoteric evil powers'. Akilam says that, he had taken away the powers of those who knew to perform witchcraft, sorcery, and other magical rituals. People living in the hills, called as Kanikkarar, were believed to be powerful shamans or witchdoctors, having powers to contain or to provoke the demons. Vaikundar, in yet another occasion of trance, made some of these Kanikkarar to testify in front of the people that they had surrendered their powers. People grew appreciative of Ayya's actions. They began addressing him as Vaikuntacami. This implied an attribution of divinity to Vaikundar. Having incinerated the demons, and seized the powers of esoteric evil practices, Vaikundar exhorted the people as follows:

:&quot;There are no demons, no devils, No ill effects of magical practices, No disease, no pain, and no extortion of taxes, And, therefore, live courageously.&quot;

== Vaikundar as Pantaram ==

The fame of Vaikundar had begun to spread in the countries of Tiruvitankur and Tirunelveli, and he had been gradually recognised socially as a religious person with extraordinary powers. In the religious parlance of the time, he was addressed as a Pantaram, a religious person hailing from, and serving the ordinary folk. Akilattirattu addresses him as NarayanaPantaram.

People came to him to listen to his teachings and instructions, &quot;to be cured by him of different diseases&quot;, to witness, worship and serve a religious person undertaking tavam. Vaikundar encouraged the people to come together around a well to take a ritual bath, irrespective of caste differences. He encouraged them to dine together in his presence.

He gave out a number of teachings and instructions, the central point of which was that he had come to abolish Kali Yukam, and to usher in an age of Dharma Yukam, during the time of which the now-oppressed and suffering people would be liberated and rule the land under his leadership. 'Uplift of the lowly is dharmam’ was a constant refrain in his teachings.

People were enjoined to serve as catalysts for the destruction of Kali by transforming themselves to be 'people of Dharma Yukam' and to acquire a new character. The new character would come upon them, he said, if they-learned to live with self-respect, social dignity and fearlessness. Underscoring the importance of self-respect and social dignity, he said, ‘if one lives with dignity and self-respect, the kali would destroy itself’ . He said when people grew out of kalimayai, Dharma Yukam would unfold itself and in that age, he would rule over the people as Dharma Raja, the king of Dharma Yukam.

== Ordeals ==

Against the background of the growing popularity of Vaikundar, and the convergence of people around him in multitudes, a complaint seems to have been preferred against him to the king of Travancore (Kalineesan). He arrests Vaikundar and jailed and tortured him a lot.

== Post-imprisonment activities ==

After he returned from imprisonment, Vaikundar inspired a group of his devotees to undertake a religious exercise called Thuvayal Thavasu. He also practiced several activities of divinity. He married the Saptha Kanniyar as Narayanar , the Seven deities in the form of Ekam , He initiated a lot of festivities around him .&quot; There were ceremonial processions held amidst singing, incantations and shouts of joy by the followers. Several rites and rituals were instituted during these occasions.

== Attaining Vaikundam ==

Later Vaikundar was invited by his 'devotees' to their homes and treated in a grand manner. By way of soliciting his blessings, his 'devotees' carried him to different places. During these occasions, he laid foundations in various places for small shrine-like centres, called as Nizhal Thangals. Vaikundar came to recognize five individuals as his closest disciples. Through one of his disciples, Hari Gopalan Citar, he wrote the holy book, called Akilam.

On June 2, 1851, Vaikundar attained Vaikundam (see also:Attaining Vaikundam). As he attained Vaikundam with his body in the Vaikundam sitting in the 32 aram thorne and continuing the Tavam, The place where he done the 6 years of Tavam around that, a pati (temple) was raised later on. His devotees continued to visit this site, and performed the rituals as the used to do when Vaikundar was bodily present. His life and works remain the foundation of the religion Ayyavazhi. The head temple of the Ayyavazhi religion is called the Swamithoppepathi and is located in the Village of Swamithope.

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  <page>
    <title>OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication</title>
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      <comment>Improve instructions for setting up key-based authentication; tweak passwordless login instructions;</comment>
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      <text bytes="77757" sha1="p91gbqi68wgryf0opjm4ec6kmm6v5ir" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{simple chapter navigation|previous=File Transfer with SFTP|next=Certificate-based Authentication}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

Authentication keys can improve efficiency, if done properly.  As a bonus advantage, the passphrase and private key never leave the client&lt;ref name=&quot;RFC4252§7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4252#section-7 |title=The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol |publisher=IETF |year=2006| accessdate=2015-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Key-based authentication is generally recommended for outward facing systems so that password authentication can be turned off.  


==Key-based authentication==

OpenSSH can use public key cryptography for authentication.  In public key cryptography, encryption and decryption are asymmetric.  The keys are used in pairs, a public key to encrypt and a private key to decrypt.  The [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] utility can make RSA, Ed25519, ECDSA, Ed25519-SK, or ECDSA-SK keys for authenticating.  Even though DSA keys can still be made, being exactly 1024 bits in size, they are no longer recommended and should be avoided.  RSA keys are allowed to vary from 1024 bits on up.  The default is now 3072.  However, there is only limited benefit after 2048 bits and that makes elliptic curve algorithms preferable.  ECDSA can be 256, 384 or 521 bits in size.  Ed25519, Ed25519-SK, and ECDSA-SK keys each have a fixed length of 256 bits.  Shorter keys are faster, but less secure.  Longer keys are much slower to work with but provide better protection, up to a point.  

Keys can be named to help remember what they are for.  Because the key files can be named anything it is possible to have many keys each named for different services or tasks.  The comment field at the end of the public key can also be useful in helping to keep the keys sorted, if you have many of them or use them infrequently.  

The process of key-based authentication uses these keys to make a couple of exchanges using the keys to encrypt and decrypt some short message.  At the start, a copy of the client's public key is stored on the server and the client's private key is on the client, both stay where they are.  The private key never leaves the client.  As the client first contacts the server, the server responds by using the client's public key to encrypt a random number and return that encrypted random number as a challenge to the client.  The client responds to the challenge by using the matching private key to decrypt the message and extract the random number.  The client then makes an MD5 hash of the session ID along with the random number from the challenge and returns that hash to the server.  The server then makes its own hash of the session ID and the random number and compares that to the hash returned by the client.  If there is a match, the login is allowed.  If there is not a match, then the next of any public keys on the server registered as belonging to the same account is tried until either a match is found or all the keys have been tried or the maximum number of failures has been reached. &lt;ref name=&quot;How Key Challenges Work&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.unixwiz.net/techtips/ssh-agent-forwarding.html#chal | title=An Illustrated Guide to SSH Agent Forwarding | author=Steve Friedl | date=2006-02-22 | accessdate=2013-04-27 | publisher=Unixwiz.net }}&lt;/ref&gt;

When an agent is used on the client side to manage authentication, the process is similar.  The difference is that [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] passes the challenge off to the agent which then calculates the response and passes it back to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] which then passes the agent's response back to the server.  

===Basics of Public Key Authentication===

A matching pair of SSH keys, one public and one private, is needed for public key authentication.  The [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] utility is used to make such a key pair.  Out of that pair the public key must be properly stored on the remote host before using key-based authentication.  The default location for it is the designated '''authorized_keys''' file, usually one such file resides inside each remote user account.  The private key stays stored safely on the client.  

Once the keys have been prepared and the remote account configured, they can be used for login.  Before starting, there must already be an account on the remote system.  The details of doing that are outside of the scope of this book.  However, once you have a remote account, there are four steps to set up key-based authentication for it:

'''1''') Prepare a directory on the client (say a laptop or a desktop) where the keys will stay, if there isn't one already.  For example, if the '''.ssh''' directory is not on the client machine, create it and set the permissions correctly.  It is important that it not be writable by any account except its owner:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ mkdir ~/.ssh/
$ chmod 0700 ~/.ssh/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''2''') Create a key pair inside the designated directory.  The example here creates an Ed25519 key pair in the directory '''~/.ssh'''.  The option '''-t''' decides the key type and the option '''-f''' assigns the key file a name.  It is good to give key files descriptive names, especially if larger numbers of keys are managed.  Below, the public key will be named '''fred_example_org_ed25519.pub''' and the private key will be called '''fred_example_org_ed25519'''.  Lastly, the '''-C''' option is used to embed a descriptive comment inside the private key itself.  The comment is useful for figuring out later what the key is for when one has many keys or a lot of time has passed or both.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f ~/.ssh/fred_example_org_ed25519 \
        -C &quot;from fred's laptop to server.example.org&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Be sure to enter a solid passphrase so that the private key gets encrypted using 128-bit AES.  That way the private key can only be read or used when the passphrase is given.  

Ed25519, Ed25519-SK, and ECDSA-SK keys have fixed lengths.  For RSA and ECDSA keys, the '''-b''' option sets the number of bits used for those kinds of keys.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -o -b 4096 -t rsa -f ~/.ssh/fred_example_org_rsa \
        -C &quot;from fred's laptop to server.example.org&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Since 6.5 a new private key format is available using a [http://man.openbsd.org/bcrypt.3 bcrypt(3)] key derivative function (KDF) to better protect keys at rest.  This new format is always used for Ed25519 keys, and sometime in the future will be the default for all keys.  But for right now it may be requested when generating or saving existing keys of other types via the '''-o''' option in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)].  

Details of the new format are found in the source code in the file '''PROTOCOL.key'''.

'''3''') Get the keys to the right places.  Transfer only the public key to remote machine.  The following assume the default locations for the authorized keys as specified in the server's configuration file by the '''AuthorizedKeysFile''' directive.  

'''3a''') If the utility &lt;code&gt;ssh-copy-id&lt;/code&gt; exists, and if password authentication is allowed, then it can be used to put the public key into place on the remote system.  The ''.pub'' is optional here, the script will figure it out if omitted. 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/fred_example_org_ed25519 fred@server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If that script was successful in transferring the public key, then go on to step 4 below and test the key.  If not, then try transferring the public key manually as described in step 3b next.

'''3b''') Or the public key can be put in place manually on the remote machine.  For that the remote '''.ssh''' directory is needed, and within that a special file to store the public keys, the default file name is '''authorized_keys'''.  If either the '''authorized_keys''' file or '''.ssh''' directory do not exist on the remote machine, they need to be created.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ mkdir -m 700 ~/.ssh/
$ touch ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
$ nano -w ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then any editor which does not wrap long lines can be used to add the public key.  However the '''authorized_keys''' file is edited to add the key, the key itself must be in the file whole and unbroken on a single  line.  For example, [http://linux.die.net/man/1/nano nano(1)] can be started with the '''-w''' option to prevent wrapping of long lines.  (Another way to set line wrapping permanently in [http://linux.die.net/man/1/nano nano(1)] is by editing [http://linux.die.net/man/5/nanorc nanorc(5)].)  

If the key pair is not already on the client, transfer both the public and private keys there.  It is usually best to keep both the public and private keys together in the directory '''~/.ssh/''', though the public key is not always needed on the client after this step and could even be regenerated if it is ever needed again.  

'''4''') Test the keys

While remaining logged in via the first terminal, use the client system to open another window and in it start another SSH session and try authenticating to the remote machine from the client using the private key.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -i ~/.ssh/fred_example_org_ed25519 -l fred server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The option '''-i''' tells [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] which private key to try.  
Only after verifying that the key-based authentication works should you close the original window.  

It is possible to make permanent shortcuts on the client using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)], explained further below, once key-based authentication is working.  In particular, see the '''IdentityFile''',  '''IdentitiesOnly''', and '''AddKeysToAgent''' configuration directives, to name three.  

It is also a good idea to turn off password authentication, if and only if key-based authentication is setup for all the necessary remote accounts.  

➥ '''Troubleshooting of Key-based Authentication''':

If the server refuses to accept the key and fails over to the next authentication method (e.g.: &quot;Server refused our key&quot;), then there are several possible mistakes to look for on the server side.  

One of the most common errors is that the file and directory permissions are wrong.  The authorized keys file must be owned by the user in question and not be group writable.  Nor may the key file's directory be group or world writable.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o= ~/.ssh
$ chmod u=rw,g=,o=  ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Another mistake that can happen is if the key inside the '''authorized_keys''' file on the remote host is broken by line breaks or has other whitespace in the middle.  That can be fixed by joining up the lines and removing the spaces or by recopying the key more carefully.  

And, though it should go without saying, the halves of the key pair need to match.  The public key on the server needs to match the private key held on the client.  If the public key is lost, then a new one can be generated with the '''-y''' option, but not the other way around.  If the private key is lost, then the public key should be erased as it is no longer of any use.  If many keys are in use for an account, it might be a good idea to add comments to them.  On the client, it can be a good idea to know which server the key is for, either through the file name itself or through the comment field.  A comment can be added using the '''-C''' option.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f ~/.ssh/fred_example_org_ed25519 -C &quot;web server mirror&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

On the server, it can be important to annotate which client they key is from if there is more than one public key there in an account.  There the comment can be added to the authorized keys file on the server in the last column if a comment does not already exist.  Again, the format of the authorized keys file is given in the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] in the section &quot;AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT&quot;.  If the keys are not labeled they can be hard to match, which might or might not be what you want.  

====Associating Keys Permanently with a Server====

A key can be specified at run time, but to save retyping the same paths again and again, the '''Host''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] can apply specific settings to a target host.  In this case, by changing '''~/.ssh/config''' it is possible to assign particular keys to be tried automatically whenever making a connection to that specific host.  After adding the following lines to '''~/.ssh/config''', all that's needed is to type &lt;code&gt;ssh ''web1''&lt;/code&gt; to connect with the key for that server.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host web1
	Hostname 198.51.100.32
	IdentitiesOnly yes
	IdentityFile /home/fred/.ssh/web_key_ed25519
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''~/.ssh/config''' below uses different keys for ''server'' versus ''server.example.org'',  regardless whether they resolve to the same machine.   This is possible because the host name argument given to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] is not converted to a canonicalized host name before matching.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host server
	IdentitiesOnly yes
	IdentityFile /home/fred/.ssh/key_a_rsa

Host server.example.org
	IdentitiesOnly yes
	IdentityFile /home/fred/.ssh/key_b_rsa  
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In this example the shorter name is tried first, but of course less ambiguous shortcuts can be made instead.  The configuration file gets parsed on a first-match basis.  So the most specific rules go at the beginning and the most general rules go at the end.  

====Encrypted Home Directories====

When using encrypted home directories the keys must be stored in an unencrypted directory.  That means somewhere outside the actual home directory which means [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] needs to be configured appropriately to find the keys in that special location.  

Here is one method for solving the access problem.  Each user is given a subdirectory under '''/etc/ssh/keys/''' which they can then use for storing their '''authorized_keys''' file.  This is set in the server's configuration file '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
AuthorizedKeysFile      /etc/ssh/keys/%u/authorized_keys
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Setting a special location for the keys opens up more possibilities as to how the keys can be managed and multiple key file locations can be specified if they are separated by whitespace.  The user does not have to have write permissions for the '''authorized_keys''' file.  Only read permission is needed to be able to log in.  But if the user is allowed to add, remove, or change their keys, then they will need write access to the file to do that.  

One symptom of having an encrypted home directory is that key-based authentication only works when you are already logged into the same account, but fails when trying to make the first connection and log in for the first time.

Sometimes it is also necessary to add a script or call a program from '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' immediately after authentication to decrypt the home directory.

====Passwordless Login====

One solution for passwordless logins is to still have a passphrase and work with an authentication agent in conjunction with a single-purpose key.  Most desktop environments launch an SSH agent automatically these days.  It will be visible in the '''SSH_AUTH_SOCK''' environment variable if it is.  On accounts with an agent, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] can load private keys into an available agent.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/fred_example_org_ed25519
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Thereafter, the client will automatically check the agent for the key when appropriate.  If there are many keys in the agent, it will become necessary to set '''IdentitiesOnly'''.  See the above section on using '''~/.ssh/config''' for that.  See [OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication#Key-based_Authentication_Using_an_Agent  Key-based Authentication Using an Agent] below.  

Another, riskier, way of allowing passwordless logins is to follow the steps above, but simply do not enter a passphrase when asked for one while creating the key.  Note that using keys that lack a passphrase is very risky, so the key files should be very well protected and kept track of, and ideally locked down with a '''command=''' option or '''ForceCommand''' directive on the server.  That includes that keys which will only be used as single-purpose keys as described below.  

Timely key rotation becomes especially important.  In general, it is not a good idea to make a key without a passphrase.  

====Requiring Both Keys and a Password====

While users should have strong passphrases for their keys, there is no way to enforce or verify that.  Indeed, since neither the private key nor its the passphrase ever leave the client machine there is nothing that the server can do to have any influence over that.  Instead, it is possible to require both a key and a password.  Starting with OpenSSH 6.2, it is possible for the server to require multiple authentication methods for login using the '''AuthenticationMethods''' directive.   
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
AuthenticationMethods publickey,password
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This example from http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] requires that users first authenticate using a key and it only queries for a password if the key succeeds.  Thus with that configuration it is not possible to get to the system password prompt without first authenticating with a valid key.  Changing the order of the arguments changes the order of the authentication methods.

====Requiring Two or More Keys====

Since OpenSSH 6.8, the server now remembers which public keys have been used for authentication and refuses to accept previously-used keys.  This allows a set up requiring that users authenticate using two different public keys, maybe one in the file system and the other in a hardware token. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
AuthenticationMethods publickey,publickey
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''AuthenticationMethods''' directive, whether for keys or passwords, can also be set on the server under a '''Match''' directive to apply only to certain groups or situations.

====Requiring Certain Key Types For Authentication====

Also since OpenSSH 6.8, the '''PubkeyAcceptedKeyTypes''' directive, later changed to '''PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms''', can specify which key algorithms are accepted for authentication.  Those not in the comma-separated pattern list are not allowed.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms ssh-ed25519*,ssh-rsa*,ecdsa-sha2*,sk-ssh-ed25519*,sk-ecdsa-sha2*
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Either the actual key types or a pattern can be in the list.  Spaces are not allowed in the pattern list.  The exact list of key types supported for authentication can be found by the '''-Q''' option using the client.  The following two lines are equivalent.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -Q key-sig | sort

$ ssh -Q PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms | sort
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For host-based authentication, it is the '''HostbasedAcceptedAlgorithms''' directive which determines the key types which are allowed for authentication.

===Key-based Authentication Using the AuthorizedKeysCommand Directive===

It is possible to use a program or script to look up public keys rather than keeping them in a static file or files.  Any command called by the '''AuthorizedKeysCommand''' directive needs to either produce a syntactically correct public key while returning the exit code for a successful run or else return the exit code for failure.  The string sent to '''stdout''' will then be processed as part of the authentication work flow.  

Here is a shell script&lt;ref name=&quot;janpietmens&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://jpmens.net/2025/03/25/authorizedkeyscommand-in-sshd/ |title=SSH keys from a command: sshd's AuthorizedKeysCommand directive |accessdate=2025-04-04 |date=2025-03-25 | author=Jan-Piet Mens }}&lt;/ref&gt; at its simplest, without constraints, demonstrating a public key lookup:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
#!/bin/sh

echo &quot;ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIKs/UouletvojgB1YeRZ4MY6iRblQ2ERDuNhQO4tOvdL&quot;

exit 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For authentication to succeed, the script must return exit code 0  (success) after sending the syntactically correct matching public key to '''stdout'''.  For the SSH daemon to even run the script in the first place, the script must have the correct file and directory permissions.

Both the '''AuthorizedKeysCommandUser''' directive and '''AuthorizedKeysCommand''' must be used together.  The former designates which account the script or program use when run.  If set to ''none'' or if it does not refer to a valid account then [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd sshd(8)] will just ignore the command.  If '''AuthorizedKeysCommand''' is set, and '''AuthorizedKeysCommandUser''' is left empty or missing, then [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd sshd(8)] won't even run when invoked.  The error will be:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
AuthorizedKeysCommand set without AuthorizedKeysCommandUser
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''AuthorizedKeysFile''' is always tried first when it is present in the server configuration.  The '''AuthorizedKeysCommand''' directive will not even be tried when the authorized keys file can provide a relevant key first.  

====A More Detailed Example Using the AuthorizedKeysCommand Directive====

By default the user name trying to log in is passed to the script when no tokens or arguments are provided.  Whether or how that information is used is up to the script.  The SSH daemon can also pass any combination of the tokens described in the TOKENS section of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config sshd_config(5)] into the program or script being called.  Furthermore, the program or script can even be a front end for a database, such as OpenLDAP, or any similar system, as long as '''stdout''' produces a public key.  

Below is a more detailed example which uses a local script named '''keyfinder''' run with the account '''keys''' to look up the a public key for certain accounts.  First in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config sshd_config(5)] the two directives:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
AuthorizedKeysCommand /usr/local/sbin/keyfinder %U
AuthorizedKeysCommandUser keys
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The script below is only a demonstration and a more complex program can call databases or do advanced lookups or heuristics:  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
#!/bin/sh

set -e

case $1 in
        &quot;1000&quot;)
                echo &quot;ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDIE5AAAAIK89...UT9hz&quot;
                ;;

        &quot;1001&quot;)
                echo &quot;restrict ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTAAIBvGx...Y0zxV&quot;
                ;;

        &quot;1002&quot;)
                echo &quot;command=\&quot;/usr/libexec/sftp-server\&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1TE5AIPSyY...cPTg3&quot;
                ;;

        *)
                exit 1
                ;;
   
esac

exit 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''AuthorizedKeysCommand''' scripts or programs can return any correctly formatted public key to '''stdout''' for consideration in the authentication process.  That includes adding constraints to the keys.  Above, the account with the UID 1000 has no constraints, while the account with UID 1001 is quite constrained.  Finally, the account with the UID 1002 can only access the SFTP service.  See the section &quot;AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT&quot; in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd sshd(8)] for the full set of possibilities.

===Key-based Authentication Using an Agent===

When an authentication agent, such as [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)], is going to be used, it should generally be started at the beginning of a session and used to launch the login session or X-session so that the environment variables pointing to the agent and its UNIX-domain socket are passed to each subsequent shell and process.  Many desktop distros do this automatically upon login or startup.  

Starting an agent entails setting a pair of environment variables:

* SSH_AGENT_PID : the process id of the agent
* SSH_AUTH_SOCK : the filename and full path to the UNIX-domain socket

The various SSH and SFTP clients find these variables automatically and use them to contact the agent and try when authentication is needed.   However, it is mainly SSH_AUTH_SOCK which is ever used.  If the shell or desktop session was launched using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)], then these variables are already set and available.  If they are not available, then it is necessary to either set the variables manually inside each shell or for each application in order to use the agent or else to point to the agent's socket using the directive '''IdentityAgent''' in the client's configuration file.  

Once an agent is available, a relevant private key needs to be loaded before the agent can be used.  Once in the agent the private key can then be used many times.  Private keys are loaded into an agent with [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)].
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-add /home/fred/.ssh/mykey_ed25519
Identity added: /home/fred/.ssh/mykey_ed25519 (/home/fred/.ssh/mykey_ed25519)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Keys stay in the agent for as long as it is running unless specified otherwise.  A timeout can be set either with the '''-t''' option when starting the agent itself or when actually loading the key using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)].  In either case, the '''-t''' option will set a timeout interval, after which the key will be purged from the agent.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-add -t 1h30m /home/fred/.ssh/mykey_ed25519
Identity added: /home/fred/.ssh/mykey_ed25519 (/home/fred/.ssh/mykey_ed25519)
Lifetime set to 5400 seconds
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The option '''-l''' will list the fingerprints of all of the identities in the agent.  
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bash&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-add -l                                    
256 SHA256:77mfUupj364g1WQ+O8NM1ELj0G1QRx/pHtvzvDvDlOk mykey for task x (ED25519)
3072 SHA256:7unq90B/XjrRbucm/fqTOJu0I1vPygVkN9FgzsJdXbk myotherkey rsa for task y (RSA)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It is also possible to remove individual identities from the agent using '''-d''' which will remove them one at a time if identified by file name, but only if the file name is given and without the file name of the private key to be remove, '''-d''' will fail silently.  Using '''-D''' instead will remove all of them at once without needing to specify any by name.  

By default [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] uses the agent connected via the socket named in the environment variable '''SSH_AUTH_SOCK''', if it is set.  Currently, that is its only option.  However, for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] an alternative to using the environment variable is the client configuration directive '''IdentityAgent''' which tells the SSH clients which socket to use to communicate with the agent.  If both the environment variable and the configuration directive are available at the same time, then the value in '''IdentityAgent''' takes precedence over what's in the environment variable.  '''IdentityAgent''' can also be set to ''none'' to prevent the connection from trying to use any agent at all.  

The client configuration directive '''AddKeysToAgent''' can also be useful in getting keys into an agent as needed.  When set, it automatically loads a key into a running agent the first time the key is called for if it is not already loaded.  Likewise the '''IdentitiesOnly''' directive can ensure that the relevant key is offered on the first try.  Rather than typing these out whenever the client is run, they can be added to '''~/.ssh/config''' and thereby added automatically for designated host connections.  

====Agent Forwarding====

Agent forwarding is one means of passing through one or more intermediate hosts.  However, the '''-J''' option for '''ProxyJump''' would be a safer option.  See [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Proxies_and_Jump_Hosts#Jump_Hosts_--_Passing_Through_a_Gateway_or_Two | Passing Through a Gateway or Two]] in the section on jump hosts about that.  With agent forwarding, intermediate machines forward challenges and responses back and forth between the client and the final destination.  This comes with some risks but eliminates the need for using passwords or holding keys on any of these intermediate machines.  

A main advantage of agent forwarding is that the private key itself is not needed on any remote machine, thus hindering unwanted file system access to it. &lt;ref name=&quot;OpenSSH key management, Part 3&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-keyc3/ | title=Common threads: OpenSSH key management, Part 3 | author=Daniel Robbins | publisher=IBM | date=2002-02-01 | accessdate=2013-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Another advantage is that the actual agent to which the user has authenticated does not go anywhere and is thus less susceptible to analysis.  

One risk with agents is that they can be re-used to tailgate in if the permissions allow it.  Keys cannot be copied this way, but authentication is possible when there are incorrect permissions.  Note that disabling agent forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access, as they can always install their own forwarders.

The risks of agent forwarding can be mitigated by confirming each use of a key by adding the '''-c''' option when adding the key to the agent.  This requires the SSH_ASKPASS variable be set and available to the agent process, but will generate a prompt on the host running the agent upon each use of the key by a remote system.  So if passing through one or more intermediate hosts, it is usually better to instead have the SSH client use stdio forwarding with '''-W''' or '''-J'''.

On the client side agent forwarding is disabled by default and so if it is to be used it must be enabled explicitly.  Put the following line in  [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] to enable agent forwarding for a particular server:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
        Host gateway.example.org
        ForwardAgent yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

On the server side the default configuration files allow authentication agent forwarding, so to use it, nothing needs to be done there, just on the client side.  However, again, it would be preferable to take a look at '''ProxyJump''' instead.  

=====Old Style, Somewhat Safer SSH Agent Forwarding=====

The best way to pass through one or more intermediate hosts is to use the '''ProxyJump''' option instead of authentication agent forwarding and thereby not risk exposing any private keys.  If authentication agent forwarding must be used, then it would be advisable in the interest of following the principle of least privilege to forward an agent containing the minimum necessary number of keys.  There are several ways to solve that.  

In version 8.8 and earlier a partial solution is to make a one-off, ephemeral agent to hold just the one key or keys needed for the task at hand.  Another partial solution would be to set up a user-accessible service at the operating system level and then use [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config] for the rest.  

Automatically launching an ephemeral agent unique to each session can be done by crafting either a special shell alias or function to launch a single-use agent.  Either the function or the alias can be written to require confirmation for each requested signature.  The following example is an alias is based on an updated blog post by Vincent Bernat&lt;ref name=&quot;safer-agent-forwarding&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://vincent.bernat.ch/en/blog/2020-safer-ssh-agent-forwarding |title=Safer SSH agent forwarding |author=Vincent Bernat|date=2020-04-05 |accessdate=2020-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; on SSH agent forwarding:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ alias assh=&quot;ssh-agent ssh -o AddKeysToAgent=confirm -o ForwardAgent=yes&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note the use of [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)].  When invoking that alias, the SSH client will be launched with a unique, ephemeral supporting key agent.  The alias sets up a new agent, including setting the two environment variables, and then sets two client options while calling the client.  This arrangement still checks with [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for other options and settings.  When the SSH session is finished the agent which launched it ends and goes away, thus cleaning up after itself automatically.  

Another way is to rely on the client's configuration file for some of the settings.  Such methods rely mostly on [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] but still require an independent method to launch an ephemeral agent because the OpenSSH client is already running by the time it reads the configuration file and is thus not affected by any changes to environment variables caused by the configuration file and it is through the environment variables that contain information about the agent.  However, when the path to the UNIX-domain socket used to communicate with the authentication agent is decided in advance then the '''IdentityAgent''' option can point to it once the one-off agent&lt;ref name=&quot;wikimedia_ssh_agents&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Managing_multiple_SSH_agents#Linux_solutions |title=Managing multiple SSH agents |publisher=Wikimedia|accessdate=2020-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; is actually launched.  The following uses a specific agent's pre-defined socket whenever connecting to either of two particular domains:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host *.wikimedia.org *.wmflabs.org
        User fred
        IdentitiesOnly yes
        IdentityFile %d/.ssh/id_cloud_01
        IdentityAgent /run/user/%i/ssh-cloud-01.socket
        ForwardAgent yes
        AddKeysToAgent yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''%d''' stands for the path to the home directory and the '''%i''' stands for the user id (UID) for the current account.  In some cases the '''%i''' token might also come in handy when setting the '''IdentityAgent''' option inside the configuration file.  Again, be careful when forwarding agents with which keys are in the forwarded agent.  See the section &quot;TOKENS&quot; in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more such abbreviations.  

With those configuration settings, the authentication agent must already be up and running and point to the designated socket prior to starting the SSH client for that configuration to work.  Additionally, it should place the socket in a directory which is inaccessible to any other accounts.  [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] must use the '''-a''' option to name the socket:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-agent -a /run/user/${UID}/ssh-cloud-01.socket
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That agent configuration can be launched manually or via a script or service manager.  However, in the interests of privacy and security in general, agent forwarding is to be avoided.  The configuration directive '''ProxyJump''' is the best alternative and, on older systems, host traversal using '''ProxyCommand''' with [http://man.openbsd.org/nc.1 netcat] are preferable.  Again, see the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Proxies and Jump Hosts|Proxies and Jump Hosts]] for how those methods are used.

=====New Style SSH Agent Destination Constraints=====

From 8.9 onward, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1 ssh-agent(1)] will allow the agent to limit which hosts they will use for authentication as specified by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] using the '''-h''' option.  These constraints have been added through two agent protocol extensions and a modification to the public key authentication protocol.  This feature may evolve, but for now the result is such that keys for account authentication can be loaded into the agent in four ways:

* no limits on forwarding (not recommended)
* local use only, these will not get forwarded
* forwarding, but only to specific remote hosts
* forwarding to specific remote hosts via specified routes

The intent is that the restrictions fail safely so that they do not allow authentication when one or more hosts in the route lack the needed protocol features.  The destinations and routes cannot be modified once the keys are loaded, but multiple routes to the same destination can be loaded and the routes can be any number of hops.  If the routes need changing, then the key must be reloaded into the agent with the new route or routes.  

The general default for the client is to keep keys in the agent for local use only.  However, that can be enforced explicitly by adding the '''-a''' option when starting the client or else setting the '''ForwardAgent''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] to 'no' in the relevant configuration block.  

In order to load keys for unlimited forwarding, which is not the best idea, just add them using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] as normal.  Then use the '''-A''' option with the client or set the '''ForwardAgent''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] to 'yes' in the relevant configuration block.  

In order to limit keys for connection only to a specific remote host, or to load keys for connection to a specific remote host with forwarding via one or more intermediate hosts, use he '''-h''' option when loading keys into the agent.  Here the one key may be used only to connect to the specific destination:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-agent -h server.example.org server.key.ed25519
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If an intermediate system is passed through, the best way is to use '''ProxyJump''' which is the '''-J''' option for the SSH Client.  If agent forwarding must be allowed then the tightest way is to constrain which systems may use the keys, again using the '''-h''' option.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-agent -h middle.example.org -h &quot;middle.example.org&gt;server.example.org&quot; server.key.ed25519
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Multiple steps can be included, even multiple routes.  They just have to be enumerated explicitly, though patterns may still be used for the destination hosts as well as specific names.  Each host in the chain must support these protocol extensions for the connection to complete.  

Any keys designated for forwarding are unusable for authentication on any other hosts than those which have been explicitly identified for forwarding.  These permitted hosts are identified by host key or host certificate from the '''known_hosts''' file or another file designated by the '''-H''' option when loading the key with [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)].  If '''-H''' is not used at the time the keys are loaded into the agent, then the default known hosts file(s) will be used: '''~/.ssh/known_hosts''', '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''', '''~/.ssh/known_hosts2''', and '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2'''.

In the case of keys, the '''known_hosts''' list must be maintained conscientiously &lt;ref name=&quot;ssh-agent-restrictions&quot;&gt;{{ cite web | author=Damien Miller|url=https://www.openssh.org/agent-restrict.html | title=SSH agent restriction | publisher=OpenSSH | date=2021-12-16|accessdate=2022-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;, perhaps with the help of the '''UpdateHostkeys''' and '''CanonicalizeHostname''' client configuration directives.  Use of certificates requires the agent to only need to be aware of the Certificate Authority (CA).

Again, see [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Proxies_and_Jump_Hosts#Jump_Hosts_--_Passing_Through_a_Gateway_or_Two | Passing Through a Gateway or Two]] in the section on jump hosts about a way to pass through one or more intermediate machines without needing to forward an SSH agent.

====Checking the Agent for Specific Keys====

The [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_add ssh_add(1)] utility's '''-T''' option can test whether a specific private key is available in the agent or not by looking up the matching public key.  That can be useful in a shell script.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
#!/bin/sh

key=/home/fred/.ssh/some.key.ed25519.pub

if ssh-add -T ${key}; then
        echo &quot;Key ${key} Found&quot;
else
        echo &quot;Key ${key} missing&quot;
fi
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Or it could be done with an alternate syntax just as well either in a script or in an interactive shell sessions,

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ key=/home/fred/.ssh/some.key.ed25519.pub
$ ssh-add -T ${key} &amp;&amp; echo &quot;Key found&quot; || echo &quot;Key missing&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However, if the desired result would be to add key to the agent then the '''AddKeysToAgent''' client configuration option can ensure that a specific key is added to the SSH agent upon first use during any given login session.  That can be done using '''-o AddKeysToAgent=yes''' as a run-time argument, or by modifying [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)] as appropriate:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host www
        HostName www.example.com
        IdentityFile %d/.ssh/www.ed25519
        IdentitiesOnly yes
        AddKeysToAgent yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

With those options in the configuration file, the first time &lt;code&gt;ssh www&lt;/code&gt; is run the specified key will get added to the agent and remain available.

===Key-based Authentication Using A Hardware Security Token===

While stand-alone keys have been around for a long time, it has been possible since version 8.2 to use keys backed by hardware security tokens, such as OnlyKey, Yubikey, or many others, though the FIDO2 protocol.  The Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) authentication is supported directly in OpenSSH through FIDO2 and does not need third party software.  At the moment there are two types of hardware backed keys, ECDSA-SK and Ed25519-SK, but only the latest hardware tokens support the latter.  If the key Ed25519-SK format is not supported by the token's firmware, then the following error message will be presented when attempts to use that key type are made:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
Key enrollment failed: invalid format
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; 

If supported, either key type can be created with [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)].  The steps are almost identical to creating normal keys but the token must be available to the system (plugged in) first.  Then if called for, the token's PIN must be entered and the token touched or otherwise activated.  After that, the key creation proceeds as normal.  Mind the key type as specified by the '''-t''' option.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -t ed25519-sk -f /home/fred/.ssh/server.ed25519-sk -C &quot;web server for fred&quot;
Generating public/private ed25519-sk key pair.
You may need to touch your authenticator to authorize key generation.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /home/fred/.ssh/server.ed25519-sk
Your public key has been saved in /home/fred/.ssh/server.ed25519-sk.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:41wVVDnKJ9gKr2Sj4CFuYMhcNvYebZ6zq0PWyP4rRDo web server
The key's randomart image is:
+[ED25519-SK 256]-+
|           .o... |
|             .o  |
|           +.. . |
|   = .  . ..= .  |
|+ + * + So.. o   |
|o+.EoO *+oo      |
|.o oBo+++o       |
|  o .=.+.        |
| .   .===        |
+----[SHA256]-----+
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Once created, the public and private key files get handled like with any other type of key.  But when authenticating, the hardware token must be present and activated when called for.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -i /home/fred/.ssh/server.ed25519-sk server.example.org
Enter passphrase for key '/home/fred/.ssh/server.ed25519-sk': 
Confirm user presence for key ED25519-SK SHA256:41wVVDnKJ9gKr2Sj4CFuYMhcNvYebZ6zq0PWyP4rRDo
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The resulting private key file is not actually the key itself but instead a &quot;key handle&quot; which is used by the hardware security token to derive the real private key on demand at the time it is actually used&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenBSD_tech_U2F_FIDO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-tech&amp;m=157376801917387&amp;w=2 |title=OpenSSH U2F/FIDO support in base 
|publisher=OpenBSD-Tech Mailing List | date=2019-11-14
|accessdate=2021-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  As a result, the hardware-backed private key file is useless without the accompanying hardware token.  This also means that these key files are not portable across hardware tokens, say when having multiple tokens in reserve or as backup, even when used by the same account.  So when multiple hardware tokens are in use, different key pairs must be generated for each token.

====Hardware Security Token Resident Private Key====

It is possible to store the private key within the token itself, but for the moment it cannot be used directly from inside the token and must first be saved as a file.  Also, the key can only be loaded into the FIDO authenticator at the time of creation  using the '''-O resident''' option with [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)].  Otherwise, the process is the same as above.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -O resident -t ed25519-sk -f /home/fred/.ssh/server.ed25519-sk -C &quot;web server for fred&quot;
. . .
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

When needed, the resident key can be extracted from the FIDO2 hardware token and saved into a file using the '''-K''' option.  At this stage a passphrase can be added to the file, but no passphrase is kept within the token itself, only an optional PIN protects the key there.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -K
Enter PIN for authenticator: 
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Saved ED25519-SK key to id_ed25519_sk_rk

$ mv -i id_ed25519_sk_rk /home/fred/.ssh/server.ed25519-sk
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Since the output file name is fixed, any pre-existing file with that name can get overwritten but there will be a warning first.  However, it is not recommended to keep the key on the hardware token because it provides more protection when kept separately.

==Single-purpose Keys==

Tailored single-purpose keys can eliminate use of remote root logins for many administrative activities.  A  finely tailored '''sudoers''' is needed along with an unprivileged account.  When done right, it gives just enough access to get the job done, following the security principle of Least Privilege.  

Single-purpose keys are accompanied by use of either the '''ForceCommand''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 sshd_config(5)] or the '''command=&quot;...&quot;''' directive inside the '''authorized_keys''' file.  The method is to generate a new key pair, transfer the public key to '''authorized-keys''' on the remote system, and then prepend the appropriate command or script there to the line with the key.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ grep '^command' ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
command=&quot;/usr/local/bin/somescript.sh&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIEcgdzDvSebOEjuegEx4W1I/aA7MM3owHfMr9yg2WH8H
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''command=&quot;...&quot;''' directive inserted there overrides everything else and ensures that when logging in with just that key only the script '''/usr/local/bin/somescript.sh''' is run.  If it is necessary to pass parameters to the script, have a look at the contents of the '''SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND''' environment variable and use it in a case statement.  Do not ever trust the contents of that variable nor use the contents directly, always indirectly.  

Single-purpose keys are useful for allowing only a tunnel and nothing more.  The following key will only echo some text and then exit, unless used non-interactively with the '''-N''' option.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ grep '^command' ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
command=&quot;/bin/echo do-not-send-commands&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIBzTIWCaILN3tHx5WW+PMVDc7DfPM9xYNY61JgFmBGrA 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; 

No matter what the user tries while logging in with that key, the session will only echo the given text and then exits.  Using the '''-N''' option disables running the remote program, allowing the connection to stay open, allowing a tunnel. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -L 3306:localhost:3306 \
	-i ~/.ssh/tunnel_ed25519 \
	-N \
	-l fred \
	server.example.com
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That creates a tunnel and stays connected despite a key configuration which would close an interactive session.  See also the '''-n''' or '''-f''' option for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)].  

===Single-purpose Keys to Avoid Remote Root Access===

The easy way is to write a short shell script, place it '''/usr/local/bin/''', and then configure '''sudoers''' to allow the otherwise unprivileged account to run just that script and only that script.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
%wheel  ALL=(root:root) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/service httpd stop
%wheel  ALL=(root:root) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/service httpd start
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then the key calls the script using '''command=&quot;...&quot;''' inside '''authorized_keys'''.  Here the one key starts the web server, the other stops the web server.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ grep '^command' ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
command=&quot;/usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/service httpd stop&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIEcgdzDvSebOEjuegEx4W1I/aA7MM3owHfMr9yg2WH8H
command=&quot;/usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/service httpd start&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIMidyqZ6OCvbWqA8Zn+FjhpYE6NoWSxVjFnFUk6MrNZ4
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Complicated programs like [http://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync rsync(1)], [http://man.openbsd.org/tar.1 tar(1)], [http://linux.die.net/man/1/mysqldump mysqldump(1)], and so on require an advanced approach when building a single-purpose key.  For them, the '''-v''' option can show exactly what is being passed to the server so that '''sudoers''' can be set up correctly.  That way they can be restricted to only access designated parts of the file system.  For example, here is what &lt;code&gt;ssh -v&lt;/code&gt; shows from one particular usage of [http://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync rsync(1)], note the &quot;Sending command&quot; line:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ rsync -e 'ssh -v' fred@server.example.org:/etc/ ./backup/etc/
. . .
debug1: Sending command: rsync --server --sender -e.LsfxC . /etc/
. . .
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That output can then be added to '''sudoers''' so that the key can do only that function.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
%backup ALL=(root:root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/rsync --server --sender -e.LsfxC . /etc/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then to tie it all together, the account &quot;backup&quot; needs a key:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ grep '^command' ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
command=&quot;/usr/bin/rsync --server --sender -e.LsfxC . /etc/&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIMm0rs4eY8djqBb3dIEgbQ8lmdlxb9IAEuX/qFCTxFgb 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Many of these programs have a '''---dry-run''' or equivalent option.  Remember to use it when figuring out the right settings.

===Read-only Access to Keys===

In some cases it is necessary to prevent accounts from being able to changing their own authentication keys.  However, such situations may be a better case for using certificates.  However, if done with keys it is accomplished by putting the key file in an external directory where the user has read-only access, both to the directory and to the key file.  Then the '''AuthorizedKeysFile''' directive assigns where [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] looks for the keys and can point to a secured location for the keys instead of the default location.

A good alternate location could be a new directory '''/etc/ssh/authorized_keys''' which could store the selected accounts' key files there.  The change can be made to apply to only a group of accounts by putting the settings under a '''Match''' directive.  The default location for keys on most systems is usually '''~/.ssh/authorized_keys'''.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftpusers
	AuthorizedKeysFile /etc/ssh/authorized_keys/%u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then the permissions there would allow the keys to be read but not written:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ls -dhln /etc/ssh/
drwxr-x--x 3 0 0 4.0K Mar 30 22:16 /etc/ssh/authorized_keys/

$ ls -dhln /etc/ssh/*.pub
-rw-r--r-- 1 0 0 173 Mar 23 13:34 /etc/ssh/fred
-rw-r--r-- 1 0 0  93 Mar 23 13:34 /etc/ssh/user1
-rw-r--r-- 1 0 0 565 Mar 23 13:34 /etc/ssh/user2
. . .
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The keys could even be in within subdirectories, though the same restrictions apply regarding permissions and ownership.  

For chrooted SFTP, the method is the same to keep the key files out of reach of the accounts:  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group sftpusers
	ChrootDirectory /home
	ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u
	AuthorizedKeysFile /etc/ssh/authorized_keys/%u
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Of course a '''Match''' directive is not essential.  The settings could be made to apply to all accounts by putting the directive in the main part of the server configuration file instead.

==Mark Public Keys as Revoked==

Keys can be revoked.  Keys that have been revoked can be stored in '''/etc/ssh/revoked_keys''', a file specified in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 sshd_config(5)]  using the directive '''RevokedKeys''', so that [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will prevent attempts to log in with them.  No warning or error on the client side will be given if a revoked key is tried.  Authentication will simply progress to the next key or method.

The revoked keys file should contain a list of public keys, one per line, that have been revoked and can no longer be used to connect to the server.  The key cannot contain any extras, such as [[OpenSSH/Client_Configuration_Files#Available_key_login_options | login options]] or it will be ignored. If one of the revoked keys is tried during a login attempt, the server will simply ignore it and move on to the next authentication method.  An entry will be made in the logs of the attempt, including the key's fingerprint.  See the section on [[OpenSSH/Logging_and_Troubleshooting | logging]] for a little more on that.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
RevokedKeys /etc/ssh/revoked_keys
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''RevokedKeys''' configuration directive is not set in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 sshd_config(5)] by default.  It must be set explicitly if it is to be used.  This is another situation that might be better fulfilled through using certificate since a validity interval can be set in any combination of seconds, minutes, hours, days, or weeks can be set for certificates while keys are valid indefinitely.  

===Key Revocation Lists===

A Key Revocation List (KRL) is a compact, binary form of representing revoked keys and certificates.  In order to use a KRL, the server's configuration file must point to a valid list using the '''RevokedKeys''' directive.  KRLs themselves are generated with [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] and can be created from scratch or edited in place.  Here a new one is made, populated with a single public key: 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -kf  /etc/ssh/revoked_keys -z 1 ~/.ssh/old_key_rsa.pub
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here an existing KRL is updated by adding the '''-u''' option:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -ukf /etc/ssh/revoked_keys -z 2 ~/.ssh/old_key_dsa.pub
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Once a KRL is in place, it is possible to test if a specific key or certificate is in the revocation list.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -Qf  /etc/ssh/revoked_keys ~/.ssh/old_key_rsa.pub
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Only public keys and certificates will be loaded into the KRL.  Corrupt or broken keys will not be loaded and will produce an error message if tried.  Like with the regular '''RevokedKeys''' list, the public key destined for the KRL cannot contain any extras like login options or it will produce an error when an attempt is made to load it into the KRL or search the KRL for it.

==Verify a Host Key by Fingerprint==

The above examples have been about using keys to authenticate the client to the server.  A different context in which keys are used is when the server identifies itself to the client, which happens automatically at the beginning of each non-multiplexed session.  In order for that identification to happen the client acquires a public key from the server, usually on or prior to first contact, which it can subsequently use to ensure that it is connecting to the same server again and not an impostor.  The default locations for storing these acquired host keys on the client are in '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''', if managed by the system administrator, or in '''~/.ssh/known_hosts''' if managed by the client's own account.  The format of the contents is a line with a host address and its matching public key.  The file is described in detail in the [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] manual page in the section &quot;SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT&quot;.

When connecting for the first time to a remote host, the server's host key should be verified in order to ensure that the client is connecting to the right machine and not an impostor or anything else.  Usually this verification is done by comparing the fingerprint of the server's host key rather than trying to compare the whole key itself.  By default the client will show the fingerprint if the key is not already found in the '''known_hosts''' register.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred server.example.org
The authenticity of host 'server.example.org (192.0.32.10)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:LPFiMYrrCYQVsVUPzjOHv+ZjyxCHlVYJMBVFerVCP7k.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That can be compared to a fingerprint received out of band, say by post, e-mail, SMS, courier, and so on.  Specifically, the example represents the key's fingerprint as a base64 encoded SHA256 checksum.  That is the default style.  The fingerprint can also be displayed as an MD5 hash in hexadecimal instead by passing the client's '''FingerprintHash''' configuration directive as a runtime argument or setting it in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)].  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -o FingerprintHash=md5 host.example.org
The authenticity of host 'host.example.org (192.0.32.203)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is MD5:10:4a:ec:d2:f1:38:f7:ea:0a:a0:0f:17:57:ea:a6:16.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

But the default in new versions is SHA256 in base64 has a lower chance of collision.

In OpenSSH 6.7 and earlier, the client showed fingerprints as a hexadecimal MD5 checksum instead a of the base64-encoded SHA256 checksum currently used:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -l fred server.example.org
The authenticity of host 'server.example.org (192.0.32.10)' can't be established. 
RSA key fingerprint is 4a:11:ef:d3:f2:48:f8:ea:1a:a2:0d:17:57:ea:a6:16. 
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Another way of comparing keys is to use the ASCII art visual host key.  See further below about that.  

===Downloading keys===

Even though a host’s key is usually displayed for review the first time the SSH client tries to connect, it can also be fetched on demand at any time using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keyscan host.example.org  
# host.example.org SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.2
host.example.org ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBLC2PpBnFrbXh2YoK030Y5JdglqCWfozNiSMjsbWQt1QS09TcINqWK1aLOsNLByBE2WBymtLJEppiUVOFFPze+I=
# host.example.org SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.2
host.example.org ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQC9iViojCZkcpdLju7/3+OaxKs/11TAU4SuvIPTvVYvQO32o4KOdw54fQmd8f4qUWU59EUks9VQNdqf1uT1LXZN+3zXU51mCwzMzIsJuEH0nXECtUrlpEOMlhqYh5UVkOvm0pqx1jbBV0QaTyDBOhvZsNmzp2o8ZKRSLCt9kMsEgzJmexM0Ho7v3/zHeHSD7elP7TKOJOATwqi4f6R5nNWaR6v/oNdGDtFYJnQfKUn2pdD30VtOKgUl2Wz9xDNMKrIkiM8Vsg8ly35WEuFQ1xLKjVlWSS6Frl5wLqmU1oIgowwWv+3kJS2/CRlopECy726oBgKzNoYfDOBAAbahSK8R
# host.example.org SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.2
host.example.org ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIDDOmBOknpyJ61Qnaeq2s+pHOH6rdMn09iREz2A/yO2m
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Once a key is acquired, its fingerprint can be shown using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)].  This can be done directly with a pipe.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keyscan host.example.org | ssh-keygen -lf - 
# host.example.org SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.2
# host.example.org SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.2
# host.example.org SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.2
256 SHA256:sxh5i6KjXZd8c34mVTBfWk6/q5cC6BzR6Qxep5nBMVo host.example.org (ECDSA)
3072 SHA256:hlPei3IXhkZmo+GBLamiiIaWbeGZMqeTXg15R42yCC0 host.example.org (RSA)
256 SHA256:ZmS+IoHh31CmQZ4NJjv3z58Pfa0zMaOgxu8yAcpuwuw host.example.org (ED25519)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If there is more than one public key type is available from the server on the port polled, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] will fetch each of them.  If there is more than one key fed via '''stdin''' or a file, then [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] will process them in order.  Prior to OpenSSH 7.2 manual fingerprinting was a two step process, the key was read to a file and then processed for its fingerprint.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keyscan -t ed25519 host.example.org &gt; key.pub
# host.example.org SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.8
$ ssh-keygen -lf key.pub                       
256 SHA256:ZmS+IoHh31CmQZ4NJjv3z58Pfa0zMaOgxu8yAcpuwuw host.example.org (ED25519)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that some output from [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] is sent to '''stderr''' instead of '''stdout'''.  

A hash, or fingerprint, can be generated manually with [http://linux.die.net/man/1/awk awk(1)], [http://linux.die.net/man/1/sed sed(1)] and [http://linux.die.net/man/1/xxd xxd(1)], on systems where they are found.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ awk '{print $2}' key.pub | base64 -d | md5sum -b | sed 's/../&amp;:/g; s/: .*$//'
$ awk '{print $2}' key.pub | base64 -d | sha256sum -b | sed 's/ .*$//' | xxd -r -p | base64 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It is possible to find all hosts from a file which have new or different keys from those in '''known_hosts''', if the host names are in clear text and not stored as hashes.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keyscan -t rsa,ecdsa -f ssh_hosts | \
  sort -u - ~/.ssh/known_hosts | \
  diff ~/.ssh/known_hosts -
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

====Using ssh-keyscan(1) with ssh_config(5)====

The utility [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] does not parse [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)].  That is in part to keep the code base simple.  There are a lot of configuration options which would be complicated to implement, including but not limited to '''ProxyJump''', '''ProxyCommand''', '''Match''', '''BindInterface''', and '''CanonicalizeHostname'''&lt;ref name=&quot;keyscan&quot;&gt;{{cite mailing list |url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2023-March/040605.html | title=Why does ssh-keyscan not use .ssh/config? |publisher=mindrot.org | access-date=2023-03-01 | date=2023-03-01 | mailing-list=OpenSSH UNIX-dev | first=Damien | last=Miller }}&lt;/ref&gt; .  Resolving host names via the client configuration file can be done by wrapping the utility in a short shell function:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell&quot;&gt;
my-ssh-keyscan() {
	for host in &quot;$@&quot; ; do
		ssh-keyscan $(ssh -G &quot;$host&quot; | awk '/^hostname/ {print $2}')
	done
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That shell function uses the '''-G''' option of [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] to resolve each host name using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] and then check the resulting host name for SSH keys.

===ASCII Art Visual Host Key===

An ASCII art representation of the key can be displayed along with the SHA256 base64 fingerprint: 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -lvf key 
256 SHA256:BClQBFAGuz55+tgHM1aazI8FUo8eJiwmMcqg2U3UgWU www.example.org (ED25519)
+--[ED25519 256]--+
|o+=*++Eo         |
|+o .+.o.         |
|B=.oo.  .        |
|*B.=.o .         |
|= B *   S        |
|. .@ .           |
| +..B            |
|  *. o           |
| o.o.            |
+----[SHA256]-----+
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In OpenSSH 6.7 and earlier the fingerprint is in MD5 hexadecimal form.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -lvf key 
2048 37:af:05:99:e7:fb:86:6c:98:ee:14:a6:30:06:bc:f0 www.example.net (RSA) 
+--[ RSA 2048]----+ 
|          o      | 
|         o .     | 
|        o o      | 
|       o +       | 
|   .  . S        | 
|    E ..         | 
|  .o.* ..        | 
|  .*=.+o         | 
|  ..==+.         | 
+-----------------+ 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==More on Verifying SSH Keys==

Keys on the client or the server can be verified against known good keys by comparing the base64-encoded SHA256 fingerprints.  

===Verifying Stray Client Keys===

Sometimes is is necessary to compare two uncertain key files to check if they are part of the same key pair.  However, public keys are more or less disposable.  So the easy way in such situations on the client machine is to just rename or erase the old, problematic, public key and replace it with a new one generated from the existing private key.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -y -f ~/.ssh/my_key_rsa
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

But if the two parts must really be compared, it is done in two steps using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)].  First, a new public key is re-generated from the known private key and used to make a fingerprint to '''stdout'''.  Next, the fingerprint of the unknown public key is generated for comparison.  In this example, the private key '''my_key_a_rsa''' and the public key '''my_key_b_rsa.pub''' are compared:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -y -f my_key_a_rsa | ssh-keygen -l -f -
$ ssh-keygen -l -f my_key_b_rsa.pub
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The result is a base64-encoded SHA256 checksum for each key with the one fingerprint displayed right below the other for easy visual comparison.  Older versions don't support reading from '''stdin''' so an intermediate file will be needed then.  Even older versions will only show an MD5 checksum for each key.  Either way, automation with a shell script is simple enough to accomplish but outside the scope of this book.

===Verifying Server Keys===

Reliable verification of a server's host key must be done when first connecting.  It can be necessary to contact the system administrator who can provide it out of band so as to know the fingerprint in advance and have it ready to verify the first connection.  

Here is an example of the server's RSA key being read and its fingerprint shown as SHA256 base64:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -lf /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub     
3072 SHA256:hlPei3IXhkZmo+GBLamiiIaWbeGZMqeTXg15R42yCC0 root@server.example.net (RSA)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

And here the corresponding ECDSA key is read, but shown as an MD5 hexadecimal hash:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -E md5 -lf /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
256 MD5:ed:d2:34:b4:93:fd:0e:eb:08:ee:b3:c4:b3:4f:28:e4 root@server.example.net (ECDSA)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Prior to 6.8, the fingerprint was expressed as an MD5 hexadecimal hash:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -lf /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub 
2048 MD5:e4:a0:f4:19:46:d7:a4:cc:be:ea:9b:65:a7:62:db:2c root@server.example.net (RSA)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It is also possible to use [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keyscan.1 ssh-keyscan(1)] to get keys from an active SSH server.  However, the fingerprints still needs to be verified out of band.  

====Warning: Remote Host Identification Has Changed!====

If a server's key does not match what the client finds has been recorded in either the system's or the local account's '''authorized_keys''' files, then the client will issue a warning along with the fingerprint of the suspicious key.  

&lt;pre&gt;
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@    WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!     @
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!
Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!
It is also possible that a host key has just been changed.
The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is
SHA256:GkoIDP/d0I6KA9IQyOB9iqL+Rzpxx9LhlSJPCEfjVQ4.
Please contact your system administrator.
Add correct host key in /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.
Offending RSA key in /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts:19
  remove with:
  ssh-keygen -f &quot;/home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts&quot; -R &quot;server.example.com&quot;
RSA host key for server.example.com has changed and you have requested strict checking.
Host key verification failed.
&lt;/pre&gt;

Three reasons for the warning are common.  

One reason is that the server's keys were replaced, often because the server's operating system was reinstalled without backing up the old keys.  Another reason can be when the system administrator has phased out deprecated or compromised keys.  However that can be planned better and if there is time to plan the migration, new keys can just be added to the server and have the clients use the '''UpdateHostKeys''' option so that the new keys are accepted if the old keys match.  A third situation is when the connection is made to the wrong machine, such as when the remote system changes IP addresses because of dynamic address allocation.  

In all three cases where the key has changed there is only one thing to do: contact the system administrator and verify the key.   Ask if the OpenSSH-server was recently reinstalled, or was the machine restored from an old backup?  Keep in mind that the system administrator may be you yourself in some cases. 

The case which is rather rare but serious enough that it should be ruled out for sure is that the wrong machine is part of a man-in-the-middle attack.

In all four cases, an authentic key fingerprint can be acquired by any method where it is possible to verify the integrity and origin of the message, for example via PGP-signed e-mail.  If physical access is possible, then use the console to get the right fingerprint.  Once the authentic key fingerprint is available, return to the client machine where you got the error and remove the old key from '''~/.ssh/known_hosts'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -R server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then try logging in, but compare the key fingerprints first and proceed if and '''only''' if the key fingerprint matches what you received out of band.  If the key fingerprint matches, then go through with the login process and the key will be automatically added.  If the key fingerprint does not match, stop immediately and figure out what you are connecting to.  It would be a good idea to get on the phone, a real phone not a computer phone, to the remote machine's system administrator or the network administrator.

===Multiple Keys for a Host, Multiple Hosts for a Key in known_hosts===
 
Multiple host names or IP addresses can use the same key in the '''known_hosts''' file by using pattern matching or simply by listing multiple systems for the same key.  That can be done in either the global list of keys in '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''' and the local, account-specific lists of keys in each account's '''~/.ssh/known_hosts''' file.  Labs, computational clusters, and similar pools of machines can make use of keys in that way.  Here is a key shared by three specific hosts, identified by name:
&lt;pre&gt;
server1,server2,server3 ssh-rsa AAAAB097y0yiblo97gvl...jhvlhjgluibp7y807t08mmniKjug...==
&lt;/pre&gt;
Or a range can be specified by using globbing to a limited extent in either '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''' or '''~/.ssh/known_hosts'''.
&lt;pre&gt;
172.19.40.* ssh-rsa AAAAB097y0yiblo97gvl...jhvlhjgluibp7y807t08mmniKjug...==
&lt;/pre&gt;
Conversely, for multiple keys for the same address, it is necessary to make multiple entries in either '''/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts''' or '''~/.ssh/known_hosts''' for each key.
&lt;pre&gt;
server1 ssh-rsa AAAAB097y0yiblo97gvljh...vlhjgluibp7y807t08mmniKjug...==
server1 ssh-rsa AAAAB0liuouibl kuhlhlu...qerf1dcw16twc61c6cw1ryer4t...==
server1 ssh-rsa AAAAB568ijh68uhg63wedx...aq14rdfcvbhu865rfgbvcfrt65...==
&lt;/pre&gt;
Thus in order to get a pool of servers to share a pool of keys, each server-key combination must be added manually to the '''known_hosts''' file:
&lt;pre&gt;
server1 ssh-rsa AAAAB097y0yiblo97gvljh...07t8mmniKjug...==
server1 ssh-rsa AAAAB0liuouibl kuhlhlu...qerfw1ryer4t...==
server1 ssh-rsa AAAAB568ijh68uhg63wedx...aq14rvcfrt65...==

server2 ssh-rsa AAAAB097y0yiblo97gvljh...07t8mmniKjug...==
server2 ssh-rsa AAAAB0liuouibl kuhlhlu...qerfw1ryer4t...==
server2 ssh-rsa AAAAB568ijh68uhg63wedx...aq14rvcfrt65...==
&lt;/pre&gt;

Though upgrading to certificates might be a more appropriate approach that manually updating lots of keys.

===Another way of Dealing with Dynamic (roaming) IP Addresses===
It is possible to manually point to the right key using '''HostKeyAlias''' either as part of [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)]  or as a runtime parameter.  Here the key for machine ''Foobar'' is used to connect to host 192.168.11.15

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=accept-new \
      -o HostKeyAlias=foobar   \
      192.168.11.15
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This is useful when DHCP is not configured to try to keep the same addresses for the same machines over time or when using certain stdio forwarding methods to pass through intermediate hosts.

===Host Key Update and Rotation in known_hosts===

A protocol extension to rotate weak public keys out of '''known_hosts''' has been in OpenSSH from version 6.8&lt;ref name=&quot;djm_rotation&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
| title=Key rotation in OpenSSH 6.8+ 
| author=Damien Miller
| url=http://blog.djm.net.au/2015/02/key-rotation-in-openssh-68.html
| date=2015-02-01
| publisher=DJM's Personal Weblog
| accessdate=2016-03-05
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; and later.  With it the server is able to inform the client of all its host keys and update '''known_hosts''' with new ones when at least one trusted key already known.  This method still requires the private keys be available to the server &lt;ref name=&quot;djm_rotation_redux&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
| title=Hostkey rotation, redux 
| author=Damien Miller
| url=http://blog.djm.net.au/2015/02/hostkey-rotation-redux.html
| date=2015-02-17
| publisher=DJM's Personal Weblog
| accessdate=2016-03-05
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; so that proofs can be completed.  In [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)], the directive '''UpdateHostKeys''' specifies whether the client should accept updates of additional host keys from the server after authentication is completed and add them to '''known_hosts'''.  A server can offer multiple keys of the same type for a period before removing the deprecated key from those offered, thus allowing an automated option for rotating keys as well as for upgrading from weaker algorithms to stronger ones.  See also [https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4819 RFC 4819: Secure Shell Public Key Subsystem] about key management standards.

==Converting Between SSH Key Formats==

OpenSSH has its own format for keys which it uses by default when new keys are made.  However, other SSH clients and servers may use other formats such as [https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4716 RFC4716], [https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5958 PKCS8], or [https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1421 PEM].  Any of these can be converted to the default OpenSSH format by [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)].  The default to format to try to convert from is RFC4716.  The utility [https://linux.die.net/man/1/puttygen puttygen(1)] makes keys in that format for [https://linux.die.net/man/1/putty putty(1)] and they need conversion when used with OpenSSH's server.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -i -f /var/tmp/key_public.ppk
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

However, you can use the '''-m''' option to specify either that format explicitly or else choose another one to convert from.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -i -m RFC4716 -f /var/tmp/key_public.ppk

$ ssh-keygen -i -m PKCS8 -f /var/tmp/key_public.ppk
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Both examples above are for importing public keys into OpenSSH's own format.  

By default OpenSSH will write newly-generated keys in its own format, so the '''-m''' option is obligatory to produce public keys in another format.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -e -m PKCS8 -f ~/.ssh/key.pub
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It is not yet possible to export private keys from the OpenSSH format to one of the other formats using the '''-e''' option.  Even if a private key is specified as input, a public key is produced:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh-keygen -e -m RFC4716 -f ~/.ssh/key
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Not all key types are supported by all key formats.  

&lt;noinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{BookCat}}
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  <page>
    <title>Judaism/Jewish Cooking</title>
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      <text bytes="7832" sha1="o0s45u49ismmn7rigwz74lb4xx63zjm" xml:space="preserve">'''Kosher''' refers to that which is prepared in accordance with Jewish Law.  Kosher foods are foods that practicing Jews are allowed to consume. The specific rules are enumerated in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah Torah], and refined in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud Talmud].

There are two groups of rules - what can be eaten and how it can be prepared.

If you need to feed someone who keeps kosher, fresh, uncooked, un-processed fruits and vegetables are always OK (except if they are grown in the land of Israel, in which case additional restrictions apply).  For some, any vegetarian food cooked in your home may be fine.  There is a wide variety of stringency observed by individuals.  Your best bet is to ask.

== What can be eaten ==

*Any fish that has ''both'' scales and fins. This means that shellfish are not kosher, and neither are fish like catfish.

*Any land animal that chews its cud  ''and'' has split hooves. Sheep and cows are kosher animals, while pigs, horses and dogs are not kosher. Pigs do have a split hoof, but they do not chew their cud, so they are not kosher.  Both deer and goats are kosher if properly slaughtered. There are also restrictions as to what parts of the animal may be eaten. Some parts may never be eaten and some parts are not normally processed as kosher meat in the United States due to the additional labor involved. (kosher hot dogs cannot contain some of the filler and miscellaneous scraps that are added to most non-kosher hot dogs)

*There is a list of non-kosher birds in the Torah, which names predominantly scavengers and predators. Kosher birds include duck, chicken, and turkey. Ostrich is not kosher.

*There are some kosher insects that are types of grasshopper or locust. Ashkenazi and most Sepharadi groups have lost the tradition of which exact species are kosher, but Yemenites and some Sepharadi groups have maintained this tradition and can properly identify them (though to most people the prospect of eating insects is not appealing, rendering this a largely academic point).

*Animal blood is not to be eaten.

*Eggs from kosher birds are kosher. Eggs are not used if any blood spots are found.

*Honey made by bees is kosher even though it is processed by a non-kosher insect.
*Other than this one exception, any bi-product of a non-kosher animal is not kosher, e.g. milk from a non-kosher animal such as a pig or a camel.

*An animal that is sick or injured cannot be eaten. 

*All kosher animals must be slaughtered properly, according to a particular method, in order for the meat to be permissible.

*There are some restrictions on plants, like they need to be checked that there are no insects. Any beverages made from grapes including grape juice and wine require special processing and supervision to be kosher.

*Gelatin is usually made from non kosher animals' hooves/bones, but it is possible to get kosher gelatin either made from kosher fish, kosher animals or vegetable products.

*Ask a local Rabbi for more details.

== How it can be Prepared ==

*It is not enough for an animal to be kosher, that animal must also be slaughtered in a specific way as to minimise the amount of pain dealt to the animal, and otherwise in accordance with Jewish law (halachah). 

*Meat must be &quot;kashered&quot;, which removes the blood from the meat. This is done either using [[Cookbook:Kosher Salt|salting]] or [[Cookbook:Roasting|roasting]]. Most kosher meat that one can buy is already kashered.

*Milk and meat cannot be cooked or eaten together. This includes eating dairy and meat within certain time periods. Depending on the family's custom, the most common of which are 6 hours or 3 hours before consuming dairy products after meat products. Some hold that it is permissible to wash out your mouth before consuming meat products after dairy products, except for hard cheese, which requires the same waiting period as is required to eat dairy after meat. One must have two entirely different sets of cooking pots and table dishes for milk and meat. Both birds and mammals are considered meat, while fish, insects, and eggs are considered to be neither dairy nor meat.  Fish can be eaten with meat or dairy, although some hold that one should not eat fish and meat off of the same dish. Some Jews of Sephardic backgrounds follow Maimonides' ruling, and do not mix fish with dairy products of any kind.

== Store Bought Goods ==

Ever wonder what the U or K in a circle means? Well, those are two of many symbols used by Jews in the USA to identify kosher products. A &quot;plain k&quot; [a K all by itself] does not mean that the food is certified kosher, but rather that the company declares it to be kosher. Many Jews do not accept &quot;plain k&quot; as a legitimate kashrut certification.

A list of many of the kosher certification agencies are found here:  http://www.kashrut.com/agencies/

Some Jews will not accept certain certifications as interpretations and levels of observance vary from Jew to Jew.

== Kosher Travel ==
Traveling while keeping kosher often involves planning ahead to ensure access to appropriate food and facilities. Many kosher travelers look for accommodations with kitchens that can be easily adapted for kosher use, as well as locations within walking distance of synagogues for Shabbat.

=== Vacation Rentals ===
Specialized platforms and community networks can help travelers find vacation rentals or hotels that meet kosher requirements. Some websites list properties with kosher kitchens, Shabbos amenities, or options for kosher catering, making it easier for observant travelers to maintain their dietary practices away from home. Examples include:

* '''Kvation'''. ''booking platform of kosher rentals'' (kvation.com) book mehadrin kosher vacation rentals and resorts with glatt kosher kitchens, mostly (as of mid-2025) in the United States and Israel.&lt;/bdi&gt;
* '''GoKosher''' ''Kosher travel classifieds'' (gokosher.com). A platform featuring kosher hotels and rental listings in several countries.
* '''ReserveKosher'''. ''Kosher rental classifieds'' (reservekosher.com)''.'' Offers paid listings for kosher-friendly vacation properties, primarily in North America and Israel.

=== Kosher-Certified Restaurants ===
When dining out, kosher travelers often rely on certification lists provided by recognized kashrut agencies.

==== United States ====

* '''OU Kosher Restaurant''' '''list''' (oukosher.org/restaurants)– A filterable list of Orthodox Union-certified restaurants and caterers.
* '''OK Kosher Restaurant''' '''list''' (ok.org/restaurant-guide)– Provides a searchable guide to restaurants certified by OK Kosher Certification.

==== Israel ====

* '''Edah HaChareidis''' (Bedatz Yerushalayim) – Travelers looking for restaurants under Edah HaChareidis supervision in Israel can use online directories to find options by location. One such resource is the restaurant listings on (easy.co.il/en/list/Restaurants-and-Fast-Food) which allows searches in English or Hebrew across various cities. As this list is managed by a third-party site and not directly by Edah HaChareidis, travelers should confirm the current certification of any restaurant before dining.

== Notes ==
*If you are entertaining for people that you know or think may keep kosher, be sure to ask them about their personal rules, as there are many interpretations and subtle variations that different people will follow.  Depending on their observance, they may be fine eating a vegetarian dish cooked in your home, or may not be comfortable doing anything more than eating unprepared fruit. 

*A more detailed explanation of [[w:Kashrut|Kashrut]]

[http://www.oukosher.org Union of Orthodox Congregations], the largest kosher- certification organisation in the USA and other places worldwide.

SOURCE: [[Cookbook: Kosher]]

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==Objectives==
After completing this section, you should know the:

* symbols used to represent elements; 
* names of molecules commonly found in animal cells; 
* characteristics of ions and electrolytes; 
* basic structure of carbohydrates with examples; 
* carbohydrates can be divided into mono- di- and poly-saccharides; 
* basic structure of fats or lipids with examples; 
* basic structure of proteins with examples; 
* function of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the cell and animals' bodies; 
* foods which supply carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in animal diets.

==Elements And Atoms==
The elements (simplest chemical substances) found in an animal’s body are all made of basic building blocks or atoms. The most common elements found in cells are given in the table below with the symbol that is used to represent them.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! Element || Symbol
|-
| Calcium || Ca
|-
| Carbon || C
|-
| Chlorine || Cl
|-
| Copper || Cu
|-
| Iodine || I
|-
| Hydrogen || H
|-
| Iron || Fe
|-
| Magnesium || Mg
|-
| Nitrogen || N
|-
| Oxygen || O
|-
| Phosphorous || P
|-
| Potassium || K
|-
| Sodium || Na
|-
| Sulphur || S
|-
| Zinc || Zn
|}

==Compounds And Molecules==
A '''molecule''' is formed when two or more '''atoms''' join together. A compound is formed when two or more different elements combine in a fixed ratio by mass.
Note that some atoms are never found alone. For example '''oxygen''' is always found as molecules of 2 oxygen atoms (represented as O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).

The table below gives some common compounds.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! Compound || Symbol
|-
| Calcium carbonate || CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Carbon dioxide || CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Copper sulphate || CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Glucose || C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|- 
| Hydrochloric acid || HCl
|-
| Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) || NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Sodium chloride (table salt) || NaCl
|-
| Sodium hydroxide || NaOH
|-
| Water || H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|}

==Chemical Reactions==
Reactions occur when atoms combine or separate from other atoms.  In the process new products with different chemical properties are formed.

Chemical reactions can be represented by '''chemical equations'''.  The starting atoms or compounds are usually put on the left-hand side of the equation and the products on the right-hand side.

For example         
* H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gives H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* or H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* Water + Carbon dioxide gives Carbonic acid

==Ionization==
When some atoms dissolve in water they become charged particles called '''ions'''. Some become positively charged ions and others negatively charged. Ions may have one, two or sometimes three charges.

The table below shows examples of positively and negatively charged ions with the number of their charges.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Positive Ions
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Negative Ions
|-
| H+ || Hydrogen || Cl- ||Chloride
|-
| Ca&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Calcium || OH- || Hydroxyl
|-
| Na+ || Sodium || HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;- || Bicarbonate
|-
| K+ || Potassium || CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Carbonate
|-
| Mg&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Magnesium || SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Sulphate
|-
| Fe&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Iron (ferrous) || PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;- || Phosphate
|-
| Fe&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Iron (ferric) || S&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Sulphide
|}

Positive and negative ions attract one another to hold compounds together.

Ions are important in cells because they conduct electricity when dissolved in water.  Substances that ionise in this way are known as '''electrolytes'''.

The molecules in an animal’s body fall into two groups: '''inorganic compounds''' and '''organic compounds'''. The difference between these is that the first type does not contain '''carbon''' and the second type does.

==Organic And Inorganic Compounds== 
Inorganic compounds include water, sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide and calcium phosphate.

'''Water''' is the most abundant inorganic compound, making up over 60% of the volume of cells and over 90% of body fluids like blood. Many substances dissolve in water and all the chemical reactions that take place in the body do so when dissolved in water. Other inorganic molecules help keep the '''acid/base balance (pH)'''  and concentration of the blood and other body fluids stable (see Chapter 8). 
 
Organic compounds include '''carbohydrates, proteins''' and '''fats''' or '''lipids'''. All organic molecules contain carbon atoms and they tend to be larger and more complex molecules than inorganic ones. This is largely because each carbon atom can link with four other atoms. Organic compounds can therefore consist of from one to many thousands of carbon atoms joined to form chains, branched chains and rings (see diagram below). All organic compounds also contain hydrogen and they may also contain other elements.

[[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals-organic compounds.jpg|center]]

==Carbohydrates==
The name “carbohydrate” tells you something about the composition of these “hydrated carbon” compounds. They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and like water (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O), there are always twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms in each molecule. Carbohydrates are a large and diverse group that includes sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose.  Carbohydrates in the diet supply an animal with much of its energy and in the animal’s body, they transport and store energy.

Carbohydrates are divided into three major groups based on size: '''monosaccharides''' (single sugars), '''disaccharides''' (double sugars) and '''polysaccharides''' (multi sugars).

'''Monosaccharides''' are the smallest carbohydrate molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose which supplies much of the energy in the cell. It consists of a ring of 6 carbon atoms with oxygen and hydrogen atoms attached.
         
'''Disaccharides''' are formed when 2 monosaccharides join together. Sucrose (table sugar), maltose, and lactose (milk sugar), are three important disaccharides. They are broken down to monosaccharides by digestive enzymes in the gut.

'''Polysaccharides''' like starch, glycogen and cellulose are formed by tens or hundreds of monosaccharides linking together. Unlike mono- and di-saccharides, polysaccharides are not sweet to taste and most do not dissolve in water.

{{multiple image
|align=center
|image1=Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg
|alt1=Glucose
|caption1=Glucose
|width1=164
|image2=Lactose Haworth.svg
|alt2=Lactose
|width2=202
|caption2=Disaccharide (Lactose)
}}

:* '''Starch''' is the main molecule in which plants store the energy gained from the sun. It is found in grains like barley and roots like potatoes.  
:* '''Glycogen''', the polysaccharide used by animals to store energy, is found in the liver and the muscles that move the skeleton.  
:* '''Cellulose''' forms the rigid cell walls of plants. Its structure is similar to glycogen, but it can’t be digested by mammals. Cows and horses can eat cellulose with the help of bacteria which live in specialised parts of their gut.

[[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals-Polysaccharides.jpg|center]]

==Fats== 
'''Fats''' or '''lipids''' are important in the plasma membrane around cells and form the insulating fat layer under the skin. They are also a highly concentrated source of energy, and when eaten in the diet provide more than twice as much energy per gram  as either carbohydrates or proteins.

Like carbohydrates, fats contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but unlike them, there is no 
particular relationship between the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

The fats and oils animals eat in their diets are called '''triglycerides''' or '''neutral fats'''. The building blocks of triglycerides are 3 '''fatty acids''' attached to a backbone of '''glycerol''' ('''glycerine'''). When fats are eaten the digestive enzymes break down the molecules into separate fatty acids and glycerol again.

'''Fatty acids''' are divided into two kinds: '''saturated''' and '''unsaturated fatty acids''' depending on if they contain much (saturation) or little (unsaturation) hydrogen in their composition, and whether any there is at least one double bond (saturation) between carbons or not (unsaturation). The fat found in animals bodies and in dairy products contains mainly saturated fatty acids and tends to be solid at room temperature. Fish and poultry fats and plant oils contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids and are more liquid at room temperature.

'''Phospholipids''' are lipids that contain a phosphate group. They are important in the plasma membrane of the cell.

[[Image:Triglyceride.JPG|left]]
[[Image:Chain of amino acids.jpg|center]]

==Proteins==
'''Proteins''' are the third main group of organic compounds in the cell - in fact, if you dried out a cell, you would find that about 2/3 of the dry dust you were left with would consist of protein. Like carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain C, H and O, but all also contain '''nitrogen'''. Many also contain '''sulphur''' and '''phosphorus'''.

In the cell, proteins are an important part of the plasma membrane of the cell, but their most essential role is as '''enzymes'''. These are molecules that act as biological catalysts and are necessary for biochemical reactions to proceed.  Protein is also found as '''keratin''' in the skin, feathers and hair, in muscles, as well as in antibodies and some hormones.

Proteins are built up of long chains of smaller molecules called '''amino acids'''. There are 20 common types of amino acid and different numbers of these arranged in different orders create the multitude of individual proteins that exist in an animal’s body.

Long chains of amino acids often link with other amino acid chains and the resulting protein molecule may twist, spiral and fold up to make a complex 3-dimensional shape. As an example, see the diagram of the protein lysozyme below. Believe it or not, this is a small and relatively simple protein.

[[Image:Protein conformation.jpg|center]]

It is this shape that determines how proteins behave in cells, particularly when they are acting as enzymes. If for any reason this shape is altered, the protein stops working. This is what happens if proteins are heated or put in a solution that is too acidic or alkaline.  Think what happens to the “white’” of an egg when it is cooked. The “white” contains the protein albumin, which is changed or “'''denatured'''” permanently by cooking.  The catastrophic effect that heat has on enzymes is one of the reasons animals die if exposed to high temperatures.

In the animal’s diet, proteins are found in meat (muscle), dairy products, seeds, nuts and legumes like soya.  When the enzymes in the gut digest proteins they break them down into the separate amino acids, which are small enough to be absorbed into the blood.

==Summary==
* '''Ions''' are charged particles, and '''electrolytes''' are solutions of ions in water.
* '''Carbohydrates''' are made of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen (in the same ratio as water) linked together. The cell mainly uses carbohydrates for energy.
*  '''Fats''' are also made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are powerful energy source, and are also used for insulation.
* '''Proteins''' are the building materials of the body, and as '''enzymes''' make cell reactions happen. They contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
* Many also contain sulphur and phosphorous.

==Worksheet==
[http://www.wikieducator.org/Chemicals_Worksheet  Worksheet on Chemicals in the Cell]

==Test Yourself==
1. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

2. What is the chemical name for baking soda? 
:And its formula?

3. Write the equation for carbonic acid splitting into water and carbon dioxide.

4. A solution of table salt in water is an example of an electrolyte.
:What ions are present in this solution?

5. What element is always present in proteins but not usually in fats or carbohydrates?

6. List three differences between glucose and glycogen.
:1.
:2.
:3.

7. Which will provide you with the most energy – one gram of sugar or one gram of butter?

8. Why do organic compounds tend to be more complex and larger than inorganic compounds ?

[[/Test Yourself Answers/]]

==Website==
* [http://darwin.baruch.cuny.edu/bio1003/organic_background.html Survey of the living world organic molecules]
A good summary of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

==Glossary==

* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>tg8z0mzb2v4387d10nxf4s75y0eufq8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638193</id>
      <parentid>4638192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T12:21:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32397-89</username>
        <id>3598618</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Test Yourself */Correct version; A solution of table salt in water is an example of electrolyte. Not; A solution of table salt in water is an example of an electrolyte.</comment>
      <origin>4638193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12983" sha1="rtmub28s79wispyy1mr6b4lbs33elzu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 01 Chemicals.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/397768296/ jurvetson] CC-BY]]

==Objectives==
After completing this section, you should know the:

* symbols used to represent elements; 
* names of molecules commonly found in animal cells; 
* characteristics of ions and electrolytes; 
* basic structure of carbohydrates with examples; 
* carbohydrates can be divided into mono- di- and poly-saccharides; 
* basic structure of fats or lipids with examples; 
* basic structure of proteins with examples; 
* function of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the cell and animals' bodies; 
* foods which supply carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in animal diets.

==Elements And Atoms==
The elements (simplest chemical substances) found in an animal’s body are all made of basic building blocks or atoms. The most common elements found in cells are given in the table below with the symbol that is used to represent them.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! Element || Symbol
|-
| Calcium || Ca
|-
| Carbon || C
|-
| Chlorine || Cl
|-
| Copper || Cu
|-
| Iodine || I
|-
| Hydrogen || H
|-
| Iron || Fe
|-
| Magnesium || Mg
|-
| Nitrogen || N
|-
| Oxygen || O
|-
| Phosphorous || P
|-
| Potassium || K
|-
| Sodium || Na
|-
| Sulphur || S
|-
| Zinc || Zn
|}

==Compounds And Molecules==
A '''molecule''' is formed when two or more '''atoms''' join together. A compound is formed when two or more different elements combine in a fixed ratio by mass.
Note that some atoms are never found alone. For example '''oxygen''' is always found as molecules of 2 oxygen atoms (represented as O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).

The table below gives some common compounds.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! Compound || Symbol
|-
| Calcium carbonate || CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Carbon dioxide || CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Copper sulphate || CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Glucose || C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|- 
| Hydrochloric acid || HCl
|-
| Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) || NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Sodium chloride (table salt) || NaCl
|-
| Sodium hydroxide || NaOH
|-
| Water || H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|}

==Chemical Reactions==
Reactions occur when atoms combine or separate from other atoms.  In the process new products with different chemical properties are formed.

Chemical reactions can be represented by '''chemical equations'''.  The starting atoms or compounds are usually put on the left-hand side of the equation and the products on the right-hand side.

For example         
* H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gives H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* or H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* Water + Carbon dioxide gives Carbonic acid

==Ionization==
When some atoms dissolve in water they become charged particles called '''ions'''. Some become positively charged ions and others negatively charged. Ions may have one, two or sometimes three charges.

The table below shows examples of positively and negatively charged ions with the number of their charges.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Positive Ions
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Negative Ions
|-
| H+ || Hydrogen || Cl- ||Chloride
|-
| Ca&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Calcium || OH- || Hydroxyl
|-
| Na+ || Sodium || HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;- || Bicarbonate
|-
| K+ || Potassium || CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Carbonate
|-
| Mg&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Magnesium || SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Sulphate
|-
| Fe&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Iron (ferrous) || PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;- || Phosphate
|-
| Fe&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Iron (ferric) || S&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Sulphide
|}

Positive and negative ions attract one another to hold compounds together.

Ions are important in cells because they conduct electricity when dissolved in water.  Substances that ionise in this way are known as '''electrolytes'''.

The molecules in an animal’s body fall into two groups: '''inorganic compounds''' and '''organic compounds'''. The difference between these is that the first type does not contain '''carbon''' and the second type does.

==Organic And Inorganic Compounds== 
Inorganic compounds include water, sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide and calcium phosphate.

'''Water''' is the most abundant inorganic compound, making up over 60% of the volume of cells and over 90% of body fluids like blood. Many substances dissolve in water and all the chemical reactions that take place in the body do so when dissolved in water. Other inorganic molecules help keep the '''acid/base balance (pH)'''  and concentration of the blood and other body fluids stable (see Chapter 8). 
 
Organic compounds include '''carbohydrates, proteins''' and '''fats''' or '''lipids'''. All organic molecules contain carbon atoms and they tend to be larger and more complex molecules than inorganic ones. This is largely because each carbon atom can link with four other atoms. Organic compounds can therefore consist of from one to many thousands of carbon atoms joined to form chains, branched chains and rings (see diagram below). All organic compounds also contain hydrogen and they may also contain other elements.

[[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals-organic compounds.jpg|center]]

==Carbohydrates==
The name “carbohydrate” tells you something about the composition of these “hydrated carbon” compounds. They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and like water (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O), there are always twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms in each molecule. Carbohydrates are a large and diverse group that includes sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose.  Carbohydrates in the diet supply an animal with much of its energy and in the animal’s body, they transport and store energy.

Carbohydrates are divided into three major groups based on size: '''monosaccharides''' (single sugars), '''disaccharides''' (double sugars) and '''polysaccharides''' (multi sugars).

'''Monosaccharides''' are the smallest carbohydrate molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose which supplies much of the energy in the cell. It consists of a ring of 6 carbon atoms with oxygen and hydrogen atoms attached.
         
'''Disaccharides''' are formed when 2 monosaccharides join together. Sucrose (table sugar), maltose, and lactose (milk sugar), are three important disaccharides. They are broken down to monosaccharides by digestive enzymes in the gut.

'''Polysaccharides''' like starch, glycogen and cellulose are formed by tens or hundreds of monosaccharides linking together. Unlike mono- and di-saccharides, polysaccharides are not sweet to taste and most do not dissolve in water.

{{multiple image
|align=center
|image1=Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg
|alt1=Glucose
|caption1=Glucose
|width1=164
|image2=Lactose Haworth.svg
|alt2=Lactose
|width2=202
|caption2=Disaccharide (Lactose)
}}

:* '''Starch''' is the main molecule in which plants store the energy gained from the sun. It is found in grains like barley and roots like potatoes.  
:* '''Glycogen''', the polysaccharide used by animals to store energy, is found in the liver and the muscles that move the skeleton.  
:* '''Cellulose''' forms the rigid cell walls of plants. Its structure is similar to glycogen, but it can’t be digested by mammals. Cows and horses can eat cellulose with the help of bacteria which live in specialised parts of their gut.

[[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals-Polysaccharides.jpg|center]]

==Fats== 
'''Fats''' or '''lipids''' are important in the plasma membrane around cells and form the insulating fat layer under the skin. They are also a highly concentrated source of energy, and when eaten in the diet provide more than twice as much energy per gram  as either carbohydrates or proteins.

Like carbohydrates, fats contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but unlike them, there is no 
particular relationship between the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

The fats and oils animals eat in their diets are called '''triglycerides''' or '''neutral fats'''. The building blocks of triglycerides are 3 '''fatty acids''' attached to a backbone of '''glycerol''' ('''glycerine'''). When fats are eaten the digestive enzymes break down the molecules into separate fatty acids and glycerol again.

'''Fatty acids''' are divided into two kinds: '''saturated''' and '''unsaturated fatty acids''' depending on if they contain much (saturation) or little (unsaturation) hydrogen in their composition, and whether any there is at least one double bond (saturation) between carbons or not (unsaturation). The fat found in animals bodies and in dairy products contains mainly saturated fatty acids and tends to be solid at room temperature. Fish and poultry fats and plant oils contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids and are more liquid at room temperature.

'''Phospholipids''' are lipids that contain a phosphate group. They are important in the plasma membrane of the cell.

[[Image:Triglyceride.JPG|left]]
[[Image:Chain of amino acids.jpg|center]]

==Proteins==
'''Proteins''' are the third main group of organic compounds in the cell - in fact, if you dried out a cell, you would find that about 2/3 of the dry dust you were left with would consist of protein. Like carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain C, H and O, but all also contain '''nitrogen'''. Many also contain '''sulphur''' and '''phosphorus'''.

In the cell, proteins are an important part of the plasma membrane of the cell, but their most essential role is as '''enzymes'''. These are molecules that act as biological catalysts and are necessary for biochemical reactions to proceed.  Protein is also found as '''keratin''' in the skin, feathers and hair, in muscles, as well as in antibodies and some hormones.

Proteins are built up of long chains of smaller molecules called '''amino acids'''. There are 20 common types of amino acid and different numbers of these arranged in different orders create the multitude of individual proteins that exist in an animal’s body.

Long chains of amino acids often link with other amino acid chains and the resulting protein molecule may twist, spiral and fold up to make a complex 3-dimensional shape. As an example, see the diagram of the protein lysozyme below. Believe it or not, this is a small and relatively simple protein.

[[Image:Protein conformation.jpg|center]]

It is this shape that determines how proteins behave in cells, particularly when they are acting as enzymes. If for any reason this shape is altered, the protein stops working. This is what happens if proteins are heated or put in a solution that is too acidic or alkaline.  Think what happens to the “white’” of an egg when it is cooked. The “white” contains the protein albumin, which is changed or “'''denatured'''” permanently by cooking.  The catastrophic effect that heat has on enzymes is one of the reasons animals die if exposed to high temperatures.

In the animal’s diet, proteins are found in meat (muscle), dairy products, seeds, nuts and legumes like soya.  When the enzymes in the gut digest proteins they break them down into the separate amino acids, which are small enough to be absorbed into the blood.

==Summary==
* '''Ions''' are charged particles, and '''electrolytes''' are solutions of ions in water.
* '''Carbohydrates''' are made of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen (in the same ratio as water) linked together. The cell mainly uses carbohydrates for energy.
*  '''Fats''' are also made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are powerful energy source, and are also used for insulation.
* '''Proteins''' are the building materials of the body, and as '''enzymes''' make cell reactions happen. They contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
* Many also contain sulphur and phosphorous.

==Worksheet==
[http://www.wikieducator.org/Chemicals_Worksheet  Worksheet on Chemicals in the Cell]

==Test Yourself==
1. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

2. What is the chemical name for baking soda? 
:And its formula?

3. Write the equation for carbonic acid splitting into water and carbon dioxide.

4. A solution of table salt in water is an example of electrolyte.
:What ions are present in this solution?

5. What element is always present in proteins but not usually in fats or carbohydrates?

6. List three differences between glucose and glycogen.
:1.
:2.
:3.

7. Which will provide you with the most energy – one gram of sugar or one gram of butter?

8. Why do organic compounds tend to be more complex and larger than inorganic compounds ?

[[/Test Yourself Answers/]]

==Website==
* [http://darwin.baruch.cuny.edu/bio1003/organic_background.html Survey of the living world organic molecules]
A good summary of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

==Glossary==

* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>rtmub28s79wispyy1mr6b4lbs33elzu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638196</id>
      <parentid>4638193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T13:44:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don't think these changes are useful, as the previous sentences were gramatically correct before them.</comment>
      <origin>4638196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12988" sha1="akw4493eodlelj43o588yy2cmqg9mog" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 01 Chemicals.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/397768296/ jurvetson] CC-BY]]

==Objectives==
After completing this section, you should know the:

* symbols used to represent elements; 
* names of molecules commonly found in animal cells; 
* characteristics of ions and electrolytes; 
* basic structure of carbohydrates with examples; 
* carbohydrates can be divided into mono- di- and poly-saccharides; 
* basic structure of fats or lipids with examples; 
* basic structure of proteins with examples; 
* function of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the cell and animals' bodies; 
* foods which supply carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in animal diets.

==Elements And Atoms==
The elements (simplest chemical substances) found in an animal’s body are all made of basic building blocks or atoms. The most common elements found in cells are given in the table below with the symbol that is used to represent them.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! Element || Symbol
|-
| Calcium || Ca
|-
| Carbon || C
|-
| Chlorine || Cl
|-
| Copper || Cu
|-
| Iodine || I
|-
| Hydrogen || H
|-
| Iron || Fe
|-
| Magnesium || Mg
|-
| Nitrogen || N
|-
| Oxygen || O
|-
| Phosphorous || P
|-
| Potassium || K
|-
| Sodium || Na
|-
| Sulphur || S
|-
| Zinc || Zn
|}

==Compounds And Molecules==
A '''molecule''' is formed when two or more '''atoms''' join together. A compound is formed when two or more different elements combine in a fixed ratio by mass.
Note that some atoms are never found alone. For example '''oxygen''' is always found as molecules of 2 oxygen atoms (represented as O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).

The table below gives some common compounds.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! Compound || Symbol
|-
| Calcium carbonate || CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Carbon dioxide || CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Copper sulphate || CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Glucose || C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;
|- 
| Hydrochloric acid || HCl
|-
| Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) || NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Sodium chloride (table salt) || NaCl
|-
| Sodium hydroxide || NaOH
|-
| Water || H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|}

==Chemical Reactions==
Reactions occur when atoms combine or separate from other atoms.  In the process new products with different chemical properties are formed.

Chemical reactions can be represented by '''chemical equations'''.  The starting atoms or compounds are usually put on the left-hand side of the equation and the products on the right-hand side.

For example         
* H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gives H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* or H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
* Water + Carbon dioxide gives Carbonic acid

==Ionization==
When some atoms dissolve in water they become charged particles called '''ions'''. Some become positively charged ions and others negatively charged. Ions may have one, two or sometimes three charges.

The table below shows examples of positively and negatively charged ions with the number of their charges.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; margin: 0px auto 0px auto; text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Positive Ions
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Negative Ions
|-
| H+ || Hydrogen || Cl- ||Chloride
|-
| Ca&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Calcium || OH- || Hydroxyl
|-
| Na+ || Sodium || HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;- || Bicarbonate
|-
| K+ || Potassium || CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Carbonate
|-
| Mg&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Magnesium || SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Sulphate
|-
| Fe&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Iron (ferrous) || PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;- || Phosphate
|-
| Fe&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;+ || Iron (ferric) || S&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;- || Sulphide
|}

Positive and negative ions attract one another to hold compounds together.

Ions are important in cells because they conduct electricity when dissolved in water.  Substances that ionise in this way are known as '''electrolytes'''.

The molecules in an animal’s body fall into two groups: '''inorganic compounds''' and '''organic compounds'''. The difference between these is that the first type does not contain '''carbon''' and the second type does.

==Organic And Inorganic Compounds== 
Inorganic compounds include water, sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide and calcium phosphate.

'''Water''' is the most abundant inorganic compound, making up over 60% of the volume of cells and over 90% of body fluids like blood. Many substances dissolve in water and all the chemical reactions that take place in the body do so when dissolved in water. Other inorganic molecules help keep the '''acid/base balance (pH)'''  and concentration of the blood and other body fluids stable (see Chapter 8). 
 
Organic compounds include '''carbohydrates, proteins''' and '''fats''' or '''lipids'''. All organic molecules contain carbon atoms and they tend to be larger and more complex molecules than inorganic ones. This is largely because each carbon atom can link with four other atoms. Organic compounds can therefore consist of from one to many thousands of carbon atoms joined to form chains, branched chains and rings (see diagram below). All organic compounds also contain hydrogen and they may also contain other elements.

[[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals-organic compounds.jpg|center]]

==Carbohydrates==
The name “carbohydrate” tells you something about the composition of these “hydrated carbon” compounds. They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and like water (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O), there are always twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms in each molecule. Carbohydrates are a large and diverse group that includes sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose.  Carbohydrates in the diet supply an animal with much of its energy and in the animal’s body, they transport and store energy.

Carbohydrates are divided into three major groups based on size: '''monosaccharides''' (single sugars), '''disaccharides''' (double sugars) and '''polysaccharides''' (multi sugars).

'''Monosaccharides''' are the smallest carbohydrate molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose which supplies much of the energy in the cell. It consists of a ring of 6 carbon atoms with oxygen and hydrogen atoms attached.
         
'''Disaccharides''' are formed when 2 monosaccharides join together. Sucrose (table sugar), maltose, and lactose (milk sugar), are three important disaccharides. They are broken down to monosaccharides by digestive enzymes in the gut.

'''Polysaccharides''' like starch, glycogen and cellulose are formed by tens or hundreds of monosaccharides linking together. Unlike mono- and di-saccharides, polysaccharides are not sweet to taste and most do not dissolve in water.

{{multiple image
|align=center
|image1=Alpha-D-Glucopyranose.svg
|alt1=Glucose
|caption1=Glucose
|width1=164
|image2=Lactose Haworth.svg
|alt2=Lactose
|width2=202
|caption2=Disaccharide (Lactose)
}}

:* '''Starch''' is the main molecule in which plants store the energy gained from the sun. It is found in grains like barley and roots like potatoes.  
:* '''Glycogen''', the polysaccharide used by animals to store energy, is found in the liver and the muscles that move the skeleton.  
:* '''Cellulose''' forms the rigid cell walls of plants. Its structure is similar to glycogen, but it can’t be digested by mammals. Cows and horses can eat cellulose with the help of bacteria which live in specialised parts of their gut.

[[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals-Polysaccharides.jpg|center]]

==Fats== 
'''Fats''' or '''lipids''' are important in the plasma membrane around cells and form the insulating fat layer under the skin. They are also a highly concentrated source of energy, and when eaten in the diet provide more than twice as much energy per gram  as either carbohydrates or proteins.

Like carbohydrates, fats contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but unlike them, there is no 
particular relationship between the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

The fats and oils animals eat in their diets are called '''triglycerides''' or '''neutral fats'''. The building blocks of triglycerides are 3 '''fatty acids''' attached to a backbone of '''glycerol''' ('''glycerine'''). When fats are eaten the digestive enzymes break down the molecules into separate fatty acids and glycerol again.

'''Fatty acids''' are divided into two kinds: '''saturated''' and '''unsaturated fatty acids''' depending on if they contain much (saturation) or little (unsaturation) hydrogen in their composition, and whether any there is at least one double bond (saturation) between carbons or not (unsaturation). The fat found in animals bodies and in dairy products contains mainly saturated fatty acids and tends to be solid at room temperature. Fish and poultry fats and plant oils contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids and are more liquid at room temperature.

'''Phospholipids''' are lipids that contain a phosphate group. They are important in the plasma membrane of the cell.

[[Image:Triglyceride.JPG|left]]
[[Image:Chain of amino acids.jpg|center]]

==Proteins==
'''Proteins''' are the third main group of organic compounds in the cell - in fact, if you dried out a cell, you would find that about 2/3 of the dry dust you were left with would consist of protein. Like carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain C, H and O, but all also contain '''nitrogen'''. Many also contain '''sulphur''' and '''phosphorus'''.

In the cell, proteins are an important part of the plasma membrane of the cell, but their most essential role is as '''enzymes'''. These are molecules that act as biological catalysts and are necessary for biochemical reactions to proceed.  Protein is also found as '''keratin''' in the skin, feathers and hair, in muscles, as well as in antibodies and some hormones.

Proteins are built up of long chains of smaller molecules called '''amino acids'''. There are 20 common types of amino acid and different numbers of these arranged in different orders create the multitude of individual proteins that exist in an animal’s body.

Long chains of amino acids often link with other amino acid chains and the resulting protein molecule may twist, spiral and fold up to make a complex 3-dimensional shape. As an example, see the diagram of the protein lysozyme below. Believe it or not, this is a small and relatively simple protein.

[[Image:Protein conformation.jpg|center]]

It is this shape that determines how proteins behave in cells, particularly when they are acting as enzymes. If for any reason this shape is altered, the protein stops working. This is what happens if proteins are heated or put in a solution that is too acidic or alkaline.  Think what happens to the “white’” of an egg when it is cooked. The “white” contains the protein albumin, which is changed or “'''denatured'''” permanently by cooking.  The catastrophic effect that heat has on enzymes is one of the reasons animals die if exposed to high temperatures.

In the animal’s diet, proteins are found in meat (muscle), dairy products, seeds, nuts and legumes like soya.  When the enzymes in the gut digest proteins they break them down into the separate amino acids, which are small enough to be absorbed into the blood.

==Summary==
* '''Ions''' are charged particles, and '''electrolytes''' are solutions of ions in water.
* '''Carbohydrates''' are made of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen (in the same ratio as water) linked together. The cell mainly uses carbohydrates for energy.
*  '''Fats''' are also made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are a powerful energy source, and are also used for insulation.
* '''Proteins''' are the building materials of the body, and as '''enzymes''' make cell reactions happen. They contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
* Many also contain sulphur and phosphorous.

==Worksheet==
[http://www.wikieducator.org/Chemicals_Worksheet  Worksheet on Chemicals in the Cell]

==Test Yourself==
1. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

2. What is the chemical name for baking soda? 
:And its formula?

3. Write the equation for carbonic acid splitting into water and carbon dioxide.

4. A solution of table salt in water is an example of an electrolyte.
:What ions are present in this solution?

5. What element is always present in proteins but not usually in fats or carbohydrates?

6. List three differences between glucose and glycogen.
:1.
:2.
:3.

7. Which will provide you with the most energy – one gram of sugar or one gram of butter?

8. Why do organic compounds tend to be more complex and larger than inorganic compounds ?

[[/Test Yourself Answers/]]

==Website==
* [http://darwin.baruch.cuny.edu/bio1003/organic_background.html Survey of the living world organic molecules]
A good summary of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

==Glossary==

* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary]

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== Bishop's Opening: Berlin Defence ==
===2... Nf6===

Black develops the king's knight and in doing so threatens the e4-pawn and makes it possible to play d5.  This move also preempts [[w:Scholar's Mate|Scholar's Mate]] by preventing 3. Qh5, and blocking the queen's path in the 3. Qf3 version of the mate.

White's options:
:*[[/3. d3/]] is the most common continuation.
:*[[/3. d4/]] can go either to Ponziani-Urusov Gambit or to the Two Knights Defence by transposition.
:*[[/3. Nc3/]] transposes to the Vienna Game (Falkbeer Defence), with an opportunity to use a center fork trick.
:*[[/3. Nf3/]] transposes to Petrov's Defence.
:*[[/3. f3/]] should not be played
:*[[/3. f4/]] offers a transposition to the King's Gambit after 3...exf4.

==Theory table==
{{ChessTable}}.

'''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Modern Bishop's Opening&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;Be7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{chesspunc|equal}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Ponziani/Urusov Gambit&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]&lt;br&gt;by transposition&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{chesspunc|equal}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]&lt;br&gt;by transposition&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{chesspunc|-1}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}}
* [[wikipedia:Vasily_Panov|Panov, Vasily.]] (1973). ''Teoría de Aperturas, Tomo I: Aperturas Abiertas - Aperturas Semiabiertas''. {{ISBN|84-270-0132-0}}.
[[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]]
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}
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== Vrindavanmathuratourpackages reported by MathXplore ==

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Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Vrindavanmathuratourpackages/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
== Shawndavidsonosp2 reported by MathXplore ==

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Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312343]], [[Special:AbuseLog/312344]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Shawndavidsonosp2/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:This is not a spam. Its a discussion topic on Healthcare Software Development [[User:Shawndavidsonosp2|Shawndavidsonosp2]] ([[User talk:Shawndavidsonosp2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shawndavidsonosp2|contribs]]) 13:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} (CU request) User:Shawndavidsonosp2 &amp; User:Lunasora33 made link additions for osplabs.com ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Information_Technology_and_Ethics/IT_and_Healthcare&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4636437], [https://spamcheck.toolforge.org/by-domain?q=osplabs.com])
: {{ping|MarcGarver|SHB2000}} [[Special:CentralAuth/Rachvictor05]] &amp; [[Special:CentralAuth/Emma_Joseph_Swift]] (Locked) also made link additions for osplabs.com ([https://spamcheck.toolforge.org/by-domain?q=osplabs.com]) [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:46, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::Clearly promotional accounts, both blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
:::and their spam domain added to the blacklist [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:02, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

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:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[User:Me Lendroz]] (CU request) ==

{{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} (this is related to previous CU, [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2024/February#Alert_about_possible_evasion_of_previous_1-week_block_at_English_Wikibooks_(CU_needed?)]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2024/August#Another_user_editing_User:Jay_Bolero's_user_page]]) &lt;br&gt;
I found [[Special:Contributions/CarlessParking]] editing the user page of [[User:Me Lendroz]]. What do our CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:It's an obvious sock of Jay Bolero not least because the account has posted &quot;my name is Karl Basallote&quot; everywhere and &quot;Basallote&quot; matches the previous sock. I've blocked CarlessParking as this is an abusive use of multiple accounts. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] In that case, should their edits be reverted and/or marked as unreviewed? They were now blocked indefinitely for sockpuppetry. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 27 May 2026 (UTC)

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[[Category:Reading room]]

== Vrindavanmathuratourpackages reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Vrindavanmathuratourpackages}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Vrindavanmathuratourpackages/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
== Shawndavidsonosp2 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Shawndavidsonosp2}}

Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312343]], [[Special:AbuseLog/312344]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Shawndavidsonosp2/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:This is not a spam. Its a discussion topic on Healthcare Software Development [[User:Shawndavidsonosp2|Shawndavidsonosp2]] ([[User talk:Shawndavidsonosp2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shawndavidsonosp2|contribs]]) 13:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} (CU request) User:Shawndavidsonosp2 &amp; User:Lunasora33 made link additions for osplabs.com ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Information_Technology_and_Ethics/IT_and_Healthcare&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4636437], [https://spamcheck.toolforge.org/by-domain?q=osplabs.com])
: {{ping|MarcGarver|SHB2000}} [[Special:CentralAuth/Rachvictor05]] &amp; [[Special:CentralAuth/Emma_Joseph_Swift]] (Locked) also made link additions for osplabs.com ([https://spamcheck.toolforge.org/by-domain?q=osplabs.com]) [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:46, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
::Clearly promotional accounts, both blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
:::and their spam domain added to the blacklist [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:02, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== Banibrotechnologies reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Banibrotechnologies}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Banibrotechnologies/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:51, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

== Texasanne12 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Texasanne12}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312336]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Texasanne12/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:18, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 20 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[User:Me Lendroz]] (CU request) ==

{{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} (this is related to previous CU, [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2024/February#Alert_about_possible_evasion_of_previous_1-week_block_at_English_Wikibooks_(CU_needed?)]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2024/August#Another_user_editing_User:Jay_Bolero's_user_page]]) &lt;br&gt;
I found [[Special:Contributions/CarlessParking]] editing the user page of [[User:Me Lendroz]]. What do our CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:00, 19 May 2026 (UTC)

:It's an obvious sock of Jay Bolero not least because the account has posted &quot;my name is Karl Basallote&quot; everywhere and &quot;Basallote&quot; matches the previous sock. I've blocked CarlessParking as this is an abusive use of multiple accounts. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:57, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] In that case, should their edits be reverted and/or marked as unreviewed? They were now blocked indefinitely for sockpuppetry. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 27 May 2026 (UTC)

== Sharmasejal reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Sharmasejal}}

Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/312466]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Sharmasejal/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:12, 22 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:28, 22 May 2026 (UTC)
== Abbeypartyrental reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Abbeypartyrental}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Abbeypartyrental/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:26, 24 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:33, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

== Varundraravinds reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Varundraravinds}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Varundraravinds/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:33, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

== Prabhuabd reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Prabhuabd}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Prabhuabd/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:12, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:33, 26 May 2026 (UTC)
== Manipathakblog reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Manipathakblog}}

Promotion-only account &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Manipathakblog/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:54, 30 May 2026 (UTC)
: Globally locked by Barras. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:44, 30 May 2026 (UTC)

== I can't make a page ==

I wished to make a page English in Use/Agreement – a slighty modified version of the Wikipedia article [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_in_the_English_language]]. It's written like a textbook, so I thought it would be appropriate here, but some filter has blocked my edit. What shall I do?

[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32366-58|&amp;#126;2026-32366-58]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-32366-58|talk]]) 10:44, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nrvi5fecstdem6n3pcz652rybrygsfg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dungeons &amp; Dragons</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>140799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638266</id>
      <parentid>4629770</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T21:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638266</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="703" sha1="owzz3l6s45tv0hiy3ypj3dfchhvia9g" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Tabletop role-playing game icon.svg|right|200px]]
This is a field guide to the Dungeons &amp; Dragons role-playing game rules and accessories. Commonly referred to as &quot;D&amp;D&quot; or &quot;DnD&quot;, this game was developed in 1974 by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. Currently it is produced by the gaming company Wizards of the Coast, a division of Hasbro. A fourth edition of the game was released in 2008, and a fifth edition in 2014. The fifth edition was revised in 2024.

== Contents ==
# [[/Learning the game/]] {{stage|0%|}}
# [[/Magic spells/]]
# [[/Magic items/]]
# [[/Monsters/]]
# [[/Commercial settings/]]
# [[/Developing a Campaign World/]]

{{alphabetical|D}}
{{Shelves|Games}}
{{status|0%}}
{{wikipedia}}</text>
      <sha1>owzz3l6s45tv0hiy3ypj3dfchhvia9g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>142006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638200</id>
      <parentid>4637974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T16:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List of Many WMIs */</comment>
      <origin>4638200</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="132870" sha1="lha77v9zk60uuw884cvphzm0ebxxux0" xml:space="preserve">==World Manufacturer Identifier==
The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. 

===WMI Regions===
The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/
| title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780
| publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI
! Region
! Notes
|-
| A-C
| Africa
| AA-AH = South Africa&lt;br /&gt;BF-BG = Kenya&lt;br /&gt;BU = Uganda&lt;br /&gt;CA-CB = Egypt&lt;br /&gt;DF-DK = Morocco
|-
| E, H-R
| Asia
| E=Russia&lt;br /&gt;H = China&lt;br /&gt;J = Japan&lt;br /&gt;KF-KH = Israel&lt;br /&gt;KL-KR = South Korea&lt;br /&gt;L = China&lt;br /&gt;MA-ME = India&lt;br /&gt;MF-MK = Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;ML-MR = Thailand&lt;br /&gt;MS = Myanmar&lt;br /&gt;MX = Kazakhstan&lt;br /&gt;MY-M0 = India&lt;br /&gt;NF-NG = Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;NL-NR = Turkey&lt;br /&gt;NS-NT = Uzbekistan&lt;br /&gt;PA-PC = Philippines&lt;br /&gt;PF-PG = Singapore&lt;br /&gt;PL-PR = Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;PS-PT = Bangladesh&lt;br /&gt;PV=Cambodia&lt;br /&gt;RA-RB = United Arab Emirates&lt;br /&gt;RF-RK = Taiwan&lt;br /&gt;RL-RN = Vietnam&lt;br /&gt;RS-RT = Saudi Arabia&lt;br /&gt;RU-RW = Russia&lt;br /&gt;R1-R7 = Hong Kong

|-
| S-Z
| Europe
| SA-SM = United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)&lt;br /&gt;SU-SZ = Poland&lt;br /&gt;TA-TH = Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;TJ-TP = Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;TR-TV = Hungary&lt;br /&gt;TW-T2 = Portugal&lt;br /&gt;UH-UM = Denmark&lt;br /&gt;UN-UR = Ireland&lt;br /&gt;UU-UX = Romania&lt;br /&gt;U1-U2 = North Macedonia&lt;br /&gt;U5-U7 = Slovakia&lt;br /&gt;VA-VE = Austria&lt;br /&gt;VF-VR = France&lt;br /&gt;VS-VW = Spain&lt;br /&gt;VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)&lt;br /&gt;V3-V5 = Croatia&lt;br /&gt;V6-V8 = Estonia&lt;br /&gt; W = Germany (formerly West Germany)&lt;br /&gt;XA-XC = Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;XF-XH = Greece&lt;br /&gt;XL-XR = The Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)&lt;br /&gt;XX-XY = Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;XZ-X0 = Russia&lt;br /&gt;YA-YE = Belgium&lt;br /&gt;YF-YK = Finland&lt;br /&gt;YS-YW = Sweden&lt;br /&gt;YX-Y2 = Norway&lt;br /&gt;Y3-Y5 = Belarus&lt;br /&gt;Y6-Y8 = Ukraine&lt;br /&gt;ZA-ZU = Italy&lt;br /&gt;ZX-ZZ = Slovenia&lt;br /&gt;Z3-Z5 = Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Z6-Z0 = Russia
|-
| 1-5
| North America
| 1, 4, 5 = United States&lt;br /&gt;2 = Canada&lt;br /&gt;3 = Mexico&lt;br /&gt;7F-70 = United States
|-
| 6-7
| Oceania
| 6A-6W = Australia&lt;br /&gt;7A-7E = New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;Revised: 6A-6X = Australia&lt;br /&gt;6Y-61 = New Zealand
|-
| 8-9
| South America
| 8A-8E = Argentina&lt;br /&gt;8F-8G = Chile&lt;br /&gt;8L-8N = Ecuador&lt;br /&gt;8S-8T = Peru&lt;br /&gt;8X-8Z = Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;82 = Bolivia&lt;br /&gt;84 = Costa Rica&lt;br /&gt;9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil&lt;br /&gt;9F-9G = Colombia&lt;br /&gt;9S-9V = Uruguay
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3

! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''A''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | South Africa || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ivory Coast || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lesotho || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Botswana || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Namibia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Madagascar || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cyprus || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mozambique || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''B''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Angola || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ethiopia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kenya || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rwanda || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nigeria || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Algeria || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Swaziland || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Uganda || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Africa''|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Libya || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''C''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Egypt || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Morocco || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zambia || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''D''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|-
| '''E''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''F''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| '''G'''
|-
| '''H''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''J''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Japan
|-
| '''K''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Israel || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jordan || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyrgyzstan || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' 
|-
| '''L''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''M''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | India || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Indonesia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Thailand || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Myanmar || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mongolia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kazakhstan || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | India
|-
| '''N''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pakistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iraq || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uzbekistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Azerbaijan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Tajikistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Armenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
| '''P''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Philippines || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singapore || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Malaysia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangladesh || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | India 
|-
| '''R''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | UAE || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Taiwan || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Vietnam || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Laos || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saudi Arabia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Hong Kong || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''S''' || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | United Kingdom || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Germany &lt;small&gt;(former East Germany)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Poland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Latvia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Georgia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iceland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''T''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Switzerland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Czech Republic || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hungary || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Portugal || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Serbia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Andorra || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''U''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Denmark || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ireland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | North Macedonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovakia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bosnia &amp; Herzogovina
|-
| '''V''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Austria || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | France || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | France &lt;small&gt;(formerly Yugoslavia &amp; Serbia)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Croatia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Estonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''W''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Germany
|-
| '''X''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bulgaria || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Greece || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia &lt;small&gt;(former USSR)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Luxembourg || colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''Y''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Belgium || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Finland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Malta || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sweden || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Norway || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Belarus || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ukraine || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''Z''' || colspan=&quot;18&quot; | Italy || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | San Marino|| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Europe''|| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lithuania || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''1''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | United States
|-
| '''2''' || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | Canada || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''3''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Mexico || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nicaragua || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Dom. Rep. || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Honduras || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Panama || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Puerto Rico || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''4''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | United States
|-
| '''5''' 
|-
| '''6''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Australia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Oceania''
|-
| '''7''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | United States
|-
| '''8''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ecuador || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Peru || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Venezuela || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bolivia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Costa Rica || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''South America'' 
|-
| '''9''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Brazil || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Colombia || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''South America''  || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Uruguay || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Brazil 
|-
| '''0''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|}

===List of Many WMIs===
The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html
| title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
| date=October 2009
| publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned.

{| class=&quot;wikitable x&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI !! Manufacturer
|-
| AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa
|-
| AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd.
|-
| AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck &amp; Bus)
|-
|AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number)
|-
| AAV || Volkswagen South Africa
|-
| AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt &amp; Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks &amp; Buses Southern Africa
|-
| ABM || BMW Southern Africa
|-
| ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018-
|-
| AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa 
|-
| AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa)
|-
| ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car
|-
| ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018)
|-
| ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd.
|-
| AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa)
|-
| AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa &amp; Samcor
|-
| AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa
|-
| AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa
|-
| AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa
|-
| AHH || Hino South Africa
|-
| AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000
|-
| AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd.
|-
| BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya
|-
| BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda
|-
| BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB)
|-
| BRY || FIAT Algeria
|-
| CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt)
|-
| DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt)
|-
| DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco)
|-
| EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia)
|-
| EAN || Evolute (Russia)
|-
| EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia)
|-
| EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia)
|-
| EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia)
|-
| ECE || XCITE (Russia)
|-
| ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia)
|-
| HAC || GAC Motor (Aion)
|-
| HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray)
|-
| HA6 || Niu Technologies
|-
| HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd.
|-
| HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) 
|-
| HGL ||  Farizon Auto van (Geely)
|-
| HGX ||  Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely)
|-
| HHZ || Huazi Automobile
|-
| HJN || Nio, Firefly 
|-
| HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van
|-
| HJ4 || BAW car
|-
| HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. &lt;br /&gt;(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| HLX || Li Auto
|-
| HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| HVW || Volkswagen Anhui
|-
| HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| HXM || Xiaomi
|-
| HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAB || Isuzu car
|-
| JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey &amp; Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu
|-
| JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty)
|-
| JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America)
|-
| JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) &amp; Nissan Rogue PHEV '26
|-
| JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America)
|-
| JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda
|-
| JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda
|-
| JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda
|-
| JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu
|-
| JD1 || Daihatsu car
|-
| JD2 || Daihatsu SUV
|-
| JD4 || Daihatsu truck
|-
| JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car
|-
| JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV
|-
| JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck
|-
| JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru
|-
| JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada
|-
| JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck)
|-
| JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck)
|-
| JHA || Hino truck
|-
| JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHD || Hino
|-
| JHF || Hino
|-
| JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,&lt;br/&gt;JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]]
|-
| JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV
|-
| JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car
|-
| JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck
|-
| JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV
|-
| JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV
|-
| JH4 || Acura car
|-
| JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKM || Mitsuoka
|-
| JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki
|-
| JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki
|-
| JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault)
|-
| JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive)
|-
| JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive)
|-
| JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America &amp; Middle East
|-
| JMZ || Mazda for Europe export &amp; Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain &amp; Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France
|-
| JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export
|-
| JM1 || Mazda car
|-
| JM2 || Mazda truck
|-
| JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV
|-
| JM4 || Mazda
|-
| JM6 || Mazda
|-
| JM7 || Mazda
|-
| JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck)
|-
| JNK || Infiniti car
|-
| JNR || Infiniti SUV
|-
| JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN1 || Nissan car &amp; Infiniti car
|-
| JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN6 || Nissan truck/van &amp; Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van
|-
| JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck)
|-
| JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck)
|-
| JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda
|-
| JSA || Suzuki ATV &amp; '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki
|-
| JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki
|-
| JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota
|-
| JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle &amp; Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JS2 || Suzuki car
|-
| JS3 || Suzuki SUV
|-
| JS4 || Suzuki truck
|-
| JTB || Toyota bus
|-
| JTD || Toyota car
|-
| JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JTF || Toyota van/truck
|-
| JTG || Toyota MPV/bus
|-
| JTH || Lexus car
|-
| JTJ || Lexus SUV
|-
| JTK || Toyota car
|-
| JTL || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota
|-
| JTN || Toyota car
|-
| JTP || Toyota SUV
|-
| JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van
|-
| JT2 || Toyota car
|-
| JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JT4 || Toyota truck/van
|-
| JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle
|-
| JT6 || Lexus SUV
|-
| JT7 || Toyota bus/van
|-
| JT8 || Lexus car
|-
| JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003)
|-
| JYA || Yamaha motorcycles
|-
| JYE || Yamaha snowmobile
|-
| JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV
|-
| JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV
|-
| J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu
|-
| J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada
|-
| J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu
|-
| KF3 || Merkavim (Israel)
|-
| KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel)
|-
| KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel)
|-
| KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea
|-
| KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)&lt;br /&gt; from Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants
|-
| KLP || CT&amp;T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles)
|-
| KLT || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLU || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo)
|-
| KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car)
|-
| KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac)
|-
| KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden)
|-
| KL4 || GM Korea (Buick)
|-
| KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki)
|-
| KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC)
|-
| KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000))
|-
| KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000))
|-
| KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark))
|-
| KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]]
|-
| KMC || Hyundai commercial truck
|-
| KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor)
|-
| KMF || Hyundai van &amp; commercial truck &amp; Bering Truck
|-
| KMH || Hyundai car &amp; Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai
|-
| KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus
|-
| KMT || Genesis Motor car
|-
| KMU || Genesis Motor SUV
|-
| KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV
|-
| KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&amp;T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM8 || Hyundai SUV
|-
| KNA || Kia car
|-
| KNC || Kia truck
|-
| KND || Kia MPV/SUV &amp; Hyundai Entourage
|-
| KNE || Kia for Europe export
|-
| KNF || Kia, special vehicles
|-
| KNG || Kia minibus/bus
|-
| KNJ || Ford Festiva &amp; Aspire made by Kia
|-
| KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech
|-
| KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung
|-
| KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd.
|-
| KN1 || Asia Motors
|-
| KN2 || Asia Motors
|-
| KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup
|-
| KPB || SsangYong car
|-
| KPD || SsangYong TransStar (bus)
|-
| KPH || Mitsubishi Precis
|-
| KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV
|-
| LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle
|-
| LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle
|-
| LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang)
|-
| LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely)
|-
| LA8 || Anhui Ankai
|-
| LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus &amp; Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus)
|-
| LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/LC0 || BYD
|-
| LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile
|-
| LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray
|-
| LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli)
|-
| LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang)
|-
| LBM || Zongshen Piaggio
|-
| LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro)
|-
| LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LB1 || Fujian Benz
|-
| LB2 || Geely Motorcycles
|-
| LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi)
|-
| LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO)
|-
| LCR || Gonow
|-
| LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza)
|-
| LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco)
|-
| LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LDB || Dadi Auto
|-
| LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60
|-
| LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile
|-
| LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway)
|-
| LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast
|-
| LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive
|-
| LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd.
|-
| LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle)
|-
| LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW)
|-
| LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC)
|-
| LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China
|- 
| LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle
|- 
| LE4 || Beijing Benz &amp; Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) &amp; Beijing Jeep Corp.
|-
| LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7)
|-
| LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd.
|-
| LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing
|-
| LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton)
|-
| LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz)
|-
| LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus)
|-
| LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4)
|-
| LFT || FAW (trailers)
|-
| LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili)
|-
| LFW || FAW JieFang (truck)
|-
| LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck)
|-
| LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory
|-
| LFZ || Leapmotor
|-
| LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle 
|-
| LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia)
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing)
|-
| LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus)
|-
| LGL || Guilin Daewoo
|-
| LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey)
|-
| LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao)
|-
| LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus
|-
| LG6 || Dayun Group
|-
| LHA || Shuanghuan Auto
|-
| LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding
|-
| LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura)
|-
| LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co.
|-
| LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LH1 || FAW-Haima, China
|-
| LJC || Jincheng Corporation
|-
| LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) &amp; Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia)
|-
| LJM || Sunlong (bus)
|-
| LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan
|-
| LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer)
|-
| LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus
|-
| LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile &amp; Kandi &amp; Zhidou
|-
| LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJW || JMC Landwind
|-
| LJX || JMC Ford
|-
| LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol)
|-
| LJ1 || Nio, Inc.
|-
| LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun)
|-
| LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile
|-
| LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe
|-
| LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LKH || Hafei Motor
|-
| LKL || Higer Bus
|-
| LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles
|-
| LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus
|-
| LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles
|-
| LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLN || Qoros 
|-
| LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
|-
| LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive
|-
| LLX || Yudo Auto
|-
| LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd.
|-
| LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng)
|-
| LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles)
|-
| LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo
|-
| LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]]
|-
| LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader)
|-
| LMP || Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima
|-
| LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]]
|-
| LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing)
|-
| LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LM6 || SWM (automobiles)
|-
| LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO
|-
| LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan
|-
| LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) &amp; Arcfox &amp; Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC
|-
| LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo
|-
| LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LNP || NAC MG UK Limited &amp; Nanjing Fiat Automobile
|-
| LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.)
|-
| LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks)
|-
| LNY || Yuejin
|-
| LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles)
|-
| LPE || BYD Auto
|-
| LPS || Polestar
|-
| LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export)
|-
| LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks
|-
| LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export)
|-
| LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus)
|-
| LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai)
|-
| LR4 || Yadi Technology Group
|-
| LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck)
|-
| LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV &amp; Chevrolet S10 Max &amp; Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
|-
| LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet)
|-
| LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van &amp; Chevrolet Express Max
|-
| LSJ || SAIC MG &amp; SAIC Roewe &amp; IM Motors &amp; Rising Auto
|-
| LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van
|-
| LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus)
|-
| LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) &amp; Jinbei GM
|-
| LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd
|-
| LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV)
|-
| LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) &amp; Changan Suzuki
|-
| LS6 || Changan Automobile &amp; Deepal Automobile &amp; Avatr
|-
| LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd.
|-
| LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LTA || ZX Auto
|-
| LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler &amp; Dodge vehicles
|-
| LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin)
|-
| LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) 
|-
| LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China)
|-
| LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd.
|-
| LUG || Qiantu Motor
|-
| LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar
|-
| LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd.
|-
| LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta)
|-
| LVA || Foton Motor
|-
| LVB || Foton Motor truck
|-
| LVC || Foton Motor bus
|-
| LVF || Changhe Suzuki
|-
| LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead)
|-
| LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo)
|-
| LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LVR || Changan Mazda
|-
| LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) &amp; Changan Ford Mazda &amp; Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda
|-
| LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast
|-
| LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour
|-
| LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021)
|-
| LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd
|-
| LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory
|-
| LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group)
|-
| LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus)
|-
| LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWL || Qingling Isuzu
|-
| LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LW4 || Li Auto
|-
| LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG)
|-
| LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM)
|-
| LXN || Link Tour
|-
| LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXW || JMC - Ford
|-
| LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor &amp; Yinxiang Group)
|-
| LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory &amp; Taizhou, Luqiao District factory
|-
| LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science &amp; Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China
|-
| LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-)
|-
| LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman)
|-
| LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus
|-
| LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd.
|-
| LZM || MAN China
|-
| LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian)
|-
| LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen
|-
| LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus
|-
| LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export])
|-
| LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak)
|-
| LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd.
|-
| LZ9/LZX || Raysince
|-
| L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers)
|-
| L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| L1N || XPeng Motors
|-
| L10 || Geely Emgrand
|-
| L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles)
|-
| L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs)
|-
| L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle
|-
| L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV &amp; motorcycles)
|-
| L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen)
|-
| L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6T || Geely, Lynk &amp; Co, Zeekr
|-
| L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. 
|-
| L82 || Baotian
|-
| L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance
|-
| L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle
|-
| L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd.
|-
| MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MAB || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAC || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India
|-
| MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India
|-
| MAL || Hyundai Motor India
|- 
| MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix
|- 
| MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover
|-
| MA1 || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic &amp; export)
|-
| MA6 || GM India
|-
| MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. &amp; Mitsubishi Motors &amp; Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors
|-
| MA8 || Daewoo Motor India
|-
| MBF || Royal Enfield
|- 
| MBH || Suzuki (for export) &amp; Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited
|-
| MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBL || Hero MotoCorp
|-
| MBR || Mercedes-Benz India
|-
| MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|-
| MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd.
|-
| MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape)
|-
| MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd.
|-
| MB1 || Ashok Leyland
|-
| MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV)
|-
| MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited
|-
| MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| MCB || GM India
|-
| MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers
|-
| MCG || Atul Auto Ltd.
|-
| MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC1 || Force Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd.
|-
| MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz)
|-
| MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited
|-
| MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun)
|-
| MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited
|-
| MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. &amp; KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj &amp; Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj
|-
| MD6 || TVS Motor Company
|-
| MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella
|-
| MD9 || Shuttle Cars India
|-
| MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz)
|-
| MEE || Renault India Private Limited
|-
| MEG || Harley-Davidson India
|-
| MER || Benelli India
|-
| MES || Mahindra Navistar
|-
| MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia)
|-
| MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on
|-
| ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| ME3 || Royal Enfield
|-
| ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
|-
| MYH || Ather Energy
|-
| MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa
|-
| MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited)
|-
| MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| M3G || Isuzu Motors India
|-
| M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited
|-
| ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike)
|-
| MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia
|-
| MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International
|-
| MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu)
|-
| MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia
|-
| MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car)
|-
| MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van)
|-
| MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg.
|-
| MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
|-
| MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MJB || GM Indonesia
|-
| MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)
|-
| MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
|-
| MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling)
|-
| MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd.
|-
| MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand
|-
| ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand)
|-
| MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP)
|-
| MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup
|-
| MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
|-
| MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car)
|-
| MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, &amp; Trailblazer)
|-
| MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant)
|-
| MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export
|-
| MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets
|-
| MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets
|-
| MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd.
|-
| MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. &amp; Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand
|-
| MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant)
|-
| MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand
|-
| MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car)
|-
| MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. 
|-
| MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups &amp; Fortuner SUV)
|-
| MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand
|-
| MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars &amp; CUVs)
|-
| MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab)
|-
| MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar
|-
| MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar
|-
| MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan)
|-
| NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran)
|-
| NAC || Mammut (truck trailers)
|-
| NAD || Škoda
|-
| NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers)
|-
| NAP || Pars Khodro
|-
| NAS || SAIPA
|-
| NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NC9/ || VIRA Diesel
|-
| ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd.
|-
| NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation
|-
| NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars
|-
| NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S.
|-
| NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck
|-
| NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV
|-
| NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van
|-
| NLN || Karsan
|-
| NLR || Otokar
|-
| NLT || Temsa
|-
| NLZ || Tezeller
|-
| NL1 || TOGG
|-
| NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus)
|-
| NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş.
|-
| NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses
|-
| NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
|-
| NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle
|-
| NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş.
|-
| NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey
|-
| NM0 || Ford Otosan
|-
| NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.
|-
| NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS)
|-
| NNA || Anadolu Isuzu
|-
| NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio)
|-
| NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer)
|-
| NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPS || Nursan (truck trailer)
|-
| NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus)
|-
| NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus)
|-
| NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus)
|-
| NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/300 || TCV (bus) 
|-
| NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NRE || Bozankaya
|-
| NRX || Musoshi
|-
| NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv
|-
| NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/034 || Akia (bus)
|-
| NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan)
|-
| NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan
|-
| NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan)
|- 
| PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation
|-
| PAD || Honda Cars Philippines
|-
| PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS)
|-
| PL1 || Proton, Malaysia
|-
| PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai
|-
| PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia
|-
| PMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus Malaysia
|-
| PMH || Honda Malaysia (car)
|-
| PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle)
|-
| PML || Hicom 
|-
| PMN || Modenas
|-
| PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle)
|-
| PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PM1 || BMW &amp; Mini/Inokom
|-
| PM2 || Perodua
|-
| PM9/ || Bufori
|-
| PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot
|-
| PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot)
|-
| PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia
|-
| PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PPP || Suzuki
|-
| PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)
|-
| PP1 || Mazda/Inokom
|-
| PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom
|-
| PRA || Sinotruk
|-
| PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant)
|-
| PRX || Kia/Inokom
|-
| PR8 || Ford
|-
| PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia
|-
| PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia
|-
| RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE
|-
| RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE
|-
| LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan
|-
| RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee
|-
| RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan
|-
| RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan
|-
| RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan
|-
| RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan)
|-
| RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan
|-
| RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen)
|-
| RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan)
|-
| RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan
|-
| RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan)
|-
| RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || Honda Taiwan
|-
| RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam)
|-
| RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co.
|-
| RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLL || VinFast SUV
|-
| RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam
|-
| RLN || VinFast
|-
| RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 &amp; DS 90)
|-
| RL0 || Ford Vietnam
|-
| RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam
|-
| RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia)
|-
| R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd.
|-
| R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd.
|-
| R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| SAA || Austin
|-
| SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-)
|-
| SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987)
|-
| SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace)
|-
| SAF || ERF trucks
|-
| SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group
|-
| SAJ || Jaguar passenger car &amp; Daimler passenger car (after April 1987)
|-
| SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]]
|-
| SAM || Morris
|-
| SAR || Rover &amp; MG Rover Group
|-
| SAT || Triumph car
|-
| SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars
|-
| SAY || Norton Motorcycles
|-
| SAZ || Freight Rover
|-
| SA3 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/ || OX Global
|-
| SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA)
|-
| SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA)
|-
| SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars)
|-
| SA9/005 || Panther
|-
| SA9/010 || Invicta S1
|-
| SA9/011 || Midas Cars
|-
| SA9/019 || TVR
|-
| SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars
|-
| SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys
|-
| SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/038 || DAX Cars
|-
| SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars
|-
| SA9/048 || McLaren F1
|-
| SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering
|-
| SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace)
|-
| SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers
|-
| SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ)
|-
| SA9/074 || Ascari 
|-
| SA9/088 || Spectre Angel 
|-
| SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd.
|-
| SA9/113 || Noble
|-
| SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing
|-
| SA9/141 || Wrightbus
|-
| SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3
|-
| SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars
|-
| SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.)
|-
| SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer)
|-
| SA9/231 || Peel Engineering
|-
| SA9/337 || Ariel
|-
| SA9/341 || Zenos
|-
| SA9/438 || Charge Cars
|-
| SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive
|-
| SA9/474 || Mellor (bus)
|-
| SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car)
|-
| SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace)
|-
| SBB || Leyland Vehicles
|-
| SBC || Iveco Ford Truck
|-
| SBF || Nugent (trailer)
|-
| SBJ || Leyland Bus
|-
| SBL || Leyland Motors &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| SBM || McLaren
|-
| SBS || Scammell
|-
| SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| SBV || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks
|-
| SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer)
|-
| SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK
|-
| SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car
|-
| SCB || Bentley passenger car
|-
| SCC || Lotus Cars &amp; Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton
|-
| SCD || Reliant Motors
|-
| SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK)
|-
| SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car &amp; '21 DBX SUV
|-
| SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers
|-
| SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove
|-
| SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company &amp; London Taxi Company &amp; London Taxis International
|-
| SCV || Volvo Truck &amp; Bus Scotland
|-
| SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020)
|-
| SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV
|-
| SDB || Talbot
|-
| SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984
|-
| SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992
|-
| SDK || Caterham Cars
|-
| SDL || TVR
|-
| SDP || NAC MG UK &amp; MG Motor UK Ltd.
|-
| SDU || Utility (truck trailer)
|-
| SD7 || Aston Martin SUV
|-
| SD8 || Moke International Ltd.
|-
| SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi)
|-
| SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access
|-
| SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer)
|-
| SEY || LDV Group Ltd.
|-
| SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK
|-
| SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis
|-
| SFE || Alexander Dennis UK
|-
| SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer)
|-
| SFN || Foden Trucks &amp; Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks
|-
| SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus
|-
| SGA || Avondale (caravans)
|-
| SGB || Bailey (caravans)
|-
| SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans)
|-
| SGE || Elddis (caravans)
|-
| SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SG4 || Coachman (caravans)
|-
| SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car
|-
| SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV
|-
| SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck
|-
| SJA || Bentley SUV
|-
| SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd
|-
| SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti
|-
| SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan
|-
| SJ1 || Ree Automotive
|-
| SKA || Vauxhall
|-
| SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers &amp; Trucks
|-
| SKF || Bedford Vehicles
|-
| SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd
|-
| SLA || Rolls Royce SUV
|-
| SLC || Thwaites Dumpers
|-
| SLG || McMurtry Automotive
|-
| SLN || Niftylift
|-
| SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd.
|-
| SLV || Volvo bus
|-
| SMR || Montracon (truck trailer)
|-
| SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer)
|-
| SMX || Gray &amp; Adams (truck trailer)
|-
| SNE || Barkas (East Germany)
|-
| SNE || Wartburg (East Germany)
|-
| SNT || Trabant (East Germany)
|-
| SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany)
|-
| SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany)
|-
| ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer)
|-
| SUA || Autosan (bus)
|-
| SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer)
|-
| SUC || Wiola (trailer)
|-
| SUD || Wielton (truck trailers)
|-
| SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat)
|-
| SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland)
|-
| SUJ || Jelcz (Poland)
|-
| SUL || FSC (Poland)
|-
| SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers)
|-
| SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland)
|-
| SUU || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland)
|-
| SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland) - until 2004
|-
| SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer)
|-
| SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland)
|-
| SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer)
|-
| SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer)
|-
| SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer)
|-
| SVS || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer)
|-
| SWH || Temared (trailers)
|-
| SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers)
|-
| SWV || TA-NO (Poland)
|-
| SWZ || Zremb (trailers)
|-
| SW9/BA1 || Solbus
|-
| SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer)
|-
| SXE || Neptun Trailers
|-
| SXK || Konar (truck trailer)
|-
| SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o.
|-
| SXY || Wecon (truck trailer)
|-
| SXX || Martz (trailer)
|-
| SX7 || Arthur Bus
|-
| SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus)
|-
| SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer)
|-
| SYB || Rydwan (trailer)
|-
| SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer)
|-
| SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy)
|-
| SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer)
|-
| SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer)
|-
| SZA || Scania Poland
|-
| SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle)
|-
| SZL || Boro Trailers
|-
| SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) 
|-
| SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer)
|-
| SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer)
|-
| S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia)
|-
| TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon &amp; Wetzikon AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland)
|-
| TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland)
|-
| TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland)
|-
| TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland)
|-
| TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland)
|-
| TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland)
|-
| TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKP || Panav a.s.  (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV)
|-
| TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic)
|-
| TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia
|-
| TNE || TAZ
|-
| TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody)
|-
| TNT || Tatra trucks
|-
| TNU || Tatra trucks
|-
| TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer)
|-
| TRA || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TRC || Csepel bus
|-
| TRE || Rákos bus
|-
| TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary)
|-
| TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS)
|-
| TSB || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary
|-
| TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary)
|-
| TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary)
|-
| TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),&lt;br&gt; Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK)
|-
| TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary)
|-
| TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series)
|-
| TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal)
|-
| TW4 || UMM (Portugal)
|-
| TW6 || Citroën (Portugal)
|-
| TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland &amp; Austin Rover Portugal
|-
| TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili)
|-
| TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal)
|-
| TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive)
|-
| TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive)
|-
| T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands)
|-
| UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain)
|-
| UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain)
|-
| UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain)
|-
| UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium)
|-
| UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark)
|-
| UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark)
|-
| UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland
|-
| UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland)
|-
| UU1 || Dacia (Romania)
|-
| UU2 || Oltcit
|-
| UU3 || ARO
|-
| UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz
|-
| UU5 || Rocar
|-
| UU6 || Daewoo Romania
|-
| UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond
|-
| UU9 || Astra Bus
|-
| UVW || UMM (truck trailer)
|-
| UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus
|-
| UWR || Robus Reșița
|-
| UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov)
|-
| U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia)
|-
| U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia)
|-
| U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer)
|-
| U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus)
|-
| U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia)
|-
| VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G &amp; Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer
|-
| VAH || Hangler (truck trailer)
|-
| VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik
|-
| VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks
|-
| VAV || Schwarzmüller
|-
| VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer)
|-
| VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf &amp; Stift
|-
| VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle)
|-
| VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer)
|-
| VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer)
|-
| VBK || KTM 
|-
| VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles &amp; Gas Gas under KTM ownership
|-
| VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr
|-
| VFA || Alpine, Renault Alpine GTA
|-
| VFG || Caravelair (caravans)
|-
| VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers)
|-
| VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| VF1 || Renault, Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault, Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault,&lt;br&gt; Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, &amp; Grandis made by Renault
|-
| VF2 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VF3 || Peugeot
|-
| VF4 || Talbot
|-
| VF5 || Iveco Unic
|-
| VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. &amp; Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A.
|-
| VF7 || Citroën
|-
| VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra)
|-
| VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/300 || EvoBus France
|-
| VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/519 || Hommell 
|-
| VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper)
|-
| VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
|-
| VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus
|-
| VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus)
|-
| VGA || Peugeot Motocycles
|-
| VGT || ASCA (truck trailers)
|-
| VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers)
|-
| VGW || BSLT (truck trailers)
|-
| VGX || Coder (truck trailers)
|-
| VGY || Lohr (truck trailers)
|-
| VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) &amp; Yamaha Motor
|-
| VG6 || Renault Trucks &amp; Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks
|-
| VG7 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG8 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle)
|-
| VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus)
|-
| VHR || Robuste (truck trailer)
|-
| VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain
|-
| VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VH8 || Microcar
|-
| VJR || Ligier
|-
| VJY || Gruau
|-
| VJ1 || Heuliez Bus
|-
| VJ2 || Mia Electric
|-
| VJ4 || Gruau
|-
| VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer)
|-
| VK1 || SEG (truck trailer)
|-
| VK2 || Grandin Automobiles
|-
| VK8 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VLG || Aixam-Mega
|-
| VLU || Scania France
|-
| VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari
|-
| VMK || Renault Sport Spider
|-
| VMS || Automobiles Chatenet
|-
| VMT || SECMA
|-
| VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55
|-
| VM3 || Lamberet (trailer)
|-
| VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer)
|-
| VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB
|-
| VN4 || Voxan
|-
| VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL
|-
| VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France)
|-
| VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France &amp; '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF
|-
| VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault
|-
| VRW || Goupil
|-
| VR1 || DS Automobiles
|-
| VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis)
|-
| VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis)
|-
| VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S
|-
| VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers)
|-
| VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van
|-
| VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
|-
| VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV
|-
| VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.)
|-
| VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-)
|-
| VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- &amp; Fiat Topolino '23- &amp; Fiat Grande Panda '25-
|-
| VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico)
|-
| VYS || Renault &amp; Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290)
|-
| VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| UA2 || Iveco Massif &amp; Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain
|-
| VSC || Talbot
|-
| VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) &amp; Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, &amp; Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350)
|-
| VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup &amp; Ford Maverick 1993–1999
|-
| VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers)
|-
| VSS || SEAT/Cupra
|-
| VSX || Opel Spain
|-
| VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus)
|-
| VS1 || Pegaso
|-
| VS5 || Renault Spain
|-
| VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain
|-
| VS7 || Citroën Spain
|-
| VS8 || Peugeot Spain
|-
| VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain)
|-
| VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana
|-
| VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain)
|-
| VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica 
|-
| VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain)
|-
| VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models)
|-
| VTH || Derbi (motorcycles)
|-
| VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models)
|-
| VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles)
|-
| VTR || Gas Gas
|-
| VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers)
|-
| VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers)
|-
| VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain
|-
| VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza
|-
| VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles
|-
| VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VWL || Indox (truck trailers)
|-
| VWV || Volkswagen Spain
|-
| VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia)
|-
| V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia)
|-
| V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia)
|-
| V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia)
|-
| V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia)
|-
| V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia)
|-
| V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia)
|-
| V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia)
|-
| V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia)
|-
| WAC || Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant
|-
| WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer)
|-
| WAG || Neoplan
|-
| WAP || Alpina
|-
| WAU || Audi car
|-
| WA1 || Audi SUV
|-
| WBA || BMW car
|-
| WBC || Boom Trikes
|-
| WBJ || Bitter Cars
|-
| WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH 
|-
| WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers)
|-
| WBS || BMW M car
|-
| WBU || Bürstner (caravans)
|-
| WBX || BMW SUV
|-
| WBY || BMW i car
|-
| WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WB1 || BMW Motorrad 
|-
| WB2 || Blyss (trailer)
|-
| WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS
|-
| WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin
|-
| WB5 || BMW i SUV
|-
| WCD || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019
|-
| WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer)
|-
| WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] &amp; Maybach
|-
| WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car
|-
| WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French &amp; Spanish built models – Citan &amp; Vito &amp; X-Class)
|-
| WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019
|-
| WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDT || Dethleffs (caravans)
|-
| WDW || Dodge Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009
|-
| WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009
|-
| WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDZ || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck
|-
| WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses)
|-
| WEG || Ablinger  (trailer)
|-
| WEL || e.GO Mobile AG
|-
| WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH
|-
| WFC || Fendt (caravans)
|-
| WFD || Fliegl Trailer
|-
| WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH
|-
| WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany
|-
| WF1 || Merkur
|-
| WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH
|-
| WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer)
|-
| WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| WHL || Hulco (trailer)
|-
| WHW || Hako GmbH
|-
| WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer)
|-
| WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus
|-
| WJR || Irmscher
|-
| WKE || Krone (truck trailers)
|-
| WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer)
|-
| WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans)
|-
| WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers)
|-
| WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers)
|-
| WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers
|-
| WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane)
|-
| WMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus 
|-
| WME || smart (from 5/99)
|-
| WMG || Demag Cranes
|-
| WMM || Karl Müller GmbH &amp; Co. KG (truck trailers)
|-
| WMP || M &amp; V GmbH (truck trailers)
|-
| WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar)
|-
| WMW || MINI car
|-
| WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG &amp; Mercedes-AMG GT &amp; Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America)
|-
| WMZ || MINI SUV
|-
| WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE
|-
| WP0 || Porsche car
|-
| WP1 || Porsche SUV
|-
| WRA || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| WRJ || Riese &amp; Müller (bicycle)
|-
| WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers)
|-
| WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers)
|-
| WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers)
|-
| WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group
|-
| WS5 || StreetScooter
|-
| WS7 || Sono Motors
|-
| WTA || Tabbert (caravans)
|-
| WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car
|-
| WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV
|-
| WVG || Volkswagen SUV &amp; Touran
|-
| WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN
|-
| WVP || Viseon Bus
|-
| WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan
|-
| WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok)
|-
| WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus)
|-
| WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (chassis cab)
|-
| WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok &amp; T7 Transporter made by Ford)
|-
| WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford)
|-
| WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer)
|-
| WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer)
|-
| WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America)
|-
| W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer)
|-
| W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall &amp; Holden
|-
| W0L || Holden Zafira &amp; Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand
|-
| W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall &amp; Holden (since 2017)
|-
| W04 || Buick Regal &amp; Buick Cascada
|-
| W06 || Cadillac Catera
|-
| W08 || Saturn Astra
|-
| W09/A55 || Artega Automobile
|-
| W09/A71 || Apollo
|-
| W09/B09 || Bitter Cars
|-
| W09/B16 || Brabus
|-
| W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer)
|-
| W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus)
|-
| W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E04 || Eder (trailer)
|-
| W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F57 || Twike
|-
| W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/G64 || Gumpert
|-
| W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau
|-
| W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H49 || H&amp;W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/J02 || Isdera
|-
| W09/K27 || Krupp
|-
| W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/L05 || Liebherr
|-
| W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles)
|-
| W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer)
|-
| W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn)
|-
| W09/R06 || RUF
|-
| W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R38 || Rewaco
|-
| W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus)
|-
| W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH &amp; Co. KG  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer)
|-
| W09/W59 || Wiesmann
|-
| W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W1A || smart
|-
| W1H || Freightliner Econic
|-
| W1K || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck
|-
| W1V || Mercedes-Benz van
|-
| W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1Z || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle
|-
| W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia)
|-
| XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece)
|-
| XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece)
|-
| XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece
|-
| XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. &amp; Co. (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece
|-
| XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia)
|-
| XKM || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| XLA || DAF Bus International
|-
| XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars)
|-
| XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands
|-
| XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V.
|-
| XLE || Scania Netherlands
|-
| XLH || Hapert (trailer)
|-
| XLJ || Anssems (trailer)
|-
| XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XLR || DAF Trucks &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| XLU || Henra (trailer)
|-
| XLV || DAF Bus
|-
| XLW || Terberg Benschop BV
|-
| XL3 || Ebusco
|-
| XL4 ||Lightyear
|-
| XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV
|-
| XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks
|-
| XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars
|-
| XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer)
|-
| XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen
|-
| XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer)
|-
| XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers)
|-
| XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter)
|-
| XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes
|-
| XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus
|-
| XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer)
|-
| XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/363 || Spyker
|-
| XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer)
|-
| XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer)
|-
| XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/527 || GINAF
|-
| XL9/530 || Ebusco
|-
| XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer)
|-
| XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD)
|-
| XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD)
|-
| XMG || VDL Bus International
|-
| XMR || Nooteboom Trailers 
|-
| XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper)
|-
| XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD)
|-
| XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD)
|-
| XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer)
|-
| XNL || VDL Bus &amp; Coach
|-
| XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XPN || Knapen Trailers
|-
| XPP || Atec Trailers
|-
| XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg)
|-
| XRP || Proline (trailer)
|-
| XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer)
|-
| XR7 || Qarry
|-
| XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia)
|-
| XTC || KAMAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTF || GolAZ (Russia) 
|-
| XTH || GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTK || IzhAvto (Russia)
|-
| XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997
|-
| XTP || Ural (Russia)
|-
| XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer)
|-
| XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia)
|-
| XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia)
|-
| XTW || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTY || LiAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTZ || ZiL (Russia)
|-
| XUF || General Motors Russia
|-
| XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD, Kaiyi Auto)
|-
| XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM)
|-
| XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer)
|-
| XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XVU || Start (truck trailer)
|-
| XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia
|-
| XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia
|-
| XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan)
|-
| XWB || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD)
|-
| XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD)
|-
| XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD)
|-
| XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg)
|-
| XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer)
|-
| XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus)
|-
| XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia)
|-
| X1E || KAvZ (Russia)
|-
| X1F || NefAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1M || PAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1P || Ural (Russia)
|-
| X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia)
|-
| X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD)
|-
| X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia)
|-
| X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia)
|-
| X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] &amp; Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia)
|-
| X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus
|-
| X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus
|-
| X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus)
|-
| X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus)
|-
| X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus)
|-
| X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus)
|-
| X89/FY1 || Sherp 
|-
| X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles
|-
| X8U || Scania Russia
|-
| X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO
|-
| X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ
|-
| X9N || Samoltor (minibus)
|-
| X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks)
|-
| X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways
|-
| X9X || Great Wall Motors 
|-
| X96 || GAZ
|-
| X99/000 || Marussia
|-
| X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer)
|-
| X0T || Tonar (truck trailer)
|-
| YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers)
|-
| YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers)
|-
| YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers)
|-
| YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis
|-
| YA2 || Atlas Copco Group
|-
| YA5 || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/128 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet
|-
| YA9/180 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/195 || Denolf &amp; Depla (minibus)
|-
| YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe)
|-
| YBD || Addax Motors
|-
| YBW || Volkswagen Belgium
|-
| YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck)
|-
| YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis)
|-
| YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium)
|-
| YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK
|-
| YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle)
|-
| YC3 || Eduard Trailers
|-
| YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium)
|-
| YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium)
|-
| YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium)
|-
| YE6 || STAS (truck trailer)
|-
| YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer)
|-
| YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YH1 || Solifer (caravans)
|-
| YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles)
|-
| YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive
|-
| YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland
|-
| YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto
|-
| YK9/003 || Kabus (bus)
|-
| YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus)
|-
| YK9/016 || Linkker (bus)
|-
| YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab)
|-
| YSM || Polestar cars 
|-
| YSP || Volta Trucks AB
|-
| YSR || Polestar SUV
|-
| YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) 
|-
| YS3 || Saab cars
|-
| YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory)
|-
| YS5 || OmniNova (minibus)
|-
| YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus)
|-
| YTN || Saab made by NEVS
|-
| YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YT9/007 || Koenigsegg
|-
| YT9/034 || Carvia
|-
| YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer)
|-
| YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles)
|-
| YVV || WiMa 442 EV
|-
| YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars
|-
| YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks
|-
| YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis
|-
| YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV
|-
| YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway)
|-
| YYC || Think Nordic (Norway)
|-
| YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway)
|-
| Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway)
|-
| Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus)
|-
| Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus)
|-
| Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus)
|-
| Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus)
|-
| Y3M || MAZ (Belarus)
|-
| Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus
|-
| Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus)
|-
| Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) 
|-
| Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine
|-
| Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| ZAA || Autobianchi
|-
| ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024-
|-
| ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet
|-
| ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter)
|-
| ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles
|-
| ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]]
|-
| ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera
|-
| ZAR || Alfa Romeo car
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud &amp; Sprint through 1989
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018-
|-
| ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002)
|-
| ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System
|-
| ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus)
|-
| ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL
|-
| ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]]
|-
| ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro
|-
| ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus)
|-
| ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
|-
| ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus)
|-
| ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus)
|-
| ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali
|-
| ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale
|-
| ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina
|-
| ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBB || Bertone
|-
| ZBD || InBus
|-
| ZBN || Benelli
|-
| ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum
|-
| ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy)
|-
| ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta
|-
| ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership
|-
| ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus)
|-
| ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A.
|-
| ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCZ || BredaBus
|-
| ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A.
|-
| ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati
|-
| ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA
|-
| ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino
|-
| ZDJ || ACM Biagini
|-
| ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA
|-
| ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA
|-
| ZDY || Cacciamali
|-
| ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA &amp; Belgarda SpA
|-
| ZD3 || Beta Motor
|-
| ZD4 || Aprilia
|-
| ZD5 || Casalini
|-
| ZEB || Ellebi (trailer)
|-
| ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis &amp; Mobilvetta recreational vehicles
|-
| ZES || Bimota
|-
| ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle)
|-
| ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFA || Fiat
|-
| ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV &amp; Ram Promaster City
|-
| ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200)
|-
| ZFE || KL Motorcycle
|-
| ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]]
|-
| ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFM || Fantic Motor
|-
| ZFR || Pininfarina
|-
| ZF4 || Qvale
|-
| ZGA || Iveco Bus
|-
| ZGP || Merker (truck trailer)
|-
| ZGU || Moto Guzzi
|-
| ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle)
|-
| ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership
|-
| ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – )
|-
| ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle)
|-
| ZJM || Malaguti
|-
| ZJN || Innocenti
|-
| ZJT || Italjet
|-
| ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle)
|-
| ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership
|-
| ZLA || Lancia
|-
| ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA
|-
| ZLM || Moto Morini srl
|-
| ZLV || Laverda
|-
| ZNN || Energica
|-
| ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l.
|-
| ZN3 || Iveco Defence
|-
| ZN6 || Maserati SUV
|-
| ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV
|-
| ZPY || DR Automobiles
|-
| ZP6 || XEV
|-
| ZP8 || Regis Motors
|-
| ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA
|-
| ZR1 || Microlino
|-
| ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV
|-
| ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia)
|-
| Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan)
|-
| Z8M || Marussia (Russia)
|-
| Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia)
|-
| Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia)
|-
| Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia)
|-
| Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia)
|-
| Z07 || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only
|-
| 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc.
|-
| 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera)
|-
| 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 &amp; Bugatti EB110)
|-
| 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC)
|-
| 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 1AF || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 1AM || American Motors Corporation car &amp; Renault Alliance 1983 only
|-
| 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002
|-
| 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995
|-
| 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers
|-
| 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles
|-
| 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles
|-
| 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles
|-
| 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus
|-
| 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV
|-
| 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1BL || Balko, Inc.
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012–
|-
| 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/291 || CX Automotive
|-
| 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus)
|-
| 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International
|-
| 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation
|-
| 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation)
|-
| 1CY || Crane Carrier Company
|-
| 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009
|-
| 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only
|-
| 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc.
|-
| 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre &amp; Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus)
|-
| 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries)
|-
| 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle)
|-
| 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ
|-
| 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor
|-
| 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus)
|-
| 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford
|-
| 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|- 
| 1FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009)
|-
| 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC
|-
| 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. 
|-
| 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes
|- 
| 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp.
|-
| 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA
|-
| 1G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984
|-
| 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017
|-
| 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010
|-
| 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 1G9/495 || Google &amp; Waymo
|-
| 1GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck 
|-
| 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GF || Flxible bus
|-
| 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM
|-
| 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986
|-
| 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004
|-
| 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020
|-
| 1GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987–
|-
| 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987–
|-
| 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV
|-
| 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987-
|-
| 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck 
|-
| 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV
|-
| 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 1HD || Harley-Davidson &amp; LiveWire
|-
| 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV
|-
| 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 1HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks &amp; Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group
|-
| 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer)
|-
| 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JU || Marmon Motor Company
|-
| 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine)
|-
| 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer)
|-
| 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car
|-
| 1LV || Lectra Motors
|-
| 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers
|-
| 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine
|-
| 1L9/155 || LA Exotics
|-
| 1L9/234 || Laforza
|-
| 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co.
|-
| 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 1MR || Continental Mark VI &amp; VII 1981–1985 &amp; Continental sedan 1982–1985
|-
| 1M0 || John Deere Gator
|-
| 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck)
|-
| 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider)
|-
| 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus)
|-
| 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus)
|-
| 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive
|-
| 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019
|-
| 1N4 || Nissan car
|-
| 1N6 || Nissan truck
|-
| 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA
|-
| 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California)
|-
| 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus)
|-
| 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck)
|-
| 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV
|-
| 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp
|-
| 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles)
|-
| 1P9/213 || Panoz
|-
| 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PY || John Deere USA
|-
| 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation
|-
| 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles)
|-
| 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT)
|-
| 1S9/842 || Saleen S7
|-
| 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC
|-
| 1S9/944 || SSC North America
|-
| 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles
|-
| 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck)
|-
| 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA
|-
| 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper
|-
| 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC
|-
| 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
|-
| 1UJ || Jayco, Inc.
|-
| 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General
|-
| 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1VH || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 1VW || Volkswagen car
|-
| 1V1 || Volkswagen truck
|-
| 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV
|-
| 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive
|-
| 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works
|-
| 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck)
|-
| 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider)
|-
| 1WT || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck)
|-
| 1WV 1WW || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider)
|-
| 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars
|-
| 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 &amp; later)
|-
| 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation
|-
| 1XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987
|-
| 1XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc.
|-
| 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider
|-
| 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]]
|-
| 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer)
|-
| 10R || E-Z-GO
|-
| 10T || Oshkosh Corporation 
|-
| 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 12A || Avanti
|-
| 137 || AM General Hummer &amp; Hummer H1
|-
| 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer)
|-
| 15G || Gillig bus
|-
| 16C || Clenet Coachworks
|-
| 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010)
|-
| 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome
|-
| 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 2A3 || Imperial
|-
| 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only
|-
| 2AY 2AZ || Hino
|-
| 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2BP || Ski-Doo
|-
| 2BV || Can-Am &amp; Bombardier ATV
|-
| 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV
|-
| 2BX || Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002
|-
| 2B5 || Dodge &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002
|-
| 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager &amp; Volkswagen Routan) 2012-
|-
| 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005
|-
| 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors
|-
| 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles
|-
| 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only
|-
| 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only
|-
| 2CM || American Motors Corporation car
|-
| 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only
|-
| 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only
|-
| 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003
|-
| 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003
|-
| 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2DG || Ontario Drive &amp; Gear
|-
| 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation
|-
| 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager)
|-
| 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 2FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle)
|-
| 2FY || New Flyer
|-
| 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|- 
| 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada
|-
| 2G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 2G5 ||  GMC MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2G5 ||  Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023-
|-
| 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 2G7 ||  Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2G8 ||  Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 
|-
| 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 2GC || Chevrolet truck 
|-
| 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles 
|-
| 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus &amp; GM Classic series bus 
|-
| 2GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– 
|-
| 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– 
|-
| 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- 
|-
| 2GT || GMC truck 
|-
| 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HM || Hyundai Canada
|-
| 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo
|-
| 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse
|-
| 2LM || Lincoln SUV
|-
| 2LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck)
|-
| 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider)
|-
| 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on)
|-
| 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV
|-
| 2M9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries
|-
| 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NV || Nova Bus 
|-
| 2P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000
|-
| 2P5 || Plymouth &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983
|-
| 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995
|-
| 2PC || Prevost 1996-
|-
| 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited
|-
| 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC
|-
| 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2W9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2WK || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2WM || Western Star (glider)
|-
| 2XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only
|-
| 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck)
|-
| 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AX || Scania Mexico
|-
| 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses)
|-
| 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BH || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BP || Peterbilt  (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993
|-
| 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012–
|-
| 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662)
|-
| 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico
|-
| 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V.
|-
| 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009
|-
| 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009
|-
| 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011
|-
| 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011
|-
| 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont)
|-
| 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford &amp; IMMSA
|-
| 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico
|-
| 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck)
|-
| 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 &amp; Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 3F6 || Sterling Bullet
|-
| 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico
|-
| 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
| 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020
|-
| 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV
|-
| 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV
|-
| 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico
|-
| 3GC || Chevrolet truck
|-
| 3GK || GMC SUV
|-
| 3GM || Holden Suburban
|-
| 3GN || Chevrolet SUV
|-
| 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM
|-
| 3GS || Saturn SUV
|-
| 3GT || GMC truck
|-
| 3GY || Cadillac SUV
|-
| 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV
|-
| 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers)
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 3HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 3HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus)  
|-
| 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV &amp; Can-Am Ryker)
|-
| 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX
|-
| 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX
|-
| 3LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995)
|-
| 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2)
|-
| 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011)
|-
| 3MF || BMW M car
|-
| 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico
|-
| 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico)
|-
| 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30)
|-
| 3MW || BMW car
|-
| 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation
|-
| 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3)
|-
| 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car
|-
| 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck &amp; Chevrolet City Express
|-
| 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV
|-
| 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV
|-
| 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV
|-
| 3P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS
|-
| 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC
|-
| 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT
|-
| 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV
|-
| 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car
|-
| 3WK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 3WP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck)
|-
| 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car
|-
| 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV
|-
| 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4B9/038 || BYD Coach &amp; Bus LLC
|-
| 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle)
|-
| 4C9/561 || Czinger
|-
| 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc.
|-
| 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus)
|-
| 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer)
|-
| 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford
|-
| 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford
|-
| 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM
|-
| 4G5 || General Motors EV1
|-
| 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM
|-
| 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra
|-
| 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM
|-
| 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV
|-
| 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer)
|-
| 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by GM
|-
| 4KL || Isuzu N-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) built by GM
|-
| 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors]
|-
| 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division
|-
| 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company
|-
| 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford
|-
| 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM
|-
| 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA
|-
| 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994
|-
| 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only
|-
| 4RK || Nova Bus &amp; Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc.
|-
| 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive &amp; 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA
|-
| 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car
|-
| 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV
|-
| 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles
|-
| 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer)
|-
| 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck
|-
| 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars)
|-
| 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.)
|-
| 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi)
|-
| 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive
|-
| 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc.
|-
| 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors
|-
| 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc.
|-
| 4US || BMW car
|-
| 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation &amp; &lt;br /&gt; gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Thomas Built Buses FS-65 &amp; Saf-T-Liner C2
|-
| 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+
|-
| 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle)  1996+
|-
| 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider)
|-
| 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only)
|-
| 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales
|-
| 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC
|-
| 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM
|-
| 4XA || Polaris Inc.
|-
| 4X4 || Forest River
|-
| 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle)
|-
| 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc.
|-
| 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer)
|-
| 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 43C || Consulier
|-
| 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment)
|-
| 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle
|-
| 46J || Federal Motors Inc
|-
| 478 || Honda ATV
|-
| 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck)
|-
| 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011
|-
| 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer)
|-
| 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc.
|-
| 5BP || Solectria
|-
| 5BZ || Nissan &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA)
|-
| 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5CX || Shelby Series 1
|-
| 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC
|-
| 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer
|-
| 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle
|-
| 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer)
|-
| 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles)
|-
| 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama 
|-
| 5FT || Feeling Trailers
|-
| 5FY || New Flyer
|-
| 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV
|-
| 5GD || Daewoo G2X
|-
| 5GN || Hummer H3T
|-
| 5GR || Hummer H2
|-
| 5GT || Hummer H3
|-
| 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV
|-
| 5G8 || Holden Volt
|-
| 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets
|-
| 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 5J5 || Club Car
|-
| 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5KM || Vento Motorcycles
|-
| 5KT || Karavan Trailers
|-
| 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009)
|-
| 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle
|-
| 5LD || Ford &amp; Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014)
|-
| 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV
|-
| 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck
|-
| 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets
|-
| 5N1 || Nissan &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5N3 || Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5NH || Forest River
|-
| 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA
|-
| 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA
|-
| 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA
|-
| 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA
|-
| 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC
|-
| 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 5S3 || Saab 9-7X
|-
| 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV)
|-
| 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor)
|-
| 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI
|-
| 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV &amp; Lexus TX made by TMMI
|-
| 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX
|-
| 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer)
|-
| 5UM || BMW M car
|-
| 5UX || BMW SUV
|-
| 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 5VP || Victory Motorcycles
|-
| 5V4 || Autocar truck
|-
| 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer)
|-
| 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck)
|-
| 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG
|-
| 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG
|-
| 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC)
|-
| 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS
|-
| 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021)
|-
| 5YM || BMW M SUV
|-
| 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc.
|-
| 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI
|-
| 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV)
|-
| 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck)
|-
| 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan
|-
| 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car
|-
| 50G || Karma Automotive
|-
| 516 || Autocar truck
|-
| 51R || Brammo Motorcycles
|-
| 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group)
|-
| 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc.
|-
| 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric
|-
| 538 || Zero Motorcycles
|-
| 53G || Coda Automotive
|-
| 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN
|-
| 546 || EBR Motorcycles
|-
| 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer
|-
| 54D || Isuzu &amp; Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group
|-
| 54F || Rosenbauer
|-
| 55S || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary)
|-
| 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer)
|-
| 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 57R || Oreion Motors
|-
| 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles)
|-
| 57W || Mobility Ventures
|-
| 57X || Polaris Slingshot
|-
| 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES)
|-
| 6AB || MAN Australia
|-
| 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs)
|-
| 6F1 || Ford
|-
| 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd.
|-
| 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia
|-
| 6F5 || Kenworth Australia
|-
| 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia
|-
| 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia
|-
| 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) &amp; Chevrolet &amp; Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8
|-
| 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO &amp; G8)
|-
| 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan 2014-2017
|-
| 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002)
|-
| 6KT || BCI Bus
|-
| 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia 
|-
| 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994
|-
| 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia
|-
| 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia
|-
| 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand
|-
| 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 7AB || MAN New Zealand
|-
| 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009
|-
| 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand
|-
| 7A3 || Honda New Zealand
|-
| 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand
|-
| 7A5 || Ford New Zealand
|-
| 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand
|-
| 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009
|-
| 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand
|-
| 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 7FC || Rivian truck
|-
| 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. 
|-
| 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 7G0 || Faraday Future
|- 
| 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks &amp; Texas-built Cybertruck)
|- 
| 7H4 || Hino truck
|-
| 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle
|- 
| 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV
|- 
| 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car
|- 
| 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on
|- 
| 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works
|- 
| 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer)
|-
| 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|- 
| 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|-
| 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck
|-
| 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles
|-
| 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense
|- 
| 7NY || Lordstown Motors
|- 
| 7PD || Rivian SUV
|- 
| 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions
|- 
| 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y))
|-
| 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group
|-
| 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX
|-
| 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022-
|- 
| 7SY || Polestar SUV
|-
| 7TN || Canoo
|-
| 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV
|-
| 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer)
|-
| 7VV || Ree Automotive
|-
| 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV)
|-
| 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle
|-
| 7YA || Hyundai MPV/SUV made by HMGMA
|-
| 7Z0 || Zoox
|-
| 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck &amp; bus (Argentina)
|-
| 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America)
|-
| 8AD || Peugeot Argentina
|-
| 8AE || Peugeot van
|-
| 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina
|-
| 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina
|-
| 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina
|-
| 8AK || Suzuki Argentina
|-
| 8AN || Nissan Argentina
|-
| 8AP || Fiat Argentina
|-
| 8AT || Iveco Argentina
|-
| 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina
|-
| 8A1 || Renault Argentina
|-
| 8A3 || Scania Argentina
|-
| 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A.
|-
| 8BC || Citroën Argentina
|-
| 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| 8BR || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8CH || Honda motorcycle
|-
| 8C3 || Honda car/SUV
|-
| 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault
|-
| 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot
|-
| 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile
|-
| 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador
|-
| 8LF || Maresa (Mazda)
|-
| 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor &amp; Kia)
|-
| 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto)
|-
| 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela
|-
| 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A.
|-
| 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia)
|-
| 9BD || Fiat Brazil &amp; Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil
|-
| 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil
|-
| 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil
|-
| 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil
|-
| 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck &amp; bus
|-
| 9BN || Mafersa
|-
| 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 9BS || Scania Brazil
|-
| 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil
|-
| 9BY || Agrale S.A.
|-
| 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil
|-
| 9DF || Puma
|-
| 9DW || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil
|-
| 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles
|-
| 92H || Origem Brazil
|-
| 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 935 || Citroën Brazil
|-
| 936 || Peugeot Brazil
|-
| 937 || Dodge Dakota
|-
| 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil)
|-
| 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV
|-
| 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 93P || Volare
|-
| 93S || Navistar International
|-
| 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006
|-
| 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016
|-
| 93V || Navistar International
|-
| 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny
|-
| 93Y || Renault Brazil
|-
| 93Z || Iveco
|-
| 94D || Nissan Brazil
|-
| 94N || RWM Brazil
|-
| 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais
|-
| 95P || CAOA Hyundai &amp; CAOA Chery
|-
| 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) &amp; Ducati, KTM, &amp; MV Agusta assembled by Dafra
|-
| 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016
|-
| 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 953 || VW Truck &amp; Bus / MAN Truck &amp; Bus
|-
| 96P || Kawasaki
|-
| 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd.
|-
| 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant)
|-
| 98M || BMW car/SUV
|-
| 98P || DAF Trucks
|-
| 98R || Chery
|-
| 99A || Audi 2016-
|-
| 99H || Shineray
|-
| 99J || Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| 99K || Haojue &amp; Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos
|-
| 99L || BYD
|-
| 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-)
|-
| 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa)
|-
| 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda)
|-
| 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.)
|-
| 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano)
|-
| 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy)
|-
| 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>lha77v9zk60uuw884cvphzm0ebxxux0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>155556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638302</id>
      <parentid>4538406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T01:29:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32457-07</username>
        <id>3598997</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>language</comment>
      <origin>4638302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1574" sha1="id0f9s8tmgmr1kbiho2oi1z7i02kogb" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Bishop's Opening Classical Defence|
   |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd| |nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |bd|  |pd|  |  |  |=
   |  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |nl|rl|=
||
}}
==2...Bc5 · Bishop's Opening Classical Defence==
The position remains symmetrical.  This does not work well for Black as White's move d4 can always be played first.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

:'''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Bc5'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Nf3|Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Nc3|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d3&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Qh5|Qh5]]&lt;br&gt;Qe7&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. Qh5|Qh5]]&lt;br&gt;Nc6??&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qxf7#&lt;br&gt;N/A&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;1-0&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/3. c3|c3]]&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;exd4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Goeller, Michael. [http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~goeller/urusov/bishops/index.html The Bishop's Opening].
{{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}
[[fi:Shakki/rnbqk1nr;pppp1ppp;8;2b1p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]]


{{ChessStub}}</text>
      <sha1>id0f9s8tmgmr1kbiho2oi1z7i02kogb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5/3. Qh5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>155626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638310</id>
      <parentid>4479032</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T02:18:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32360-90</username>
        <id>3599010</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1532" sha1="7ny5f7ajg94i108ts8wyv2dxf8zadsr" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Bishop's Opening Classical Defence|
   |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd| |nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |bd|  |pd|  |  |ql|=
   |  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|nl|bl|  |kl|  |nl|rl|=
||
}}
= Bishop's Opening Classical Defence =

== 3. Qh5 Scholar's Mate Variation ==
White immediately tries to checkmate on f7. Although this move violates a principle of the opening, it can ensure a quick win if Black doesn't recognize the threat. However, this is not recommended.

=== Black's responses ===

* 3...Qf6 defends the f7-pawn and counterattacks f2.
* 3...Qe7 Unlike 3...Qf6, the f6 square remains free for the knight.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

:'''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Bc5 3. Qh5'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...Qe7|Qe7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...Qf6|Qf6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;Nc6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...Nc6|Nc6??]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qxf7#&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/3...Nf6|Nf6??]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Qxf7#&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia|Scholars Mate}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}

[[fi:Shakki/rnbqk1nr;pppp1ppp;8;2b1p2Q;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNB1K1NR b KQkq]]
{{ChessStub}}</text>
      <sha1>7ny5f7ajg94i108ts8wyv2dxf8zadsr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>155682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638344</id>
      <parentid>4637966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T11:01:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proposal to discontinue quality criteria levels via FlaggedRevs */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4638344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30010" sha1="52zq4xtavuwfb3tspb70blm8mv2exfv" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left&lt;!--|limit=2--&gt;}}

Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks.

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== Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? ==

Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; by removing &lt;code&gt;$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;&lt;/code&gt;.

{{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*:

$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request.

abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users.

The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system.

Thank you for your efforts.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|Current configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false;
	$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
case 'enwikibooks':
	$wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true;
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828
	$wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864
	break;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:I would support. It's worth noting that filters can be marked as private if it's a necessity to keep the logs not visible to everyone on the internet (if, for example, one is targeting a long-term abuser). The usual anti-vandalism filters are almost certainly never going to be looked through by the average opportunistic vandal, and it's an unnecessary hinderance to non-admins to have filters hidden without much of a reason. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 06:30, 19 May 2026 (UTC)
: I filed [[phab:T426992]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:51, 21 May 2026 (UTC)

== Introduce speedy deletion criteria? ==

I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on.

Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]).

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
:: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them.  You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
::This generally looks good; I've got a couple comments on specific criteria:
::* &quot;G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page&quot; includes subpages with no parent page. Given the extent to which Wikibooks uses page nesting, this seems risky - at a minimum, the criterion should be revised to &quot;subpages with no parent '''book'''&quot;, and existing pages which meet this criterion should be grandfathered in or otherwise addressed.
::* &quot;B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic&quot; should probably be removed. Unlike Wikipedia, Wikibooks has historically allowed multiple books to address the same topic, e.g. [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Chinese (Mandarin)]], or [[C++ Language]] and [[C++ Programming]]. Whether a book &quot;expands upon, details or improves information&quot; in another book is very subjective; determining whether this is the case should be handled in a deletion discussion, not by an admin processing speedy deletions.
::Additionally, I'd suggest that three criteria be added:
::* Books which are over a week old and which contain no instructional content (e.g. books which are nothing but a table of contents). These books are already routinely deleted under [[WB:NMC]]; adopting this as a CSD streamlines the process.
::* Pages in any namespace which are unambiguously advertisements or promotional in nature (akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G11]]).
::* Pages in any namespace which infringe upon copyright, akin to [[:w:WP:CSD#G12]]. F6/F7 address ''files'' which are copyvios, but not text.
::[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:54, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]], feel free to make those changes to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]], from your comments. It's a draft proposal. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:21, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: I agree on your thoughts for the removal of B4 and the addition of a new general criterion for copyvios, so I did those. However, I think that G5 is fine in its current state. I don't understand what situation would be &quot;risky&quot; in this case, so please provide some example for that. Additionally, I don't think we need an advertisement criterion right now, as Wikibooks does not seem to have a promotion problem, as it is a collection of textbooks. Also, you mentioned [[Wikibooks:NMC]] as a new criterion even though I copy-pasted criterion G1 from the exact part you mentioned. Such pages could be deleted under G1. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:06, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::With regards to G5, I've seen some situations where a book was incorrectly renamed in such a way that some of the subpages remained under the original title of the book, or pages of a book are inadvertently created under an incorrect title. Given the proposed wording for G5, those pages would be eligible for speedy deletion, even though they are in use as part of the book.
::::With regards to advertisements, Wikibooks does get some spam page creations; you'll see some if you scroll through [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete the deletion log]. It's typically deleted quickly by admins, but if we're codifying criteria for speedy deletion, this should be included as an allowable reason.
::::As far as G1 / NMC is concerned, I initially read G1 as applying only to pages which contain no meaningful content at all, like pages which are empty, nonsense, or vandalism, and which should be deleted promptly. I see this as distinct from books which are superficially well-formed, but which fail to develop, e.g. a user who creates an ambitious-sounding table of contents for a book, but never returns to write any of the text. These shouldn't be deleted immediately (since it takes time to write content!), but are routinely speedily deleted once it's clear that no further content is forthcoming. Since this is a bit of a different process, it should probably be treated as a separate criterion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:28, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::I added &quot;Editors should be careful when nominating such pages, as they might be incorrectly named instead. In such cases, editors should move the page to its correctly-titled version.&quot; to G5. For advertising you said &quot;Wikibooks does get some spam page creations&quot;, but we already have &quot;Spam and vandalism&quot; for G1. In G1, I removed &quot;abandoned content&quot; and made it a new criterion B5 under the book section. (As this would only apply to books.) [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:43, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:Quite frankly I don't see the need for a wiki of this size, in addition to what {{u|Leaderboard}} has mentioned. The current reasonings are perfectly fine, and subtly discourage the use of using abbreviations meaningless to new users. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 05:51, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
::Maybe we could do it without abbreviations, whilst keeping the categories. Our current speedy deletion policy is too short, and only includes main and userspace pages. We need more criteria for the Cookbook and Wikijunior for example. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 12:21, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
:::But why? [[:w:Wikipedia:If it ain't broke, don't fix it|If it ain't broke, don't fix it]]. Cookbook and Wikijunior for all purposes of policy can generally be implied to be mainspace pages. I find this really overkill for a wiki of this size. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:55, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I have to agree with SHB2000 here. One perk of a wiki like this is that we have rules when needed, but we don't put a rule for the sake for it. I haven't had anyone tell that they can't perform their tasks, and it's not like there's a lot of pages to delete. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 12:44, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
::My other worry with this change is that it removes a ''lot'' of flexibility when it comes to page deletions. That's especially crucial on a wiki like this where there is a lot of abandoned content lying around; I thus {{oppose}} this proposal in any form. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:11, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
::: In my [[User:Codename Noreste/sandbox|sandbox]], I changed from criterion number to {{tq|Speedy deletion:}} in accordance with kingofnuthin. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== Questions about [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts]] ==

I was recently reading over the policy on annotated texts and had a few questions aimed at reforming that policy. (The talk page for the policy has been inactive for eleven years, so I figured a post there would be unlikely to attract attention.)

# First and foremost - how many annotated texts of the type described by this policy are actually hosted on Wikibooks? I am only aware of one, [[Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses]], which is quite incomplete. Are there a significant number more that I am unable to find? If not, might it be appropriate to revise this policy and related documents to reflect that annotated texts are, at best, an experimental part of the project?
# The policy on annotated texts currently permits '''unannotated''' source texts to be hosted on Wikibooks provided that either the text is not on Wikisource, or that it is &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;. This seems like a rather large unintended loophole in the policy - there are innumerable texts which have not been transcribed on Wikisource, but which it would not make sense for Wikibooks to house either. Similarly, there are many texts which are &quot;widely used in classrooms&quot;, but which have never been annotated on Wikibooks and are unlikely to ever be. The policy also notes the possibility that a multilingual project could create annotated texts with parallel page names across all language editions; I am certainly unaware of any such. Are there any texts on Wikibooks which rely on this policy, or would it be appropriate to strike this section?
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:54, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

:The policy seems to be contradicting [[Wikibooks:SOURCE]], which states that annotated texts are the only exception to published texts being on Wikibooks. This means that we have a policy that says unannotated source texts are permitted, and another one that says they aren't allowed. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:There is also [[Annotations of The Complete Peanuts]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:26, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::That isn't an annotated text of the type described by this policy, as it doesn't include the original text that's being commented on. (Which it can't, because ''Peanuts'' is still under copyright.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:29, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Correct, it is not an inline annotation: I was just pointing it out as another kind of annotated text here.
:::For what it's worth, our sister project Wikisource [[:s:en:Category:Wikisource annotations|also hosts inline annotations]], such as [[:s:en:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?/Annotated]], which I made. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:33, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::The main problem here is that the policy permits &quot;unannotated texts&quot; even though we don't host them here. I think that the first thing you mentioned can stay but we might need to strike out the second part from the policy as it is contradictory. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:38, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Yeah - I certainly don't mean to suggest that the ''Ulysses'' annotations need to go away; I'm mostly curious if this policy has any wider applicability, or if its only function is to allow this one text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:37, 29 April 2026 (UTC)

== Proposal related to FlaggedRevs ==
{{tracked|T426992|fixed}}
As said per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Page patrolling]], I would like to propose the following:
# &lt;code&gt;$wgUseNPPatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;$wgUseFilePatrol&lt;/code&gt; are both to be set to &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.
# &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt; are to be removed from some user groups on this wiki.
This is because FlaggedRevs is used to review new pages and edits, so I don't think MediaWiki's native patrol function is needed here. It's similar to [[phab:T423461]] (completely turning off the new page patrol function on Ukrainian Wikipedia).

In addition, I would like to propose we move the following interface pages once after the below configuration has been implemented:
* [[MediaWiki:Revreview-value]] to [[MediaWiki:Revreview-accuracy]]
* [[MediaWiki:Revreview-value-1]] to [[MediaWiki:Revreview-accuracy-1]]
* [[MediaWiki:Revreview-value-2]] to [[MediaWiki:Revreview-accuracy-2]]
* [[MediaWiki:Revreview-value-3]] to [[MediaWiki:Revreview-accuracy-3]]
I don't really see a reason why we should use {{tq|value}} instead of {{tq|accuracy}} to stand out, when some other projects use {{tq|accuracy}}.
{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
=== core-Permissions.php ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
'+enwikibooks' =&gt; [
	'bot' =&gt; [ 'autopatrol' =&gt; false, ],
	'editor' =&gt; [
		'rollback' =&gt; true,
		'suppressredirect' =&gt; true,
	],
	'flood' =&gt; [ 'bot' =&gt; true ],
	'sysop' =&gt; [
		'autopatrol' =&gt; false,
		'patrol' =&gt; false,
		'importupload' =&gt; true, // T278683
	],
	'uploader' =&gt; [
		'upload' =&gt; true,
		'reupload' =&gt; true,
	],
	'import' =&gt; [ 'mergehistory' =&gt; true ], // T382785
	'transwiki' =&gt; [ 'mergehistory' =&gt; true ], // T382785
],
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== flaggedrevs.php ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
elseif ( $wgDBname == 'enwikibooks' ) {
	// Limited to the main, Cookbook, and Wikijunior namespaces (T408110)
	$wgFlaggedRevsNamespaces = [ NS_MAIN, 102, 110 ];
	$wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'accuracy' =&gt; [ 'levels' =&gt; 3 ] ];
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['stablesettings'] = true;
	unset( $wgGroupPermissions['reviewer'] );
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse bottom}}

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}}, patrolling is obsolete since we have FlaggedRevs extension here. Additionally, we should also consider renaming &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt; to avoid confusion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:19, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
:: I agree, but about the &lt;code&gt;validate&lt;/code&gt; user right, is this still needed? &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt; has it by default, and administrators already have that user right; we might need to consider whether to remove &lt;code&gt;validate&lt;/code&gt; completely from this wiki.
:: Also, &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt; is ''not'' under autopromotion, so this means an administrator will have to manually grant and remove that user group, unlike &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt;. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:45, 3 May 2026 (UTC)
::: {{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] to my response. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:59, 17 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If renaming the group would result in the autopromotion breaking, couldn't we edit the autopromotion as well? If this would break current reviewers' permissions I don't think we really need it right now as it is just known as &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt; to the software. For the validate right, I don't have much technical knowledge so I don't know what it does, I can't give an opinion on that. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 12:07, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: @[[User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] Regarding &lt;code&gt;validate&lt;/code&gt;, if we use this line of code...&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
$wgFlaggedRevsTagsRestrictions = [
		'accuracy' =&gt; [ 'review' =&gt; 2, 'validate' =&gt; 3 ],
	];
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;... it means that reviewers will only be able to flag revisions either as minimal or average, while &lt;code&gt;validate&lt;/code&gt; is required to flag revisions as good quality (in which using the current configuration, only administrators can do; therefore, &lt;code&gt;validate&lt;/code&gt; is not needed at all here). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:03, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} I'd be inclined toward standard patrolling rather than FlaggedRevs, but I agree that having both seems clearly redundant and just introduces an administrative burden. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{ping|Kingofnuthin}} and {{ping|Koavf}} It's done, but I noticed a major side effect when we removed the `validate` user right, most likely: no one can mark any revisions with quality (aside from reviewing). We might need to add that user right to reviewers and administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:07, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::Do we really need quality marks here? From what I have seen, the revisions are almost always marked as minimal. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 14:58, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::: If you take a look at [[Special:Log/review]], I just marked [[Cookbook:Githeri]] as reviewed (akin to marking that recipe as patrolled), but the quality is minimal (in which no one can change). Does this describe what you are saying above? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:59, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah, this is tricky. Like KoN mentions above, I don't really know how important this feature is. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 21:29, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::Has anyone checked to see what the realistic shelf life for [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs]] is?  Maybe we should make a change, but in the opposite direction. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/WhatamIdoing|contribs]]) 22:56, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Which change are you describing here {{tq|in the opposite direction}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:57, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm wondering whether we should rely more on MediaWiki's native patrol function than on FlaggedRevs.  MediaWiki's native patrol function is more likely to be working 10 years from now. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/WhatamIdoing|contribs]]) 23:05, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::::: Yes, but according to the historical project page [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]], {{tq|Please note that the patroller flag was retired when English Wikibooks enabled FlaggedRevs. The job that was once done by patrollers is now done by reviewers. Most of the content of this page is still accurate; we just use a different interface to do more-or-less the same thing.}} [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:10, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::That doesn't tell us how we should plan for the future. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/WhatamIdoing|contribs]]) 02:50, 26 May 2026 (UTC)

== Proposal to discontinue quality criteria levels via FlaggedRevs ==

{{collapse top|Proposed configuration}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
elseif ( $wgDBname == 'enwikibooks' ) {
	// Limited to the main, Cookbook, and Wikijunior namespaces (T408110)
	$wgFlaggedRevsNamespaces = [ NS_MAIN, 102, 110 ];
	$wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'accuracy' =&gt; [ 'levels' =&gt; 1 ] ];
	$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['stablesettings'] = true;
	unset( $wgGroupPermissions['reviewer'] );
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}
I would like to propose discontinuing the [[Help:Tracking changes#Quality criteria and levels|quality criteria levels]]; by using &lt;code&gt;$wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'accuracy' =&gt; [ 'levels' =&gt; 1 ] ];&lt;/code&gt;, there would only be two levels, unreviewed and reviewed, per the comments on the previous proposal above (and because &lt;code&gt;validate&lt;/code&gt; is no longer available). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 11:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC)

:'''Support''' ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 15:07, 29 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{comment}} In my years here, I have never used, looked at, or seen anyone reference the quality criteria levels—I don't think they are a useful component of the project these days. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 11:01, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>52zq4xtavuwfb3tspb70blm8mv2exfv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nc6</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176088</id>
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        <username>~2026-32457-07</username>
        <id>3598997</id>
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      <comment>language</comment>
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      <text bytes="2132" sha1="30wcjzsu4xlmvyqlu385yai0hyvu08z" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Bishop's Opening|
   |rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |=
   |  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |nl|rl|=
}}
= Bishop's Opening =
===2...Nc6===
Black's Queen's Knight defends the e5 pawn and can be a possible threat to move to a5 attacking the White Bishop.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

'''1. e4 e5 2.Bc4 Nc6'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
        &lt;tr&gt;
                &lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;3&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
        &lt;tr&gt;
                &lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Italian Game|Italian Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]

&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td colspan=4&gt;See 2.Nf3 Nc6 [[../../2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|3.Bc4]]&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
        &lt;tr&gt;
                &lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;[[../../../../1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;d3&lt;br&gt;Na5&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;Nge2&lt;br&gt;Nxc4&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;dxc4&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
        &lt;tr&gt;
                &lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Giuoco Pianissimo|Giuoco Pianissimo]]&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;[[/3. d3|d3]]&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;Nf3&lt;br&gt;Bc5&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;c3&lt;br&gt;a6&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;Bb3&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
        &lt;tr&gt;
                &lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Chess/Parham Attack|Parham Attack]]&lt;/th&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;[[../../2. Qh5/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|Qh5]]&lt;br&gt;g6&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;Qf3&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;Ne2&lt;br&gt;Bg7&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                &lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia|Italian Game}}
[[fi:Shakki/r1bqkbnr;pppp1ppp;2n5;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]]
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nuclear Medicine/GI</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>211081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638333</id>
      <parentid>1633268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T09:54:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
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      <text bytes="736" sha1="e3udh1dfj1yx00q7i5pvo89iy8gnd51" xml:space="preserve">=Gastrointestinal=

==Neonatal Jaundice==
* {{ref|Esmaili}}Neonatal jaundice is a difficult problem for many pediatricians.  Scintigraphy has been shown to be useful in diagnosis in the pediatric population.  Differential diagnosis in this age group can include Biliary atresia (BA) and neonatal hepatitis syndrome (NHS)
==Cholecystitis==


----
'''References'''
* {{note|Esmaili}} {{PMID|16967250}} - &quot;Biliary atresia in infants with prolonged cholestatic jaundice: diagnostic accuracy of hepatobiliary scintigraphy.&quot; Esmaili J, Izadyar S, Karegar I, Gholamrezanezhad A. (Abdom Imaging. 2007 Mar-Apr;32(2):243-7. Epub 2006 Sep 12.)


----
'''Acronyms used:'''
* BA - Biliary atresia
* NHS - neonatal hepatitis syndrome

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>e3udh1dfj1yx00q7i5pvo89iy8gnd51</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Public Meeting Notices and Agendas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>222760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638323</id>
      <parentid>3469919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T03:49:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Background */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2818" sha1="olpuso21xdtj1x84zemozxy35r0gmgi" xml:space="preserve">== Public Meeting Notices ==
=== Checklist for Publishing Meeting Notices with Agendas ===
;Acknowledgments 

Thanks to the efforts of the [http://PublicMeetings.info PublicMeetings.info], a project of [http://e-democracy.org E-Democracy.org]. This effort is funded by the Ford Foundation. 

The [http://ecitizenproject.org eCitizen Foundation] is helping to research and use its methodologies to create a checklist of open standards that municipalities and other organizations can use to better enable citizens to participate.

Slideshow explaining process of building the checklist: [https://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dfxgcdfc_292g3m8jqn9 Slideshow about Project]

;Book Mission and Guidelines

Mission&lt;br /&gt;
Create a checklist for publishing a meeting notice with an agenda that makes it easier for citizens to learn about and participate in public meetings, especially for meetings that municipalities and communities. The checklist will stress methods and incorporate standards that are inclusive and as open as possible (OPIA- Open, Public and Integrated Architecture). Specifically, the requirements gathering will concentrate on three aspects of any public system architecture: the business layer, the legal issue layer and the technological implementation layer (BLT methodology). In addition, there will be a focus on the sociological aspects such as marketing and social networking.

* [[/Guidelines/]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[/General Requirements/]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[/Requirements Gathering/]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[/Resources, Standards and Ideas to Consider/]]&lt;br /&gt;


;[[/How to Publish an Online and Printable Public Meeting Notice with Agendas/]]&lt;br /&gt;
;Integration with Other Systems
;;Aggregation
;;Calendaring/Busy Services
;;Social Media
;;Search Engine Optimization SEO
;;Legal/Auditing Systems
;;Mobile
;;Printed Material
;How Do Hybrid Meeting Venues Impact Public Meeting Notices and Agendas
;Business Layer: What business processes and procedures for publishing
;Legal Layer: What Types of Legal Issues Must be Considered and Represented
;Technology Layer: Standards that Implement the Notice
;Sociological Components: How to Market and Publicize the Notice
;[[/Appendix A: Cited Standards/]]&lt;br /&gt;
;[[/Appendix B: Examples of Actual Public Meeting Notices/]]&lt;br /&gt;
;[[/Appendix C: Examples of Existing Systems and Software/]]&lt;br /&gt;
;[[/Appendix D: List of Organizations and Efforts/]]&lt;br /&gt;

== Background (all links bad) ==

For further information on this exploration see the [http://pages.e-democracy.org/Public_Meetings Public Meetings main page] with the [http://e-democracy.org/p3 Participation 3.0 initiative]. Join the [http://forums.e-democracy.org/groups/publicmeetings Public Meetings Online Technical Working Group] to participate more actively.

{{Shelves|Miscellaneous}}
{{Alphabetical|P}}
{{status|0%}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Germ cell/Guidelines</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>228958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638332</id>
      <parentid>1896141</parentid>
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      <text bytes="280" sha1="m5zg437c5d3szc4ck6fgs572y8xpv37" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Germ Cell Tumor Official Guidelines'''&lt;/big&gt;

'''''Use of Tumor Markers'''''
*'''ASCO''': Uses of Serum Tumor Markers in Adult Males With Germ Cell Tumors
**'''2010''' [http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/reprint/JCO.2009.26.4481v1 Guideline link] - {{PMID|20530278}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>m5zg437c5d3szc4ck6fgs572y8xpv37</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Giant cell tumor of bone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>240555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638334</id>
      <parentid>2085156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T09:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
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      <text bytes="2228" sha1="6cv0t2r5skdbjodrb2vydjch8nbw4x0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Giant Cell Tumor of Bone'''&lt;/big&gt;

==Overview==
*Presents as an expanding lytic lesion with minimal bone reaction
*Metastases are rare
*Surgery is the mainstay of treatment
*RT is used as an alternative to surgery in inoperable patients (medically inoperable or unresectable location)

==Radiotherapy==
*'''Warsaw, Poland; 2010''' (1985-2007) {{PMID|20004531}} -- &quot;The megavoltage radiation therapy in treatment of patients with advanced or difficult giant cell tumors of bone.&quot; (Ruka W, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Oct 1;78(2):494-8.)
**Retrospective. Of 122 pts with GCTB, 77 (63%) were treated with RT; 56 - primary treatment, 21 - recurrence after previous surgery. Femur and tibia most common locations. Median 56 Gy (1.8-2 Gy/fx). Field: 3 cm longitudinal margin and 1 cm axial margin.  
**Median f/u 5 yrs. LC 84%. 12 pts with local progression, all in-field; 9 treated with successful salvage surgery (7 with amputation). PFS 83% 5 yr, 73% 10 yr. Median time to progression 27 months. Axial location of tumor unfavorable. 5-yr LPFS 70.5% (axial skeleton) vs 88% (peripheral). 3 pts developed lung metastases. Malignant transformation in 2 pts.

*'''MDACC; 2003''' (1956-2000) {{PMID|12909228}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy in the management of giant cell tumor of bone.&quot; (Caudell JJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Sep 1;57(1):158-65.) 
**Retrospective. 25 pts treated with RT; 13 - primary treatment, 12 - recurrence after previous surgery. In 14, RT was used for treatment of gross disease, and in 11 RT was adjuvant after gross total resection (10 with positive margins). Median dose 46 Gy.
**Median f/u 8.8 yrs. 10 pts with local recurrence (7 isolated LR, 3 LR+DM); DM in 5 (3 LR+DM; 2 DM alone). 5-yr OS 91%, DFS 58%.  5-yr LC 62%, distant met-free survival 81%.

*'''India; 1999''' (1983-93) {{PMID|10192357}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy in the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone.&quot; (Nair MK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Mar 15;43(5):1065-9.)
**Retrospective. 20 pts treated with RT; 14 - primary treatment, 6 - recurrence after surgery. RT dose range: 40 Gy (in 15-20 fx) to 60 Gy (in 30 fx).
**Median f/u 4 yrs. LC in 18 of 20 pts. 
**Conclusion: RT effective at producing local control.


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6cv0t2r5skdbjodrb2vydjch8nbw4x0</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Germ cell/Extragonadal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>244588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638331</id>
      <parentid>1982767</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T09:54:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
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      <text bytes="1202" sha1="9zl5j2rhu5u8ojctv9wixg8kb196yj3" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors&lt;/big&gt;'''

==Overview==
2-5% of male germ cell tumors are extragonadal.

==Treatment==
*'''Multi-institutional; 2002''' (1975-96) {{PMID|11919246}} -- &quot;Extragonadal germ cell tumors of the mediastinum and retroperitoneum: results from an international analysis.&quot; (Bokemeyer C, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 1;20(7):1864-73.)
**Retrospective. 635 pts. 11 institutions (US, Europe). 
**341 pts (54%) primary mediastinal EGCT, 283 (45%) retroperitoneal EGCT. 83% nonseminoma, 16% seminoma. Median age 30 yrs. Treatment was platinum-based chemotherapy. 
**''Seminoma:'' Chemotherapy alone 74%, RT alone 9%, chemo + RT 17%. CR in 65%. Secondary surgical resection in 25 (24%). 5-yr PFS 88% (mediastinal) and 77% (retroperitoneal). OS 88% (both). 
**''Non-seminoma (mediastinal):'' Chemotherapy 98%. RT in &lt;1%. Favorable response (PR or CR with normal tumor markers) in 64%. 49% underwent secondary resection. PFS 44%. OS 45%.
**''Non-seminoma (retroperitoneal):'' Chemotherapy 98%. RT in &lt;1%. Localized disease in only 24%. Response rate 68%. 45% underwent secondary resection. PFS 45%. OS 62%.
**Conclusion: Outcome is inferior for pts with nonseminomatous EGCTs.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Guernsey French</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Book title|{{BOOKNAME}}|A guide to Guernésiais}}

{{reading level|intermediate}}

Guernsey French or &quot;Guernésiais&quot; is the traditional patois of Guernsey. It shares many common features with French, as well as the related patois of the other Channel Islands: Sèrtchais and so on.

It is now regarded as a dead language. The first section invites you to experience the language as it was lived - as a spoken language. It contains phrases to learn and exercises to practice, and will enable the reader to participate in conversations with Guernsey French revival groups.

The second section also enables the reader to learn the language, but from a linguistic approach. 

Although the language was not originally written down, there is a lively wealth of poetry and prose written in the language both past and present. A selection are presented in the third section, along with linguistic notes for the learner, historical context and comments on style.

Its chief interest now is to many as a dead language. The final section explores the history.

The &quot;dictionaries&quot; are being compiled as an online resource. As well as a master dictionary both into and out of Guernsey French, there are smaller dictionaries listing words by theme.

There is an appendix of resources both on and offline.

==Contents==
{{incomplete}}
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
*[[/Introduction to Guernsey French/]]

===Conversational Guernsey French===
*Getting to Know You

===Linguistic Approach===
*Pronouns
*verbs

===Literature===
*Poetry

*Prose

*Neo-Guernsey French

===History===
*[[/Origins/]]
*[[/The Death of Guernsey French/]]
*[[/Revival/]]
*[[/Notable Figures/]]

==Dictionaries==
* [[Guernsey_French/Dictionaries | Dictionaries index]]

==Resources and Further Reading==
*[[/Online Resources/]]
*[[/Offline Resources/]]

{{alphabetical|G}}
{{status|0%}}
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      <id>4638246</id>
      <parentid>4030588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:29:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Themed Dictionaries */</comment>
      <origin>4638246</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="353" sha1="ibb4b1z3a2dny320zso3js8m5d3ge9j" xml:space="preserve">This is the index of Guernsey French Dictionaries hosted in this Wikibook.

==Full Dictionary==
{{Sectstub}}

==Themed Dictionaries==
These dictionaries will contain available folklore where available

* [[/Nature/|Nature]]
* [[/Funny/|Unusual phrases]]
* [[/Sayings/]]
* [[Guernsey French/Dictionaries/Folklore]] [[/Folklore]]

{{Status|0%}}{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ibb4b1z3a2dny320zso3js8m5d3ge9j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638248</id>
      <parentid>4638246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:30:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Themed Dictionaries */</comment>
      <origin>4638248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="312" sha1="5luh94z97apm69j3kepdhc2tzqyy5zc" xml:space="preserve">This is the index of Guernsey French Dictionaries hosted in this Wikibook.

==Full Dictionary==
{{Sectstub}}

==Themed Dictionaries==
These dictionaries will contain available folklore where available

* [[/Nature/|Nature]]
* [[/Funny/|Unusual phrases]]
* [[/Sayings/]]
* [[/Folklore/]]

{{Status|0%}}{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>5luh94z97apm69j3kepdhc2tzqyy5zc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Public Meeting Notices and Agendas</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>254396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638322</id>
      <parentid>2141770</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T03:48:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vaporware? */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4638322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="896" sha1="rxknzi7zppppmzusarxyiqkipvdaou8" xml:space="preserve">==Misspelling in title==
The word ''Agenda'' is a plural (as are: media, strata, data, criteria and so on); it therefore shouldn't be spelled with a terminal 's'. Please get this right.
:You are quite right regarding the grammar of these words in Latin, but now they have become English words the grammar can change through usage so that ''agenda'' for example is now considered to be singular in English and the plural formed by adding ''s''. (See the Wiktionary entry for [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agenda agenda].) [[User:Recent Runes|Recent Runes]] ([[User talk:Recent Runes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Recent Runes|contribs]]) 18:20, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

== Vaporware? ==

I wasn't immediately able to find any writing here. Is this just an outline? [[User:Jerimee|Jerimee]] ([[User talk:Jerimee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jerimee|contribs]]) 03:48, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rxknzi7zppppmzusarxyiqkipvdaou8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>N.C. Gen. Stat § 75-1.1: Unfair &amp; Deceptive Trade Practices Under North Carolina Law</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>262303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638269</id>
      <parentid>4585189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T22:25:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>no need to split Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4383538|4383538]] by [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]])</comment>
      <origin>4638269</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="63718" sha1="i4iv2zwx9wq80aoa2gpx1dr640m00rz" xml:space="preserve">{{TOCright}}
== Introduction ==

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1. Methods of competition, acts and practices regulated; legislative policy''

:''(a)	Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are declared unlawful.''

:''(b)	For purposes of this section, “commerce” includes all business activities, however denominated, but does not include professional services rendered by a member of a learned profession.''

:''(c)	Nothing in this section shall apply to acts done by the publisher, owner, agent, or employee of a newspaper, periodical or radio or television station, or other advertising medium in the publication or dissemination of an advertisement, when the owner, agent or employee did not have knowledge of the false, misleading or deceptive character of the advertisement and when the newspaper, periodical or radio station, or other advertising medium did not have a direct financial interest in the sale or distribution of the advertised product or service.''

:''(d)	Any party claiming to be exempt from the provisions of this section shall have the burden of proof with respect to such claim.''&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1 is one of the most important causes of action under North Carolina law as it allows for treble damages and attorneys' fees under certain circumstances. From the outset, it should be noted courts have applied this statute liberally.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  North Carolina enacted the Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“UDTPA”) to benefit consumers, but “its protections extend to businesses in appropriate situations.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7730ae0603d411da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad604030000013415689720018973b4%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI7730ae0603d411da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2259581ac2a30130cb13c3eba4b5aa4f&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 656, 548 S.E.2d 704, 710 (2001).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Creating a private cause of action for consumers was the Act’s primary purpose.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Icbd0b12703d511da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341569af58018974bc%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIcbd0b12703d511da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=c8dfd7b655a8f62faf7e02809d7750e5&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Durling v. King, 146 N.C. App. 483, 488, 554 S.E.2d 1, 4 (2001).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Also, the statute was enacted “to provide a civil means to maintain ethical standards of dealings between persons engaged in business and the consuming public” within North Carolina because “other legal remedies were inadequate or ineffective.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 United Va. Bank v. Air-Lift Assocs., Inc., 79 N.C. App. 315, 320-21, 339 S.E.2d 90, 93 (1986).]&lt;/ref&gt;  It applies to dealings between buyers and sellers at all levels of commerce.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  


An action under § 75-1.1 is a creation of statute. It exists independently and is usually tacked on to a common law cause of action. It sits on top of, and is distinct from actions of fraud, breach of contract, and breach of warranty.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The statute is applicable to sales transactions covered by the Uniform Commercial Code and may afford relief even when the U.C.C. does not.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  These claims tend to involve buyer and seller relationships although actions based on other types of commercial relationships are recognized.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156ac69201897559%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=d8327103b53081512fcbddc0724de0de&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince v. Wright, Jr. 141 N.C. App. 262, 268, 541 S.E.2d 191, 196 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, only those “engaged in business, a commercial or industrial establishment or enterprise” can be held liable under the statute.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Icda5d4c0042111da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156b8c2801897621%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIcda5d4c0042111da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=3867390778729332480560d5068cfdae&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Rosenthal v. Perkins, 42 N.C. App. 449, 454, 257 S.E.2d 63, 67 (1979).]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Standing ==

Under the North Carolina statute, both individuals, through a private cause of action, and the State, through the Attorney General, can raise a claim for unfair and deceptive trade practices.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156c096a018976ca%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=980ef0c3d5e047d21a814734dfabae78&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 N.C. ex rel Easley v. Rich Food Servs., 139 N.C. App. 691, 697, 535 S.E.2d 84, 88 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The Attorney General is responsible for investigating all corporations or persons in North Carolina doing business in violation of the law.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156c096a018976ca%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=980ef0c3d5e047d21a814734dfabae78&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; Persons or corporations that violate any of the provisions of Chapter 75 may be subject to criminal sanctions in prosecutions brought by the state Attorney General, remedies through civil actions brought and prosecuted by the Attorney General, damages in private causes of action by injured persons, or any permissible combination.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Federal Law ==

Federal decisions under the Federal Trade Commission Act may be used as guidance by North Carolina courts in determining the scope and meaning of North Carolina’s UDTPA.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156d2be001897778%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=a938885288b531c506f0fda3d69a842a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 542, 276 S.E.2d 397, 399 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  And, as with all federal laws, where applicable, the FTCA will preempt the state law on unfair and deceptive trade practices.

== Prima Facie Case ==

=== Three-Part Test ===

A claim under this statute requires proof of three elements: (1) an unfair or deceptive act or practice; (2) in or affecting commerce; (3) which proximately caused the injury to the claimant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I73fe12a50afc11dd8dba9deb08599717/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156d88f5018977ee%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI73fe12a50afc11dd8dba9deb08599717%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=7bef8957eec049d1ba272d66b2429b73&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Nucor Corp. v. Prudential Equity Grp., LLC, 189 N.C. App. 731, 738, 659 S.E.2d 483, 488 (2008);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156e19a20189785a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=f98967cf82bf81448101d8277a6a0473&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A court will first determine if the act or practice was “in or affecting commerce” before determining if the act or practice was unfair or deceptive.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8aa13e4aa04a11ddbc7bf97f340af743/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) In re Brokers, Inc., 396 B.R. 146, 161 ( M.D.N.C. 2008).]&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Unfair and Deceptive Definition ====

A practice is unfair when it offends established public policy or when the act or practice is “immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially injurious to consumers.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 715 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A party is guilty of an unfair act or practice when it engages in conduct which amounts to an inequitable assertion of its power or position.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iad14001c029611dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341571d9a601897b6f%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIad14001c029611dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=710a84f685efed3f365821f27cd8ab2d&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Walker v. Sloan, 137 N.C. App. 387, 394, 529 S.E.2d 236, 243 (2000);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/If00c51890af411ddb595a478de34cd72/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341572531301897ba0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIf00c51890af411ddb595a478de34cd72%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=dc6a16d655ded1e48bce66efef7d6b32&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 S.N.R. Mgmt. Corp. v. Danube Partners 141 LLC, 189 N.C. App. 601, 607, 659 S.E.2d 442, 448 (2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  For an act or practice to be deceptive it must have “the capacity or tendency to deceive” but proof of actual deception is not required.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715;]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I562d3db4a4df11dc8660fe478720b947/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad604030000013415735b5e01897c75%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI562d3db4a4df11dc8660fe478720b947%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=48f2182dedc415bf6409ca51d78203f3&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Walker v. Fleetwood Homes of N.C., Inc., 362 N.C. 63, 72, 653 S.E.2d 393, 399 (2007).]&lt;/ref&gt;  


Deliberate acts of deceit or bad faith do not have to be shown, rather, the claimant must demonstrate that the act or practice possessed the tendency and capacity to mislead or created the likelihood of deception.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I3cca5db8031611da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341573b4cd01897cb1%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI3cca5db8031611da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=cc2869c50b869f051991feb1dbbcb917&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Boyd v. Drum, 129 N.C. App. 586, 593, 501 S.E.2d 91, 97 (1998).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, it is not required that the claimant actually relies on the deception in order to prevail; actual reliance is not a factor to be considered.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Search/Results.html?query=Cullen%20v.%20Valley%20Forge%20Life%20Ins.%20Co.%2C&amp;jurisdiction=ALLCASES&amp;contentType=ALL&amp;querySubmissionGuid=i0ad60403000001341574348c01897d2c&amp;startIndex=1&amp;searchId=i0ad60403000001341574348c01897d2c&amp;transitionType=Search&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) Cullen v. Valley Forge Life Ins. Co., 161 N.C. App. 570, 581, 589 S.E.2d 423, 431 (2003).]&lt;/ref&gt;  While bad faith is not required to prevail under the statute, good faith will still not be a defense.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Because an act or practice still has the capacity to deceive, regardless of the presence or absence of good faith on the part of the offending party, the intent of the actor is irrelevant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341574d83e01897dd3%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ac66b42e4ba711a5bd1c975e8e471b11&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 548, 276 S.E.2d 397, 403 (1981);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7ba9f604036411da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341575511001897e1a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI7ba9f604036411da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=adf1793c9172ce8566d9c688680eb4c4&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Excel Staffing Serv., Inc. v. HP Reidsville, Inc., 172 N.C. App. 281, 289, 616 S.E.2d 349, 355 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  


Unfairness is a broader concept than, and includes the concept of, deceptiveness.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341575c15601897e6f%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=642395448e3bcd70530c089e20e4d9ba&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, only one—either unfairness or deceptiveness—is required to bring the act or practice within the statute.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  There is no requirement that the act or practice be both unfair and deceptive.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; 


North Carolina courts base their determination on what is unfair and deceptive on the circumstances of each case, and they acknowledge that no precise definition is possible.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id. at 902.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Whether something is unfair or not “is not an abstraction to be derived from logic” but should be “judged by viewing it against the background of actual human experience and by determining its intended and actual effects upon others.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The determination of whether the definition is met usually depends on the impact the practice has in the marketplace.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341574d83e01897dd3%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ac66b42e4ba711a5bd1c975e8e471b11&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 548, 276 S.E.2d 397, 403 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Courts will also look to whether or not the act or practice violates public policy,&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic8f588536ddc11ddb6a3a099756c05b7/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341576ee2501897f1a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIc8f588536ddc11ddb6a3a099756c05b7%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=bfb3a10bb1a65c950284402f805f9d8a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Barlett Milling Co. v. Walnut Grove Auction &amp; Realty Co., 192 N.C. App. 74, 82, 665 S.E.2d 478, 486 (2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and consider the act’s effect on the average consumer.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2b2ac23903d911dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341577633c01897f71%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2b2ac23903d911dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=fe87fd5596b5684d4070302c915dfcd1&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Lincoln v. Bueche, 166 N.C. App. 150, 158, 601 S.E.2d 237, 244 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Commerce Definition ====

To prove a prima facie case it is required that the defendant’s actions were “in or affecting commerce.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1(a) (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Under the North Carolina statute a plaintiff must prove this element first before the question of whether an act was unfair or deceptive even arises.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8aa13e4aa04a11ddbc7bf97f340af743/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) In re Brokers, Inc, 396 B.R. 146, 161 ( M.D.N.C. 2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A plaintiff can prove that an act was “in or affecting commerce” by demonstrating that the parties were “engaged in an activity involving an exchange of some type in which a participant could be characterized as a seller.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 716 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the activity need only to “surround or affect a sale,” it does not need to meet a stricter standard of “inducing a sale.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I13e737e3555d11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341578c9fd01898011%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI13e737e3555d11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=6a6e04079997a9e51e63557956e78ae4&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 United Roasters, Inc. v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 485 F. Supp. 1041, 1045 (E.D.N.C. 1979).]&lt;/ref&gt;  

In its broadest sense, commerce includes “intercourse for the purposes of trade in any form.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince v. Wright, Jr., 141 N.C. App. 262, 268, 541 S.E.2d 191, 197 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The commerce definition “is intended to include all types of business activities,” but “does not apply to all wrongs in a business setting.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ia99c2683ba7011deb08de1b7506ad85b/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157b447f018981e4%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIa99c2683ba7011deb08de1b7506ad85b%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2cb424ee1198b0d81b9bb7f9d5bec996&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Carcano v. JBSS, LLC, 200 N.C. App. 162, 172, 684 S.E.2d 41, 50 (2009).]&lt;/ref&gt;  When determining if the commerce definition is met, the “proper inquiry is not whether a contractual relationship existed between the parties, but rather whether the defendants’ allegedly deceptive acts affected commerce.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince, 141 N.C. at 268, 541 S.E.2d at 197.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, there is no requirement of a contractual relationship between the parties.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Causal Requirement ====
 
A claimant must prove that a defendant’s unfair or deceptive acts were the cause of the injuries the claimant incurred. Proof of actual injuries can include: loss of the use of specific and unique property, the loss of any appreciated value of property, and other elements of damage shown by plaintiff’s evidence.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157b912801898210%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=8f272b474a9b6eef7b24968fed7fbbdb&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Reliance on the defendant’s unfair or deceptive act is not necessary to show that the defendant was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. It is important to note though, that no cases have permitted recovery without reliance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, when a plaintiff’s reliance is the causal link between violative conduct and the damages he has occurred, the reliance need not be “reasonable.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  An exception to the no reliance requirement is when an unfair or deceptive claim is based upon an alleged misrepresentation by a defendant. The plaintiff must show actual reliance on the alleged misrepresentation in order to establish that the alleged misrepresentation proximately caused plaintiff’s injury.

== Caveats to the Prima Facie Case ==

=== The Burden Shifting Scheme ===
 
North Carolina’s UDTPA created a statutory burden-shifting scheme.  At the outset, the Plaintiff bears the burden of proof,&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2f8f574df7c611dbb035bac3a32ef289/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157c2f6a01898299%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2f8f574df7c611dbb035bac3a32ef289%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=1630d8a7a41501fb62d6120fc48da70a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Stott v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 183 N.C. App. 46, 54, 643 S.E.2d 653, 658 (2007), review denied, 653 S.E.2d 876 (2007).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and must provide sufficient evidence to support his claim that he has suffered actual injury as a result of the defendant’s actions.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_573_166 Coley, 162 N.C. App. at 166, 590 S.E.2d at 22.]&lt;/ref&gt; Then the plaintiff must prove that the defendant’s actions “were in or affecting commerce,” and that they constituted an unfair or deceptive practice. Once a plaintiff has established his prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to prove that he is exempt from the UDTPA.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I653df701565c11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Food Lion, Inc., v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 951 F. Supp. 1224, 1233 (M.D.N.C. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== The Professional Training Exception ===

The one major exception that excludes an individual from liability under the UDTPA is the Professional Training exception. It is a very narrow exception in which trained professionals are exempted from the statute based on their professional services as members of a learned profession.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7984cd4a037e11da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Sharp v. Gailor, 132 N.C. App. 213, 217, 510 S.E.2d 702, 704 (1999).]&lt;/ref&gt;  It has been interpreted to include members who are “physicians, attorneys, clergy and [other] related professions.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the exception will only apply “to the rendering of actual services and not to the rendering of other types of services not exclusively limited to those learned areas.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; The burden of proof rests with the person asserting this exception to show that he is covered by it.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1(d) (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Questions of Law and Fact ==

An action under the UDTPA is a bifurcated process. First, a jury determines the facts as to what happened regarding the actions in question.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 715 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Types of questions considered by the jury include: occurrence of alleged conduct, damages incurred because of the conduct, and whether proximate cause exists.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 902 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  After the jury decides these facts, a judge applies them under the statute to reach a conclusion of law as to whether or not the defendant engaged in an unfair or deceptive trade practice.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damages ==

=== Treble damages ===

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16. Civil action by person injured; treble damages''

:If any person shall be injured or the business of any person, firm or corporation shall be broken up, destroyed or injured by reason of any act or thing done by any other person, firm or corporation in violation of the provisions of this Chapter, such person, firm or corporation so injured shall have a right of action on account of such injury done, and if damages are assessed in such case judgment shall be rendered in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant for treble the amount fixed by the verdict.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N335BF610B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad7051d0000013416483c7949781e4e%3FNav%3DMULTIPLECITATIONS%26fragmentIdentifier%3DN335BF610B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DUniqueDocItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2feb7317de5aebeedf340a9715547334&amp;list=MULTIPLECITATIONS&amp;rank=0&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=c534c1ba0e9e050937f28af0f44c3dc0&amp;originationContext=NonUniqueFindSelected&amp;transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


In a successful action for unfair and deceptive trade practices a plaintiff may recover damages. Under N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16, if a violation under § 75-1.1 is found, the actual damages are trebled. 
Trebled damages are damages that, by statute, are three times the amount of actual damages awarded.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web2.westlaw.com/result/default.wl?mt=208&amp;origin=Search&amp;tempinfo=BLACKS%7cTEMPLATE%7cDefine%3aInTxt%3ddamages%7cQueryTemplate0%7cctn%3dQT_BLACKS&amp;srch=TRUE&amp;qttab=QT_BLACKS&amp;db=BLACKS&amp;rlt=CLID_QRYRLT28843132020612&amp;method=ConcordTemplate&amp;service=Search&amp;eq=search&amp;rp=%2fSearch%2fdefault.wl&amp;query=CA(DAMAGES)&amp;vr=2.0&amp;dups=false&amp;action=Search&amp;rltdb=CLID_DB9498992020612&amp;sv=Split&amp;qtrcc=QueryTemplate&amp;fmqv=s&amp;fn=_top&amp;rs=WLW11.10 BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 449 (9th ed. 2009).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Trebling of damages is automatic once a violation is shown because the award of trebled damages is a right of the prevailing plaintiff and is not subject to judicial review.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 547, 276 S.E.2d 397, 402 (1981);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_350_715 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715.]&lt;/ref&gt;   However, the damages for the unfair or deceptive act are the only damages that must be trebled by statute; the damages for any other claims in the case will not be trebled.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ica49df4429d611da9bcc85e7f8e2f4cd/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Johnson v. Colonial Life &amp; Accident Ins. Co., 173 N.C. App. 365, 371, 618 S.E.2d 867, 871 (2005), review denied, 360 N.C. 290, 627 S.E.2d 620 (2006).]&lt;/ref&gt;
 

The use of treble damages grew out of the realization that other remedies for fraud, breach of contract, and breach of warranty were often ineffective.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt; The most basic rationale for trebling the damages is it acts as a means of deterrence to discourage unfair and deceptive trade practices.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The punitive statute is meant to discourage guilty parties from engaging in future misconduct.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I03b059e6031011da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) United Laboratories, Inc. v. Kuykendall, 335 N.C. 183, 190, 437 S.E.2d 374, 379 (1993).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, trebling damages also serves non-punitive purposes by making it more economically feasible to bring an action where possible money damages are limited and thus, encourages private enforcement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 549, 276 S.E.2d 397, 404 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Because trebling the damages greatly increases potential liability, it also encourages settlement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Predictably, in order for a plaintiff to receive treble damages he must be able to show actual damage resulted and that it can be reasonably calculated.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic67234be040211da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Castle McCulloch, Inc., v. Freedman, 169 N.C. App. 497, 502, 610 S.E.2d 416, 421 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


Though the recovery of treble damages is a right of the plaintiff, it is still subject to certain limitations. A plaintiff may not recover compensatory damages for his common law theory and statutory treble damages under § 75-16 for unfair and deceptive trade practice.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 716 n.4 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  This is based on the general rule that a party may not recover twice for the same conduct, or receive “double recovery.” Additionally because of the disfavor toward “double recovery” a plaintiff may not have his damages trebled twice by asserting a claim under Chapter 75 and N.C. GEN. STAT. § 20-348(a), which also allows for trebled damages.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ia634f32f666c11da8cc9b4c14e983401/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Blankenship v. Town &amp; Country Ford, Inc., 174 N.C. App. 764, 769, 622 S.E.2d 638, 642 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  


The plaintiff must elect to pursue statutory treble damages because he will not receive the benefits of multiple theories of recovery. At what point during a lawsuit the plaintiff must choose to pursue statutory treble damages instead of common law compensatory damages can be a point of issue. A plaintiff might attempt to create an advantage by waiting to assert treble damages until he believes he will recover. However, because trebling damages greatly increases a defendant’s liability, courts have protected defendants from post-trial motions for treble damages. Courts do this because fundamental fairness requires a defendant to be notified of the possibility of unusual relief, such as treble damages, which may greatly increase his liability.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Id4c735399c1d11d991d0cc6b54f12d4d/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 377 U.S. 476, 491 (1964).]&lt;/ref&gt;  After a jury has already rendered a verdict a plaintiff may not go back and amend the complaint to include treble damages.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 717.]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, a post-trial motion before a verdict is given may be allowed.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 902 (4th Cir. 1996). ]&lt;/ref&gt;  The determining factor is whether the defendant will be unfairly prejudiced by an amended complaint to include treble damages. To avoid this issue, it is best to motion for treble damages at the onset of the lawsuit or as soon as the plaintiff has decided to seek treble damages rather than compensatory damages under the common law claim.

=== Attorney’s fees ===

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16.1. Attorney fee''

:In any suit instituted by a person who alleges that the defendant violated G.S. § 75-1.1, the presiding judge may, in his discretion, allow a reasonable attorney fee to the duly licensed attorney representing the availing party, such attorney fee to be taxed as a part of the court costs and payable by the losing party, upon a finding by the presiding judge that:

:(1)	The party charged with the violation has willfully engaged in the act or practice, and there was an unwarranted refusal by such party to fully resolve the matter which constitutes the basis of such suit; or

:(2)	The party instituting the action knew, or should have known, the action was frivolous and malicious.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N35DA8AA0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16.1 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


Under § 75-16.1, a plaintiff may also receive attorneys’ fees. A court has discretion to award attorneys’ fees when the plaintiff prevails and where it determines that the party charged with the violation has willfully engaged in the unfair or deceptive act, and there was an unwarranted refusal by such party to fully resolve the matter which constitutes the basis of such suit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Country Club of Johnston Cnty. v. U.S. Fid. &amp; Guar. Co., 150 N.C. App. 231, 248, 563 S.E.2d 269, 280 (2002).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The burden of proof is on the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s refusal to settle the suit was unwarranted.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation)#co_pp_sp_350_716 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 716 n.4.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The plaintiff must actually be awarded damages, which require the showing of an actual injury, to be awarded attorney’s fees.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Id91b5df2037411dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Poor v. Hill, 138 N.C. App. 19, 36, 530 S.E.2d 838, 849 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  In addition, the trial court must make findings as to whether the amount of attorneys’ fees is reasonable.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Country Club of Johnston Cnty., 150 N.C. App. at 249, 563 S.E.2d at 280.]&lt;/ref&gt;  In determining what is reasonable the court looks to the time and labor extended by the attorney, the skill required to perform the services rendered, the experience and ability of the attorney, and the customary fee for like work.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Practical Application ==

To begin this section, here are a few red flags to look for that can amount to an unfair or deceptive trade practice: a mere breach of warranty&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  or contract&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I03c28256031011da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Garlock v. Henson, 112 N.C. App. 243, 245, 435 S.E.2d 114, 115 (1993).]&lt;/ref&gt;  will not qualify unless the breach is particularly egregious or accompanied by aggravating circumstances; fraud is sufficient evidence of an unfair or deceptive act, including fraud in the inducement;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib410a60c038311da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Davis v. Sellers, 115 N.C. App. 1, 9, 443 S.E.2d 879, 884 (1994);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib5f5be93626e11dfab57d8fd5597ca43/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Whisnant v. Carolina Farm Credit, 693 S.E.2d 149, 157 (N.C. Ct. App. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  the use of coercive tactics is also covered by the statute;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8d65a4e0027c11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Wilder v. Squires, 68 N.C. App. 310, 315, 315 S.E.2d 63, 66 (1984).]&lt;/ref&gt;  negligent misrepresentation, including failure to disclose that amounts to misrepresentation;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and, a broken promise can also qualify if the promisor had no intent to perform when he made the promise, which amounts to promissory fraud.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, there are a number of statutes that provide their violation will be considered a violation of N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1. Even for those statutes that do not explicitly provide for a cause of action under § 75-1.1, courts have repeatedly held that “violation of regulatory statutes which govern business activities may also be a violation of § 75-1.1 whether or not such activities are listed specifically in the regulatory act as a violation of [the statute].”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic4710452b8ea11da9cfda9de91273d56/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Walker v. Fleetwood Homes of N.C., Inc., 176 N.C. App. 668, 672, 627 S.E.2d 629, 632 (2006).]&lt;/ref&gt;
 

A few examples of what will not amount to unfair or deceptive trade practices under the act include: decisions made by purely economic market forces;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2ac69a1b557a11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) L.C. Williams Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp., 625 F.Supp. 477, 490 (M.D.N.C. 1985).]&lt;/ref&gt;  conversion, breach of contract, or breach of warranty without aggravating or egregious circumstances;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and, failure to pay a debt will also not be enough.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I60432003038011da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Norman Owen Trucking v. Morkoski, 131 N.C. App. 168, 177, 506 S.E.2d 276, 273 (1998).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, private sales transactions by persons not engaged in business or commercial enterprises are not covered, as well as alleged violations by health care institutions or those arising from the employer-employee relationship.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Securities transactions are also not covered by the statute because they do not meet the “affecting commerce” requirement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I3cba311d031611da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) HAJMM Co. v. House of Raeford Farms, Inc., 328 N.C. 578, 593, 403 S.E.2d 483, 492 (1991).]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Un-prevailing Illustrative Cases ===

[[File:Sales Ellen.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''McLamb v. T.P. Inc.'']]
'''No Damages Beyond Breach of Contract:''' ''McLamb v. T.P. Inc.'', 173 N.C. App. 586, 619 S.E.2d 577 (2005). 
* Prospective purchasers of homes alleged unfair and deceptive acts against a subdivision’s developers relating to the developers returning deposits and not honoring reservations made by the purchasers. However, these acts did not damage the prospective purchasers beyond a mere breach of contract, so the unfair and deceptive trade practice claim failed. 

'''Non-Payment on Promissory Note:''' ''Boyd v. Drum'', 129 N.C. App. 586, 501 S.E.2d 91 (1998).
* Non-payment on the promissory note between Defendant and Plaintiff is not enough to amount to aggravating circumstances. Aggravating circumstances are required in addition to a breach of contract, even when the breach is intentional, to hold someone liable for an unfair or deceptive trade practice. In this case, the non-payment on a contract is a business deal gone sour, and therefore a mere breach of contract rather than an unfair or deceptive act. 

'''Poor Business Judgment:''' ''Robb &amp; Son Boatyard &amp; Marina, Inc. v. Bristol'', 893 F. Supp. 526 (E.D.N.C. 1994). [[File:Sales Candace.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Defendant in ''Robb &amp; Son Boatyard &amp; Marina, Inc. v. Bristol'']]
* The repairs done on the Defendant’s Boat by Plaintiff were outlined in a work order and note, and were not unnecessary or unreasonable. Because the repairs were reasonable, Plaintiff did not commit an unfair or deceptive trade act by demanding payment for its services. Although Plaintiff was within his rights to demand the money, the manner in which it was requested was in poor business judgment. However, poor business judgment does not amount to an unfair or deceptive trade practice by itself. 

'''Exercising Termination Clause:''' ''Tar Heel Indus., Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &amp; Co.'', 91 N.C. App. 51, 370 S.E.2d 449 (1988). [[File:Sales Elliott 3.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Tar Heel Indus., Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &amp; Co.'']]
* Defendant properly exercising a contract’s termination clause does not constitute an unfair or deceptive trade practice. Plaintiff asserted that Defendant’s failure to notify Plaintiff that it was looking for alternatives to the contract was unfair or deceptive. It does not amount to this because there was a termination clause in the contract that did not required Defendant to notify Plaintiff it was looking for alternatives. Rather, Defendant only needed to notify Plaintiff within sixty days if it planned to end the contract, which it did. 

=== Prevailing Illustrative Cases ===

'''False Misrepresentation:''' ''Lapierre v. Samco Dev. Corp.'', 103 N.C. App. 551, 406 S.E.2d 646 (1991).
* A deck builder represented that he could build a specific deck for a house in a specific location and with certain dimensions even though the vendor knew it was impossible to build that size deck. Because of this impossibility, the deck the vendor built was of a smaller size than the dimensions represented. The misrepresentations occurred through the vendor’s salesmen, sales brochures, and blueprints. The false misrepresentation was sufficient evidence to hold the deck builder liable for an unfair or deceptive trade practice. [[File:Sales Gretchen.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Lapierre v. Samco Dev. Corp.'']]

'''Intentionally and Knowingly Making False Statements:''' ''Torrance v. AS&amp;L Motors, Ltd.'', 119 N.C. App. 552, 459 S.E.2d 67 (1995).
* A used car salesman told potential buyers a specific car had not been involved in an accident when asked by the buyers, even though the seller knew that statement was false. The buyer then relied on the statement that the car had never been in an accident and purchased the car. Because the car salesman knowingly lied to the buyers about the car’s accident history, the act was unfair or deceptive under the statute. [[File:Sales Jordan.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Torrance v. AS&amp;L Motors'']]

'''Failure to Inspect:''' ''Huff v. Autos Unlimited, Inc.'', 124 N.C. App. 410, 477 S.E.2d 86 (1996).
* A used car salesman failed to conduct a simple visual inspection of a car that he knew had been in an accident. Even without the visual inspection, and with the knowledge that the car had been wrecked, the salesman sold the car with assurances of its reliability, subjecting him to liability for an unfair or deceptive trade practice.

'''Lying as an Aggravating Circumstance:''' ''Garlock v. Henson'', 112 N.C. App. 243, 435 S.E.2d 114 (1993).
* In this case the Defendant lied to the Plaintiff about the sale of Plaintiff’s bulldozer under Defendant’s control multiple times. Additionally, the Defendant forged a bill of sale, and deprived the Plaintiff of the money from the sale of the bulldozer for three years. These facts amount to aggravating circumstances that make a breach of contract an unfair or deceptive trade act. Also, it does not matter that the facts of this case produce both an unfair or deceptive trade act and a breach of contract claim; where the same cause of conduct gives rise to a traditional cause of action and a cause of action for violation of § 75-1.1, the Plaintiff can elect to recover damages under either cause of action, but not both. [[File:Sales Alex.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Garlock v. Henson'']]

'''Egregious Circumstances:''' ''McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale'', LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255 (M.D.N.C. 2005).
* After Plaintiff noticed defects in the lumber products supplied by Defendant wholesaler, the Defendant agreed to cover the damages under the provided warranty. However, after the Defendant was given an estimate for the repairs, it asserted that Plaintiff had waived any warranties and refused to cover the damages. Plaintiff had relied on Defendant’s assurance that it would cover the damages. Because Defendant only refused to honor the warranty after receiving a cost estimate, this was a bad faith denial of the warranty, which amounts to egregious circumstances. Therefore, it creates a cause of action for an unfair or deceptive trade practice.

'''Bad Faith Refusal to Honor Warranty:''' ''Barbee v. Atl. Marine Sales &amp; Serv.'', 115 N.C. App. 641, 446 S.E.2d 117 (1994).
* When the Plaintiff attempted to have his boat repaired according to his warranty, the Defendant agreed up until it realized that the problem with the boat could not be remedied. Only at this point, and not before, did the Defendant attempt to avoid responsibility for the defective boat by an exception in the warranty. This bad faith refusal to honor a warranty makes the breach of warranty an unfair or deceptive trade act because it amounts to egregious circumstances.

== References ==

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== Introduction ==

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1. Methods of competition, acts and practices regulated; legislative policy''

:''(a)	Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are declared unlawful.''

:''(b)	For purposes of this section, “commerce” includes all business activities, however denominated, but does not include professional services rendered by a member of a learned profession.''

:''(c)	Nothing in this section shall apply to acts done by the publisher, owner, agent, or employee of a newspaper, periodical or radio or television station, or other advertising medium in the publication or dissemination of an advertisement, when the owner, agent or employee did not have knowledge of the false, misleading or deceptive character of the advertisement and when the newspaper, periodical or radio station, or other advertising medium did not have a direct financial interest in the sale or distribution of the advertised product or service.''

:''(d)	Any party claiming to be exempt from the provisions of this section shall have the burden of proof with respect to such claim.''&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1 is one of the most important causes of action under North Carolina law as it allows for treble damages and attorneys' fees under certain circumstances. From the outset, it should be noted courts have applied this statute liberally.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  North Carolina enacted the Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“UDTPA”) to benefit consumers, but “its protections extend to businesses in appropriate situations.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7730ae0603d411da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad604030000013415689720018973b4%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI7730ae0603d411da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2259581ac2a30130cb13c3eba4b5aa4f&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 656, 548 S.E.2d 704, 710 (2001).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Creating a private cause of action for consumers was the Act’s primary purpose.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Icbd0b12703d511da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341569af58018974bc%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIcbd0b12703d511da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=c8dfd7b655a8f62faf7e02809d7750e5&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Durling v. King, 146 N.C. App. 483, 488, 554 S.E.2d 1, 4 (2001).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Also, the statute was enacted “to provide a civil means to maintain ethical standards of dealings between persons engaged in business and the consuming public” within North Carolina because “other legal remedies were inadequate or ineffective.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 United Va. Bank v. Air-Lift Assocs., Inc., 79 N.C. App. 315, 320-21, 339 S.E.2d 90, 93 (1986).]&lt;/ref&gt;  It applies to dealings between buyers and sellers at all levels of commerce.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  

An action under § 75-1.1 is a creation of statute. It exists independently and is usually tacked on to a common law cause of action. It sits on top of, and is distinct from actions of fraud, breach of contract, and breach of warranty.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The statute is applicable to sales transactions covered by the Uniform Commercial Code and may afford relief even when the U.C.C. does not.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  These claims tend to involve buyer and seller relationships although actions based on other types of commercial relationships are recognized.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156ac69201897559%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=d8327103b53081512fcbddc0724de0de&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince v. Wright, Jr. 141 N.C. App. 262, 268, 541 S.E.2d 191, 196 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, only those “engaged in business, a commercial or industrial establishment or enterprise” can be held liable under the statute.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Icda5d4c0042111da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156b8c2801897621%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIcda5d4c0042111da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=3867390778729332480560d5068cfdae&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Rosenthal v. Perkins, 42 N.C. App. 449, 454, 257 S.E.2d 63, 67 (1979).]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Standing ==

Under the North Carolina statute, both individuals, through a private cause of action, and the State, through the Attorney General, can raise a claim for unfair and deceptive trade practices.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156c096a018976ca%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=980ef0c3d5e047d21a814734dfabae78&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 N.C. ex rel Easley v. Rich Food Servs., 139 N.C. App. 691, 697, 535 S.E.2d 84, 88 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The Attorney General is responsible for investigating all corporations or persons in North Carolina doing business in violation of the law.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156c096a018976ca%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=980ef0c3d5e047d21a814734dfabae78&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; Persons or corporations that violate any of the provisions of Chapter 75 may be subject to criminal sanctions in prosecutions brought by the state Attorney General, remedies through civil actions brought and prosecuted by the Attorney General, damages in private causes of action by injured persons, or any permissible combination.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Federal Law ==

Federal decisions under the Federal Trade Commission Act may be used as guidance by North Carolina courts in determining the scope and meaning of North Carolina’s UDTPA.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156d2be001897778%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=a938885288b531c506f0fda3d69a842a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 542, 276 S.E.2d 397, 399 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  And, as with all federal laws, where applicable, the FTCA will preempt the state law on unfair and deceptive trade practices.

== Prima Facie Case ==

=== Three-Part Test ===

A claim under this statute requires proof of three elements: (1) an unfair or deceptive act or practice; (2) in or affecting commerce; (3) which proximately caused the injury to the claimant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I73fe12a50afc11dd8dba9deb08599717/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156d88f5018977ee%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI73fe12a50afc11dd8dba9deb08599717%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=7bef8957eec049d1ba272d66b2429b73&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Nucor Corp. v. Prudential Equity Grp., LLC, 189 N.C. App. 731, 738, 659 S.E.2d 483, 488 (2008);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156e19a20189785a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=f98967cf82bf81448101d8277a6a0473&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A court will first determine if the act or practice was “in or affecting commerce” before determining if the act or practice was unfair or deceptive.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8aa13e4aa04a11ddbc7bf97f340af743/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) In re Brokers, Inc., 396 B.R. 146, 161 ( M.D.N.C. 2008).]&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Unfair and Deceptive Definition ====

A practice is unfair when it offends established public policy or when the act or practice is “immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially injurious to consumers.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 715 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A party is guilty of an unfair act or practice when it engages in conduct which amounts to an inequitable assertion of its power or position.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iad14001c029611dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341571d9a601897b6f%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIad14001c029611dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=710a84f685efed3f365821f27cd8ab2d&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Walker v. Sloan, 137 N.C. App. 387, 394, 529 S.E.2d 236, 243 (2000);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/If00c51890af411ddb595a478de34cd72/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341572531301897ba0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIf00c51890af411ddb595a478de34cd72%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=dc6a16d655ded1e48bce66efef7d6b32&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 S.N.R. Mgmt. Corp. v. Danube Partners 141 LLC, 189 N.C. App. 601, 607, 659 S.E.2d 442, 448 (2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  For an act or practice to be deceptive it must have “the capacity or tendency to deceive” but proof of actual deception is not required.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715;]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I562d3db4a4df11dc8660fe478720b947/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad604030000013415735b5e01897c75%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI562d3db4a4df11dc8660fe478720b947%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=48f2182dedc415bf6409ca51d78203f3&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Walker v. Fleetwood Homes of N.C., Inc., 362 N.C. 63, 72, 653 S.E.2d 393, 399 (2007).]&lt;/ref&gt;  


Deliberate acts of deceit or bad faith do not have to be shown, rather, the claimant must demonstrate that the act or practice possessed the tendency and capacity to mislead or created the likelihood of deception.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I3cca5db8031611da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341573b4cd01897cb1%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI3cca5db8031611da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=cc2869c50b869f051991feb1dbbcb917&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Boyd v. Drum, 129 N.C. App. 586, 593, 501 S.E.2d 91, 97 (1998).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, it is not required that the claimant actually relies on the deception in order to prevail; actual reliance is not a factor to be considered.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Search/Results.html?query=Cullen%20v.%20Valley%20Forge%20Life%20Ins.%20Co.%2C&amp;jurisdiction=ALLCASES&amp;contentType=ALL&amp;querySubmissionGuid=i0ad60403000001341574348c01897d2c&amp;startIndex=1&amp;searchId=i0ad60403000001341574348c01897d2c&amp;transitionType=Search&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) Cullen v. Valley Forge Life Ins. Co., 161 N.C. App. 570, 581, 589 S.E.2d 423, 431 (2003).]&lt;/ref&gt;  While bad faith is not required to prevail under the statute, good faith will still not be a defense.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Because an act or practice still has the capacity to deceive, regardless of the presence or absence of good faith on the part of the offending party, the intent of the actor is irrelevant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341574d83e01897dd3%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ac66b42e4ba711a5bd1c975e8e471b11&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 548, 276 S.E.2d 397, 403 (1981);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7ba9f604036411da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341575511001897e1a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI7ba9f604036411da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=adf1793c9172ce8566d9c688680eb4c4&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Excel Staffing Serv., Inc. v. HP Reidsville, Inc., 172 N.C. App. 281, 289, 616 S.E.2d 349, 355 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  


Unfairness is a broader concept than, and includes the concept of, deceptiveness.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341575c15601897e6f%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=642395448e3bcd70530c089e20e4d9ba&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, only one—either unfairness or deceptiveness—is required to bring the act or practice within the statute.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  There is no requirement that the act or practice be both unfair and deceptive.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; 


North Carolina courts base their determination on what is unfair and deceptive on the circumstances of each case, and they acknowledge that no precise definition is possible.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id. at 902.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Whether something is unfair or not “is not an abstraction to be derived from logic” but should be “judged by viewing it against the background of actual human experience and by determining its intended and actual effects upon others.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The determination of whether the definition is met usually depends on the impact the practice has in the marketplace.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341574d83e01897dd3%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ac66b42e4ba711a5bd1c975e8e471b11&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 548, 276 S.E.2d 397, 403 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Courts will also look to whether or not the act or practice violates public policy,&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic8f588536ddc11ddb6a3a099756c05b7/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341576ee2501897f1a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIc8f588536ddc11ddb6a3a099756c05b7%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=bfb3a10bb1a65c950284402f805f9d8a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Barlett Milling Co. v. Walnut Grove Auction &amp; Realty Co., 192 N.C. App. 74, 82, 665 S.E.2d 478, 486 (2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and consider the act’s effect on the average consumer.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2b2ac23903d911dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341577633c01897f71%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2b2ac23903d911dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=fe87fd5596b5684d4070302c915dfcd1&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Lincoln v. Bueche, 166 N.C. App. 150, 158, 601 S.E.2d 237, 244 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Commerce Definition ====

To prove a prima facie case it is required that the defendant’s actions were “in or affecting commerce.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1(a) (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Under the North Carolina statute a plaintiff must prove this element first before the question of whether an act was unfair or deceptive even arises.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8aa13e4aa04a11ddbc7bf97f340af743/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) In re Brokers, Inc, 396 B.R. 146, 161 ( M.D.N.C. 2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A plaintiff can prove that an act was “in or affecting commerce” by demonstrating that the parties were “engaged in an activity involving an exchange of some type in which a participant could be characterized as a seller.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 716 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the activity need only to “surround or affect a sale,” it does not need to meet a stricter standard of “inducing a sale.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I13e737e3555d11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341578c9fd01898011%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI13e737e3555d11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=6a6e04079997a9e51e63557956e78ae4&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 United Roasters, Inc. v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 485 F. Supp. 1041, 1045 (E.D.N.C. 1979).]&lt;/ref&gt;  

In its broadest sense, commerce includes “intercourse for the purposes of trade in any form.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince v. Wright, Jr., 141 N.C. App. 262, 268, 541 S.E.2d 191, 197 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The commerce definition “is intended to include all types of business activities,” but “does not apply to all wrongs in a business setting.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ia99c2683ba7011deb08de1b7506ad85b/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157b447f018981e4%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIa99c2683ba7011deb08de1b7506ad85b%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2cb424ee1198b0d81b9bb7f9d5bec996&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Carcano v. JBSS, LLC, 200 N.C. App. 162, 172, 684 S.E.2d 41, 50 (2009).]&lt;/ref&gt;  When determining if the commerce definition is met, the “proper inquiry is not whether a contractual relationship existed between the parties, but rather whether the defendants’ allegedly deceptive acts affected commerce.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince, 141 N.C. at 268, 541 S.E.2d at 197.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, there is no requirement of a contractual relationship between the parties.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Causal Requirement ====
 
A claimant must prove that a defendant’s unfair or deceptive acts were the cause of the injuries the claimant incurred. Proof of actual injuries can include: loss of the use of specific and unique property, the loss of any appreciated value of property, and other elements of damage shown by plaintiff’s evidence.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157b912801898210%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=8f272b474a9b6eef7b24968fed7fbbdb&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Reliance on the defendant’s unfair or deceptive act is not necessary to show that the defendant was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. It is important to note though, that no cases have permitted recovery without reliance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, when a plaintiff’s reliance is the causal link between violative conduct and the damages he has occurred, the reliance need not be “reasonable.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  An exception to the no reliance requirement is when an unfair or deceptive claim is based upon an alleged misrepresentation by a defendant. The plaintiff must show actual reliance on the alleged misrepresentation in order to establish that the alleged misrepresentation proximately caused plaintiff’s injury.

== Caveats to the Prima Facie Case ==

=== The Burden Shifting Scheme ===
 
North Carolina’s UDTPA created a statutory burden-shifting scheme.  At the outset, the Plaintiff bears the burden of proof,&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2f8f574df7c611dbb035bac3a32ef289/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157c2f6a01898299%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2f8f574df7c611dbb035bac3a32ef289%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=1630d8a7a41501fb62d6120fc48da70a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Stott v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 183 N.C. App. 46, 54, 643 S.E.2d 653, 658 (2007), review denied, 653 S.E.2d 876 (2007).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and must provide sufficient evidence to support his claim that he has suffered actual injury as a result of the defendant’s actions.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_573_166 Coley, 162 N.C. App. at 166, 590 S.E.2d at 22.]&lt;/ref&gt; Then the plaintiff must prove that the defendant’s actions “were in or affecting commerce,” and that they constituted an unfair or deceptive practice. Once a plaintiff has established his prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to prove that he is exempt from the UDTPA.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I653df701565c11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Food Lion, Inc., v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 951 F. Supp. 1224, 1233 (M.D.N.C. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== The Professional Training Exception ===

The one major exception that excludes an individual from liability under the UDTPA is the Professional Training exception. It is a very narrow exception in which trained professionals are exempted from the statute based on their professional services as members of a learned profession.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7984cd4a037e11da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Sharp v. Gailor, 132 N.C. App. 213, 217, 510 S.E.2d 702, 704 (1999).]&lt;/ref&gt;  It has been interpreted to include members who are “physicians, attorneys, clergy and [other] related professions.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the exception will only apply “to the rendering of actual services and not to the rendering of other types of services not exclusively limited to those learned areas.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; The burden of proof rests with the person asserting this exception to show that he is covered by it.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1(d) (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Questions of Law and Fact ==

An action under the UDTPA is a bifurcated process. First, a jury determines the facts as to what happened regarding the actions in question.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 715 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Types of questions considered by the jury include: occurrence of alleged conduct, damages incurred because of the conduct, and whether proximate cause exists.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 902 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  After the jury decides these facts, a judge applies them under the statute to reach a conclusion of law as to whether or not the defendant engaged in an unfair or deceptive trade practice.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damages ==

=== Treble damages ===

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16. Civil action by person injured; treble damages''

:If any person shall be injured or the business of any person, firm or corporation shall be broken up, destroyed or injured by reason of any act or thing done by any other person, firm or corporation in violation of the provisions of this Chapter, such person, firm or corporation so injured shall have a right of action on account of such injury done, and if damages are assessed in such case judgment shall be rendered in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant for treble the amount fixed by the verdict.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N335BF610B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad7051d0000013416483c7949781e4e%3FNav%3DMULTIPLECITATIONS%26fragmentIdentifier%3DN335BF610B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DUniqueDocItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2feb7317de5aebeedf340a9715547334&amp;list=MULTIPLECITATIONS&amp;rank=0&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=c534c1ba0e9e050937f28af0f44c3dc0&amp;originationContext=NonUniqueFindSelected&amp;transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


In a successful action for unfair and deceptive trade practices a plaintiff may recover damages. Under N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16, if a violation under § 75-1.1 is found, the actual damages are trebled. 
Trebled damages are damages that, by statute, are three times the amount of actual damages awarded.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web2.westlaw.com/result/default.wl?mt=208&amp;origin=Search&amp;tempinfo=BLACKS%7cTEMPLATE%7cDefine%3aInTxt%3ddamages%7cQueryTemplate0%7cctn%3dQT_BLACKS&amp;srch=TRUE&amp;qttab=QT_BLACKS&amp;db=BLACKS&amp;rlt=CLID_QRYRLT28843132020612&amp;method=ConcordTemplate&amp;service=Search&amp;eq=search&amp;rp=%2fSearch%2fdefault.wl&amp;query=CA(DAMAGES)&amp;vr=2.0&amp;dups=false&amp;action=Search&amp;rltdb=CLID_DB9498992020612&amp;sv=Split&amp;qtrcc=QueryTemplate&amp;fmqv=s&amp;fn=_top&amp;rs=WLW11.10 BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 449 (9th ed. 2009).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Trebling of damages is automatic once a violation is shown because the award of trebled damages is a right of the prevailing plaintiff and is not subject to judicial review.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 547, 276 S.E.2d 397, 402 (1981);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_350_715 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715.]&lt;/ref&gt;   However, the damages for the unfair or deceptive act are the only damages that must be trebled by statute; the damages for any other claims in the case will not be trebled.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ica49df4429d611da9bcc85e7f8e2f4cd/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Johnson v. Colonial Life &amp; Accident Ins. Co., 173 N.C. App. 365, 371, 618 S.E.2d 867, 871 (2005), review denied, 360 N.C. 290, 627 S.E.2d 620 (2006).]&lt;/ref&gt;
 

The use of treble damages grew out of the realization that other remedies for fraud, breach of contract, and breach of warranty were often ineffective.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt; The most basic rationale for trebling the damages is it acts as a means of deterrence to discourage unfair and deceptive trade practices.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The punitive statute is meant to discourage guilty parties from engaging in future misconduct.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I03b059e6031011da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) United Laboratories, Inc. v. Kuykendall, 335 N.C. 183, 190, 437 S.E.2d 374, 379 (1993).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, trebling damages also serves non-punitive purposes by making it more economically feasible to bring an action where possible money damages are limited and thus, encourages private enforcement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 549, 276 S.E.2d 397, 404 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Because trebling the damages greatly increases potential liability, it also encourages settlement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Predictably, in order for a plaintiff to receive treble damages he must be able to show actual damage resulted and that it can be reasonably calculated.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic67234be040211da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Castle McCulloch, Inc., v. Freedman, 169 N.C. App. 497, 502, 610 S.E.2d 416, 421 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


Though the recovery of treble damages is a right of the plaintiff, it is still subject to certain limitations. A plaintiff may not recover compensatory damages for his common law theory and statutory treble damages under § 75-16 for unfair and deceptive trade practice.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 716 n.4 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  This is based on the general rule that a party may not recover twice for the same conduct, or receive “double recovery.” Additionally because of the disfavor toward “double recovery” a plaintiff may not have his damages trebled twice by asserting a claim under Chapter 75 and N.C. GEN. STAT. § 20-348(a), which also allows for trebled damages.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ia634f32f666c11da8cc9b4c14e983401/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Blankenship v. Town &amp; Country Ford, Inc., 174 N.C. App. 764, 769, 622 S.E.2d 638, 642 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  


The plaintiff must elect to pursue statutory treble damages because he will not receive the benefits of multiple theories of recovery. At what point during a lawsuit the plaintiff must choose to pursue statutory treble damages instead of common law compensatory damages can be a point of issue. A plaintiff might attempt to create an advantage by waiting to assert treble damages until he believes he will recover. However, because trebling damages greatly increases a defendant’s liability, courts have protected defendants from post-trial motions for treble damages. Courts do this because fundamental fairness requires a defendant to be notified of the possibility of unusual relief, such as treble damages, which may greatly increase his liability.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Id4c735399c1d11d991d0cc6b54f12d4d/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 377 U.S. 476, 491 (1964).]&lt;/ref&gt;  After a jury has already rendered a verdict a plaintiff may not go back and amend the complaint to include treble damages.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 717.]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, a post-trial motion before a verdict is given may be allowed.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 902 (4th Cir. 1996). ]&lt;/ref&gt;  The determining factor is whether the defendant will be unfairly prejudiced by an amended complaint to include treble damages. To avoid this issue, it is best to motion for treble damages at the onset of the lawsuit or as soon as the plaintiff has decided to seek treble damages rather than compensatory damages under the common law claim.

=== Attorney’s fees ===

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16.1. Attorney fee''

:In any suit instituted by a person who alleges that the defendant violated G.S. § 75-1.1, the presiding judge may, in his discretion, allow a reasonable attorney fee to the duly licensed attorney representing the availing party, such attorney fee to be taxed as a part of the court costs and payable by the losing party, upon a finding by the presiding judge that:

:(1)	The party charged with the violation has willfully engaged in the act or practice, and there was an unwarranted refusal by such party to fully resolve the matter which constitutes the basis of such suit; or

:(2)	The party instituting the action knew, or should have known, the action was frivolous and malicious.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N35DA8AA0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16.1 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


Under § 75-16.1, a plaintiff may also receive attorneys’ fees. A court has discretion to award attorneys’ fees when the plaintiff prevails and where it determines that the party charged with the violation has willfully engaged in the unfair or deceptive act, and there was an unwarranted refusal by such party to fully resolve the matter which constitutes the basis of such suit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Country Club of Johnston Cnty. v. U.S. Fid. &amp; Guar. Co., 150 N.C. App. 231, 248, 563 S.E.2d 269, 280 (2002).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The burden of proof is on the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s refusal to settle the suit was unwarranted.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation)#co_pp_sp_350_716 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 716 n.4.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The plaintiff must actually be awarded damages, which require the showing of an actual injury, to be awarded attorney’s fees.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Id91b5df2037411dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Poor v. Hill, 138 N.C. App. 19, 36, 530 S.E.2d 838, 849 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  In addition, the trial court must make findings as to whether the amount of attorneys’ fees is reasonable.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Country Club of Johnston Cnty., 150 N.C. App. at 249, 563 S.E.2d at 280.]&lt;/ref&gt;  In determining what is reasonable the court looks to the time and labor extended by the attorney, the skill required to perform the services rendered, the experience and ability of the attorney, and the customary fee for like work.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Practical Application ==

To begin this section, here are a few red flags to look for that can amount to an unfair or deceptive trade practice: a mere breach of warranty&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  or contract&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I03c28256031011da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Garlock v. Henson, 112 N.C. App. 243, 245, 435 S.E.2d 114, 115 (1993).]&lt;/ref&gt;  will not qualify unless the breach is particularly egregious or accompanied by aggravating circumstances; fraud is sufficient evidence of an unfair or deceptive act, including fraud in the inducement;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib410a60c038311da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Davis v. Sellers, 115 N.C. App. 1, 9, 443 S.E.2d 879, 884 (1994);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib5f5be93626e11dfab57d8fd5597ca43/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Whisnant v. Carolina Farm Credit, 693 S.E.2d 149, 157 (N.C. Ct. App. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  the use of coercive tactics is also covered by the statute;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8d65a4e0027c11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Wilder v. Squires, 68 N.C. App. 310, 315, 315 S.E.2d 63, 66 (1984).]&lt;/ref&gt;  negligent misrepresentation, including failure to disclose that amounts to misrepresentation;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and, a broken promise can also qualify if the promisor had no intent to perform when he made the promise, which amounts to promissory fraud.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, there are a number of statutes that provide their violation will be considered a violation of N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1. Even for those statutes that do not explicitly provide for a cause of action under § 75-1.1, courts have repeatedly held that “violation of regulatory statutes which govern business activities may also be a violation of § 75-1.1 whether or not such activities are listed specifically in the regulatory act as a violation of [the statute].”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic4710452b8ea11da9cfda9de91273d56/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Walker v. Fleetwood Homes of N.C., Inc., 176 N.C. App. 668, 672, 627 S.E.2d 629, 632 (2006).]&lt;/ref&gt;
 

A few examples of what will not amount to unfair or deceptive trade practices under the act include: decisions made by purely economic market forces;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2ac69a1b557a11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) L.C. Williams Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp., 625 F.Supp. 477, 490 (M.D.N.C. 1985).]&lt;/ref&gt;  conversion, breach of contract, or breach of warranty without aggravating or egregious circumstances;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and, failure to pay a debt will also not be enough.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I60432003038011da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Norman Owen Trucking v. Morkoski, 131 N.C. App. 168, 177, 506 S.E.2d 276, 273 (1998).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, private sales transactions by persons not engaged in business or commercial enterprises are not covered, as well as alleged violations by health care institutions or those arising from the employer-employee relationship.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Securities transactions are also not covered by the statute because they do not meet the “affecting commerce” requirement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I3cba311d031611da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) HAJMM Co. v. House of Raeford Farms, Inc., 328 N.C. 578, 593, 403 S.E.2d 483, 492 (1991).]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Un-prevailing Illustrative Cases ===

[[File:Sales Ellen.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''McLamb v. T.P. Inc.'']]
'''No Damages Beyond Breach of Contract:''' ''McLamb v. T.P. Inc.'', 173 N.C. App. 586, 619 S.E.2d 577 (2005). 
* Prospective purchasers of homes alleged unfair and deceptive acts against a subdivision’s developers relating to the developers returning deposits and not honoring reservations made by the purchasers. However, these acts did not damage the prospective purchasers beyond a mere breach of contract, so the unfair and deceptive trade practice claim failed. 

'''Non-Payment on Promissory Note:''' ''Boyd v. Drum'', 129 N.C. App. 586, 501 S.E.2d 91 (1998).
* Non-payment on the promissory note between Defendant and Plaintiff is not enough to amount to aggravating circumstances. Aggravating circumstances are required in addition to a breach of contract, even when the breach is intentional, to hold someone liable for an unfair or deceptive trade practice. In this case, the non-payment on a contract is a business deal gone sour, and therefore a mere breach of contract rather than an unfair or deceptive act. 

'''Poor Business Judgment:''' ''Robb &amp; Son Boatyard &amp; Marina, Inc. v. Bristol'', 893 F. Supp. 526 (E.D.N.C. 1994). [[File:Sales Candace.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Defendant in ''Robb &amp; Son Boatyard &amp; Marina, Inc. v. Bristol'']]
* The repairs done on the Defendant’s Boat by Plaintiff were outlined in a work order and note, and were not unnecessary or unreasonable. Because the repairs were reasonable, Plaintiff did not commit an unfair or deceptive trade act by demanding payment for its services. Although Plaintiff was within his rights to demand the money, the manner in which it was requested was in poor business judgment. However, poor business judgment does not amount to an unfair or deceptive trade practice by itself. 

'''Exercising Termination Clause:''' ''Tar Heel Indus., Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &amp; Co.'', 91 N.C. App. 51, 370 S.E.2d 449 (1988). [[File:Sales Elliott 3.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Tar Heel Indus., Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &amp; Co.'']]
* Defendant properly exercising a contract’s termination clause does not constitute an unfair or deceptive trade practice. Plaintiff asserted that Defendant’s failure to notify Plaintiff that it was looking for alternatives to the contract was unfair or deceptive. It does not amount to this because there was a termination clause in the contract that did not required Defendant to notify Plaintiff it was looking for alternatives. Rather, Defendant only needed to notify Plaintiff within sixty days if it planned to end the contract, which it did. 

=== Prevailing Illustrative Cases ===

'''False Misrepresentation:''' ''Lapierre v. Samco Dev. Corp.'', 103 N.C. App. 551, 406 S.E.2d 646 (1991).
* A deck builder represented that he could build a specific deck for a house in a specific location and with certain dimensions even though the vendor knew it was impossible to build that size deck. Because of this impossibility, the deck the vendor built was of a smaller size than the dimensions represented. The misrepresentations occurred through the vendor’s salesmen, sales brochures, and blueprints. The false misrepresentation was sufficient evidence to hold the deck builder liable for an unfair or deceptive trade practice. [[File:Sales Gretchen.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Lapierre v. Samco Dev. Corp.'']]

'''Intentionally and Knowingly Making False Statements:''' ''Torrance v. AS&amp;L Motors, Ltd.'', 119 N.C. App. 552, 459 S.E.2d 67 (1995).
* A used car salesman told potential buyers a specific car had not been involved in an accident when asked by the buyers, even though the seller knew that statement was false. The buyer then relied on the statement that the car had never been in an accident and purchased the car. Because the car salesman knowingly lied to the buyers about the car’s accident history, the act was unfair or deceptive under the statute. [[File:Sales Jordan.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Torrance v. AS&amp;L Motors'']]

'''Failure to Inspect:''' ''Huff v. Autos Unlimited, Inc.'', 124 N.C. App. 410, 477 S.E.2d 86 (1996).
* A used car salesman failed to conduct a simple visual inspection of a car that he knew had been in an accident. Even without the visual inspection, and with the knowledge that the car had been wrecked, the salesman sold the car with assurances of its reliability, subjecting him to liability for an unfair or deceptive trade practice.

'''Lying as an Aggravating Circumstance:''' ''Garlock v. Henson'', 112 N.C. App. 243, 435 S.E.2d 114 (1993).
* In this case the Defendant lied to the Plaintiff about the sale of Plaintiff’s bulldozer under Defendant’s control multiple times. Additionally, the Defendant forged a bill of sale, and deprived the Plaintiff of the money from the sale of the bulldozer for three years. These facts amount to aggravating circumstances that make a breach of contract an unfair or deceptive trade act. Also, it does not matter that the facts of this case produce both an unfair or deceptive trade act and a breach of contract claim; where the same cause of conduct gives rise to a traditional cause of action and a cause of action for violation of § 75-1.1, the Plaintiff can elect to recover damages under either cause of action, but not both. [[File:Sales Alex.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Garlock v. Henson'']]

'''Egregious Circumstances:''' ''McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale'', LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255 (M.D.N.C. 2005).
* After Plaintiff noticed defects in the lumber products supplied by Defendant wholesaler, the Defendant agreed to cover the damages under the provided warranty. However, after the Defendant was given an estimate for the repairs, it asserted that Plaintiff had waived any warranties and refused to cover the damages. Plaintiff had relied on Defendant’s assurance that it would cover the damages. Because Defendant only refused to honor the warranty after receiving a cost estimate, this was a bad faith denial of the warranty, which amounts to egregious circumstances. Therefore, it creates a cause of action for an unfair or deceptive trade practice.

'''Bad Faith Refusal to Honor Warranty:''' ''Barbee v. Atl. Marine Sales &amp; Serv.'', 115 N.C. App. 641, 446 S.E.2d 117 (1994).
* When the Plaintiff attempted to have his boat repaired according to his warranty, the Defendant agreed up until it realized that the problem with the boat could not be remedied. Only at this point, and not before, did the Defendant attempt to avoid responsibility for the defective boat by an exception in the warranty. This bad faith refusal to honor a warranty makes the breach of warranty an unfair or deceptive trade act because it amounts to egregious circumstances.

== References ==

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== Introduction ==

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1. Methods of competition, acts and practices regulated; legislative policy''

:''(a)	Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are declared unlawful.''

:''(b)	For purposes of this section, “commerce” includes all business activities, however denominated, but does not include professional services rendered by a member of a learned profession.''

:''(c)	Nothing in this section shall apply to acts done by the publisher, owner, agent, or employee of a newspaper, periodical or radio or television station, or other advertising medium in the publication or dissemination of an advertisement, when the owner, agent or employee did not have knowledge of the false, misleading or deceptive character of the advertisement and when the newspaper, periodical or radio station, or other advertising medium did not have a direct financial interest in the sale or distribution of the advertised product or service.''

:''(d)	Any party claiming to be exempt from the provisions of this section shall have the burden of proof with respect to such claim.''&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1 is one of the most important causes of action under North Carolina law as it allows for treble damages and attorneys' fees under certain circumstances. From the outset, it should be noted courts have applied this statute liberally.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  North Carolina enacted the Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“UDTPA”) to benefit consumers, but “its protections extend to businesses in appropriate situations.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7730ae0603d411da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad604030000013415689720018973b4%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI7730ae0603d411da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2259581ac2a30130cb13c3eba4b5aa4f&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 656, 548 S.E.2d 704, 710 (2001).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Creating a private cause of action for consumers was the Act’s primary purpose.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Icbd0b12703d511da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341569af58018974bc%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIcbd0b12703d511da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=c8dfd7b655a8f62faf7e02809d7750e5&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Durling v. King, 146 N.C. App. 483, 488, 554 S.E.2d 1, 4 (2001).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Also, the statute was enacted “to provide a civil means to maintain ethical standards of dealings between persons engaged in business and the consuming public” within North Carolina because “other legal remedies were inadequate or ineffective.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 United Va. Bank v. Air-Lift Assocs., Inc., 79 N.C. App. 315, 320-21, 339 S.E.2d 90, 93 (1986).]&lt;/ref&gt;  It applies to dealings between buyers and sellers at all levels of commerce.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  

An action under § 75-1.1 is a creation of statute. It exists independently and is usually tacked on to a common law cause of action. It sits on top of, and is distinct from actions of fraud, breach of contract, and breach of warranty.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The statute is applicable to sales transactions covered by the Uniform Commercial Code and may afford relief even when the U.C.C. does not.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ied5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156a17c0018974f0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIed5c61b1029811da83e7e9deff98dc6f%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=0e9c4d98bcae8fa3371279c93148b29a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  These claims tend to involve buyer and seller relationships although actions based on other types of commercial relationships are recognized.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156ac69201897559%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=d8327103b53081512fcbddc0724de0de&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince v. Wright, Jr. 141 N.C. App. 262, 268, 541 S.E.2d 191, 196 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, only those “engaged in business, a commercial or industrial establishment or enterprise” can be held liable under the statute.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Icda5d4c0042111da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156b8c2801897621%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIcda5d4c0042111da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=3867390778729332480560d5068cfdae&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Rosenthal v. Perkins, 42 N.C. App. 449, 454, 257 S.E.2d 63, 67 (1979).]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Standing ==

Under the North Carolina statute, both individuals, through a private cause of action, and the State, through the Attorney General, can raise a claim for unfair and deceptive trade practices.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156c096a018976ca%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=980ef0c3d5e047d21a814734dfabae78&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 N.C. ex rel Easley v. Rich Food Servs., 139 N.C. App. 691, 697, 535 S.E.2d 84, 88 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The Attorney General is responsible for investigating all corporations or persons in North Carolina doing business in violation of the law.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156c096a018976ca%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2239804f037d11da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=980ef0c3d5e047d21a814734dfabae78&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; Persons or corporations that violate any of the provisions of Chapter 75 may be subject to criminal sanctions in prosecutions brought by the state Attorney General, remedies through civil actions brought and prosecuted by the Attorney General, damages in private causes of action by injured persons, or any permissible combination.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Federal Law ==

Federal decisions under the Federal Trade Commission Act may be used as guidance by North Carolina courts in determining the scope and meaning of North Carolina’s UDTPA.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156d2be001897778%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=a938885288b531c506f0fda3d69a842a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 542, 276 S.E.2d 397, 399 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  And, as with all federal laws, where applicable, the FTCA will preempt the state law on unfair and deceptive trade practices.

== Prima Facie Case ==

=== Three-Part Test ===

A claim under this statute requires proof of three elements: (1) an unfair or deceptive act or practice; (2) in or affecting commerce; (3) which proximately caused the injury to the claimant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I73fe12a50afc11dd8dba9deb08599717/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156d88f5018977ee%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI73fe12a50afc11dd8dba9deb08599717%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=7bef8957eec049d1ba272d66b2429b73&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Nucor Corp. v. Prudential Equity Grp., LLC, 189 N.C. App. 731, 738, 659 S.E.2d 483, 488 (2008);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134156e19a20189785a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=f98967cf82bf81448101d8277a6a0473&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A court will first determine if the act or practice was “in or affecting commerce” before determining if the act or practice was unfair or deceptive.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8aa13e4aa04a11ddbc7bf97f340af743/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) In re Brokers, Inc., 396 B.R. 146, 161 ( M.D.N.C. 2008).]&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Unfair and Deceptive Definition ====

A practice is unfair when it offends established public policy or when the act or practice is “immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially injurious to consumers.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 715 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A party is guilty of an unfair act or practice when it engages in conduct which amounts to an inequitable assertion of its power or position.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iad14001c029611dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341571d9a601897b6f%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIad14001c029611dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=710a84f685efed3f365821f27cd8ab2d&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Walker v. Sloan, 137 N.C. App. 387, 394, 529 S.E.2d 236, 243 (2000);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/If00c51890af411ddb595a478de34cd72/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341572531301897ba0%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIf00c51890af411ddb595a478de34cd72%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=dc6a16d655ded1e48bce66efef7d6b32&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 S.N.R. Mgmt. Corp. v. Danube Partners 141 LLC, 189 N.C. App. 601, 607, 659 S.E.2d 442, 448 (2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  For an act or practice to be deceptive it must have “the capacity or tendency to deceive” but proof of actual deception is not required.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715;]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I562d3db4a4df11dc8660fe478720b947/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad604030000013415735b5e01897c75%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI562d3db4a4df11dc8660fe478720b947%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=48f2182dedc415bf6409ca51d78203f3&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Walker v. Fleetwood Homes of N.C., Inc., 362 N.C. 63, 72, 653 S.E.2d 393, 399 (2007).]&lt;/ref&gt;  

Deliberate acts of deceit or bad faith do not have to be shown, rather, the claimant must demonstrate that the act or practice possessed the tendency and capacity to mislead or created the likelihood of deception.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I3cca5db8031611da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341573b4cd01897cb1%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI3cca5db8031611da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=cc2869c50b869f051991feb1dbbcb917&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Boyd v. Drum, 129 N.C. App. 586, 593, 501 S.E.2d 91, 97 (1998).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, it is not required that the claimant actually relies on the deception in order to prevail; actual reliance is not a factor to be considered.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Search/Results.html?query=Cullen%20v.%20Valley%20Forge%20Life%20Ins.%20Co.%2C&amp;jurisdiction=ALLCASES&amp;contentType=ALL&amp;querySubmissionGuid=i0ad60403000001341574348c01897d2c&amp;startIndex=1&amp;searchId=i0ad60403000001341574348c01897d2c&amp;transitionType=Search&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) Cullen v. Valley Forge Life Ins. Co., 161 N.C. App. 570, 581, 589 S.E.2d 423, 431 (2003).]&lt;/ref&gt;  While bad faith is not required to prevail under the statute, good faith will still not be a defense.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Because an act or practice still has the capacity to deceive, regardless of the presence or absence of good faith on the part of the offending party, the intent of the actor is irrelevant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341574d83e01897dd3%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ac66b42e4ba711a5bd1c975e8e471b11&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 548, 276 S.E.2d 397, 403 (1981);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7ba9f604036411da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341575511001897e1a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI7ba9f604036411da8ac8f235252e36df%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=adf1793c9172ce8566d9c688680eb4c4&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Excel Staffing Serv., Inc. v. HP Reidsville, Inc., 172 N.C. App. 281, 289, 616 S.E.2d 349, 355 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  

Unfairness is a broader concept than, and includes the concept of, deceptiveness.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341575c15601897e6f%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=642395448e3bcd70530c089e20e4d9ba&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, only one—either unfairness or deceptiveness—is required to bring the act or practice within the statute.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  There is no requirement that the act or practice be both unfair and deceptive.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

North Carolina courts base their determination on what is unfair and deceptive on the circumstances of each case, and they acknowledge that no precise definition is possible.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id. at 902.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Whether something is unfair or not “is not an abstraction to be derived from logic” but should be “judged by viewing it against the background of actual human experience and by determining its intended and actual effects upon others.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The determination of whether the definition is met usually depends on the impact the practice has in the marketplace.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341574d83e01897dd3%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ac66b42e4ba711a5bd1c975e8e471b11&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 548, 276 S.E.2d 397, 403 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Courts will also look to whether or not the act or practice violates public policy,&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic8f588536ddc11ddb6a3a099756c05b7/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341576ee2501897f1a%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIc8f588536ddc11ddb6a3a099756c05b7%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=bfb3a10bb1a65c950284402f805f9d8a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Barlett Milling Co. v. Walnut Grove Auction &amp; Realty Co., 192 N.C. App. 74, 82, 665 S.E.2d 478, 486 (2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and consider the act’s effect on the average consumer.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2b2ac23903d911dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341577633c01897f71%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2b2ac23903d911dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=fe87fd5596b5684d4070302c915dfcd1&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Lincoln v. Bueche, 166 N.C. App. 150, 158, 601 S.E.2d 237, 244 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Commerce Definition ====

To prove a prima facie case it is required that the defendant’s actions were “in or affecting commerce.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1(a) (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Under the North Carolina statute a plaintiff must prove this element first before the question of whether an act was unfair or deceptive even arises.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8aa13e4aa04a11ddbc7bf97f340af743/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search) In re Brokers, Inc, 396 B.R. 146, 161 ( M.D.N.C. 2008).]&lt;/ref&gt;  A plaintiff can prove that an act was “in or affecting commerce” by demonstrating that the parties were “engaged in an activity involving an exchange of some type in which a participant could be characterized as a seller.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157176a601897b15%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=5ade9804aab29ae62f36d753770dd1e0&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 716 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the activity need only to “surround or affect a sale,” it does not need to meet a stricter standard of “inducing a sale.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I13e737e3555d11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341578c9fd01898011%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI13e737e3555d11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=6a6e04079997a9e51e63557956e78ae4&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=2&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 United Roasters, Inc. v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 485 F. Supp. 1041, 1045 (E.D.N.C. 1979).]&lt;/ref&gt;  

In its broadest sense, commerce includes “intercourse for the purposes of trade in any form.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince v. Wright, Jr., 141 N.C. App. 262, 268, 541 S.E.2d 191, 197 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The commerce definition “is intended to include all types of business activities,” but “does not apply to all wrongs in a business setting.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ia99c2683ba7011deb08de1b7506ad85b/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157b447f018981e4%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIa99c2683ba7011deb08de1b7506ad85b%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2cb424ee1198b0d81b9bb7f9d5bec996&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Carcano v. JBSS, LLC, 200 N.C. App. 162, 172, 684 S.E.2d 41, 50 (2009).]&lt;/ref&gt;  When determining if the commerce definition is met, the “proper inquiry is not whether a contractual relationship existed between the parties, but rather whether the defendants’ allegedly deceptive acts affected commerce.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Prince, 141 N.C. at 268, 541 S.E.2d at 197.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, there is no requirement of a contractual relationship between the parties.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157aaa880189818d%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIb04647a5036f11da9439b076ef9ec4de%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=e76f4a05676645beab5dad9fd817b551&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== Causal Requirement ====
 
A claimant must prove that a defendant’s unfair or deceptive acts were the cause of the injuries the claimant incurred. Proof of actual injuries can include: loss of the use of specific and unique property, the loss of any appreciated value of property, and other elements of damage shown by plaintiff’s evidence.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157b912801898210%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=8f272b474a9b6eef7b24968fed7fbbdb&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Reliance on the defendant’s unfair or deceptive act is not necessary to show that the defendant was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. It is important to note though, that no cases have permitted recovery without reliance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, when a plaintiff’s reliance is the causal link between violative conduct and the damages he has occurred, the reliance need not be “reasonable.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad60403000001341568124f01897330%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DIbc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=ad164310551f5c1c786f6252ef34dfe6&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Search%20Result&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  An exception to the no reliance requirement is when an unfair or deceptive claim is based upon an alleged misrepresentation by a defendant. The plaintiff must show actual reliance on the alleged misrepresentation in order to establish that the alleged misrepresentation proximately caused plaintiff’s injury.

== Caveats to the Prima Facie Case ==

=== The Burden Shifting Scheme ===
 
North Carolina’s UDTPA created a statutory burden-shifting scheme.  At the outset, the Plaintiff bears the burden of proof,&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2f8f574df7c611dbb035bac3a32ef289/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad6040300000134157c2f6a01898299%3FNav%3DCASE%26fragmentIdentifier%3DI2f8f574df7c611dbb035bac3a32ef289%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DSearchItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=1630d8a7a41501fb62d6120fc48da70a&amp;list=ALL&amp;rank=1&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=61b5e4ef14826982becb1514efe88346&amp;originationContext=Smart%20Answer&amp;transitionType=SearchItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 Stott v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 183 N.C. App. 46, 54, 643 S.E.2d 653, 658 (2007), review denied, 653 S.E.2d 876 (2007).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and must provide sufficient evidence to support his claim that he has suffered actual injury as a result of the defendant’s actions.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_573_166 Coley, 162 N.C. App. at 166, 590 S.E.2d at 22.]&lt;/ref&gt; Then the plaintiff must prove that the defendant’s actions “were in or affecting commerce,” and that they constituted an unfair or deceptive practice. Once a plaintiff has established his prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to prove that he is exempt from the UDTPA.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I653df701565c11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Food Lion, Inc., v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 951 F. Supp. 1224, 1233 (M.D.N.C. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== The Professional Training Exception ===

The one major exception that excludes an individual from liability under the UDTPA is the Professional Training exception. It is a very narrow exception in which trained professionals are exempted from the statute based on their professional services as members of a learned profession.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I7984cd4a037e11da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Sharp v. Gailor, 132 N.C. App. 213, 217, 510 S.E.2d 702, 704 (1999).]&lt;/ref&gt;  It has been interpreted to include members who are “physicians, attorneys, clergy and [other] related professions.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the exception will only apply “to the rendering of actual services and not to the rendering of other types of services not exclusively limited to those learned areas.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt; The burden of proof rests with the person asserting this exception to show that he is covered by it.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N24C92FF0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1(d) (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Questions of Law and Fact ==

An action under the UDTPA is a bifurcated process. First, a jury determines the facts as to what happened regarding the actions in question.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 715 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Types of questions considered by the jury include: occurrence of alleged conduct, damages incurred because of the conduct, and whether proximate cause exists.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 902 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  After the jury decides these facts, a judge applies them under the statute to reach a conclusion of law as to whether or not the defendant engaged in an unfair or deceptive trade practice.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damages ==

=== Treble damages ===

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16. Civil action by person injured; treble damages''

:If any person shall be injured or the business of any person, firm or corporation shall be broken up, destroyed or injured by reason of any act or thing done by any other person, firm or corporation in violation of the provisions of this Chapter, such person, firm or corporation so injured shall have a right of action on account of such injury done, and if damages are assessed in such case judgment shall be rendered in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant for treble the amount fixed by the verdict.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N335BF610B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?navigationPath=Search%2Fv3%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2Fnavigation%2Fi0ad7051d0000013416483c7949781e4e%3FNav%3DMULTIPLECITATIONS%26fragmentIdentifier%3DN335BF610B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96%26startIndex%3D1%26contextData%3D%2528sc.Search%2529%26transitionType%3DUniqueDocItem&amp;listSource=Search&amp;listPageSource=2feb7317de5aebeedf340a9715547334&amp;list=MULTIPLECITATIONS&amp;rank=0&amp;grading=na&amp;sessionScopeId=c534c1ba0e9e050937f28af0f44c3dc0&amp;originationContext=NonUniqueFindSelected&amp;transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=%28sc.Search%29 N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


In a successful action for unfair and deceptive trade practices a plaintiff may recover damages. Under N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16, if a violation under § 75-1.1 is found, the actual damages are trebled. 
Trebled damages are damages that, by statute, are three times the amount of actual damages awarded.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web2.westlaw.com/result/default.wl?mt=208&amp;origin=Search&amp;tempinfo=BLACKS%7cTEMPLATE%7cDefine%3aInTxt%3ddamages%7cQueryTemplate0%7cctn%3dQT_BLACKS&amp;srch=TRUE&amp;qttab=QT_BLACKS&amp;db=BLACKS&amp;rlt=CLID_QRYRLT28843132020612&amp;method=ConcordTemplate&amp;service=Search&amp;eq=search&amp;rp=%2fSearch%2fdefault.wl&amp;query=CA(DAMAGES)&amp;vr=2.0&amp;dups=false&amp;action=Search&amp;rltdb=CLID_DB9498992020612&amp;sv=Split&amp;qtrcc=QueryTemplate&amp;fmqv=s&amp;fn=_top&amp;rs=WLW11.10 BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 449 (9th ed. 2009).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Trebling of damages is automatic once a violation is shown because the award of trebled damages is a right of the prevailing plaintiff and is not subject to judicial review.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 547, 276 S.E.2d 397, 402 (1981);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.Search)#co_pp_sp_350_715 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 715.]&lt;/ref&gt;   However, the damages for the unfair or deceptive act are the only damages that must be trebled by statute; the damages for any other claims in the case will not be trebled.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ica49df4429d611da9bcc85e7f8e2f4cd/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Johnson v. Colonial Life &amp; Accident Ins. Co., 173 N.C. App. 365, 371, 618 S.E.2d 867, 871 (2005), review denied, 360 N.C. 290, 627 S.E.2d 620 (2006).]&lt;/ref&gt;
 

The use of treble damages grew out of the realization that other remedies for fraud, breach of contract, and breach of warranty were often ineffective.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Coley v. Champion Home Builders Co., 162 N.C. App. 163, 166, 590 S.E.2d 20, 22 (2004).]&lt;/ref&gt; The most basic rationale for trebling the damages is it acts as a means of deterrence to discourage unfair and deceptive trade practices.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Iac7f5c8003db11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The punitive statute is meant to discourage guilty parties from engaging in future misconduct.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I03b059e6031011da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) United Laboratories, Inc. v. Kuykendall, 335 N.C. 183, 190, 437 S.E.2d 374, 379 (1993).]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, trebling damages also serves non-punitive purposes by making it more economically feasible to bring an action where possible money damages are limited and thus, encourages private enforcement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Marshall v. Miller, 302 N.C. 539, 549, 276 S.E.2d 397, 404 (1981).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Because trebling the damages greatly increases potential liability, it also encourages settlement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I16a0709403dd11da9439b076ef9ec4de/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Predictably, in order for a plaintiff to receive treble damages he must be able to show actual damage resulted and that it can be reasonably calculated.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic67234be040211da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Castle McCulloch, Inc., v. Freedman, 169 N.C. App. 497, 502, 610 S.E.2d 416, 421 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


Though the recovery of treble damages is a right of the plaintiff, it is still subject to certain limitations. A plaintiff may not recover compensatory damages for his common law theory and statutory treble damages under § 75-16 for unfair and deceptive trade practice.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic Purchasers, Inc. v. Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 716 n.4 (4th Cir. 1983).]&lt;/ref&gt;  This is based on the general rule that a party may not recover twice for the same conduct, or receive “double recovery.” Additionally because of the disfavor toward “double recovery” a plaintiff may not have his damages trebled twice by asserting a claim under Chapter 75 and N.C. GEN. STAT. § 20-348(a), which also allows for trebled damages.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ia634f32f666c11da8cc9b4c14e983401/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Blankenship v. Town &amp; Country Ford, Inc., 174 N.C. App. 764, 769, 622 S.E.2d 638, 642 (2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  


The plaintiff must elect to pursue statutory treble damages because he will not receive the benefits of multiple theories of recovery. At what point during a lawsuit the plaintiff must choose to pursue statutory treble damages instead of common law compensatory damages can be a point of issue. A plaintiff might attempt to create an advantage by waiting to assert treble damages until he believes he will recover. However, because trebling damages greatly increases a defendant’s liability, courts have protected defendants from post-trial motions for treble damages. Courts do this because fundamental fairness requires a defendant to be notified of the possibility of unusual relief, such as treble damages, which may greatly increase his liability.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Id4c735399c1d11d991d0cc6b54f12d4d/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 377 U.S. 476, 491 (1964).]&lt;/ref&gt;  After a jury has already rendered a verdict a plaintiff may not go back and amend the complaint to include treble damages.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 717.]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, a post-trial motion before a verdict is given may be allowed.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 902 (4th Cir. 1996). ]&lt;/ref&gt;  The determining factor is whether the defendant will be unfairly prejudiced by an amended complaint to include treble damages. To avoid this issue, it is best to motion for treble damages at the onset of the lawsuit or as soon as the plaintiff has decided to seek treble damages rather than compensatory damages under the common law claim.

=== Attorney’s fees ===

''N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16.1. Attorney fee''

:In any suit instituted by a person who alleges that the defendant violated G.S. § 75-1.1, the presiding judge may, in his discretion, allow a reasonable attorney fee to the duly licensed attorney representing the availing party, such attorney fee to be taxed as a part of the court costs and payable by the losing party, upon a finding by the presiding judge that:

:(1)	The party charged with the violation has willfully engaged in the act or practice, and there was an unwarranted refusal by such party to fully resolve the matter which constitutes the basis of such suit; or

:(2)	The party instituting the action knew, or should have known, the action was frivolous and malicious.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/N35DA8AA0B8E411DAA92AA115D14B1E96/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-16.1 (2011).]&lt;/ref&gt; 


Under § 75-16.1, a plaintiff may also receive attorneys’ fees. A court has discretion to award attorneys’ fees when the plaintiff prevails and where it determines that the party charged with the violation has willfully engaged in the unfair or deceptive act, and there was an unwarranted refusal by such party to fully resolve the matter which constitutes the basis of such suit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Country Club of Johnston Cnty. v. U.S. Fid. &amp; Guar. Co., 150 N.C. App. 231, 248, 563 S.E.2d 269, 280 (2002).]&lt;/ref&gt;  The burden of proof is on the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s refusal to settle the suit was unwarranted.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I5f524462940311d9a707f4371c9c34f0/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation)#co_pp_sp_350_716 Atlantic, 705 F.2d at 716 n.4.]&lt;/ref&gt;  The plaintiff must actually be awarded damages, which require the showing of an actual injury, to be awarded attorney’s fees.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Id91b5df2037411dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Poor v. Hill, 138 N.C. App. 19, 36, 530 S.E.2d 838, 849 (2000).]&lt;/ref&gt;  In addition, the trial court must make findings as to whether the amount of attorneys’ fees is reasonable.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Country Club of Johnston Cnty., 150 N.C. App. at 249, 563 S.E.2d at 280.]&lt;/ref&gt;  In determining what is reasonable the court looks to the time and labor extended by the attorney, the skill required to perform the services rendered, the experience and ability of the attorney, and the customary fee for like work.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I6c0b5b4e03d211dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Practical Application ==

To begin this section, here are a few red flags to look for that can amount to an unfair or deceptive trade practice: a mere breach of warranty&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  or contract&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I03c28256031011da83e7e9deff98dc6f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Garlock v. Henson, 112 N.C. App. 243, 245, 435 S.E.2d 114, 115 (1993).]&lt;/ref&gt;  will not qualify unless the breach is particularly egregious or accompanied by aggravating circumstances; fraud is sufficient evidence of an unfair or deceptive act, including fraud in the inducement;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib410a60c038311da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Davis v. Sellers, 115 N.C. App. 1, 9, 443 S.E.2d 879, 884 (1994);]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib5f5be93626e11dfab57d8fd5597ca43/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Whisnant v. Carolina Farm Credit, 693 S.E.2d 149, 157 (N.C. Ct. App. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  the use of coercive tactics is also covered by the statute;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8d65a4e0027c11dab386b232635db992/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Wilder v. Squires, 68 N.C. App. 310, 315, 315 S.E.2d 63, 66 (1984).]&lt;/ref&gt;  negligent misrepresentation, including failure to disclose that amounts to misrepresentation;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, Charlotte Branch, 80 F.3d 895, 903 (4th Cir. 1996).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and, a broken promise can also qualify if the promisor had no intent to perform when he made the promise, which amounts to promissory fraud.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ibc9c6049928911d993e6d35cc61aab4a/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Id.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, there are a number of statutes that provide their violation will be considered a violation of N.C. GEN. STAT. § 75-1.1. Even for those statutes that do not explicitly provide for a cause of action under § 75-1.1, courts have repeatedly held that “violation of regulatory statutes which govern business activities may also be a violation of § 75-1.1 whether or not such activities are listed specifically in the regulatory act as a violation of [the statute].”&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ic4710452b8ea11da9cfda9de91273d56/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Walker v. Fleetwood Homes of N.C., Inc., 176 N.C. App. 668, 672, 627 S.E.2d 629, 632 (2006).]&lt;/ref&gt;
 

A few examples of what will not amount to unfair or deceptive trade practices under the act include: decisions made by purely economic market forces;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I2ac69a1b557a11d9bf30d7fdf51b6bd4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) L.C. Williams Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp., 625 F.Supp. 477, 490 (M.D.N.C. 1985).]&lt;/ref&gt;  conversion, breach of contract, or breach of warranty without aggravating or egregious circumstances;&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I65802b29c1ff11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale, LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255, 269 (M.D.N.C. 2005).]&lt;/ref&gt;  and, failure to pay a debt will also not be enough.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I60432003038011da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) Norman Owen Trucking v. Morkoski, 131 N.C. App. 168, 177, 506 S.E.2d 276, 273 (1998).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, private sales transactions by persons not engaged in business or commercial enterprises are not covered, as well as alleged violations by health care institutions or those arising from the employer-employee relationship.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/Ib2c730b862a711da9c448797abbc2a32/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) NORTH CAROLINA LAW OF DAMAGES § 29:7 (5th ed. 2010).]&lt;/ref&gt;  Securities transactions are also not covered by the statute because they do not meet the “affecting commerce” requirement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://a.next.westlaw.com/Document/I3cba311d031611da8ac8f235252e36df/View/FullText.html?transitionType=UniqueDocItem&amp;contextData=(sc.UserEnteredCitation) HAJMM Co. v. House of Raeford Farms, Inc., 328 N.C. 578, 593, 403 S.E.2d 483, 492 (1991).]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Un-prevailing Illustrative Cases ===

[[File:Sales Ellen.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''McLamb v. T.P. Inc.'']]
'''No Damages Beyond Breach of Contract:''' ''McLamb v. T.P. Inc.'', 173 N.C. App. 586, 619 S.E.2d 577 (2005). 
* Prospective purchasers of homes alleged unfair and deceptive acts against a subdivision’s developers relating to the developers returning deposits and not honoring reservations made by the purchasers. However, these acts did not damage the prospective purchasers beyond a mere breach of contract, so the unfair and deceptive trade practice claim failed. 

'''Non-Payment on Promissory Note:''' ''Boyd v. Drum'', 129 N.C. App. 586, 501 S.E.2d 91 (1998).
* Non-payment on the promissory note between Defendant and Plaintiff is not enough to amount to aggravating circumstances. Aggravating circumstances are required in addition to a breach of contract, even when the breach is intentional, to hold someone liable for an unfair or deceptive trade practice. In this case, the non-payment on a contract is a business deal gone sour, and therefore a mere breach of contract rather than an unfair or deceptive act. 

'''Poor Business Judgment:''' ''Robb &amp; Son Boatyard &amp; Marina, Inc. v. Bristol'', 893 F. Supp. 526 (E.D.N.C. 1994). [[File:Sales Candace.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Defendant in ''Robb &amp; Son Boatyard &amp; Marina, Inc. v. Bristol'']]
* The repairs done on the Defendant’s Boat by Plaintiff were outlined in a work order and note, and were not unnecessary or unreasonable. Because the repairs were reasonable, Plaintiff did not commit an unfair or deceptive trade act by demanding payment for its services. Although Plaintiff was within his rights to demand the money, the manner in which it was requested was in poor business judgment. However, poor business judgment does not amount to an unfair or deceptive trade practice by itself. 

'''Exercising Termination Clause:''' ''Tar Heel Indus., Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &amp; Co.'', 91 N.C. App. 51, 370 S.E.2d 449 (1988). [[File:Sales Elliott 3.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Tar Heel Indus., Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &amp; Co.'']]
* Defendant properly exercising a contract’s termination clause does not constitute an unfair or deceptive trade practice. Plaintiff asserted that Defendant’s failure to notify Plaintiff that it was looking for alternatives to the contract was unfair or deceptive. It does not amount to this because there was a termination clause in the contract that did not required Defendant to notify Plaintiff it was looking for alternatives. Rather, Defendant only needed to notify Plaintiff within sixty days if it planned to end the contract, which it did. 

=== Prevailing Illustrative Cases ===

'''False Misrepresentation:''' ''Lapierre v. Samco Dev. Corp.'', 103 N.C. App. 551, 406 S.E.2d 646 (1991).
* A deck builder represented that he could build a specific deck for a house in a specific location and with certain dimensions even though the vendor knew it was impossible to build that size deck. Because of this impossibility, the deck the vendor built was of a smaller size than the dimensions represented. The misrepresentations occurred through the vendor’s salesmen, sales brochures, and blueprints. The false misrepresentation was sufficient evidence to hold the deck builder liable for an unfair or deceptive trade practice. [[File:Sales Gretchen.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Lapierre v. Samco Dev. Corp.'']]

'''Intentionally and Knowingly Making False Statements:''' ''Torrance v. AS&amp;L Motors, Ltd.'', 119 N.C. App. 552, 459 S.E.2d 67 (1995).
* A used car salesman told potential buyers a specific car had not been involved in an accident when asked by the buyers, even though the seller knew that statement was false. The buyer then relied on the statement that the car had never been in an accident and purchased the car. Because the car salesman knowingly lied to the buyers about the car’s accident history, the act was unfair or deceptive under the statute. [[File:Sales Jordan.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Torrance v. AS&amp;L Motors'']]

'''Failure to Inspect:''' ''Huff v. Autos Unlimited, Inc.'', 124 N.C. App. 410, 477 S.E.2d 86 (1996).
* A used car salesman failed to conduct a simple visual inspection of a car that he knew had been in an accident. Even without the visual inspection, and with the knowledge that the car had been wrecked, the salesman sold the car with assurances of its reliability, subjecting him to liability for an unfair or deceptive trade practice.

'''Lying as an Aggravating Circumstance:''' ''Garlock v. Henson'', 112 N.C. App. 243, 435 S.E.2d 114 (1993).
* In this case the Defendant lied to the Plaintiff about the sale of Plaintiff’s bulldozer under Defendant’s control multiple times. Additionally, the Defendant forged a bill of sale, and deprived the Plaintiff of the money from the sale of the bulldozer for three years. These facts amount to aggravating circumstances that make a breach of contract an unfair or deceptive trade act. Also, it does not matter that the facts of this case produce both an unfair or deceptive trade act and a breach of contract claim; where the same cause of conduct gives rise to a traditional cause of action and a cause of action for violation of § 75-1.1, the Plaintiff can elect to recover damages under either cause of action, but not both. [[File:Sales Alex.theora.ogv|thumb|Hear from the Plaintiff in ''Garlock v. Henson'']]

'''Egregious Circumstances:''' ''McDonald Bros., Inc. v. Tinder Wholesale'', LLC, 395 F. Supp. 2d 255 (M.D.N.C. 2005).
* After Plaintiff noticed defects in the lumber products supplied by Defendant wholesaler, the Defendant agreed to cover the damages under the provided warranty. However, after the Defendant was given an estimate for the repairs, it asserted that Plaintiff had waived any warranties and refused to cover the damages. Plaintiff had relied on Defendant’s assurance that it would cover the damages. Because Defendant only refused to honor the warranty after receiving a cost estimate, this was a bad faith denial of the warranty, which amounts to egregious circumstances. Therefore, it creates a cause of action for an unfair or deceptive trade practice.

'''Bad Faith Refusal to Honor Warranty:''' ''Barbee v. Atl. Marine Sales &amp; Serv.'', 115 N.C. App. 641, 446 S.E.2d 117 (1994).
* When the Plaintiff attempted to have his boat repaired according to his warranty, the Defendant agreed up until it realized that the problem with the boat could not be remedied. Only at this point, and not before, did the Defendant attempt to avoid responsibility for the defective boat by an exception in the warranty. This bad faith refusal to honor a warranty makes the breach of warranty an unfair or deceptive trade act because it amounts to egregious circumstances.

== References ==

&lt;references/&gt;

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  | I am vegan
  | Je suis végétalien.
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  | I am vegetarian
  | Je suis végétarien.
|-
  | I do not eat meat
  | Je ne mange pas de viande.
|}

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{{TOCright}}
== Introduction ==

I am vegan/we are vegans and would like something to eat. Veganism is a diet and lifestyle that avoids using animal products in food and in other products of consumption, including clothing, alcohol and cosmetics. People dedicate themselves to veganism for different reasons; some of the reasons include health benefits, animal welfare concerns, and ecological concerns.

We do eat; all fruits, vegetables, lentils, beans, rice, and grains. We eat pasta which has no egg, couscous, we eat soups and meals with vegetable stock, vegetable and olive oils and coconut milk.

We do not eat meat (beef, chicken, pork or any other animal), fish, meat stock (as used in soups), milk (from any animal), eggs, butter, cheese, lactose, shellac, lard or animal fat, gelatin, or food with these products in, even in small amounts.

Thank you for reading this and we truly appreciate any food you can prepare.

== Phrases ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
  |+ Vegan and vegetarian phrases to be translated
|-
  ! English
  ! Other language
|-
  | I am vegan
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | I am vegetarian
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | I eat only products of plant origin
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | I do not eat meat
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | I do not eat fish
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | I do not consume dairy products
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | I do not eat meat
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | I do not eat anything that comes from an animal
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | Do you have vegetarian food?
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | Do you have tofu?
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | I want to have fruit salad
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | Does this bread contain any milk or egg?
  | {{N/A}}

|}

== Words ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
  |+ Food items that are suitable for vegetarians and vegans
|-
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|-
  | vegetables
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | fruit
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | tofu
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | soy milk
  | {{N/A}}
|-
  | soy cheese
  | {{N/A}}
|}

== Slang ==
* '''Nooch''' - Nutritional yeast. Vegans commonly use this as a substitute for cheese.

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page]] Instructions on how to edit pages like this. It is a good idea to keep the instruction page open in a separate window for quick check of instructions.

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      <text bytes="1481" sha1="o293i7odtt39tzx3o6ke6owjl68oo9r" xml:space="preserve">==Gastrin==
[[File:Gastrin.jpg|thumb|Gastrin Mechanism]]
Gastrin is a peptide hormone which is soluble in the water. This hormone plays an important role in the secretion of HCI in stomach. Gastric acid secretion also helps the digestion of protein, the absorption of iron and calcium. In the first, Gastrin activates a particular G protein by attaching to a cell surface receptor in the plasma membrane. Then, the activated G protein binds to another membrane enzyme, phospholipase C (PLC). This enzyme-substrate complex carries out a hydrolysis reaction where hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol- 4,5-bisphosphate (PiP2) to inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and 1,2- diacylglycerol (DAG).

In the second phase, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), reacts with the endoplasmic reticulum and stimulates the release of Ca2+ ion into the cytoplasm. In the same time, 1,2- diacylglycerol (DAG), which was released into the cytoplasm, diffuses through the plasma membrane, where interacts with protein kinase C. The Ca2+ just released from the endoplasmic reticulum and DAG cooperation stimulates that kinase to phosphorylate a protein which in turn causes HCI secretion into the stomach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last= Schubert |first= ML |title= [[Gastric secretion.]] |year= 2005 |Curr Opin Gastroenterol}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

1. Gastric secretion. Schubert ML. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov;21(6):636-43. Review. {{PMID|16220038}}  [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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== Table of Contents ==
{{Print version|{{:book/A}}
{{:book/B}}
{{:book/C}}}}
#[[/Reason, a manual/]]
#[[/How the spirit works/]]
#[[/The search for reason/]]
# [[/Logical principles/]]
# [[/The foundations of mathematics/]]
# [[/Spatio-temporal measurement devices/]]
# [[/Quantum theory of multiple destinies/]]
# [[/Computers and power consumption/]]
# [[Précis of epistemology/The origin and evolution of life and mind|The origin and evolution of life and spirit]]
# [[/Principles of psychiatry/]]

== See also ==

[https://sites.google.com/view/principles-of-science/accueil Principles of science]</text>
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My textbook is the best. &lt;!-- Is this supposed to be here? --&gt;

English subtitles exist in this video. History of creation of this textbook. About the reasons that forced me to write this textbook. What are the reasons for the failures of other authors when trying to write a textbook on social sciences?

===History of creation of my textbook===

I wrote this textbook 30 years. I translated the text of my textbook from Russian into English still 5 years and I continue this work today. To reduce own work on the translation of the textbook in English, I have reduced the text of the Russian textbook in 2 times. For this purpose I have chosen the most important and most interesting information from the text of my Russian textbook.

The main center of my textbook is my theory of interrelations between social conflict and social control. The relations of the conflict and control are the main human relations in society. I have for the first time presented these ideas about a role of the conflict and control in society in 1980 as the term paper on the second course of philosophical faculty of Ural university (Yekaterinburg). I heard nothing about the western sociology on the second course yet and therefore I considered the theory about the conflicts and control as a kind of the General system theory (Ludwig von Bertalanffy). I have written a term paper about the search of primary substance in the Greek philosophy  and about the theory of Hot &quot;Big Bang&quot; at the first year of the Faculty of Philosophy in 1979. I read Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin's works only on the first course of philosophical faculty and since then I related  critically to Marxism and Hegel's dialectics. Though teachers at the university forced us to study Marxism and dialectics at the Soviet power. When I began reading articles on the English Wikipedia, that I was very surprised by the great respect to Marxism in the West. Russia has paid a huge price for its fascination by Marxist utopias during the communist experiment. As a result, I have denied and I have buried Marxism and dialectics as pseudoscientific theories in this own textbook. I have hammered an wooden stake in the heart of the spectre of communism, about which Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote in the work &quot;Manifesto of the Communist Party&quot;(&quot;A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism&quot;&lt;ref&gt; Manifesto of the Communist Party by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels February 1848. http://activistmanifesto.org/assets/original-communist-manifesto.pdf &lt;/ref&gt;).

I listened to lectures on psychology at the first year of the university which were given by the professional hypnotist professor Matveev who has explained us essence of hypnosis. I consider hypnosis as kind of psychological control. Studying of schools and the directions in the western sociology on the 6th course of the university became by shock for me, especially in comparison with the Soviet Marxism and Hegel's dialectics which I considered as pseudosciences already then. The mechanism of religious control became  by Subject of diploma work at the end of the Faculty of Philosophy in 1985.

I used my ideas and the lectures in the course of teaching social science at Secondary school during  13 years, this teaching has allowed me to write new articles and to perfect my style of compositions. I published my ideas in 24 articles in university scientific collections. I live in the city Berezniki in the deep province in the Urals and therefore I was forced to go for books of authorities of the western sociology to Perm, Yekaterinburg and Moscow. It turned out that almost all texts of books of authorities of the western sociology exist in network of the Internet in the English and Russian languages today that allowed to me to make, in particular, references to these books not only in the text of the Russian-speaking edition of my textbook, but also in the text of the this English-language edition of my textbook.

I have published for own money the brochure &quot;Let the Loser Cry&quot; (This brochure is devoted to the theory about interrelation between the conflict and control) (5000 copies, 8 pages) in 1992. I have published for own money the textbook &quot;Interesting sociology&quot; (200 copies, 143 pages) in publishing house of the Solikamsk university in 1997 and I have dispatched this textbook on libraries of Russia. I have published my textbook &quot;Interesting Social Science&quot; in the Internet in 2009, and then I have published my textbook &quot;Interesting Social Sciences&quot; on the Russian Wikipedia. I have won a prize on the website Russian Wikipedia in 2015 for own textbook on the website Викиучебник (Wikibooks) for the greatest number of changes. I publish him on English Wikipedia in the reduced option now.

The second center of my textbook is my theory about the personality types. I have begun to develop this theory in 1998. I have conducted empirical researches of the personality types of at secondary school, in  Berezniki jobcenter, in women's Supermax prison in town Berezniki. The most interesting and most important question is choice of profession, choice of channels of the vertikal circulation and the choice of the spouse on the basis of the personality type. Statement of the theory about  the personality types allows to make my textbook by interesting.

===Main concepts of sociology===

In my opinion, the interrelation between  the conflict and control is the main paradigm for all social sciences and I am going to establish the essence of all (15) social sciences in turn: anthropology, psychology, philosophy, sociology, politology, jurisprudence, economics, ecology, ethics, sociology of religion, cultural studies, pedagogy, theory of scientific revolutions, demography, ethnosociology.

Neil Smelser and John J. Macionis considered that the culture is the main concept of sociology. In my opinion, the concept &quot;culture&quot; has no clear definition, nobody knows that this concept means therefore such concept can't be the main concept  in sociology. In my opinion, two sociological concepts (social conflict and social control) are the main concepts in sociology and in social sciences. These two concepts (social conflict and social control) are interrelated with each other. On the one hand, the winner in the conflict becomes controller before following outburst of conflict. Loser become the object of control. Loser is forced to die or to concede a sphere of influence to winner. On the other hand, controller is forced to support an optimal level of severity of sanctions of social control, because too strict or too soft level of severity of sanctions of social control lead to the new outburst of conflict because object of control begins to doubt in ability of controller to fulfill its functions in this case. It is possible to solve many controversial problems of conflict theory, anthropology, psychology, theory of systems, philosophy, sociology, politology, jurisprudence, economics, ethics, religion study, cultural studies, pedagogy, history of science and history of society with the help these two concepts (social conflict and social control). The main part of my work is built on consecutive statement of content for these sciences with a focus on relations of social conflict and social control between people. In my opinion, it is necessary to build the textbook of social sciences exactly thus. I consider that society is complex developing system, which has gone through four stages of development in its history, through four formations – primitive‐communal formation, slaveholding formation, feudal formation and capitalistic formation. The main great social inventions are new kinds of social conflict and social control that were invented in process of history. Thus, I have attempted to rise on the shield partially forgotten idea of social progress.

===The main questions of my theory about the personality types===
American psychology textbooks describe the false theories of Maers-Briggs and Keirsey about personality types, and I set out in my textbook my own true theory about 4 personality types. The typologies of Catherine Briggs, Isabelle Meers, David Keirsey and socionics Aushra Augustinavichute resemble an artificial theoretical construction, because 16 types are too many for visual testing. It is not possible to compose the list of identification marks for sixteen types of personality. Personality types of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers don't exist in the nature, thus these people investigate what exists only in their heads. Typologies of my competitors are a delirium and pseudoscience, similar to astrology, my typology is better than their typologies. If your money were spent for use of their typology for career guidance, then this money were wasted. Advantage of my typology consists that the visual test exists in my typology unlike typologies of my competitors. My visual test gives results about personality type  of the respondent with bigger degree of reliability and validity. I consider that my visual test gives more reliable results, than my verbal test even. My competitors can't create the visual test in principle because too many  the personality types (16) exist in their typologies in comparison with my typology (4  personality types exist in my typology). My competitors can't recheck results of their verbal test with help of visual test, and I can recheck results of the my verbal test with help of  visual test even, when the respondent consciously lies on the verbal test or the respondent does not understand test questions because facial expression  (identification marks) of the respondent  lies never. In my opinion,  the personality type is written on a face, literally on a forehead at each person. It is necessary to be able to see this personality type on a forehead. It is very useful in our life. I can teach of any person during several lectures to see this the personality type on the faces of surrounding people with help of identification marks.

Relying on the theory of Carl Gustav Jung about personality types, I created the psychological theory, which makes it possible to make a large quantity of forecasts about the inclinations in the behavior of people. Then these forecasts can be checked in empirical studies.

I will give answers in my textbook to the following questions:

* How is it possible to choose a profession or the husband?

* How is it possible to marry on rich person?

* How is it possible to avoid marriage on the woman who has a inclination to adulteries to her husband?

* How is it  possible to select personnel?

* How is it possible to do career and choose channels of the vertikal circulation?  

* How  is it possible to define suitability degree to a role of the politician, artist or chief?

* What reasons do exist for crime and unemployment?

* What inclinations do exist in training at different the personality types?

* How is it possible to support discipline at a lesson?

=== Citations and references===
    
{{BookCat}}</text>
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== Kingofnuthin ==

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: {{EFFP|fixed}} I changed a line of the filter so that certain user groups with &lt;code&gt;autoreview&lt;/code&gt; are exempt. – [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:18, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

== Dom32628 ==

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: Added a link to Lichess.org in References. Lichess is free, open source and well regarded by the wiki community, showing the English Opening: Zilbermints Gambit. If there is a preferred referencing style to not reference lichess here, even if it is free &amp; open source, let me know :)
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== ~2026-21344-85 ==

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== ~2026-21344-85 ==

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;Description
: Looking to update info for about 80 episodes, including links to the associated youtube videos. This has been done for previous episode summaries. Also, I have no way to prove this, but I am the creator of the page. I don't have access to the email associated with the SJMFTVF account anymore.
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== ~2026-22598-75 ==

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: The page was tagged for speedy deletion due to being a subpage of a nonexistent book, but I have since created the parent books. However, it won’t let me remove the tag, now that the problem has been addressed.
Leave the rest of this page intact. --&gt;
;Date and time
: 17:39, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
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: {{EFFP|done}}  – [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:15, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Idavidmiller ==

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: Revising this page as it is way too complex for the intended audience. The external links prevent copying extensive sections from project installation instruction pages.
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: 15:10, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: &lt;span class=&quot;template-ping&quot;&gt;@[[:User:Idavidmiller|Idavidmiller]]:&lt;/span&gt; I temporarily granted you confirmed user access so that the filter should not prevent you. It's in effect until Thursday, 10:14 AM CDT/15:14 UTC. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:16, 21 April 2026 (UTC)

== Usp4pg ==

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: It is saying the edits I am making are unconstructive even though I added actual content to prevent it from falsely deleting the page. It will not allow me to publish changes. This is for a class project, and I am just starting to get the skeleton done.
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: 14:56, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
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&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: {{EFFP|done}} &lt;span class=&quot;template-ping&quot;&gt;@[[:User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]]:&lt;/span&gt; I removed the tag as it was not a test page. – [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:12, 21 April 2026 (UTC)

== LeventBulut ==

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: I am the author of the Objective Projection methodology. I was trying to add a legitimate educational book to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. The filter blocked my edits twice — once for external links, once for content volume. All content is my own original work written specifically for Wikibooks. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on tr.wikibooks.org Open license declaration at leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/
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&lt;!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --&gt;
: [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]], the filters were working as intended, but I can adjust them. However, I've temporarily given you confirmed user access until 2026-04-29. Please note that this will exclude you from some commonly-hit filters, but not all of them to be exact. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:07, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== SHE-LOVES-BRIAN ==

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== ~2026-32360-90 ==

{{subst:False positive |skipusername=yes
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Leave the rest of this page intact. --&gt;}}</text>
      <sha1>qqjte1ni8imnbhn03fwyryffp1af56u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>415358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638259</id>
      <parentid>4636315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add to Cultural anthropology shelf</comment>
      <origin>4638259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8397" sha1="54x0ru46mn8s9ufhzlvp2uzqoyt022w" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the &lt;u&gt;afterlife&lt;/u&gt; that are sometimes called the &quot;un-dead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.
&lt;br /&gt;
Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. &lt;br /&gt;
This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

  &lt;u&gt;About This Book&lt;/u&gt;

We hope this book will clear up many mis-notions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;un-dead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt;.

Create Vampires aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] 
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
|History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] 
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>54x0ru46mn8s9ufhzlvp2uzqoyt022w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638261</id>
      <parentid>4638259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:58:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vampires Of The Imagination */ try to make this open section more typical</comment>
      <origin>4638261</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8349" sha1="lr709tdrxashgsjyf0hvre5pxiwwj96" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

&lt;br /&gt;
''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide around literary pitfalls, and as a non-fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!

''Create Vampires'' will view vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers shape believable vampire constructs, or design better vampires.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==

Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the &quot;undead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.

Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;undead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination.

'''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] 
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
|History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] 
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>lr709tdrxashgsjyf0hvre5pxiwwj96</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638262</id>
      <parentid>4638261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T21:03:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rewrite initial blurb</comment>
      <origin>4638262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8263" sha1="no0yl9g6kt63ovcloog4cc5k4138xj0" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to literary pitfalls and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==

Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the &quot;undead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.

Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires &lt;u&gt;of the imagination&lt;/u&gt; must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;undead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination.

'''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] 
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
|History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] 
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638263</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T21:04:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vampires Of The Imagination */ underlines are problematic online</comment>
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      <text bytes="8260" sha1="fc8ar1vec954aatn2tzxp8fjzfwgbia" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}

''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to literary pitfalls and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==

Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the &quot;undead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.

Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massive popular in popular culture, and in literature. 

We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;undead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination.

'''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) -  Google Art Project || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}

This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations (or oddly unique persons):
# vampire-person
# zombie-person
# hungry-ghost-person
# ghost-person
# demon-person

This book, intended as a short guide for people, should focus on why a vampire-person is a original fictional creation. &lt;br /&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers, and questions that challenge our notions.

What type of book can help people became better writers?

A factual book with useful information. &lt;br /&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial, and ''self-study'' course-option is intended, yet if done wrong, results may be an experimental book, in need of improvements and development.

 [Many links ''do not'' direct to electronic pages]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Proper Noun? Should Vampire Be Capitalized?
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
| Tips:
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
| '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] 
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct'''
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
|History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] 
|-
| Popular Culture: Vampires
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| Resource Page: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page &quot;Wikisource.org&quot;]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|}

== Reference ==
{{message box|heading=You should contribute to Wikibooks.|message=Wikibooks is a collection of free textbooks that anyone can edit.}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?
|-
| 1. Vampiro http://www.es.wikipedia.org &quot;Spanish Wikipedia&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/20/2020
|-
| 2. Vampiro https://www.spanishdict.com &quot;Spanishdict&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro&lt;/ref&gt; Date: 2/30/2020
|-
| 3. Vampire https://www.merriam-webster.com &quot;Merrian-Webster&quot; Online Dictionary &lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vampire&lt;/ref&gt;Date: 4/27/2020&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 4. Vampyre &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com&lt;/nowiki&gt; &quot;Urban Dictionary&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Vampyre&lt;/ref&gt; Date: June/23/2011 &lt;br /&gt;
|}

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires
|-
| &quot;The Vampire&quot; is a poem by Rudyard Kipling (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire_(Kipling) &lt;br /&gt;
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Alternative Spelling
|-
| [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vampire &quot;Dictionary.com: vampire&quot;]
|-
| [https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/vampiro &quot;Spanishdict.com: vampire&quot;]
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

Create A Vampire: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Look-Like-a-Vampire&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stereotypes To Avoid:&lt;br /&gt;
Kid Vampires. Creating &lt;u&gt;child-vampire&lt;/u&gt; types.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:es:Vampiro]]

 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Carmilla  &quot;Carmilla by S. L. Fanu&quot;]  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires:
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Vampire wiki:The_Vampire]
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Against vampires:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that belief in vampires resulted from people of pre-industrial societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.
DEATH [[:w:Death]]
&lt;br /&gt;{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
{{Status|25%}}</text>
      <sha1>fc8ar1vec954aatn2tzxp8fjzfwgbia</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Create Vampires</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>415477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638257</id>
      <parentid>4585076</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:41:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Title */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4638257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32814" sha1="2y79hbds8rfvq86s7ewp5f9pe6he98p" xml:space="preserve">Please, do not delete. This may be helpful to other people.
I want to thank JackPotte, who informed me of a deletion [Talk:Create Vampires]. Although I am unsure that by looking for dictionary definitions to better understand strange words, and that by researching the history, or origin, of strange words that redefine people, we are creating a fictional work of Literature. I am as unsure of what defines fiction, as the people at Wikibooks are. I suppose people will not be encouraged to better understand vampires, and similar monsters, from a book called &quot;Create Vampires,&quot; maybe because learning about Writers of Literature who did create vampires is a original idea? Maybe this ideas is intended for people who are willing to read non-fiction about the fictional creations, and monsters, they enjoy when reading fictional books. Maybe historical notes, if discovered, about the creators of vampires in fiction can attract people's interest. I'm sure many people are interested in working together to create Wikibooks [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 16:03, 1 May 2020 (UTC) that are interesting to people. I ask do not delete this message, because we do not want to waste other people's time.

Before I ask for other people to join as contributors, I want to share what I have learned from JackPotte. JackPotte implied that this work: Original works of Fiction and Literature,  ''maybe'' beyond the scope of Wikibooks. I have noted subjects like &quot;creative writing&quot; and &quot;Philosophy&quot; as being suitable subjects for people interested in learning new creative writing techniques, or in learning about Philosophy. I think we must encourage people to seek information about the people who created, and will create vampires.
If a wikibook can be a common guide to people, then we should encourage, educate, and '''believe in people'''!  [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 20:16, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

Facts: This page was not created by accident. This page may need to be listed as a &quot;test&quot; because links do not work [there are no links to other pages].[[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 21:08, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

I hope several people working and editing Wikibooks, and pages, will answer my questions.
I have included a title page, with a outline, and several definitions. This page does not create copyright violations [unless I am mistaken, if so, please inform me of whose copyrights I am violating]. This page is non-Fiction, and due to several popular definitions, this page maybe considered slightly informative. This page has information of use, and does not appear accidental, or humorous [because no jokes are listed on this page]. Please explain why this is a page that should be deleted. I do not understand what this page is lacking, or needs. How many facts must this page have to avoid being deleted? I think it may help other people to know what each Wiki-page needs in order to avoid being &quot;deleted.&quot; 

Fact: We can include articles from Wikipedia as a good informative source about vampires. I request information for myself, and other people, about ways to properly credit / cite Wikipedia.org 

Fact: I am a non-profit writer. My intentions are to work peacefully with a collective, meaning other people, to provide free and useful information about popular subjects and current events. I did suggest people help improve the quality of this article by contributing. I assume this is a website open to non-profit writers, and I assume vampires are a popular topic of interest.
This page needs other contributors in order to improve the book's educational quality. Thanks for agreeing!

I have requested help, information, guides and answers to a few questions that were raised. Thank you. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 21:08, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

== Category? ==

Assuming this project is not deleted, I ask you (people), do we need to list &lt;u&gt;Create Vampires&lt;/u&gt; under a category?
If we should, can we get help with this task before this page gets deleted?

Perhaps: Original Fictional Creations in Literature / Vampires [and similar monsters]…?
Thanks. 22:12, 7 May 2020 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This may be decent.&lt;br&gt;
Category:Book:Guide: Original Fiction Creations: Vampire / ''Logical Fallacy''...? &lt;br&gt;
This excellent idea, borrowed from other writing projects, seems better than my own idea to classify '''Create Vampires''' under &lt;br&gt;
&quot;false realities,&quot; a popular term with fans of The Matrix [film]. Yet, this assumes that people have choices in what reality they have, yet &lt;br&gt;
if we don't create our reality, then individuals have problems in their preception of their reality. &lt;br&gt;
The idea of classifying '''Create Vampires''' as a &lt;u&gt;logical fallacy&lt;/u&gt; seems &lt;u&gt;reasonable&lt;/u&gt;.  &lt;br&gt;
Is this decent?
Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 03:23, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

I'm returning with a new [yet traditional] idea! &lt;br&gt;
Category: Book: Original Fictional Creations In Literature / Vampires [And Similar Monsters] &lt;br&gt;
Shelf: Humanities: Literature / Literary Criticism &lt;br&gt;
Any questions? &lt;br&gt;
Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 08:57, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

Read a wiki Help:Categories article, and now I am not sure...&lt;br&gt;
Maybe Category:Book Title is correct and proper. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 09:35, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
IT IS IMPORTANT to read the information about CATEGORIES!
I have re-arranged the early categories like this:
Category: Book: book title [Create Vampires] and Category: Subject: subject [Original Fictional Creations In Literature]
I'll work on Shelf Info later. 
Any Questions? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 12:55, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

== Yes We Can! ==

'''Thanks to all who have helped so far...''' ['''Create Vampires''' has not yet been deleted!]
&lt;br&gt;
I don't want to take this project too seriously, yet I don't want to waste other people's time. &lt;br&gt;
We can develop a general outline, and slowly cull facts, present our collected resources with illustrations, &lt;br&gt;
share informative tips, factual information, and useful links. We will probably need historical dates, and important quotes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I think we should &lt;u&gt;s-l-o-w-l-y&lt;/u&gt; develop this book.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Will '''Create Vampires''' be a resourceful, and factual &quot;self-help&quot; guide to creating original vampires and similar monsters? &lt;br&gt;
When creating original fictional creations, it helps to stay informed. There is a lot of information about Literature, and there are popular culture &lt;br&gt;
resources that may be of help to general readers.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Will ''Create Vampires'' be better as a good example of '''cultural folklore''', that changes from country to country? This changes the &quot;creative writing&quot; and &quot;original fiction&quot; aspect, moving this topic to a less fictional perspective! [Edited] [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:44, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

I think ''The Vampire Encyclopedia'' may also be a great wikibook for a collective group of people to create. &lt;br&gt;
Although &lt;u&gt;The Vampire Encyclopedia&lt;/u&gt; is already a book, I know books can have similar title, although written by &lt;br&gt;
different people. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I propose a special group write ''The Wiki-Vampire Encyclopedia,'' if '''Create Vampires''' becomes &lt;br&gt; 
less a factual self-help guide to creating original vampires, and more a non-factual wiki-book classified as &quot;creative Fiction,&quot; or &quot;cultural folklore.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 23:17, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

== Introduction: So Fake yet so Original ==

I confess, some person is cyberbullying me, and I have difficulties writing in blogs, and in this case, for a scholastic audience. &lt;br&gt;
For the bold and unafraid book fans, I hope someone will be willing to write a decent introduction.&lt;br&gt;

Because wikibooks can be created by a group, and can be edited by anyone, I propose this type of introduction...&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Original Fictional Creations&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
[Opening] What is Art? What quality makes works of fiction, Language Arts? What is originality? &lt;br&gt;
[Wikipedia's definition for vampire] &quot;A vampire is a creature of folklore...&quot; &lt;br&gt;
[Question] How are vampires different from Ghost? What are other similar monsters? &lt;br&gt;
[Zombies are a great case] &lt;br&gt;
[End of Opening] How are vampires original [we will define original]? &lt;br&gt;
Can modern writers create truly original vampires? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Does this sound lai-ca a good opening? &lt;br&gt;

Thank you for ''Create Vampires''. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 00:45, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

== Wikibook Titles and Links? ==

I feel sorry for myself because I am new, yet I am learning to not expect help, or '''''answers''''' to my questions just because I am new &lt;br&gt;
to the Wikibooks community, and ask questions. I wanted (in good faith) to start a Book: '''Create Vampires,''' I wonder: why do I only have 7 days to finish this book?&lt;br&gt;
How do other people write their Wikibooks in 7 days? &lt;br&gt;
I was told that I had 7 days to improve the opening page, or the book and page would get deleted. Is this the sites policy? &lt;br&gt;
Although this book's title is new, it is not currently a published book. I checked, I googled this. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I do not understand why the Administrator has rejected '''Create Vampires,''' although this book is recomended for a speedy deletion. I can only ask &lt;br&gt;
''why do people want to delete my book'', opening page, and the ''book's title?'' Is it because it is a original title? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Should I create a un-original, general book title? &lt;br&gt; 

Q: I have seen other people's wikibook pages, many links do not direct to other electronic pages. Is this a policy violation? &lt;br&gt;
I have written: Test? [Links do not direct to electronic pages].&lt;br&gt;
Why is this necessary? &lt;br&gt;
Does this message actually help people? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Are there people who can answer my basic questions, questions I have about '''Create Vampires''' continually being nominated for deletion. The first day I created the page, my page was nominated. Should the book be a completed book on the first day? Are most wikibooks completed on the first day?&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why is this speedy writing process not clearly stated?&lt;br&gt; [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 02:24, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

== General: Textbooks ==

I am new to Wikibooks. I have read some policies, and basic introductions to Wikibooks. &lt;br&gt;
My first book proposal: '''Create Vampires''' may be deleted, that is not something I have control over. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I ask for clarity. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why did I only have 7 days to gather people who could help write, edit, and added helpful contributions? &lt;br&gt;
What must a person write a non-profit book in 7 days? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This site should primarily be used for developing textbooks, and text-bookish resources. Why is it this site's policy to delete any text-book &lt;br&gt;
not finished after 7 days? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Does this 7 day deletion policy encourage copyright violations? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;How is it reasonable to develop a textbook, or guide book, in 7 days?&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt;
Is this a normal, or fair policy? &lt;br&gt;
Thanks (no reason). [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

== To Help, Or Not To Help Editors, Writers, Contibutors, and People New To Wikibooks? ==

What happened to the new Introduction?
This page has already had a re-direct moved, and many edits erased / moved. Any reasons?

== Communication Request! ==

There is a administrator who seems interested in developing the educational content, and overall quality of '''Create Vampires'''.&lt;br&gt;
A few problems have occurred, and it seems like other people may not like the title '''Create Vampires'''. &lt;br&gt;
Is a specific title, such as ''The Vampire Encyclopedia'', a better title for Wikibooks? &lt;br&gt;
I have suggested a basic title, ''How To Create Vampires'', because this seems better, yet may be more appropriate for Wikihow. &lt;br&gt;
Suggestions, request, and possible reasons for edits and deletions would be helpful. &lt;br&gt;
Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 18:13, 8 May 2020 (UTC)&lt;br&gt;

== Can we directly quote from other Dictionaries? ==

Hey u'all,
I have a quick question, how much from a Dictionary can people quote within &quot;fair-use&quot; guidelines?
Do we quote the entire entry? Do we quote only the main defining parts?

== Important detail! ==

This is a important discussion topic, because it sets-up a division between people.
Many people consider vampires imaginary creatures, yet other people consider vampires as un-dead people up from their graves.
Both groups use factual information to back their claims. I have noticed the vampires of Eastern European origin as considered by most people as un-dead beings up from their graves.
Latin-Americans see vampires as demonic un-spiritual beings, while many Americans and English speakers consider vampires more works of the imagination.
'''Create Vampires''' considers these distinctions as valid.
Thanks [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 10:11, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

== Why use inter-wiki links? ==

Help u'all,
I have been told by a wiki-program to use inter-wiki links, instead of the URLs to Wikipedia articles. This seems reasonable.
This also seems like a big problem, because it looks like I have created a new page, instead of sharing a information link.
I'm not sure this is a improvement. My pages have deletion problems.
Are there people who use wiki-links who are willing to help? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 10:47, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

== About This Book ==

'''What type of book is this?'''
&lt;br&gt;
This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations [or oddly unique persons]: &lt;br&gt;
1. vampire-person &lt;br&gt;
2. zombie-person &lt;br&gt;
3. hungry ghost-person &lt;br&gt;
4. ghost-person &lt;br&gt;
5. demon-person &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This book will guide people, focusing on why a vampire is a original fictional creation. &lt;br&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Q: What type of book can help people become better writers, and better readers? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A factual book with useful information is better at educating the public than a fictional book, yet &lt;br&gt;
books of fiction have inspirational, or interesting things to say. Fictional characters share memorable &lt;br&gt;
quotes that keep people reading, for this reason, a book with clear, memorable quotes seems better. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial and self-study course-guide seems ideal, or if done wrong, experimental &lt;br&gt;
in need of improvements and special development.

I hope this brief summary helps people. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 13:58, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

== Tracking Recent Changes...opps. ==

If this helps, &lt;br&gt;

link to check recent changes, &lt;br&gt;
[[Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;limit=50&amp;days=7&amp;urlversion=2|wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;limit=50&amp;days=7&amp;urlversion=2 | &quot;Tracking&quot;]]

== Some thoughts ==

I offer a few small remarks.
* It isn't necessary to ''complete'' the book in seven days.
* I'd recommend tweaking the title of the book, in some way; it seems the current title doesn't clearly communicate the book's purpose.  Some thought is warranted on what to call it, of course.  What to choose as a title depends on what purpose is to be communicated, which relates it to my next point, below.
* The main page of the book should state plainly, up-front, what the purpose of the book is.  Right now, the first thing it says is
:: ''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide, and as a non-Fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!
: This statement is short, and friendly, both of which are good, but it doesn't bring out the purpose.  I continue to read down the main page and still don't find an explanation; honestly, I think this purpose (whatever it may be) likely ought to be all over that main page; but it should be both clear from the title of the book and stated plainly in that first sentence.
* Is this book meant to be a guide for writers on how to design vampire characters for fiction writing?  Or have I not quite got that right?
--[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 13:00, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
: {{ping|Peyton09}} :-) --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 13:01, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

Probably &quot;as a guide&quot; to avoid pitfalls, and mis-understandings. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:46, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Greetings Pi zero, I communicated with Justin, a brainy fellow, who influenced my idea, changing my thoughts. I recall deciding to &quot;mend&quot; two different directions the book could go in. The more I think about the book, the less certain I am about the book's structure. The more I learn about Wikibooks, the less certain I am about writing a book, maybe I should write more a collective for people, written and edited by people. The clear ideas I did have, would become less clear and certain when other people write Create Vampires, yet group editing is a basic part of Wikibooks. This process [of editing and discussion] does bring out what is better in people. In a nut shell, I am lost, because I have used my head more. In fact, planning a textbooks is not the same as spending time creatively writing. When writing, we &quot;fly by the seat of our pants,&quot; meaning we sit down, we write. Textbooks must be written by students who have finished a particular course of study. Textbooks deal with known material, therefore, textbooks are planned. Textbooks are certain. Because this process is new, because I am not a student of Create Vampires, nor a Create Ghost student, I do not already know the path, I can't share the path because I myself do not know. I think I need to wait, and think about this as a guide. I may need to visit another project. Thanks for asking. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:38, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

About your suggestions Pi zero, keeping the title &quot;Create Vampires&quot; gives us a bigger scope, I personally want to write about avoiding certain pitfalls and common mis-notions, other people may write about style, subtle changes in word usage, or spelling, that can shift focus (is this a book about inner struggles, or a tale reflecting problems other people have regarding death? Does a change in spelling, or setting [underground vs. above] alter the intent, indicating that a new interpretation will be needed? This is style, yet where does style and design fit? How to &quot;design vampires&quot; for fictional settings would help new writers, and people who read occult-ish books. This is why I hope we introduce fictional types, list general commonalities such as feeding, ability, personality traits...ect. I hope this title Create Vampires, allows a greater area to become less uncertain, more known. Thanks for asking a good question Pi zero. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:58, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

One more suggestion, I do not approve of the occult, because people in cults are dangerous non-conformist who often act atypical, less normal, and attract cult members because they seem fascinating, magical or amazing. I suggest we approach a EVOLVING TEXTBOOK ABOUT THE CREATIVE WRITING PROCESS like the YIN and YANG, some parts of the subject must stay in the dark [like a dream], while other parts can be shared in the light of day, may be historic, know and understood [like waking-life]. We can also think of this EVOLVING TEXTBOOK in terms of computer programming, where some source codes must remain hidden, thus protected, while other parts are known, copied, shared, useful, explained, expanded and fixable. I hope this helps. I do value my dreams, I do value Sai-Co-Lo-Gy, and slowly uncovering what is often hidden in the dark, yet I warn people, because drugs, cults and negative developments in fiction can become dangerous, we must stay mindful, open, educated, and discuss our concerns as we develop entertaining stories or works of Art. There should be a balancing aspect. Thanks, all who hope to help people everywhere learn, keeping a attentive, mindful attitude. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 20:19, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

== Perhaps: Original Fictional Creations in Literature / Vampires [and similar monsters]…? Thanks. 22:12, 7 May 2020 (UTC)  ==

I think the original idea, suggested for a ''general'' classification, ''is a better title'', and may attract contributors, people who can share interesting stories about original, fictional creations in literature. 
People may want to share their favorite original fictional creations with other people, this activity may seem better than editing a guide to &quot;creative writing,&quot; a helpful textbook of terms and historic material, with general warning pages because monsters are a dangerous subject, and zombies, vampires, and the &quot;un-dead,&quot; is not ''altogether fictional''.  Although, I have not given-up on the first idea, inspired by Google and Wiki-how instructional wikies. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 21:06, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
: {{ping|Peyton09}} To be clear, Wikibooks does not host original research.  It isn't within our scope to provide a place for people to share original fictional creations. {{pbri}} It's important to have a limited scope for a well-defined book that people can know how to contribute to.  You are quite right that books are hard to write; you not only have to work out how to organize a book, but you need to clarify what goes where, and how someone who wants to contribute knows what to do.  I think it's great you have an idea, and I encourage you to think about it, don't get scared off by the difficulty but give it some thought and see what you can come up with.  I certainly don't want to discourage you; but it wouldn't be helpful to pretend this isn't challenging, either.  To offer some inspiration: I've worked on a couple of wikibooks myself ('''''[[Conlang]]''''' and '''''{{nowrap|[[Wikijunior:World Religions]]}}'''''), and the most important work I've done on each of those books has been in trying to improve and clarify its organization.  I found the world-religions book particularly rewarding in that regard.  There had been several attempts over the years at a Wikijunior book on religions, but each of them had fizzled for one reason or another; and the most nearly-successful of those had been a bust because each chapter, about a particular religion, was asked to use a standard outline to answer a set of basic questions about the religion, but unfortunately the standard questions had been chosen with the best of intentions but with insufficient knowledge of religions outside the Judaic/Christian/Muslim tradition, so that users trying to write chapters about any other religion were unable to move forward.  I revised the set of standard questions, and as an extreme test of the new set of questions I started and extensively developed a chapter on atheism (if the question-set can handle that it should be able to handle about anything, right?).  Once the new set of questions was in place, I won't say the book has been hugely active, but it's definitely been more active than it had been for years with the previous set of questions. --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 21:54, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

The foundation for most morals and ethics can be found in Judeo-Christian texts, yet basic reciprocal ethics, as taught by &lt;u&gt;the Golden Rule&lt;/u&gt;, can be found in almost all of the worlds religions, most of humanities [all people] formal religious belief systems. People can not understand our mating norms [and rules], society, or development of city, then states [perhaps nations] without practicing ethics, mainly reciprocal ethics. People who create social groups soon discover a need for fair, reasonable &quot;norms&quot; and behaviors. People next start building ethics. Ethical conduct, laws and ethics, understanding and learning basic ethics, human behavior, growth, and human rights...ect. I'm sure grouping religions under ethic guides [spiritual Teachers] will help clarify why people share with similar people their religious ideas. Yet if most religions have similar ethical foundations, then how are they different? Well, from my limited understanding, each group of people, living in different parts of the world, have different challenges, this combination of family descent, and environment, gives a distinct &quot;ethnicity&quot; to each group, create a special grouping unity around the common core beliefs and expected ethical conduct. I hope this helps you. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 17:49, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Why create vampires? ==

Should writers be encouraged to create vampires?
I am certain that a &quot;un-dead&quot; animated corpse can never be a good characters, never a hero. People should read classic literature about heroic characters in opposition to other people, or unusual forces [of nature]. The problem, I soon discovered in my personal writings, was that negative characters, meaning a dead corpse, or a demon with super-powers, are certainly perceived as examples of writers developing negative characters, characters that do not get better. This is common sense, and such judgements are reasonable. I do not think we should encourage people to develop negative characters, so a question that is raised is: why create vampire stories? Vampires are becoming popular subjects. Vampires are currently popular in works of fiction. I hope we can create a guide / text-book for new writers, and people in general interested in creating &quot;monsters,&quot; or in reading more about &quot;monsters,&quot; yet I am uncertain about the reasons many people created vampire stories. Many modern day vampire tales are not horrific, many tales written by women seem dark and romantic, even ironic while being sexual. Is this the purpose? Do women write stories with a vampire hero as a ironic, sexual and humorous gesture?
When people wrote stories about vampires, they wrote horror stories about vampire-people, people often buried alive. People mistaken for &quot;vampires.&quot; These stories, reflective of their horrors, and the medical darkness of their time, expressed fears, gave warnings, panic'd people and attracted Scientist critical of the walking &quot;un-dead.&quot; Are there other functions for starting vampire tales?
Please, share your opinions or ideas. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 12:27, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
: Keep in mind, ''original research'' is not allowed on Wikibooks.  One has to be careful of this line.  It is fine to try a new, innovative way of teaching certain material, but the material being taught must not itself be new/innovative/experimental. {{pbri}} I feel the book still needs top-level definition; but, I don't understand the objectives of the book myself, well enough to try to improve it myself.  Which is itself an example of the problem: as long as it remains unclear what the purpose of the book is, nobody but you can really contribute to it. --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 13:36, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Should I link a Twilight Wikibook's page? ==

Hey all, I am uncertain about the importance of this: (broken link: ...wiki/How_to_Read_Young_Adult_Literature_Like_a_Young_Adult_Writer/Twilight...).
Although two subjects: &lt;u&gt;young adult readers&lt;/u&gt; and &lt;u&gt;vampire-romance genre&lt;/u&gt; is important, I'm not sure if this wikibook page is important. In general, is this page's information helpful to most people?
People, let me know your thoughts by leaving a comment, or suggestion. Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 17:33, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== &quot;Name-character Tags,&quot; Shady Fictional Devices? ==

Character Tags in Fiction? I don't see a lot on this technique. The best way I can describe this technique, used by several writers, is to create a &quot;name tag&quot; for the flat character, that sums up his expected behavior during a particular stage of growth. For example, Peter Petus would probably be a young adolescent displaying normal male behavior, behavior that is immature. &lt;br&gt;
Some people give their children &quot;nicknames&quot; that they hope they will grow out of, after they settle and act like mature adults. 
&lt;br&gt;
For example: Pete maybe be short for Peter, which may be a short name for Patrick. If the concept of &quot;name tags,&quot; or &quot;character tags&quot; holds true, the character will likely answer to his developed name, responding not to Pete, but tu Patrick, as the character develops [if characters develop in ways similar tu how people develop].
This seems &quot;shady.&quot; Should we mention &quot;name tags&quot; or &quot;name-character tags?&quot; Should we avoid this because it seems &quot;shady&quot; and may best be kept a secret?
[[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 18:30, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Advice about &quot;character-tags&quot; from &quot;Daily Writing Tips.com&quot;  ==

What is a character tag?
According to writer Maeve Maddox, &quot;...a character tag is a repetitive verbal device used to identify a character in the mind of the reader.&quot;
 
link: www.dailywritingtips.com/character-tags-in-fiction
I hope people can use this information. Was this difficult? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 18:52, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Create Vampires: From Information to Application? ==

What if we taught students, and Wikibook readers a writing technique, or a writing device, &quot;name-character-tag&quot; that often gets out of hand, because students could generate thousands [of mostly humorous] false names? What if we advised readers to take this device seriously, asking students tu create various &quot;name-character-tags,&quot; then ask people to narrow their list of made-up names to around 10-12 examples, each uniquely original, with a hint suggesting their character's character type [such as hero, villain, novice, or beginner, Wizard, or wiz-Tech...ect.]. Would the information presented about a writing device in Fiction, be correctly applied tu improve the student's writing skills? Do other people want to share helpful suggestions? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:05, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Create Character? ==

I'm asking u'all, people, should we add this sectionof Wikibook pages:
&lt;br&gt;
[[Character_Creation | &quot;Character Creation&quot;]]
&lt;br&gt;
to a section near the reference section, classifying this as a  &lt;u&gt;General Introduction&lt;/u&gt;?
Any objections...? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:27, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Title ==

I'm glad this book exists, and I find the title confusing. Q: {{tq|Should I create a un-original, general book title?}} A: Yes, probably.

Suggestions:

* About Vampires
* All About Vampires
* Writing Authentic Vampires
* Exploring Vampire Folklore
* Vampire Lore
[[User:Jerimee|Jerimee]] ([[User talk:Jerimee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jerimee|contribs]]) 20:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2y79hbds8rfvq86s7ewp5f9pe6he98p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638260</id>
      <parentid>4638257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:54:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Title */</comment>
      <origin>4638260</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32943" sha1="7sdmrjhh4dkaqzqdymntblah6mrkcne" xml:space="preserve">Please, do not delete. This may be helpful to other people.
I want to thank JackPotte, who informed me of a deletion [Talk:Create Vampires]. Although I am unsure that by looking for dictionary definitions to better understand strange words, and that by researching the history, or origin, of strange words that redefine people, we are creating a fictional work of Literature. I am as unsure of what defines fiction, as the people at Wikibooks are. I suppose people will not be encouraged to better understand vampires, and similar monsters, from a book called &quot;Create Vampires,&quot; maybe because learning about Writers of Literature who did create vampires is a original idea? Maybe this ideas is intended for people who are willing to read non-fiction about the fictional creations, and monsters, they enjoy when reading fictional books. Maybe historical notes, if discovered, about the creators of vampires in fiction can attract people's interest. I'm sure many people are interested in working together to create Wikibooks [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 16:03, 1 May 2020 (UTC) that are interesting to people. I ask do not delete this message, because we do not want to waste other people's time.

Before I ask for other people to join as contributors, I want to share what I have learned from JackPotte. JackPotte implied that this work: Original works of Fiction and Literature,  ''maybe'' beyond the scope of Wikibooks. I have noted subjects like &quot;creative writing&quot; and &quot;Philosophy&quot; as being suitable subjects for people interested in learning new creative writing techniques, or in learning about Philosophy. I think we must encourage people to seek information about the people who created, and will create vampires.
If a wikibook can be a common guide to people, then we should encourage, educate, and '''believe in people'''!  [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 20:16, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

Facts: This page was not created by accident. This page may need to be listed as a &quot;test&quot; because links do not work [there are no links to other pages].[[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 21:08, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

I hope several people working and editing Wikibooks, and pages, will answer my questions.
I have included a title page, with a outline, and several definitions. This page does not create copyright violations [unless I am mistaken, if so, please inform me of whose copyrights I am violating]. This page is non-Fiction, and due to several popular definitions, this page maybe considered slightly informative. This page has information of use, and does not appear accidental, or humorous [because no jokes are listed on this page]. Please explain why this is a page that should be deleted. I do not understand what this page is lacking, or needs. How many facts must this page have to avoid being deleted? I think it may help other people to know what each Wiki-page needs in order to avoid being &quot;deleted.&quot; 

Fact: We can include articles from Wikipedia as a good informative source about vampires. I request information for myself, and other people, about ways to properly credit / cite Wikipedia.org 

Fact: I am a non-profit writer. My intentions are to work peacefully with a collective, meaning other people, to provide free and useful information about popular subjects and current events. I did suggest people help improve the quality of this article by contributing. I assume this is a website open to non-profit writers, and I assume vampires are a popular topic of interest.
This page needs other contributors in order to improve the book's educational quality. Thanks for agreeing!

I have requested help, information, guides and answers to a few questions that were raised. Thank you. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 21:08, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

== Category? ==

Assuming this project is not deleted, I ask you (people), do we need to list &lt;u&gt;Create Vampires&lt;/u&gt; under a category?
If we should, can we get help with this task before this page gets deleted?

Perhaps: Original Fictional Creations in Literature / Vampires [and similar monsters]…?
Thanks. 22:12, 7 May 2020 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This may be decent.&lt;br&gt;
Category:Book:Guide: Original Fiction Creations: Vampire / ''Logical Fallacy''...? &lt;br&gt;
This excellent idea, borrowed from other writing projects, seems better than my own idea to classify '''Create Vampires''' under &lt;br&gt;
&quot;false realities,&quot; a popular term with fans of The Matrix [film]. Yet, this assumes that people have choices in what reality they have, yet &lt;br&gt;
if we don't create our reality, then individuals have problems in their preception of their reality. &lt;br&gt;
The idea of classifying '''Create Vampires''' as a &lt;u&gt;logical fallacy&lt;/u&gt; seems &lt;u&gt;reasonable&lt;/u&gt;.  &lt;br&gt;
Is this decent?
Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 03:23, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

I'm returning with a new [yet traditional] idea! &lt;br&gt;
Category: Book: Original Fictional Creations In Literature / Vampires [And Similar Monsters] &lt;br&gt;
Shelf: Humanities: Literature / Literary Criticism &lt;br&gt;
Any questions? &lt;br&gt;
Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 08:57, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

Read a wiki Help:Categories article, and now I am not sure...&lt;br&gt;
Maybe Category:Book Title is correct and proper. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 09:35, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
IT IS IMPORTANT to read the information about CATEGORIES!
I have re-arranged the early categories like this:
Category: Book: book title [Create Vampires] and Category: Subject: subject [Original Fictional Creations In Literature]
I'll work on Shelf Info later. 
Any Questions? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 12:55, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

== Yes We Can! ==

'''Thanks to all who have helped so far...''' ['''Create Vampires''' has not yet been deleted!]
&lt;br&gt;
I don't want to take this project too seriously, yet I don't want to waste other people's time. &lt;br&gt;
We can develop a general outline, and slowly cull facts, present our collected resources with illustrations, &lt;br&gt;
share informative tips, factual information, and useful links. We will probably need historical dates, and important quotes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I think we should &lt;u&gt;s-l-o-w-l-y&lt;/u&gt; develop this book.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Will '''Create Vampires''' be a resourceful, and factual &quot;self-help&quot; guide to creating original vampires and similar monsters? &lt;br&gt;
When creating original fictional creations, it helps to stay informed. There is a lot of information about Literature, and there are popular culture &lt;br&gt;
resources that may be of help to general readers.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Will ''Create Vampires'' be better as a good example of '''cultural folklore''', that changes from country to country? This changes the &quot;creative writing&quot; and &quot;original fiction&quot; aspect, moving this topic to a less fictional perspective! [Edited] [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:44, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

I think ''The Vampire Encyclopedia'' may also be a great wikibook for a collective group of people to create. &lt;br&gt;
Although &lt;u&gt;The Vampire Encyclopedia&lt;/u&gt; is already a book, I know books can have similar title, although written by &lt;br&gt;
different people. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I propose a special group write ''The Wiki-Vampire Encyclopedia,'' if '''Create Vampires''' becomes &lt;br&gt; 
less a factual self-help guide to creating original vampires, and more a non-factual wiki-book classified as &quot;creative Fiction,&quot; or &quot;cultural folklore.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 23:17, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

== Introduction: So Fake yet so Original ==

I confess, some person is cyberbullying me, and I have difficulties writing in blogs, and in this case, for a scholastic audience. &lt;br&gt;
For the bold and unafraid book fans, I hope someone will be willing to write a decent introduction.&lt;br&gt;

Because wikibooks can be created by a group, and can be edited by anyone, I propose this type of introduction...&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Original Fictional Creations&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
[Opening] What is Art? What quality makes works of fiction, Language Arts? What is originality? &lt;br&gt;
[Wikipedia's definition for vampire] &quot;A vampire is a creature of folklore...&quot; &lt;br&gt;
[Question] How are vampires different from Ghost? What are other similar monsters? &lt;br&gt;
[Zombies are a great case] &lt;br&gt;
[End of Opening] How are vampires original [we will define original]? &lt;br&gt;
Can modern writers create truly original vampires? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Does this sound lai-ca a good opening? &lt;br&gt;

Thank you for ''Create Vampires''. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 00:45, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

== Wikibook Titles and Links? ==

I feel sorry for myself because I am new, yet I am learning to not expect help, or '''''answers''''' to my questions just because I am new &lt;br&gt;
to the Wikibooks community, and ask questions. I wanted (in good faith) to start a Book: '''Create Vampires,''' I wonder: why do I only have 7 days to finish this book?&lt;br&gt;
How do other people write their Wikibooks in 7 days? &lt;br&gt;
I was told that I had 7 days to improve the opening page, or the book and page would get deleted. Is this the sites policy? &lt;br&gt;
Although this book's title is new, it is not currently a published book. I checked, I googled this. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I do not understand why the Administrator has rejected '''Create Vampires,''' although this book is recomended for a speedy deletion. I can only ask &lt;br&gt;
''why do people want to delete my book'', opening page, and the ''book's title?'' Is it because it is a original title? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Should I create a un-original, general book title? &lt;br&gt; 

Q: I have seen other people's wikibook pages, many links do not direct to other electronic pages. Is this a policy violation? &lt;br&gt;
I have written: Test? [Links do not direct to electronic pages].&lt;br&gt;
Why is this necessary? &lt;br&gt;
Does this message actually help people? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Are there people who can answer my basic questions, questions I have about '''Create Vampires''' continually being nominated for deletion. The first day I created the page, my page was nominated. Should the book be a completed book on the first day? Are most wikibooks completed on the first day?&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why is this speedy writing process not clearly stated?&lt;br&gt; [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 02:24, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

== General: Textbooks ==

I am new to Wikibooks. I have read some policies, and basic introductions to Wikibooks. &lt;br&gt;
My first book proposal: '''Create Vampires''' may be deleted, that is not something I have control over. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I ask for clarity. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Why did I only have 7 days to gather people who could help write, edit, and added helpful contributions? &lt;br&gt;
What must a person write a non-profit book in 7 days? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This site should primarily be used for developing textbooks, and text-bookish resources. Why is it this site's policy to delete any text-book &lt;br&gt;
not finished after 7 days? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Does this 7 day deletion policy encourage copyright violations? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;How is it reasonable to develop a textbook, or guide book, in 7 days?&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt;
Is this a normal, or fair policy? &lt;br&gt;
Thanks (no reason). [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

== To Help, Or Not To Help Editors, Writers, Contibutors, and People New To Wikibooks? ==

What happened to the new Introduction?
This page has already had a re-direct moved, and many edits erased / moved. Any reasons?

== Communication Request! ==

There is a administrator who seems interested in developing the educational content, and overall quality of '''Create Vampires'''.&lt;br&gt;
A few problems have occurred, and it seems like other people may not like the title '''Create Vampires'''. &lt;br&gt;
Is a specific title, such as ''The Vampire Encyclopedia'', a better title for Wikibooks? &lt;br&gt;
I have suggested a basic title, ''How To Create Vampires'', because this seems better, yet may be more appropriate for Wikihow. &lt;br&gt;
Suggestions, request, and possible reasons for edits and deletions would be helpful. &lt;br&gt;
Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 18:13, 8 May 2020 (UTC)&lt;br&gt;

== Can we directly quote from other Dictionaries? ==

Hey u'all,
I have a quick question, how much from a Dictionary can people quote within &quot;fair-use&quot; guidelines?
Do we quote the entire entry? Do we quote only the main defining parts?

== Important detail! ==

This is a important discussion topic, because it sets-up a division between people.
Many people consider vampires imaginary creatures, yet other people consider vampires as un-dead people up from their graves.
Both groups use factual information to back their claims. I have noticed the vampires of Eastern European origin as considered by most people as un-dead beings up from their graves.
Latin-Americans see vampires as demonic un-spiritual beings, while many Americans and English speakers consider vampires more works of the imagination.
'''Create Vampires''' considers these distinctions as valid.
Thanks [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 10:11, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

== Why use inter-wiki links? ==

Help u'all,
I have been told by a wiki-program to use inter-wiki links, instead of the URLs to Wikipedia articles. This seems reasonable.
This also seems like a big problem, because it looks like I have created a new page, instead of sharing a information link.
I'm not sure this is a improvement. My pages have deletion problems.
Are there people who use wiki-links who are willing to help? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 10:47, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

== About This Book ==

'''What type of book is this?'''
&lt;br&gt;
This book will introduce 5 &quot;original&quot; fictional creations [or oddly unique persons]: &lt;br&gt;
1. vampire-person &lt;br&gt;
2. zombie-person &lt;br&gt;
3. hungry ghost-person &lt;br&gt;
4. ghost-person &lt;br&gt;
5. demon-person &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This book will guide people, focusing on why a vampire is a original fictional creation. &lt;br&gt;
We hope this book will include tips that will help writers. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Q: What type of book can help people become better writers, and better readers? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A factual book with useful information is better at educating the public than a fictional book, yet &lt;br&gt;
books of fiction have inspirational, or interesting things to say. Fictional characters share memorable &lt;br&gt;
quotes that keep people reading, for this reason, a book with clear, memorable quotes seems better. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A combination text-book, tutorial and self-study course-guide seems ideal, or if done wrong, experimental &lt;br&gt;
in need of improvements and special development.

I hope this brief summary helps people. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 13:58, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

== Tracking Recent Changes...opps. ==

If this helps, &lt;br&gt;

link to check recent changes, &lt;br&gt;
[[Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;limit=50&amp;days=7&amp;urlversion=2|wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;limit=50&amp;days=7&amp;urlversion=2 | &quot;Tracking&quot;]]

== Some thoughts ==

I offer a few small remarks.
* It isn't necessary to ''complete'' the book in seven days.
* I'd recommend tweaking the title of the book, in some way; it seems the current title doesn't clearly communicate the book's purpose.  Some thought is warranted on what to call it, of course.  What to choose as a title depends on what purpose is to be communicated, which relates it to my next point, below.
* The main page of the book should state plainly, up-front, what the purpose of the book is.  Right now, the first thing it says is
:: ''Create Vampires'' is a book, intended as a guide, and as a non-Fictional resource written for readers fascinated by vampires and similar monsters!
: This statement is short, and friendly, both of which are good, but it doesn't bring out the purpose.  I continue to read down the main page and still don't find an explanation; honestly, I think this purpose (whatever it may be) likely ought to be all over that main page; but it should be both clear from the title of the book and stated plainly in that first sentence.
* Is this book meant to be a guide for writers on how to design vampire characters for fiction writing?  Or have I not quite got that right?
--[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 13:00, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
: {{ping|Peyton09}} :-) --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 13:01, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

Probably &quot;as a guide&quot; to avoid pitfalls, and mis-understandings. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:46, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Greetings Pi zero, I communicated with Justin, a brainy fellow, who influenced my idea, changing my thoughts. I recall deciding to &quot;mend&quot; two different directions the book could go in. The more I think about the book, the less certain I am about the book's structure. The more I learn about Wikibooks, the less certain I am about writing a book, maybe I should write more a collective for people, written and edited by people. The clear ideas I did have, would become less clear and certain when other people write Create Vampires, yet group editing is a basic part of Wikibooks. This process [of editing and discussion] does bring out what is better in people. In a nut shell, I am lost, because I have used my head more. In fact, planning a textbooks is not the same as spending time creatively writing. When writing, we &quot;fly by the seat of our pants,&quot; meaning we sit down, we write. Textbooks must be written by students who have finished a particular course of study. Textbooks deal with known material, therefore, textbooks are planned. Textbooks are certain. Because this process is new, because I am not a student of Create Vampires, nor a Create Ghost student, I do not already know the path, I can't share the path because I myself do not know. I think I need to wait, and think about this as a guide. I may need to visit another project. Thanks for asking. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:38, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

About your suggestions Pi zero, keeping the title &quot;Create Vampires&quot; gives us a bigger scope, I personally want to write about avoiding certain pitfalls and common mis-notions, other people may write about style, subtle changes in word usage, or spelling, that can shift focus (is this a book about inner struggles, or a tale reflecting problems other people have regarding death? Does a change in spelling, or setting [underground vs. above] alter the intent, indicating that a new interpretation will be needed? This is style, yet where does style and design fit? How to &quot;design vampires&quot; for fictional settings would help new writers, and people who read occult-ish books. This is why I hope we introduce fictional types, list general commonalities such as feeding, ability, personality traits...ect. I hope this title Create Vampires, allows a greater area to become less uncertain, more known. Thanks for asking a good question Pi zero. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:58, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

One more suggestion, I do not approve of the occult, because people in cults are dangerous non-conformist who often act atypical, less normal, and attract cult members because they seem fascinating, magical or amazing. I suggest we approach a EVOLVING TEXTBOOK ABOUT THE CREATIVE WRITING PROCESS like the YIN and YANG, some parts of the subject must stay in the dark [like a dream], while other parts can be shared in the light of day, may be historic, know and understood [like waking-life]. We can also think of this EVOLVING TEXTBOOK in terms of computer programming, where some source codes must remain hidden, thus protected, while other parts are known, copied, shared, useful, explained, expanded and fixable. I hope this helps. I do value my dreams, I do value Sai-Co-Lo-Gy, and slowly uncovering what is often hidden in the dark, yet I warn people, because drugs, cults and negative developments in fiction can become dangerous, we must stay mindful, open, educated, and discuss our concerns as we develop entertaining stories or works of Art. There should be a balancing aspect. Thanks, all who hope to help people everywhere learn, keeping a attentive, mindful attitude. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 20:19, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

== Perhaps: Original Fictional Creations in Literature / Vampires [and similar monsters]…? Thanks. 22:12, 7 May 2020 (UTC)  ==

I think the original idea, suggested for a ''general'' classification, ''is a better title'', and may attract contributors, people who can share interesting stories about original, fictional creations in literature. 
People may want to share their favorite original fictional creations with other people, this activity may seem better than editing a guide to &quot;creative writing,&quot; a helpful textbook of terms and historic material, with general warning pages because monsters are a dangerous subject, and zombies, vampires, and the &quot;un-dead,&quot; is not ''altogether fictional''.  Although, I have not given-up on the first idea, inspired by Google and Wiki-how instructional wikies. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 21:06, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
: {{ping|Peyton09}} To be clear, Wikibooks does not host original research.  It isn't within our scope to provide a place for people to share original fictional creations. {{pbri}} It's important to have a limited scope for a well-defined book that people can know how to contribute to.  You are quite right that books are hard to write; you not only have to work out how to organize a book, but you need to clarify what goes where, and how someone who wants to contribute knows what to do.  I think it's great you have an idea, and I encourage you to think about it, don't get scared off by the difficulty but give it some thought and see what you can come up with.  I certainly don't want to discourage you; but it wouldn't be helpful to pretend this isn't challenging, either.  To offer some inspiration: I've worked on a couple of wikibooks myself ('''''[[Conlang]]''''' and '''''{{nowrap|[[Wikijunior:World Religions]]}}'''''), and the most important work I've done on each of those books has been in trying to improve and clarify its organization.  I found the world-religions book particularly rewarding in that regard.  There had been several attempts over the years at a Wikijunior book on religions, but each of them had fizzled for one reason or another; and the most nearly-successful of those had been a bust because each chapter, about a particular religion, was asked to use a standard outline to answer a set of basic questions about the religion, but unfortunately the standard questions had been chosen with the best of intentions but with insufficient knowledge of religions outside the Judaic/Christian/Muslim tradition, so that users trying to write chapters about any other religion were unable to move forward.  I revised the set of standard questions, and as an extreme test of the new set of questions I started and extensively developed a chapter on atheism (if the question-set can handle that it should be able to handle about anything, right?).  Once the new set of questions was in place, I won't say the book has been hugely active, but it's definitely been more active than it had been for years with the previous set of questions. --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 21:54, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

The foundation for most morals and ethics can be found in Judeo-Christian texts, yet basic reciprocal ethics, as taught by &lt;u&gt;the Golden Rule&lt;/u&gt;, can be found in almost all of the worlds religions, most of humanities [all people] formal religious belief systems. People can not understand our mating norms [and rules], society, or development of city, then states [perhaps nations] without practicing ethics, mainly reciprocal ethics. People who create social groups soon discover a need for fair, reasonable &quot;norms&quot; and behaviors. People next start building ethics. Ethical conduct, laws and ethics, understanding and learning basic ethics, human behavior, growth, and human rights...ect. I'm sure grouping religions under ethic guides [spiritual Teachers] will help clarify why people share with similar people their religious ideas. Yet if most religions have similar ethical foundations, then how are they different? Well, from my limited understanding, each group of people, living in different parts of the world, have different challenges, this combination of family descent, and environment, gives a distinct &quot;ethnicity&quot; to each group, create a special grouping unity around the common core beliefs and expected ethical conduct. I hope this helps you. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 17:49, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Why create vampires? ==

Should writers be encouraged to create vampires?
I am certain that a &quot;un-dead&quot; animated corpse can never be a good characters, never a hero. People should read classic literature about heroic characters in opposition to other people, or unusual forces [of nature]. The problem, I soon discovered in my personal writings, was that negative characters, meaning a dead corpse, or a demon with super-powers, are certainly perceived as examples of writers developing negative characters, characters that do not get better. This is common sense, and such judgements are reasonable. I do not think we should encourage people to develop negative characters, so a question that is raised is: why create vampire stories? Vampires are becoming popular subjects. Vampires are currently popular in works of fiction. I hope we can create a guide / text-book for new writers, and people in general interested in creating &quot;monsters,&quot; or in reading more about &quot;monsters,&quot; yet I am uncertain about the reasons many people created vampire stories. Many modern day vampire tales are not horrific, many tales written by women seem dark and romantic, even ironic while being sexual. Is this the purpose? Do women write stories with a vampire hero as a ironic, sexual and humorous gesture?
When people wrote stories about vampires, they wrote horror stories about vampire-people, people often buried alive. People mistaken for &quot;vampires.&quot; These stories, reflective of their horrors, and the medical darkness of their time, expressed fears, gave warnings, panic'd people and attracted Scientist critical of the walking &quot;un-dead.&quot; Are there other functions for starting vampire tales?
Please, share your opinions or ideas. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 12:27, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
: Keep in mind, ''original research'' is not allowed on Wikibooks.  One has to be careful of this line.  It is fine to try a new, innovative way of teaching certain material, but the material being taught must not itself be new/innovative/experimental. {{pbri}} I feel the book still needs top-level definition; but, I don't understand the objectives of the book myself, well enough to try to improve it myself.  Which is itself an example of the problem: as long as it remains unclear what the purpose of the book is, nobody but you can really contribute to it. --[[User:Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|contribs]]) 13:36, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Should I link a Twilight Wikibook's page? ==

Hey all, I am uncertain about the importance of this: (broken link: ...wiki/How_to_Read_Young_Adult_Literature_Like_a_Young_Adult_Writer/Twilight...).
Although two subjects: &lt;u&gt;young adult readers&lt;/u&gt; and &lt;u&gt;vampire-romance genre&lt;/u&gt; is important, I'm not sure if this wikibook page is important. In general, is this page's information helpful to most people?
People, let me know your thoughts by leaving a comment, or suggestion. Thanks. [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 17:33, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== &quot;Name-character Tags,&quot; Shady Fictional Devices? ==

Character Tags in Fiction? I don't see a lot on this technique. The best way I can describe this technique, used by several writers, is to create a &quot;name tag&quot; for the flat character, that sums up his expected behavior during a particular stage of growth. For example, Peter Petus would probably be a young adolescent displaying normal male behavior, behavior that is immature. &lt;br&gt;
Some people give their children &quot;nicknames&quot; that they hope they will grow out of, after they settle and act like mature adults. 
&lt;br&gt;
For example: Pete maybe be short for Peter, which may be a short name for Patrick. If the concept of &quot;name tags,&quot; or &quot;character tags&quot; holds true, the character will likely answer to his developed name, responding not to Pete, but tu Patrick, as the character develops [if characters develop in ways similar tu how people develop].
This seems &quot;shady.&quot; Should we mention &quot;name tags&quot; or &quot;name-character tags?&quot; Should we avoid this because it seems &quot;shady&quot; and may best be kept a secret?
[[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 18:30, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Advice about &quot;character-tags&quot; from &quot;Daily Writing Tips.com&quot;  ==

What is a character tag?
According to writer Maeve Maddox, &quot;...a character tag is a repetitive verbal device used to identify a character in the mind of the reader.&quot;
 
link: www.dailywritingtips.com/character-tags-in-fiction
I hope people can use this information. Was this difficult? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 18:52, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Create Vampires: From Information to Application? ==

What if we taught students, and Wikibook readers a writing technique, or a writing device, &quot;name-character-tag&quot; that often gets out of hand, because students could generate thousands [of mostly humorous] false names? What if we advised readers to take this device seriously, asking students tu create various &quot;name-character-tags,&quot; then ask people to narrow their list of made-up names to around 10-12 examples, each uniquely original, with a hint suggesting their character's character type [such as hero, villain, novice, or beginner, Wizard, or wiz-Tech...ect.]. Would the information presented about a writing device in Fiction, be correctly applied tu improve the student's writing skills? Do other people want to share helpful suggestions? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:05, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Create Character? ==

I'm asking u'all, people, should we add this sectionof Wikibook pages:
&lt;br&gt;
[[Character_Creation | &quot;Character Creation&quot;]]
&lt;br&gt;
to a section near the reference section, classifying this as a  &lt;u&gt;General Introduction&lt;/u&gt;?
Any objections...? [[User:Peyton09|Peyton09]] ([[User talk:Peyton09|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Peyton09|contribs]]) 19:27, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

== Title ==

I'm glad this book exists, and I find the title confusing. Q: {{tq|Should I create a un-original, general book title?}} A: Yes, probably.

Suggestions:

* About Vampires
* All About Vampires
* Writing Authentic Vampires
* Writing About Vampires
* Writing Vampires (though this maybe be just as confusing as ''Create Vampires'')
* Exploring Vampire Folklore
* Vampire Lore
* Wikibooks Vampires
[[User:Jerimee|Jerimee]] ([[User talk:Jerimee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jerimee|contribs]]) 20:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Talk:Mirad Grammar</title>
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This wikibook is amazing. Mirad has an interesting grammar and is fun to translate into. It is shame that there is no community or subreddit.
[[User:Bmckeen|Bmckeen]] ([[User talk:Bmckeen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bmckeen|contribs]]) 21:27, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

:Thanks for the positive comments.  How would I go about starting a subreddit? [[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]] ([[User talk:Tyoyafud|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tyoyafud|contribs]]) [[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]] ([[User talk:Tyoyafud|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tyoyafud|contribs]]) 16:18, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
::@[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]] hello! This [https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/how-to-create-your-own-subreddit/ link] should help you! I also suggest for you to create a course on [https://www.memrise.com/ Memrise]. The ''comprehensible input'' hypothesis may work with a priori languages like Mirad? I was wondering if the language may spread with some fun way to learn it. If you know Portuguese, the translation of some of the [https://homemgrilo.com/ Homem-Grilo] comics (CC BY-SA 4.0) may be interesting. Sad that the [https://mirad.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page Mirad Wiki] may be lost soon...  [[User:Erick Soares3|Erick Soares3]] ([[User talk:Erick Soares3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Erick Soares3|contribs]]) 12:17, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

== Is there anyone out there who is still interested in Mirad? ==

Is there anyone out there who is still interested in Mirad? I think the idea is really cool, I always wished there was a logical language like this and I was super surprised to find one that actually existed how I imagined it. But it seems to be a dead project, with some 404 pages and some old forum posts by deleted accounts. Is there anyone who still cares about Mirad? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32477-72|&amp;#126;2026-32477-72]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-32477-72|talk]]) 02:52, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{User:Xeverything11/tabs}}

{{User:Xeverything11/header|Welcome to|Xeverything11's|updates talk page!|archives=
* [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2022|2022]]
* [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2023|2023]]
}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
__NOTOC__
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|archive = User talk:Xeverything11/archives/%(year)d
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== Tech News: 2023-03 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in &quot;{{int:last}}&quot; links on page history now contain &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=prev&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in place of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=[revision ID]&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on &lt;code&gt;{{ns:1}}:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{ns:3}}:&lt;/code&gt; namespaces.  These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as &lt;code&gt;{{ns:5}}:&lt;/code&gt;.  They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including &lt;code&gt;{{ns:4}}:&lt;/code&gt; pages (e.g., at the Village Pump).  You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417]
*On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841]
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:11, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-04 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907]
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-05 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24455949 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sweden Finns' Day]] '''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä]]) ([[:sv:Sverigefinnarnas dag]])''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sverigefinskaflaggan.svg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sweden Finns' Day''' (Finnish: Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä, Swedish: Sverigefinnarnas dag) is an anniversary celebrated in Sweden on 24 February. The anniversary of the calendar was approved by the Swedish Academy in 2010 and was celebrated for the first time in 2011. February 24 was chosen as the birthday of Carl Axel Gottlund, a collector of folk poetry and a defender of the status of the Finnish language. The purpose of the day is to celebrate the Sweden Finns and to recognize their history, language and culture as a prominent part of Sweden's cultural heritage. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 6 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433]
* Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as &quot;What links here&quot; in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692]
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins=…&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24491749 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Delivery robot]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Woman Takes Groceries from Dax Delivery Robot.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''delivery robot''' is an autonomous robot that provides &quot;last mile&quot; delivery services. An operator may monitor and take control of the robot remotely in certain situations that the robot cannot resolve by itself such as when it is stuck in an obstacle. Delivery robots can be used in different settings such as food delivery, package delivery, hospital delivery, and room service. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:26, 13 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site.  You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:49, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24540832 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Buddha Dhatu Jadi]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Swarno Mandir.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Buddha Dhatu Jadi''' (Bengali: বুদ্ধ ধাতু জাদি; Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓဓာတုစေတီ also known as the Bandarban Golden Temple) is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Dhatu are the material remains of a holy person, and in this temple the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangladesh and has the second-largest Buddha statue in the country.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 20 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February.

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:58, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Alina Scholtz]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Alina Scholtz''' (24 September 1908 – 25 February 1996) was a Polish landscape architect, known as one of country's pioneers in developing the field. Throughout her career she worked on various public and private projects for cemeteries, parks and green spaces. Some of her most noted works include the grounds of a villa on Kielecka Street in Warsaw for which she won a Silver Medal at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris, the memorial cemetery to the victims of the Palmiry massacre, and landscaping projects along the East-West traffic route of Warsaw. In addition to her design work, she served as one of the founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architects. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 27 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24634242 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mary Nzimiro]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Mary Nzimiro''', birthname Mary Nwametu Onumonu, MBE (1898–1993) was a pioneering Nigerian businesswoman, politician and women's activist. In 1948, she was appointed principal representative of the United Africa Company (UAC) for Eastern Nigeria, while maintaining textile and cosmetics retail outlets of her own in Port Harcourt, Aba and Owerri. By the early 1950s, she was among the richest individuals in West Africa, becoming a resident of the exclusive Bernard Carr Street in Port Harcourt. On the political front, she was a member of the influential National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, becoming a member of its executive committee in 1957 and vice-president of the NCNC Estern Women's Association in 1962. During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), she organized Igbo women in support of the Biafrans. As a result she lost most of her property in Port Harcourt and returned to her native Oguta where she died in 1993. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:47, 6 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023.
* On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elizabeth Langdon Williams]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Elizabeth Langdon Williams.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elizabeth Langdon Williams''' (February 8, 1879 in Putnam, Connecticut – 1981 in Enfield, New Hampshire) was an American human computer and astronomer whose work helped lead to the discovery of Pluto, or Planet X. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 13 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Peerless Quartet - I Didn't Raise my Boy to be a Soldier.ogg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
an American anti-war song that was influential within the pacifist movement that existed in the United States before it entered World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:31, 20 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:26, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24732558 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:es:Diana Aguavil]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Diana Aguavil]]) ([[:pt:Diana Aguavil]])        ''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Diana Aguavil.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Diana Alexandra Aguavil Calazacón''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Ecuadorian indigenous leader, since 25 August 2018, the first female governor of the Tsáchila nationality after 104 years of male administrations and winning the 2018 Tsáchila election. She was also the second woman to become a candidate.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:39, 27 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609]
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521]
* Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-14 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.hoverIntent&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hover()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;on()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194]
* Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242]
* You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__ARCHIVEDTALK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word.  There will also be a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mw-archivedtalk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221]

'''Future changes'''
* The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:40, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24820268 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-15 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the &quot;{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}&quot; option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-16 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lucy Salani]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Lucy Salani]]) ([[:fr:Lucy Salani]])        ''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Lucy Salani.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lucy Salani''' was an Italian activist and is considered the only Italian transgender person to have survived the Nazi concentration camps.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:06, 17 April 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature &quot;{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}&quot;. Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for &quot;{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}&quot; for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246]

'''Problems'''
* At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:55, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24881071 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-17 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ca:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]) ([[:eu:María Fernanda Castro Maya]])        ''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''María Fernanda Castro Maya''' is a Mexican self-advocate disability rights activist.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:55, 24 April 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316]

'''Problems'''
* Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940]
* For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794]

'''Changes later this week'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24933592 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-18 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sonia Orbuch]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sonia Shainwald Orbuch''' (born Sarah Shainwald, May 24, 1925 – September 30, 2018) was an American Holocaust educator. During the Second World War she was a Jewish resistance fighter in eastern Poland.

Orbuch hid in the forests of Poland with her family during the Second World War. She joined a group of Soviet partisans, being renamed Sonia in case she was captured, and helped fight against the Germans. After the war, she returned home, where she met her future husband. After having a daughter in a refugee camp in Germany, the family eventually emigrated to the United States.

She spent the rest of life in public engagement, speaking about her experiences and in 2009, published her autobiography, Here, There Are No Sarahs: A Woman's Courageous Fight Against the Nazis and Her Bittersweet Fulfillment of the American Dream. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 06:24, 1 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits]
* The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24966974 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-19 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nadia Ghulam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:es:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:ca:Nadia Ghulam]])''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Nadia Ghulam (cropped).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Nadia Ghulam Dastgir''' is an Afghan woman who spent ten years posing as her dead brother to evade the Taliban's strictures against women. Her book about her experiences, written with Agnès Rotger and published in 2010, El secret del meu turbant (The Secret of My Turban), won the Prudenci Bertrana Prize for fiction. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:37, 8 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wikitext&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;moin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html+handlebars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;preload=MediaWiki:July&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337]

'''Problems'''
* Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;de&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[:de:Modul:Graph]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&amp;action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750]

'''Future changes'''
* During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805]
* There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;jquery.tipsy&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with &lt;code&gt;.tipsy(&lt;/code&gt; can be commented out. &lt;code&gt;OO.ui.PopupWidget&lt;/code&gt; can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-20 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Purple Day]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Epilepsy Warrior Brooch May 2018 Purple Day.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Purple Day''' is a global grassroots event that was formed with the intention to increase worldwide awareness of epilepsy, and to dispel common myths and fears of this neurological disorder. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:17, 15 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] 

'''Future changes'''
* There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The &quot;recent edits&quot; time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250]

'''Changes later this week'''
* An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;

16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-22 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Valencian Art Nouveau]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Modernismo valenciano]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Santuario Novelda.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Valencian Art Nouveau''' (Spanish: modernismo valenciano, Valencian: modernisme valencià), is the historiographic denomination given to an art and literature movement associated with the Art Nouveau in the Valencian Community, in Spain.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:46, 29 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has &quot;{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}&quot; options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - &quot;check all&quot; checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252]	

'''Problems'''
* For a few days earlier this month, the &quot;Add interlanguage link&quot; item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-23 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Alessandra Korap]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Alessandra Korap]])         ''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Alessandra Korap''' is an indigenous leader and Brazilian environmental activist from the Munduruku ethnic group. Her main work is defending the demarcation of indigenous territory and denouncing the illegal exploitation and activities of the mining and logging industries. Alessandra is internationally recognized for her work.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:33, 5 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750]
* Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for &quot;{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}&quot;. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081]

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25114640 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-24 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cassinga Day]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cassinga Day''' is a national public holiday in Namibia remembering the Cassinga Massacre. Commemorated annually on 4 May, the date &quot;remembers those (approximately 600) killed in 1978 when the South African Defence Force attacked a SWAPO base at Cassinga in southern Angola&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:07, 12 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341]
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937]
* The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064]

'''Problems'''
* For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__TOC__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101]
* Currently, the &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason &gt; input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&amp;diff=22859956&amp;oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''Future changes'''
* From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:52, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; or pressing &lt;code&gt;ctrl + shift + p&lt;/code&gt;. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:09, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-26 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rawon]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rawon Setan.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Rawon''' (Javanese: ꦫꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀) is an Indonesian beef soup. Originating from East Java, rawon utilizes the black keluak nut as the main seasoning, which gives a dark color and nutty flavor to the soup. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to all &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prop=extlinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the &lt;code&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mbox-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|targets=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|skins=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&lt;/bdi&gt;) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268]
* All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126]
* The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-27 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hook echo]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Tornadic classic supercell radar.gif|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''hook echo''' is a pendant or hook-shaped weather radar signature as part of some supercell thunderstorms. It is found in the lower portions of a storm as air and precipitation flow into a mesocyclone, resulting in a curved feature of reflectivity. The echo is produced by rain, hail, or even debris being wrapped around the supercell 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 3 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles.
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159]
* [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431]
* The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&amp;messages=&amp;x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the &quot;Completion&quot; for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810]
* [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218]

'''Future changes'''
* There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]
* There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-29 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Esther Cooper Jackson]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Esther Cooper Jackson]]) ([[:simple:Esther Cooper Jackson]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Esther Cooper Jackson, 1968, Great Barrington.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Esther Victoria Cooper Jackson''' was an American civil rights activist and social worker. She was one of the founding editors of the magazine Freedomways. She also was an organizational and executive secretary at the Southern Negro Youth Congress.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:14, 17 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-ca&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-gb&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthsetmentorstatus&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthmanagementorlist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-30 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cut of pork]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:American Pork Cuts.svg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''cuts of pork''' are the different parts of the pig which are consumed as food by humans. The terminology and extent of each cut varies from country to country. There are between four and six primal cuts, which are the large parts in which the pig is first cut: the shoulder (blade and picnic), loin, belly (spare ribs and side) and leg 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 24 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]   On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25332248 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-31 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Gunhild Cross]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Gunhildkorset.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Gunhild Cross''' (Danish: Gunhildkorset), named for its first owner, Gunhild, a daughter of Svend III of Denmark, is a mid-12th-century crucifix carved in walrus tusk and with both Latin and Runic inscriptions. It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Denmark. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:48, 31 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates.
* The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338]
* The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open &quot;office hours&quot;|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]

'''Problems'''
* It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-32 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Polyura athamas]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Close wing mud-puddling position of Charaxes bharata (C.&amp; R. Felder,1867) - Indian Nawab.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Polyura athamas''''', the common nawab, is a species of fast-flying canopy butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the Charaxinae (rajahs and nawabs) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:14, 7 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on &quot;{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}&quot; in your settings and use the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; button in the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:21, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25420038 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-33 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Women's page]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:&quot;Doings in Pittsburg Society&quot; The Pittsburg Press February 1, 1920.png|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''women's page''' (sometimes called home page or women's section) of a newspaper was a section devoted to covering news assumed to be of interest to women. Women's pages started out in the 19th century as society pages and eventually morphed into features sections in the 1970s. Although denigrated during much of that period, they had a significant impact on journalism and in their communities. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:51, 14 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] &lt;!-- TODO replace wiki codes --&gt;

'''Future changes'''
* A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 06:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25428668 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-34 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Insect toxin]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Insektengift]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:PDB 1lmr EBI.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Insect toxins''' are various protein toxins produced by insect species. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:32, 21 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868]
* From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages.
** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created:
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:blk:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540]
*** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|&lt;code&gt;s:su:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539]
** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are:
*** Wikifunctions ([[f:|&lt;code&gt;f:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|&lt;code&gt;w:gpe:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969]
*** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|&lt;code&gt;n:guw:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kbd:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|&lt;code&gt;w:fat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;

15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-35 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Manchester Blitz]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Air Raid Damage in Britain- Manchester HU49833.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Manchester Blitz''' (also known as the Christmas Blitz) was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester and its surrounding areas in North West England during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:16, 28 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166]
* Wikisource users can now use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpbengalicurrency&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;pagelist&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tag.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932]
* Two preferences have been relocated. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}&quot; is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|&quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab at some wikis. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}&quot; is now also shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab at all wikis, instead of the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]].
* All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;=&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]].
* A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25510866 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-36 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ghana Independence Act 1957]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ghana Independence Act 1957''' is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted the Gold Coast fully responsible government within the British Commonwealth of Nations under the name of Ghana 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 4 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294]
* One new wiki has been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|&lt;code&gt;w:tly:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166]
'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:34, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25566983 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-37 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Betrayal trauma]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:sv:Svektrauma]]) ([[:ar:صدمة الخيانة]]) ([[:ko:배신 트라우마]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Betrayal trauma''' is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:49, 11 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}&quot;), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115]
* When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called &quot;[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]&quot;. Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely &quot;newsworthy&quot; topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25589064 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-38 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:es:Genocidio del Putumayo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Putumayo genocide]]) ([[:ca:Genocidi del Putumayo]])''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:The Putumayo - the devil's paradise, travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an account of the atrocities committed upon the Indians therein (1913) (14782203995).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Putumayo genocide''' is the term which is used in reference to the enslavement, massacres and ethnocide of the indigenous population of the Amazon at the hands of the Peruvian Amazon Company, specifically in the area between the Putumayo River and the Caquetá River during the Amazon rubber boom period from 1879 to 1912. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:38, 18 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25623533 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there.
* Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;namespaces&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces.

'''Future changes'''
* New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_groups&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_editcount&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25655264 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for &quot;{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}&quot;. This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;&lt;var&gt;contentModels&lt;/var&gt;&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;wikitext&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;css&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:27, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25686930 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|&lt;code&gt;w:fon:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139]
* At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under &quot;Images recommendations&quot; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#page-actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-views&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25712895 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-42 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Athyma nefte]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:VB 019 Color Sergeant UP.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Athyma nefte''''', the colour sergeant, is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in tropical South and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 16 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click &quot;Log in&quot; or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the &quot;Discussion&quot; tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25745824 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-43 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Typhoon Rusa]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rusa 2002-08-27 0350Z.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Typhoon Rusa''' was the most powerful typhoon to strike South Korea in 43 years. It was the 21st JTWC tropical depression, the 15th named storm, and the 10th typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season. It developed on August 22 from the monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, well to the southeast of Japan. For several days, Rusa moved to the northwest, eventually intensifying into a powerful typhoon. On August 26, the storm moved across the Amami Islands of Japan, where Rusa left 20,000 people without power and caused two fatalities. Across Japan, the typhoon dropped torrential rainfall peaking at 902 mm (35.5 in) in Tokushima Prefecture. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:50, 23 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:17, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25782286 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-44 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hein Eersel]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:nl:Hein Eersel]]) ([[:it:Hein Eersel]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:HeinEersel.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christiaan Hendrik &quot;Hein&quot; Eersel''' was a Surinamese linguist and cultural researcher. He served as Minister of Education and Population Development in the cabinet of acting Prime Minister Arthur Johan May. He was also the first chancellor of the University of Suriname. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:09, 30 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]).
* The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 
* Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]].
* The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25801989 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:06, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25838105 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-45 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Reclaim the Night]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Reclaim the Night]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Reclaim the Night 2014.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Reclaim the Night''' is a movement started in Leeds in 1977 as part of the Women's Liberation Movement. Marches demanding that women be able to move throughout public spaces at night took place across England until the 1990s. Later, the organisation was revived and sponsors annual and national marches against rape and violence against women. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:40, 8 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-46 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ishe Komborera Africa]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Ishe Komborera Africa.mp3|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
&quot;'''Ishe Komborera Africa'''&quot; (Shona for: God Bless Africa), also called &quot;Ishe Komborera Zimbabwe&quot; (Shona for: God Bless Zimbabwe), was the Zimbabwean national anthem from 1980 to 1994. It was the country's first national anthem after gaining independence in 1980. It is a translation of 19th-century South African schoolteacher Enoch Sontonga's popular African hymn &quot;Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika&quot; into Zimbabwe's native Shona and Ndebele languages. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 13 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Four new wikis have been created:
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;w:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|&lt;code&gt;w:dga:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|&lt;code&gt;w:bbc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320]
** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|&lt;code&gt;q:bjn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695]
* Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;meta.domain == &quot;canary&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25859263 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-47 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Bhagavata Mela]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Bhagavata Mela''' is a classical Indian dance that is performed in Tamil Nadu, particularly the Thanjavur area. It is choreographed as an annual Vaishnavism tradition in Melattur and nearby regions, and celebrated as a dance-drama performance art. The dance art has roots in a historic migration of practitioners of Kuchipudi, another Indian classical dance art, from Andhra Pradesh to the kingdom of Tanjavur.

The term Bhagavata, state Brandon and Banham, refers to the Hindu text Bhagavata Purana. Mela is a Sanskrit word that means &quot;gathering, meeting of a group&quot; and connotes a folk festival. The traditional Bhagavata Mela performance acts out the legends of Hinduism, set to the Carnatic style music. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 04:07, 20 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25884616 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-48 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Zanskari]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Zaniskari]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Zaniskari Horse in Ladakh, India.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Zaniskari''' or '''Zanskari''' is a breed of small mountain horse or pony from Ladakh, in northern India. It is named for the Zanskar valley or region in Kargil district. It is similar to the Spiti breed of Himachal Pradesh, but is better adapted to work at high altitude. Like the Spiti, it shows similarities to the Tibetan breeds of neighbouring Tibet. It is of medium size, and is often grey in colour. The breed is considered endangered, as there are only a few hundred alive today, and a conservation programme has been started at Padum, Zanskar, in the Kargil district of Ladakh. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:44, 27 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499]
* The deployment of &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]&quot; announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:09, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25906379 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-49 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sheikh Hussein]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Sheikh Hussein]]) ([[:it:Scec Hussèn]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sheikh Hussein.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sheikh Hussein''' is a town in south-eastern Ethiopia. The site has been recorded in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage List since 2011 as a religious, cultural and historical site. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:34, 4 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754]
* The &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot; will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/]
* Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]].

'''Events'''
* Registration &amp; Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25914435 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-50 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Applaudissements aux fenêtres pendant la pandémie de Covid-19]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Aplauso por los trabajadores de la salud]]) ([[:gl:Aplauso ao persoal sanitario]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Koronabirus konfinamendua Lasarten 2020-03-29.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
During the COVID-19 pandemic, applauding daily at a scheduled hour was a gesture of acclamation, recognition and gratitude towards health professionals in tribute to their work at the time. This habit emerged in January 2020 in Wuhan, where the pandemic originated, and then spread to several cities around the world during the quarantines and sanitary cordons ordered as preventive measures, Italy being the first one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:26, 11 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=25925561 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the &quot;choosing own vs not own work&quot; step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the &quot;impact module&quot; and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:13, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25945501 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-51 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Aerial view of Subway Island, July 2019.JPG|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge''' is a wildlife refuge in New York City managed by the National Park Service as part of Gateway National Recreation Area. It is composed of the open water and intertidal salt marshes of Jamaica Bay. It lies entirely within the boundaries of New York City, divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn to the west and Queens to the east. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The &quot;Move Page&quot; feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]].
* The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25959059 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-52 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plant blindness]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Cécité botanique]]) ([[:de:Pflanzenblindheit]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Plant blindness 0323.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Plant blindness''' is an informally-proposed form of cognitive bias, which in its broadest meaning, is a human tendency to ignore plant species. This includes such phenomena as not noticing plants in the surrounding environment, not recognizing the importance of plant life to the whole biosphere and to human affairs, a philosophical view of plants as an inferior form of life to animals and/or the inability to appreciate the unique features or aesthetics of plants. Related terms include plant‐neglect, zoo-centrism, and zoo‐chauvinism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 25 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-02 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pax airship disaster]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Catástrofe do dirigível Pax]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sim new-mcclures-magazine 1902-09 19 5 (page 75 crop).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Pax''''' '''airship disaster''' was the explosion of the ''Pax'' airship on May 12, 1902, in Paris, which killed the Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo and the French mechanic Georges Saché.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 12:14, 8 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=26033876 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-02 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:20, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26026251 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-03 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Conversion to Islam]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Conversion à l'islam]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Conversion to Islam''' is accepting Islam as a religion or faith and rejecting any other religion or irreligion. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:11, 15 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as &quot;ES2015&quot;) and ES7 (&quot;ES2016&quot;). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;requiresES6&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957]
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388]
* An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module was deprecated and replaced with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966]

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26074460 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-04 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kinder der Landstrasse]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Kinderdlandstrasse plakat.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kinder der Landstrasse''' (literally: Children of the Country Road) was a project implemented by the Swiss foundation Pro Juventute from 1926 to 1973. The project aimed to assimilate the itinerant Yenish people in Switzerland by forcibly removing their children from their parents and placing them in orphanages or foster homes. Approximately 590 children were affected by this program. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:04, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26096197 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-05 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Qurm Nature Reserve]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Al-Qurm Wetlands.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Qurm Nature Reserve''' is a national nature reserve in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Located on the Gulf of Oman coast, the reserve protects a mangrove forest and the surrounding wetland in a small estuary within the urban area of Qurm. Established in 1975, the reserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area since 1994, and as a protected Ramsar site since 2013. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].&lt;!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011]
* There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the &quot;Tools&quot; menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;targets&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-06 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Timurid architecture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Gur-e-Amir Mausolueum - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7488414078).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Timurid architecture''' was an important stage in the architectural history of Iran and Central Asia during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The Timurid Empire (1370–1507), founded by Timur (d. 1405) and conquering most of this region, oversaw a cultural renaissance. In architecture, the Timurid dynasty patronized the construction of palaces, mausoleums, and religious monuments across the region. Their architecture is distinguished by its grand scale, luxurious decoration in tilework, and sophisticated geometric vaulting. This architectural style, along with other aspects of Timurid art, spread across the empire and subsequently influenced the architecture of other empires from the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 5 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]].
*On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about &quot;action blocks&quot;]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199]

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-07 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Adoration of the Magi (Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, The Adoration of the Magi.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''''Adoration of the Magi''''' is a tondo, or circular painting, of the Adoration of the Magi assumed to be that recorded in 1492 in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence as by Fra Angelico. It dates from the mid-15th century and is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Most art historians think that Filippo Lippi painted more of the original work, and that it was added to some years after by other artists, as well as including work by assistants in the workshops of both the original masters. It has been known as the Washington Tondo and Cook Tondo after Herbert Cook, and this latter name in particular continues to be used over 50 years after the painting left the Cook collection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 07:00, 12 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation]

'''Problems'''
*There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed.  

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:49, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-08 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:nl:Graf met de handjes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Weg langs het kerkhof tegenover 1, Roermond.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The monument '''Van Gorkum-Van Aefferden''', more well known as the &quot;'''grave with the little hands'''&quot; is a monumental Tombstone in the Dutch city of Roermond.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:24, 19 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you have the &quot;{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}&quot; option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984]
* There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively.
*Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]].
*The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid.
* The CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property can now be used in HTML &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;style&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26254282 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-09 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Doorway effect]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''doorway effect''' is a known psychological event where a person's short-term memory declines when passing through a doorway moving from one location to another when it would not if they had remained in the same place. People experience this effect by forgetting what they were going to do, thinking about, or planning upon entering a different room. This is thought to be due to the change in one's physical environment, which is used to distinguish boundaries between remembered events: memories of events encountered in the present environment are more accessible than those beyond it. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:30, 26 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value &lt;code&gt;wgGlobalGroups&lt;/code&gt; now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get(&quot;wgGlobalGroups&quot;)))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;changetags&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26294125 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-10 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sissieretta Jones]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:1899 poster of Mme. M. Sissieretta Jones.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones''' (January 5, 1868, or 1869 – June 24, 1933) was an American soprano. She sometimes was called &quot;The Black Patti&quot; in reference to Italian opera singer Adelina Patti. Jones' repertoire included grand opera, light opera, and popular music 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 4 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=26313143 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Special:Book&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; page (as well as the associated &quot;Create a book&quot; functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437]
* [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace.  Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details.
* Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget_definition&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespaces and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gadgets-definition-edit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272]
* A usability improvement to the &quot;Add a citation&quot; in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
*  All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233]
* The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?useparsoid=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]).
*

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26329807 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-11 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Preventative Coup of November 11]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Golpe de Estado en Brasil de 1955]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Exército na casa de Café Filho.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Preventative Coup of November 11''' sometimes called the '''1955 Brazilian coup d'état''' or referred to as an &quot;anti-coup&quot; or a &quot;counter-coup&quot; (Portuguese: ''Novembrada, Movimento de 11 de Novembro, Contragolpe, Golpe Preventivo do Marechal Lott'') was a series of military and political events led by Henrique Teixeira Lott that resulted in Nereu Ramos assuming the presidency of Brazil until being peacefully succeeded by Juscelino Kubitschek a few months later. The bloodless coup removed Carlos Luz from the presidency because he was suspected of plotting to prevent Kubitschek from taking office. As a result of the tensions, Brazil had three presidents in the span of a single week.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498]
*The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26374013 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-12 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hojang Taret]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Hojang Taret''' is a classical Meitei language play based on Euripides's ancient Greek tragedy The Phoenician Women. It is directed by Oasis Sougaijam and produced by The Umbilical Theatre in Imphal, Kangleipak. It depicts the moral ambiguities of conflict between brothers resulting to the ruination of the ancient city of Thebes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=26366849 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The notice &quot;Language links are at the top of the page&quot; that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/]
* Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:40, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26410165 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-13 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Magna Lykseth-Skogman]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Magna Lykseth in Tristan och Isolde at Kungliga Operan 1909 - SMV - GL164.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Magna Elvine Lykseth-Skogman''' (6 February 1874 – 13 November 1949), also known as Magna Lykseth-Schjerven, was a Norwegian-born Swedish operatic soprano. After making her début at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1901 as Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, she was engaged there until 1918 becoming the company's prima donna. She performed leading roles in a wide range of operas but is remembered in particular for her Wagnerian interpretations, creating Brünnhilde in the Swedish premières of Siegfried and Götterdämmerung, and Isolde in 1909. Considered to be one of the most outstanding Swedish opera singers of her generation, she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus medal in 1907 and became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1912 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:00, 25 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:57, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-14 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lidder Valley]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Lidder Valley''' or Liddar Valley is a Himalayan sub-valley that forms the southeastern corner of Anantnag district in Indian-administered Kashmir. The Lidder River flows down the valley. The entrance to the valley lies 7 km northeast from Anantnag town and 62 km southeast from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 40-km-long gorge valley with an average width of 3 km. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:15, 1 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-15 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Operation Kraai]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Overzicht van het vliegveld te Djokja vanuit de 'Control Tower', Bestanddeelnr 5128.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Operation Kraai''' (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the de facto Republic of Indonesia in December 1948 after negotiations failed. With the advantage of surprise the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as de facto Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was however followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch, leading to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:47, 8 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey.
* Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727]
* Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:38, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-16 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Павильон Росси]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Rossi Pavilion]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Pavillon Rossi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rossi's Pavilion in Mikhailovsky Garden. Saint-Petersburg. 1825..jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rossi Pavilion''' (Russian: Павильон Росси) is a pavilion on the bank of the Moyka River in the Mikhailovsky Garden in Saint Petersburg. It was designed by architect Carlo Rossi in the early 1820s and built in 1825 during his redevelopment of the garden. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:53, 15 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the &quot;{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435]
* A new variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;page_last_edit_age&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769]

'''Future changes'''
* Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-17 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Devorà Ascarelli]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Debora Ascarelli]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Devorà Ascarelli]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Devorà Ascarelli''' was a 16th-century Italian poet living in Rome, Italy. Ascarelli may have been the first Jewish woman to have a book of her own work published. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:35, 22 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086]
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-18 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1989 Serbian general election]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:sr:Председнички избори у Србији 1989.]])&amp;#32;([[:vi:Tổng tuyển cử Serbia 1989]])''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Parliament of SR Serbia (1989–1991).svg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''General elections were held in Serbia''', a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, on 12 November 1989 to elect the president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and delegates of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Voting for delegates also took place on 10 and 30 November 1989. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously. These were the first direct elections conducted after the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the delegate electoral system, and the last elections conducted under a one-party system. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:32, 29 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''

[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491]
* Seven new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|&lt;code&gt;w:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|&lt;code&gt;w:kus:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|&lt;code&gt;w:igl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kaa:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|&lt;code&gt;s:my:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|&lt;code&gt;s:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|&lt;code&gt;s:ka:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085]
* You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501]
* Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]].

'''Problems'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mapstyle=&quot;osm&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:34, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-19 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heinrich Bünting]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Heinrich Bünting''' (1545 – 1606) was a Protestant pastor and theologian. He is best known for his book of woodcut maps titled Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae (Travel book through Holy Scripture) first published in 1581. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the &lt;code&gt;SiteAdminHelper&lt;/code&gt;. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled &quot;All public logs&quot;, but it only shows some logs. This label will now say &quot;Main public logs&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729]

'''Future changes'''
* A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension.
* Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot;. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:45, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26729363 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-20 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:var(--background-color-backdrop-dark, #DDDDDD); border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:var(--color-inverted, #000000); padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ruyan (district)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:رویان (طبرستان)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Northern Iran and its surroundings during the Iranian intermezzo.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ruyan''' (Persian: رویان), later known as Rustamdar (رستمدار), was the name of a mountainous district that encompassed the western part of Tabaristan/Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. In Iranian mythology, Ruyan appears as one of the places that the legendary archer Arash shot his arrow from, reaching the edge of Khorasan to mark the border between Iran and Turan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:39, 13 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214]
* If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] &quot;{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}&quot;, then the template-page feature &quot;{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}&quot; will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907]
* [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute. This is identical in usage to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137]
* The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]&quot; feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295]

'''Future changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; database table (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table instead (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). In your existing SQL queries:
*# Replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN linktarget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ON&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; statement
*# Below that add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
** See &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T222224]]&lt;/bdi&gt; for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26762074 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-21 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Turlough (lake)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Turlough]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Turlough]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Carran Turlough.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''turlough''' is a seasonal or periodic water body found mostly in limestone karst areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. [...] The water bodies fill and empty with the changes in the level of the water table, usually being very low or empty during summer and autumn and full in the winter. As groundwater levels drop the water drains away underground through cracks in the karstic limestone.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351]
* New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]  The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-22 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Geiranger Church]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Geiranger kirke]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Iglesia parroquial, Geiranger, Noruega, 2019-09-07, DD 84-97 PAN.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Geiranger Church''' (Norwegian: Geiranger kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stranda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Geiranger, and the end of the famous Geirangerfjorden. It is the church for the Geiranger parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in an octagonal design in 1842 using plans drawn up by the architect Hans Klipe. The church seats about 165 people. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:48, 27 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.collapsible&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.multicol&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.reflist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.coordinates&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.topicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26832205 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-23 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Guillermo Larrazábal]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Guillermo Larrazábal Arzubide''' (10 February 1907 – 1983) was a Spanish stained glass artist who was active in Ecuador. He is considered Ecuador's most important stained glass artist. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 3 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class, Parsoid now also adds the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705]

'''Problems'''
* There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] 
* On multilingual wikis that use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;translate&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-25 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:de:Magdalena Zeger]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Magdalena Zeger''' ([mak.da.ˈleː.na ˈt͡seː.gɐ], * 1491; † 16. January 1568 in Kolding) was a calendar maker, astronomer and astrologist. Her Hamburg almanacs and forecasts from 1561 and 1563 have been preserved. Zeger's calendars are the first independent publications by a woman in the field of astronomy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:29, 17 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954]
* The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370]

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph]
* Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]&lt;!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26911987 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-26 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Koreans in Micronesia]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:zh:朝鮮裔密克羅尼西亞人]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Koreans in Micronesia''' used to form a significant population before World War II, when most of the region was ruled as the South Seas Mandate of the Empire of Japan; for example, they formed 7.3% of the population of Palau in 1943. However, after the area came under the control of the United States as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, most Koreans returned to their homeland. As of 2013, about seven thousand South Korean expatriates &amp; immigrants and Korean Americans reside in the Marianas (Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), which have remained under U.S. control, while only around two hundred South Korean expatriates reside in the independent countries of Micronesia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:03, 24 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717]
* The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515]

'''Problems'''
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Roller printing on textiles]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Silverstudio.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Roller printing''' on fabrics is a textile printing process patented by Thomas Bell of Scotland in 1783 in an attempt to reduce the cost of the earlier copperplate printing. This method was used in Lancashire fabric mills to produce cotton dress fabrics from the 1790s, most often reproducing small monochrome patterns characterized by striped motifs and tiny dotted patterns called &quot;machine grounds&quot;. Improvements in the technology resulted in more elaborate roller prints in bright, rich colours from the 1820s; Turkey red and chrome yellow were particularly popular. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:44, 1 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364]
* Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] 
* If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode]
* Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458]
* Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|&lt;code&gt;w:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] 

'''Problems'''
* Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119]

'''Future changes'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:simple:India naming dispute]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ur:انڈیا نام کا تنازعہ]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''India naming dispute''' in 1947 refers to the argument over the use of the name India during and after the partition of British Raj, between the countries of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This dispute involved key figures such as Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British Raj, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and a founder of Pakistan. By 1947, the British Raj was going to be divided into two new nation states – Hindustan and Pakistan. Jinnah was initially convinced that Hindustan would not use the term India, since it lacked indigenous pedigree, etymologically and historically India meant the Indus Valley (modern-Pakistan). He also opposed the use of the name India as it would cause confusion regarding history. The disagreement had significant implications for national identity and international recognition. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 8 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. 
* Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia.
* Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects.

'''Problems'''
* A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. 

'''Future changes'''
* The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:32, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Adumu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Maasai 2012 05 31 2782 (7522645058).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Adumu''', is a type of dance that the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice. Young Maasai warriors generally perform the energetic and acrobatic dance at ceremonial occasions including weddings, religious rites, and other significant cultural events. The Adumu dance is characterized by a sequence of jumps performed by the dancers, who stand in a circle and alternately jump while keeping their bodies as straight and upright as possible. In addition to wearing vividly colored shúkàs (clothes) and beaded jewelry, the dancers are typically clad in traditional Maasai costume. Traditional Maasai songs and chants are also performed during the dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:15, 15 July 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page.
* The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]].
* Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]].
* Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895]
* Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:2019-11-16, Glockenspiel, Neues Münchner Rathaus, IMG 7463 edit Christoph Braun.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rathaus-Glockenspiel''' is a large mechanical clock located in Marienplatz Square, in the heart of Munich, Germany. Famous for its life-size characters, the clock twice daily re-enacts scenes from Munich's history. First is the story of the marriage of Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine in 1568, followed by the story of the Schäfflerstanz, also known as the coopers' dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 22 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature News'''
* Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public.
* Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]
*  Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329]
* Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. 
* Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/]

'''Project Updates'''
*  Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language.

'''Learn more'''
* Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. 
* How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 23 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])&amp;#32;([[:nl:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek Schinkelstraat Amsterdam architect HH Baanders 1902.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek''' (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə koːkaːˈinəfaːˌbrik]; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or NCF was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for medical purposes in the 20th century. It imported its raw materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies and sold its products across Europe, making good profits especially in the early years of World War I. The NCF produced morphine, heroin and ephedrine as well. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 29 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]].

'''Bugs status'''
* Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing.
* Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week.

'''Project updates'''
* There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]].
* There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|&lt;code&gt;voy:cs:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] 

'''Learn more'''
* There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times.
* There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images.
* Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:11, 29 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Suffrage drama]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pamphlet from NAWSA for women's suffrage plays, page 1.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Suffrage drama''' (also known as suffrage plays or suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women's suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914. Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 5 August 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. These will reduce the need for &lt;code&gt;Template:Dir&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Template:BCP47&lt;/code&gt; on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the &quot;what links here&quot; database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623]
* Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces.
* The tracking category &quot;Pages using Timeline&quot; has been renamed to &quot;Pages using the EasyTimeline extension&quot; [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match.

'''Project updates'''
* Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]].

'''Learn more'''
* There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]].
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available.
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Karatgurk]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Karatgurk]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the Australian Aboriginal mythology of the Aboriginal people of south-eastern Australian state of Victoria, the '''Karatgurk''' were seven sisters who represented the constellation known in western astronomy as the Pleiades. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 12 August 2024 (UTC)''
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&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses.

'''Project updates'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|&lt;code&gt;w:bdr:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 12 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:B1 (classification)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''B1''' is a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some other sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class.

The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.

Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]].
* Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&amp;namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&amp;namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;categories&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; property of &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372]

'''Bugs status'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with &lt;code&gt;Talk:WP:&lt;/code&gt; so that their titles start with &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia talk:&lt;/code&gt;), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]].
* Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee.

'''Learn more'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers.
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27307284 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Erzi (village)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Caucasus, Ingushetia, Ингушские боевые и смотровые башни, горы Кавказа.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Erzi''' (Russian: Эрзи; Ingush: Аьрзи, romanized: Ärzi, lit. 'Eagle') is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement (administrative center) of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:19, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]].
* Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Bugs status'''
* Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization.
* Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013.

'''Learn more'''
* If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]].
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:34, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633]
* Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243]
* Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]].

'''Project updates'''
* A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded.

'''Learn more'''
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:08, 3 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cappadocian calendar]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cappadocian calendar''' was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:42, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;entity:getSitelink()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356]

'''Project updates'''
*  Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]
* Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Improvements and Maintenance'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]].
* The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag &quot;Edit Check (references) activated&quot; was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692]
* It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-message-box&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=&amp;title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;cdx-message&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499]

'''Technical project updates'''
* Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]

'''Tech in depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: 
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task.
** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27460876 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Independence Day (Albania)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Independence Day''' (Albanian: Dita e Pavarësisë) is a public holiday in Albania observed on 28 November. It commemorates the Albanian Declaration of Independence (from the Ottoman Empire), which was ratified by the All-Albanian Congress on 28 November 1912, establishing the state of Albania. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:29, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]]
* Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]&quot;. Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]].
* The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166]
* Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223]
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: 
** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too.
** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content.

'''In depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the &quot;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]&quot; and &quot;[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]&quot; subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:37, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27493779 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wildlife of Bahrain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Birds in Al-Areen Wildlife Park.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The wildlife of the archipelago of Bahrain, is more varied than might be expected of this small group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Apart from a strip of the north and west of the main island, where crops are grown with irrigation, the land is arid. With a very hot dry summer, a mild winter, and brackish groundwater, the plants need adaptations in order to survive. Nevertheless, 196 species of higher plant have been recorded here, as well as about seventeen species of terrestrial mammals, many birds and reptiles, and many migratory birds visit the islands in autumn and spring. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month.
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?veaction=editsource&lt;/code&gt; to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796]
* For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the &quot;donate&quot; link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to &quot;Create an account&quot;. This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585]
* The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]].
* View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis.

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/]

'''Meetings and events'''
* October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa
* November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:21, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27530062 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new &quot;Revert Risk&quot; machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422]
* View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* It is now possible for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; code blocks to offer readers a &quot;Copy&quot; button if the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;copy=1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932]
* Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]].
* Five new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|&lt;code&gt;w:kge:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|&lt;code&gt;m:mos:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|&lt;code&gt;q:gor:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|&lt;code&gt;n:shn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27557422 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Little Danes experiment]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:آزمایش دانمارکی‌های کوچک]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Children play at a Danish Red Cross-run orphanage in Greenland.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''little Danes experiment''' was a 1951 Danish operation where 22 Greenlandic Inuit children were sent to Danish foster families in an attempt to re-educate them as &quot;little Danes&quot;. While the children were all supposed to be orphans, most were not. Six children were adopted while in Denmark, and sixteen returned to Greenland, only to be placed in Danish-speaking orphanages and never live with their families again. Half of the children experienced mental health disturbances, and half of them died in young adulthood. The government of Denmark officially apologised in 2020, after several years of demands from Greenlandic officials. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:16, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27572997 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722]
* WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''hastemplate''&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''incategory''&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29]
* View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the &quot;search engine&quot; option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975]

'''In depth'''
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27597254 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kharayeb]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Muharram 1Oth-Ashouraa 2007 in Kharayeb - panoramio.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kharayeb''' (Arabic: الخرايب) is a historic town in the Sidon District in the South Governorate, Lebanon. The town is 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, and stands at an average altitude of 190 m (620 ft) above sea level. The town boasts a rich historical legacy, with archaeological excavations revealing a complex settlement history spanning from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. Notably, Kharayeb's origins can be traced back to the Persian period (539–330 BC), when it played a pivotal role in the region's agricultural and economic landscape, culminating in the construction of its Phoenician temple around the 6th century BC. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:38, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the &quot;Donate&quot; button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years.
[[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]].
* Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]].
* View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556]
* It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}&lt;/code&gt; parser function. For example, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will show as &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. Previously, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#time:…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timef&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timefl&lt;/code&gt; for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{USERLANGUAGE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; instead of using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{int:lang}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects.
* The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content.

'''Meetings and events'''
* 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel.
* 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27634672 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas horror]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Terror navideño]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Christmascarol1843 -- 169.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas horror''' is a fiction genre and film genre that incorporates horror elements into a seasonal setting. It is popular in multiple countries.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27647428 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia].
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set &lt;code&gt;emitTransitionOnStep&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag &lt;code&gt;allowAutomaticBack&lt;/code&gt; to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528]
*  Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the &quot;Nuke&quot; tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:57, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27668811 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Placenta cake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:simple:Placenta cake]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bucharest, Greek pie-maker, 1880.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Placenta cake''' is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves, baked and then covered in honey. The dessert is mentioned in classical texts such as the Greek poems of Archestratos and Antiphanes, as well as the De agri cultura of Cato the Elder. It is often seen as the predecessor of baklava and börek. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:16, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27647428 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949]
* Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help.
* The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446]
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/]

'''In depth'''
* Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance.
*  The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available.  It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27693917 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Trisomy 16]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chromosome 16.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Trisomy 16''' is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two. It is the most common trisomy leading to miscarriage and the second most common chromosomal cause of it, closely following X-chromosome monosomy. About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:09, 11 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463]
* View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]&lt;/code&gt;, the logic of Wikibase function &lt;code&gt;getAllStatements&lt;/code&gt; changed to behave like &lt;code&gt;getBestStatements&lt;/code&gt;. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]].

'''In depth'''
* Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488]

'''Meetings and events'''
* 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] &amp; [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:08, 12 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27732268 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 18 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057]
* View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380]

'''In depth'''
* There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas.
* Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''.
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:01, 19 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27806858 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]].
* The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for bold and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928]
* Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;bswiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;elwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;euwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiquote&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiversity&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikivoyage&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;idwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;lvwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;plwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;ptwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;urwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;viwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. 
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to &quot;protected&quot; [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and un-selecting &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Live Autocompletion&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27847039 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27846897 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Two new parser functions were added this week. The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt; language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]].
* Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/]
* Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;arwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;cawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;mediawikiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;orwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiktionary&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wikidatawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910]
* This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the &quot;Download as PDF&quot; system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:23, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27873992 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#wikimedia-techdocs&lt;/bdi&gt; IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted.
* The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the &quot;[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=specialcx&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=es&amp;to=en All collection]&quot; category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;page-collection&gt; &lt;/page-collection&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion.
* The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365]
* The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveUrl&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveDate&lt;/code&gt;, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1261320172&amp;oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&amp;q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&amp;regex=1&amp;title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|&lt;code&gt;voy:id:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726]
* Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system.
* The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27919424 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27933909 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history.
* Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information.
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:25, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27942374 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:55, 23 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of &quot;national security&quot;. The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:56, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Julemerke]])&amp;#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;inproject:&lt;/code&gt; keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|&lt;code&gt;w:tig:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise.
* Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its &lt;code&gt;sub&lt;/code&gt; field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139]
* Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt; until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&amp;#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:20, 20 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846]
* On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as &quot;manually patrolled&quot; instead of &quot;autopatrolled&quot;, which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's &quot;Insert link&quot; feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912]
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:37, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam (&quot;Great Leader&quot;). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:30, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year.

'''Updates for editors'''
* iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145]
* Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki_user_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dump, the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; field will be renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;is_anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:15, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:20, 3 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use the &quot;Special characters&quot; editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722]
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements.
* Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki.
** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json&lt;/code&gt; to include entries for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;preprint&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;standard&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;dataset&lt;/code&gt;; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1189164774&amp;oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1270832208&amp;oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset'].
** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270829051&amp;oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270831369&amp;oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveID&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;identifier&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repository&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;organization&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repositoryLocation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;committee&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;versionNumber&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|&lt;code&gt;w:knc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 10 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''

* The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;Special pages&quot; portlet link will be moved from the &quot;Toolbox&quot; into the &quot;Navigation&quot; section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211]
* As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]&lt;/code&gt;). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a &quot;default for all languages&quot;]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511]
* The function &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;getDescription&lt;/code&gt; was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660]
* As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/related&lt;/code&gt; endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;morelike&lt;/code&gt;&quot; action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/]

'''In depth'''

* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the &quot;Contribute&quot; menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. 
* The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer &quot;Yes&quot; or &quot;No&quot; to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the &lt;code&gt;{{#special:Homepage}}&lt;/code&gt; for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at &lt;code&gt;{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}&lt;/code&gt;. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]]
* Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102]
* You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324]
* When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like &quot;1.23&quot; or localized alphabetic markers like &quot;a b c&quot; in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed.  As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like &quot;1.23&quot; once the alphabetic markers are all used.
* The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements.
* A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488]
* Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640]
* Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; is deprecated. Tools requiring &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; must explicitly declare &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.Uri&lt;/code&gt; as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;URL&lt;/code&gt; API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28275610 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative &quot;informal and ad-hoc group&quot; in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 24 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:sat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&amp;A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:42, 25 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28296129 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; link is accessible from the &quot;{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180]
* Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw-ref&lt;/code&gt;&quot; from their local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=8&amp;title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw:referencedBy&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you.
* When editors embed a file (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:MediaWiki.png]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109]
* When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010]
* When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline.
* Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|&lt;code&gt;w:syl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:31, 4 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28334563 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:50, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844]
* The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline &amp; Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;aramadan@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;!
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors.
* An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:10, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28372257 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive.

Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of &quot;immense artistic value&quot; by Le Monde. It has also been described as the &quot;Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema&quot; by The Guardian. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC].

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=ig&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as &quot;Collections&quot;, from wiki-projects and campaigns.
* On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard.
* The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]].
* Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation.
* The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28412594 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag).
* Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time.
* Administrators at wikis that have a customized &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]&lt;/bdi&gt; should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;* specialpages-url|specialpages&lt;/code&gt;. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927]
* The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]].
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Api&lt;/code&gt; JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;userAgent&lt;/code&gt; parameter: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );&lt;/code&gt;. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:43, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28443127 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:52, 31 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 1 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28473566 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;font-size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;line-height&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;size-icon&lt;/code&gt;.
* The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28507470 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 14 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28454663 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]
* File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for.
* To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662]
* &quot;Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?&quot; This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies.
* On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]].
* The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:25, 15 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28540654 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&amp;#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16]
* A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Following its publication on HuggingFace, the &quot;Structured Contents&quot; dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect &quot;peacock&quot; or &quot;overly-promotional&quot; or &quot;non-neutral&quot; language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:01, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28578245 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]].
* Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_ipindex&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_compat&lt;/code&gt; are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on &quot;Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects&quot;. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28585685 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:28, 5 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28583422 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May.

'''Updates for editors'''
* For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released:
** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities.
** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Intl&lt;/code&gt; library or the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.DateFormatter&lt;/code&gt; library. The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]].
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (&lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;wbt_*&lt;/code&gt;) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28665011 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|&quot;Get shortened URL&quot;]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]].
* Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]].
* The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|&lt;code&gt;w:nup:&lt;/code&gt;]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references.
* The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/data-parsoid&lt;/code&gt; REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:38, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28714188 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28731710 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test.

'''Updates for editors'''

* From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]]  [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]].
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template.
* Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.title&lt;/code&gt; object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;isDisambiguationPage&lt;/code&gt;. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.loader.load&lt;/code&gt;. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;gitlab.wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt; without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28724712 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Tread plate]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato.

We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 06:03, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28751788 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]&lt;/code&gt; parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019]
* This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future.
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The previously deprecated &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]&lt;/code&gt; views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; views instead.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28788673 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 05:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;_default&lt;/code&gt; key in the local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]&lt;/bdi&gt; page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=clientlogin&lt;/code&gt; will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205]
* From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28819186 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 9 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716]
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121]
* Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492]
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]].
* Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageImage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageAssessments&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28846858 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Future self]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pl:Przyszła jaźń]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the psychology of self, the '''future self''' concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected (e.g., similarity, closeness) to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self, they are more likely to save for retirement, make healthy decisions, and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:39, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pictorial map]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:نقشه تصویری]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:絵地図]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Blake Britain Spearhead of Attack.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pictorial maps''' (also known as illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird's-eye view maps, and geopictorial maps) depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. It is a type of map in contrast to road map, atlas, or topographic map. The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:18, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001]
* Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519]
* A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;all_links&lt;/code&gt; variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;new_links&lt;/code&gt; for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the &quot;Add a Link&quot; Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:QEUH.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Queen Elizabeth University Hospital''' (QEUH) is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan, in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major Emergency Departments; one for adults and one for children. There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services, to send patients directly, without having to be processed through the Emergency Department. The retained buildings from the former Southern General Hospital include the Maternity Unit, the Institute of Neurological Sciences, the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and the laboratory. The whole facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and is one of the largest acute hospital campuses in Europe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599]
* Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's &quot;Find in page&quot; function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special &quot;favourite list&quot;. The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:41, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28917415 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''Non-constituency Member of Parliament''' (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, as stipulated in Article 39 of the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the opposition candidates with the highest vote shares among the unelected. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:10, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]].
* Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22]
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]].
* Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]].
* It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of &quot;Connecting People through Linked Open Data&quot;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 8 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28930584 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immunolabeling]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Immunolabeling process image.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Immunolabeling''' is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
---[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:44, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28945528 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the &quot;featured&quot; tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now!
* [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:10, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28980963 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Vespa analis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Plumpy hornet on the ground - 1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Vespa analis''''', the yellow-vented hornet, is a species of common hornet found in Southeast Asia 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:28, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28984647 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the &quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=fi#/ ... More]&quot; category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new &quot;{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}&quot; filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257]
* Administrators can now limit &quot;Add a Link&quot; to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot;]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test &amp; &quot;Add a Link&quot; Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 &amp; 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmcloud.org&lt;/code&gt;. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29005283 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Baía dos Porcos - Fernando de Noronha (32811749914).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:40, 28 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29047614 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598]
* On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:27, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29051727 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Xie Zhiliu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Xie Zhiliu''' (Chinese: 谢稚柳; 1910–1997) was a leading traditional painter, calligrapher, and art connoisseur of modern China. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 4 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439]
* Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035]
* Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account&lt;/code&gt; and use a value defined in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipboptions&lt;/code&gt;. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets can now include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.vue&lt;/code&gt; files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099]
* Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918]
* Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task.
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:41, 5 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29083927 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lethocerus patruelis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lethocerus patruelis.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lethocerus patruelis''''' is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is native to southeastern Europe, through Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India and Burma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29085671 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]].
* The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an &quot;X&quot; to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other &quot;X&quot; button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944]
* Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for &quot;Group results by page&quot; on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of &quot;One common data source, multiple local wikis&quot;. Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons]
* Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.addWarning()&lt;/code&gt; function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29106516 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ikiza]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:CIA map of Burundi and surrounding countries during 1972 killings.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ikiza''' (variously translated from Kirundi as the Catastrophe, the Great Calamity, and the Scourge), or the Ubwicanyi (Killings), was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed, while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 18 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to &quot;Thank&quot; individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849]
* An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716]
* An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227]
* Five new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|&lt;code&gt;s:tl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|&lt;code&gt;s:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|&lt;code&gt;w:rki:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|&lt;code&gt;b:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:39, 19 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29127690 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Corallite]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) - ZooKeys-227-001-g004.jpeg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''corallite''' is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: &lt;code&gt;width: fit-content&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;ruby-align&lt;/code&gt;; relative units such as &lt;code&gt;lh&lt;/code&gt;; and custom strings in &lt;code&gt;list-style-type&lt;/code&gt;. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619]
* On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455]
* Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240]
* Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. &lt;code&gt;rc_new&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rc_type&lt;/code&gt; are being removed in favor of &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt;. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt; instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29175124 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Diksam Plateau]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Dixam plateau (6407168437).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Diksam Plateau''' or Dixam Plateau (Arabic: دكسم) is a limestone plateau in Socotra, Yemen. The Firmihin forest, located east of the Dirhur canyon within the plateau, has the highest concentration of Dragon's Blood Trees on the entire island. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29196010 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Ttongsul]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ja:トンスル]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Ttongsul (imitation).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''ttongsul''' (똥술), o vino di feci, è una tradizionale preparazione medicinale coreana con gradazione alcolica al 9% a base di feci, solitamente umane e preferibilmente di bambino. Nato probabilmente traendo spunto dalla medicina tradizionale cinese, nelle credenze popolari il vino di feci avrebbe proprietà benefiche per molti tipi di malesseri: sarebbe un rimedio per dolori muscolari, ustioni, infiammazioni, epilessia e fratture ossee.

Sebbene alcuni media occidentali abbiano in passato riportato che questa bevanda sia diffusa tra la popolazione coreana, al giorno d'oggi un numero molto limitato di persone ne fa uso, dopo aver subito un declino di popolarità nei secoli scorsi, tanto che la maggioranza dei giovani coreani non ne ha mai sentito parlare.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 8 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] 
* Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698]
* Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:15, 9 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29238161 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-38 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pak Kum-chol]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pak Kum-chol in 1961 (cropped).jpg|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pak Kum-chol''' was a North Korean politician. Having been a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle, he became a high-ranking politician after the liberation of Korea. Pak aligned himself with his former guerrilla brothers in arms from the Kapsan Operation Committee to form a faction within the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) called the &quot;Kapsan faction&quot;. This faction sought to replace Kim Il Sung with Pak. Kim retaliated by purging the faction in 1967 in what is known as the Kapsan faction incident. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* References lists that are made using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941]
* Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]].
* Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including:
** for the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and end-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599]
** for both &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;insource:&lt;/code&gt; keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\d&lt;/code&gt;), whitespace (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\s&lt;/code&gt;), and word characters (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\w&lt;/code&gt;); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\r&lt;/code&gt;), newline (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\n&lt;/code&gt;), tab (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\t&lt;/code&gt;), and unicode (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\uHHHH&lt;/code&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212]
* When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]].
* Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288]
* The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets.
* Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. 
* A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:08, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29263921 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Federation of Central America (1921–1922)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Federación de Centro América (1921-1922)]])&amp;#32;([[:ar:اتحاد أمريكا الوسطى (1921-1922)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Central America's Northern Triangle (orthographic projection).png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Federation of Central America''' (Spanish: Federación de Centro América)[1] was a short-lived federal republic that existed in Central America between 1921 and 1922. The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:45, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:56, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29305556 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori.

Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29341788 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:54, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29355230 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:48, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects.
'''Updates for editors'''
* Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), instead of via a redirect to an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;creationdate:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;lasteditdate:&lt;/code&gt;, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&gt;2024&lt;/code&gt;) and relative dates (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;today-1d&lt;/code&gt;), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593]
* [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402]
* An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The field &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rev_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the revision database table is being removed in favor of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;content_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the &lt;code&gt;rest.php&lt;/code&gt; path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:24, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29400897 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:06, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. 

'''Updates for editors'''

* Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579]
* This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095]
* Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:00, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29434481 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' &quot;Final Solution&quot; to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;rest.php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]].
* Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:37, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29478670 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:51, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]].
* Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]].
* The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/]
* Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures.
* A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]].
* Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29513638 --&gt;
|}

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958]
* For users with &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools &quot;{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778]
* Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861]
* Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as &quot;Get shortened URL&quot;. There are 30 wikis that also install an older &quot;ShortUrl&quot; extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;class=&quot;title-shortlink&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188]
* On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board.
* MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29552512 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.

For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29584005 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29606150 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29627457 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November.
* Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]].
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|&lt;code&gt;s:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''&quot;Report Visual Bug&quot;'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
* Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;hackathon@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:27, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29627455 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29627457 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the &quot;DWIM&quot; (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;und&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;cxfcnmt&lt;/span&gt;'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;ru&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;счастье&lt;/span&gt;'' (&quot;happiness&quot;) that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734]
* Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}&quot; preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
*  Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;format=xml'''&amp;xlst={stylesheet}'''&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/]
* The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Main graph or &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:57, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29702226 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The term &quot;'''halachic state'''&quot; (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 08:01, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]].
* The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476]
* Two new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|&lt;code&gt;w:tok:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|&lt;code&gt;q:pcm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:58, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29732328 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:29, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Latn&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''bedniereba''&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Cyrl&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''бедниереба''&lt;/bdi&gt; will now suggest the existing article about &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ბედნიერება&lt;/bdi&gt; (&quot;happiness&quot;). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development.
* Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project.
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025.
* A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711]
* Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:46, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29738112 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29779168 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29796010 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:26, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-52 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324]
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping &quot;First Steps&quot; in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, to avoid potential conflicts with other &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw&lt;/code&gt; attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:46, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:00, 5 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso.

Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:45, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:34, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze.

Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:30, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese.

Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome.

Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:18, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:32, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:44, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:31, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30086330 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&amp;#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 11:43, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:04, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would &quot;not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland&quot;. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:52, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:30, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:07, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30245038 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30306870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:27, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30306870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:56, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:34, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:01, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30432763 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30458046 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kuwait National Assembly Building]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Kuwait City Arabian Gulf Street 10.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Kuwait National Assembly Building''' is the building that housed the National Assembly of Kuwait.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1972, it was completed in 1982 under the direction of his son Jan. The structural design was by Max Walt. The building was seriously damaged in February 1991 when retreating Iraqi troops set it on fire but has since been restored. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:16, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30464799 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 4 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30498077 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Macau National Security Law]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lei relative à defesa da segurança do Estado projecto.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Macau National Security Law''' is a law in Macau which prohibits and punishes acts of treason, secession, and subversion against the Central government, as well as preparative acts leading to any of the three acts. Taken into effect on 3 March 2009, the purpose of the law is to fulfil Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, the de facto constitution of the Macau Special Administration Region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:21, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30524429 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:22, 18 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&amp;#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as &quot;The Forbidden Fruit&quot;). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a &quot;scientific fraud&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:32, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30584502 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Umuganda&quot;Rwandan community work&quot;.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine.

The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:55, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30529698 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5/3. Qh5/3...Qe7</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-01T02:35:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Y7at7Y</username>
        <id>3582263</id>
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      <comment>Language addition + footer template.</comment>
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      <text bytes="652" sha1="szxnx596c41x1gn8lb626jczcaogs5c" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Bishop's Opening Classical Defence|
   |rd|nd|bd|  |kd|  |nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|pd|pd|qd|pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |bd|  |pd|  |  |ql|=
   |  |  |bl|  |pl|  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|nl|bl|  |kl|  |nl|rl|=
||
}}
=Bishop's Opening: Classical Defence=
==3...Qe7==

Black defends against mate by protecting the pawn on f7. 3...Qf6 could cause a few problems with Nc3 and Nd5 in the future. 3...Qe7 also leaves the f6-square free for the knight.
[[fi:Shakki/rnb1k1nr;ppppqppp;8;2b1p2Q;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNB1K1NR w KQkq]]
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Jerimee</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:19:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>links?</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="190" sha1="dinp7ven3zshh2o1swpmrf5350l12ae" xml:space="preserve">WikiBooks account created on 25 September 2014.

* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Jerimee</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:23:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
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      <text bytes="319" sha1="1bygs14t2wu6o8e23htiz05tokqd9qs" xml:space="preserve">WikiBooks account created on 25 September 2014. I've contributed to Wikipedia (and associated projects) since 16:03, 29 June 2004.

* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Jerimee</text>
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      <parentid>4638238</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:24:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="457" sha1="nhvfzgak2p8ocd58t0u24lcrziahtip" xml:space="preserve">WikiBooks account created on 25 September 2014. I've contributed to Wikipedia (and associated projects) since 16:03, 29 June 2004.

* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Jerimee

== Shelves ==

Can I make a shelf? I wanted a shelf for &quot;folklore&quot; and can't find one.

Books to go on said shelf:
* [[Create_Vampires]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:27:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Shelves */</comment>
      <origin>4638242</origin>
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      <text bytes="620" sha1="1m9t6uno2p4d4ucou7q76joiz8zblxq" xml:space="preserve">WikiBooks account created on 25 September 2014. I've contributed to Wikipedia (and associated projects) since 16:03, 29 June 2004.

* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Jerimee

== Shelves ==

Can I make a shelf? I wanted a shelf for &quot;folklore&quot; and can't find one. Maybe this? [[Category:Shelf:Cultural_anthropology]]

What is the difference between [[Category:Shelf:Cultural_anthropology]] and [[Shelf:Cultural_anthropology]]?

Books to go on said shelf:
* [[Create_Vampires]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="501" sha1="bimuyp97o4tkh457q8aul4rfkgna66m" xml:space="preserve">WikiBooks account created on 25 September 2014. I've contributed to Wikipedia (and associated projects) since 16:03, 29 June 2004.

* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Jerimee

== Shelves ==

Can I make a shelf? I wanted a shelf for &quot;folklore&quot; and can't find one. Maybe this? [[Shelf:Cultural_anthropology]]

Books to go on said shelf:
* [[Create_Vampires]]</text>
      <sha1>bimuyp97o4tkh457q8aul4rfkgna66m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:44:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Shelves */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="663" sha1="fqmb2r3ye4blljnremgaw8qhrab9gt7" xml:space="preserve">WikiBooks account created on 25 September 2014. I've contributed to Wikipedia (and associated projects) since 16:03, 29 June 2004.

* https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Jerimee
* https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Jerimee

== Shelves ==

Can I make a shelf? I wanted a shelf for &quot;folklore&quot; and can't find one. Maybe this? [[Shelf:Cultural_anthropology]]

;What is the difference between
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Shelf:Cultural_anthropology
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Shelf:Cultural_anthropology

Books to go on said shelf:
* [[Create_Vampires]]</text>
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	&quot;Zollerriia&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zoohouse&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zoot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zsohl&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zvsmith&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Zweighaft&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ZxxZxxZ&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;~riley&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Érico&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;Виктор Пинчук&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Воображение&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Всевидящий&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;Д.Ильин&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;Л.П. Джепко&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;יהודה שמחה ולדמן&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;מקף&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;د. فارس الجويلي&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;علاء&quot;: [
		&quot;steward&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;فيصل&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;,
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;सीमा1&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;タチコマ robot&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;ネイ&quot;: [
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	],
	&quot;人间百态&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;臺灣象象&quot;: [
		&quot;autoreview&quot;
	],
	&quot;范&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;青子守歌&quot;: [
		&quot;vrt-permissions&quot;
	],
	&quot;魔琴&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;
	],
	&quot;ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ&quot;: [
		&quot;editor&quot;
	],
	&quot;기나ㅏㄴ&quot;: [
		&quot;global-rollbacker&quot;,
		&quot;global-renamer&quot;
	]
}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>History of Christianity/Introduction to Christianity/Defining Christianity</title>
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    <id>474873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638313</id>
      <parentid>4496382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T02:44:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lekeviree</username>
        <id>3599011</id>
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      <comment>Overhauled most of the article to be more accurate, grammatically correct, and less vague.</comment>
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      <text bytes="2471" sha1="8n6aezbffnkjk6yaiu4gqcn5v8mk384" xml:space="preserve">Christianity is the world's largest religion, practiced by over 2 billion adherents (known as Christians). Christianity is based on the teachings of the 1st-century itinerant preacher, Jesus of Nazareth. The main literary source of information regarding the life and teachings of Jesus (distinguished by the epitaph Christ, meaning the anointed one) is the Bible. The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to the Christian religion, with some Christian Bibles having as low as 66 books and others have as many as 81 books. It broken up into two parts: the Old Testament (based primarily on the Hebrew Bible), and the New Testament, which contains the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, various epistles traditionally attributed to Jesus' disciples, and the Apocalypse of John (better known as the Book of Revelation). 

There are many different sects of Christianity, but the key concepts of Christianity are contained within the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. The Creed espouses many dogmatic concepts such as monotheism, trinitarianism, the death and resurrection of both Jesus Christ and the souls of the dead, and the second coming of Christ. The two greatest commandments of Christianity are, &quot;Love God with all your heart, body, and mind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 22:36-40 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022%3A36-40&amp;version=NIV |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Love your neighbor as yourself&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.  The belief in grace is also a key component of Christianity, grace in the context of the Christian faith is the belief that redemption is an inherently unearned gift bought and paid for by Jesus&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Ephesians 2:8-9 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians%202%3A8-9&amp;version=NIV |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and that through receiving this gift one might receive with it eternal life.

The resurrection is one of the central beliefs of Christianity. There are different views on whether this will be a resurrection of spirit or of flesh, though the belief is that this resurrection shall be eternal. The hope is that through belief in Jesus, and faith in the words of Jesus, and accepting of his Grace we shall be granted access into this resurrection.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638314</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Lekeviree</username>
        <id>3599011</id>
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      <text bytes="2541" sha1="q4um5fy3o28bg6sflfq4t09f3sg7ux2" xml:space="preserve">Christianity is the world's largest religion, practiced by over 2 billion adherents (known as Christians). Christianity is based on the teachings of the 1st-century itinerant preacher, Jesus of Nazareth. The main literary source of information regarding the life and teachings of Jesus (distinguished by the epitaph Christ, meaning the anointed one) is the Bible. The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to the Christian religion, with some Christian Bibles having as few as 66 books and others have as many as 81 books. It broken up into two parts: the Old Testament (based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, though most Apostolic Christian denominations utilize the Septuagint), and the New Testament, which contains the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, various epistles traditionally attributed to Jesus' disciples, and the Apocalypse of John (better known as the Book of Revelation). 

There are many different sects of Christianity, but the key concepts of Christianity are contained within the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. The Creed espouses many dogmatic concepts such as monotheism, trinitarianism, the death and resurrection of both Jesus Christ and the souls of the dead, and the second coming of Christ. The two greatest commandments of Christianity are, &quot;Love God with all your heart, body, and mind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 22:36-40 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022%3A36-40&amp;version=NIV |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Love your neighbor as yourself&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.  The belief in grace is also a key component of Christianity, grace in the context of the Christian faith is the belief that redemption is an inherently unearned gift bought and paid for by Jesus&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Ephesians 2:8-9 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians%202%3A8-9&amp;version=NIV |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and that through receiving this gift one might receive with it eternal life.

The resurrection is one of the central beliefs of Christianity. There are different views on whether this will be a resurrection of spirit or of flesh, though the belief is that this resurrection shall be eternal. The hope is that through belief in Jesus, and faith in the words of Jesus, and accepting of his Grace we shall be granted access into this resurrection.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638315</id>
      <parentid>4638314</parentid>
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        <id>3599011</id>
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      <text bytes="2522" sha1="m6v7y6bd37rnnzshkbwegotlzgfrqi2" xml:space="preserve">Christianity is the world's largest religion, practiced by over 2 billion adherents (known as Christians). Christianity is based on the teachings of the 1st-century itinerant preacher, Jesus of Nazareth. The main literary source of information regarding the life and teachings of Jesus (distinguished by the epitaph Christ, meaning the anointed one) is the Bible. The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to the Christian religion, with some Christian Bibles having as few as 66 books and others have as many as 81 books. It broken up into two parts: the Old Testament (based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, though most Apostolic Christian denominations utilize the Septuagint), and the New Testament, which contains the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, various epistles traditionally attributed to Jesus' disciples, and the Apocalypse of John (better known as the Book of Revelation). 

There are many different sects of Christianity, but the key concepts of Christianity are contained within the Nicene Creed. The Creed espouses many dogmatic concepts such as monotheism, trinitarianism, the death and resurrection of both Jesus Christ and the souls of the dead, and the second coming of Christ. The two greatest commandments of Christianity are, &quot;Love God with all your heart, body, and mind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 22:36-40 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022%3A36-40&amp;version=NIV |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Love your neighbor as yourself&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.  The belief in grace is also a key component of Christianity, grace in the context of the Christian faith is the belief that redemption is an inherently unearned gift bought and paid for by Jesus&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Ephesians 2:8-9 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians%202%3A8-9&amp;version=NIV |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and that through receiving this gift one might receive with it eternal life.

The resurrection is one of the central beliefs of Christianity. There are different views on whether this will be a resurrection of spirit or of flesh, though the belief is that this resurrection shall be eternal. The hope is that through belief in Jesus, and faith in the words of Jesus, and accepting of his Grace we shall be granted access into this resurrection.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638199</id>
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        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Unit 0: The Han script */</comment>
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      <text bytes="39087" sha1="g8ka02a65bi2strnv252kgw0dj38umm" xml:space="preserve">__notoc__

Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]] &lt;!--- deploy several single-radical texts---&gt;
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]]
# [[/The Sun and the Moon/]]
# [[/Weapons and Metals/]]
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重. ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]] &lt;!--- deploy several single-radical texts---&gt;
# [[/The Sun and the Moon/]]
# [[/Weapons and Metals/]]
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]]
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重. ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]] &lt;!--- deploy several single-radical texts---&gt;
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Weapons and Metals/]]
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]]
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重. ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]] &lt;!--- deploy several single-radical texts---&gt;
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Body parts and Kinship/]]
# [[/Using Weapons/]]
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]]
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重. ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]]
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Body parts and Kinship/]] &lt;!--- 人心手口尸女 ---&gt;
# [[/Using Numbers and Using Weapons/]] &lt;!--- 竹戈十大中一弓廿卜
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] &lt;!--- 山田 ---&gt;
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重, plus the compound ideograms, phono-semantic compounds, and semantic compounds ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]]
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Getting Familiar with Body Parts/]] &lt;!--- 人心手口尸女 ---&gt;
# [[/Using Numbers and Using Weapons/]] &lt;!--- 竹戈十大中一弓廿卜
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] &lt;!--- 山田 ---&gt;
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重, plus the compound ideograms, phono-semantic compounds, and semantic compounds ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. However, as Zhou-Qin era texts served as the main body from which individuals learned, they are employed here as and when they are considered necessary or otherwise useful. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]]
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Getting Familiar with Body Parts/]] &lt;!--- 人心手口尸女 ---&gt;
# [[/Using Numbers and Using Weapons/]] &lt;!--- 竹戈十大中一弓廿卜
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] &lt;!--- 山田 ---&gt;
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重, plus the compound ideograms, phono-semantic compounds, and semantic compounds ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. However, as Zhou-Qin era texts served as the main body from which individuals learned, they are employed here as and when they are considered necessary or otherwise useful. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]]
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Getting Familiar with Body Parts/]] &lt;!--- 人心手口尸女 ---&gt;
# [[/Using Numbers and Using Weapons/]] &lt;!--- 竹戈十大中一弓廿卜
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] &lt;!--- 山田 ---&gt;
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重, plus the compound ideograms, phono-semantic compounds, and semantic compounds ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/A Bilingual Stele of the Khitans/]]
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. However, as Zhou-Qin era texts served as the main body from which individuals learned, they are employed here as and when they are considered necessary or otherwise useful. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]]
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Getting Familiar with Body Parts/]]
# [[/Using Numbers and Using Weapons/]] &lt;!--- 竹戈十大中一弓廿卜---&gt;
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] &lt;!--- 山田 ---&gt;
# [[/How Characters are Made/]] &lt;!--- teach 難 and 重, plus the compound ideograms, phono-semantic compounds, and semantic compounds ---&gt;
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt; 
# [[/How do we read Chinese?/]] &lt;!--- Deploy one of my monosyllabic poems and inductively teach phono-semantic compounds. ---&gt; 
# [[/Word Training with Kiyohara no Sanemoto/]]
&lt;!---
字訓詩·清原真友·平安時代
禾失曾知秩，中心豈忘忠。里魚穿浪鯉，江鳥度秋鴻。

火盡仍為燼，山高自作嵩。色絲辭不絕，凡虫泣寒風。
---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] &lt;!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---&gt;
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
&lt;!---
曰：「二有一乎？」

曰：「二無一。」

曰：「二有右乎？」

曰：「二無右。」

曰：「二有左乎？」

曰：「二無左。」

曰：「右可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左可謂二乎？」

曰：「不可。」

曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」

曰：「可。」
---&gt;
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] &lt;!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---&gt;
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] &lt;!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---&gt;
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
&lt;!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---&gt;
# [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
&lt;!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. 

E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701

Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! 
---&gt;
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
&lt;!-- 
侍宴·大友皇子
皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。
三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。
--&gt; 
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
&lt;!--
芝峰類說 
倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。
--&gt;
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]]
&lt;!---
春江花月夜·楊廣
夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。
漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。

This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily.
---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
&lt;!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。
蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。
蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。
--&gt;
&lt;!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什
黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。
此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。
此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。

黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。
此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。
--&gt;
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
&lt;!---
西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾
湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。
桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。

宫词·布哈特穆爾
玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。
金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。

Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang
Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)
---&gt;
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;

# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
&lt;!---
鞏金甌·嚴復
鞏金甌，承天幬，民物欣鳧藻，喜同袍。
清時幸遭，真熙皞，帝國蒼穹保。
天高高，海滔滔。
This has music to it, which I think can add a lot. It is also necessary to introduce Yan Fu early given he did translation. ---&gt;
# [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]]
&lt;!---
無題·薩都剌
為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。
數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。
時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。
故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C)

A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone.
---&gt;
&lt;!---
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]]
&lt;!---
立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華

小山壓大山，大山全無力。
羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。
---&gt;
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杏杏重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] 
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] 
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] 

===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
&lt;!---
便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄
山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺
丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船

便面半月照梅花·武田信玄
蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯
江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時

島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440

似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. 
---&gt; 
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---&gt;
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] 
&lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]]
&lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea===
&lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
&lt;!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
&lt;!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
&lt;!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good!

《泰山吟·謝道韞》
峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。
巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。
非工復非匠，雲構發自然。
器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。
逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。

《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》
遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。
願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。
騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。
時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。

---&gt;
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
&lt;!---
康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕
皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。

Teach imperial edicts. 
Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. 

Recorded in 琉球國志略 
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=966326
---&gt;
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
&lt;!---
神田酒樓街燈 尚典
酒樓今秋設芳筵，
一望街燈燦燦連。
烟氣引來通柱上，
光爭星月照神田。
---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;

===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]]
&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

&lt;!---
Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 
耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with.
---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/A Bilingual Stele of the Khitans/]]
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
&lt;!---
教義詔 楊廣
武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。
---&gt;
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
&lt;!---
順治帝
告示
逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。
大清順治二年五月二十四日

恩詔
今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。
永昌二年新正初一

There's probably better choices here. Review. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---&gt; 
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script</title>
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Hello! If you're here, you want to learn Literary Chinese. You have probably heard tales of how &quot;hard&quot; this writing system is, and this unit is designed to make it easier so you can get up and use it. 

==Lesson==
[[File:Shang dynasty inscribed scapula.jpg|thumb|300px|An [[w:Oracle bone|Oracle bone]] written by [[w:Zheng (diviner)|Zheng]] (爭).]]
The Han script is built on pictures drawn by ancient people around 5,000 years ago, around the time of the Shang dynasty when it was just a tribe. It is truly ancient, and that means lots of writing for you to access here.

A good bunch of the most basic words are still abstract versions of the pictures those ancient people drew.

Here's three:
* 木 - Tree
* 一 - One
* 二 - Two
What do you think &quot;three&quot; would be?

With that knowledge in mind, look at these sentences:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
一物曰木。二木曰林。三木曰森。
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

You can probably guess what this means based on context.

Gloss: One thing (is) called (a) tree. Two trees (are) called (a) forest. Three trees (are) called (a) heavy forest.

You now know several things:
* You know where numbers go.
* You know how the words in basic sentences are ordered. 
* You know how to say something is called something. 
* You know what 林 and 森 are in Chinese. 
* You know that we don't need &quot;is/are&quot; or &quot;a/the&quot; in this language! 

Good luck in the next few lessons! Try looking for [[:wikt:Category:Han pictograms|more characters like this]] (like 火 and 人!).

==Cangjie codes==
If you are not yet familiar with the [[w:Cangjie input method|Cangjie input method]], this will come later. 
* [[:wikt:一|一]] - 一 (M)
* [[:wikt:二|二]] - 一一 (MM)
* [[:wikt:三|三]] - 一一一 (MMM)
* [[:wikt:木|木]] - 木 (D)
* [[:wikt:林|林]] - 木木 (D)
* [[:wikt:森|森]] - 木木木 (D)
* [[:wikt:曰|曰]] - 曰 (A)
* [[:wikt:物|物]] - 竹手心竹竹 (HQPHH)

Notice something consistent here?

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    <title>Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore</title>
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      <text bytes="2461" sha1="2z9psm8j849rhw9i082q71wkhr7nv88" xml:space="preserve">== '''Latin-American Folklore''' ==


'''''Chupacabra'' - Mythical American Vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: In Hispanic America, the chupacabra is heavy, reptilian and alienish. It is described as having a row of spines from neck to tail.&lt;br&gt;
In the United States, it is more dog-like. Many reports of chupacabra were mostly dogs and coyotes with mange, which gave them an unusual appearance.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Chupacabra are thought to drink the blood of livestock, especially goats. &lt;br&gt;
Many of the dead livestock had two holes in the neck. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupacabra &lt;br&gt;

'''''Tlahuelpuchi'' - Mythical Mexican Vampire''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Appearance: The Tlahuelpunchi has a glowing aura when it shape shifts. They can take the form of some birds when they hunt. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Nature: Vampire-witch. According to myths, they are born with their curse, which develops around puberty. There are more females than males, with female power stronger than the males. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vampiric Activity: Sucks the blood of infants at night.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Abilities: Shape shift (by detaching their bodies from their legs). &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Weakness: They must feed on blood at least once a month, or they will die. They avoid onions, garlic and metal.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlahuelpuchi


'''''Soucouyant'' - Mythical Caribbean Creature'''

Appearance: Old man or woman during the day, at night they take off their old skin and put it in a mortar.

Nature: practices black magic, witchy.

Vampiric Activity: They are thought to be blood sucking creatures, who take blood from arms, necks, and legs while the victims are unconscious.

Abilities: Shapeshift, trade blood for power with Bazil (demon).

Weakness: Must stop to gather spilled rice, grain by grain. When they strip off their skin, and place it in a mortar, they can be destroyed by putting coarse salt in the mortar with its skin.

[[wikipedia:Soucouyant|Soucouyant - Wikipedia]]


'''''Wendigo'' - Mythical Native American Creature'''

Appearance: Human like. In some versions of its stories, it is a giant humanoid with a heart of ice. Its presence can be detected by a foul smell or by chills.

Nature: Evil spirit

Vampiric Activity: They prey on humans to feed, in the form of human cannibalism.

Abilities: They can possess human beings. They can cause insatiable hunger in victims, including a desire to eat other people.

[[wikipedia:Wendigo|Wendigo - Wikipedia]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2z9psm8j849rhw9i082q71wkhr7nv88</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FlightGear Flight Simulator/Technical/Property tree</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638327</id>
      <parentid>4637686</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T07:43:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fcbs3</username>
        <id>3546790</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18054" sha1="q9e4r297pym7ms8g628n00nb3749yes" xml:space="preserve">The '''property tree''' is considered [[wikipedia:FlightGear|FlightGear]]'s central nervous system and one of its greatest assets.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.flightgear.org/Property_tree&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a property browser for browsing and modifying all properties (which is also useful for singleplayer cheating).&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.flightgear.org/Property_browser&lt;/ref&gt;

== Annunciators ==
The /instrumentation/annunciators section shall provide a central place for

* aircrafts to write annunciator status data
* 3D aircraft models and external devices (like joysticks, yokes, throttle quadrants or custom made cockpit hardware) to read such data and drive status lights etc.

Some of the props are automatically calculated by property rules in &lt;code&gt;$FGDATA/Aircraft/Generic/generic-annunciators.xml&lt;/code&gt; (available since FG 2024.1) other properties have to be calculated by the actual aircraft.

The aircraft.nas module provides aircraft.light which allows easy implementation of blinking lights. Such lights have a bool property 'state' which tells if the light is on or off.&lt;pre&gt;
/instrumentation/annunciators/doors
/instrumentation/annunciators/master-caution/state  # aircraft.light
/instrumentation/annunciators/master-warning/state  # aircraft.light

/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/ap/enabled
/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/ap/mode/alt
/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/ap/mode/apr
/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/ap/mode/hdg
/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/ap/mode/ias
/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/ap/mode/nav
/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/ap/mode/rev
/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/ap/mode/vs
/instrumentation/annunciators/autoflight/flightdirector/enabled

/instrumentation/annunciators/engines/
/instrumentation/annunciators/engines/apu/enabled
/instrumentation/annunciators/engines/apu/fire
# summary props, 'sum' of all engines
/instrumentation/annunciators/engines/fire
/instrumentation/annunciators/engines/oil-pressure-low
/instrumentation/annunciators/engines/starter


# for &lt;gear-name&gt; in {nose, left, right}
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/&lt;gear-name&gt;/down
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/&lt;gear-name&gt;/in-transition
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/&lt;gear-name&gt;/unsafe
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/&lt;gear-name&gt;/up
# gear summary
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/down
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/in-transition
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/unsafe
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/up 
/instrumentation/annunciators/gear/parking-brake

/instrumentation/annunciators/systems/anti-ice/enabled
/instrumentation/annunciators/systems/fuel/aux-pump
/instrumentation/annunciators/systems/fuel/pressure-low
/instrumentation/annunciators/systems/fuel/system[]/pressure-low
/instrumentation/annunciators/systems/hyd/pressure-low
/instrumentation/annunciators/systems/hyd/system[]/pressure-low
/instrumentation/annunciators/systems/vacuum

&lt;/pre&gt;

== Consumables ==
:''See also'' [[#Fuel]]
&lt;pre&gt;
/consumables/fuel/tank[%d]/level-lb
/consumables/fuel/tank[%d]/level-lbs
/consumables/fuel/tank[%d]/level-gal_us
/consumables/fuel/tank[%d]/capacity-gal_us
/consumables/fuel/tank[%d]/density-ppg
/consumables/fuel/total-fuel-lbs
/consumables/fuel/total-gal_us
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Controls ==
These properties are meant to represent the various cockpit controls (levers, switches, buttons, etc.).  Consider these as the pilots input.

=== Recommended usage ===

* Animation of control elements (levers, switches, etc) themself in the 3D model of the cockpit
* As input to aircraft system simulation, e.g. hydraulics or electrical systems 

Avoid refering to control props directly for animating parts of the 3D model if there is an aircraft system (electric, hydraulic, ...) involved. 

Better use XML property rules (e.g. logic or filter) that calculate the component state from /controls/foo as well as &quot;power available&quot;, &quot;component is serviceable&quot; etc. 

=== Anti-ice ===
These properties control the various anti-ice properties that may be present in an aircraft.

&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/anti-ice/wing-heat
/controls/anti-ice/pitot-heat
/controls/anti-ice/wiper
/controls/anti-ice/window-heat
/controls/anti-ice/engine[%d]/carb-heat
/controls/anti-ice/engine[%d]/inlet-heat
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== APU ===
These properties control any auxiliary power unit, in essence a small turbine engine driving generators, hydraulic pumps etc. before and after the aircraft's engines are up an running.

&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/APU/off-start-run
/controls/APU/fire-switch
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Armament ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/armament/master-arm
/controls/armament/station-select
/controls/armament/release-all
/controls/armament/station[%d]/stick-size
/controls/armament/station[%d]/release-stick
/controls/armament/station[%d]/release-all
/controls/armament/station[%d]/jettison-all
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Autoflight ===
These properties control the autopilot on certain airplanes. 

&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/autoflight/autopilot[%d]/engage
/controls/autoflight/autothrottle-arm
/controls/autoflight/autothrottle-engage
/controls/autoflight/heading-select
/controls/autoflight/altitude-select
/controls/autoflight/bank-angle-select
/controls/autoflight/vertical-speed-select
/controls/autoflight/speed-select
/controls/autoflight/mach-select
/controls/autoflight/vertical-mode
/controls/autoflight/lateral-mode
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Electric ===
Control elements for electrical systems like battery, generators/alternators, avionics etc.
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/electric/battery-switch
/controls/electric/external-power
/controls/electric/APU-generator 
/controls/electric/engine[%d]/generator
/controls/electric/engine[%d]/bus-tie
/controls/electric/avionics[%d]
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{Note|/controls/electric/APU-generator should be aliased to /controls/electric/engine[%d]/generator (where %d is the index of the engine representing the APU) by the aircraft code.}}

=== Engines ===
Engines are numbered engine[0] for a single engine to engine[0] to engine[3] for a 747 for example. (The model allows for up to 12 engines rumour has it ;-)

&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/engines/throttle_idle
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/throttle
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/starter
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/fuel-pump
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/fire-switch
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/fire-bottle-discharge
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/cutoff
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/mixture
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/propeller-pitch
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/magnetos
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/boost
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/WEP
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/cowl-flaps-norm
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/feather
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/ignition
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/augmentation
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/afterburner
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/reverser
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/water-injection
/controls/engines/engine[%d]/condition
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Flight controls ===
These properties control the flight controls surfaces, though often through a mechanical, analog or digital flight control system (FCS) that may or may not be modeled.

&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/flight/aileron
/controls/flight/aileron-trim
/controls/flight/elevator
/controls/flight/elevator-trim
/controls/flight/rudder
/controls/flight/rudder-trim
/controls/flight/flaps
/controls/flight/slats
/controls/flight/BLC			// Boundary Layer Control
/controls/flight/spoilers
/controls/flight/speedbrake
/controls/flight/wing-sweep
/controls/flight/wing-fold
/controls/flight/drag-chute
&lt;/pre&gt;

The positions of the controls are usually put in &lt;code&gt;/surface-positions/&lt;/code&gt; at the discretion of the aircraft designer. These usually drive the animations of the control surfaces. They are either normalized (like &lt;code&gt;/surface-positions/elevator-pos-norm&lt;/code&gt;) or in degrees, and sometimes the aileron is split left/right.

=== Fuel ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/fuel/dump-valve
/controls/fuel/tank[%d]/fuel_selector
/controls/fuel/tank[%d]/to_engine
/controls/fuel/tank[%d]/to_tank
/controls/fuel/tank[%d]/boost-pump[%d]
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Gear ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/gear/brake-left
/controls/gear/brake-right
/controls/gear/brake-parking
/controls/gear/steering // Used if rudder is not sufficient for control of steering
/controls/gear/gear-down
/controls/gear/antiskid // Deprecated?
/controls/gear/tailhook
/controls/gear/tailwheel-lock
/controls/gear/wheel[%d]/alternate-extension
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Hydraulics ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/hydraulic/system[%d]/engine-pump
/controls/hydraulic/system[%d]/electric-pump
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Lights ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/lighting/landing-lights
/controls/lighting/turn-off-lights
/controls/lighting/formation-lights
/controls/lighting/taxi-light
/controls/lighting/logo-lights
/controls/lighting/nav-lights
/controls/lighting/beacon
/controls/lighting/strobe
/controls/lighting/panel-norm
/controls/lighting/instruments-norm
/controls/lighting/dome-norm
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Pneumatic ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/pneumatic/APU-bleed
/controls/pneumatic/engine[%d]/bleed
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Pressurization ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/pressurization/mode
/controls/pressurization/dump
/controls/pressurization/outflow-valve
/controls/pressurization/pack[%d]/pack-on
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Seat ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/controls/seat/vertical-adjust
/controls/seat/fore-aft-adjust
/controls/seat/cmd_selector_valve
/controls/seat/eject[%d]/initiate
/controls/seat/eject[%d]/status
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Engines ==

=== Common ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/engines/engine[%d]/fuel-flow-gph
/engines/engine[%d]/fuel-flow_pph
/engines/engine[%d]/thrust_lb
/engines/engine[%d]/running
/engines/engine[%d]/starter
/engines/engine[%d]/cranking
/engines/engine[%d]/fire
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Turbine ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/engines/engine[%d]/n1
/engines/engine[%d]/n2
/engines/engine[%d]/epr
/engines/engine[%d]/augmentation
/engines/engine[%d]/water-injection
/engines/engine[%d]/ignition
/engines/engine[%d]/nozzle-pos-norm
/engines/engine[%d]/inlet-pos-norm
/engines/engine[%d]/reversed
/engines/engine[%d]/cutoff
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Piston ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/engines/engine[%d]/mp-osi
/engines/engine[%d]/egt-degf
/engines/engine[%d]/oil-temperature-degf
/engines/engine[%d]/oil-pressure-psi
/engines/engine[%d]/cht-degf
/engines/engine[%d]/rpm
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Propeller ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/engines/engine[%d]/rpm
/engines/engine[%d]/pitch
/engines/engine[%d]/torque
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Flight Dynamics Model ==
=== Position ===
This will return the current position of the aircraft within FlightGear. This is also the stuff that is transmitted in  multiplayer.

&lt;pre&gt;
/position/
/position/altitiude-ft ()
/position/altitude-agl-ft (22.46983965)
/position/altitude-ft (28.24368289)
/position/ground-elev-ft (-0.43513529)
/position/ground-elev-m (-0.1326292364)
/position/latitude-deg (37.61371436)
/position/latitude-string (37*36 49.4N)
/position/longitude-deg (-122.3576508)
/position/longitude-string (-122*21 27.5W)
/position/sea-level-radius-ft (20899648.76)
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Orientation ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/orientation/roll-deg
/orientation/pitch-deg
/orientation/heading-deg

/orientation/roll-rate-degps
/orientation/pitch-rate-degps
/orientation/yaw-rate-degps

/orientation/side-slip-rad
/orientation/side-slip-deg
/orientation/alpha-deg
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Velocities ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/velocities/airspeed-kt
/velocities/mach
/velocities/speed-north-fps
/velocities/speed-east-fps
/velocities/speed-down-fps

/velocities/uBody-fps
/velocities/vBody-fps
/velocities/wBody-fps

/velocities/vertical-speed-fps
/velocities/glideslope
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Acceleration ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/accelerations/nlf

/accelerations/ned/north-accel-fps_sec
/accelerations/ned/east-accel-fps_sec
/accelerations/ned/down-accel-fps_sec

/accelerations/pilot/x-accel-fps_sec
/accelerations/pilot/y-accel-fps_sec
/accelerations/pilot/z-accel-fps_sec
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Gear ==
&lt;pre&gt;
/gear/serviceable
/gear/gear[%d]/cast-angle-deg // The angle of the wheel where 0 is pointing straight forward
/gear/gear[%d]/compression-m
/gear/gear[%d]/compression-norm
/gear/gear[%d]/ground-friction-factor
/gear/gear[%d]/ground-is-solid
/gear/gear[%d]/has-brake
/gear/gear[%d]/rollspeed-ms // Speed of the wheel's rotation in meters per second
/gear/gear[%d]/wow // Weight-on-wheel
/gear/gear[%d]/xoffset-in
/gear/gear[%d]/yoffset-in
/gear/gear[%d]/zoffset-in
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Instrumentation ==
&lt;pre&gt;
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/
/instrumentation/airspeed-indicator/
/instrumentation/altimeter/
/instrumentation/annunciator/
/instrumentation/attitude-indicator/
/instrumentation/clock/
/instrumentation/comm[%d]/
/instrumentation/dme/
/instrumentation/efis/
/instrumentation/encoder/
/instrumentation/flightdirector/
/instrumentation/gps/
/instrumentation/gps-annunciator/
/instrumentation/heading-indicator/
/instrumentation/heading-indicator-fg/
/instrumentation/magnetic-compass/
/instrumentation/marker-beacon/
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/
/instrumentation/radar/
/instrumentation/slip-skid-ball/
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/
/instrumentation/transponder/
/instrumentation/turn-indicator/
/instrumentation/vertical-speed-indicator/
/instrumentation/wxradar/
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Instrumentation ADF ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/adf-btn
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/bro-btn
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/display-mode
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/enroute-timer/running
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/enroute-timer/start-time
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/enroute-timer/time
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/error-deg
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/flight-timer/running
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/flight-timer/start-time
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/flight-timer/time
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/flt-btn
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/frequencies/dial-1-khz
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/frequencies/dial-100-khz
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/frequencies/selected-khz
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/frequencies/standby-khz
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/frq-btn
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/ident
/instrumentation/adf[[%d]/ident-audible
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/in-range
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/indicated-bearing-deg
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/mode
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/model
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/operable
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/power-btn
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/right-display
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/rotation-deg
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/serviceable
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/set-btn
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/volume
/instrumentation/adf[%d]/volume-norm
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Instrumentation NAV radio ===

&lt;pre&gt;
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/audio-btn
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/back-course-btn
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/cdi/serviceable
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/crosstrack-error-m
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/crosstrack-heading-error-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/data-is-valid
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/dme-in-range
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/filtered-cdiNAV0-deflection
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/filtered-gsNAV0-deflection
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/frequencies/dial-khz
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/frequencies/dial-mhz
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/frequencies/is-localizer-frequency
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/frequencies/selected-mhz
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/frequencies/selected-mhz-fmt
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/frequencies/standby-mhz
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/frequencies/standby-mhz-fmt
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/from-flag
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/frq-swap-btn
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs/serviceable
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs-direct-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs-distance
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs-in-range
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs-needle-deflection
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs-needle-deflection-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs-needle-deflection-norm
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs-rate-of-climb
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/gs-rate-of-climb-fpm
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/has-gs
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/heading-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/heading-needle-deflection
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/heading-needle-deflection-norm
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/ident
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/ident-audible
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/in-range
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/nav-distance
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/nav-id
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/nav-id_asc1
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/nav-id_asc2
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/nav-id_asc3
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/nav-id_asc4
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/nav-loc
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/operable
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/power-btn
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/radials/actual-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/radials/reciprocal-radial-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/radials/selected-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/radials/target-auto-hdg-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/radials/arget-radial-deg
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/serviceable
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/signal-quality-norm
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/slaved-to-gps
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/time-to-intercept-sec
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/to-flag
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/to-from/serviceable
/instrumentation/nav[%d]/volume
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Instrumentation Tacan ===
&lt;pre&gt;
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/display/channel
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/display/x-shift
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/display/y-shift
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/frequencies/selected-channel
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/frequencies/selected-channel[1]
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/frequencies/selected-channel[2]
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/frequencies/selected-channel[3]
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/frequencies/selected-channel[4]
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/frequencies/selected-mhz
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/ident
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/in-range
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/indicated-bearing-true-deg
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/indicated-distance-nm
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/indicated-ground-speed-kt
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/indicated-time-min
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/name
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/serviceable
/instrumentation/tacan[%d]/switch-position
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Rotors (YASim only) ==
&lt;pre&gt;
/rotors/gear/torque-sound-filtered // Unused?
/rotors/gear/total-torque
/rotors/{name}/balance
/rotors/{name}/blade[%d]/flap-deg
/rotors/{name}/blade[%d]/incidence-deg
/rotors/{name}/blade[%d]/position-deg // Position relative to model
/rotors/{name}/bladesvisible // Used for animations
/rotors/{name}/cone%d-deg //e.g. cone-deg or cone2-deg
/rotors/{name}/roll-deg
/rotors/{name}/rpm
/rotors/{name}/stall
/rotors/{name}/stall-filtered
/rotors/{name}/tilt
/rotors/{name}/torque
/rotors/{name}/yaw-deg
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.flightgear.org/Aircraft_properties_reference&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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Xania here. I am logged in on Wikipedia but can't log in here even though it has always been automatic when switching between the two. Wikibooks seems to want me to authenticate myself via my authenticator app which I have not done before. Allows me to also use a recovery code which I do not have. How do I log in guys? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|&amp;#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:15, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
: I believe it might be the CheckUser permission requiring 2FA (on parity with interface administrators and oversighters) as that group has restrictions. You might need to temporarily request to the [[m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards]] to remove CU access from your account to enable 2FA; however, since this project only has 2 CUs, [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]'s CU rights would be temporarily suspended. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:36, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
: Thanks, I've left a notice on the Steward's board.--[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|&amp;#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:59, 10 May 2026 (UTC)
::This happened before when your CU rights were removed because you hadn't enrolled in 2FA. I presume you must have enrolled to get the CU rights back. Are you really sure you've never used any authenticator here? [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:49, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
:::See [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:MarcGarver#Check_User previous discussion] from last year [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:51, 11 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Thanks. Good to know. I had completely forgotten that discussion. I will have to install some old authenticators and see which works.--[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|&amp;#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 17:09, 16 May 2026 (UTC)
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= Mediation and Moderation in Neuroimaging =

== 1. Introduction to Causal Path Modeling ==
In the field of neuroimaging, researchers frequently aim to understand the functional mechanisms (&quot;how&quot; things happen) rather than just localisation (&quot;where&quot; things happen). While a correlation between an experimental task (X) and a behavioural response (Y) is informative, it remains a &quot;black box&quot;. Mediation analysis is a statistical framework used to open this box by testing whether the effect of X on Y is transmitted through a third, intervening variable: a neural mediator (M) (Baron &amp; Kenny, 1986). In the context of neuroimaging, the mediator is typically the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) response in a specific Region of Interest (ROI) or a functional connectivity metric between two nodes.

On the other hand, Moderation analysis investigates the specific conditions under which an effect holds true. It is essentially asking when or for whom a relationship exists. It tests whether the strength or direction of the relationship between a stimulus and the brain (or the brain and behaviour) changes based on a fourth variable, such as age, clinical diagnosis, or genotype (Hayes, 2017).

== 2. The Statistical Framework of Mediation ==
The core logic of mediation is built upon path analysis and linear regression (Hayes, 2017). To truly understand mediation, one must first understand how relationships between variables are broken down, which is a process known as effect decomposition. When we observe an initial relationship between a Stimulus (X) and a Behaviour (Y), we call this the Total Effect (c). However, mediation analysis proposes that this total effect is a combination of two distinct forces (Hayes, 2017):

* '''The Direct Effect (c'):''' The portion of the relationship that remains unexplained by the specific brain region being tested. This represents alternative &quot;backroad&quot; pathways, meaning there are other unmeasured neural networks, cognitive processes, or physiological responses that also connect the stimulus to the behaviour, completely bypassing the specific Region of Interest.
* '''The Indirect Effect (ab):''' The portion of the relationship that successfully &quot;travels through&quot; the targeted brain region. This represents the explicit causal chain where the experimental stimulus activates the brain region (path a), and that specific neural activation drives the final behaviour (path b). This is the exact functional mechanism that the statistical model has successfully mapped and explained.

The fundamental equation of mediation states that the total impact of an experiment is the sum of these parts:

: &lt;math&gt;c = c' + ab&lt;/math&gt;

=== 2.1 Process vs. Proof ===
To fully grasp this framework, we must separate the process from the proof. The overall statistical model is the entire process: it maps out every possible route the signal could take, including both the targeted neural 'highway' and the unmeasured 'backroads'. However, the actual mathematical proof that a specific brain region did the work lives entirely within the Indirect Effect (Hayes, 2017). To understand why this specific mediating pathway is calculated by multiplying paths a and b (ab), think of mediation as a biological chain reaction. Path a tells us how strongly the experimental stimulus activates the brain region (M). Path b tells us how strongly that specific brain activation drives the final behaviour (Y) (Hayes, 2017). To find out how much of the original stimulus successfully &quot;travelled&quot; through the brain to alter behaviour, we multiply them together (&lt;math&gt;a \times b&lt;/math&gt;). This mathematical product is the Indirect Effect, which is the exact portion of the behavioural outcome that is explicitly caused by the neural mediator (Hayes, 2017).

=== 2.2 Full vs. Partial Mediation ===
In a perfectly mediated model, the entire connection between the stimulus and the behaviour flows strictly through the neural chain reaction. When this happens, adding the brain mediator (M) into the mathematical model completely accounts for the original relationship. As a result, the direct effect (c') which is the &quot;backroad&quot; that bypasses the brain is reduced all the way to zero (Baron &amp; Kenny, 1986). This tells researchers that the total impact of an experiment is the sum of two parts: the &quot;explained&quot; neural mediation and the &quot;unexplained&quot; direct impact. Depending on what the data shows, the results are categorised in one of two ways (Baron &amp; Kenny, 1986):

* '''Full Mediation:''' This occurs if the indirect effect (ab) is strong and the direct effect (c') disappears. This proves that the specific brain region is the primary engine driving a behaviour.
* '''Partial Mediation:''' This is the most common finding in brain research. It means the brain region explains a significant part of the behaviour, but not all of it. Other unmeasured neural networks or factors are likely still contributing to the final outcome.

=== 2.3 The Formal Regression Models ===
To mathematically prove how the overall behavioural change is split into these two separate parts (Direct and Indirect Effect), researchers use statistical software to run three distinct regression tests (Hayes, 2017):

# '''The Total Effect (Path c):''' The direct impact of the stimulus on the behaviour without considering the brain.
#: &lt;math&gt;Y = i_1 + cX + \epsilon_1&lt;/math&gt;
# '''The Mediator Path (Path a):''' The impact of the stimulus on the neural activity (the ROI).
#: &lt;math&gt;M = i_2 + aX + \epsilon_2&lt;/math&gt;
# '''The Direct and Indirect Paths (Paths c' and b):''' The impact of the neural activity on behaviour, while controlling for the stimulus.
#: &lt;math&gt;Y = i_3 + c'X + bM + \epsilon_3&lt;/math&gt;

'''Notation Key:'''

* '''X:''' The independent variable (the experimental stimulus).
* '''Y:''' The dependent variable (the behavioural outcome).
* '''M:''' The mediator variable (the neural activity/ROI).
* '''i_1, i_2, i_3:''' The intercepts (constants) for each regression equation.
* '''c:''' The total effect coefficient of X on Y.
* '''a:''' The effect coefficient of X on M.
* '''b:''' The effect coefficient of M on Y (controlling for X).
* '''c':''' The direct effect coefficient of X on Y (controlling for M).
* '''&lt;math&gt;\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2, \epsilon_3&lt;/math&gt;:''' The error terms (residuals) representing unexplained variance in each model.

== 3. From Baron &amp; Kenny to Modern Bootstrapping ==
For decades, the standard method for testing mediation was the &quot;four-step approach&quot; introduced by Baron and Kenny (1986). This approach is labelled as &quot;four steps&quot; because researchers had to prove four distinct conditions in sequential order to claim that mediation existed:

# The stimulus (X) must significantly predict the behaviour (Y) (Path c). This establishes that there is an initial effect to be mediated.
# The stimulus (X) must significantly predict the brain activity (M) (Path a).
# The brain activity (M) must significantly predict the behaviour (Y), even when controlling for the stimulus (Path b).
# When the brain activity (M) is included in the model, the direct effect of the stimulus on the behaviour (Y) (Path c') must be significantly smaller than the total effect (Path c) to prove partial mediation, or drop to zero to prove full mediation.

In this context, for a component to be statistically significant, it means statistical tests indicate the relationship is highly likely to be real and not just a result of random noise or measurement error (p &lt; 0.05). Baron and Kenny required all these individual components to be significant to build a logical chain of evidence. Their rationale was if the stimulus doesn't reliably alter the brain (Step 2), or the brain doesn't reliably alter the behaviour (Step 3), then a causal chain cannot logically exist. However, modern neuroimaging has moved away from this rigid step-by-step method and toward Non-parametric Bootstrapping (Hayes, 2017).

=== 3.1 Why Neuroscience Needs Bootstrapping ===
Historically, statisticians used the Sobel Test to figure out if an indirect effect (ab) was statistically significant (Sobel, 1982). However, this test relied on one massive assumption: it assumed that the data would naturally form a perfectly symmetrical, bell-shaped curve (normal distribution). While this was widely accepted for a long time, this assumption is a terrible fit for real-world brain data. We now know that when you multiply two variables together (path a and path b), the resulting shape is almost never a perfect bell curve, but it is asymmetric and &quot;skewed&quot; (Hayes, 2017). The Sobel Test tries to force this naturally lopsided data into a perfectly symmetrical shape. By forcing symmetry where there is none, the math gets distorted, frequently pushing the test's lower boundaries artificially close to zero. When a test boundary hits zero, researchers are forced to conclude there is no mediation. Because of this mathematical blind spot, the Sobel Test frequently misses real neural pathways, incorrectly telling researchers they found nothing (a Type II error).

In neuroscience, where small sample sizes and noisy data are already a challenge, the Sobel test is simply too underpowered to be useful (Hayes, 2017). Non-parametric Bootstrapping solves this problem by throwing out the &quot;perfect bell curve&quot; assumption entirely, making it uniquely suited for neuroimaging (Hayes, 2017). Instead of forcing the highly variable brain signals and behavioural responses into a theoretical shape, bootstrapping embraces the actual reality of the study. It works by having a computer create a massive &quot;mock population&quot; directly from the study's own sample. The computer randomly draws data from the participants, calculates the indirect effect, puts the data back, and repeats this process 5,000 to 10,000 times. By mixing and matching the actual data thousands of times, the computer builds a custom, empirical distribution specifically for that unique brain region and behavioural task. Because this method captures the true, asymmetric shape of the data, researchers get highly accurate confidence intervals. If this custom-built interval does not contain zero, we can confidently conclude that the brain region truly acts as a mediator, completely avoiding the statistical penalties of the old Sobel test (Hayes, 2017).

== 4. Advanced Models: Moderation and Multiple Mediators ==
In the context of cognitive neuroscience, information processing is rarely linear or isolated to a single neural hub. The pathways that translate an external stimulus into a behavioural response typically involve complex, interconnected networks working simultaneously or in sequence. Therefore, more sophisticated statistical models are required to accurately capture the reality of these multi-regional cognitive processes.

=== 4.1 Multiple Mediator Models ===
A single stimulus can trigger multiple neural processes (Hayes, 2017):

* '''Parallel Mediation:''' When two regions (e.g., the Amygdala and the Anterior Cingulate Cortex) both mediate the same behaviour independently.
* '''Serial Mediation:''' When a signal passes through a chain of regions (X → M1 → M2 → Y). For instance, sensory input to the Visual Cortex (M1) leads to processing in the Prefrontal Cortex (M2), which finally results in a Motor Response (Y).

=== 4.2 Moderated Mediation (Conditional Process Modeling) ===
This allows us to ask: &quot;Does this brain-behavior pathway work the same way for everyone?&quot; (Hayes, 2017). A moderator might interact with the a-path. For example, the effect of an emotional stimulus on the Amygdala might be strong in patients with PTSD but weak in healthy controls. In this case, Clinical Diagnosis is the moderator of the mediation.

To statistically test these conditional situations, researchers use extended regression models that include interaction terms. Instead of just looking at the stimulus and the brain region in isolation, the statistical software multiplies the stimulus by the moderator (e.g., the clinical diagnosis) to create a new &quot;interaction&quot; variable. By testing whether this specific interaction variable significantly predicts brain activity, researchers can determine if the neural pathway truly changes depending on the group. Finally, researchers calculate the Index of Moderated Mediation (Hayes, 2017) to confirm the entire model. This is simply a single number that measures exactly how much the neural pathway changes depending on the moderator (e.g. like a clinical diagnosis). We test this number using the same bootstrapping (resampling) method described earlier. If the results show that this shift is definitively greater than zero, researchers have hard statistical proof that the brain mechanism operates differently depending on the group.

== 5. Causal Assumptions in Neuroimaging ==
The assumptions that must be met for these models to be valid (Hayes, 2017):

* '''Temporal Precedence:''' The cause must precede the effect. In fMRI, the BOLD signal is slow (the Hemodynamic Response Function takes approximately 4–6 seconds to peak). Researchers must ensure their experimental design and lag-modelling account for the fact that neural activity (M) must chronologically happen after stimulus (X) and before behaviour (Y).
* '''No Unmeasured Confounding:''' There should be no third variable (like head motion or heart rate) that correlates with both the mediator and the outcome.
* '''Linearity:''' Standard mediation assumes linear relationships. If the brain's response to a stimulus is non-linear (e.g., a &quot;U-shaped&quot; response), standard path models will fail.

== 6. Implementation and Interpretation ==
In the real world, running these complex equations by hand is impossible, so neuroscientists rely on specialised computer software. The tool a researcher chooses depends entirely on the scope of their study:

* '''The Mediation Toolbox (M3) for MATLAB:''' This is used for complex, multi-level studies e.g. when researchers need to analyse hundreds of individual brain scans grouped across dozens of different participants (Wager et al., 2008).
* '''Nilearn for Python:''' This is used for &quot;searchlight mediation&quot;. Instead of looking at just one pre-selected brain area, this software systematically scans the entire brain, segment by segment, to mathematically map out any hidden neural pathways that might be driving the behaviour (Abraham et al., 2014).
* '''The mediation package in R:''' This is the standard tool used when researchers have already isolated a specific brain region (a Region of Interest) and simply want to test its direct connection to a behavioural response (Tingley et al., 2014).

Regardless of which software is used, researchers must interpret three crucial scores from the computer's statistical report (Tingley et al., 2014):

* '''ACME (Average Causal Mediation Effect):''' This is the software's term for the Indirect Effect (ab). It confirms whether the specific brain region successfully transmitted the signal. The software generates a range of likely scores called a confidence interval. If this range does not include zero, it means the effect is mathematically real and the brain region is officially confirmed as a mediator.
* '''ADE (Average Direct Effect):''' This is the software's term for the Direct Effect (c'). If the confidence interval for the ADE also excludes zero, then it means the behaviour is still being driven by other unmeasured neural networks. This proves partial mediation, which means the targeted brain region is involved, but it is not the only active pathway.
* '''Proportion Mediated:''' This calculates the exact percentage of the total behavioural effect that successfully travelled through your specific brain region (e.g. proving that 40% of a patient's pain reduction was handled directly by the targeted region).

== References ==

* Abraham, A., et al. (2014). Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn. ''Frontiers in Neuroinformatics'', 8, 14.
* Baron, R. M., &amp; Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', 51(6), 1173–1182.
* Hayes, A. F. (2017). ''Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach'' (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.
* Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. ''Sociological Methodology'', 13, 290–312.
* Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L., &amp; Imai, K. (2014). mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis. ''Journal of Statistical Software'', 59(5), 1–38.
* Wager, T. D., et al. (2008). Prefrontal-subcortical pathways mediating successful emotion regulation. ''Neuron'', 59(6), 1037–1050.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>13wvhnnst823ue8e6pc3hox808jvfjj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Identifiers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638197</id>
      <parentid>4638089</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T14:25:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Identifiers */ Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4638197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8665" sha1="ge9fxwlmd4h8lg4s8hdr10tcym204w1" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. In this book, for the sake of simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used as names as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b )
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, ''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them''.


It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the &lt;code&gt;declare&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the &lt;code&gt;declare&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this function should be used with that in mind if at all.


symbols %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>ge9fxwlmd4h8lg4s8hdr10tcym204w1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638203</id>
      <parentid>4638197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T16:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4638203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9300" sha1="4irg6p1lohnfzxp27h0idyo2kxuzuhz" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confused sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b )
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.


It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the &lt;code&gt;declare&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the &lt;code&gt;declare&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this function should be used with that in mind if at all.


symbols %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>4irg6p1lohnfzxp27h0idyo2kxuzuhz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638205</id>
      <parentid>4638203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T16:41:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Identifier Composition Rules: */</comment>
      <origin>4638205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9578" sha1="m7qzf6eoilr9vdaxv1qa4hwgwrkmci5" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confused sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b )
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.


It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.


symbols %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>m7qzf6eoilr9vdaxv1qa4hwgwrkmci5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638223</id>
      <parentid>4638205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T18:31:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Identifier Composition Rules: */ Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4638223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11879" sha1="n9vh4wk4fwdj8fk5n3mj8r4olzmgfz0" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confused sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b )
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.


It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

=== Examples ===
 &lt;code&gt;/* Atom checks */
 atom(5);        /* true: 5 is an atomic number */
 atom(x);        /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
 atom(&quot;hello&quot;);  /* true: &quot;hello&quot; is an atomic string */
 atom(x+1);      /* false: x+1 is an expression */
 
 /* Symbol checks */
 symbolp(5);     /* false: 5 is not a symbol */
 symbolp(x);     /* true: x is a symbol */
 symbolp(&quot;hello&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello&quot; is a string, not a symbol */&lt;/code&gt;

=== Summary Table ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Function
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Symbols, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (Names)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or names (symbols). Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.


symbols %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>n9vh4wk4fwdj8fk5n3mj8r4olzmgfz0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638224</id>
      <parentid>4638223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T18:35:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Examples */</comment>
      <origin>4638224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11892" sha1="bism179267zx09b9ur3ppoesh6ejnje" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confused sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b )
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.


It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

=== Examples ===
 &lt;code&gt;/* Atom checks */
 atom(5);        /* true: 5 is an atomic number */
 atom(x);        /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
 atom(&quot;hello&quot;);  /* true: &quot;hello&quot; is an atomic string */
 atom(x+1);      /* false: x+1 is an expression */
 
 /* Symbol checks */
 symbolp(5);     /* false: 5 is not a symbol */
 symbolp(x);     /* true: x is a symbol */
 symbolp(&quot;hello&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello&quot; is a string, not a symbol */&lt;/code&gt;

=== Summary Table ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Function
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Symbols, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (Identifiers, Names)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or names (symbols). Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.


symbols %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>bism179267zx09b9ur3ppoesh6ejnje</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638225</id>
      <parentid>4638224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T18:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Examples */</comment>
      <origin>4638225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11928" sha1="02tqiutw3up3r0i8hi1kuei4nrjgowl" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confused sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b )
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.
It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms and Symbols&lt;/u&gt; ===
The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

==== Examples: ====
 &lt;code&gt;/* Atom checks */
 atom(5);        /* true: 5 is an atomic number */
 atom(x);        /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
 atom(&quot;hello&quot;);  /* true: &quot;hello&quot; is an atomic string */
 atom(x+1);      /* false: x+1 is an expression */
 
 /* Symbol checks */
 symbolp(5);     /* false: 5 is not a symbol */
 symbolp(x);     /* true: x is a symbol */
 symbolp(&quot;hello&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello&quot; is a string, not a symbol */&lt;/code&gt;

==== Summary Table: ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Function
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Symbols, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (Identifiers, Names)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or names (symbols). Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.


symbols %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>02tqiutw3up3r0i8hi1kuei4nrjgowl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638226</id>
      <parentid>4638225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T19:06:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Summary Table: */</comment>
      <origin>4638226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12047" sha1="tw25cld5v3120iwyy7dc29x1nmwmikm" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. The term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b and a is not a are true)
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.
It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms and Symbols&lt;/u&gt; ===
The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

==== Examples: ====
 &lt;code&gt;/* Atom checks */
 atom(5);        /* true: 5 is an atomic number */
 atom(x);        /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
 atom(&quot;hello&quot;);  /* true: &quot;hello&quot; is an atomic string */
 atom(x+1);      /* false: x+1 is an expression */
 
 /* Symbol checks */
 symbolp(5);     /* false: 5 is not a symbol */
 symbolp(x);     /* true: x is a symbol */
 symbolp(&quot;hello&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello&quot; is a string, not a symbol */&lt;/code&gt;

==== Summary Table: ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Function
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Symbols, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (Identifiers, Names)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or names (symbols). Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.

In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confused sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity and simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names and symbols in the broadest practical sense.


symbols %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>tw25cld5v3120iwyy7dc29x1nmwmikm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638227</id>
      <parentid>4638226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T19:17:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Summary Table: */</comment>
      <origin>4638227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12072" sha1="1ootp2oez1623osvs5qxk7a6fui4n82" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. The term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b and a is not a are true)
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.
It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms and Symbols&lt;/u&gt; ===
The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

==== Examples: ====
 &lt;code&gt;/* Atom checks */
 atom(5);        /* true: 5 is an atomic number */
 atom(x);        /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
 atom(&quot;hello&quot;);  /* true: &quot;hello&quot; is an atomic string */
 atom(x+1);      /* false: x+1 is an expression */
 
 /* Symbol checks */
 symbolp(5);     /* false: 5 is not a symbol */
 symbolp(x);     /* true: x is a symbol */
 symbolp(&quot;hello&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello&quot; is a string, not a symbol */&lt;/code&gt;

==== Summary Table: ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Function
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Symbols, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (Identifiers, Names)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or names (symbols). Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.

In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confused sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity and simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names and symbols in the broadest practical sense.

==== Unicode Support: ====
symbols %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>1ootp2oez1623osvs5qxk7a6fui4n82</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638284</id>
      <parentid>4638227</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:46:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Summary Table: */ Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4638284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12473" sha1="nbar88ply864fq42sw8w28qhgl9jqd9" xml:space="preserve">== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima identifiers as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined entities but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where variables, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined variables and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers. 
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where variables and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard variables.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how variables and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop variable &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user definitions reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option variables to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
Names, symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and identifiers are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. The term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:

# A name that has a value of itself ( a is a ), or
# A name that has a value of an expression other than itself ( a is b and a is not a are true)
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that ''identifiers'' refer to names for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth. In this book, if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima documentation provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.
It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms and Symbols&lt;/u&gt; ===
The term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

==== Examples: ====
 &lt;code&gt;/* Atom checks */
 atom(5);        /* true: 5 is an atomic number */
 atom(x);        /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
 atom(&quot;hello&quot;);  /* true: &quot;hello&quot; is an atomic string */
 atom(x+1);      /* false: x+1 is an expression */
 
 /* Symbol checks */
 symbolp(5);     /* false: 5 is not a symbol */
 symbolp(x);     /* true: x is a symbol */
 symbolp(&quot;hello&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello&quot; is a string, not a symbol */&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* Atom checks */
(%i4)	atom(7); /* true: 7 is an atomic number */
(%o4)	true


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Summary Table: ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Function
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Symbols, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (Identifiers, Names)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or names (symbols). Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.

In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confusing sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity and simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names and symbols in the broadest practical sense.

==== Unicode Support: ====
As was mentioned previously, versions of Maxima, and specifically ''wxMaxima'', support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.

The system labels %z7 and %z9 represent any arbitrary integer value.</text>
      <sha1>nbar88ply864fq42sw8w28qhgl9jqd9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Volkswagen/VIN Codes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638287</id>
      <parentid>4638190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 7-8, Model Line: */</comment>
      <origin>4638287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4950" sha1="e9zio3kwapgd259mg4a24bg42oa035r" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WVW - VW passenger car
* WVG - VW SUV &amp; ID Buzz
* WV1 - VW Comm. Vehicles - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV2 - VW Comm. Vehicles - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* WV3 - VW Comm. Vehicles - chassis cab or cutaway (incomplete vehicle)
* WV4 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Transporter, 2nd gen. Amarok) - cargo van, pickup truck (truck)
* WV5 - VW Comm. Vehicles made by Ford (T7 Caravelle) - passenger van, camper van, or minibus (M.P.V.)
* 1VW - VW passenger car made in USA
* 1V1 - VW truck made in USA
* 1V2 - VW SUV made in USA
* 2V8 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2009 with side airbags made by Chrysler Canada
* 2V4 - VW M.P.V. (Routan) 2010-2011 made by Chrysler Canada
* 2C4 - Chrysler Group Canada (all brands) M.P.V. - used for 2012-2014 Routan
* 3VW - VW passenger car made in Mexico
* 3VV - VW SUV made in Mexico
* 9BW - VW passenger car made in Brazil

M.P.V.=Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*0 = Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts only
*1 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts and front knee bolsters
*2 = VW-RA (VW Restraint Automatic): Door-mounted front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts, and front knee bolsters
*4 = VW-ELRA (VW Electromechanical Restraint Automatic): Motorized front shoulder belts, Manual front lap belts
*5 = Driver-side Airbag, Driver and Passenger Active (Manual) 3-point Seat Belts
*8 = Driver and Passenger Front Airbags

*6 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*9 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Dual-stage Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags
*0 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Phaeton)
*7 = Active (Manual) belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Advanced Airbags &amp; Front Side Airbags &amp; Side Curtain Airbags (Touareg)

===Position 7-8, Model Line:===
1981-2009:
*30 = Fox ('87-'93)
*15 = Rabbit Convertible ('81-'84), Cabriolet ('85-'93)
*16 = Jetta ('81-'88)
*17 = Rabbit ('81-'84), Rabbit Truck ('81-'83), Golf (US built: '85-'89)
*1G = Golf (Mexican built: '89-'92), Jetta ('89-'92)
*1H = Golf/GTI ('93-'99 - Mark III), Jetta ('93-'99 - Mark III)
*1E = Cabrio ('95-'99)
*1V = Cabrio ('00-'02)
*1J = Golf/GTI ('99-'06 - Mark IV), R32 ('04), City Golf (Canada only: '07-'09), Jetta wagon ('01-'05 &amp; '06 in Canada - Mark IV)
*9M = Jetta sedan ('99-'05 - Mark IV), City Jetta (Canada only: '07-'09)
*1K = Rabbit/GTI ('06-'09 - Mark V), R32 ('08), Jetta sedan ('05-'09 - Mark V), Jetta Sportwagen ('09 - Mark V)
*32 = Dasher hatchback ('81), Quantum hatchback ('82-'83)/sedan ('82-'88)
*33 = Dasher wagon ('81), Quantum wagon ('82-'88)
*31 = Passat ('90-'94)
*3A = Passat ('95-'97)
*3B = Passat ('98-'05)
*3C = Passat ('06-'09), CC ('09)
*3D = Phaeton ('04-'06)
*53 = Scirocco ('81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada)
*50 = Corrado ('90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada)
*1C = New Beetle coupe ('98-'09)
*1Y = New Beetle convertible ('03-'09)
*1F = Eos ('07-'09)
*25 - Vanagon ('81-'91)
*70 = Eurovan ('93-'03 &amp; '92 in Canada), Eurovan-based Winnebago Rialta, Winnebago Vista, Itasca Sunstar Class C motorhomes
*5N = Tiguan ('09)
*7L = Touareg ('04-'09)

2010-:
*AN (Type 3C) = Passat ('10), CC ('10-'17)
*AG (Type 1C) = New Beetle coupe ('10)
*AL (Type 1Y) = New Beetle convertible ('10)
*AH (Type 1F) = Eos ('10-'16)
*AX (Type 5N) = Tiguan ('10-'17), Tiguan Limited ('17-'18)
*A9 (Type 7L) = Touareg ('10)

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* B:    Brussels, Belgium
* C:    Chattanooga, TN, USA
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia
* E:    Emden, Germany
* G:    Graz, Austria (Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant: Vanagon Syncro 4wd [US: '86-'87, '89-'91, Canada: '86-'91]) 
* H:    Hanover, Germany
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (Karmann plant: Scirocco ['81-'88 &amp; '89 in Canada], Corrado ['90-'94 &amp; '95 in Canada], Rabbit Convertible ['81-'84], Cabriolet ['85-'93], Cabrio ['95-'96])
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW Osnabrueck GmbH plant: Tiguan ['17], Tiguan Limited ['17-'18])
* M:    Puebla, Mexico
* P:    Zwickau, Germany [For WMI: WVW or WVG]
* P:    Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Anchieta plant) [For WMI: 9BW]
* R:    Windsor Assembly - Windsor, ON, Canada (Chrysler plant)
* V:    Westmoreland Assembly - East Huntingdon, Westmoreland County, PA, USA [For WMI: 1VW or 1V1]
* V:    Portugal [For WMI: WVW]
* W:    Wolfsburg, Germany
* 4:    Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana state, Brazil (Curitiba plant)
* 8:    Dresden, Germany

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''

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  <page>
    <title>University Physics Volume 1/Units and Measurement/Unit Conversion</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638198</id>
      <parentid>4638172</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T15:00:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2668" sha1="6s46p2bgi82xhew46xex17i2je4i1d8" xml:space="preserve">== Learning Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
* Use conversion factors to express the value of a given quantity in different units.

It is often necessary to convert from one unit to another. For example, if you are reading a European cookbook, some quantities may be expressed in units of liters and you need to convert them to cups. Or perhaps you are reading walking directions from one location to another and you are interested in how many miles you will be walking. In this case, you may need to convert units of feet or meters to miles.

Let’s consider a simple example of how to convert units. Suppose we want to convert 80 m to kilometers. The first thing to do is to list the units you have and the units to which you want to convert. In this case, we have units in meters and we want to convert to kilometers. Next, we need to determine a conversion factor relating meters to kilometers. A conversion factor is a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit. For example, there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;12 in.&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 ft,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,609 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 mi,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;100 cm&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 m,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;60 s&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 min,&lt;/span&gt; and so on. Refer to Appendix B for a more complete list of conversion factors. In this case, we know that there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,000 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 km.&lt;/span&gt; Now we can set up our unit conversion. We write the units we have and then multiply them by the conversion factor so the units cancel out, as shown:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80\ \cancel{\text{m}} \times \frac{1 \text{ km}}{1000\ \cancel{\text{m}}} = 0.080 \text{ km.}&lt;/math&gt;

Note that the unwanted meter unit cancels, leaving only the desired kilometer unit. You can use this method to convert between any type of unit. Now, the conversion of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;80 m&lt;/span&gt; to kilometers is simply the use of a metric prefix, as we saw in the preceding section, so we can get the same answer just as easily by noting that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80 \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{1} \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{-2} \text{ km} = 0.080 \text{ km,}&lt;/math&gt;

since “kilo-” means 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (see Table 1.2) and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 = -2 + 3&lt;/math&gt;. However, using conversion factors is handy when converting between units that are not metric or when converting between derived units, as the following examples illustrate.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638213</id>
      <parentid>4638198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T17:06:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
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      <origin>4638213</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5428" sha1="nzkvby96lmp0z7z7g0h5ttsbtrjo5s2" xml:space="preserve">== Learning Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
* Use conversion factors to express the value of a given quantity in different units.

It is often necessary to convert from one unit to another. For example, if you are reading a European cookbook, some quantities may be expressed in units of liters and you need to convert them to cups. Or perhaps you are reading walking directions from one location to another and you are interested in how many miles you will be walking. In this case, you may need to convert units of feet or meters to miles.

Let’s consider a simple example of how to convert units. Suppose we want to convert 80 m to kilometers. The first thing to do is to list the units you have and the units to which you want to convert. In this case, we have units in meters and we want to convert to kilometers. Next, we need to determine a conversion factor relating meters to kilometers. A conversion factor is a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit. For example, there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;12 in.&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 ft,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,609 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 mi,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;100 cm&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 m,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;60 s&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 min,&lt;/span&gt; and so on. Refer to Appendix B for a more complete list of conversion factors. In this case, we know that there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,000 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 km.&lt;/span&gt; Now we can set up our unit conversion. We write the units we have and then multiply them by the conversion factor so the units cancel out, as shown:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80\ \cancel{\text{m}} \times \frac{1 \text{ km}}{1000\ \cancel{\text{m}}} = 0.080 \text{ km.}&lt;/math&gt;

Note that the unwanted meter unit cancels, leaving only the desired kilometer unit. You can use this method to convert between any type of unit. Now, the conversion of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;80 m&lt;/span&gt; to kilometers is simply the use of a metric prefix, as we saw in the preceding section, so we can get the same answer just as easily by noting that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80 \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{1} \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{-2} \text{ km} = 0.080 \text{ km,}&lt;/math&gt;

since “kilo-” means 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (see Table 1.2) and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 = -2 + 3&lt;/math&gt;. However, using conversion factors is handy when converting between units that are not metric or when converting between derived units, as the following examples illustrate.

{{TextBox|
'''EXAMPLE 1.2'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
'''Converting Nonmetric Units to Metric'''
&lt;br /&gt;
The distance from the university to home is 10 mi and it usually takes 20 min to drive this distance. Calculate the average speed in meters per second (m/s). (''Note:'' Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel.)
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Strategy'''
&lt;br /&gt;
First we calculate the average speed using the given units, then we can get the average speed into the desired units by picking the correct conversion factors and multiplying by them. The correct conversion factors are those that cancel the unwanted units and leave the desired units in their place. In this case, we want to convert miles to meters, so we need to know the fact that there are 1,609 m in 1 mi. We also want to convert minutes to seconds, so we use the conversion of 60 s in 1 min.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Solution'''
&lt;br /&gt;
# Calculate average speed. Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel. (Take this definition as a given for now. Average speed and other motion concepts are covered in later chapters.) In equation form,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\text{Average speed} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}} \text{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Substitute the given values for distance and time:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\text{Average speed} = \frac{10 \text{ mi}}{20 \text{ min}} = 0.50\ \frac{\text{mi}}{\text{min}} \text{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Convert miles per minute to meters per second by multiplying by the conversion factor that cancels miles and leave meters, and also by the conversion factor that cancels minutes and leave seconds:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White} 0.50\ \frac{\cancel{\text{mile}}}{\cancel{\text{min}}} \times \frac{1609 \text{ m}}{1\ \cancel{\text{mile}}} \times \frac{1\ \cancel{\text{min}}}{60 \text{ s}} = \frac{(0.50)(1609)}{60} \text{ m/s} = 13 \text{ m/s.}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Significance'''
&lt;br /&gt;
Check the answer in the following ways:
&lt;br /&gt;
# Be sure the units in the unit conversion cancel correctly. If the unit conversion factor was written upside down, the units do not cancel correctly in the equation. We see the “miles” in the numerator in 0.50 mi/min cancels the “mile” in the denominator in the first conversion factor. Also, the “min” in the denominator in 0.50 mi/min cancels the “min” in the numerator in the second conversion factor.
# Check that the units of the final answer are the desired units. The problem asked us to solve for average speed in units of meters per second and, after the cancellations, the only units left are a meter (m) in the numerator and a second (s) in the denominator, so we have indeed obtained these units.
| BG = #ededed
}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>nzkvby96lmp0z7z7g0h5ttsbtrjo5s2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638215</id>
      <parentid>4638213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T17:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
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      <origin>4638215</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5640" sha1="ro1gdjnst7r0dgr66w6hhwghbbqtlpy" xml:space="preserve">== Learning Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
* Use conversion factors to express the value of a given quantity in different units.

It is often necessary to convert from one unit to another. For example, if you are reading a European cookbook, some quantities may be expressed in units of liters and you need to convert them to cups. Or perhaps you are reading walking directions from one location to another and you are interested in how many miles you will be walking. In this case, you may need to convert units of feet or meters to miles.

Let’s consider a simple example of how to convert units. Suppose we want to convert 80 m to kilometers. The first thing to do is to list the units you have and the units to which you want to convert. In this case, we have units in meters and we want to convert to kilometers. Next, we need to determine a conversion factor relating meters to kilometers. A conversion factor is a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit. For example, there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;12 in.&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 ft,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,609 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 mi,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;100 cm&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 m,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;60 s&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 min,&lt;/span&gt; and so on. Refer to Appendix B for a more complete list of conversion factors. In this case, we know that there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,000 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 km.&lt;/span&gt; Now we can set up our unit conversion. We write the units we have and then multiply them by the conversion factor so the units cancel out, as shown:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80\ \cancel{\text{m}} \times \frac{1 \text{ km}}{1000\ \cancel{\text{m}}} = 0.080 \text{ km.}&lt;/math&gt;

Note that the unwanted meter unit cancels, leaving only the desired kilometer unit. You can use this method to convert between any type of unit. Now, the conversion of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;80 m&lt;/span&gt; to kilometers is simply the use of a metric prefix, as we saw in the preceding section, so we can get the same answer just as easily by noting that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80 \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{1} \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{-2} \text{ km} = 0.080 \text{ km,}&lt;/math&gt;

since “kilo-” means 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (see Table 1.2) and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 = -2 + 3&lt;/math&gt;. However, using conversion factors is handy when converting between units that are not metric or when converting between derived units, as the following examples illustrate.

{{TextBox|
'''EXAMPLE 1.2'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
'''Converting Nonmetric Units to Metric'''
&lt;br /&gt;
The distance from the university to home is 10 mi and it usually takes 20 min to drive this distance. Calculate the average speed in meters per second (m/s). (''Note:'' Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel.)
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Strategy'''
&lt;br /&gt;
First we calculate the average speed using the given units, then we can get the average speed into the desired units by picking the correct conversion factors and multiplying by them. The correct conversion factors are those that cancel the unwanted units and leave the desired units in their place. In this case, we want to convert miles to meters, so we need to know the fact that there are 1,609 m in 1 mi. We also want to convert minutes to seconds, so we use the conversion of 60 s in 1 min.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Solution'''
&lt;br /&gt;
# Calculate average speed. Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel. (Take this definition as a given for now. Average speed and other motion concepts are covered in later chapters.) In equation form,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\text{Average speed} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}} \text{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Substitute the given values for distance and time:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\text{Average speed} = \frac{10 \text{ mi}}{20 \text{ min}} = 0.50\ \frac{\text{mi}}{\text{min}} \text{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Convert miles per minute to meters per second by multiplying by the conversion factor that cancels miles and leave meters, and also by the conversion factor that cancels minutes and leave seconds:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White} 0.50\ \frac{\cancel{\text{mile}}}{\cancel{\text{min}}} \times \frac{1609 \text{ m}}{1\ \cancel{\text{mile}}} \times \frac{1\ \cancel{\text{min}}}{60 \text{ s}} = \frac{(0.50)(1609)}{60} \text{ m/s} = 13 \text{ m/s.}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Significance'''
&lt;br /&gt;
Check the answer in the following ways:
&lt;br /&gt;
# Be sure the units in the unit conversion cancel correctly. If the unit conversion factor was written upside down, the units do not cancel correctly in the equation. We see the “miles” in the numerator in 0.50 mi/min cancels the “mile” in the denominator in the first conversion factor. Also, the “min” in the denominator in 0.50 mi/min cancels the “min” in the numerator in the second conversion factor.
# Check that the units of the final answer are the desired units. The problem asked us to solve for average speed in units of meters per second and, after the cancellations, the only units left are a meter (m) in the numerator and a second (s) in the denominator, so we have indeed obtained these units.
| BG = #ededed
}}

{{TextBox|
'''CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 1.2'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
Light travels about 9 Pm in a year. Given that a year is about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s, what is the speed of light in meters per second?
| BG = #ededed
}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638220</id>
      <parentid>4638215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T17:36:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rainmonger</username>
        <id>122366</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6656" sha1="3mxx79hr4xscgl1fl8ry1svsxms5i03" xml:space="preserve">== Learning Objectives ==
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
* Use conversion factors to express the value of a given quantity in different units.

It is often necessary to convert from one unit to another. For example, if you are reading a European cookbook, some quantities may be expressed in units of liters and you need to convert them to cups. Or perhaps you are reading walking directions from one location to another and you are interested in how many miles you will be walking. In this case, you may need to convert units of feet or meters to miles.

Let’s consider a simple example of how to convert units. Suppose we want to convert 80 m to kilometers. The first thing to do is to list the units you have and the units to which you want to convert. In this case, we have units in meters and we want to convert to kilometers. Next, we need to determine a conversion factor relating meters to kilometers. A conversion factor is a ratio that expresses how many of one unit are equal to another unit. For example, there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;12 in.&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 ft,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,609 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 mi,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;100 cm&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 m,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;60 s&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 min,&lt;/span&gt; and so on. Refer to Appendix B for a more complete list of conversion factors. In this case, we know that there are &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1,000 m&lt;/span&gt; in &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;1 km.&lt;/span&gt; Now we can set up our unit conversion. We write the units we have and then multiply them by the conversion factor so the units cancel out, as shown:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80\ \cancel{\text{m}} \times \frac{1 \text{ km}}{1000\ \cancel{\text{m}}} = 0.080 \text{ km.}&lt;/math&gt;

Note that the unwanted meter unit cancels, leaving only the desired kilometer unit. You can use this method to convert between any type of unit. Now, the conversion of &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;80 m&lt;/span&gt; to kilometers is simply the use of a metric prefix, as we saw in the preceding section, so we can get the same answer just as easily by noting that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;80 \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{1} \text{ m} = 8.0 \times 10^{-2} \text{ km} = 0.080 \text{ km,}&lt;/math&gt;

since “kilo-” means 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (see Table 1.2) and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 = -2 + 3&lt;/math&gt;. However, using conversion factors is handy when converting between units that are not metric or when converting between derived units, as the following examples illustrate.

{{TextBox|
'''EXAMPLE 1.2'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
'''Converting Nonmetric Units to Metric'''
&lt;br /&gt;
The distance from the university to home is 10 mi and it usually takes 20 min to drive this distance. Calculate the average speed in meters per second (m/s). (''Note:'' Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel.)
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Strategy'''
&lt;br /&gt;
First we calculate the average speed using the given units, then we can get the average speed into the desired units by picking the correct conversion factors and multiplying by them. The correct conversion factors are those that cancel the unwanted units and leave the desired units in their place. In this case, we want to convert miles to meters, so we need to know the fact that there are 1,609 m in 1 mi. We also want to convert minutes to seconds, so we use the conversion of 60 s in 1 min.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Solution'''
&lt;br /&gt;
# Calculate average speed. Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel. (Take this definition as a given for now. Average speed and other motion concepts are covered in later chapters.) In equation form,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\text{Average speed} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}} \text{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Substitute the given values for distance and time:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\text{Average speed} = \frac{10 \text{ mi}}{20 \text{ min}} = 0.50\ \frac{\text{mi}}{\text{min}} \text{.}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# Convert miles per minute to meters per second by multiplying by the conversion factor that cancels miles and leave meters, and also by the conversion factor that cancels minutes and leave seconds:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White} 0.50\ \frac{\cancel{\text{mile}}}{\cancel{\text{min}}} \times \frac{1609 \text{ m}}{1\ \cancel{\text{mile}}} \times \frac{1\ \cancel{\text{min}}}{60 \text{ s}} = \frac{(0.50)(1609)}{60} \text{ m/s} = 13 \text{ m/s.}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Significance'''
&lt;br /&gt;
Check the answer in the following ways:
&lt;br /&gt;
# Be sure the units in the unit conversion cancel correctly. If the unit conversion factor was written upside down, the units do not cancel correctly in the equation. We see the “miles” in the numerator in 0.50 mi/min cancels the “mile” in the denominator in the first conversion factor. Also, the “min” in the denominator in 0.50 mi/min cancels the “min” in the numerator in the second conversion factor.
# Check that the units of the final answer are the desired units. The problem asked us to solve for average speed in units of meters per second and, after the cancellations, the only units left are a meter (m) in the numerator and a second (s) in the denominator, so we have indeed obtained these units.
| BG = #ededed
}}

{{TextBox|
'''CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 1.2'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
Light travels about 9 Pm in a year. Given that a year is about 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; s, what is the speed of light in meters per second?
| BG = #ededed
}}

{{TextBox|
'''EXAMPLE 1.3'''
&lt;hr /&gt;
'''Converting Between Metric Units'''
&lt;br /&gt;
The density of iron is 7.86 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; under standard conditions. Convert this to kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Strategy'''
&lt;br /&gt;
We need to convert grams to kilograms and cubic centimeters to cubic meters. The conversion factors we need are &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;{\color{White}1 \text{ kg} = 10^{3} \text{ g}}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;{\color{White}1 \text{ cm} = 10^{-2} \text{ m}}&lt;/math&gt;. However, we are dealing with cubic centimeters &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;{\color{White}\left(\text{cm}^{3} = \text{cm} \times \text{cm} \times \text{cm} \right)}&lt;/math&gt;, so we have to use the second conversion factor three times (that is, we need to cube it). The idea is still to multiply by the conversion factors in such a way that they cancel the units we want to ged rid of and introduce the units we want to keep.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Solution'''
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{\color{White}7.86}&lt;/math&gt;
| BG = #ededed
}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch/How do we write Chinese?</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638201</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T16:08:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Hello! Now that you know a few characters, let's talk about how we write them.  [[File:永-order.gif|200px|thumb|永, meaning &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity&quot;.]] The character you see here means &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity,&quot; and is pronounced ''yong'' in Chinese. It is one of few characters that uses all eight types of strokes that make up every character in regular script (''Kaiti'' {{lang|zh|開題}}).   [[File:Yong's skeleton.png|thumb|200px|Each of the strokes, numbered.]] These s...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4623" sha1="15wso444dverendj36xog4um0oje2t8" xml:space="preserve">Hello! Now that you know a few characters, let's talk about how we write them.

[[File:永-order.gif|200px|thumb|永, meaning &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity&quot;.]]
The character you see here means &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity,&quot; and is pronounced ''yong'' in Chinese. It is one of few characters that uses all eight types of strokes that make up every character in regular script (''Kaiti'' {{lang|zh|開題}}). 

[[File:Yong's skeleton.png|thumb|200px|Each of the strokes, numbered.]]
These strokes are as follows:{{efn|Here, I use the modern Chinese names, but they vary across era and region. Do not be beholden to them - just know what they are.}}
* {{lang|zh|㇔}} - &quot;''Dian'',&quot; a small down-left stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇐}} - &quot;''Heng'',&quot; a horizontal stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇑}} - &quot;Shu,&quot; a vertical stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇚}} - &quot;''Gou'',&quot; a downward-vertical stroke ending in a slight &quot;hook&quot; at the bottom.
* {{lang|zh|㇀}} - &quot;''Ti'',&quot; a right-up flick stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇁}} - &quot;''Wan'',&quot; a curve.
* {{lang|zh|㇒}} - &quot;''Pie'',&quot; a curve that falls to the left.
* {{lang|zh|㇏}} - &quot;''Na'',&quot; a curve that falls to the right, starting thin and ending flat.

Let's see them in action.
&lt;gallery class=&quot;skin-invert&quot; widths=&quot;100px&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:丶-order.gif
File:一-order.gif
File:丨-order.gif
File:丿-order.gif
File:乛-order.gif
File:乙-order.gif
File:亅-order.gif
File:乚-order.gif
&lt;/gallery&gt;

If you look at ''yong'', you will see that all the above strokes are used in some capacity. I strongly recommend you practice this character the most out of all you have right now. Let's look at the rules being followed with these strokes.

Typically, when writing a character, the following rules are followed:&lt;ref&gt;Björkstén, J. (1994). Learn to Write Chinese Characters. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05771-7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zhou, R. (2021). 永字八法: 书法艺术讲义 [yǒngzìbāfǎ shūfǎ yìshù jiǎngyì] (L. Zhou, Ed.; 4th corrected ed.). 广西师范大学出版社 [Guangxi Normal University Press].&lt;/ref&gt;
# Horizontal strokes are written before vertical ones. 
## For example, {{lang|zh|十}} &quot;ten&quot;
# Left-falling strokes are written before right-falling ones.
## For example, with {{lang|zh|人}} as you learned in the last lesson, you would write the left stroke first.
# Characters are written from top to bottom.
## For example, when writing {{lang|zh|三}}, as you learned in the first lesson, you write the three strokes from top-to-bottom.
# Characters are written from left to right.
## If we turn {{lang|zh|三}} on its side and add a ''wan'', we get {{lang|zh|川}} &quot;river,&quot; which would be written left-to-right.
# If a character is framed from above, the frame is written first.
## {{lang|zh|网}} &quot;net&quot; is a good example of this: First, you write the frame, then the rest of it. 
# If a character is framed from below, the frame is written last.
## {{lang|zh|凶}} &quot;omen, vicious, peril&quot; does this: First, you write the cross, then the box holding it.
# Frames are closed last.
## When writing {{lang|zh|日}} &quot;sun, day,&quot; the frame holding the first ''heng'' {{lang|zh|㇐}} will be closed after it is already written. 
# In a symmetrical character, the middle is drawn first, then the sides.
## {{lang|zh|水}} &quot;water&quot; and {{lang|zh|小}} &quot;small&quot; work this way. You can also see this applied in ''yong'' above.

It should be stressed that this is very general, and some characters may violate these rules or even use strange strokes. Don't worry about it too much: Unless you want to learn super-standard ''kaiti'', historical fonts, or calligraphy, you will not need to go super into it. Above all else, find what works for you, and then start writing.

These strokes make up ~214 components as documented by Mei Yingzhuo ({{lang|zh|梅膺祚}}) in the ''Zihui'' ({{lang|zh|字彙}}) dictionary during the Ming dynasty of China. While this is a lot, they are worth learning over time to memorise characters more effectively. Take this sentence, made as an example:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{lang|zh|土在地均}}
''Soil exists on ground-level''&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Soil exists on level ground&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The first character appears in the latter three as a component. Try writing it out yourself, guessing which strokes you need to perform. We will go into this more in a later lesson. For now, we just want to see you writing.

Now that you understand how we write Chinese, try writing the characters you have learned before, and in this lesson, using these rules. Take it slow, day by day, and most of all, relax. Recall that many people use this system every day: It is for humans!

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>15wso444dverendj36xog4um0oje2t8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638202</id>
      <parentid>4638201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T16:12:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638202</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4647" sha1="lin0ucvxlflr0ecwcuxzxhspzjlh3zv" xml:space="preserve">Hello! Now that you know a few characters, let's talk about how we write them.

[[File:永-order.gif|200px|thumb|永, meaning &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity&quot;.]]
The character you see here means &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity,&quot; and is pronounced ''yong'' in Chinese. It is one of few characters that uses all eight types of strokes that make up every character in regular script (''Kaiti'' {{lang|zh|開題}}). 

[[File:Yong's skeleton.png|thumb|200px|Each of the strokes, numbered.]]
These strokes are as follows:{{efn|Here, I use the modern Chinese names, but they vary across era and region. Do not be beholden to them - just know what they are.}}
* {{lang|zh|㇔}} - &quot;''Dian'',&quot; a small down-left stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇐}} - &quot;''Heng'',&quot; a horizontal stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇑}} - &quot;Shu,&quot; a vertical stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇚}} - &quot;''Gou'',&quot; a downward-vertical stroke ending in a slight &quot;hook&quot; at the bottom.
* {{lang|zh|㇀}} - &quot;''Ti'',&quot; a right-up flick stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇁}} - &quot;''Wan'',&quot; a curve.
* {{lang|zh|㇒}} - &quot;''Pie'',&quot; a curve that falls to the left.
* {{lang|zh|㇏}} - &quot;''Na'',&quot; a curve that falls to the right, starting thin and ending flat.

Let's see them in action.
&lt;gallery class=&quot;skin-invert&quot; widths=&quot;100px&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:丶-order.gif
File:一-order.gif
File:丨-order.gif
File:丿-order.gif
File:乛-order.gif
File:乙-order.gif
File:亅-order.gif
File:乚-order.gif
&lt;/gallery&gt;

If you look at ''yong'', you will see that all the above strokes are used in some capacity. I strongly recommend you practice this character the most out of all you have right now. Let's look at the rules being followed with these strokes.

Typically, when writing a character, the following rules are followed:&lt;ref&gt;Björkstén, J. (1994). Learn to Write Chinese Characters. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05771-7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zhou, R. (2021). 永字八法: 书法艺术讲义 [yǒngzìbāfǎ shūfǎ yìshù jiǎngyì] (L. Zhou, Ed.; 4th corrected ed.). 广西师范大学出版社 [Guangxi Normal University Press].&lt;/ref&gt;
# Horizontal strokes are written before vertical ones. 
## For example, {{lang|zh|十}} &quot;ten&quot;
# Left-falling strokes are written before right-falling ones.
## For example, with {{lang|zh|人}} as you learned in the last lesson, you would write the left stroke first.
# Characters are written from top to bottom.
## For example, when writing {{lang|zh|三}}, as you learned in the first lesson, you write the three strokes from top-to-bottom.
# Characters are written from left to right.
## If we turn {{lang|zh|三}} on its side and add a ''wan'', we get {{lang|zh|川}} &quot;river,&quot; which would be written left-to-right.
# If a character is framed from above, the frame is written first.
## {{lang|zh|网}} &quot;net&quot; is a good example of this: First, you write the frame, then the rest of it. 
# If a character is framed from below, the frame is written last.
## {{lang|zh|凶}} &quot;omen, vicious, peril&quot; does this: First, you write the cross, then the box holding it.
# Frames are closed last.
## When writing {{lang|zh|日}} &quot;sun, day,&quot; the frame holding the first ''heng'' {{lang|zh|㇐}} will be closed after it is already written. 
# In a symmetrical character, the middle is drawn first, then the sides.
## {{lang|zh|水}} &quot;water&quot; and {{lang|zh|小}} &quot;small&quot; work this way. You can also see this applied in ''yong'' above.

It should be stressed that this is very general, and some characters may violate these rules or even use strange strokes. Don't worry about it too much: Unless you want to learn super-standard ''kaiti'', historical fonts, or calligraphy, you will not need to go super into it. Above all else, find what works for you, and then start writing.

These strokes make up ~214 components as documented by Mei Yingzhuo ({{lang|zh|梅膺祚}}) in the ''Zihui'' ({{lang|zh|字彙}}) dictionary during the Ming dynasty of China. While this is a lot, they are worth learning over time to memorise characters more effectively. Take this sentence, made as an example:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{lang|zh|土在地均}}
''Soil exists on ground-level''&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Soil exists on level ground&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The first character appears in the latter three as a component. Try writing it out yourself, guessing which strokes you need to perform. We will go into this more in a later lesson. For now, we just want to see you writing.

Now that you understand how we write Chinese, try writing the characters you have learned before, and in this lesson, using these rules. Take it slow, day by day, and most of all, relax. Recall that many people use this system every day: It is for humans!

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>lin0ucvxlflr0ecwcuxzxhspzjlh3zv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638209</id>
      <parentid>4638202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T16:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4638209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4704" sha1="gvsky0upaq6111z35wk0cot8oytltk2" xml:space="preserve">Hello! Now that you know a few characters, let's talk about how we write them.

[[File:永-order.gif|200px|thumb|永, meaning &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity&quot;.]]
The character you see here means &quot;forever&quot; or &quot;eternity,&quot; and is pronounced ''yong'' in Chinese. It is one of few characters that uses all eight types of strokes that make up every character in regular script (''Kaiti'' {{lang|zh|開題}}). 

[[File:Yong's skeleton.png|thumb|200px|Each of the strokes, numbered.]]
These strokes are as follows:{{efn|Here, I use the modern Chinese names, but they vary across era and region. Do not be beholden to them - just know what they are.}}
* {{lang|zh|㇔}} - &quot;''Dian'',&quot; a small down-left stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇐}} - &quot;''Heng'',&quot; a horizontal stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇑}} - &quot;Shu,&quot; a vertical stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇚}} - &quot;''Gou'',&quot; a downward-vertical stroke ending in a slight &quot;hook&quot; at the bottom.
* {{lang|zh|㇀}} - &quot;''Ti'',&quot; a right-up flick stroke.
* {{lang|zh|㇁}} - &quot;''Wan'',&quot; a curve.
* {{lang|zh|㇒}} - &quot;''Pie'',&quot; a curve that falls to the left.
* {{lang|zh|㇏}} - &quot;''Na'',&quot; a curve that falls to the right, starting thin and ending flat.

Let's see them in action.
&lt;gallery class=&quot;skin-invert&quot; widths=&quot;100px&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:丶-order.gif
File:一-order.gif
File:丨-order.gif
File:丿-order.gif
File:乛-order.gif
File:乙-order.gif
File:亅-order.gif
File:乚-order.gif
&lt;/gallery&gt;

If you look at ''yong'', you will see that all the above strokes are used in some capacity. I strongly recommend you practice this character the most out of all you have right now. Let's look at the rules being followed with these strokes.

Typically, when writing a character, the following rules are followed:&lt;ref&gt;Björkstén, J. (1994). Learn to Write Chinese Characters. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05771-7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zhou, R. (2021). 永字八法: 书法艺术讲义 [yǒngzìbāfǎ shūfǎ yìshù jiǎngyì] (L. Zhou, Ed.; 4th corrected ed.). 广西师范大学出版社 [Guangxi Normal University Press].&lt;/ref&gt;
# Horizontal strokes are written before vertical ones. 
## For example, {{lang|zh|十}} &quot;ten&quot;
# Left-falling strokes are written before right-falling ones.
## For example, with {{lang|zh|人}} as you learned in the last lesson, you would write the left stroke first.
# Characters are written from top to bottom.
## For example, when writing {{lang|zh|三}}, as you learned in the first lesson, you write the three strokes from top-to-bottom.
# Characters are written from left to right.
## If we turn {{lang|zh|三}} on its side and add a ''wan'', we get {{lang|zh|川}} &quot;river,&quot; which would be written left-to-right.
# If a character is framed from above, the frame is written first.
## {{lang|zh|网}} &quot;net&quot; is a good example of this: First, you write the frame, then the rest of it. 
# If a character is framed from below, the frame is written last.
## {{lang|zh|凶}} &quot;omen, vicious, peril&quot; does this: First, you write the cross, then the box holding it.
# Frames are closed last.
## When writing {{lang|zh|日}} &quot;sun, day,&quot; the frame holding the first ''heng'' {{lang|zh|㇐}} will be closed after it is already written. 
# In a symmetrical character, the middle is drawn first, then the sides.
## {{lang|zh|水}} &quot;water&quot; and {{lang|zh|小}} &quot;small&quot; work this way. You can also see this applied in ''yong'' above.

It should be stressed that this is very general, and some characters may violate these rules or even use strange strokes. Don't worry about it too much: Unless you want to learn super-standard ''kaiti'', historical fonts, or calligraphy, you will not need to go super into it. Above all else, find what works for you, and then start writing.

These strokes make up ~214 components as documented by Mei Yingzhuo ({{lang|zh|梅膺祚}}) in the ''Zihui'' ({{lang|zh|字彙}}) dictionary during the Ming dynasty of China. While this is a lot, they are worth learning over time to memorise characters more effectively. Take this sentence, made as an example:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{lang|zh|土在地均}}
''Soil exists on ground-level''&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Soil exists on level ground&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The first character appears in the latter three as a component. Try writing it out yourself, guessing which strokes you need to perform. We will go into this more in a later lesson. For now, we just want to see you writing.

Now that you understand how we write Chinese, try writing the characters you have learned before, and in this lesson, using these rules. Take it slow, day by day, and most of all, relax. Recall that many people use this system every day: It is for humans!

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
      <sha1>gvsky0upaq6111z35wk0cot8oytltk2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Corporate Social Services</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638204</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T16:37:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reillylb93</username>
        <id>3572239</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added section</comment>
      <origin>4638204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2969" sha1="pfb5o7y2cx4qd7sb7b4me8ecnkbg6ds" xml:space="preserve">Corporate Social Services focuses more on administration, systems management, leadership, policy development, training, compliance compared to completing only resident care. Positions in this area are usually titles like Regional Social Services Consultant, Clinical Operations Director for Social Services, VP of Social Services, Corporate Director, ect. They usually represent the company and oversee a number of nursing homes. This position is necessary due to the design of social services departments within the NH. Typically, even the Social Services director is focused on only their own department and also has a lot of resident focused duties. The Corporate Social Services position sees the bigger picture and is able to try to bring some cohesiveness to all the departments in the different nursing homes. They serve as a mentor to social service department employees. 

'''Day to Day''' 

The Bad

A Corporate Social Services position likely requires travel among different NH's which would include working with many different teams and other departments. This position also holds a lot of responsibility in ensuring NH's they oversee are in compliance with state regulations and are implementing what they teach. At times, they must respond to and handle emergencies which can distract from the day-to-day tasks they need to accomplish. Flexibility and ability to pivot on a whim is required. 

The Good

A Corporate Social Services position is able to dictate their own schedule aside from during emergency situations. They are autonomous in how they work and how they teach while traveling to different NHs. They don't often have direct reports rather they work as a consultant to all social services departments. They are also a valuable asset to administrators/directors when looking for advise on certain situations. This is a highly respectable role that comes with its challenges but is rewarding work. When NHs social services departments are operating efficiently, this trickles down and improves the quality of care for the residents. 

'''Skills Needed'''

More often than not, a License in Social Work is necessary. A licensed social worker is able to provide supervision to social workers working in a nursing home if they are hoping to get their license also. Otherwise, an advanced degree like Masters in Public Policy, Masters in Business, ect., is beneficial. 

Transitioning to corporate roles requires additional skills including;

* Leadership and supervision capabilities and experience
* Public speaking and training ability 
* Specialized knowledge of NH rules and regulations 
* Organizational and operational skills
* Survey preparation expertise 
* Quality improvement
* Conflict management 

Strong communication skills are one of the most sought-after skills to develop if this is the career path you choose. In fact, communication skills is translatable to most positions available beyond that of a NH social services employee.</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;In this lesson, we will be using what we learned before to classify characters. There are several systems for this, and they are useful for remembering your first few. We will be working off the traditional ''liushu'' ({{lang|zh|六書}}) &quot;six writings&quot; system, as it still sees use in academia in some capacity, and is commonly cited by ancient scholars in traditional dictionaries.   We will go over three of the six types in this lesson, as they are most applicable to you...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5551" sha1="5a6npi2ceji052wq9myc22iy4m81ep8" xml:space="preserve">In this lesson, we will be using what we learned before to classify characters. There are several systems for this, and they are useful for remembering your first few. We will be working off the traditional ''liushu'' ({{lang|zh|六書}}) &quot;six writings&quot; system, as it still sees use in academia in some capacity, and is commonly cited by ancient scholars in traditional dictionaries. 

We will go over three of the six types in this lesson, as they are most applicable to you starting out. We will go over the next three once you know more characters.

==Why care about this?==
This will be a bit of a dry explanation, but I will try to keep this interesting for you with cultural tidbits. The main reason for learning this is so you can build a working understanding of how characters work whilst gaining a roadmap of characters to learn later on. These classifications can help you guess the meanings of the most basic characters and navigate historical dictionaries, most notably ''Shuowen Jiezi'' ({{lang|zh|説文解字}}), whilst being able to follow the logic of the writer. Historical dictionaries typically use very formulaic language, and will reinforce the first grammar term you will understand later. 

==Pictograms==
When you looked at Lesson 1, you were, essentially, reading pictures. Indeed, most of the characters you have learnt so far are what linguists call '''pictograms''' or '''pictographs''' ({{lang|zh|象形}}). We can take the {{lang|zh|象}} I used just now as an example, meaning &quot;elephant&quot;:
&lt;gallery&gt;
象-oracle.svg|In the earliest forms, it was a picture of an elephant...
象-seal.svg|But over time, it became abstracted.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
On some signs in China today, you may see the trunk stylised like the elephant it was based on! There is also a game called ''xiangqi'' ({{lang|zh|象棋}}) &quot;elephant chess&quot; that you can play online, which can teach you a few military terms whilst enjoying a much more frantic version of the chess you know in the west!

When you look at {{lang|zh|大，人，木，日，川,}} these are all pictograms! 大 and 人 are pictograms of people, 木 is a tree, 日 is the sun, and 川 is a river between two banks. 

For a list of pictograms, you can view Wiktionary's [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han pictograms Category:Han pictograms] to view them all. Many of these are extremely useful, though some have fallen out of usage. 

==Ideograms==
Let's look at '''ideograms''' or '''indicatives'''  ({{lang|zh|指事}}) now. {{lang|zh|三}} is the clearest example of this that you know right now: It is three strokes, so it is three. Two very useful characters to consider from this category are {{lang|zh|上}} &quot;above&quot; and {{lang|zh|下}} &quot;below.&quot;  If you stare at them enough, you will see that they are pointing up and down. When there is a line above the ''heng'' ({{lang|zh|㇐}}), we know we're looking above. When there is a line below the ''heng'', we know we're looking below. These characters are very, very literal.
&lt;gallery&gt;
上-bw.png
下-bw.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;

The most common metaphor for representing time in Literary Chinese is the idea of time flowing &quot;upstream&quot; from now, and what is &quot;below&quot; is yet to come. {{lang|zh|上旬}} would be the past ten days, and {{lang|zh|下旬}} would be the next ten days. Traditional timelines in Chinese are often represented vertically because of this principle as well. You will see these two directions a lot! {{lang|zh|本}} &quot;root&quot; is also seen a lot, most notably in the name for Japan ({{lang|zh|日本}}) ''nihon''. What do you think it means, then?

Like pictograms, these have a category on Wiktionary: [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han ideograms Category:Han ideograms].

==Loangraphs==
'''Loangraphs''' or '''rebus characters''' ({{lang|zh|假借}}) are a useful type to learn early on. {{lang|zh|來}} is a classic example of this, having once meant &quot;wheat,&quot; but because &quot;to come&quot; had a very similar sound in the language of the time, it began being used for that meaning instead. This is most common in super-ancient Chinese, and relics of it became standard later on. {{lang|zh|來日}} &quot;come-day,&quot; for example, is a very common way to express &quot;the next day.&quot; This is where strictly working from pictograms may trick you!

On Wiktionary, these are in [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han_jiajie Category:Han jiajie]. There are only 35 cases in that category, and I would advise you to remember most of them, as they are all used extremely often (true to their nature). Think of them like irregular verbs in English (&quot;go&quot; -&gt; &quot;went&quot;).

==Conclusion==
You now know the first three categories of the Six Writings. The next few lessons will focus vocabulary from these categories, bringing you towards being able to type these characters for yourself. The last three categories are for more complex compounds, which is why we are not going over those yet! Should you hunger to know them now, though, you can check out [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese#Derivation_of_characters this Wikipedia page] for a brief summary.

==References==
* Wan, X., Liu, H., &amp; Lu, Z. (2019). 说文解字十二讲 [12 Lectures of Shuowen Jiezi] (1st ed.). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company].
* Xu, S. (2015). 說文解字注 [Shuowen Jiezi Zhu] (Y. Duan &amp; W. Xu, Eds; 1st ed.). 鳳凰出版社 [Phoenix Media].
* Zhou, R. (2021). 永字八法: 书法艺术讲义 [yǒngzìbāfǎ shūfǎ yìshù jiǎngyì] (L. Zhou, Ed.; 4th corrected ed.). 广西师范大学出版社 [Guangxi Normal University Press].</text>
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      <text bytes="5608" sha1="mdgqodkqfoqki90vd1tvckdhglvqzt3" xml:space="preserve">In this lesson, we will be using what we learned before to classify characters. There are several systems for this, and they are useful for remembering your first few. We will be working off the traditional ''liushu'' ({{lang|zh|六書}}) &quot;six writings&quot; system, as it still sees use in academia in some capacity, and is commonly cited by ancient scholars in traditional dictionaries. 

We will go over three of the six types in this lesson, as they are most applicable to you starting out. We will go over the next three once you know more characters.

==Why care about this?==
This will be a bit of a dry explanation, but I will try to keep this interesting for you with cultural tidbits. The main reason for learning this is so you can build a working understanding of how characters work whilst gaining a roadmap of characters to learn later on. These classifications can help you guess the meanings of the most basic characters and navigate historical dictionaries, most notably ''Shuowen Jiezi'' ({{lang|zh|説文解字}}), whilst being able to follow the logic of the writer. Historical dictionaries typically use very formulaic language, and will reinforce the first grammar term you will understand later. 

==Pictograms==
When you looked at Lesson 1, you were, essentially, reading pictures. Indeed, most of the characters you have learnt so far are what linguists call '''pictograms''' or '''pictographs''' ({{lang|zh|象形}}). We can take the {{lang|zh|象}} I used just now as an example, meaning &quot;elephant&quot;:
&lt;gallery&gt;
象-oracle.svg|In the earliest forms, it was a picture of an elephant...
象-seal.svg|But over time, it became abstracted.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
On some signs in China today, you may see the trunk stylised like the elephant it was based on! There is also a game called ''xiangqi'' ({{lang|zh|象棋}}) &quot;elephant chess&quot; that you can play online, which can teach you a few military terms whilst enjoying a much more frantic version of the chess you know in the west!

When you look at {{lang|zh|大，人，木，日，川,}} these are all pictograms! 大 and 人 are pictograms of people, 木 is a tree, 日 is the sun, and 川 is a river between two banks. 

For a list of pictograms, you can view Wiktionary's [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han pictograms Category:Han pictograms] to view them all. Many of these are extremely useful, though some have fallen out of usage. 

==Ideograms==
Let's look at '''ideograms''' or '''indicatives'''  ({{lang|zh|指事}}) now. {{lang|zh|三}} is the clearest example of this that you know right now: It is three strokes, so it is three. Two very useful characters to consider from this category are {{lang|zh|上}} &quot;above&quot; and {{lang|zh|下}} &quot;below.&quot;  If you stare at them enough, you will see that they are pointing up and down. When there is a line above the ''heng'' ({{lang|zh|㇐}}), we know we're looking above. When there is a line below the ''heng'', we know we're looking below. These characters are very, very literal.
&lt;gallery&gt;
上-bw.png
下-bw.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;

The most common metaphor for representing time in Literary Chinese is the idea of time flowing &quot;upstream&quot; from now, and what is &quot;below&quot; is yet to come. {{lang|zh|上旬}} would be the past ten days, and {{lang|zh|下旬}} would be the next ten days. Traditional timelines in Chinese are often represented vertically because of this principle as well. You will see these two directions a lot! {{lang|zh|本}} &quot;root&quot; is also seen a lot, most notably in the name for Japan ({{lang|zh|日本}}) ''nihon''. What do you think it means, then?

Like pictograms, these have a category on Wiktionary: [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han ideograms Category:Han ideograms].

==Loangraphs==
'''Loangraphs''' or '''rebus characters''' ({{lang|zh|假借}}) are a useful type to learn early on. {{lang|zh|來}} is a classic example of this, having once meant &quot;wheat,&quot; but because &quot;to come&quot; had a very similar sound in the language of the time, it began being used for that meaning instead. This is most common in super-ancient Chinese, and relics of it became standard later on. {{lang|zh|來日}} &quot;come-day,&quot; for example, is a very common way to express &quot;the next day.&quot; This is where strictly working from pictograms may trick you!

On Wiktionary, these are in [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han_jiajie Category:Han jiajie]. There are only 35 cases in that category, and I would advise you to remember most of them, as they are all used extremely often (true to their nature). Think of them like irregular verbs in English (&quot;go&quot; -&gt; &quot;went&quot;).

==Conclusion==
You now know the first three categories of the Six Writings. The next few lessons will focus vocabulary from these categories, bringing you towards being able to type these characters for yourself. The last three categories are for more complex compounds, which is why we are not going over those yet! Should you hunger to know them now, though, you can check out [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese#Derivation_of_characters this Wikipedia page] for a brief summary.

==References==
* Wan, X., Liu, H., &amp; Lu, Z. (2019). 说文解字十二讲 [12 Lectures of Shuowen Jiezi] (1st ed.). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company].
* Xu, S. (2015). 說文解字注 [Shuowen Jiezi Zhu] (Y. Duan &amp; W. Xu, Eds; 1st ed.). 鳳凰出版社 [Phoenix Media].
* Zhou, R. (2021). 永字八法: 书法艺术讲义 [yǒngzìbāfǎ shūfǎ yìshù jiǎngyì] (L. Zhou, Ed.; 4th corrected ed.). 广西师范大学出版社 [Guangxi Normal University Press].

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5608" sha1="tqk4e4z9ibcfkh612q4s45k9o6xcpr0" xml:space="preserve">In this lesson, we will be using what we learned before to classify characters. There are several systems for this, and they are useful for remembering your first few. We will be working off the traditional ''liushu'' ({{lang|zh|六書}}) &quot;six writings&quot; system, as it still sees use in academia in some capacity, and is commonly cited by ancient scholars in traditional dictionaries. 

We will go over three of the six types in this lesson, as they are most applicable to you starting out. We will go over the next three once you know more characters.

==Why care about this?==
This will be a bit of a dry explanation, but I will try to keep this interesting for you with cultural tidbits. The main reason for learning this is so you can build a working understanding of how characters work whilst gaining a roadmap of characters to learn later on. These classifications can help you guess the meanings of the most basic characters and navigate historical dictionaries, most notably ''Shuowen Jiezi'' ({{lang|zh|説文解字}}), whilst being able to follow the logic of the writer. Historical dictionaries typically use very formulaic language, and will reinforce the first grammar term you will understand later. 

==Pictograms==
When you looked at Lesson 1, you were, essentially, reading pictures. Indeed, most of the characters you have learnt so far are what linguists call '''pictograms''' or '''pictographs''' ({{lang|zh|象形}}). We can take the {{lang|zh|象}} I used just now as an example, meaning &quot;elephant&quot;:
&lt;gallery&gt;
象-oracle.svg|In the earliest forms, it was a picture of an elephant...
象-seal.svg|But over time, it became abstracted.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
On some signs in China today, you may see the trunk stylised like the elephant it was based on! There is also a game called ''xiangqi'' ({{lang|zh|象棋}}) &quot;elephant chess&quot; that you can play online, which can teach you a few military terms whilst enjoying a much more frantic version of the chess you know in the west!

When you look at {{lang|zh|大，人，木，日，川,}} these are all pictograms! 大 and 人 are pictograms of people, 木 is a tree, 日 is the sun, and 川 is a river between two banks. 

For a list of pictograms, you can view Wiktionary's [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han_pictograms Category:Han pictograms] to view them all. Many of these are extremely useful, though some have fallen out of usage. 

==Ideograms==
Let's look at '''ideograms''' or '''indicatives'''  ({{lang|zh|指事}}) now. {{lang|zh|三}} is the clearest example of this that you know right now: It is three strokes, so it is three. Two very useful characters to consider from this category are {{lang|zh|上}} &quot;above&quot; and {{lang|zh|下}} &quot;below.&quot;  If you stare at them enough, you will see that they are pointing up and down. When there is a line above the ''heng'' ({{lang|zh|㇐}}), we know we're looking above. When there is a line below the ''heng'', we know we're looking below. These characters are very, very literal.
&lt;gallery&gt;
上-bw.png
下-bw.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;

The most common metaphor for representing time in Literary Chinese is the idea of time flowing &quot;upstream&quot; from now, and what is &quot;below&quot; is yet to come. {{lang|zh|上旬}} would be the past ten days, and {{lang|zh|下旬}} would be the next ten days. Traditional timelines in Chinese are often represented vertically because of this principle as well. You will see these two directions a lot! {{lang|zh|本}} &quot;root&quot; is also seen a lot, most notably in the name for Japan ({{lang|zh|日本}}) ''nihon''. What do you think it means, then?

Like pictograms, these have a category on Wiktionary: [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han_ideograms Category:Han ideograms].

==Loangraphs==
'''Loangraphs''' or '''rebus characters''' ({{lang|zh|假借}}) are a useful type to learn early on. {{lang|zh|來}} is a classic example of this, having once meant &quot;wheat,&quot; but because &quot;to come&quot; had a very similar sound in the language of the time, it began being used for that meaning instead. This is most common in super-ancient Chinese, and relics of it became standard later on. {{lang|zh|來日}} &quot;come-day,&quot; for example, is a very common way to express &quot;the next day.&quot; This is where strictly working from pictograms may trick you!

On Wiktionary, these are in [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han_jiajie Category:Han jiajie]. There are only 35 cases in that category, and I would advise you to remember most of them, as they are all used extremely often (true to their nature). Think of them like irregular verbs in English (&quot;go&quot; -&gt; &quot;went&quot;).

==Conclusion==
You now know the first three categories of the Six Writings. The next few lessons will focus vocabulary from these categories, bringing you towards being able to type these characters for yourself. The last three categories are for more complex compounds, which is why we are not going over those yet! Should you hunger to know them now, though, you can check out [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese#Derivation_of_characters this Wikipedia page] for a brief summary.

==References==
* Wan, X., Liu, H., &amp; Lu, Z. (2019). 说文解字十二讲 [12 Lectures of Shuowen Jiezi] (1st ed.). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company].
* Xu, S. (2015). 說文解字注 [Shuowen Jiezi Zhu] (Y. Duan &amp; W. Xu, Eds; 1st ed.). 鳳凰出版社 [Phoenix Media].
* Zhou, R. (2021). 永字八法: 书法艺术讲义 [yǒngzìbāfǎ shūfǎ yìshù jiǎngyì] (L. Zhou, Ed.; 4th corrected ed.). 广西师范大学出版社 [Guangxi Normal University Press].

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5629" sha1="92k9c5vxa9x00uqqqa4ao1cl3yztq9z" xml:space="preserve">In this lesson, we will be using what we learned before to classify characters. There are several systems for this, and they are useful for remembering your first few. We will be working off the traditional ''liushu'' ({{lang|zh|六書}}) &quot;six writings&quot; system, as it still sees use in academia in some capacity, and is commonly cited by ancient scholars in traditional dictionaries. 

We will go over three of the six types in this lesson, as they are most applicable to you starting out. We will go over the next three once you know more characters.

==Why care about this?==
This will be a bit of a dry explanation, but I will try to keep this interesting for you with cultural tidbits. The main reason for learning this is so you can build a working understanding of how characters work whilst gaining a roadmap of characters to learn later on. These classifications can help you guess the meanings of the most basic characters and navigate historical dictionaries, most notably ''Shuowen Jiezi'' ({{lang|zh|説文解字}}), whilst being able to follow the logic of the writer. Historical dictionaries typically use very formulaic language, and will reinforce the first grammar term you will understand later. 

==Pictograms==
When you looked at Lesson 1, you were, essentially, reading pictures. Indeed, most of the characters you have learnt so far are what linguists call '''pictograms''' or '''pictographs''' ({{lang|zh|象形}}). We can take the {{lang|zh|象}} I used just now as an example, meaning &quot;elephant&quot;:
&lt;gallery&gt;
象-oracle.svg|In the earliest forms, it was a picture of an elephant...
象-seal.svg|But over time, it became abstracted.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
On some signs in China today, you may see the trunk stylised like the elephant it was based on! There is also a game called ''xiangqi'' ({{lang|zh|象棋}}) &quot;elephant chess&quot; that you can play online, which can teach you a few military terms whilst enjoying a much more frantic version of the chess you know in the west!

When you look at {{lang|zh|大，人，木，日，川,}} these are all pictograms! 大 and 人 are pictograms of people, 木 is a tree, 日 is the sun, and 川 is a river between two banks. 

For a list of pictograms, you can view Wiktionary's [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han_pictograms Category:Han pictograms] to view them all. Many of these are extremely useful, though some have fallen out of usage. 

==Ideograms==
Let's look at '''ideograms''' or '''indicatives'''  ({{lang|zh|指事}}) now. {{lang|zh|三}} is the clearest example of this that you know right now: It is three strokes, so it is three. Two very useful characters to consider from this category are {{lang|zh|上}} &quot;above&quot; and {{lang|zh|下}} &quot;below.&quot;  If you stare at them enough, you will see that they are pointing up and down. When there is a line above the ''heng'' ({{lang|zh|㇐}}), we know we're looking above. When there is a line below the ''heng'', we know we're looking below. These characters are very, very literal.
&lt;gallery&gt;
上-bw.png
下-bw.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;

The most common metaphor for representing time in Literary Chinese is the idea of time flowing &quot;upstream&quot; from now, and what is &quot;below&quot; is yet to come. {{lang|zh|上旬}} would be the past ten days, and {{lang|zh|下旬}} would be the next ten days. Traditional timelines in Chinese are often represented vertically because of this principle as well. You will see these two directions a lot! {{lang|zh|本}} &quot;root&quot; is also seen a lot, most notably in the name for Japan ({{lang|zh|日本}}) ''nihon''. What do you think it means, then?

Like pictograms, these have a category on Wiktionary: [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han_ideograms Category:Han ideograms].

==Loangraphs==
'''Loangraphs''' or '''rebus characters''' ({{lang|zh|假借}}) are a useful type to learn early on. {{lang|zh|來}} is a classic example of this, having once meant &quot;wheat&quot; (now {{lang|zh|麥}}) but because &quot;to come&quot; had a very similar sound in the language of the time, it began being used for that meaning instead. This is most common in super-ancient Chinese, and relics of it became standard later on. {{lang|zh|來日}} &quot;come-day,&quot; for example, is a very common way to express &quot;the next day.&quot; This is where strictly working from pictograms may trick you!

On Wiktionary, these are in [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Han_jiajie Category:Han jiajie]. There are only 35 cases in that category, and I would advise you to remember most of them, as they are all used extremely often (true to their nature). Think of them like irregular verbs in English (&quot;go&quot; -&gt; &quot;went&quot;).

==Conclusion==
You now know the first three categories of the Six Writings. The next few lessons will focus vocabulary from these categories, bringing you towards being able to type these characters for yourself. The last three categories are for more complex compounds, which is why we are not going over those yet! Should you hunger to know them now, though, you can check out [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese#Derivation_of_characters this Wikipedia page] for a brief summary.

==References==
* Wan, X., Liu, H., &amp; Lu, Z. (2019). 说文解字十二讲 [12 Lectures of Shuowen Jiezi] (1st ed.). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company].
* Xu, S. (2015). 說文解字注 [Shuowen Jiezi Zhu] (Y. Duan &amp; W. Xu, Eds; 1st ed.). 鳳凰出版社 [Phoenix Media].
* Zhou, R. (2021). 永字八法: 书法艺术讲义 [yǒngzìbāfǎ shūfǎ yìshù jiǎngyì] (L. Zhou, Ed.; 4th corrected ed.). 广西师范大学出版社 [Guangxi Normal University Press].

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
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    <title>Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Self Care/Self-Awareness</title>
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== Self-Awareness in Nursing Home Social Services Practice ==
Self-awareness is critical when working in social services at a nursing home due to the constant issues needing to be addressed. This includes encountering grief, conflict, crisis's, ethical challenges, and resident needs. The ability to stop and do self-check ins is what helps to identify signs of burn out and to be more reflective on where you can make changes if needed. Self-awareness influences communication, decision-making, professional boundaries, teamwork, and the overall quality of care provided to residents and families.

For nursing home social services employees, self-awareness is a professional responsibility. Employees who lack self-awareness may unintentionally allow stress, bias, emotional reactions, or personal experiences to interfere with resident-centered care. In contrast, self-aware professionals are better equipped to respond thoughtfully, maintain professionalism under pressure, and provide consistent emotional support in challenging situations.

=== Defining Self-Awareness ===
Self-awareness refers to the ability to recognize and understand one’s own:

* Emotions and emotional triggers
* Personal values and beliefs
* Communication style
* Stress responses
* Strengths and limitations
* Biases and assumptions
* Behavioral patterns

Self-awareness involves recognizing how these internal factors influence professional interactions with residents, families, coworkers, and interdisciplinary teams.

For example, a social services employee who becomes aware that family conflict triggers frustration or defensiveness is better able to pause, regulate emotional reactions, and maintain professionalism during difficult conversations. It also is ok to request taking a break and returning to the conversation when everyone is calmer.

=== The Importance of Self-Awareness in Long-Term Care ===
Working in a nursing home differs from many other healthcare environments because relationships are often long-term and emotionally significant. Employees may work with residents and families for months or years, creating deeper emotional attachments and ongoing exposure to decline, loss, and grief.

Without self-awareness, employees may:

* Become emotionally overinvolved with residents
* Develop favoritism
* React defensively to criticism or complaints
* Internalize workplace stress
* Struggle to maintain boundaries
* Experience burnout more quickly

Self-awareness helps employees remain compassionate while also maintaining emotional balance and professional objectivity.

=== Emotional Self-Awareness ===
Emotional self-awareness involves recognizing emotions as they occur and understanding how it influences behavior. Social services employees frequently experience emotions such as sadness, frustration, helplessness, grief, anger, or anxiety throughout the workday.

Examples of emotional self-awareness include:

* Recognizing when a resident’s decline is affecting personal emotions
* Identifying frustration during repeated family complaints
* Acknowledging feelings of helplessness in difficult situations
* Understanding when stress is impacting patience or communication

Recognizing emotions does not mean suppressing them. Instead, it allows employees to process feelings appropriately without allowing emotions to control professional interactions.

=== Awareness of Personal Biases and Assumptions ===
All individuals bring personal experiences, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds into their work. Self-aware social services employees actively examine how their own perspectives may influence their interactions or decisions.

Biases may involve:

* Aging and independence
* Family roles and caregiving expectations
* Mental health or behavioral concerns
* Cultural or religious beliefs
* Communication styles
* End-of-life preferences

A self-aware employee recognizes these assumptions and works intentionally to provide unbiased, resident-centered care.

=== Self-Awareness and Professional Boundaries ===
Strong self-awareness is closely connected to healthy boundaries. Employees who understand their emotional vulnerabilities are better able to recognize situations where boundaries may become blurred.

For example:

* A staff member who seeks approval from residents may struggle to say no
* An employee with unresolved grief may become overly attached to residents in decline
* A social worker uncomfortable with conflict may avoid necessary difficult conversations

Self-awareness allows staff to identify these patterns early and seek supervision or support when needed.

=== Self-Awareness in Communication ===
Communication is central to social services work, particularly in emotionally charged situations. Self-aware employees pay attention not only to what they say, but also how they say it.

This includes awareness of:

* Tone of voice
* Body language
* Emotional reactions during conversations
* Defensive or reactive communication patterns
* Listening habits

For example, staff who recognize that they become rushed or impatient under stress can intentionally slow down during resident or family interactions.

=== Recognizing Stress Responses ===
Stress affects every professional differently. Some individuals become emotionally reactive, while others withdraw, shut down, or become detached.

Self-awareness helps employees identify:

* Physical signs of stress
* Emotional exhaustion
* Irritability or cynicism
* Difficulty concentrating
* Reduced empathy
* Changes in professional behavior

Recognizing these signs early allows staff to seek support before stress begins affecting resident care or workplace relationships.

=== The Role of Reflection ===
Reflection is one of the primary tools for developing self-awareness. Reflective practice encourages social services employees to examine their experiences, reactions, and decisions thoughtfully rather than functioning on autopilot.

Reflection may involve:

* Journaling
* Clinical supervision
* Peer discussions
* Case reviews
* Personal therapy or counseling
* Quiet self-reflection after difficult interaction

=== Self-Awareness and Team Dynamics ===
Self-awareness also improves interdisciplinary relationships. Employees who understand their own communication styles and stress reactions are often better collaborators.

Self-aware team members are more likely to:

* Accept feedback professionally
* Communicate respectfully under pressure
* Recognize when stress is affecting teamwork
* Avoid projecting frustration onto coworkers
* Contribute positively to workplace culture

Because nursing home care depends heavily on interdisciplinary collaboration, emotional insight and self-regulation are essential workplace skills.

=== Developing Greater Self-Awareness ===
Self-awareness is an ongoing process rather than a fixed achievement. It takes experience, reflection, honesty, and openness to feedback.

Strategies for strengthening self-awareness include:

* Seeking regular supervision and mentorship
* Remaining open to constructive feedback
* Practicing mindfulness or grounding techniques
* Monitoring emotional and physical stress responses
* Engaging in continuing education and professional development
* Taking time to reflect after difficult situations

Growth in self-awareness requires humility and willingness to acknowledge personal limitations and areas for improvement.

=== Conclusion ===
Self-awareness is a required skill for nursing home social services employees in order to prevent burn out and ensure self-care. In a setting where emotional intensity, long-term relationships, and complex human needs intersect daily, the ability to recognize and manage one’s own emotions, biases, stress responses, and behavioral patterns is essential to ethical and effective practice.</text>
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    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements</title>
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    <id>483681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638217</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T17:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;This vocabulary lesson will teach you some of the most fundamental characters of Literary Chinese to prepare you for using the Cangjie Input Method. However, these   The characters we will be studying today are the following, almost all of which you have seen before: &lt;blockquote&gt; 日月金木水火土 &lt;/blockquote&gt;  And their glosses: * {{lang|zh|日}} - Sun, day * {{lang|zh|月}} - Moon, month * {{lang|zh|金}} - Metal * {{lang|zh|木}} - Tree, wood * {{lang|zh|水}} -...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1700" sha1="9606rcinycj1as2p16uck3fy5p2advn" xml:space="preserve">This vocabulary lesson will teach you some of the most fundamental characters of Literary Chinese to prepare you for using the Cangjie Input Method. However, these 

The characters we will be studying today are the following, almost all of which you have seen before:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
日月金木水火土
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

And their glosses:
* {{lang|zh|日}} - Sun, day
* {{lang|zh|月}} - Moon, month
* {{lang|zh|金}} - Metal
* {{lang|zh|木}} - Tree, wood
* {{lang|zh|水}} - Water
* {{lang|zh|火}} - Fire
* {{lang|zh|土}} - Earth

These form the &quot;philosophical&quot; branch of characters, consisting of the sun, moon, and Five Elements (or Agents), also known as Wuxing ({{lang|zh|五行}} lit. &quot;five movements&quot;). The Five Elements are heavily associated with Daoism and frequently shown in movies, anime ({{lang|zh|動畫}}!), and other fantasy settings. The idea is that these elements counteract each other and create a balanced world. If you want to read Daoist texts, this will come up.
[[File:Wuxing diagram.svg|200px]]

The sun and moon are included here because they form common components in compound characters. For example, when put together, they form {{lang|zh|明}} &quot;bright.&quot; Used individually along with numbers, they can be used to form dates. For example...
&lt;blockquote&gt;
五月三日&lt;br&gt;
3rd of May
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Exercises==
Now that you know how to form dates, try to interpret the following sentences made using only characters from the previous lessons:

# 大火。
# 象在土上。
# 人來日本。
# 三旬曰月。

What do you think? Do you think you can handwrite some sentences using what you have learned so far? 

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638219</id>
      <parentid>4638217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T17:27:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
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      <text bytes="1737" sha1="6q8o848rrr5eya8hzyrmabv1jajv07u" xml:space="preserve">This vocabulary lesson will teach you some of the most fundamental characters of Literary Chinese to prepare you for using the Cangjie Input Method. However, these 

The characters we will be studying today are the following, almost all of which you have seen before:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
日月金木水火土
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

And their glosses:
* {{lang|zh|日}} - Sun, day
* {{lang|zh|月}} - Moon, month
* {{lang|zh|金}} - Metal
* {{lang|zh|木}} - Tree, wood
* {{lang|zh|水}} - Water
* {{lang|zh|火}} - Fire
* {{lang|zh|土}} - Earth

These form the &quot;philosophical&quot; branch of characters, consisting of the sun, moon, and Five Elements (or Agents), also known as Wuxing ({{lang|zh|五行}} lit. &quot;five movements&quot;). The Five Elements are heavily associated with Daoism and frequently shown in movies, anime ({{lang|zh|動畫}}!), and other fantasy settings. The idea is that these elements counteract each other and create a balanced world. If you want to read Daoist texts, this will come up.

[[File:Wuxing diagram.svg|500px]]

The sun and moon are included here because they form common components in compound characters. For example, when put together, they form {{lang|zh|明}} &quot;bright.&quot; Used individually along with numbers, they can be used to form dates. For example...
&lt;blockquote&gt;
五月三日&lt;br&gt;
3rd of May
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Exercises==
Now that you know how to form dates, try to interpret the following sentences made using only characters from the previous lessons:

# 大火。
# 象在土上。
# 人來日本。
# 三旬曰月。

What do you think? Do you think you can handwrite some sentences using what you have learned so far? Maybe you can write some dates, too!

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
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      <id>4638230</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T19:43:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
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      <origin>4638230</origin>
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      <text bytes="1722" sha1="0udagp0bvpj41wzwptvscw0fgk94r32" xml:space="preserve">This vocabulary lesson will teach you some of the most fundamental characters of Literary Chinese to prepare you for using the Cangjie Input Method. 

The characters we will be studying today are the following, almost all of which you have seen before:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
日月金木水火土
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

And their glosses:
* {{lang|zh|日}} - Sun, day
* {{lang|zh|月}} - Moon, month
* {{lang|zh|金}} - Metal
* {{lang|zh|木}} - Tree, wood
* {{lang|zh|水}} - Water
* {{lang|zh|火}} - Fire
* {{lang|zh|土}} - Earth

These form the &quot;philosophical&quot; branch of characters, consisting of the sun, moon, and Five Elements (or Agents), also known as Wuxing ({{lang|zh|五行}} lit. &quot;five movements&quot;). The Five Elements are heavily associated with Daoism and frequently shown in movies, anime ({{lang|zh|動畫}}!), and other fantasy settings. The idea is that these elements counteract each other and create a balanced world. If you want to read Daoist texts, this will come up.

[[File:Wuxing diagram.svg|500px]]

The sun and moon are included here because they form common components in compound characters. For example, when put together, they form {{lang|zh|明}} &quot;bright.&quot; Used individually along with numbers, they can be used to form dates. For example...
&lt;blockquote&gt;
五月三日&lt;br&gt;
3rd of May
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Exercises==
Now that you know how to form dates, try to interpret the following sentences made using only characters from the previous lessons:

# 大火。
# 象在土上。
# 人來日本。
# 三旬曰月。

What do you think? Do you think you can handwrite some sentences using what you have learned so far? Maybe you can write some dates, too!

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Judaism/Kosher Tourism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638228</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T19:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TravelMaple</username>
        <id>3598800</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created Kosher Tourism subpage covering kashrut travel requirements, accommodation, vacation rentals, popular destinations, and holiday planning.</comment>
      <origin>4638228</origin>
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      <text bytes="6580" sha1="i9930jq8156rl97d75cqn3frtdbvxj0" xml:space="preserve">== Kosher Tourism ==

Kosher tourism refers to travel undertaken by observant Jews who maintain kashrut / kosher (Jewish dietary laws) and Shabbat observance, including while away from home.&lt;ref&gt;
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_tourism Kosher tourism - Wikipedia]&lt;/ref&gt; The global kosher market, which encompasses food, hospitality, and travel, was valued at approximately $22.1 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow significantly through the following decade.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imarcgroup.com/kosher-food-market IMARC Group: Kosher Food Market Size, Growth &amp; Trends Forecast 2033]&lt;/ref&gt; Planning a kosher-compliant trip requires attention to food, accommodation, shul access, and the Jewish calendar - considerations that go well beyond those of the average traveler.

=== Why Kosher Tourism Is Unique ===

Unlike general travel, kosher tourism involves a set of religious requirements that must be maintained consistently regardless of destination. These include:

* '''Kashrut''' - All food consumed must be certified kosher, meaning sourced, prepared, and served according to halachic standards.
* '''Shabbat observance''' - From Friday sundown to Saturday night, observant travelers cannot drive, use electricity, or handle money, making walking distance to synagogue and pre-arranged Shabbat meals essential.
* '''Eruv coverage''' - Many travelers prefer destinations within an eruv (a halachic boundary that permits carrying outside on Shabbat).
* '''Mikveh access''' - Some travelers require access to a mikveh (ritual bath).
* '''Yom Tov''' - Jewish holidays add additional layers of planning, as melachah restrictions apply for two days at the start and end of most major holidays, unlike the single day of Shabbat.

=== Accommodation ===

Finding suitable accommodation is often the most challenging aspect of kosher travel. Kosher observant travelers typically look for:

* Self-catering apartments or villas with a kitchen that is kept kosher or can be kashered (made kosher-ready), allowing travelers to prepare or warm up their own kosher meals
* Properties within walking distance of a shul
* Hosts or property managers well versed with kosher requirements
* Clear, upfront pricing and availability - while Airbnb delivered this for the general market, the kosher vacation rental niche has historically suffered from a lack of transparent listings, with travelers often forced into back-and-forth communication on classified sites and Facebook groups just to confirm availability and cost..

==== Vacation Rentals ====

The short-term kosher rental market has grown in recent years, with dedicated platforms emerging to connect observant travelers 
with property owners who understand kosher requirements. Founders in this space have noted that a key frustration for kosher travelers has been the lack of transparent pricing, availability and the difficulty of finding properties with clear walk proximity to local shuls.&lt;ref&gt;[https://anash.org/kvation-founder-speaks-on-business-failure-and-mentorship/ Kvation Founder Speaks on Business, Failure, and Mentorship. - Anash.org, December 2025.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Examples include:

* '''[https://kvation.com/ Kvation]''' (kosher vacations) - A booking platform for kosher vacation rentals, connecting travelers directly with shomer shabbos property owners, with glatt kosher rentals primarily in the United States and Israel and some in Europe and South America. The platform emphasizes transparent pricing, availability and proximity to local synagogues.
* '''[https://www.gokosher.com/ Gokosher]''' - Kosher travel classifieds featuring hotels and rental listings across multiple countries.

==== Hotels ====

Some hotels cater specifically to the kosher market, offering on-site glatt kosher kitchens, Shabbat elevators, and synagogue facilities. These are particularly common in destinations with large Jewish populations such as Miami Beach, Jerusalem, Cancun, and the Catskills region of New York.

=== Kosher Food on the Road ===

Access to kosher food varies significantly by destination. Travelers typically rely on a combination of:

* '''Certified kosher restaurants''' - Listed by kashrut agencies such as the Orthodox Union (OU), OK Kosher, and local rabbinical councils
* '''Packaged kosher food''' - Brought from home or purchased at kosher supermarkets in destination cities
* '''Self-catering''' - Cooking in a kosher kept kitchen or kashered kitchen, the most reliable method for maintaining kashrut standards while traveling
* '''Hotel kosher programs''' - Offered by some resorts, particularly during Pesach (Passover), when full kosher-for-Passover catering is provided

=== Popular Kosher Travel Destinations ===

Certain destinations have developed robust Jewish infrastructure that makes kosher travel significantly easier:

* '''Israel''' - The most kosher-accessible destination globally, with kosher restaurants, supermarkets, and accommodations widely available
* '''New York metropolitan area''' - Dense Jewish communities in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and New Jersey offer extensive kosher infrastructure
* '''Miami / South Florida''' – A major kosher tourism hub, particularly during winter months and Jewish holidays
* '''Cancun and the Mexican Caribbean''' – Growing kosher hotel programs make this a popular destination, particularly during Pesach
* '''European cities''' – Amsterdam, Paris, London, and Antwerp have established kosher communities with restaurants and accommodations

=== Shabbat and Holiday Planning ===

Traveling over Shabbat or Jewish holidays requires advance planning. Key considerations include:

* Arranging Shabbat meals in advance - either self-catering in a vacation rental, hotel programs, or community hospitality (hachnasat orchim)
* Confirming candle-lighting times and local Shabbat end times at the destination
* Identifying the nearest synagogue and confirming its schedule
* Avoiding travel bookings that require checking out or in during Shabbat or Yom Tov

=== Resources for Kosher Travelers ===

* [https://oukosher.org/restaurants/ OU Kosher Restaurant list]
* [https://www.ok.org/restaurant-guide/ OK Kosher Restaurant Guide]
* [https://www.chabad.org/ Chabad.org] – Offers a global directory of Chabad houses, which frequently provide Shabbat hospitality to traveling Jews
* [https://kvation.com/ Kvation.com] – Kosher vacation rental booking platform
* [https://www.gokosher.com/ Gokosher.com] – Kosher travel classifieds

== See Also ==
* [[Judaism/Jewish Cooking]] (includes Kosher Travel section)
* [[Judaism]]

== External Links ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638255</id>
      <parentid>4638228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:39:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NomadicNotes</username>
        <id>3598763</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Expanded page with new sections on Passover travel, kosher cruises, air travel, Bein Hazmanim, and practical tips for kosher travelers.</comment>
      <origin>4638255</origin>
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      <text bytes="11072" sha1="e91r4cv3ii6b23wn0n9xpntaui1ezmo" xml:space="preserve">== Kosher Tourism ==

Kosher tourism refers to travel undertaken by observant Jews who maintain kashrut / kosher (Jewish dietary laws) and Shabbat observance, including while away from home.&lt;ref&gt;
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_tourism Kosher tourism - Wikipedia]&lt;/ref&gt; The global kosher market, which encompasses food, hospitality, and travel, was valued at approximately $22.1 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow significantly through the following decade.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imarcgroup.com/kosher-food-market IMARC Group: Kosher Food Market Size, Growth &amp; Trends Forecast 2033]&lt;/ref&gt; Planning a kosher-compliant trip requires attention to food, accommodation, shul access, and the Jewish calendar - considerations that go well beyond those of the average traveler.

=== Why Kosher Tourism Is Unique ===

Unlike general travel, kosher tourism involves a set of religious requirements that must be maintained consistently regardless of destination. These include:

* '''Kashrut''' - All food consumed must be certified kosher, meaning sourced, prepared, and served according to halachic standards.
* '''Shabbat observance''' - From Friday sundown to Saturday night, observant travelers cannot drive, use electricity, or handle money, making walking distance to synagogue and pre-arranged Shabbat meals essential.
* '''Eruv coverage''' - Many travelers prefer destinations within an eruv (a halachic boundary that permits carrying outside on Shabbat).
* '''Mikveh access''' - Some travelers require access to a mikveh (ritual bath).
* '''Yom Tov''' - Jewish holidays add additional layers of planning, as melachah restrictions apply for two days at the start and end of most major holidays, unlike the single day of Shabbat.

=== Accommodation ===

Finding suitable accommodation is often the most challenging aspect of kosher travel. Kosher observant travelers typically look for:

* Self-catering apartments or villas with a kitchen that is kept kosher or can be kashered (made kosher-ready), allowing travelers to prepare or warm up their own kosher meals
* Properties within walking distance of a shul
* Hosts or property managers well versed with kosher requirements
* Clear, upfront pricing and availability - while Airbnb delivered this for the general market, the kosher vacation rental niche has historically suffered from a lack of transparent listings, with travelers often forced into back-and-forth communication on classified sites and Facebook groups just to confirm availability and cost.

==== Vacation Rentals ====

The short-term kosher rental market has grown in recent years, with dedicated platforms emerging to connect observant travelers with property owners who understand kosher requirements. Founders in this space have noted that a key frustration for kosher travelers has been the lack of transparent pricing, availability and the difficulty of finding properties with clear walk proximity to local shuls.&lt;ref&gt;[https://anash.org/kvation-founder-speaks-on-business-failure-and-mentorship/ Kvation Founder Speaks on Business, Failure, and Mentorship. - Anash.org, December 2025.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Examples include:

* '''[https://kvation.com/ Kvation]''' (kosher vacations) - A booking platform for kosher vacation rentals, connecting travelers directly with shomer shabbos property owners, with glatt kosher rentals primarily in the United States and Israel and some in Europe and South America. The platform emphasizes transparent pricing, availability and proximity to local shuls.
* '''[https://www.gokosher.com/ Gokosher]''' - Kosher travel classifieds featuring hotels and rental listings across multiple countries.

==== Hotels ====

Some hotels cater specifically to the kosher market, offering on-site glatt kosher kitchens, Shabbat elevators, and synagogue facilities. These are particularly common in destinations with large Jewish populations such as Miami Beach, Jerusalem, Cancun, and the Catskills region of New York.

==== Passover (Pesach) Travel ====

Passover is the single largest driver of kosher tourism globally. Because observant Jews must use entirely separate kosher-for-Passover cookware, dishes, and food products, and must remove all chametz (leavened products) from their homes, many families find it easier to travel for the holiday rather than undertake the full preparation at home.

Dedicated Passover programs operate at hotels and resorts worldwide, offering:

* Full kosher-for-Passover catering under strict rabbinical supervision
* Communal sedarim on the first two nights of the holiday
* Holiday programming for children and adults
* Daily prayer services with a minyan

Passover programs operate across six continents, with major concentrations in Florida, the Mexican Caribbean, Israel, Morocco, and Europe. Programs typically book out months in advance, and many families reserve spots for the following year immediately after Passover ends.

==== Kosher Cruises ====

Kosher cruises have grown into a significant subcategory of kosher tourism, combining mainstream cruise itineraries with full glatt kosher catering and Shabbat observance. Dedicated kosher cruise programs typically feature:

* On-board glatt kosher kitchens operating under rabbinical supervision
* Shabbat and holiday services
* Separation of the kosher galley from the ship's general kitchen
* Itineraries timed to avoid Shabbat embarkation or disembarkation where possible

Popular kosher cruise routes include Mediterranean sailings, Alaskan cruises, river cruises through Europe, and Caribbean itineraries.

=== Air Travel ===

Observant Jewish travelers can request kosher meals on most major international airlines, though availability varies by route and carrier. Key considerations include:

* Kosher meals must typically be requested at least 24-48 hours before departure
* Glatt kosher meals are available on some airlines but not all - travelers should confirm the level of kashrut supervision when booking
* Meals are generally served sealed with rabbinical certification visible on the packaging
* Some travelers choose to bring their own packaged kosher food rather than rely on airline catering, particularly on shorter flights or routes with limited kosher options
* El Al, Israel's national airline, serves kosher food as standard on all flights

=== Bein Hazmanim ===

Bein Hazmanim (literally &quot;between the times&quot;) refers to the vacation periods between yeshiva semesters in the Orthodox and Haredi world. These periods - typically falling around Pesach, the summer months, and Sukkot - represent major spikes in kosher travel demand, as yeshiva students, their families, and the broader community travel simultaneously.

The two main Bein Hazmanim periods are:

* '''Summer''' - approximately from mid-Tammuz through Elul (July-September), the longest break and the primary driver of summer rental demand in destinations such as the Catskills, the Jersey Shore, and Israeli resort towns
* '''Tishrei''' - the period around the High Holidays and Sukkot, when many families travel to be with rebbes or in communities with large Yom Tov programming

=== Kosher Food on the Road ===

Access to kosher food varies significantly by destination. Travelers typically rely on a combination of:

* '''Certified kosher restaurants''' - Listed by kashrut agencies such as the Orthodox Union (OU), OK Kosher, and local rabbinical councils
* '''Packaged kosher food''' - Brought from home or purchased at kosher supermarkets in destination cities
* '''Self-catering''' - Cooking in a kosher kept kitchen or kashered kitchen, the most reliable method for maintaining kashrut standards while traveling
* '''Hotel kosher programs''' - Offered by some resorts, particularly during Pesach (Passover), when full kosher-for-Passover catering is provided

=== Popular Kosher Travel Destinations ===

Certain destinations have developed robust Jewish infrastructure that makes kosher travel significantly easier:

* '''Israel''' - The most kosher-accessible destination globally, with kosher restaurants, supermarkets, and accommodations widely available
* '''New York metropolitan area''' - Dense Jewish communities in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and New Jersey offer extensive kosher infrastructure
* '''Miami / South Florida''' - A major kosher tourism hub, particularly during winter months and Jewish holidays
* '''Cancun and the Mexican Caribbean''' – Growing kosher hotel programs make this a popular destination, particularly during Pesach
* '''European cities''' - Amsterdam, Paris, London, and Antwerp have established kosher communities with restaurants and accommodations

=== Shabbat and Holiday Planning ===

Traveling over Shabbat or Jewish holidays requires advance planning. Key considerations include:

* Arranging Shabbat meals in advance - either self-catering in a vacation rental, hotel programs, or community hospitality (hachnasat orchim)
* Confirming candle-lighting times and local Shabbat end times at the destination
* Identifying the nearest synagogue and confirming its schedule
* Avoiding travel bookings that require checking out or in during Shabbat or Yom Tov

=== Practical Tips for Kosher Travelers ===

* '''Kashering a rental kitchen''' - Before cooking in a vacation rental (if with a non-kosher kitchen), observant travelers typically clean the oven and stovetop thoroughly, run the oven at high heat for a period of time (libun), pour boiling water over countertops and sinks (iruy), and use separate kosher cookware and utensils brought from home
* '''What to bring from home''' - Many travelers pack a supply of shelf-stable kosher products, including snacks, condiments, and packaged meals, particularly when traveling to destinations with limited local kosher availability if without access to a kosher rental with a glatt kosher kitchen
* '''Checking local eruv status''' - Eruv boundaries can change due to damage or weather; travelers should verify the local eruv is up before carrying on Shabbat, usually via a local rabbi, community hotline or the rental host if booked through a kosher rental booking site like Kvation
* '''Time zone adjustment for Shabbat''' - Candle-lighting and Shabbos end times vary significantly by location and season; travelers should look up exact times for their destination rather than relying on home-city times
* '''Mikveh availability''' - Many Jewish communities maintain a mikveh; travelers who require access should confirm availability and hours in advance of their trip

=== Resources for Kosher Travelers ===

* [https://oukosher.org/restaurants/ OU Kosher Restaurant list]
* [https://www.ok.org/restaurant-guide/ OK Kosher Restaurant Guide]
* [https://www.chabad.org/ Chabad.org] - Offers a global directory of Chabad houses, which frequently provide Shabbat hospitality to traveling Jews
* [https://kvation.com/ Kvation.com] - Kosher vacation rental booking platform
* [https://www.gokosher.com/ Gokosher.com] - Kosher travel classifieds

== See Also ==
* [[Judaism/Jewish Cooking]] (includes Kosher Travel section)
* [[Judaism]]

== External Links ==</text>
      <sha1>e91r4cv3ii6b23wn0n9xpntaui1ezmo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polish/Dative case</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638232</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:14:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32557-12</username>
        <id>3598851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  The Dative case in Polish language is used in the following situations: # Used to indicate the '''indirect object''' (to whom or for whom something is done). #* ''Dałem książkę bratu.'' - I gave a book to my brother. (''bratu'' is in the dative) #* ''Napisałam list koleżance.'' - I wrote a letter to my friend. (''koleżance'' is in the dative) # Used after certain '''verbs''' such as pomagać, dziękować, wierzyć, ufać, przyglądać się. #* ''...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3798" sha1="c5zvbtfzyfg70qkqjek6vm3hztiftez" xml:space="preserve">{{AI-generated}}

The Dative case in Polish language is used in the following situations:
# Used to indicate the '''indirect object''' (to whom or for whom something is done).
#* ''Dałem książkę bratu.'' - I gave a book to my brother. (''bratu'' is in the dative)
#* ''Napisałam list koleżance.'' - I wrote a letter to my friend. (''koleżance'' is in the dative)
# Used after certain '''verbs''' such as pomagać, dziękować, wierzyć, ufać, przyglądać się.
#* ''Pomagam sąsiadowi.'' - I am helping my neighbor. (''sąsiadowi'' is in the dative)
#* ''Dziękuję nauczycielowi.'' - I thank the teacher. (''nauczycielowi'' is in the dative)
# Used to indicate the '''recipient''' of an action.
#* ''Mama kupiła dziecku zabawkę.'' - Mom bought a toy for the child. (''dziecku'' is in the dative)
# Used in expressions describing '''age, feelings, or conditions'''.
#* ''Jest mi zimno.'' - I am cold. (''mi'' is the dative form of ''ja'')

The dative answers the questions ''to whom?'' (''komu?'') and ''to what?'' (''czemu?'').

== Singular ==

=== Noun Declension ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Gender
! Ending
! Examples
|-
! Masculine
| '''-owi''' / '''-u'''
| chłopakowi, kotowi, psu, ojcu, bratu
|-
! Neuter
| '''-u'''
| dziecku, piwu, spotkaniu, imieniu, muzeum
|-
! Feminine
| '''-ie''' / '''-y'''
| dziewczynie, kawie, pani, miłości, myszy
|}

=== Adjective Declension ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Gender
! Rule
! Ending
! Examples
|-
! Masculine
| After most stems
| '''-emu'''
| dużemu, małemu, dobremu
|-
! Neuter
| After most stems
| '''-emu'''
| dużemu, małemu, dobremu
|-
! Feminine
| After all stems
| '''-ej'''
| dużej, małej, dobrej
|}

== Plural ==

=== Noun Declension ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Gender
! Rule
! Ending
! Examples
|-
! Virile
| After most stems
| '''-om'''
| chłopakom, kotom, psom, nauczycielom
|-
! Nonvirile
| After most stems
| '''-om'''
| dziewczynom, dzieciom, kobietom, muzeom
|}

=== Adjective Declension ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Gender
! Rule
! Ending
! Examples
|-
! Virile
| After most stems
| '''-ym'''
| dużym, małym, dobrym
|-
! Nonvirile
| After most stems
| '''-ym'''
| dużym, małym, dobrym
|}

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! English
! Dative
|-
| I
| mi / mnie
|-
| you (singular)
| ci / tobie
|-
| he
| mu / jemu
|-
| she
| jej
|-
| it
| mu / jemu
|-
| you (formal masculine)
| panu
|-
| you (formal feminine)
| pani
|-
| we
| nam
|-
| you (informal plural)
| wam
|-
| you (formal masculine plural)
| panom
|-
| you (formal feminine plural)
| paniom
|-
| you (formal mixed gender plural)
| państwu
|-
| they (masculine or mixed gender)
| im
|-
| they (feminine)
| im
|}

=== Possessive pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
!
! Gender
! my, mine
! your, yours (singular)
! your, yours (plural)
! our, ours
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Singular
! Masculine
| mojemu
| twojemu
| waszemu
| naszemu
|-
! Neuter
| mojemu
| twojemu
| waszemu
| naszemu
|-
! Feminine
| mojej
| twojej
| waszej
| naszej
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plural
! Virile
| moim
| twoim
| waszym
| naszym
|-
! Nonvirile
| moim
| twoim
| waszym
| naszym
|}

=== Interrogative pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! English
! Dative
|-
| to whom?
| komu?
|-
| to what?
| czemu?
|}

=== Relative, demonstrative, and intensive pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
!
! Gender
! which / who
! what / what kind
! this / that
! self / same
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Singular
! Masculine
| któremu
| jakiemu
| temu
| samemu
|-
! Neuter
| któremu
| jakiemu
| temu
| samemu
|-
! Feminine
| której
| jakiej
| tej
| samej
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plural
! Virile
| którym
| jakim
| tym
| samym
|-
! Nonvirile
| którym
| jakim
| tym
| samym
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Vocative case</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638233</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:17:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32557-12</username>
        <id>3598851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  The Vocative case in Polish language is used in the following situations: # Used when directly '''addressing''' or '''calling''' someone or something. #* ''Piotrze, chodź tutaj!'' - Piotr, come here! (''Piotrze'' is in the vocative) #* ''Mamo, pomóż mi!'' - Mom, help me! (''Mamo'' is in the vocative) # Used in greetings, exclamations, and formal speech. #* ''Panie doktorze, mam pytanie.'' - Doctor, I have a question. (''Panie doktorze'' is in the voc...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3359" sha1="gtb1xkz8gxlagk0yx0udvfkkf3jkhdr" xml:space="preserve">{{AI-generated}}

The Vocative case in Polish language is used in the following situations:
# Used when directly '''addressing''' or '''calling''' someone or something.
#* ''Piotrze, chodź tutaj!'' - Piotr, come here! (''Piotrze'' is in the vocative)
#* ''Mamo, pomóż mi!'' - Mom, help me! (''Mamo'' is in the vocative)
# Used in greetings, exclamations, and formal speech.
#* ''Panie doktorze, mam pytanie.'' - Doctor, I have a question. (''Panie doktorze'' is in the vocative)
#* ''Boże, dopomóż mi!'' - God, help me! (''Boże'' is in the vocative)
# Used in letters and written correspondence.
#* ''Drogi Przyjacielu,'' - Dear Friend, (''Przyjacielu'' is in the vocative)

The vocative answers the question of '''who or what is being addressed''' (''o!'' or ''hej!'').

== Singular ==

=== Noun Declension ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Gender
! Ending
! Examples
|-
! Masculine
| '''-e''', '''-u''', '''-ie'''
| Piotrze, chłopcze, synu, przyjacielu, nauczycielu
|-
! Neuter
| Same as nominative
| dziecko, okno, muzeum, imię
|-
! Feminine
| '''-o''', '''-i''', '''-y'''
| mamo, siostro, pani, myszy, miłości
|}

=== Adjective Declension ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Gender
! Rule
! Ending
! Examples
|-
! Masculine
| Usually same as nominative
| '''-y''' / '''-i'''
| drogi, dobry, miły
|-
! Neuter
| Same as nominative
| '''-e'''
| dobre, miłe
|-
! Feminine
| Same as nominative
| '''-a'''
| droga, dobra, miła
|}

== Plural ==

=== Noun Declension ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Gender
! Rule
! Ending
! Examples
|-
! Virile
| Same as nominative plural
| '''-i''' / '''-owie'''
| chłopcy, nauczyciele, panowie
|-
! Nonvirile
| Same as nominative plural
| '''-y''' / '''-e'''
| kobiety, dzieci, okna
|}

=== Adjective Declension ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Gender
! Rule
! Ending
! Examples
|-
! Virile
| Same as nominative plural
| '''-i''' / '''-y'''
| dobrzy, mili
|-
! Nonvirile
| Same as nominative plural
| '''-e'''
| dobre, miłe
|}

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! English
! Vocative
|-
| I
| —
|-
| you (singular)
| —
|-
| he
| —
|-
| she
| —
|-
| it
| —
|-
| we
| —
|-
| you (informal plural)
| —
|-
| they
| —
|}

''Personal pronouns do not have distinct vocative forms in modern Polish. Names, titles, and nouns are usually used instead.''

=== Possessive pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
!
! Gender
! my, mine
! your, yours (singular)
! your, yours (plural)
! our, ours
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Singular
! Masculine
| mój
| twój
| wasz
| nasz
|-
! Neuter
| moje
| twoje
| wasze
| nasze
|-
! Feminine
| moja
| twoja
| wasza
| nasza
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plural
! Virile
| moi
| twoi
| wasi
| nasi
|-
! Nonvirile
| moje
| twoje
| wasze
| nasze
|}

=== Interrogative pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! English
! Vocative
|-
| who?
| —
|-
| what?
| —
|}

=== Relative, demonstrative, and intensive pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
!
! Gender
! which / who
! what / what kind
! this / that
! self / same
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Singular
! Masculine
| który
| jaki
| ten
| sam
|-
! Neuter
| które
| jakie
| to
| samo
|-
! Feminine
| która
| jaka
| ta
| sama
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plural
! Virile
| którzy
| jacy
| ci
| sami
|-
! Nonvirile
| które
| jakie
| te
| same
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Declension</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638235</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:19:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32557-12</username>
        <id>3598851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  '''Declension''' in Polish is the process of changing the form of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals according to their grammatical function in a sentence.  Polish has seven grammatical cases:  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5 ! Case ! Polish Name ! Main Question ! Example (''kot'' – cat) |- | Nominative | Mianownik | kto? co? | kot |- | Genitive | Dopełniacz | kogo? czego? | kota |- | Dative | Celownik | komu? czemu? | kotu |- | Accusative...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2378" sha1="3avyqvo0p6ta7ywtwr9p16x9ds9h7xd" xml:space="preserve">{{AI-generated}}

'''Declension''' in Polish is the process of changing the form of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals according to their grammatical function in a sentence.

Polish has seven grammatical cases:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Case
! Polish Name
! Main Question
! Example (''kot'' – cat)
|-
| Nominative
| Mianownik
| kto? co?
| kot
|-
| Genitive
| Dopełniacz
| kogo? czego?
| kota
|-
| Dative
| Celownik
| komu? czemu?
| kotu
|-
| Accusative
| Biernik
| kogo? co?
| kota
|-
| Instrumental
| Narzędnik
| z kim? z czym?
| kotem
|-
| Locative
| Miejscownik
| o kim? o czym?
| kocie
|-
| Vocative
| Wołacz
| o! hej!
| kocie
|}

Declension depends on:
# Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter)
# Number (singular or plural)
# Case
# Sometimes animacy and virility

== Example Noun Declension ==

=== Masculine Noun: ''kot'' (cat) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| Nominative
| kot
| koty
|-
| Genitive
| kota
| kotów
|-
| Dative
| kotu
| kotom
|-
| Accusative
| kota
| koty
|-
| Instrumental
| kotem
| kotami
|-
| Locative
| kocie
| kotach
|-
| Vocative
| kocie
| koty
|}

=== Feminine Noun: ''kobieta'' (woman) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| Nominative
| kobieta
| kobiety
|-
| Genitive
| kobiety
| kobiet
|-
| Dative
| kobiecie
| kobietom
|-
| Accusative
| kobietę
| kobiety
|-
| Instrumental
| kobietą
| kobietami
|-
| Locative
| kobiecie
| kobietach
|-
| Vocative
| kobieto
| kobiety
|}

=== Neuter Noun: ''dziecko'' (child) ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| Nominative
| dziecko
| dzieci
|-
| Genitive
| dziecka
| dzieci
|-
| Dative
| dziecku
| dzieciom
|-
| Accusative
| dziecko
| dzieci
|-
| Instrumental
| dzieckiem
| dziećmi
|-
| Locative
| dziecku
| dzieciach
|-
| Vocative
| dziecko
| dzieci
|}

== Adjective Declension ==

Adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in gender, number, and case.

Example: ''dobry'' (good)

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Case
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
| Nominative
| dobry
| dobra
| dobre
|-
| Genitive
| dobrego
| dobrej
| dobrego
|-
| Dative
| dobremu
| dobrej
| dobremu
|-
| Accusative
| dobry / dobrego
| dobrą
| dobre
|-
| Instrumental
| dobrym
| dobrą
| dobrym
|-
| Locative
| dobrym
| dobrej
| dobrym
|-
| Vocative
| dobry
| dobra
| dobre
|}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Present tense</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638236</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:20:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32557-12</username>
        <id>3598851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  The '''present tense''' in Polish language is used to describe:  # Actions happening now. #* ''Czytam książkę.'' - I am reading a book. # Regular or repeated actions. #* ''Codziennie chodzę do szkoły.'' - I go to school every day. # General facts and truths. #* ''Woda wrze w temperaturze 100°C.'' - Water boils at 100°C. # Future actions expressed by '''imperfective verbs'''. #* ''Jutro jadę do Krakowa.'' - Tomorrow I am going to Kraków.  The pr...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2853" sha1="g3ffb2znmd1fc3771f8thdfm4hpklmg" xml:space="preserve">{{AI-generated}}

The '''present tense''' in Polish language is used to describe:

# Actions happening now.
#* ''Czytam książkę.'' - I am reading a book.
# Regular or repeated actions.
#* ''Codziennie chodzę do szkoły.'' - I go to school every day.
# General facts and truths.
#* ''Woda wrze w temperaturze 100°C.'' - Water boils at 100°C.
# Future actions expressed by '''imperfective verbs'''.
#* ''Jutro jadę do Krakowa.'' - Tomorrow I am going to Kraków.

The present tense answers the question ''what is someone doing?'' (''co robi?'').

== Conjugation ==

=== Verb: ''czytać'' (to read) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Polish
!English
|-
|I
|czytam
|I read / am reading
|-
|you (singular)
|czytasz
|you read / are reading
|-
|he
|czyta
|he reads / is reading
|-
|she
|czyta
|she reads / is reading
|-
|it
|czyta
|it reads / is reading
|-
|we
|czytamy
|we read / are reading
|-
|you (plural)
|czytacie
|you read / are reading
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|czytają
|they read / are reading
|-
|they (feminine)
|czytają
|they read / are reading
|}

=== Verb: ''robić'' (to do, to make) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Polish
!English
|-
|I
|robię
|I do / am doing
|-
|you (singular)
|robisz
|you do / are doing
|-
|he
|robi
|he does / is doing
|-
|she
|robi
|she does / is doing
|-
|it
|robi
|it does / is doing
|-
|we
|robimy
|we do / are doing
|-
|you (plural)
|robicie
|you do / are doing
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|robią
|they do / are doing
|-
|they (feminine)
|robią
|they do / are doing
|}

== Common Present Tense Endings ==

=== First Conjugation (-ać verbs) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Ending
!Example (''czytać'')
|-
|I
| -am
|czytam
|-
|you (singular)
| -asz
|czytasz
|-
|he/she/it
| -a
|czyta
|-
|we
| -amy
|czytamy
|-
|you (plural)
| -acie
|czytacie
|-
|they
| -ają
|czytają
|}

=== Second Conjugation (-ić/-yć verbs) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Ending
!Example (''robić'')
|-
|I
| -ę
|robię
|-
|you (singular)
| -isz / -ysz
|robisz
|-
|he/she/it
| -i / -y
|robi
|-
|we
| -imy / -ymy
|robimy
|-
|you (plural)
| -icie / -ycie
|robicie
|-
|they
| -ią / -ą
|robią
|}

== Personal Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
!Example
|-
|I
|ja
|ja czytam
|-
|you (singular)
|ty
|ty czytasz
|-
|he
|on
|on czyta
|-
|she
|ona
|ona czyta
|-
|it
|ono
|ono czyta
|-
|we
|my
|my czytamy
|-
|you (plural)
|wy
|wy czytacie
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|oni
|oni czytają
|-
|they (feminine)
|one
|one czytają
|}

== Notes ==

* Polish has no separate continuous tense like English &quot;I am reading&quot;. The present tense covers both &quot;I read&quot; and &quot;I am reading&quot;.
* Only imperfective verbs have a true present tense.
* Perfective verbs use present-tense forms to express future actions. {{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Future tense</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638237</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:22:06Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2026-32557-12</username>
        <id>3598851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  The '''future tense''' in Polish language is used to describe:  # Actions that will happen in the future. #* ''Jutro pójdę do szkoły.'' - Tomorrow I will go to school. # Plans and intentions. #* ''Będę czytać książkę wieczorem.'' - I will be reading a book in the evening. # Predictions and expectations. #* ''Będzie padać.'' - It will rain.  The future tense answers the question ''what will someone do?'' (''co będzie robić?'' / ''co zrobi?''...&quot;</comment>
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The '''future tense''' in Polish language is used to describe:

# Actions that will happen in the future.
#* ''Jutro pójdę do szkoły.'' - Tomorrow I will go to school.
# Plans and intentions.
#* ''Będę czytać książkę wieczorem.'' - I will be reading a book in the evening.
# Predictions and expectations.
#* ''Będzie padać.'' - It will rain.

The future tense answers the question ''what will someone do?'' (''co będzie robić?'' / ''co zrobi?'').

== Types of Future Tense ==
Polish has two ways to form the future tense:

# '''Simple future''' – used with '''perfective verbs'''.
#* ''napisać'' → ''napiszę'' (I will write)
#* ''zrobić'' → ''zrobię'' (I will do)
# '''Compound future''' – used with '''imperfective verbs'''.
#* ''będę czytać'' (I will read / be reading)
#* ''będę robić'' (I will do / be doing)

== Compound Future ==

=== Verb: ''czytać'' (to read) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Polish
!English
|-
|I
|będę czytać
|I will read
|-
|you (singular)
|będziesz czytać
|you will read
|-
|he
|będzie czytać
|he will read
|-
|she
|będzie czytać
|she will read
|-
|it
|będzie czytać
|it will read
|-
|we
|będziemy czytać
|we will read
|-
|you (plural)
|będziecie czytać
|you will read
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|będą czytać
|they will read
|-
|they (feminine)
|będą czytać
|they will read
|}

=== Conjugation of ''być'' in the Future ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Form
|-
|I
|będę
|-
|you (singular)
|będziesz
|-
|he / she / it
|będzie
|-
|we
|będziemy
|-
|you (plural)
|będziecie
|-
|they
|będą
|}

== Simple Future ==

=== Verb: ''napisać'' (to write) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Polish
!English
|-
|I
|napiszę
|I will write
|-
|you (singular)
|napiszesz
|you will write
|-
|he
|napisze
|he will write
|-
|she
|napisze
|she will write
|-
|it
|napisze
|it will write
|-
|we
|napiszemy
|we will write
|-
|you (plural)
|napiszecie
|you will write
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|napiszą
|they will write
|-
|they (feminine)
|napiszą
|they will write
|}

== Personal Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
!Example
|-
|I
|ja
|ja będę czytać
|-
|you (singular)
|ty
|ty będziesz czytać
|-
|he
|on
|on będzie czytać
|-
|she
|ona
|ona będzie czytać
|-
|it
|ono
|ono będzie czytać
|-
|we
|my
|my będziemy czytać
|-
|you (plural)
|wy
|wy będziecie czytać
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|oni
|oni będą czytać
|-
|they (feminine)
|one
|one będą czytać
|}

== Notes ==

* Perfective verbs do not have a true present tense; their present forms express future meaning.
* Imperfective verbs form the future with the auxiliary verb ''być''.
* The compound future can also be formed with the past participle:
** ''będę czytał'' (masculine speaker)
** ''będę czytała'' (feminine speaker)
* Both ''będę czytać'' and ''będę czytał/czytała'' are correct. {{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Conditional mood</title>
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      <id>4638239</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:24:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2026-32557-12</username>
        <id>3598851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  The '''conditional mood''' (''tryb przypuszczający'') in Polish language is used to describe:  # Actions that would happen under certain conditions. #* ''Kupiłbym ten samochód, gdybym miał pieniądze.'' - I would buy that car if I had money. # Wishes, desires, and dreams. #* ''Chciałbym odwiedzić Polskę.'' - I would like to visit Poland. # Polite requests and suggestions. #* ''Czy mógłbyś mi pomóc?'' - Could you help me? # Hypothetical situat...&quot;</comment>
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The '''conditional mood''' (''tryb przypuszczający'') in Polish language is used to describe:

# Actions that would happen under certain conditions.
#* ''Kupiłbym ten samochód, gdybym miał pieniądze.'' - I would buy that car if I had money.
# Wishes, desires, and dreams.
#* ''Chciałbym odwiedzić Polskę.'' - I would like to visit Poland.
# Polite requests and suggestions.
#* ''Czy mógłbyś mi pomóc?'' - Could you help me?
# Hypothetical situations.
#* ''Gdybym był ptakiem, latałbym po świecie.'' - If I were a bird, I would fly around the world.

The conditional mood answers questions such as ''what would happen?'' (''co by się stało?'') and ''what would someone do?'' (''co by zrobił?'').

== Formation ==
The conditional mood is formed by combining:

# The '''past tense''' form of a verb.
# The particle '''by''' (or its attached forms: ''bym'', ''byś'', ''by'', ''byśmy'', ''byście'', ''by'').

=== Verb: ''czytać'' (to read) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Masculine
!Feminine
!English
|-
|I
|czytałbym
|czytałabym
|I would read
|-
|you (singular)
|czytałbyś
|czytałabyś
|you would read
|-
|he
|czytałby
|—
|he would read
|-
|she
|—
|czytałaby
|she would read
|-
|we
|czytalibyśmy
|czytałybyśmy
|we would read
|-
|you (plural)
|czytalibyście
|czytałybyście
|you would read
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|czytaliby
|—
|they would read
|-
|they (feminine)
|—
|czytałyby
|they would read
|}

=== Verb: ''robić'' (to do, to make) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Masculine
!Feminine
!English
|-
|I
|robiłbym
|robiłabym
|I would do
|-
|you (singular)
|robiłbyś
|robiłabyś
|you would do
|-
|he
|robiłby
|—
|he would do
|-
|she
|—
|robiłaby
|she would do
|-
|we
|robilibyśmy
|robiłybyśmy
|we would do
|-
|you (plural)
|robilibyście
|robiłybyście
|you would do
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|robiliby
|—
|they would do
|-
|they (feminine)
|—
|robiłyby
|they would do
|}

== Conditional Endings ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Particle
!Example
|-
|I
|'''-bym'''
|zrobiłbym
|-
|you (singular)
|'''-byś'''
|zrobiłbyś
|-
|he / she / it
|'''-by'''
|zrobiłby, zrobiłaby
|-
|we
|'''-byśmy'''
|zrobilibyśmy
|-
|you (plural)
|'''-byście'''
|zrobilibyście
|-
|they
|'''-by'''
|zrobiliby, zrobiłyby
|}

== Common Expressions ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Polish
!English
|-
|chciałbym / chciałabym
|I would like
|-
|mógłbym / mogłabym
|I could
|-
|powinienbym / powinnam
|I should
|-
|zrobiłbym to
|I would do it
|-
|gdybym wiedział
|if I knew
|}

== Conditional Clauses ==
The conjunction '''gdyby''' (&quot;if&quot;) is commonly used with the conditional mood.

#* ''Gdybym miał więcej czasu, czytałbym więcej książek.'' - If I had more time, I would read more books.
#* ''Gdyby padało, zostałbym w domu.'' - If it rained, I would stay at home.
#* ''Co byś zrobił na moim miejscu?'' - What would you do in my place?

== Notes ==

* The conditional mood is based on past-tense forms.
* The particle ''by'' may appear separately in some sentences:

#* ''Ja bym poszedł.'' - I would go.
#* ''Ty byś to zrobił.'' - You would do it.

* The forms must agree with the speaker's gender in the singular and with grammatical gender in the plural.
* The conditional mood is frequently used to make requests sound more polite. {{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polish/Imperative mood</title>
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    <id>483689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638241</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32557-12</username>
        <id>3598851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  The '''imperative mood''' (''tryb rozkazujący'') in Polish language is used to:  # Give commands and orders. #* ''Zamknij drzwi!'' - Close the door! # Give instructions. #* ''Przeczytaj ten tekst.'' - Read this text. # Make requests. #* ''Pomóż mi, proszę.'' - Please help me. # Give advice, encouragement, or invitations. #* ''Odpocznij trochę.'' - Rest a little. #* ''Chodźmy do kina!'' - Let's go to the cinema!  The imperative answers the question...&quot;</comment>
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The '''imperative mood''' (''tryb rozkazujący'') in Polish language is used to:

# Give commands and orders.
#* ''Zamknij drzwi!'' - Close the door!
# Give instructions.
#* ''Przeczytaj ten tekst.'' - Read this text.
# Make requests.
#* ''Pomóż mi, proszę.'' - Please help me.
# Give advice, encouragement, or invitations.
#* ''Odpocznij trochę.'' - Rest a little.
#* ''Chodźmy do kina!'' - Let's go to the cinema!

The imperative answers the question ''what should someone do now?'' (''co zrób!'').

== Formation ==
The imperative is usually formed from the present-tense stem of a verb.

Polish has imperative forms for:

# Second person singular (''ty'')
# First person plural (''my'') – &quot;let's ...&quot;
# Second person plural (''wy'')

Third-person commands are expressed with the particle ''niech''.

== Verb: ''czytać'' (to read) ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Polish
!English
|-
|you (singular)
|czytaj
|read!
|-
|we
|czytajmy
|let's read!
|-
|you (plural)
|czytajcie
|read!
|}

== Verb: ''robić'' (to do, to make) ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Polish
!English
|-
|you (singular)
|rób
|do! / make!
|-
|we
|róbmy
|let's do!
|-
|you (plural)
|róbcie
|do! / make!
|}

== Verb: ''pisać'' (to write) ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Polish
!English
|-
|you (singular)
|pisz
|write!
|-
|we
|piszmy
|let's write!
|-
|you (plural)
|piszcie
|write!
|}

== Third-Person Imperative ==
Commands involving ''he'', ''she'', ''it'', or ''they'' use ''niech''.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Polish
!English
|-
|Niech czyta.
|Let him/her read.
|-
|Niech zrobi to teraz.
|Let him/her do it now.
|-
|Niech przyjdą jutro.
|Let them come tomorrow.
|-
|Niech dzieci się bawią.
|Let the children play.
|}

== Negative Imperative ==
Negative commands are formed with ''nie''.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Positive
!Negative
!English
|-
|czytaj
|nie czytaj
|don't read
|-
|rób
|nie rób
|don't do
|-
|pisz
|nie pisz
|don't write
|-
|idź
|nie idź
|don't go
|}

== Common Imperative Endings ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Person
!Ending
!Example
|-
|you (singular)
|stem / '''-j'''
|czytaj, pisz, rób
|-
|we
|'''-my'''
|czytajmy, piszmy, róbmy
|-
|you (plural)
|'''-cie'''
|czytajcie, piszcie, róbcie
|}

== Common Expressions ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Polish
!English
|-
|chodź!
|come!
|-
|chodźmy!
|let's go!
|-
|słuchaj!
|listen!
|-
|poczekaj!
|wait!
|-
|pomóż mi!
|help me!
|-
|nie martw się!
|don't worry!
|}

== Notes ==

* The imperative has forms only for ''ty'', ''my'', and ''wy''.
* Commands for third persons are expressed with ''niech''.
* The imperative is commonly used in instructions, recipes, manuals, and conversations.
* Adding ''proszę'' can make an imperative sound more polite:

#* ''Usiądź, proszę.'' - Please sit down.
#* ''Poczekaj chwilę, proszę.'' - Please wait a moment. {{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Pronouns</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:28:12Z</timestamp>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  A '''pronoun''' (''zaimek'') is a word that replaces or refers to a noun, adjective, numeral, or another expression. Pronouns are used to avoid repetition and make sentences more natural.  #* ''Jan ma książkę. On ją czyta.'' - Jan has a book. He is reading it. #* ''To jest mój dom.'' - This is my house. #* ''Który samochód jest twój?'' - Which car is yours?  Pronouns can change according to:  # Case # Number # Gender # Person  == Types of Pronou...&quot;</comment>
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A '''pronoun''' (''zaimek'') is a word that replaces or refers to a noun, adjective, numeral, or another expression. Pronouns are used to avoid repetition and make sentences more natural.

#* ''Jan ma książkę. On ją czyta.'' - Jan has a book. He is reading it.
#* ''To jest mój dom.'' - This is my house.
#* ''Który samochód jest twój?'' - Which car is yours?

Pronouns can change according to:

# Case
# Number
# Gender
# Person

== Types of Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Type
!Polish Name
!Examples
|-
|Personal pronouns
|zaimki osobowe
|ja, ty, on, ona, ono, my, wy, oni, one
|-
|Possessive pronouns
|zaimki dzierżawcze
|mój, twój, jego, jej, nasz, wasz, ich
|-
|Demonstrative pronouns
|zaimki wskazujące
|ten, ta, to, tamten
|-
|Interrogative pronouns
|zaimki pytające
|kto, co, który, jaki
|-
|Relative pronouns
|zaimki względne
|który, kto, co
|-
|Indefinite pronouns
|zaimki nieokreślone
|ktoś, coś, jakiś, któryś
|-
|Negative pronouns
|zaimki przeczące
|nikt, nic, żaden
|-
|Reflexive pronouns
|zaimki zwrotne
|siebie, sobie, sobą, swój
|}

== Personal Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|I
|ja
|-
|you (singular)
|ty
|-
|he
|on
|-
|she
|ona
|-
|it
|ono
|-
|we
|my
|-
|you (plural)
|wy
|-
|they (masculine or mixed gender)
|oni
|-
|they (feminine or non-virile)
|one
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Ja mieszkam w Polsce.'' - I live in Poland.
#* ''Ty jesteś moim przyjacielem.'' - You are my friend.
#* ''Ona czyta książkę.'' - She is reading a book.
#* ''Oni pracują razem.'' - They work together.

== Possessive Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|my, mine
|mój
|-
|your, yours (singular)
|twój
|-
|his
|jego
|-
|her
|jej
|-
|its
|jego
|-
|our
|nasz
|-
|your, yours (plural)
|wasz
|-
|their
|ich
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''To jest mój samochód.'' - This is my car.
#* ''Gdzie jest twój telefon?'' - Where is your phone?
#* ''Ich dom jest duży.'' - Their house is big.

== Demonstrative Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|this
|ten, ta, to
|-
|that
|tamten, tamta, tamto
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Ten kot jest czarny.'' - This cat is black.
#* ''Tamta książka jest ciekawa.'' - That book is interesting.

== Interrogative Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|who?
|kto?
|-
|what?
|co?
|-
|which?
|który?
|-
|what kind of?
|jaki?
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Kto to jest?'' - Who is that?
#* ''Co robisz?'' - What are you doing?
#* ''Który autobus jedzie do centrum?'' - Which bus goes to the city center?

== Relative Pronouns ==
Relative pronouns connect clauses.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|who, which, that
|który
|-
|who
|kto
|-
|what
|co
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''To jest człowiek, który mi pomógł.'' - This is the person who helped me.
#* ''To wszystko, co wiem.'' - That is all that I know.

== Indefinite Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|someone
|ktoś
|-
|something
|coś
|-
|some, a certain
|jakiś
|-
|one of
|któryś
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Ktoś dzwoni do drzwi.'' - Someone is ringing the doorbell.
#* ''Mam coś dla ciebie.'' - I have something for you.

== Negative Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|nobody
|nikt
|-
|nothing
|nic
|-
|none, no
|żaden
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Nikt nie przyszedł.'' - Nobody came.
#* ''Nic nie rozumiem.'' - I understand nothing.

== Reflexive Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|oneself
|siebie
|-
|to oneself
|sobie
|-
|with oneself
|sobą
|-
|one's own
|swój
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Widzę siebie w lustrze.'' - I see myself in the mirror.
#* ''Kupiłem sobie prezent.'' - I bought myself a gift.
#* ''Lubi swoją pracę.'' - He likes his own job.

== Notes ==

* Personal pronouns are often omitted in Polish because the verb ending usually shows the subject.

#* ''Czytam książkę.'' - I am reading a book.

* Pronouns decline according to case.
* Pronouns must agree with gender and number where applicable.
* The distinction between ''oni'' and ''one'' is important:
** ''oni'' = masculine-personal groups.
** ''one'' = all-female groups or non-virile groups. {{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Possessive pronouns</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  '''Possessive pronouns''' (''zaimki dzierżawcze'') are pronouns that indicate ownership, possession, or a relationship between a person and something.  #* ''To jest moja książka.'' - This is my book. #* ''Gdzie jest twój telefon?'' - Where is your phone? #* ''Ich dom jest bardzo duży.'' - Their house is very big.  Possessive pronouns must agree with the noun they describe in:  # Gender # Number # Case  They answer the question ''whose?'' (''czyj?''...&quot;</comment>
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'''Possessive pronouns''' (''zaimki dzierżawcze'') are pronouns that indicate ownership, possession, or a relationship between a person and something.

#* ''To jest moja książka.'' - This is my book.
#* ''Gdzie jest twój telefon?'' - Where is your phone?
#* ''Ich dom jest bardzo duży.'' - Their house is very big.

Possessive pronouns must agree with the noun they describe in:

# Gender
# Number
# Case

They answer the question ''whose?'' (''czyj?'').

== Basic Possessive Pronouns ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!English
!Polish
|-
|my, mine
|mój
|-
|your, yours (singular)
|twój
|-
|his
|jego
|-
|her
|jej
|-
|its
|jego
|-
|our
|nasz
|-
|your, yours (plural)
|wasz
|-
|their
|ich
|-
|one's own
|swój
|}

== Agreement with Gender ==

=== Example: ''mój'' (my) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Singular
!Example
|-
|Masculine
|mój
|mój samochód
|-
|Feminine
|moja
|moja książka
|-
|Neuter
|moje
|moje okno
|}

=== Plural ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Form
!Example
|-
|Virile
|moi
|moi przyjaciele
|-
|Nonvirile
|moje
|moje książki
|}

== Common Possessive Pronouns ==

=== ''twój'' (your, singular) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Form
!Example
|-
|Masculine
|twój
|twój dom
|-
|Feminine
|twoja
|twoja szkoła
|-
|Neuter
|twoje
|twoje dziecko
|-
|Virile plural
|twoi
|twoi koledzy
|-
|Nonvirile plural
|twoje
|twoje książki
|}

=== ''nasz'' (our) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Form
!Example
|-
|Masculine
|nasz
|nasz dom
|-
|Feminine
|nasza
|nasza szkoła
|-
|Neuter
|nasze
|nasze okno
|-
|Virile plural
|nasi
|nasi nauczyciele
|-
|Nonvirile plural
|nasze
|nasze książki
|}

=== ''wasz'' (your, plural) ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Form
!Example
|-
|Masculine
|wasz
|wasz samochód
|-
|Feminine
|wasza
|wasza torba
|-
|Neuter
|wasze
|wasze dziecko
|-
|Virile plural
|wasi
|wasi przyjaciele
|-
|Nonvirile plural
|wasze
|wasze domy
|}

== Uninflected Possessive Pronouns ==
The following possessive pronouns do not normally change their form:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Pronoun
!Meaning
!Example
|-
|jego
|his / its
|jego dom
|-
|jej
|her
|jej książka
|-
|ich
|their
|ich samochód
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''To jest jego rower.'' - This is his bicycle.
#* ''Jej brat mieszka w Warszawie.'' - Her brother lives in Warsaw.
#* ''Ich dzieci są w szkole.'' - Their children are at school.

== Reflexive Possessive Pronoun ==
The pronoun ''swój'' refers back to the subject of the sentence.

#* ''Mam swój pokój.'' - I have my own room.
#* ''Anna kocha swoją rodzinę.'' - Anna loves her own family.
#* ''Oni sprzedali swój samochód.'' - They sold their own car.

=== Forms of ''swój'' ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Masculine
|swój
|swoi
|-
|Feminine
|swoja
|swoje
|-
|Neuter
|swoje
|swoje
|}

== Examples in Sentences ==

#* ''To jest moja książka.'' - This is my book.
#* ''Czy to twój plecak?'' - Is this your backpack?
#* ''Nasz nauczyciel jest miły.'' - Our teacher is nice.
#* ''Wasze dzieci są bardzo grzeczne.'' - Your children are very polite.
#* ''Jej kot śpi na kanapie.'' - Her cat is sleeping on the sofa.
#* ''Muszę znaleźć swoje klucze.'' - I must find my own keys.

== Notes ==

* Possessive pronouns usually behave like adjectives and decline according to gender, number, and case.
* ''jego'', ''jej'', and ''ich'' normally do not decline.
* ''swój'' should generally be used when the owner is the subject of the sentence.
* Possessive pronouns answer the question ''czyj?'' (&quot;whose?&quot;). {{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch/Getting Familiar with Body Parts</title>
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    <id>483692</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:30:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;In this vocabulary lesson, I will be introducing some kinship terms, which are used in the Cangjie Input Method. Each of these terms are body parts or something related to them, and are used as components in many characters, or just as important vocabulary!  These characters are the following: &lt;blockquote&gt; 人心手口尸女 &lt;/blockquote&gt;  And they are glossed like this; some of these are characters you have already seen. * {{lang|zh|人}} - Person, as we have establishe...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2540" sha1="i3m57878n3q1lecydjwg9r2d1dquc96" xml:space="preserve">In this vocabulary lesson, I will be introducing some kinship terms, which are used in the Cangjie Input Method. Each of these terms are body parts or something related to them, and are used as components in many characters, or just as important vocabulary!

These characters are the following:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
人心手口尸女
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

And they are glossed like this; some of these are characters you have already seen.
* {{lang|zh|人}} - Person, as we have established.
* {{lang|zh|女}} - Woman (more on this in a bit!)
* {{lang|zh|心}} - Heart， literally and figuratively! In Literary and modern Chinese, {{lang|zh|心}} &quot;heart&quot; can mean both one's heart and their soul (or essence).
* {{lang|zh|手}} - Hand ''and'' arm. Literary Chinese is one of many languages that do not usually distinguish between hand and arm, thus the appearance. 臂 ''bi'' is used when needing to be specific.
* {{lang|zh|口}} - Mouth; can be used to refer to a population, as in &quot;mouths to feed,&quot; and often used in characters that are associated with onomatoepia.
* {{lang|zh|尸}} - Corpse; often used in characters related to architecture. In ancient times, {{lang|zh|尸}} &quot;corpse&quot; was used to refer to a dead person in receipt of post-mortem rituals. 

Let's look at {{lang|zh|女}} &quot;woman&quot; some more. This character can be used to mean &quot;you&quot; in a familiar sense (think the biblical &quot;thou&quot; or &quot;tu&quot; in Spanish!) after a verb. When used before the verb, it is typically formatted as {{lang|zh|汝}}, with the same meaning. Therefore, this character can mean &quot;woman&quot; or &quot;thou&quot; depending on context.

For example:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
汝曰女&lt;br&gt;
''You say you/woman''&lt;br&gt;
&quot;You say you/woman&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Let's use them in sentences, largely using what you already know:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
汝心大，小人心小&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Your heart is large, but the petty person's heart is small.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
一口曰：「我母。」二口曰：「我母女。」&lt;br&gt;
One mouth says: &quot;My mother.&quot; Two mouths say: &quot;My mother and I.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
人死為尸。&lt;br&gt;
When a person dies, they are a corpse.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Try using these characters in the sentences and handwriting you are already doing. Pace yourself, relax, and use what you're learning.

==References==
* Li, X. (Ed.). (2022). 现代汉语规范词典 [Xiandai Hanyu guifan cidian] (4th ed.). 外语敎学与硏究出版社 : 语文出版社 [Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press: Chinese Language Press].

[[Category:Book:General Literary Chinese from Scratch]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polish/Nouns - Gender II</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T20:30:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2026-32557-12</username>
        <id>3598851</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  '''Nouns – Gender II''' (''Rzeczowniki – Rodzaj II'') expands on the concept of grammatical gender in Polish and focuses on identifying noun genders through their endings and meanings.  Every Polish noun belongs to one of three grammatical genders:  # Masculine (''rodzaj męski'') # Feminine (''rodzaj żeński'') # Neuter (''rodzaj nijaki'')  Gender affects:  # Adjective agreement # Pronoun agreement # Verb agreement in the past tense and conditiona...&quot;</comment>
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'''Nouns – Gender II''' (''Rzeczowniki – Rodzaj II'') expands on the concept of grammatical gender in Polish and focuses on identifying noun genders through their endings and meanings.

Every Polish noun belongs to one of three grammatical genders:

# Masculine (''rodzaj męski'')
# Feminine (''rodzaj żeński'')
# Neuter (''rodzaj nijaki'')

Gender affects:

# Adjective agreement
# Pronoun agreement
# Verb agreement in the past tense and conditional mood
# Numeral agreement

== Masculine Nouns ==
Most masculine nouns end in a consonant.

=== Common Endings ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Ending
!Examples
|-
|consonant
|dom, stół, chłopiec, kot, samochód
|-
| -a (some masculine nouns)
|mężczyzna, poeta, kolega, tata
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Ten dom jest duży.'' - This house is big.
#* ''Mój kolega mieszka w Krakowie.'' - My friend lives in Kraków.
#* ''Dobry nauczyciel pomaga uczniom.'' - A good teacher helps students.

== Feminine Nouns ==
Most feminine nouns end in '''-a'''.

=== Common Endings ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Ending
!Examples
|-
| -a
|kobieta, książka, szkoła, kawa
|-
|consonant (some nouns)
|noc, mysz, miłość, kość
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Ta książka jest ciekawa.'' - This book is interesting.
#* ''Moja siostra lubi kawę.'' - My sister likes coffee.
#* ''Długa noc była spokojna.'' - The long night was peaceful.

== Neuter Nouns ==
Most neuter nouns end in '''-o''', '''-e''', '''-ę''', or '''-um'''.

=== Common Endings ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Ending
!Examples
|-
| -o
|okno, dziecko, jezioro
|-
| -e
|pole, morze, zwierzę
|-
| -ę
|imię, cielę, książę
|-
| -um
|muzeum, liceum, akwarium
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''To okno jest otwarte.'' - This window is open.
#* ''Małe dziecko śpi.'' - The small child is sleeping.
#* ''Nowe muzeum jest bardzo popularne.'' - The new museum is very popular.

== Gender Identification by Demonstrative Pronouns ==
One easy way to recognize gender is to use demonstrative pronouns.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Demonstrative Pronoun
!Example
|-
|Masculine
|ten
|ten dom
|-
|Feminine
|ta
|ta książka
|-
|Neuter
|to
|to okno
|}

== Gender Identification by Adjectives ==
Adjectives change according to gender.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Example
|-
|Masculine
|dobry nauczyciel
|-
|Feminine
|dobra szkoła
|-
|Neuter
|dobre dziecko
|}

== Special Cases ==

=== Masculine Nouns Ending in -a ===
These nouns are grammatically masculine even though they end in ''-a''.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Noun
!Meaning
|-
|mężczyzna
|man
|-
|kolega
|friend (male)
|-
|tata
|dad
|-
|poeta
|poet
|}
Examples:

#* ''Ten mężczyzna jest wysoki.'' - This man is tall.
#* ''Mój tata pracuje w szkole.'' - My dad works at a school.

=== Feminine Nouns Ending in a Consonant ===
These nouns are grammatically feminine despite ending in a consonant.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Noun
!Meaning
|-
|noc
|night
|-
|mysz
|mouse
|-
|kość
|bone
|-
|miłość
|love
|}
Examples:

#* ''Ta noc była długa.'' - This night was long.
#* ''Miłość jest ważna.'' - Love is important.

== Summary Table ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Gender
!Typical Endings
!Example
|-
|Masculine
|consonant, some -a
|dom, kolega
|-
|Feminine
| -a, some consonants
|książka, noc
|-
|Neuter
| -o, -e, -ę, -um
|okno, morze, muzeum
|}

== Notes ==

* The ending of a noun often indicates its gender, but there are exceptions.
* Gender must be learned together with the noun.
* Gender affects many parts of Polish grammar, including adjectives, pronouns, verbs, and numerals.
* Demonstrative pronouns (''ten'', ''ta'', ''to'') are useful for checking a noun's gender. {{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Nouns - Number II</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  '''Nouns – Number II''' (''Rzeczowniki – Liczba II'') expands on the concept of grammatical number in Polish and introduces more patterns and irregularities in singular and plural noun forms.  Polish nouns have two numbers:  # Singular (''liczba pojedyncza'') – refers to one person, animal, thing, or idea. # Plural (''liczba mnoga'') – refers to more than one person, animal, thing, or idea.  #* ''książka'' → ''książki'' (book → books) #*...&quot;</comment>
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'''Nouns – Number II''' (''Rzeczowniki – Liczba II'') expands on the concept of grammatical number in Polish and introduces more patterns and irregularities in singular and plural noun forms.

Polish nouns have two numbers:

# Singular (''liczba pojedyncza'') – refers to one person, animal, thing, or idea.
# Plural (''liczba mnoga'') – refers to more than one person, animal, thing, or idea.

#* ''książka'' → ''książki'' (book → books)
#* ''dom'' → ''domy'' (house → houses)

== Forming the Plural ==
The plural ending depends on the gender and ending of the noun.

=== Masculine Nouns ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Singular
!Plural
!Meaning
|-
|dom
|domy
|house
|-
|kot
|koty
|cat
|-
|stół
|stoły
|table
|-
|nauczyciel
|nauczyciele
|teacher
|-
|chłopiec
|chłopcy
|boy
|}

=== Feminine Nouns ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Singular
!Plural
!Meaning
|-
|książka
|książki
|book
|-
|szkoła
|szkoły
|school
|-
|kobieta
|kobiety
|woman
|-
|siostra
|siostry
|sister
|-
|mysz
|myszy
|mouse
|}

=== Neuter Nouns ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Singular
!Plural
!Meaning
|-
|okno
|okna
|window
|-
|dziecko
|dzieci
|child
|-
|morze
|morza
|sea
|-
|zwierzę
|zwierzęta
|animal
|-
|muzeum
|muzea
|museum
|}

== Irregular Plurals ==
Some nouns form their plurals irregularly.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Singular
!Plural
!Meaning
|-
|człowiek
|ludzie
|person
|-
|dziecko
|dzieci
|child
|-
|rok
|lata
|year
|-
|brat
|bracia
|brother
|-
|oko
|oczy
|eye
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Ci ludzie są mili.'' - These people are nice.
#* ''Mam dwoje dzieci.'' - I have two children.
#* ''Moi bracia mieszkają w Warszawie.'' - My brothers live in Warsaw.

== Plural-Only Nouns ==
Some nouns are used only in the plural.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Noun
!Meaning
|-
|drzwi
|door
|-
|nożyczki
|scissors
|-
|spodnie
|trousers
|-
|okulary
|glasses
|-
|wakacje
|holidays
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Drzwi są otwarte.'' - The door is open.
#* ''Moje okulary leżą na stole.'' - My glasses are on the table.

== Singular-Only Nouns ==
Some nouns are normally used only in the singular.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Noun
!Meaning
|-
|mleko
|milk
|-
|muzyka
|music
|-
|miłość
|love
|-
|zdrowie
|health
|-
|młodzież
|youth
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Muzyka jest głośna.'' - The music is loud.
#* ''Zdrowie jest ważne.'' - Health is important.

== Virile and Non-Virile Plurals ==
In Polish, plural nouns are divided into:

# Virile (''męskoosobowy'') – groups containing at least one male person.
# Non-virile (''niemęskoosobowy'') – all other groups.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Type
!Example
!Meaning
|-
|Virile
|nauczyciele
|teachers (including men)
|-
|Virile
|chłopcy
|boys
|-
|Non-virile
|kobiety
|women
|-
|Non-virile
|koty
|cats
|-
|Non-virile
|okna
|windows
|}

=== Examples ===

#* ''Ci nauczyciele pracują tutaj.'' - These teachers work here.
#* ''Te kobiety są lekarzami.'' - These women are doctors.

== Agreement with Adjectives ==
Adjectives must agree with nouns in number.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Singular
!Plural
!Meaning
|-
|dobra książka
|dobre książki
|good book(s)
|-
|nowy dom
|nowe domy
|new house(s)
|-
|małe dziecko
|małe dzieci
|small child(ren)
|}

== Summary Table ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!Number
!Polish
!Example
|-
|Singular
|liczba pojedyncza
|dom
|-
|Plural
|liczba mnoga
|domy
|}

== Notes ==

* Most nouns have both singular and plural forms.
* Some nouns are used only in the singular or only in the plural.
* Many plural forms are regular, but common nouns often have irregular plurals.
* Virile and non-virile distinctions affect adjective, pronoun, and verb agreement in the plural. {{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish/Exercises - Useful expressions</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{AI-generated}}  == Exercises – Useful Expressions ==  This exercise reviews common Polish expressions used in greetings, introductions, politeness, and everyday conversation.  === Exercise 1: Match the Polish Expression ===  Match the Polish phrase with its English meaning.  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5 ! Polish ! English |- | Dzień dobry | A. Thank you |- | Dziękuję | B. Good day |- | Do widzenia | C. Goodbye |- | Tak | D. Yes |- | Nie | E. No |}  '''Answer...&quot;</comment>
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== Exercises – Useful Expressions ==

This exercise reviews common Polish expressions used in greetings, introductions, politeness, and everyday conversation.

=== Exercise 1: Match the Polish Expression ===

Match the Polish phrase with its English meaning.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Polish
! English
|-
| Dzień dobry
| A. Thank you
|-
| Dziękuję
| B. Good day
|-
| Do widzenia
| C. Goodbye
|-
| Tak
| D. Yes
|-
| Nie
| E. No
|}

'''Answers'''

# Dzień dobry → B
# Dziękuję → A
# Do widzenia → C
# Tak → D
# Nie → E

=== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blank ===

Complete the sentences with the correct expression.

# ''________!'' – Good evening.
# ''________!'' – Good night.
# ''________!'' – Cheers!
# ''________ po polsku.'' – I don't speak Polish.
# ''Nie ________.'' – I don't know.

'''Answers'''

# Dobry wieczór
# Dobranoc
# Na zdrowie
# Nie mówię
# wiem

=== Exercise 3: Translate into English ===

Translate the following expressions.

# Cześć
# Proszę
# Przepraszam
# Nie rozumiem
# Jak się masz?

'''Answers'''

# Hello / Hi
# Please / Here you are
# I'm sorry / Excuse me
# I don't understand
# How are you?

=== Exercise 4: Translate into Polish ===

Translate the following expressions.

# Thank you
# Goodbye
# Yes
# No
# Good day
# Thanks

'''Answers'''

# Dziękuję
# Do widzenia
# Tak
# Nie
# Dzień dobry
# Dzięki

=== Exercise 5: Choose the Correct Expression ===

# You meet your teacher in the morning.
#* a) Dobranoc
#* b) Dzień dobry
#* c) Do widzenia

# Someone says ''Dziękuję''.
#* a) Nie ma za co
#* b) Tak
#* c) Dobranoc

# You do not understand.
#* a) Nie wiem
#* b) Nie rozumiem
#* c) Przepraszam

# You are going to sleep.
#* a) Dobranoc
#* b) Cześć
#* c) Dzień dobry

'''Answers'''

# b
# a
# b
# a

=== Exercise 6: Short Dialogues ===

Complete the dialogues.

'''Dialogue 1'''

A: Dzień dobry!

B: __________!

'''Answer:''' Dzień dobry

'''Dialogue 2'''

A: Dziękuję.

B: __________.

'''Answer:''' Proszę bardzo

'''Dialogue 3'''

A: Jak się masz?

B: Dobrze, dziękuję.

'''Dialogue 4'''

A: Do widzenia!

B: __________!

'''Answer:''' Do widzenia

=== Exercise 7: Personal Practice ===

Answer the questions in Polish.

# Jak się masz?
# Czy mówisz po polsku?
# Jak mówisz „thank you” po polsku?
# Jak mówisz „goodbye” po polsku?

'''Sample Answers'''

# Dobrze, dziękuję.
# Tak, mówię po polsku. / Nie, nie mówię po polsku.
# Dziękuję.
# Do widzenia.

=== Challenge Exercise ===

Translate the dialogue.

A: Cześć!

B: Cześć!

A: Jak się masz?

B: Dobrze, dziękuję.

A: Do widzenia!

B: Do widzenia!

'''Answer'''

A: Hi!

B: Hi!

A: How are you?

B: Fine, thank you.

A: Goodbye!

B: Goodbye!

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== Exercises – Introducing Yourself, Simple Questions ==

This exercise reviews how to introduce yourself, ask for someone's name, and answer simple personal questions in Polish.

=== Exercise 1: Match the Question and Answer ===

Match the question with the most appropriate answer.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Question
! Answer
|-
| Jak się nazywasz?
| A. Mam na imię Anna.
|-
| Jak masz na imię?
| B. Miło mi.
|-
| Miło mi.
| C. Nazywam się Jan Kowalski.
|}

'''Answers'''

# Jak się nazywasz? → C
# Jak masz na imię? → A
# Miło mi. → B

=== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blank ===

Complete the sentences.

# ''Jak się ________?''
# ''Nazywam ________ Adam.''
# ''Jak masz na ________?''
# ''Mam na imię ________.''
# ''Miło ________.''

'''Answers'''

# nazywasz
# się
# imię
# Kasia (example answer)
# mi

=== Exercise 3: Translate into English ===

Translate the following sentences.

# Jak się nazywasz?
# Nazywam się Tomasz.
# Jak masz na imię?
# Mam na imię Marta.
# Miło mi.

'''Answers'''

# What is your name?
# My name is Tomasz.
# What is your first name?
# My first name is Marta.
# Nice to meet you.

=== Exercise 4: Translate into Polish ===

Translate the following sentences.

# What is your name?
# My name is Anna.
# What is your first name?
# My first name is Piotr.
# Nice to meet you.

'''Answers'''

# Jak się nazywasz?
# Nazywam się Anna.
# Jak masz na imię?
# Mam na imię Piotr.
# Miło mi.

=== Exercise 5: Choose the Correct Answer ===

# ''Jak się nazywasz?''
#* a) Mam 10 lat.
#* b) Nazywam się Marek.
#* c) Jestem z Polski.

# ''Jak masz na imię?''
#* a) Mam na imię Ola.
#* b) Mam książkę.
#* c) Dziękuję.

# ''Miło mi.''
#* a) Do widzenia.
#* b) Proszę.
#* c) Miło mi.

'''Answers'''

# b
# a
# c

=== Exercise 6: Conjugating ''nazywać się'' ===

Complete the table.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Person
! Form
|-
| ja
| ________
|-
| ty
| ________
|-
| on/ona
| ________
|-
| my
| ________
|-
| wy
| ________
|-
| oni/one
| ________
|}

'''Answers'''

# nazywam się
# nazywasz się
# nazywa się
# nazywamy się
# nazywacie się
# nazywają się

=== Exercise 7: Conjugating ''mieć'' ===

Complete the table.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Person
! Form
|-
| ja
| ________
|-
| ty
| ________
|-
| on/ona
| ________
|-
| my
| ________
|-
| wy
| ________
|-
| oni/one
| ________
|}

'''Answers'''

# mam
# masz
# ma
# mamy
# macie
# mają

=== Exercise 8: Complete the Dialogue ===

'''Dialogue 1'''

A: Jak się nazywasz?

B: ______________________

A: Miło mi.

'''Sample Answer'''

B: Nazywam się Anna.

'''Dialogue 2'''

A: Jak masz na imię?

B: ______________________

A: A jak on ma na imię?

B: Marek.

'''Sample Answer'''

B: Mam na imię Kasia.

=== Exercise 9: Formal or Informal? ===

Write '''formal''' or '''informal'''.

# Jak się nazywasz?
# Jak się Pan nazywa?
# Jak się Pani nazywa?
# Jak Ci na imię?

'''Answers'''

# informal
# formal
# formal
# informal

=== Exercise 10: Personal Practice ===

Answer the questions in Polish.

# Jak się nazywasz?
# Jak masz na imię?
# Jak ma na imię Twój przyjaciel?
# Jak ma na imię Twoja nauczycielka?

'''Sample Answers'''

# Nazywam się Jan Kowalski.
# Mam na imię Jan.
# Mój przyjaciel ma na imię Adam.
# Moja nauczycielka ma na imię Anna.

=== Challenge Exercise ===

Translate the dialogue.

A: Jak Ci na imię?

B: Mam na imię Katarzyna.

A: Miło mi.

B: Miło mi również.

'''Answer'''

A: What is your first name?

B: My first name is Katarzyna.

A: Nice to meet you.

B: Nice to meet you too.

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== Exercises – Conjugations of Common Verbs ==

This exercise reviews the conjugation and use of common Polish verbs such as ''być'', ''mieć'', ''wiedzieć'', ''znać'', ''robić'', ''iść'', ''jechać'', ''mówić'', and others.

=== Exercise 1: Complete the Conjugation ===

Fill in the missing forms of ''być'' (to be).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Subject
! Form
|-
| ja
| ________
|-
| ty
| jesteś
|-
| on/ona/ono
| ________
|-
| my
| jesteśmy
|-
| wy
| ________
|-
| oni/one
| są
|}

'''Answers'''

# jestem
# jest
# jesteście

=== Exercise 2: Complete the Sentences ===

Choose the correct form of ''mieć''.

# Ja ________ książkę.
# Ty ________ kota.
# Ona ________ samochód.
# My ________ czas.
# Oni ________ dom.

'''Answers'''

# mam
# masz
# ma
# mamy
# mają

=== Exercise 3: Translate into English ===

Translate the sentences.

# Jestem studentem.
# Mamy psa.
# Oni wiedzą.
# Lubię kawę.
# Idziemy do szkoły.

'''Answers'''

# I am a student.
# We have a dog.
# They know.
# I like coffee.
# We are going to school.

=== Exercise 4: Translate into Polish ===

Translate the sentences.

# I am.
# We have.
# They know.
# She likes tea.
# You (singular) want.

'''Answers'''

# Jestem.
# Mamy.
# Wiedzą.
# Ona lubi herbatę.
# Chcesz.

=== Exercise 5: Choose the Correct Form ===

# Ja ________ po polsku.
#* a) mówią
#* b) mówię
#* c) mówi

# Oni ________ wodę.
#* a) piją
#* b) pijesz
#* c) pijemy

# Ty ________ list.
#* a) piszę
#* b) piszesz
#* c) piszą

# My ________ do domu.
#* a) idziemy
#* b) idę
#* c) idzie

'''Answers'''

# b
# a
# b
# a

=== Exercise 6: Match the Subject and Verb ===

Match each subject with the correct form.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Subject
! Verb
|-
| Ja
| A. lubią
|-
| Ty
| B. lubisz
|-
| On
| C. lubię
|-
| My
| D. lubimy
|-
| Oni
| E. lubi
|}

'''Answers'''

# Ja → C
# Ty → B
# On → E
# My → D
# Oni → A

=== Exercise 7: Present or Future? ===

Identify whether the verb is present tense or future tense.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=5
! Verb
! Answer
|-
| będę
| ________
|-
| jestem
| ________
|-
| pojadę
| ________
|-
| jadę
| ________
|-
| zobaczę
| ________
|}

'''Answers'''

# Future
# Present
# Future
# Present
# Future

=== Exercise 8: Fill in the Blank ===

Use the correct form of the verb in parentheses.

# Ja ________ kawę. (pić)
# Ty ________ list. (pisać)
# Ona ________ po angielsku. (mówić)
# My ________ film. (widzieć)
# Oni ________ prezent. (dawać)

'''Answers'''

# piję
# piszesz
# mówi
# widzimy
# dają

=== Exercise 9: Complete the Dialogue ===

A: Czy mówisz po polsku?

B: Tak, ________ po polsku.

A: Co teraz robisz?

B: ________ list.

A: A dokąd idziesz?

B: ________ do szkoły.

'''Answers'''

# mówię
# piszę
# idę

=== Exercise 10: Correct the Mistake ===

Each sentence contains one mistake. Rewrite it correctly.

# Ja masz psa.
# Oni jest tutaj.
# My lubiemy kawę.
# Ty wiedzą.
# Ona idą do domu.

'''Answers'''

# Ja mam psa.
# Oni są tutaj.
# My lubimy kawę.
# Ty wiesz.
# Ona idzie do domu.

=== Exercise 11: Personal Practice ===

Answer the questions in Polish.

# Czy mówisz po polsku?
# Co lubisz jeść?
# Co lubisz pić?
# Czy masz zwierzę?
# Dokąd idziesz?

'''Sample Answers'''

# Tak, mówię po polsku.
# Lubię jeść pizzę.
# Lubię pić wodę.
# Tak, mam kota.
# Idę do szkoły.

=== Challenge Exercise ===

Translate the dialogue.

A: Czy znasz Annę?

B: Tak, znam Annę.

A: Czy ona mówi po angielsku?

B: Tak, mówi po angielsku.

A: Czy lubi kawę?

B: Tak, lubi kawę.

'''Answer'''

A: Do you know Anna?

B: Yes, I know Anna.

A: Does she speak English?

B: Yes, she speaks English.

A: Does she like coffee?

B: Yes, she likes coffee.

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      <text bytes="155" sha1="g1fj0z0qcunwzz6oz3mq7aocft5cnyi" xml:space="preserve">Spells in D&amp;D are organized into eight schools of magic:

*Abjuration
*Conjuration
*Divination
*Enchantment
*Evocation
*Illusion
*Necromancy
*Transmutation</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;In this vocabulary lesson, we will be discussing more characters from the Cangjie Input Method.   You will recognise some of these! &lt;blockquote&gt; 竹戈弓大中卜一十廿 &lt;/blockquote&gt;  And their glosses: * {{lang|zh|竹}} - Bamboo * {{lang|zh|戈}} - Glaive; pole-ax; pike * {{lang|zh|弓}} - Bow * {{lang|zh|大}} - Big, large, etc. * {{lang|zh|中}} - Centre; middle; central * {{lang|zh|卜}} - Divination; to predict; to crack turtle shells. * {{lang|zh|一}} - One (1...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2070" sha1="kslb0748pwvp1u7lyhoz0za4u523sxs" xml:space="preserve">In this vocabulary lesson, we will be discussing more characters from the Cangjie Input Method. 

You will recognise some of these!
&lt;blockquote&gt;
竹戈弓大中卜一十廿
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

And their glosses:
* {{lang|zh|竹}} - Bamboo
* {{lang|zh|戈}} - Glaive; pole-ax; pike
* {{lang|zh|弓}} - Bow
* {{lang|zh|大}} - Big, large, etc.
* {{lang|zh|中}} - Centre; middle; central
* {{lang|zh|卜}} - Divination; to predict; to crack turtle shells.
* {{lang|zh|一}} - One (1)
* {{lang|zh|十}} - Ten (10)
* {{lang|zh|廿}} - Twenty (20)

And in case you are interested, here are numbers 0-9:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
零一二三四五六七八九
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
We will go into more detail on their grammar later. For now, you can use them to number things!

[[File:Oracle bone - BL Or. 1595 recto.png|thumb|200px|An oracle bone, featuring some of the earliest writing!]]
{{lang|zh|卜}} &quot;to divinate&quot; is a very particular character often associated with oracle bone script. It is rooted in the cracking of the bones of a turtle ({{lang|zh|龜}} - very pictographic!) by burning them over a fire. Once they crack, the king would prognosticate: Do the cracks have an omen, or do they signal good fortune? Here is example:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
甲寅卜，彭貞：多子其饗。&lt;br&gt;
On the ''jiayin'' day, turtle shells were cracked. Peng charges: May we perform a banquet for the many princes?
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
By the end of Unit 1, you will be able to understand this quite well!

With respect to bows, they happen to be fairly straightforward. So here are some characters related to archery:
* {{lang|zh|射}} and {{lang|zh|弋}} - To shoot; the latter often in a hunting context.
* {{lang|zh|矢}} and {{lang|zh|箭}} - An arrow; the former is more archaic and a pictogram, the latter more common.

Now, to apply those:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
人弋十矢，汝射廿箭&lt;br&gt;
A man shoots ten arrows; you shoot twenty arrows.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

For now, review the characters from the Cangjie Input Method. Try writing with those characters, and wondering why the Chinese people used them. 

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Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list.

[[File:Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|thumb|200px|Confucius, a purported author of the Annals.]] 
One of the most famous texts in the Literary and Classical Chinese canon is the Spring and Autumn Annals, known natively as ''Chunqiu'' 春秋. It is said to have been by Confucius whilst he was a minister in the State of Lu 魯, and while it is extremely simple, it is extremely audacious, biassed, and tongue-in-cheek, all whilst not necessarily being explicit about it. This makes it an excellent way to discuss dates, synonyms for various important verbs, and find early but important ways to get acquainted with traditional writers thought. By the end of this lesson, you will have an idea of why this text spawned five extremely elaborate commentaries, three of which are extant to this day. 

The State of Lu was founded by Boqi 伯禽, also known as posthumously by Duke Tai of Lu 魯太公, after the fall of the Shang dynasty. It was a small but significant state, being a hotbed for ancient philosophy, and lasted for around eight centuries. Famous philosophers from Lu include Mozi 墨子, Confucius 孔子, and Zuo Qiuming 左丘明, whose writings still impact the Sinosphere to this day. Lu was located in what is now Shandong 山東, and its capital, Qufu 曲阜, holds numerous artifacts and manuscripts from that time.

==The Earthly Branches==
The Earthly Branches 地支 are highly important for timekeeping and denote set 2-hour periods. One can arrange these like an analog clock, and the structure 甲時 is normally used for saying &quot;X happened at Y time.&quot; These branches are associated with Jupiter's 12-year rotations around Earth. 

The following are each of the Earthly Branches: 
子 23:00-01:00
丑 01:00-03:00
寅 03:00-05:00
卯 05:00-07:00
辰 07:00-09:00
巳 09:00-11:00
午 11:00-13:00
未 13:00-15:00
申 15:00-17:00
酉 17:00-19:00
戌 19:00-21:00
亥 21:00-23:00

==The Sexagenery cycle=+
By combining the Earthly Branches with the Heavenly Stems from the last lesson, one can make 60 combinations, which form a 60-day cycle. This has been used since the Shang era, and continues to be used for the Lunar Calendar. It is also used to denote lunar years. 

甲子
乙丑
丙寅
丁卯
戊辰
己巳
庚午
辛未
壬申
癸酉
甲戌
乙亥
丙子
丁丑
戊寅
己卯
庚辰
辛巳
壬午
癸未
甲申
乙酉
丙戌
丁亥
戊子
己丑
庚寅
辛卯
壬辰
癸巳
甲午
乙未
丙申
丁酉
戊戌
己亥
庚子
辛丑
壬寅
癸卯
甲辰
乙巳
丙午
丁未
戊申
己酉
庚戌
辛亥
壬子
癸丑
甲寅
乙卯
丙辰
丁巳
戊午
己未
庚申
辛酉
壬戌
癸亥

Use in dates

冬，十月，壬午，齊人、鄭人入郕。

As-is, you should be able to roughly figure out what this sentence means, with your knowledge of the Heavenly Branches, Earthly Stems, and what 人 means. This is but one line from the Spring and Autumn Annals.

The first character is the season. Like in English, there are four: Spring 春, Summer 夏, Autumn 秋, and Winter 冬. This will usually come after the date, and then subsequent events will be categorised by season, with the month number and sexagenery day within. This is somewhat difficult to directly translate into modern years for many manuscripts, but most from the Spring and Autumn Annals and onwards are generally understood. In the case of this text, it covers events from around circa 790 BC to circa 500 BC, a 242ish year period. 

The reason years are somewhat difficult to ascertain is because East Asian years were traditionally tied to the ruler. Therefore, there will be a 元年 - that's the first - followed by Ruler二年, and so on, until death. The Republic of China, for example, uses dates based on the day of its founding after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 (e.g. 中華民國一百十六年), as does North Korea (e.g. 主體七十四年). Once one ruler's rough date of existence is known, though, reconstructing the whole timeline in other calendars, at least based on the word of the writer, is usually quite straightforward. You can probably figure out both of those example years I wrote through general knowledge! 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
秋七月壬辰朔，日有食之，既。

五年春正月，甲戌、己丑，陳侯鮑卒。
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

---

A full year of 閔公... 

元年春，王正月。

齊人救邢。

夏六月，辛酉，葬我君莊公。

秋八月，公及齊侯盟于落姑。季子來歸。

冬，齊仲孫來。

二年春，王正月，齊人遷陽。

夏，五月，乙酉，吉禘于莊公。

秋，八月，辛丑，公薨。

九月，夫人姜氏孫于邾。公子慶父出奔莒。

冬，齊高子來盟。

十有二月，狄入衛。

鄭棄其師。</text>
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Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list.

[[File:Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|thumb|200px|Confucius, a purported author of the Annals.]] 
One of the most famous texts in the Literary and Classical Chinese canon is the Spring and Autumn Annals, known natively as ''Chunqiu'' 春秋. It is said to have been by Confucius whilst he was a minister in the State of Lu 魯, and while it is extremely simple, it is extremely audacious, biassed, and tongue-in-cheek, all whilst not necessarily being explicit about it. This makes it an excellent way to discuss dates, synonyms for various important verbs, and find early but important ways to get acquainted with traditional writers thought. By the end of this lesson, you will have an idea of why this text spawned five extremely elaborate commentaries, three of which are extant to this day. 

The State of Lu was founded by Boqi 伯禽, also known as posthumously by Duke Tai of Lu 魯太公, after the fall of the Shang dynasty. It was a small but significant state, being a hotbed for ancient philosophy, and lasted for around eight centuries. Famous philosophers from Lu include Mozi 墨子, Confucius 孔子, and Zuo Qiuming 左丘明, whose writings still impact the Sinosphere to this day. Lu was located in what is now Shandong 山東, and its capital, Qufu 曲阜, holds numerous artifacts and manuscripts from that time.

==The Earthly Branches==
The Earthly Branches 地支 are highly important for timekeeping and denote set 2-hour periods. One can arrange these like an analog clock, and the structure 甲時 is normally used for saying &quot;X happened at Y time.&quot; These branches are associated with Jupiter's 12-year rotations around Earth. 

The following are each of the Earthly Branches: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Heavenly Branch!!Timespan
|-
|子|| 23:00-01:00
|-
|丑|| 01:00-03:00
|-
|寅|| 03:00-05:00
|-
|卯|| 05:00-07:00
|-
|辰||07:00-09:00
|-
|巳||09:00-11:00
|-
|午|| 11:00-13:00
|-
|未|| 13:00-15:00
|-
|申|| 15:00-17:00
|-
|酉|| 17:00-19:00
|-
|戌|| 19:00-21:00
|-
|亥|| 21:00-23:00
|}

==The Sexagenery cycle==
By combining the Earthly Branches with the Heavenly Stems from the last lesson, one can make 60 combinations, which form a 60-day cycle. This has been used since the Shang era, and continues to be used for the Lunar Calendar. It is also used to denote lunar years. 
Here they are in order, taken from a real oracle bone! 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
甲子
乙丑
丙寅
丁卯
戊辰
己巳
庚午
辛未
壬申
癸酉
甲戌
乙亥
丙子
丁丑
戊寅
己卯
庚辰
辛巳
壬午
癸未
甲申
乙酉
丙戌
丁亥
戊子
己丑
庚寅
辛卯
壬辰
癸巳
甲午
乙未
丙申
丁酉
戊戌
己亥
庚子
辛丑
壬寅
癸卯
甲辰
乙巳
丙午
丁未
戊申
己酉
庚戌
辛亥
壬子
癸丑
甲寅
乙卯
丙辰
丁巳
戊午
己未
庚申
辛酉
壬戌
癸亥
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Use in dates==
&lt;blockquote&gt;
冬，十月，壬午，齊人、鄭人入郕。
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

As-is, you should be able to roughly figure out what this sentence means, with your knowledge of the Heavenly Branches, Earthly Stems, and what 人 means. This is but one line from the Spring and Autumn Annals.

The first character is the season. Like in English, there are four: Spring 春, Summer 夏, Autumn 秋, and Winter 冬. This will usually come after the date, and then subsequent events will be categorised by season, with the month number and sexagenery day within. This is somewhat difficult to directly translate into modern years for many manuscripts, but most from the Spring and Autumn Annals and onwards are generally understood. In the case of this text, it covers events from around circa 790 BC to circa 500 BC, a 242ish year period. 

The reason years are somewhat difficult to ascertain is because East Asian years were traditionally tied to the ruler. Therefore, there will be a 元年 - that's the first - followed by Ruler二年, and so on, until death. The Republic of China, for example, uses dates based on the day of its founding after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 (e.g. 中華民國一百十六年), as does North Korea (e.g. 主體七十四年). Once one ruler's rough date of existence is known, though, reconstructing the whole timeline in other calendars, at least based on the word of the writer, is usually quite straightforward. You can probably figure out both of those example years I wrote through general knowledge! 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
秋七月壬辰朔，日有食之，既。

五年春正月，甲戌、己丑，陳侯鮑卒。
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

---

A full year of 閔公... 

元年春，王正月。

齊人救邢。

夏六月，辛酉，葬我君莊公。

秋八月，公及齊侯盟于落姑。季子來歸。

冬，齊仲孫來。

二年春，王正月，齊人遷陽。

夏，五月，乙酉，吉禘于莊公。

秋，八月，辛丑，公薨。

九月，夫人姜氏孫于邾。公子慶父出奔莒。

冬，齊高子來盟。

十有二月，狄入衛。

鄭棄其師。</text>
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Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list.

[[File:Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|thumb|200px|Confucius, a purported author of the Annals.]] 
One of the most famous texts in the Literary and Classical Chinese canon is the Spring and Autumn Annals, known natively as ''Chunqiu'' 春秋. It is said to have been by Confucius whilst he was a minister in the State of Lu 魯, and while it is extremely simple, it is extremely audacious, biassed, and tongue-in-cheek, all whilst not necessarily being explicit about it. This makes it an excellent way to discuss dates, synonyms for various important verbs, and find early but important ways to get acquainted with traditional writers thought. By the end of this lesson, you will have an idea of why this text spawned five extremely elaborate commentaries, three of which are extant to this day. 

The State of Lu was founded by Boqi 伯禽, also known as posthumously by Duke Tai of Lu 魯太公, after the fall of the Shang dynasty. It was a small but significant state, being a hotbed for ancient philosophy, and lasted for around eight centuries. Famous philosophers from Lu include Mozi 墨子, Confucius 孔子, and Zuo Qiuming 左丘明, whose writings still impact the Sinosphere to this day. Lu was located in what is now Shandong 山東, and its capital, Qufu 曲阜, holds numerous artifacts and manuscripts from that time.

==The Earthly Branches==
The Earthly Branches 地支 are highly important for timekeeping and denote set 2-hour periods. One can arrange these like an analog clock, and the structure 甲時 is normally used for saying &quot;X happened at Y time.&quot; These branches are associated with Jupiter's 12-year rotations around Earth. 

The following are each of the Earthly Branches: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Heavenly Branch!!Timespan
|-
|子|| 23:00-01:00
|-
|丑|| 01:00-03:00
|-
|寅|| 03:00-05:00
|-
|卯|| 05:00-07:00
|-
|辰||07:00-09:00
|-
|巳||09:00-11:00
|-
|午|| 11:00-13:00
|-
|未|| 13:00-15:00
|-
|申|| 15:00-17:00
|-
|酉|| 17:00-19:00
|-
|戌|| 19:00-21:00
|-
|亥|| 21:00-23:00
|}

==The Sexagenery cycle==
By combining the Earthly Branches with the Heavenly Stems from the last lesson, one can make 60 combinations, which form a 60-day cycle. This has been used since the Shang era, and continues to be used for the Lunar Calendar. It is also used to denote lunar years. 
Here they are in order, taken from a real oracle bone! 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
甲子
乙丑
丙寅
丁卯
戊辰
己巳
庚午
辛未
壬申
癸酉
甲戌
乙亥
丙子
丁丑
戊寅
己卯
庚辰
辛巳
壬午
癸未
甲申
乙酉
丙戌
丁亥
戊子
己丑
庚寅
辛卯
壬辰
癸巳
甲午
乙未
丙申
丁酉
戊戌
己亥
庚子
辛丑
壬寅
癸卯
甲辰
乙巳
丙午
丁未
戊申
己酉
庚戌
辛亥
壬子
癸丑
甲寅
乙卯
丙辰
丁巳
戊午
己未
庚申
辛酉
壬戌
癸亥
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Use in dates==
&lt;blockquote&gt;
冬，十月，壬午，齊人、鄭人入郕。
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

As-is, you should be able to roughly figure out what this sentence means, with your knowledge of the Heavenly Branches, Earthly Stems, and what 人 means. This is but one line from the Spring and Autumn Annals.

The first character is the season. Like in English, there are four: Spring 春, Summer 夏, Autumn 秋, and Winter 冬. This will usually come after the date, and then subsequent events will be categorised by season, with the month number and sexagenery day within. This is somewhat difficult to directly translate into modern years for many manuscripts, but most from the Spring and Autumn Annals and onwards are generally understood. In the case of this text, it covers events from around circa 790 BC to circa 500 BC, a 242ish year period. 

The reason years are somewhat difficult to ascertain is because East Asian years were traditionally tied to the ruler. Therefore, there will be a 元年 - that's the first - followed by Ruler二年, and so on, until death. The Republic of China, for example, uses dates based on the day of its founding after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 (e.g. 中華民國一百十六年), as does North Korea (e.g. 主體七十四年). Once one ruler's rough date of existence is known, though, reconstructing the whole timeline in other calendars, at least based on the word of the writer, is usually quite straightforward. You can probably figure out both of those example years I wrote through general knowledge! 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
秋七月壬辰朔，日有食之，既。

五年春正月，甲戌、己丑，陳侯鮑卒。
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==A full year of Duke Min of Lu==

魯閔公

&lt;blockquote&gt;
元年春，王正月。

齊人救邢。

夏六月，辛酉，葬我君莊公。

秋八月，公及齊侯盟于落姑。季子來歸。

冬，齊仲孫來。

二年春，王正月，齊人遷陽。

夏，五月，乙酉，吉禘于莊公。

秋，八月，辛丑，公薨。

九月，夫人姜氏孫于邾。公子慶父出奔莒。

冬，齊高子來盟。

十有二月，狄入衛。

鄭棄其師。
&lt;/blockquote&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch/Using Numbers and Using Weapons</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;In this vocabulary lesson, we will be discussing more characters from the Cangjie Input Method.   You will recognise some of these! &lt;blockquote&gt; 竹戈弓大中卜一十廿 &lt;/blockquote&gt;  And their glosses: * {{lang|zh|竹}} - Bamboo * {{lang|zh|戈}} - Glaive; pole-ax; pike * {{lang|zh|弓}} - Bow * {{lang|zh|大}} - Big, large, etc. * {{lang|zh|中}} - Centre; middle; central * {{lang|zh|卜}} - Divination; to predict; to crack turtle shells. * {{lang|zh|一}} - One (1...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2070" sha1="kslb0748pwvp1u7lyhoz0za4u523sxs" xml:space="preserve">In this vocabulary lesson, we will be discussing more characters from the Cangjie Input Method. 

You will recognise some of these!
&lt;blockquote&gt;
竹戈弓大中卜一十廿
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

And their glosses:
* {{lang|zh|竹}} - Bamboo
* {{lang|zh|戈}} - Glaive; pole-ax; pike
* {{lang|zh|弓}} - Bow
* {{lang|zh|大}} - Big, large, etc.
* {{lang|zh|中}} - Centre; middle; central
* {{lang|zh|卜}} - Divination; to predict; to crack turtle shells.
* {{lang|zh|一}} - One (1)
* {{lang|zh|十}} - Ten (10)
* {{lang|zh|廿}} - Twenty (20)

And in case you are interested, here are numbers 0-9:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
零一二三四五六七八九
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
We will go into more detail on their grammar later. For now, you can use them to number things!

[[File:Oracle bone - BL Or. 1595 recto.png|thumb|200px|An oracle bone, featuring some of the earliest writing!]]
{{lang|zh|卜}} &quot;to divinate&quot; is a very particular character often associated with oracle bone script. It is rooted in the cracking of the bones of a turtle ({{lang|zh|龜}} - very pictographic!) by burning them over a fire. Once they crack, the king would prognosticate: Do the cracks have an omen, or do they signal good fortune? Here is example:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
甲寅卜，彭貞：多子其饗。&lt;br&gt;
On the ''jiayin'' day, turtle shells were cracked. Peng charges: May we perform a banquet for the many princes?
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
By the end of Unit 1, you will be able to understand this quite well!

With respect to bows, they happen to be fairly straightforward. So here are some characters related to archery:
* {{lang|zh|射}} and {{lang|zh|弋}} - To shoot; the latter often in a hunting context.
* {{lang|zh|矢}} and {{lang|zh|箭}} - An arrow; the former is more archaic and a pictogram, the latter more common.

Now, to apply those:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
人弋十矢，汝射廿箭&lt;br&gt;
A man shoots ten arrows; you shoot twenty arrows.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

For now, review the characters from the Cangjie Input Method. Try writing with those characters, and wondering why the Chinese people used them. 

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Cookbook:Ekpang Nkukwo</title>
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      <text bytes="1929" sha1="gealcdi2spiwfccn5vi5h1eq8h7s1qc" xml:space="preserve">'''Ekpang Nkukwo''' is a traditional dish of the Efik and Ibibio people of southern Nigeria. It is made from grated cocoyam wrapped in cocoyam leaves and cooked with palm oil, fish, meat, periwinkle, and seasonings. It is commonly served during special occasions and family gatherings.

== Ingredients ==

* Cocoyams 
* Fresh cocoyam leaves
* Palm oil
* Fresh fish, Washed and cut into pieces
* Dry fish
* Stockfish
* Periwinkle 
* Crayfish, ground
* Pepper, ground
* Onions, chopped
* Seasoning cubes
* Salt
* Water

== Equipment ==

* Grater
* Knife
* Bowl
* Cooking pot
* Wooden spatula
* Cutting board

== Procedure ==

# Peel and wash the cocoyam thoroughly.
# Grate the cocoyam into a smooth paste.
# Wash the cocoyam leaves and cut off any hard stalks.
# Place a small quantity of the cocoyam paste in each leaf and wrap it securely.
# pour plam oil into the cooking pot
# Arrange the wrapped cocoyam parcels in the cooking pot that already contains plam oil.
# Add the fish, stockfish, dry fish into the pot
# pour in your pepper, onions, crayfish, seasoning cubes.
# In a separate pot boil hot water that will be enough for the food.
# put your cooking pot on fire and pour in the already boiled water into the cooking pot that contains your cocoyam parcels and ingredients and stir gently using a wooden spatula.
# Cover the pot and let it cook on medium heat for 2-3 minutes, then you pour in your periwinkles and stri gently.
# Cover and cook over medium heat for about 1-2 hours, adding water if necessary.
# Stir carefully from time to time to prevent burning.
# Continue cooking until the cocoyam is soft and the sauce is thick.
# Serve hot.

== Notes ==

* Fresh seafood may be added for extra flavor.
* The quantity of pepper can be adjusted according to taste.
* Some recipes include pumpkin leaves.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:Easy recipes]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2031" sha1="i1qcy4e7pjp94655g61kcumho98ulc6" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe}}

'''Ekpang Nkukwo''' is a traditional dish of the Efik and Ibibio people of southern Nigeria. It is made from grated cocoyam wrapped in cocoyam leaves and cooked with palm oil, fish, [[Cookbook:Meat - 1881|meat]], periwinkle, and seasonings. It is commonly served during special occasions and family gatherings.

== Ingredients ==
* Cocoyams 
* Fresh cocoyam leaves
* Palm oil
* Fresh fish, Washed and cut into pieces
* Dry fish
* [[Cookbook:Stockfish|Stockfish]]
* Periwinkle 
* [[Cookbook:Crawfish|Crayfish]], ground
* Pepper, ground
* Onions, chopped
* Seasoning cubes
* Salt
* Water

== Equipment ==

* Grater
* Knife
* Bowl
* Cooking pot
* Wooden spatula
* Cutting board

== Procedure ==

# Peel and wash the cocoyam thoroughly.
# Grate the [[Cookbook:Cocoyam|cocoyam]] into a smooth paste.
# Wash the cocoyam leaves and cut off any hard stalks.
# Place a small quantity of the cocoyam paste in each leaf and wrap it securely.
# pour plam oil into the cooking pot
# Arrange the wrapped cocoyam parcels in the cooking pot that already contains plam oil.
# Add the fish, stockfish, dry fish into the pot
# pour in your pepper, onions, crayfish, seasoning cubes.
# In a separate pot boil hot water that will be enough for the food.
# put your cooking pot on fire and pour in the already boiled water into the cooking pot that contains your cocoyam parcels and ingredients and stir gently using a wooden spatula.
# Cover the pot and let it cook on medium heat for 2-3 minutes, then you pour in your periwinkles and stri gently.
# Cover and cook over medium heat for about 1-2 hours, adding water if necessary.
# Stir carefully from time to time to prevent burning.
# Continue cooking until the cocoyam is soft and the sauce is thick.
# Serve hot.

== Notes ==

* Fresh seafood may be added for extra flavor.
* The quantity of pepper can be adjusted according to taste.
* Some recipes include pumpkin leaves.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:Easy recipes]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2197" sha1="7uckgwo7eryai87wdfp1qnjv4aem0xx" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe summary 
| name = Ekpang Nkukwo
| Category = Nigerian recipes 
| Servings = 4–6 people
| Cooking time: 1–2 hours
| Image = [[File:Ekpang.png|thumb]]
}}

{{recipe}}

'''Ekpang Nkukwo''' is a traditional dish of the Efik and Ibibio people of southern Nigeria. It is made from grated cocoyam wrapped in cocoyam leaves and cooked with palm oil, fish, [[Cookbook:Meat - 1881|meat]], periwinkle, and seasonings. It is commonly served during special occasions and family gatherings.

== Ingredients ==
* Cocoyams 
* Fresh cocoyam leaves
* Palm oil
* Fresh fish, Washed and cut into pieces
* Dry fish
* [[Cookbook:Stockfish|Stockfish]]
* Periwinkle 
* [[Cookbook:Crawfish|Crayfish]], ground
* Pepper, ground
* Onions, chopped
* Seasoning cubes
* Salt
* Water

== Equipment ==

* Grater
* Knife
* Bowl
* Cooking pot
* Wooden spatula
* Cutting board

== Procedure ==

# Peel and wash the cocoyam thoroughly.
# Grate the [[Cookbook:Cocoyam|cocoyam]] into a smooth paste.
# Wash the cocoyam leaves and cut off any hard stalks.
# Place a small quantity of the cocoyam paste in each leaf and wrap it securely.
# pour plam oil into the cooking pot
# Arrange the wrapped cocoyam parcels in the cooking pot that already contains plam oil.
# Add the fish, stockfish, dry fish into the pot
# pour in your pepper, onions, crayfish, seasoning cubes.
# In a separate pot boil hot water that will be enough for the food.
# put your cooking pot on fire and pour in the already boiled water into the cooking pot that contains your cocoyam parcels and ingredients and stir gently using a wooden spatula.
# Cover the pot and let it cook on medium heat for 2-3 minutes, then you pour in your periwinkles and stri gently.
# Cover and cook over medium heat for about 1-2 hours, adding water if necessary.
# Stir carefully from time to time to prevent burning.
# Continue cooking until the cocoyam is soft and the sauce is thick.
# Serve hot.

== Notes ==

* Fresh seafood may be added for extra flavor.
* The quantity of pepper can be adjusted according to taste.
* Some recipes include pumpkin leaves.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:Easy recipes]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638290</id>
      <parentid>4638281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:52:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>incomplete flag</comment>
      <origin>4638290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2320" sha1="nlogwsxhlllh25tpqc3exzvyocwztc2" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe summary 
| name = Ekpang Nkukwo
| Category = Nigerian recipes 
| Servings = 4–6 people
| Cooking time: 1–2 hours
| Image = [[File:Ekpang.png|thumb]]
}}{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, missing template, missing/incorrect categories}}
{{recipe}}

'''Ekpang Nkukwo''' is a traditional dish of the Efik and Ibibio people of southern Nigeria. It is made from grated cocoyam wrapped in cocoyam leaves and cooked with palm oil, fish, [[Cookbook:Meat - 1881|meat]], periwinkle, and seasonings. It is commonly served during special occasions and family gatherings.

== Ingredients ==
* Cocoyams 
* Fresh cocoyam leaves
* Palm oil
* Fresh fish, Washed and cut into pieces
* Dry fish
* [[Cookbook:Stockfish|Stockfish]]
* Periwinkle 
* [[Cookbook:Crawfish|Crayfish]], ground
* Pepper, ground
* Onions, chopped
* Seasoning cubes
* Salt
* Water

== Equipment ==

* Grater
* Knife
* Bowl
* Cooking pot
* Wooden spatula
* Cutting board

== Procedure ==

# Peel and wash the cocoyam thoroughly.
# Grate the [[Cookbook:Cocoyam|cocoyam]] into a smooth paste.
# Wash the cocoyam leaves and cut off any hard stalks.
# Place a small quantity of the cocoyam paste in each leaf and wrap it securely.
# pour plam oil into the cooking pot
# Arrange the wrapped cocoyam parcels in the cooking pot that already contains plam oil.
# Add the fish, stockfish, dry fish into the pot
# pour in your pepper, onions, crayfish, seasoning cubes.
# In a separate pot boil hot water that will be enough for the food.
# put your cooking pot on fire and pour in the already boiled water into the cooking pot that contains your cocoyam parcels and ingredients and stir gently using a wooden spatula.
# Cover the pot and let it cook on medium heat for 2-3 minutes, then you pour in your periwinkles and stri gently.
# Cover and cook over medium heat for about 1-2 hours, adding water if necessary.
# Stir carefully from time to time to prevent burning.
# Continue cooking until the cocoyam is soft and the sauce is thick.
# Serve hot.

== Notes ==

* Fresh seafood may be added for extra flavor.
* The quantity of pepper can be adjusted according to taste.
* Some recipes include pumpkin leaves.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:Easy recipes]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch/Tilling the Fields with 有</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638279</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:14:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Alright, let's learn one of the most important words in any language: {{lang|zh|有}} to have. This word is used in myriad contexts beyond how it works in English: It can be used to describe the environment, for example, which allows for very flexible writing when starting out.  It is as straightforward as this: &lt;blockquote&gt; 人有手&lt;br&gt; People have hands. &lt;/blockquote&gt;  File:Colorful_sky_with_pink_and_blue_clouds_reflecting_in_the_water_of_a_paddy_field_at_dusk_in_Do...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638279</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2400" sha1="3su34rudmdj5382w6lrhtu1br99ge55" xml:space="preserve">Alright, let's learn one of the most important words in any language: {{lang|zh|有}} to have. This word is used in myriad contexts beyond how it works in English: It can be used to describe the environment, for example, which allows for very flexible writing when starting out.

It is as straightforward as this:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
人有手&lt;br&gt;
People have hands.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Colorful_sky_with_pink_and_blue_clouds_reflecting_in_the_water_of_a_paddy_field_at_dusk_in_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|thumb|350px|A rice paddy ({{lang|zh|田}}) in Laos.]]
There are two words from the Cangjie Input Method that we will be using here too:
* {{lang|zh|田}} - Field; originally, this referred to a rice paddy, which has been cultivated in East Asia for thousands of years.
* {{lang|zh|山}} - Mountain(s)

We will be looking at some agrarian vocabulary here:
* {{lang|zh|耕}} - to plow
* {{lang|zh|種}} - Seeds; usually used with the above.
* {{lang|zh|犁}} - a plow. The handle is {{lang|zh|耒}}, a pictogram similar to {{lang|zh|木}} and {{lang|zh|本}}, which should be relatively easy for you to write!
* {{lang|zh|井}} - A well, usually groundwater.

Remember when we talked about the Five Elements? We also have the Five Grains ({{lang|zh|五穀}}), which have existed since at least the Zhou dynasty of China. Literary Chinese is full of these, and they will often be referred to offhandedly. They are a good source of vocabulary, so let's look at these to describe your field.
* {{lang|zh|稻}} - Rice (''Oryza sativa'')
* {{lang|zh|黍}} - Broomcorn millet (''Panicum miliaceum'')
* {{lang|zh|稷}} - Foxtail millet (''Setaria italica''), also written as {{lang|zh|粟}}.
* {{lang|zh|麥}} - Wheat or barley.
* {{lang|zh|菽}} - Legumes, pulse, soybeans (''Glycine max'').

You can now define the Five Grains:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
稻黍稷麥菽，曰五穀&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Indeed, to list items, you can simply slap them together, with or without commas. 

These grains were extremely important to the ancient Han Chinese who made this script. The remains of the plants would be used to thatch their rooves, especially wheat, millet, and rice. Knowing the five grains was considered extremely basic knowledge for the Zhou writers: Not knowing them was often used as an insult!

So now that you know how 有 and listing items works, how about describing a field with the characters you know?

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Jollof Rice</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638282</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{recipe |name=Jollof Rice |image= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jollof_rice_and_chicken.jpg |caption=Popular West African rice dish |region=West Africa |course=Main dish |servings=6 |time=1 hour }}  == Ingredients == * 4 cups rice * Tomatoes * Tomato paste * Pepper * Onions * Vegetable oil * Seasoning cubes * Salt * Chicken stock * Curry powder * Thyme  == Procedure == # Wash the rice and set aside. # Blend tomatoes, pepper, and onions together. # Heat oil in...&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="972" sha1="adbrty7h9gntdhuqhpq6yxve27px2j1" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe
|name=Jollof Rice
|image= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jollof_rice_and_chicken.jpg
|caption=Popular West African rice dish
|region=West Africa
|course=Main dish
|servings=6
|time=1 hour
}}

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups rice
* Tomatoes
* Tomato paste
* Pepper
* Onions
* Vegetable oil
* Seasoning cubes
* Salt
* Chicken stock
* Curry powder
* Thyme

== Procedure ==
# Wash the rice and set aside.
# Blend tomatoes, pepper, and onions together.
# Heat oil in a pot and fry the onion.
# Add tomato paste and blended mixture.
# Cook the sauce for some minutes.
# Add seasoning, curry, thyme, and salt.
# Pour in chicken stock.
# Add the rice and stir properly.
# Cover and cook until the rice becomes soft.
# Serve hot with chicken, fish, or salad.

== Notes ==
Jollof rice is commonly served during parties and celebrations in West Africa.
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Rice dishes]]
[[Category:West African cuisine]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638283</id>
      <parentid>4638282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:40:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4638283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="931" sha1="gmprhlfk0fpo2cgzi2wx43a6jg73msb" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe
|name=Jollof Rice
|image=Jollof_rice_and_chicken.jpg
|caption=Popular West African rice dish
|region=West Africa
|course=Main dish
|servings=6
|time=1 hour
}}

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups rice
* Tomatoes
* Tomato paste
* Pepper
* Onions
* Vegetable oil
* Seasoning cubes
* Salt
* Chicken stock
* Curry powder
* Thyme

== Procedure ==
# Wash the rice and set aside.
# Blend tomatoes, pepper, and onions together.
# Heat oil in a pot and fry the onion.
# Add tomato paste and blended mixture.
# Cook the sauce for some minutes.
# Add seasoning, curry, thyme, and salt.
# Pour in chicken stock.
# Add the rice and stir properly.
# Cover and cook until the rice becomes soft.
# Serve hot with chicken, fish, or salad.

== Notes ==
Jollof rice is commonly served during parties and celebrations in West Africa.
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Rice dishes]]
[[Category:West African cuisine]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638289</id>
      <parentid>4638283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:51:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>incomplete flag</comment>
      <origin>4638289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1057" sha1="axehu1ojluocwcn0hgamhg646l8rsbu" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing quantities, missing template, missing/incorrect categories}}

{{recipe
|name=Jollof Rice
|image=Jollof_rice_and_chicken.jpg
|caption=Popular West African rice dish
|region=West Africa
|course=Main dish
|servings=6
|time=1 hour
}}

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups rice
* Tomatoes
* Tomato paste
* Pepper
* Onions
* Vegetable oil
* Seasoning cubes
* Salt
* Chicken stock
* Curry powder
* Thyme

== Procedure ==
# Wash the rice and set aside.
# Blend tomatoes, pepper, and onions together.
# Heat oil in a pot and fry the onion.
# Add tomato paste and blended mixture.
# Cook the sauce for some minutes.
# Add seasoning, curry, thyme, and salt.
# Pour in chicken stock.
# Add the rice and stir properly.
# Cover and cook until the rice becomes soft.
# Serve hot with chicken, fish, or salad.

== Notes ==
Jollof rice is commonly served during parties and celebrations in West Africa.
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Rice dishes]]
[[Category:West African cuisine]]</text>
      <sha1>axehu1ojluocwcn0hgamhg646l8rsbu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:10kdollz</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>483704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638286</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:48:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4638286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="784" sha1="8292o9iobf88y1aajab8n5h2s90sylh" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
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—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:48, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8292o9iobf88y1aajab8n5h2s90sylh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638294</id>
      <parentid>4638286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T01:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4638294</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1177" sha1="f5zause9h4ltpbp1fiayjmtlkhyovqm" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
| small = 
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}}

 
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:48, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>f5zause9h4ltpbp1fiayjmtlkhyovqm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638299</id>
      <parentid>4638294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T01:14:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4638299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1364" sha1="ew1sssk7exrkg0n64s41cz5thujedxo" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
| small = 
| smallimage = 
| smallimageright = 
| smalltext  = 
}}

 
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:48, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::pls I'd be happy if you'd clarify me on what to fix [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 01:14, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ew1sssk7exrkg0n64s41cz5thujedxo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638337</id>
      <parentid>4638299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T10:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4638337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1944" sha1="4qf87epnn9t7lzb4wx4kxe6hakotiau" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
| small = 
| smallimage = 
| smallimageright = 
| smalltext  = 
}}

 
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:48, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] I notice that you are rapidly adding many recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Let me know if you have questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
::pls I'd be happy if you'd clarify me on what to fix [[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] ([[User talk:10kdollz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/10kdollz|contribs]]) 01:14, 1 June 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:10kdollz|10kdollz]] Overall, please use the following pages for guidance on the Cookbook's requirements:
:::* [[Cookbook:Policy]]
:::* [[Cookbook:Manual of Style]]
:::* [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]
:::I have written the issues with each of your recipes at the top of the recipe pages. For additional reference, an example of a complete recipe is [[Cookbook:Dibi (Senegalese Grilled Meat)]]. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 10:34, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Abacha</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638288</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:50:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{recipe |title=Abacha |image= |caption=Traditional Igbo African salad made from cassava |servings=6 |time=30 minutes |difficulty=2 |course=Snack |cuisine=Igbo cuisine }} '''Abacha''' is a traditional Igbo dish from southeastern Nigeria made from dried shredded cassava. Popularly known as African salad, it is widely consumed as a snack, side dish, or light meal. The dish is especially common in the states of Abia, Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo, and is often served duri...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1696" sha1="96yv7t06n95k5okr0uio24avj8n10lt" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe
|title=Abacha
|image=
|caption=Traditional Igbo African salad made from cassava
|servings=6
|time=30 minutes
|difficulty=2
|course=Snack
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}
'''Abacha''' is a traditional Igbo dish from southeastern Nigeria made from dried shredded cassava. Popularly known as African salad, it is widely consumed as a snack, side dish, or light meal. The dish is especially common in the states of Abia, Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo, and is often served during social gatherings and cultural events.

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups Abacha (dried shredded cassava)
* 1 cup palm oil
* Potash (akanwu)
* Ground crayfish
* Ugba (oil bean seeds)
* Garden eggs
* Pepper
* Salt
* Seasoning cubes
* Utazi leaves
* Fish or stockfish (optional)

== Procedure ==
# Soak the Abacha in warm water until soft.
# Drain and set aside.
# Dissolve a small quantity of potash in water and strain.
# Pour the potash solution into palm oil and stir until it thickens and changes colour.
# Add pepper, crayfish, salt, and seasoning cubes.
# Mix thoroughly to prepare the sauce.
# Add the softened Abacha and stir well.
# Add ugba, sliced garden eggs, and chopped utazi leaves.
# Mix until all ingredients are evenly combined.
# Garnish with fish or stockfish if desired and serve.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* Abacha is best served fresh.
* It may be garnished with fish, meat, or garden eggs.
* Some variations include onions and fresh tomatoes.
* Ugba contributes a distinctive flavour and texture.

== See also ==
* [[Okpa]]
* [[Ugba]]
* [[Igbo cuisine]]

[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Salad dishes]]
[[Category:Cassava dishes]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638292</id>
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{{recipe
|title=Abacha
|image=
|caption=Traditional Igbo African salad made from cassava
|servings=6
|time=30 minutes
|difficulty=2
|course=Snack
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}
'''Abacha''' is a traditional Igbo dish from southeastern Nigeria made from dried shredded cassava. Popularly known as African salad, it is widely consumed as a snack, side dish, or light meal. The dish is especially common in the states of Abia, Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo, and is often served during social gatherings and cultural events.

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups Abacha (dried shredded cassava)
* 1 cup palm oil
* Potash (akanwu)
* Ground crayfish
* Ugba (oil bean seeds)
* Garden eggs
* Pepper
* Salt
* Seasoning cubes
* Utazi leaves
* Fish or stockfish (optional)

== Procedure ==
# Soak the Abacha in warm water until soft.
# Drain and set aside.
# Dissolve a small quantity of potash in water and strain.
# Pour the potash solution into palm oil and stir until it thickens and changes colour.
# Add pepper, crayfish, salt, and seasoning cubes.
# Mix thoroughly to prepare the sauce.
# Add the softened Abacha and stir well.
# Add ugba, sliced garden eggs, and chopped utazi leaves.
# Mix until all ingredients are evenly combined.
# Garnish with fish or stockfish if desired and serve.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* Abacha is best served fresh.
* It may be garnished with fish, meat, or garden eggs.
* Some variations include onions and fresh tomatoes.
* Ugba contributes a distinctive flavour and texture.

== See also ==
* [[Okpa]]
* [[Ugba]]
* [[Igbo cuisine]]

[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Salad dishes]]
[[Category:Cassava dishes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Editan Soup</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638291</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T00:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>3587764</id>
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'''Editan Soup''' is a traditional vegetable soup of the Efik people and Ibibio people of Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State in Southern Nigeria. It is prepared using [[Cookbook:Editan|Editan]] leaves, a leafy vegetable known for its natural bitterness, which is carefully processed before cooking to reduce its taste.

The soup has a slightly bitter flavour. It is commonly eaten with swallows such as fufu, eba, or pounded yam.

== Ingredients ==
=== Main ingredients ===
* Fresh Editan leaves  
* [[Cookbook:Waterleaf|Waterleaf]] (optional)  
* Palm oil  
* Assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki, kpomo)  
* Dried fish  
* Stockfish  
* Periwinkles (optional)

=== Seasoning ingredients ===
* Ground crayfish  
* Fresh or dried [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
* Seasoning cubes  
* Salt (to taste)  
* Onion (optional)  

== Preparation ==

=== 1. Preparing the Editan leaves ===
The most important step is reducing the bitterness of the leaves.

* Wash and slice the Editan leaves finely.  
* Rub with salt or soak in warm water.  
* Squeeze and rinse repeatedly until bitterness reduces.  
* Drain properly before cooking.  

=== 2. Cooking the meat and fish ===
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Boil until it is properly cooked.  
* Add stockfish and dried fish and cook until it softened.  

=== 3. Making the soup base ===
* Add palm oil to the cooked meat stock.  
* Stir and allow it to blend properly.  
* Add crayfish, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  

=== 4. Adding vegetables ===
* Add waterleaf (if used) and cook briefly.  
* Add the prepared Editan leaves.  
* Stir and allow to simmer for 10–15 minutes.  

=== 5. Final adjustment ===
* Taste and adjust salt or seasoning.  
* Allow the soup to cook until well combined.  

== Serving ==
Editan Soup is traditionally served hot with:
* Fufu 
* Eba 
* Pounded yam  
* Semovita  

== Cultural significance ==
Editan Soup is an important part of Efik and Ibibio cuisine. It is commonly prepared in households and during traditional gatherings. The dish reflects the use of indigenous forest vegetables and traditional cooking practices passed down through generations.

== Notes ==
* The bitterness of Editan leaves is natural and part of its identity.  
* It is often considered nutritious and locally believed to have cleansing properties.  
* It is closely related to Afang Soup but has a stronger taste profile.

[[Category:Efik recipes ]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]</text>
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{{recipe}}

'''Editan Soup''' is a traditional vegetable soup of the Efik people and Ibibio people of Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State in Southern Nigeria. It is prepared using [[Cookbook:Editan|Editan]] leaves, a leafy vegetable known for its natural bitterness, which is carefully processed before cooking to reduce its taste.

The soup has a slightly bitter flavour. It is commonly eaten with swallows such as fufu, eba, or pounded yam.

== Ingredients ==
=== Main ingredients ===
* Fresh Editan leaves  
* [[Cookbook:Waterleaf|Waterleaf]] (optional)  
* Palm oil  
* Assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki, kpomo)  
* Dried fish  
* Stockfish  
* Periwinkles (optional)

=== Seasoning ingredients ===
* Ground crayfish  
* Fresh or dried [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]]
* Seasoning cubes  
* Salt (to taste)  
* Onion (optional)  

== Preparation ==

=== 1. Preparing the Editan leaves ===
The most important step is reducing the bitterness of the leaves.

* Wash and slice the Editan leaves finely.  
* Rub with salt or soak in warm water.  
* Squeeze and rinse repeatedly until bitterness reduces.  
* Drain properly before cooking.  

=== 2. Cooking the meat and fish ===
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Boil until it is properly cooked.  
* Add stockfish and dried fish and cook until it softened.  

=== 3. Making the soup base ===
* Add palm oil to the cooked meat stock.  
* Stir and allow it to blend properly.  
* Add crayfish, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  

=== 4. Adding vegetables ===
* Add waterleaf (if used) and cook briefly.  
* Add the prepared Editan leaves.  
* Stir and allow to simmer for 10–15 minutes.  

=== 5. Final adjustment ===
* Taste and adjust salt or seasoning.  
* Allow the soup to cook until well combined.  

== Serving ==
Editan Soup is traditionally served hot with:
* Fufu 
* Eba 
* Pounded yam  
* Semovita  

== Cultural significance ==
Editan Soup is an important part of Efik and Ibibio cuisine. It is commonly prepared in households and during traditional gatherings. The dish reflects the use of indigenous forest vegetables and traditional cooking practices passed down through generations.

== Notes ==
* The bitterness of Editan leaves is natural and part of its identity.  
* It is often considered nutritious and locally believed to have cleansing properties.  
* It is closely related to Afang Soup but has a stronger taste profile.

[[Category:Efik recipes ]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Akpu</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483707</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-01T01:03:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>3598967</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{recipe |title=Akpu |image= |caption=Traditional fermented cassava swallow from southeastern Nigeria |servings=6 |time=4 days |difficulty=2 |course=Main course |cuisine=Igbo cuisine }}  '''Akpu''' is a traditional swallow made from fermented cassava and widely consumed in southeastern Nigeria. It is a staple food among the Igbo people and is commonly served with soups such as onugbu soup, ora soup, oha soup, and egusi soup. The fermentation process gives Akpu its charac...&quot;</comment>
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|title=Akpu
|image=
|caption=Traditional fermented cassava swallow from southeastern Nigeria
|servings=6
|time=4 days
|difficulty=2
|course=Main course
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}

'''Akpu''' is a traditional swallow made from fermented cassava and widely consumed in southeastern Nigeria. It is a staple food among the Igbo people and is commonly served with soups such as onugbu soup, ora soup, oha soup, and egusi soup. The fermentation process gives Akpu its characteristic texture and flavour.

== Ingredients ==
* 5 kg fresh cassava tubers
* Water

== Procedure ==
# Peel the cassava tubers and wash thoroughly.
# Place the cassava in a container and cover completely with water.
# Allow it to ferment for 3–4 days or until softened.
# Remove any fibres and hard portions from the fermented cassava.
# Mash the cassava and sieve to obtain a smooth paste.
# Suspend the paste in a clean cloth or sack and allow excess water to drain.
# Transfer the fermented cassava paste into a pot.
# Cook over medium heat while stirring continuously until a smooth, stretchy dough forms.
# Shape into portions and serve hot with soup.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* The duration of fermentation may vary depending on temperature.
* Akpu is traditionally wrapped in leaves or packaged in nylon before sale.
* Proper fermentation helps reduce the natural cyanide content of cassava.
* Similar cassava-based swallows are consumed in various parts of West and Central Africa.

== See also ==
* [[Garri]]
* [[Cassava]]
* [[Oha soup]]
* [[Onugbu soup]]
* [[Igbo cuisine]]

[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Cassava dishes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]</text>
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|title=Akpu
|image=
|caption=Traditional fermented cassava swallow from southeastern Nigeria
|servings=6
|time=4 days
|difficulty=2
|course=Main course
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}

'''Akpu''' is a traditional swallow made from fermented cassava and widely consumed in southeastern Nigeria. It is a staple food among the Igbo people and is commonly served with soups such as onugbu soup, ora soup, oha soup, and egusi soup. The fermentation process gives Akpu its characteristic texture and flavour.

== Ingredients ==
* 5 kg fresh cassava tubers
* Water

== Procedure ==
# Peel the cassava tubers and wash thoroughly.
# Place the cassava in a container and cover completely with water.
# Allow it to ferment for 3–4 days or until softened.
# Remove any fibres and hard portions from the fermented cassava.{{Infobox settlement|name=Akpu|pushpin_map_caption=Apku served with soup|pushpin_relief=Fufu|subdivision_type=Nigeria|subdivision_type2=Southeastern Nigeria|area_magnitude=Igbo people|seat_type=Swallow}}
# Mash the cassava and sieve to obtain a smooth paste.
# Suspend the paste in a clean cloth or sack and allow excess water to drain.
# Transfer the fermented cassava paste into a pot.
# Cook over medium heat while stirring continuously until a smooth, stretchy dough forms.
# Shape into portions and serve hot with soup.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* The duration of fermentation may vary depending on temperature.
* Akpu is traditionally wrapped in leaves or packaged in nylon before sale.
* Proper fermentation helps reduce the natural cyanide content of cassava.
* Similar cassava-based swallows are consumed in various parts of West and Central Africa.

== See also ==
* [[Garri]]
* [[Cassava]]
* [[Oha soup]]
* [[Onugbu soup]]
* [[Igbo cuisine]]

[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Cassava dishes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2042" sha1="gpypszbfqo1tzbusf4n3e75w25lvoxn" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe
|title=Akpu
|image=
|caption=Traditional fermented cassava swallow from southeastern Nigeria
|servings=6
|time=4 days
|difficulty=2
|course=Main course
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}

{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing appropriate linking, missing templates, missing/incorrect categories, broken links}}

'''Akpu''' is a traditional swallow made from fermented cassava and widely consumed in southeastern Nigeria. It is a staple food among the Igbo people and is commonly served with soups such as onugbu soup, ora soup, oha soup, and egusi soup. The fermentation process gives Akpu its characteristic texture and flavour.

== Ingredients ==
* 5 kg fresh cassava tubers
* Water

== Procedure ==
# Peel the cassava tubers and wash thoroughly.
# Place the cassava in a container and cover completely with water.
# Allow it to ferment for 3–4 days or until softened.
# Remove any fibres and hard portions from the fermented cassava.{{Infobox settlement|name=Akpu|pushpin_map_caption=Apku served with soup|pushpin_relief=Fufu|subdivision_type=Nigeria|subdivision_type2=Southeastern Nigeria|area_magnitude=Igbo people|seat_type=Swallow}}
# Mash the cassava and sieve to obtain a smooth paste.
# Suspend the paste in a clean cloth or sack and allow excess water to drain.
# Transfer the fermented cassava paste into a pot.
# Cook over medium heat while stirring continuously until a smooth, stretchy dough forms.
# Shape into portions and serve hot with soup.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* The duration of fermentation may vary depending on temperature.
* Akpu is traditionally wrapped in leaves or packaged in nylon before sale.
* Proper fermentation helps reduce the natural cyanide content of cassava.
* Similar cassava-based swallows are consumed in various parts of West and Central Africa.

== See also ==
* [[Garri]]
* [[Cassava]]
* [[Oha soup]]
* [[Onugbu soup]]
* [[Igbo cuisine]]

[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:African recipes]]
[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Cassava dishes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>gpypszbfqo1tzbusf4n3e75w25lvoxn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Ukwa</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638298</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T01:14:01Z</timestamp>
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        <username>10kdollz</username>
        <id>3598967</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{recipe |title=Ukwa |image= |caption=Traditional African breadfruit dish |servings=6 |time=1 hour |difficulty=2 |course=Main course |cuisine=Igbo cuisine }}  '''Ukwa''' is a traditional Igbo meal prepared from African breadfruit seeds. It may be cooked plain or enriched with palm oil and seasonings.  == Ingredients == * 4 cups African breadfruit seeds * Palm oil * Salt * Seasoning cubes * Water  == Procedure == # Wash the breadfruit thoroughly. # Boil until soft. # Add...&quot;</comment>
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|title=Ukwa
|image=
|caption=Traditional African breadfruit dish
|servings=6
|time=1 hour
|difficulty=2
|course=Main course
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}

'''Ukwa''' is a traditional Igbo meal prepared from African breadfruit seeds. It may be cooked plain or enriched with palm oil and seasonings.

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups African breadfruit seeds
* Palm oil
* Salt
* Seasoning cubes
* Water

== Procedure ==
# Wash the breadfruit thoroughly.
# Boil until soft.
# Add palm oil and seasonings.
# Stir and continue cooking until tender.
# Serve hot.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* Dry fish may be added.
* Some recipes include yam or maize.

[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]</text>
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{{recipe
|title=Ukwa
|image=
|caption=Traditional African breadfruit dish
|servings=6
|time=1 hour
|difficulty=2
|course=Main course
|cuisine=Igbo cuisine
}}

'''Ukwa''' is a traditional Igbo meal prepared from African breadfruit seeds. It may be cooked plain or enriched with palm oil and seasonings.

== Ingredients ==
* 4 cups African breadfruit seeds
* Palm oil
* Salt
* Seasoning cubes
* Water

== Procedure ==
# Wash the breadfruit thoroughly.
# Boil until soft.
# Add palm oil and seasonings.
# Stir and continue cooking until tender.
# Serve hot.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==
* Dry fish may be added.
* Some recipes include yam or maize.

[[Category:Igbo cuisine]]
[[Category:Nigerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Abak Atama Soup</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483709</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-01T01:18:53Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3587764</id>
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      <comment>I created a page, added categories</comment>
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'''Abak Atama Soup''' is a traditional dish of the Efik people and Ibibio people of Southern Nigeria, especially in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States. It is a rich palm fruit soup made with Atama leaves, which give it a distinct aroma and flavour.

The soup is similar to other Nigerian palm fruit soups but stands out because of the unique use of Atama leaves and its deep, earthy taste.

== Ingredients ==
=== Main ingredients ===
* Palm fruit extract (fresh or tinned)  
* Fresh Atama leaves (sliced or shredded)  
* Assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki, kpomo)  
* Fresh fish or smoked fish  
* Stockfish  

=== Seasoning ingredients ===
* Ground crayfish  
* Fresh pepper or dried pepper  
* Seasoning cubes  
* Salt (to taste)  
* Onion (optional)  

== Preparation ==

=== 1. Preparing the palm fruit extract ===
* Boil fresh palm fruits until soft.  
* Pound and extract the pulp.  
* Sieve with warm water to obtain thick palm juice.  

=== 2. Cooking the meat and fish ===
* Wash and cleanse meat, and put in a pot
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Boil until it becomes soft.  
* Add stockfish and dried fish and allow to soften.  

=== 3. Cooking the soup ===
* Add palm fruit extract to the cooked meat stock.  
* Allow it to boil until oil begins to separate.  
* Add crayfish and pepper.  
* Wash and slice Atama leaves finely.  
* Add to the boiling soup.  
* Stir and allow to boil for 10–15 minutes. 
* Taste and adjust seasoning if needed.  
* Allow soup to cook until all flavours combine well.  

== Serving ==
Abak Atama Soup is traditionally served hot with:
* Fufu 
* Eba  
* Pounded yam  

== Cultural significance ==
Abak Atama Soup is an important dish in Efik and Ibibio culture. It is commonly prepared during family gatherings, celebrations, and traditional events. The use of Atama leaves gives the soup its identity and distinguishes it from other palm fruit soups in Nigeria.

== Notes ==
* “Abak” refers to palm fruit in the Efik language.  
* The soup is rich in nutrients due to palm oil and leafy vegetables.  
* It is often prepared in large quantities for communal eating.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes ]]
[[Category:Soups]]</text>
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        <username>Phina001</username>
        <id>3587764</id>
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      <comment>I added categories and wiki links</comment>
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      <text bytes="2341" sha1="3zu6r6t6hwpzndsv7z0s2b53h6o5rzn" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe}}

'''Abak Atama Soup''' is a traditional dish of the Efik people and Ibibio people of Southern Nigeria, especially in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States. It is a rich palm fruit soup made with Atama leaves, which give it a distinct aroma and flavour.

The soup is similar to other Nigerian palm fruit soups but stands out because of the unique use of Atama leaves and its deep, earthy taste.

== Ingredients ==
=== Main ingredients ===
* Palm fruit extract (fresh or tinned)  
* Fresh Atama leaves (sliced or shredded)  
* Assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki, kpomo)  
* Fresh fish or smoked fish  
* Stockfish  

=== Seasoning ingredients ===
* Ground crayfish  
* Fresh pepper or dried pepper  
* Seasoning cubes  
* Salt (to taste)  
* Onion (optional)  

== Preparation ==

=== 1. Preparing the palm fruit extract ===
* Boil fresh palm fruits until soft.  
* Pound and extract the pulp.  
* Sieve with warm water to obtain thick palm juice.  

=== 2. Cooking the meat and fish ===
* Wash and cleanse meat, and put in a pot
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Boil until it becomes soft.  
* Add stockfish and dried fish and allow to soften.  

=== 3. Cooking the soup ===
* Add palm fruit extract to the cooked meat stock.  
* Allow it to boil until oil begins to separate.  
* Add crayfish and pepper.  
* Wash and slice Atama leaves finely.  
* Add to the boiling soup.  
* Stir and allow to boil for 10–15 minutes. 
* Taste and adjust seasoning if needed.  
* Allow soup to cook until all flavours combine well.  

== Serving ==
Abak Atama Soup is traditionally served hot with:
* [[Cookbook:Swallow|Fufu]]
* [[Cookbook:Eba (Cassava Flake Swallow)|Eba]]
* [[Cookbook:Pounded Yam|Pounded yam]]

== Cultural significance ==
Abak Atama Soup is an important dish in Efik and Ibibio culture. It is commonly prepared during family gatherings, celebrations, and traditional events. The use of Atama leaves gives the soup its identity and distinguishes it from other palm fruit soups in Nigeria.

== Notes ==
* “Abak” refers to palm fruit in the Efik language.  
* The soup is rich in nutrients due to palm oil and leafy vegetables.  
* It is often prepared in large quantities for communal eating.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes ]]
[[Category:Soups]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-01T10:42:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>incomplete flag</comment>
      <origin>4638340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2701" sha1="aymye933qnvyn4vfo0xzjj7jx5qnowy" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing quantities, missing recipe summary template, headers don't match recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, incorrect procedure formatting, procedure doesn't match ingredients (e.g. fresh palm fruits in procedure vs extract in ingredients), onion missing instructions and not in procedure}}

{{recipe}}

'''Abak Atama Soup''' is a traditional dish of the Efik people and Ibibio people of Southern Nigeria, especially in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States. It is a rich palm fruit soup made with Atama leaves, which give it a distinct aroma and flavour.

The soup is similar to other Nigerian palm fruit soups but stands out because of the unique use of Atama leaves and its deep, earthy taste.

== Ingredients ==
=== Main ingredients ===
* Palm fruit extract (fresh or tinned)  
* Fresh Atama leaves (sliced or shredded)  
* Assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki, kpomo)  
* Fresh fish or smoked fish  
* Stockfish  

=== Seasoning ingredients ===
* Ground crayfish  
* Fresh pepper or dried pepper  
* Seasoning cubes  
* Salt (to taste)  
* Onion (optional)  

== Preparation ==

=== 1. Preparing the palm fruit extract ===
* Boil fresh palm fruits until soft.  
* Pound and extract the pulp.  
* Sieve with warm water to obtain thick palm juice.  

=== 2. Cooking the meat and fish ===
* Wash and cleanse meat, and put in a pot
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Boil until it becomes soft.  
* Add stockfish and dried fish and allow to soften.  

=== 3. Cooking the soup ===
* Add palm fruit extract to the cooked meat stock.  
* Allow it to boil until oil begins to separate.  
* Add crayfish and pepper.  
* Wash and slice Atama leaves finely.  
* Add to the boiling soup.  
* Stir and allow to boil for 10–15 minutes. 
* Taste and adjust seasoning if needed.  
* Allow soup to cook until all flavours combine well.  

== Serving ==
Abak Atama Soup is traditionally served hot with:
* [[Cookbook:Swallow|Fufu]]
* [[Cookbook:Eba (Cassava Flake Swallow)|Eba]]
* [[Cookbook:Pounded Yam|Pounded yam]]

== Cultural significance ==
Abak Atama Soup is an important dish in Efik and Ibibio culture. It is commonly prepared during family gatherings, celebrations, and traditional events. The use of Atama leaves gives the soup its identity and distinguishes it from other palm fruit soups in Nigeria.

== Notes ==
* “Abak” refers to palm fruit in the Efik language.  
* The soup is rich in nutrients due to palm oil and leafy vegetables.  
* It is often prepared in large quantities for communal eating.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:Efik recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes ]]
[[Category:Soups]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Banga stew</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>483710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638306</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T01:41:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Phina001</username>
        <id>3587764</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I created a page</comment>
      <origin>4638306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1893" sha1="qle9lkt678u0zi4v2d627k6qh3hfk25" xml:space="preserve">{{recipe}}

'''Banga Stew''' is a traditional Nigerian dish widely eaten in the Niger Delta region, especially among the Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, and Edo peoples. It is prepared using fresh palm fruit extract, which gives it a rich, thick texture and deep flavour.

The dish is commonly served with rice  and is known for its strong aroma and spicy taste.

== Ingredients ==

=== Main ingredients ===
* Fresh palm fruit extract (Banga base)  
* Assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki, kpomo)  
* Fresh or dried fish  
* Stockfish  

=== Traditional spices and herbs ===
* Banga spice mix (local spice blend)  
* Oburunbebe stick (traditional flavouring stick)  
* Ground crayfish  
* Fresh pepper  
* Onion (optional)  
* Salt (to taste)  

== Preparation ==

=== 1. Extracting palm juice ===
* Boil fresh palm fruits until soft.  
* Pound to separate pulp from seeds.  
* Wash and sieve with warm water to extract thick palm juice.  

=== 2. Cooking the meat ===
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Boil until it softs.  
* Add stockfish and dried fish and cook until soft.  

=== 3. Cooking the stew base ===
* Pour palm fruit extract into the pot of meat stock.  
* Allow it to boil and thicken.  
* Add ground crayfish and pepper.  
* Add Banga spice mix and Oburunbebe stick.  
* Stir gently and allow flavours to infuse.  
* Simmer until the stew becomes thick and aromatic.  
* Adjust salt and seasoning if needed.  

== Serving ==
Banga Stew is traditionally served with:
* White rice (most common)    
* Starch (popular in Delta State)  

== Notes ==
* The Oburunbebe stick is a key traditional ingredient that gives the stew its signature aroma.  
* The spice blend varies slightly between ethnic groups.  
* It is different from other palm fruit soups because of its unique seasoning and rice pairing.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4638339</id>
      <parentid>4638306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T10:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>incomplete flag</comment>
      <origin>4638339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2250" sha1="c34sxdiyq149686xjjgxxrhhhbh8t92" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete recipe|reason=missing quantities, missing recipe summary template, headers don't match recipe template, missing/incorrect categories, missing appropriate linking, incorrect procedure formatting, procedure doesn't match ingredients (e.g. fresh palm fruits in recipe vs extract in ingredients), onion missing instructions and not in procedure}}

{{recipe}}

'''Banga Stew''' is a traditional Nigerian dish widely eaten in the Niger Delta region, especially among the Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, and Edo peoples. It is prepared using fresh palm fruit extract, which gives it a rich, thick texture and deep flavour.

The dish is commonly served with rice  and is known for its strong aroma and spicy taste.

== Ingredients ==

=== Main ingredients ===
* Fresh palm fruit extract (Banga base)  
* Assorted meat (beef, goat meat, shaki, kpomo)  
* Fresh or dried fish  
* Stockfish  

=== Traditional spices and herbs ===
* Banga spice mix (local spice blend)  
* Oburunbebe stick (traditional flavouring stick)  
* Ground crayfish  
* Fresh pepper  
* Onion (optional)  
* Salt (to taste)  

== Preparation ==

=== 1. Extracting palm juice ===
* Boil fresh palm fruits until soft.  
* Pound to separate pulp from seeds.  
* Wash and sieve with warm water to extract thick palm juice.  

=== 2. Cooking the meat ===
* Season meat with salt, pepper, and seasoning cubes.  
* Boil until it softs.  
* Add stockfish and dried fish and cook until soft.  

=== 3. Cooking the stew base ===
* Pour palm fruit extract into the pot of meat stock.  
* Allow it to boil and thicken.  
* Add ground crayfish and pepper.  
* Add Banga spice mix and Oburunbebe stick.  
* Stir gently and allow flavours to infuse.  
* Simmer until the stew becomes thick and aromatic.  
* Adjust salt and seasoning if needed.  

== Serving ==
Banga Stew is traditionally served with:
* White rice (most common)    
* Starch (popular in Delta State)  

== Notes ==
* The Oburunbebe stick is a key traditional ingredient that gives the stew its signature aroma.  
* The spice blend varies slightly between ethnic groups.  
* It is different from other palm fruit soups because of its unique seasoning and rice pairing.

[[Category:Nigerian recipes]]
[[Category:African recipes]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naming/How to name a written work</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638319</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T03:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;If the title of your work isn't immediately obvious, deciding upon the best name might be a challenge. The first step in choosing your book title is to grasp the most essential characteristics of the book:  * Fiction or non-fiction? * Character focused or plot driven? * Broad or narrow audience appeal? * Written in a conversational style or a professional tone?&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638319</origin>
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      <text bytes="363" sha1="eewys551gmlupbnd4s1u8tko2kz08r5" xml:space="preserve">If the title of your work isn't immediately obvious, deciding upon the best name might be a challenge. The first step in choosing your book title is to grasp the most essential characteristics of the book:

* Fiction or non-fiction?
* Character focused or plot driven?
* Broad or narrow audience appeal?
* Written in a conversational style or a professional tone?</text>
      <sha1>eewys551gmlupbnd4s1u8tko2kz08r5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naming/How to name an organization</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638320</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T03:33:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== Examples == === How to Name a Band ===  The immortal question!  === How to Name a Consultancy Business ===  Solo consultancies often prominently feature the proprietor's name.  === How to Name a Store, Restaurant, or Salon ===  Clearly the name must align with your brand.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="275" sha1="8qn18liqllmhr1zlcyt6pwottat1cm8" xml:space="preserve">== Examples ==
=== How to Name a Band ===

The immortal question!

=== How to Name a Consultancy Business ===

Solo consultancies often prominently feature the proprietor's name.

=== How to Name a Store, Restaurant, or Salon ===

Clearly the name must align with your brand.</text>
      <sha1>8qn18liqllmhr1zlcyt6pwottat1cm8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naming/How to name a ship</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638321</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T03:43:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jerimee</username>
        <id>1849428</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== Ship Naming Ceremony ==&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4638321</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="kl8wot57q53213px3jtoaz8azazx62l" xml:space="preserve">== Ship Naming Ceremony ==</text>
      <sha1>kl8wot57q53213px3jtoaz8azazx62l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Phina001</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>483714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638336</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T10:29:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4638336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="784" sha1="by6cuzm0173btacgealc961hgvn2ly7" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
| small = 
| smallimage = 
| smallimageright = 
| smalltext  = 
}}


—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 10:29, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>by6cuzm0173btacgealc961hgvn2ly7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4638342</id>
      <parentid>4638336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T10:45:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Welcome to the Cookbook */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4638342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1523" sha1="fnxaj3jakx64l9ps2hkwj7pr732mdoh" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Cookbook ==

{{mbox
| type  =
| image = [[File:Foodlogo2.svg|40px]]
| imageright = 
| style =
| textstyle  = 
| text  = Hello and thank you for your recent contribution to the [[Cookbook:Table of Contents|Wikibooks Cookbook]]! When adding to the Cookbook, please make sure all content conforms to [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy]], including the [[Cookbook:Manual of Style|manual of style]] and standard page templates. Feel free to let me know if you need any help or have any questions! {{#ifeq: |||&lt;br&gt;'''Additional details:'''  }}
| small = 
| smallimage = 
| smallimageright = 
| smalltext  = 
}}


—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 10:29, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Phina001|Phina001]] I notice that you are repeatedly adding multiple recipes, but so far they don't meet the cookbook requirements—could you please fix these recipes before adding more? Overall, please use the following pages for guidance on the Cookbook's requirements:
:* [[Cookbook:Policy]]
:* [[Cookbook:Manual of Style]]
:* [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]
:I have written the issues with each of your recipes at the top of the recipe pages. For additional reference, an example of a complete recipe is [[Cookbook:Dibi (Senegalese Grilled Meat)]]. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 10:45, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fnxaj3jakx64l9ps2hkwj7pr732mdoh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Précis of epistemology/Printable version</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>483715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4638347</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T11:37:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BlueSphealio</username>
        <id>3599243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added pages</comment>
      <origin>4638347</origin>
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      <text bytes="588" sha1="4fr0c8xkh5hxcic1orj8lfmtqp2jx1r" xml:space="preserve">{{printable}}

{{:Précis of epistemology/Reason, a manual}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/How the spirit works}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/The search for reason}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/Logical principles}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/The foundations of mathematics}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/Spatio-temporal measurement devices}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/Quantum theory of multiple destinies}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/Computers and power consumption}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/The origin and evolution of life and spirit}}
{{:Précis of epistemology/Principles of psychiatry}}</text>
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